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CIHM/iCMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/iCMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  foi^  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquaa  at  biblioqraphiquca 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
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une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
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Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couiaur 


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Pages  endommagies 


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Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  fi'mad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  ending  on 
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sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  tha 
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sion,  and  ending  on  tha  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  laat  recorded  frame  on  each  microficha 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "EMD";. 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
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right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrama  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  imoges  suivantea  ont  M  reproduitea  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettet*  de  I'exemplaire  filmA,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  da 
fllmaga. 

Lea  axemplairee  originaux  dont  la  couvarture  an 
papier  eat  imprim«ie  sont  filmte  an  commartpant 
par  le  premier  pist  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  emprainta 
d'Impreesion  ou  d'lllustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  lea  autrea  exampiairas 
originaux  sont  filmto  an  commandant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  ampreinta 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illustration  et  an  terminant  par 
la  darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinta. 

Un  doe  symbolea  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
demiAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
caa:  le  symbole  — *>  sigr.ifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
syrribole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Lea  cartea.  planchea.  tableeux.  etc.,  peuvent  dtra 
filmte  i  des  taux  de  rMuction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  ast  trop  grand  pour  dtra 
raproduit  en  un  seul  cllch4,  il  est  film^  i  partir 
da  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  ^  droita, 
et  de  haut  en  baa.  an  pranant  la  nombrs 
d'Images  nicessaira.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thodo. 


1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

ra 


DA 


UNITED  STATES  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


CATTLE 


AND 


DAIET   FAEMIlSra 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT   PRINTINO  OPPIOE. 

1SS7. 


Secretary's 


Capo  Colony 
Mauritius  (C 
■iloriicco  (Co 
Sevihelles  (C 
Sirrriv  Leoue 
ZaDzlbar  (Co 


Nortli  Amer 

Doniiiiio) 

Onta 

C 

c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 

Queb 
C 
C 

Print 

C 

Mexico : 

C 

C 

c 

s 
c 
1 
c 

( 
Central  Ax-j 

C 

South  Anicri 

Argoutii) 

C 
Brazil : 

C 
Colombia 

C 
Ecnador 

C 
Peru : 

C 
Uruguay 

C 
Venezue 

f 

C 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

SECBETARY'a  LBTTEK 3-40 

AFRICA. 

Capo  Colony  (Cousul  Siler,  Cape  Town; 669,070 

MaiiritiuB  (Consul  Prentts,  Port  Louis) 673 

:iloriicco  (Consul  Mathews,  Taugiurs) -. 072 

Sevih«lle»  (Consul  Muasey,  Miihfc) 673,674 

Si.'rnv  Leone  (Consul  Lewis,  Sierra  Leone) 071 

ZaDzlbar  (Consul  Cheney) 672 

AMERICA. 

ITortli  America: 

Dominion  of  Canada ; 
Ontario : 

Canadian  cattle  compnuios  In  the  United  States  (Consul  Parker,  of  Sherbrooko) . .  637, 838 
Cattle  most  suitabln  for  Cauatliau  farruers  (Commercial  Agent  Robbing,  Ottawa) . .  638-54U 

Cattle  and  dairy  farming  in  Outiiiio  (Condul  Pace,  Port  Saruia)  640-54B 

Cattle  of  Ontario  (Consul  Howard,  Toronto) 647-550 

Cattle  in  Eastern  Ontario  (Cousul  Uazleton,  llarailton) 55(J-559 

Cattle  and  cattle  products  in  Southwestern  OnUrio  (Commercial  Agent  Buffingtou)  650-'>64 

Cattle  in  Proscott  (Consul  Slaght) 561-5BG 

Cheese-dai  I  ying  in  Hastings  Connty  (Consul  Prince,  Belleville) 508-5U8 

Cattlein  Carlton  County  (Commercial  4  gent  Kobbins,  Ottawa) 50«,  589 

Cattle  iu  the  Simcoe  district  (Commurcial  Agent  James,  Simcoe) 570 

Quebec : 

Cattle-raising  in  Quebec  (Consul  Parker,  Sherbrooke) 671-574 

Cattle  iu  Gaspii  Rawin  (Consul  Holt) 574 

Prince  Edward  Island : 

Cattlein  (Consul  Worden,  Charlottetown) 574,575 

Mexico : 

Cattle-breeding  in  Northern  Meiioo  (Consul-General  Sutton,  Matamoros) 576-585 

Cattle-raismg  iu  the  State  of  Chihuahua  (Consul  Scott,  Chihuahua) 685-5S7 

Cattle  iu  the  Slate  of  Nuovo  Leon  (Cousul  Campbell,  Monterey) 687-589 

Stock-raising  in  the  State  of  Nuevo  Leon  (Consul  Campbell,  Monterey) 589-592 

Cattle-raising  in  the  State  of  Tamaulipas  (Consul  Smith,  Nuevo  Leon) 592-594 

The  breeding  cattle  of  Northern  Mexico  ( Vlce-Consul  Prigden,  Piedra*  Negras) . .         591 

C -nle-raising  in  Sonora  (Consul  Willard,  Ouaymas) 595 

t      ie  iu  Lower  California  (Consul  Viosca,  La  Paz) 59G 

Central  Aa.-j..ca: 

Cattle-raising  In  Hondoras 597-002 

South  America : 

Argentine  Kepublic ; 

Cattle  Industry  of  (Consul  Baker,  Buenos  Ayres) 603-.621 

Brazil : 

Cattlein  (Consul-General  Andrews,  Kio  de  Janeiro) • 630-632 

Colombia  (IInite<l  States  of) ; 

Cattle  on  the  plains  of  Bogota  (Vice-Consul  Boshell,  Bogota) 633 

Ecnador: 

Cattle-breeding  and  products  of  cattle  in  (Consul  Beach,  Guaya«iuil) 634,035 

Peru : 

Cattle  in  (Consul  Lapoint,  Chiclayo) 836 

Uruguay : 

Cattle  and  cattle-breeding  In  (Charg6  d' Affaires  Bacon,  Montevideo) 682-629 

Venezuela ; 

Cattle  interest  in  (Consul  Bird,  LaGuayra)  637,638 

Cattle  supply  of  Maracaibo  (Cousul  Plumacher) 638 

iii 


IV 


CONTENTS. 


Weat  Indies.  P"!?*- 

Cattle  In  Bei-mudft  (Couiul  AUeu,  Bermuda) ^^ 

Cattle  in  San  Domingo  (CouHul  SlmpHon,  Puerto  Plata) 639,640 

Cattle  and  cattle  products  In  Saint  Thomas  (Conaul  Smith) 640,041 

ASIA. 

Ceylon : 

Cattle  of  (Consul  Morey,  Colombo; 05!M(5fr 

American  v§.  Danish  and  French  butter  in  (Consul  Morey,  Colombo) 077 

China : 

Cattle  in  the  TauK-tse-Kiang  Valley  (Consul  Bhepard,  Hankow) 664-688 

Cattlo  in  Southern  China  (Consul  Seymour,  Cautou) <•<* 

Japau : 

Cattle  In  (ConsnlJones,  Nagasaki)  ^^ 

Java : 

Buffalo  cattle  of  (Consul  Hatfield,  Batavia) 661,662 

Malaysia  and  Siam  :  mm  mi 

T^ater  buffalo  of  (Consul  Sfjder,  Singapore) 660,661 

Philippine  Islands : 

Cattle  in  (Commercial  Agent  Voigt,  Manila) "'* 

Syria : 

Cattlo  in  (Consul  Kobeson,  Beirut) 6S2-65i 

AUSTRALASIA. 

New  Zealanil :  nio  <!«> 

Cattlo  of  (Consul  Griffin,  Auckland) 642-650 

Tasmania: 

Cattlo  in  (ConsunVobstcr,  Hobnrt) ^^ 

Victoria: 

Cattle  in  (Coi-iul-General  Spencer,  Melbourne) "'*'• 

KUnOPK. 

Cattle-breeding  in  Kurope  and  in  the  United  States  (Consul  Tanner,  of  Verviers  and  Liege) . .  41-50 

Scicntifio  dairy  Insti-uinonts  (James  Long,  Hetchin,  England) 685,088 

Cream-separating  machines  (James  Long,  Hetchin,  Enghuid) 088-fl»l 

Feeding  on  the  soiling  system  (James  Long,  Hetchin,  England) 701-703 

Belgium : 

Cattle  in  (Consul  Steuart,  Antwerp) l,      !. 

Breeds  of  cattle  in  (Consul  Wilsou,  Brussels) SlU-.iijj 

Cattle  and  cattlo-breoding  in  (CousulTanner,  Verviers  and  Liege) 360-370 

Belgian  andDutch  milch  cows  (Consul  Wilson,  Ghent) - 870-383 

Belgian  process  for  preserving  meat  and  vegotabio.i  fresh  ( Dr.  Closaot's) 009-701 

Farming  in  Belgium  (M.  Fran9oisFlcchct)  705-708 

Denmark :  ionino 

Danish  cattle  (Consul  Ryder,  Copenhagen) 490-49. 

Angeln  cattle  (Consul  Ryder) 49'J-495 

IJutter  export  of  Denmark  (Consul  Ryder) 49.)-4!)8 

Union  dairies  in  DeniuBik  (Consul  Ryder) 498-501 

France: 

C:ittle  breeds  of  France  ami  their  products  (Consul  "Williams,  Rouen) >40-.Gj 

Division  of  land  and  cattle-breeding  in  Franco  (Vice  Consul  Martin,  Mursoilles) 200-272 

Cattle-raising  in  the  southwesiof  Fnuice  (Consul  Roosevelt,  Bordeaux) 272-281 

Xormaudy  cattlo  (Consul  Glover,  lluvre> 282-285 

Cattle  products  in  the  district  of  the  Mamo  (Consul  Frisble,  Rbeims) 285 

Cattlo  iu  the  district  of  XIco  (Vice-Consul  Vial,  Nice) ^_     ^'80 

French  live  stock  (Oflicial  Catalogue  of  Paris  Kxhibitiou) ™'l"'* 

French  cattle  (from  the  Field  newsp^iper) '^^''J.t 

French  sheep  (U.  Kains-Jackson) '" 

Oennany : 

Breeds  of  cattle  in  (rermany  (ConsuIOenpral  Vogeler,  Frankfort-on-tho-Maln) 389-39, 

Cattle  in  Germany  (Consul  Schoeulo,  Barmen) 397-403 

Cattle  breeds  of  Germany  (Comiueniul  Agent  Wamer,  Dusseldorf) 4OI-403 

Cattle  in  Prussia  (Consul-General  Brewer,  Berlin) 408-413 

Cattlein  Oldenburg,  Jcverland,  and  E.ist  Frie.^laud  (Consul  Wilson,  of  Bremen) 413-425 

Cattle  in  Saxony  (Consul  Mason,  Dresden) 420-431 

Silcslan  cattle  (Consul  Dithmar,  Brcslau) 431-438 


Pnge. 
ess 

039,640 
640,  041 

055-«S» 

077 

604-068 
668 

663 
661,  662 
660,601 

673 
092-65i 

642-650 

t)50 
051 

41-50 
685,  088 
088-091 
701-703 

359,  3CC 

8i''.)-;!i;j 

300-370 
870-383 
009-701 
705-708 

490-492 
49'J-495 
493-408 
498-501 

240-2G5 
200-272 
272-281 
282-285 

285 

280 

724-729 

729-T:U 


389-397 
397-403 
404-403 
408-413 
413-125 
420-431 
431-433 


CONTENTS.  _ 

Oermnny— Contlnned. 

Catllu  of  TliurinKia  (Consnl  Moshor,  Sonnebera)  P*«^' 

Volgtlami  ,.„ttlo  (ConH..l  umiock,  Annabcrjt)       "«-4« 

Cattlo  breeds  ofltadon  (Consul  Ballow  Kebl)  ""«""' 444-404 

Cattle  pro,lucf«  in  «a.len(Con8ul  Smith,  Mannheim) ■♦*"-^" 

Havarlan  cattle  (Consul  Harper,  Munich)  ♦TS-'*" 

r,u-„  stock  in  UavaHa,c..nHus  of  (Consul  Harper  Munich *'''''^ 

I  airy  association  laws  of  Wurtemborfi  (Consul  CatllnSuttyarU '"" 

'urtcmburR  cattle  lawH  (Consul  Catlin,  Stutt«art)  *    " «9'-««-' 

IWsticanimnls  of  Uavaria  (Consul  Uarper,  Munich)" ^"-"- 

Hollaml:  ' 753,734 

Dutch  cattle  (Consul  Eckstein,  Amsterdam) 

Cattle  ofHolland  (Consul  Winter,  Kotterdam)       '"2-514 

HunKary:  615-518 

Moat  and  dairy  cattle  In  (Consul  Sterne,  Budapesth) 

Italy:  ^  527-530 

Cattle  and  dairying  In  Lon.bnnly  (Consul  Crniu,  Milan)  . . 

Bu   alo  cattle  ot  Terra  .ii  Uvo,  „  (Consul  Hau^-lnvout,  Naples")' ''*-^" 

Cattle  in  Piedmont  (Vice.Con«ul  Dezevk   Tuiil.)  '""''"'"' 326-329 

Cattle  in  Tuscany  (Consul  Welsh    Flo'rence)  329,330 

White  cattle  ofTuscany  (Consul  Crosby  Florence') '"'^-^^^ 

Cattle  in  Venetla  (Consul  Noyt-s  Venice)  334,335 

Cheese  and  buttermakiuK  in  Italy  (Consul  cVainVMilanl '''"^''** 

Malta;  "' (;:7-662 

Cattle  In  (Consul  Worthinston) 

Russia ; 303 

Cattlo.bree<lln)?  in  Russia  (Consnl-General  Stanton  <Joinf  t.  .      u 

cattle  in  the  Baltic  provinces  (ConsulaTA^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ''^"'' 

Cattle  of  F,nland(ActinK  Consul  Douuor,  H.lsinKfors)  •'-* 

Polish  cattle  (Consul  Rawicz,  W    -.jaw)  525 

Spain:  525,520 

Cattle  in  Andalusia  (Consul  Opponhoim,  Cadiz) 

Cattle  in  Catalonia  (Consul  Schcueh,  Uarcdona) 384-387 

Cattle  in  Oalicia  (Consul  Carricarte,  Coruuna)       "        ^87 

Switzeilaud:  gjjg 

Swiss  cattle  (Consul  Mason,  Basle) 

Statistics  of  brown  Schwitzcr  cattle  icons.VnVvV.7zur^^^^^^  ^87-297 

hw.ss  cattle  and  dairy  products  (Consul  licaucimmp   .St  aalie; ^''^""^ 

(,altlem  the  district  of  (;,.neva  (Consul  Adams   Oeneval  ^"^-^-^ 

>I»""f"ct'.re«fSwiss  cheese  (Consul  Adams.  Geneva)      ^'^-^^^ 

Unitid  Ivinndoni:  ' 682-085 

Cattle  breeds  of  the  United  K'nmlnni  /r«r,„„i  n 

Cat,Iebrcedsot-,beU„uJKi£     ."^^^^^^^^^^^  57-78 

Select  breeds  of  British  cattle  (Consun::::;:;;';^^^^^^^^^^  78-150 

Hereford  cattle  (Consul  Lathrop,  !!,|.m„l)  ' 150-172 

Herefordshire  and  Hereford  cattle  (,r„hn  KerslnvFmrVnV'n'V  ■,".■;. l''2-m 

Bri.i,h  breeds  of  cattle  (,r„seph  f.ay  F  ulk  ,„r  v^.t!e         '  ^''-■''«'""«' ^"■■■".  Aylesbury).. .  811.,88 

Jer.,.y  cattle  (Consular  A,..„t  He;!!  iK'Isey)    ''''^'""""^  '"'^«''""'  «•"""  Gilford) ihk.,05 

Cattle  la  Cornwall  (Consul  Fox,  I'lymouth)        "^-207 

Cattle  in  Scotland  (Consul  Wells,  numlee)  . .' 207 

Scotch  brc'eding  cattle  for  the  Uniteil  St..f..a  //> 1' r 208-217 

Cattle  in  Ireland  (Consul  Pia.t.Wk;''^""^"'^'""''^'''^^^^^^ ^IT--! 

liiitter  industry  of  Ireland  (Consul  Piatt  Cork) 224-228 

Butler  trade  of  Cork  (T.  .f.  Clan.hv   Cork)  22'J-m 

Ihitter  industry  of  Ireland  (evidence  of  Willi.im'j'r'n.mnVp  ','  "I"; ^^-'^'^ 

House  of  Comm.M.s) vviiiiam  J.  Lane,  of  Cork,  before  committee  of 

A  Wiltshire  diary  record  (James  i:onKrne,chin;EnKUmi; ='='^=="' 

Inuisport  ot  cattle  (.rames  LouK)  .  •  691 

British  cattle  nmrkets((,NmsulRyde;,'copenhairen) ""^ 

M.xedluo,!  for.  ittle  (.fames  I.onK,  Hetcbin,  Kniflandl ''"*^'"'" 

baudrlnKhan.,  Prince  of  Waloss  herd  (Kdmuud  Beck  UL'ent') ""■'•'"* 

'     ''       ' 710 


■    J 


VI 


CONTENTS. 


United  Kingdom— Contlnnetl.  p,-^ 

Cattle  lutbo  Weald  of  Kont  (W.  MoHond,  Kent) 7li 

Cattle  and  shiiep  in  Buck*  (John  TrBnUwell,  Bucks) !*.!!.'.!!!!!  711 

Prlie  breeders  of  BrltiHh  tattle  (Sir  B.  T.  Brandreth  Oibbs) .'.'...'....'.  712-715 

MUk  yield  of  sixty  British  cows  (Consul-GenerHl  Morritt,  London) 715, 716 

Position  ofEnglish  dairy  farming  in  1883  (Gilbert  Murray) ',i(j!.720 

Milking  trials  at  the  London  Dairy  Show  (ConmilGeneral  Merritt,  London) 720-722 

Central  Clmniberof  Agriculture 703 

Eally  increase  in  weight  of  various  British  breads  of  cattle  (Consul-Oeneral  Merritt, 
London)    ^,3 

British  prize  cattle  (CnnHiil-GHnerHl  Merritt,  London)  735-742 

Breeds  of  sheep  in  the  United  Kingdom  (CoiisiiltJcneral  Merritt,  London) 75^-760 

Breeds  of  jiigs  in  the  United  Kingdom  (Consulf  ienoral  Merritt,  London) 700-702 

Cotswold  sheep  (H.  T.  Elwes,  Cheltenham,  Englend)  702,  70:< 

Long-wool  Liucolns  (John  W.  Macklnder,  Mere  Hall,  Lincoln) "'703 

Southdown  8heei>— history,  breeding,  and  maimgenient  (Henry  Wood,  Morton,  Thetford) . . .  703-772 

Southdown  sheep  and  Canibridgoshiro  farming  (from  the  Field  newspaper) 773-777 

Weights  of  shoep  at  Islington  (Mark  Lano  Express) 778-7H2 

Sheep  aud  mutton  in  1883  (Live-stock  Journal) 782-7R8 

Sheep  portraits  (Consul-Oeneral  Merritt,  London) 788,  78K 

Berkshire  pigs  (Joseph  Saunders  and  Alfred  Ashworth) 789 

Yorkshire  pigs  (Sanders  Spencer) 789,790 

Black  Suffolk  pigs  (J.  A.  Smith,  Ipswich) '79^^ 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

liniTISII  CATTI.K. 


Plate, 
>'o. 


0 

'.'4 

25 

343 

344 

345 


10 
II 
•li 
29 
:w 

40 
41 
42 
43 
34!l 

3:,o 


Deiortption.' 


I  Cow,  Pretty  Face... 

Bull 

Cow 

Cow,  Plilox 

Bull,  Swoet  William 
Cow,  Tomptress  8tb 


1.  DEVONS. 


03 


C4 

05 

317 
3IH 
31!» 
320 
321 
322 
323 
324 
o25 
320 
327 
32H 
329 
330 
331 
332 
333 
334 
335 
336 
337 

338  i 

339  ' 

340  ' 
311  I 
342 


Ilolfor,  Leonora: 
Ox 

Hull,  Flsliorman. 
r.iill.    Owi 


i.  IIEREFORUS. 

hood  only  i  plate  350  1h  a  full  portrait  of  thU  animal  , 


Ilerufiinl . 


lorman.    Owned  by  tho  Earl  of  (;()vontrv 
111(1  j.y  Mr.  J.  II.  Vi'oiilann,  Stri-tton  CourV"..„.„.„... 
Hull'Rom^    ^  "■■■  *^'  "•  "^*°'°'''"'-  «tieti.)n  Court,  Hereford; 

Ox.    A  celebrated  prize  animai !!!.!;;." 

Cow,  Golden  Treasure 

Cow,  Giantess 

Hull,  Tbon,;htfal 

Heifer,  Leonora 


•  ••••••• ••• 


3.  HnOKTHORNS. 

Ox.  Owned  bv  Mr.  Bnlt.  First  in  his  class  nt  Islington  . . 
Heifer,  V'j;A'H"'y''2  '5"'-^  Owned  by  Lor.l  Fltzlmrd^nKe 
Cow,  Lady  Wellosley  2nd.    Owned  by  kr.  HawsU^rne     ** 

Cow,  crossbreed,  dairy_ -"^luo 

Hull.    Owned  by  Mrs.1lutchinsonVC8tt^Viok,YoTki"hlre"'' 
Cow.    Owmd  by  Mrs.  Hut.  binson,  Catteriolc,  Yorksbire. 
(leslsnatod  "  Devon  "  in  portrait)  «»">»re. 

Bull,  Foscoe,  white.     "   '      •  ■ 

at  the  Royal  Ajrricu 

Peilhshire,  Scotlui 
Cow, 


(This  cow  Is  erroneoasiy 
milturn.  Show,  finglund.    Owned  by  LonI  Sirathallkn  Aucht°?a?d!* 


liiiU.    A  prize  nninial.  owned  in  Seotlnnii 

Hull.    Dukeof  Uudorioy 

Cow,  lady  Violet 

Heifer,  Lady  Violet 

Hull,  Ancho'r.   

Hull,  Xi-li>raacbu8 

Cow,  Lady  ( "urew  3rd 

Cow,  Victoria [ 

Cow,  Maiden     "' 

Heifer,  Gaiety  «th '■ 

lliifcr, Stanwiok  Rose ' 

Cow,  April  Hose 

Hull,  Uuke  of  Howl, lobn    .'.' 

I  "(JW,  HarouusH  Oxford  3rd '.. 

Hull,  Duki-  of  Liiiinter 

Cow,  Matrblessflth *..' 

Ciiw,  (Jrniioiis [\[ 

Hull,  Aeropolls ]." 

l:ull,  Xiuth  Uuke  of  TroKnnter.'." 

Cow,  DuchcHs  119th 

CoH ,  Honesty [[ 

Cow,  Beau ty" No.  22 [ 

Cow,  licaut  V  No.  35 " 

Cow,  Ked  C)u!rry ..,1 

Cow,  Innocence' 'Jnd  of  Naseby  .'. 

Cow,  May  I)n<'lies.s  J5th 

Bull,  Su  Simeon " 


Page. 


•  Particulars  relating  to  eachftnimal, ' 


100 
167 
157 
740 
740 
740 


110 

no 

101 

let 

161 
174 
174 
174 
174 
740 
74U 


in 
98 


157 
157 


213 

213 
213 
788 
738 
738 
738 
738 
738 
738 
738 
738 
738 
738 
733 
738 
738 
738 
7.38 
738 
738 
738 
738 
738 
738 
738 
738 
738 
738 


no  particulars  are  «lvei  mUern.i^r\ltZi:^T^'^:X^^^^^^ 

▼ii 


MM 


mA.m 


viir 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


I 


Plate 

No. 


3 
8 
4 

847 

34H 


1 
81 
83 
32 


12 
18 
20 
27 
861 
8fi2 


18 

IS 
34 

as 

44 

4S 
46 

47 
48 
49 


SO 

61 
62 

63 
64 

65 
60 

66 
67 
68 


87 
58 
bO 
70 
71 


61 

62 
72 
73 


16 
17 
69 

60 

353 
364 


DencriptloD. 


4.  LONOnORNS. 


Hall. 


Bull,  DarewpU.    Owned  by  Mr.  B. 

Cow,  hemlof • .■■.■■■k,"r'l"'A"'Ji^' 

Stp.Tn.    FlfHt  nt  Ifllngton.    Owned  by  Sir  John  Crowe. 

Bull,  Prince  Victor 

Cow,  Cnlko •• 


1 


5.  RED  POLLS. 

Group.     Bull,  navywm  3d  ;  cow,  Sllnut  Lady  j  low,  Po'ly--- 

Uull.    Owned  by  ^ou.  J.  J.  Colman,  Coriow  IIou»e,  >'>rw  oh 

Cow.    Owi...d  by  lion.  J.  J.  Colman,  Carrow     ouh..,  Norw  c    

Cow.    Owntdby  Hon.  J.J.  Colmim,  Cunow  Uouuiv  Norwich 

e.  81SSEX. 

Cow.     Flr«tprlzoatTunlMidp,Wtdlj^^    pwuedl.yM.'8«rH^J.iU^^^^ 

Heifer.    8.cood  prize  nt  TunlirldKO  Wells     Owned  by  Mr.  J.  8,  lloUson 

Bull     Owned  by  Mr.  John  Plumer,  Horslinni,  t-imsex  

Cow'.    Owuudby  Mr.  John  I'liinier,  HoihIiuui,  bu»8ex 

Hetfer.    Arepresentatlvo  animal 

Heifer.    A  repreneutalivo  aniiual 

7.  POLLED  AXOIS. 

Bull,  EnKliBhman.    Owned  by  Mr.  S.  Stephenson,  Baliol  CoUeKO  Farn>,  Long  Benton, 
NewcaHtloui)on.T;SU«.        ^ ^___     Owned  by  Mr.  Stephenson,  also 


Cow,  Pride  of 'Abepfeen,  at  four  years  °f  "•'''•  "JJ 'i^l/'yJ; 
Bull  Owned  by  Mr.  Clement  Stevens,  Saud.vf oid  V  ilia,  J(e 
Cow.    Owned  by  Mr.  Clement  Stevens,  Sandyfonl  Villa,  Ne 

Hull,  Prince  of  the  Kealm 

Yearling,  Kavoniii 

Heifer,  Favorite ■■•■• •,•_ 

Hull   Prince  of  tho  Kealm,  at  fourteen  months 

(Irnup  of  heifer.'*,  KInoehtry  breed ,,„" '  •; 

Bull,  VounK  Hero  ;  bud  by  Mr.  Hannav.  of  C,8veni 
B.anf  Shows .  second  pri/.e  at  the  HiBhlnn.l  huclet> 


wcaatleupou-Tvno 

Newcastleupon-Tyno 


avVnwood.    Won  first  prizes  at  Tui  riff  and 
■■'■■*■■  Show  i  plate  at  Turriff,  ic.   Brou«h, 


Pag*. 


04 
04 

04 
740 
740 


88 
182 

162 


114 
114 
lUll 
Hid 
7411 
741) 


i:i;» 

],■)!» 
I(i4 
104 
'ih> 
210 
210 
•J  10 
210 
210 


$1,340  at  public  sale  in  188.1. 


Hei'ferPHfio  of  Aberdeen  (plate  19  shows  the  matured  animal).    Winner  of  prizes  as 
calf  'yearlin«;  u^'d  Jwo.ye,lr  old.     B.ed  by  Mr.  Hanuay,  Oav.nwood. 


iJalf,  Prospera  Prioress 


Owned  by  Mr.  itaiinny. 


Calf  of  tho  celcbri'ted  prize  tew 

Owned  by  Mr.  Hannay,  Oavenwood 

Idi     ' 


Heifer,  Benettt.     Won  first  prize  at  ""."l'/' '"  \'^^f 
Blackbird,  of  Coratchy,  which  was  sold  foi  $.00. 

deen.    Bred  and  owned  by  Mr.  lerguson,  of  Kinothtry. 


Bull,  Sir  Maurice 

Cow   Juno 

S\bi.  2dof  TiU.vfour 


8.  POLLED  «.4«.LOWAT8. 


Bull.    Prize  winner  at  the  niKhland  Society  Shows. 
Cow.     Prue  winner  at  tho  Highland  Society  Shows. 

Bull,  Harden 

Cow,  Clara 

Heifer,  Lalla  Bookh 


1».  nUilllANDEKS. 


hlaiid  Agricultural  Society  Show.    Owned 


West  Hiiihland  Bull.    First  prize  at  the  Hi;;hland  Agricultural  bociety  isnoi 
bv  the  liarl  of  Sealield,  Castle  Grant,  Giantowu. 

West  HiKhlan.l  bull.     Iwoveiir  old.     Prize  winner 

West  Highland  bull.     Ituke  ot  At  ho  e  s  herd 

West  HlL'hlaud  cow.     Duko  ot  Athidu  sherd 


10.  AYR8HIUES. 


Owned  bv  Mr. 


Bull.    First  prize  winner.    Owned  by  Mr.  Bartlemore 

liSn-    |^s?;,?/.J^i;i^!:r»t'u:."nl^;^liiIdA^uiturai-So<:ietyShow 

C.Jv^^'^-'^ll^hm'ilnd  Male'owm^l  bi' nie  Dowager  Duchess  of  Athole,  Dunkeld.    Con- 
Bidered  very  fine  specimens  ot  the  bleed. 

Cow,  Jane 

Cow.    (Representative  dairy  cow) 


21U 

210 
2'.0 

210 
210 

210 

21U 

223 

2:!:i 
2'j;j 


224 
224 

224 
224 


212 
224 
224 


m 

212 

212 


I'latn 

No. 

14 

Cow. 

38 

Dull 

;in 

Cow. 

3.V. 

Iteife 

aoo 

Cow, 

;i.w 

('ow, 

3,18 

Cow, 

:i,TO 

Cow, 

.100 

Cow, 

301 

Cow, 

302 
30.1 
304 
303 


20 
21 
36 
37 
3fia 


15 


i)46 


71 

('ow  ... 

7(1 

Cow  . . . 

78 

Hull... 

77 

Bull  ... 

70 

"» 

Cow  . . . 

80 

Ox.    Di 

SI 

Cow . . . 

82 

Bull... 

83 

Oi 

84 

Ox.    J'r 

S.'i 

Ox      Pr 

122 

Cow  . . . 

iU 

Milch  w 

126 

Cow.    1 

86 

Cow  . . . 

87 

Bull... 

88 

Ox 

Bull.. 
Cow .. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


I'liitn 
No. 


14 

;i5M 

;ij7 
a.w 

350 
.1110 
■Ml 


362 
3('hl 
3111 

305 


;o 

;'l 

36 

37 

366 


15 


OMoriptlon. 


Cow. 
Hull. 


(A  roprcionUtlvo  aalnial) 


It.  JIB8KTI. 


cow.    uwnea  by  Mr.  B.  J.  Arnold.  SumnierlHud  Uouio;  Jerwy, 


Ptlio  wlnniTH . 


•••••■••••■•a 


llfiriT  anil  (^alvow. 
Cow,  Vulvtitt'pu... 

Cow,  Alice 

Cow,  LoDgneTlllo  B«llo . . 

Cow,  Coomaaaea 

Cow,  Luoa 

Cow,  Lady  Kmlly  Fo'liy  id  ;.".'. "".Wl"';""" 


••••■•• •« 


Cow,  Valentine  8d 

Hull,  Snnlroof  Vaajbeletn..'.  '. 

Cow.    First  lu  ber  cluaa  at  Readliijr ." 
Cow,  Eli>i{aDte " 


I'i.  fiDBBNSBTB. 


13.  WKIMH  tATTlK. 

w\ri?;;^T '  o!J?.e^'.Ty^'i,f  u:"v;'.'i[.r'  "*"•  """"="  "^  ^■^"^  '•""  • 

Owned  hv  Miilor  Pint t,  of  IlanKor.    

Owned  by  Malor  Piatt,  of  Ilanuoi 


Ox. 

Y 

Ox 

Cow.    Owned  by  MaJor  Piatt,  of  UanKor '.■.■.'. 

Yo>arliot{  ball  and  lieifer 


K..  KKRRV  CATUK. 

Bmi.    From  the  Knighi  of  Kerry's  herd 

IS.  eUFFOlKS. 


346    Cow,  Wild  Rose. 


FItENCII  CATTLE. 


1.  ] 

71 

Cow  . 

7S 

Cow  . 

76 

null  . 

77 

Hull  . 

1.  FLEMISH  A>D  CROSSES. 


Ox 

(;ow 

Ox.    Unrham-Flemiab.. 


SI  I  Cow 
b'i  i  Bull 

Ox.. 

Ox. 

Ox 


a.  NORM.iNDY  AND  CROSSES. 


83 
84 

Wi 
122 

m 

12S 


J'rize  Dnrham-Swi'tV.CotentimV 
Prizo  Dniham  SwItz.Norniunuv 
Cow ■ 

M ilch  cow.    Norman-Col'entlne'. .... 
Cow.    Durhani-Xonuau .".'"' 


86  Cow  . 

87  Bull  . 
63     Ox... 


Hull... 
Cow  ... 


Bl  Cow 

92  Bull 

B'i  Ox ; 

04  I'rizuor 

95  Ox.    Durham-Charolaluo"! 


Wi     Bull 

HV     Prize 0.x  ... 
121  I  Beef  cattle. 


3.  BRITTANT  DRKKD. 


4.  PARTRENAISe  BREED. 


8.  CUAROIAISE  BREED. 


«.  tI.MOlSl.\E  BREED. 


IX 


Pagt, 


1 10 
106 
lOU 

Hi 

74a 

T4!i 
74a 
743 
74a 
743 


743 
743 
743 
74a 


13.1 
1S:| 
lUO 
ICO 

742 


129 


740 


240 
'.'40 
340 
240 
240 
240 
240 


243 
243 
243 
243 
24,T 

2H2 
282 


240 
210 
240 


247 
247 


248 
248 

248 
248 
248 


248 
248 
278 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate  I 
No.  I 


Deacdption. 


7.  MANCRllE  BREED. 


Cow. 


09  '  Ox.    Duihatn-MnncoUe 

IW)  I  Ox.    Prize,  Uurbam-Manoella. 


a.  COHTOISE  BREED. 


101  I  Cow. 


102     A  prize  ox. 


0.  FEMELIXE  BREED. 


103     Bull  , 


104  I  Bull 

105  i  Cuv  and  calf. 


106  i  Bull 

117     Bull 


11.  8ALER8  BREZD. 
12.  fiARONNAISE  BREED. 


107 
118 


108 
IL'O 


Bull . 
Bull . 


1».  BAZADAI8. 


14.  LANDAISE  BREED. 


Bull.    Pacing  aDimal. 
Bull 


109     Bull . 


Ill 


114 


112 


lia 

no 

123 


15.  GASCON  RREED. 


10.  BARETON  BREED. 


Bull. 


17.  BEARNAI6E  BREED. 


Cow. 


1«.  ALGERIA.\  UREED. 


Cow. 


Cow.  Gevaudnn  breed. 
Cow.  Bordelaisc  breed 
Cow.    Holland  breed  — 


19.  MISCELLANEOUS. 


3U1 
3U2 

'Mj 
306 
307 
3QH 
3o9 
310 
311 
31'.' 
313 
:!U 
31J 
310 


I 


20.  BREED  NOT  DESIGNATED. 


Frencb 
Frcneb 
French 
French 
French 
Fiench 
French 
Frencli 
French 
French 
French 
I'nnch 
i 1 unch 
Frencli 
Fiuncli 
French 


bull. 


bull  , 


bull 


biiU 
cow  . 
ox  .. 


bull 
row 
bull 
bull. 


Page. 


249 
249 
249 


250 
250 


250 


250 
250 


254 
272 


25:; 

2T4 


256 
277 


257 


257 


257 


270 


72.'^ 


T-.'R 

7:'ti 
:-2i 


'irt 


726 

728 
728 


130 

ijnl 

131 

('■oy\ 

133 

I'li'j 

134 

I'rj 

135 

Prli 

130 

Hei 

137 

llei 

:38 

Hei 

139 

CoT^ 

140 

Bui 

141 

Cow 

142 

Hull 

ri3 

Bull 

144 

Bull 

145 

Bull 

146 

Bull 

147 

Bull 

14fi 

Cow 

149 

Uoii 

150 

Ox, 

151 

Coiv 

152 

Butf 

133 

Al' 

SWISS  CATTLE. 


1.  SPOTTED  (SIMMENTUAL)  BREED. 


120  I  Bem'si'  Imll 

127  ;  Simiiicniiiiii  cow  

128  I  Black  ispolteri'  Fr  I'duik  bull. 
128  '  Black  (.spotted)  Froihine  row. 


;«9 


2M 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


XI 


Plate 
No.  ' 


130 
131 
133 
134 
135 
130 
137 
:38 
139 
140 


DeRoription.  j  Page. 

— i 

2.  BBOWN  6CHWTTZEB  BBEBD.  I 

iinll 202 

Cow !  292 

Prize  cow  ...   i  292 

Prizocow,  trnetype |  292 

Prize  heifer,  trnetype |  292 

Heifer,  true  typi i  ;>92 

Heifer,  true  type I  292 

Heifer,  fair  type |  292 

Cow,  variation  from  true  typo !  292 

Bull,  true  typ-3 I  202 


VrJkJjIA^Jf  CATTLE. 


141 
142 
1.13 
144 
145 
146 
147 
148 
140 
150 
151 
15a 
153 
154 
155 
150 
157 
158 


Cow  of  Swiss  breed,  in  Lombardj'.    PriM 

Hull,  Jupiter.    Piedmonteso  breed.    Prize 

i3nll,  Pertinace.    Piedmonteso  breed.    Prize 

Bull,  Napoli.    I'uplieso  breed.    Pri7,e 

Bull,  Ghinassi.    Puglieae  breed.    Prize 

Bull,  Tijro.    Frclburfj-Fruilaua  breed.    Prize 

Bull,  Maestro.    Mantua  breed.    Prize 

Cow,  Mantova.    Swiss  breed.    Prize 

UeifiT,  An ver.-fa.    Dutch  breed.    Prize , 

O-t,  Fausta.    PuKliese  breed.    Prize 

Cows,  Minerva  and  Chloe.    Brittany  breed.    Prize 

Buffalo  d'ltaUa 

A  Piidinout bull 

A  Piedmont  cow 

A  Piedmont  cow , 

A  Piedmont  mountain  bull , 

A  Pk'djiioEt  mounlain  beil'or 

Bull,  Adam  2d.    Chianina  breed 


324 
326 
"20 
326 
320 
320 
3^1) 
320 
320 
32C- 
320 
328 
331) 
330 
330 
830 
330 
334 


BELGIAN  CATTLE. 


159  Belgian  cow.    Dutch  breed 

160  Flemish  cow 

102     Bclpliin  cow 

163  I  A  herd  of  Belgian  cows 


367 
867 
372 
373 


SPANISH  CATTLE. 

[The  pictures  of  these  Galician  oxen  were  taken  at  C'orunnu  as  the  animals  were  being  shipped  to 

England.] 


168    Oaliclanox;  white;  four  years;  price,  $91  ... 
100     Galician  OX;  yellow ;  flvo years;  price,  $87.50. 

170  '  fiallcianox;  vrllow;  flvoyenra;  iirice.  if80.70 

171  {  Galician  OX;  brown;  six  years;  pi  ioe,  $83.75. . 


388 

388 
888 

sub 


GEllMAN  CATTLE. 


1.  NECKAR  BBEED.  I 

172  Cow.    Ucd,  with  white  face  and  whit<(  lower  legs '      391 

i 

J.  bIMME.NTHALEB. 

173  Cuw.    Red,  with  white  star  on  fmehead  •i<il 

168  Cow :; '.;;.■;;;.■;    404 

8.  LIMR01;b»  BBEED. 

174  Cow.    Yellow _^^  g,,l 

I    TRIESnonK*  ItlCEKD.  | 

175  Cow.    Spot  led.  led  and  white '      392 

*  Krrouoously  printed  l'"rie»doil'  on  page  392. 


XII 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


176 


177 


178 

187 


170 
180 


180 


181 


183 
190 


183 


214 
212 
213 


5.  ALB  BREED. 

Cow.    Red,  with  white  belly  and  lower  legs 

0.  SCHWAB  HALL  BREED. 

Cow.    Dark  red  to  brown ;  white  (ace 

7.  DUTCH  BREED. 


Cow.    Black  and  white  j  white  forehead . 
Cow 


H.  MONTAFCNER  BREED. 

Cow.    Black-brown,  white  stripe  along  the  back 

Cow 

9.  MIESBACHER  BREED. 

Cow.    White,  with  red-yellow  spots 

10.  PIMZGAUER  BREED. 
Cow.    Red,  with  white  stripe  from  shoulder  to  ramp 

11.  ALLGACER  BREED. 


Plate  I 
Xo. 


Cow.    Tellow-brown. 
Cow 


12.  SCHWITZER  BREED. 
Cow.    Dark  brown;  Black  doe-Month 

13.  VOIGHTLAND  BREED. 

Cow.    Color,  chestnut  brown ;  yellow  tail  tuft 

Head  of  .i  VoigJuland  bull 

Head  of  aVoightland  cow , 


14.  ANGELN  BREED. 


184 
197 
188 


1&> 

186 
191 


194 
195 
203 
203 
•.>05 
200 
•-■07 
•JOO 
.'10 
211 


Cow.    Color,  red-brown. 

Prize  biiU,  Thomas 

Prize  cow 


15.  PODOLISCHE  BREED. 
Cow.    Color  yellow  ;  long  horns ;  originally  from  Southern  Russia ;  meat  cattle. 

10.  .Mi'RZTHALER  BREED. 

Cow.    Color,  gray;  link  between  tho  St<'ppe  and  Mountain  breed 

17.  r.lA.W  BREED. 


BuU. 


1*1.  OLDE.MURG  AND  EAST  PRLSIA.N  BREED. 


Wiltermarsh  prize  bull.  .Veptiino 

WiUermarsli  prizo  cow,  Lcamlii 

Oldenburg  prize  bull,  liuiljadinger  ,1il  

Oldenburg  prizi'  tuw,  Aliiiiulh 

Oldenburg- lJul^|adiDcer  prize  bull 

Oldenburg  prize  heilcr,  Ivei^t  vc.u  Oldeubuig 

East  Frisian  prizo  bull,  Amur;  It  year.s 

East  Frisian  cow;  a  eelobrated  milker .. 

Fast  FrisiiincdW;  Sii^lincle.  seven  years  old;  a  good  miiKcr. 
East  Frisian  bull.    Owned  hy  the  c'l own  Prince 


VJ.  MESNKHUU  (HADE.N)  BREED. 


215 
216 

217 
218 
210 
220 


221  I 

222  , 
22-^ 


Cow. 
Cow. 
Ci)W. 
Bull. 
Bull. 


Front  view 
Side  view. . 
Side  view.. 
Front  view  . 
Side  view 


Yearling  heifer.    Side  view. 


20,  IHRZ  BRKED, 

Bull.     Five  years  old.    Owned  by  Mr.  Stahl,  nf  Altenau,  on  the  Harz 

Cow.    bix  years  old.     Owue.l  liy  Mr.  Croiil'ai  ti.ji .  of  (  laiistUal,  ou  llin  Itarz     . 

Low.    beven  to  eight  years  old.     Owned  by  Mr.  Uohnlior.-l,  ot  Claiistlial,  on  tlio  Uarz 


802 


302 


392 
404 


893 
40S 


303 


304 

405 


394 


443 
44a 
443 


305 
413 
413 


395 


380 


400 


413 

413 
419 

4111 
4L'ii 
4L0 
41'') 
41'! 
■Il.'l 
4U 


47:' 
47:' 

47:' 

472 

472 
472 


4f'J 
■l-'j 
•182 


192 

Ay 

199 

Hbv 

20O 

Bav 

2U1 

Pon 

196 

Bre' 

2U4 

Onii 

208 

Poll 

225 

!  Choln 

228 

ODg 

Choln 

227 

em 
Cholni 

228 

nort 
Redai 

229 

951(1  1 

men 
Dun  c( 

(ir.tv  1 

232 

233 
234 
23» 
236 
237 

238 


2>0 
241 

242 
243 

244 

24,') 
246 

247 
L'48 

:'49 
:'.-.0 
■:'>i 

2.'/2 

:'j;i 
:'54 


t 

255 
258 

:  Bull,  -w 

I  Cow.    W 

2.17  . 
258  j 

Jersey  cov 
Jersey  cow 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 


392 


302 


392 
404 


893 
405 


303 


394 
405 


394 


443 
443 
443 


303 
413 
413 


395 


390 




4oe 

413 

413 

• . .  .  . 

419 

41!) 

4;ii 

4:0 

4l'o 

4l'l 

... 

4:1 

47:' 

.... 

47:' 

.... 

47:' 

472 

.... 

472 

— 

472 

m 

4-2 

rz..l 

482 

DeBoription. 


A  yoke  of  Bavarian  worklnc  cattl., 
Bavarian  prize  baU     "^*'"s  <=»"'o 

Bavarian  prize  cow     

Pomeranian  prize  bnllVBlondiu 

Breitenburg  prize  bnll^  Conrad 


21.  MISCEILANEOIIS  BREEDS. 


DUXCE  CATTLE. 


224    Cow.  Wonye.    A  celebrated  breeder 


and  milker.. 


XIII 


Page. 


406 
413 
413 
413 
4ia 
410 
420 


SIO 


KUSSIAN  CATTJLE. 


"''.!^'.!'!".°'.'!-.  ..^'""***'  Soverament  of  Arch. 
Habitat,  goveVnmeniof  ArchingeY.  nirth".' 


I  Cholmogovian  cow     rfn.Ct" '  1  ■ 

Dar^,^'^Jat«^i'-iVt^^''1r  "^  """"'^  "'  -eat:-  Habiiat;«ove™. 

Gr«arox""lf.e1/a?±"' f  ??- ^^^^^ 


Red  cow.     Four  yeaiiolll'!  'Hal.r'aT""'^'  fio^'Tniuoutol  Va vosla'ff " 'c'u'ntV.'r t^; 


238 


glack  and  white  cow.    J'ivo  ViiJrToM     ,>-,-"■"-  "°""a'  Kroup  -  

UlackbornleHncow.    Thro,,  von;»"Vr- W """"'eui  ot  I'orm,  cen- 


Kroiip 

A  FluuiHh  bull 


A  FiiiulNh  tow  ..'.'..'. 

Sli nil,  Ilu, primigeni'ui '.'.'.'. 
hkiill,  Sot  lalifront 

Polish  buIJ... 

I'uli.shfow... 

I'olish  liiill  ......W 

I'oiiMb  bull  ..  

IVlish  bull    ....'.'.' 


HUNG.UUAN  CATTLE. 


:'55 
256  : 


Dull.    ■\VIiit(>  native 
Cow.    Whlto  native.'. 


CANADIAN  CATTLE. 


2.17 
258 


I  Jersey  cow. 
I  Jersey  cow. 


o!;i;iUs"(yr':'':.^r''"' 


857 
657 


lav. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 
MEXICAX  CATTLE. 


Plate 
No. 

Description. 

Page. 

209 

Cow 

679 

270 

Oxen 

670 

271 

BnU 

670 

268 

Mexican  cattle  hranda 

670 

BBAZILIAIf  CATTLE. 


272? 
2735 
274 


275 
276 
277 
278 
270 
28U 
281 
282 


Native  oxen  and  cart . 
Native  cow 


SIXGHALESE  CATTLE. 


Half-breed  bnllocks  and  cart 
Draucbt  bullocka  in  Colombo 

Family  bandy 

Tanjore  drangbt  ox 

Half-breed  di'au);bt  bullock. . 
Plowing  with  oxen  in  Ceylon 

HauUn.";  timber  in  Ceylon 

Ceylon'  buii'alo  cart , 


630 
630 


656 
656 
650 
636 
050 
C5G 
C56 
6J6 


I'latc 
Xo. 

2«li 
'.'67 

19.1 

Plan  o< 

Fa.m  1 

at  th( 

Plan  of 

many 

101 

Deliver! 

164 

A  Fiemi 

I(i5 

A  Brabfl 

106 

An  Ant 

107 

ADutol 

307  Oxford  II 
368  Oxford  D 
360    Oxford  II 


I 


SCIENTIEIC  D.    IRT  IMPLEMENTS  AST)  MACHINES. 


m 


\>.'i 


■^ 


259 
200 
201 
262 
203 

264 
205 
283 
•-'84 
285 
286 

:;87 

288 
280 
290 
291 
292 
293 
204 

295 
296 
297 
298 
290 
300 


Milk  tent:  Specific  pravity  of  milk  from  diiforeDt  breeds  of  cow-s.     (Fig.  1) 

Cream  test:  Cream  by  volume,  from  different  breeds  of  cows      (Fig.  2) 

Cream  test:  Cream  by  weight,  from  difl'erent  breeds  of  cows.     (Fig.  3) 


Milk  test:  Agreement  of  specific  gravity  of  milk  with  actual  weiglit  if  cream.  (Flz.  4) 
Cream  and  butter  test:  Agreement  of  cream  by  weight,  with  butter,  by  weight,  fiom 

milk  of  ditt'erent  breeds  of  cows.     (Fig.  5) 

Butter  test:  Butter  from  milk,  bv  wiight,  from  ditferent  breeds  of  cows.    (Fig. 6) 

Butter  test;  Butter  from  cream,  from  milk  of  different  breeds  of  cows.     (Fig.  7) , 

Milk-testing  set:  Lactometer,  cruamumeter,  and  thermometer 

Guevenno's  original  lactometer,  or  lui'todonsimeter 

Creamometer  on  stand , 

Gorman  creamometcr  or  cream-testing  tube 

Lactobutryometcr  on  stand,  with  stopper 

Feser's  lactroscope 

Copper  bath,  showing  three  pipettes  and  three  lactrobutryometer  tabes  within 

Aerometer  for  extracting  fats;  Professor  Soxhlet's 

De  Lavel's  Swedish  separator;  drum,  milk  chamber;  cream  chamber 

H.  C.  Petersen's  Danish  separator 

Kord's  regrilar,  cream , 

Fjord's  regulator— by  this  ujuihine  any  percentage  of  cream  can  be  skimmed  by  the 

Danish  separator 

Scale  showing  the  value  of  each  system .  , 

Vertical  drum  cream  separator  of  Petersen,  of  Hambarg 

Aarbus  cream  separator    , 

Narskov  centrifugal  separator , 

Lefeldt  cream  separator 

Lefeldt  cream  separator 


563 
563 
503 
563 

503 
503 
503 
0.S-, 
68.) 

6(!.j 

685 
0K5 
flt'fi 
685 
685 
6l>^ 
688 

68S 

688 
688 

688 

088 
688 
6S.> 
688 


BUTCHERING  AND  KILLING  CATTLE. 


114 
115 
116 
132 


How  the  Paris  butchers  cut  up  a  beef... 
How  the  Lisle  butchers  cut  up  a  beef. . . 
How  the  London  butchers  cut  Lp  a  beef. 
Swiss  method  of  killing  cattle 


26() 
201 
261 
295 


Page. 

679 
670 
679 
679 

630 

630 

656 
656 
650 
656 
656 
056 
C56 
656 

rom 

563 
563 
563 
563 

563 
563 
563 
0.S-. 
08.-, 

6(!.j 

685 
0K5 
6^5 
68.') 
685 
6l>^ 

6»*t5 

08S 

68g 

esd 

688 

688 
68,> 
688 

• 

.... 

26.) 
261 
261 
295 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 
MODEL  FARM  Aim  CATTLE  HOTJSE.S. 


XV 


I'latc 
Xo.   I 


Deooription. 


261  i 
'.'67 

19.1 


lirLTd1^'«r°f1h'e'fn1il'4'.^$rarir.''"f^V"'"-  <^"«lP'',  Ontario 


Page. 

563 
503 
406 


MILK  AKD  MILKMAIDS. 


101 
164 
I(i5 
106 
167 


°«"^erliie  milk  in  Belgium 
A  riemish  milkmaid 

A  lirabant  milkmaid      

An  Antwerp  milkmaid  .' ' "" ' 
A  Dutch  milkmaid 


37J 

374 

■  *•>• 

374 

374 

374 

ENGLISH  SHEEP. 


307    Oxford  Sown  rara 

369    Oxford  Down  ram,  Oampsfleld: 


7S0 
789 


h 


In 


Till 


meat  cir 
J'ltrmhiii 
several  « 


Janiaky  '." 


Sir:  At 
dated  -Itil.v 
ill  ibivij^ii 
rcct'iviii'''  t 
l)r('('<UM'.s  ill 
prove  our  i 

(!!lttl('.  illld 
tll('l'('l)()l'IS 

Tlic  form 
into  tlic  cin 
iiu'iit,  as  to 
would  not  ( 
ill  liic  f'oriii 
points  cove 

(I)     I'llC  lies 

(>x|M)il  ;  till'  li 

)ll  i(  cs  of   tlin 
vniilf, 

{•>)  Till'  t(il: 
till'  srvrral  Im 

Cri'MSl'  lll'Ntlll'l 
(.•!)    Wlii'tll.' 

nt'liiiiiii'ili'iji.'n 
[  (li'iii,'iiiil.-i,  ilii' 
( I)  How  nil 

till'  llCSl    llll'lll) 

III  reifard 
hvliicli  deals 


LETTER 


FROM 


THE  SECRETARY  OF  STATE 


TliANSAirmXfi   TO 


Ihr,  SpeakrroJ  the  Ifouse  of  UepreHcntatlmn  rcpartt,  hi  rephi  to  a  Demrt- 
mcntnrvHlar.Jrom  the  consuls  of  the  United  States,  on  cattle  and  llairu 
Jm-mn,!i  «ud  the  markets  Jor  cattle,  bee /\  and  da!n,  products  in  their 
several  districts. 


.Taniakv  '.^  IHSii.-Uoferrr.l  to  Mm  (UmimUv.o  on  ARrinulturo  an.l  or.loml   t.,  1„ 

pi'intt'il. 


Depatitmknt  ov  State, 

Washiuf/ton,  Jannarif  20,  ISSfi. 

dated  .l.ily  IS,  ISs.},  covonri-  t\w  f|uostioii  of  cattle  and  cattle.  Drodncts 
111  loiv.n-ii  countncH,  was  tiansinitt,.,!  to  our  consuls,  with  tho  vi.nvoV 
mclvm,!.-  tlicrcfio.n  such  lufoiiuatioii  as  niio-ht  he  useful  to  the  stock- 


l)iv("dcis  and  dairy  larinors  ot  tliq  United  States  in  their  eflbrts  to 
prove  our  luitive  sto(!k,  and  to  «leveloi)  a  rorei;,ni  market  I 


un- 


K\\\k\  and  (!attlo  products.     I  have  now  th<^  i. 
^'2   the  reports  received  in  answer  to  this  circular. 

Tlie  forms  presented  by  the  stockmen,  and  whiel 


or  our  surplus 
lonor  to  sulmiit  herewith 


.  .  -  .  ,    ......     ...111,11     iiv;ii3     II 

into  tlie  Circular,  were  so  contracted  in  scopcand  so  technical 
iiiciit  as  to  satisfy  the  l)ei)artment  that  the  consid 
would  not  cover  the  many  interests  involved  •  1 


I  were  incori)orated 


ill  tiie  form  of  sii^^^restions  and  direcjtion 


p(!iiits  covered  by  these  memoranda  w 


in  arraiifje- 

;ir  responses  thereto 

;  lience  some  memoranda, 

S  w(Mv  added.    The  i»rincii>al 


ere  as  follows 


(I)    llio  lu'sl  met  lio.ls  of  ox-port  inu;  ciiltl,.  to  tli.>  Uiiito.l  Statos  •  tim  ii 
|M.il  ;  Ih.'lH.st  routrsoC  ,-xp„rt  iin.l  Mioo.stiiiiiitcdcost  for  Civi-'iil  ;  (I 


piidsof  tlin  uiiiiiiulH  anil  tlic  cstimiilcd 


mil  If 


(•xpi'n,s(>s  for  iitt( 


Im  liost  iiiiimals  to 
;  (Ik'  |)iircliasiiiy; 
inlancc   a, 1(1  lood    \vlii|(i  rii 


CJ)  Till'  tdt.il   iimiiiImt  of  catMc  in  cacli  district 


till'  M'Viiai  Im 


II 


or  conntry  ami    tli,»  porciMit; 


crease  (irstncji,  and  the  causes  f  liercol. 

(.'!)  Wliellier  the  stock  of  I'acli  coniiti'v 
oriioiiiedeijiMlids,  ll 
(leli 


'erc<'nta;;t«  lor  the  dairy  and  (li,.  l.iit'.'lier-   11 


of 


M'  increase'  or  d(> 


le countries  to  wliicli  tl 


is  siiflicicnt  lor  h 


le  excess  i^ 


aiids,  the  countries  I'roni  wliicii  tl „,. 

I)  How  ell  ortliese  supplies,  ami  their  iiatiii 


|iorl(   . 
needed  supplies  are  d 


I'inaiids;  if  in   ixccss 
irinsiilliclcnt  tor  lioino 


raw  11. 


i  tlie  hesi  ni 


KMiis  lor  iiicrcMsinj;-  the  exports  to  eael 


.  isdrawn  I'loin  t]w  Fnitcd  Stati's; 


ll 


I  coiintiN   from  the  I'nited  Statt 


nrej,Mrd  to  that  part  of  tho.  •,'('neral  std.jc.'t  i-'s-'c >,.••' ,-;  » 

vliich  deals  with  the  bn^eils  of  cattle,  tln-ir  teeding,' housing;  and  hS 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FAKMINO. 


ling,  the  best  breeds  for  importntiou  into  the  United  States  and  tlie 
best  manner  of  importation  hither,  and  the  varions  other  points  con- 
nected therewith,  and  wliich  from  their  nature,  beinfr  altogether  mat- 
ters of  detail,  are  incapable  of  being  comjjreased  into  such  statistical 
compactness  as  would  render  them  available  or  useful  in  a  short  intro- 
ductory letter,  those  interested  are  referred  to  the  several  reports, 
which  are  both  exhaustive  ami  valuable,  being  prejjared  in  many  in- 
stances by  recognized  authors  and  exjjerts,  or  from  information  directly 
supplied  by  such.  That  portion  of  the  subject,  however,  which  deals 
with  foreign  meat  and  dairy-i>rodiU!e  markets,  our  i)rescnt  share  in  snp- 
l)lying  the  same,  and  the  best  means  tor  the  enlargement  of  our  trade 
therein,  being  more  susceptible  of  profitable  statistiiial  analyses  than 
cattle-breeding,  the  following  figures  are  submitted,  in  the  interest  of 
our  exporters  of  cattle  and  cattle  products. 

LIVECATTLK  TUAUK. 

It  would  seem  as  if  the  cattle,  meat,  and  dairy  producers  of  the  world— 
that  ]>ortion,  at  least,  which  prosecutes  advanced  agriculture — look  to 
the  British  marketsfor  the  consumption  of  their  surplus  i)roducts.  Out- 
side of  our  oleomargarine  trade  with  Holland,  and  a  comparatively 
smsdl  export  of  salted  beef,  tallow,  butter,  and  che(>se  to  Canada,  the 
West  Indies,  &c.,  our  trade  in  cattle  and  cattle  i>roducts  is  with  the 
United  Kingdom,  as  the  following  statement  will  show: 

Slatiinent  Hhowing  the  exports  of  cattle  mid  rattle  prodmtHfn.m  the   United  Slates  diirimj 

the  year  1H84. 


Description. 


nonie.1  rattle I   *!?•  H?".!!!!!! 

]''iosli  IX'I'i' 

<'iiniie(l  bcel' 

Sillied  beef ■ 

Otliorbeof 

l!ii  ttor 

Cliceso 

itll'f  tiillow 

01iM)niaij;iiiiiio 

Comli'Dscd  iiiilli 


Total. 


TotlipTTiiitnl 

To  all  iitlioi' 

KliiKili'iii- 

( iiiinlrirM. 

$17,  3.10,  »m 

!|i.-l«,R,Sn 

11,  .11  (!,:«;!) 

170, !Hi2 

•_',  .'")4'.',  I  ■-••-' 

o;ii,tMr. 

U,  ii.iH,  ;!rt! 

i.n:i,  MI2 

no.  (iL'rt 

7, 7:io 

i,(i-(i,;!4i 

l,H74,4;i() 

111,  .'•■(18,  r.'jo 

1,1. '■>.■.,  187 

L', '.Ml,  mis 

:,H.vj,,i(i7 

2(i!»,  0-0 

.»,(i;i;r,  ;i4'.! 

•jo;i,  ou« 

4r.,;ii;i 

49,L'31,411 

iJ, :;:!:!,  Tii.'i 

_ 

$17 

>tal. 

H",, 

4(1-, 

11 

US7, 

:i:ii 

It 

171, 

7(17 

;t 

•JO:'. 

- 1  ."i 

ti7, 

1:,^ 

:i 

7..0, 

771 

It 

iu;:i, 

7i;i 

4 

7!t;i, 

:i7,''. 

4 

84-.', 

;!ti'j 

•J4.S, 

:iJ!i 

i   •" 

r>n:>, 

17(; 

In  the  column  of  exports  "to  all  other  eoiinfries''  are  jnoducts  ex- 
ported to  Canada  to  the  value  of  ^-VJ-'Wi-tlS,  a  large  portion  of  which  wiis 
re-exported  to  England,  and  oleomargarine  to  Holland,  which  alsofoiuid 
its  way  as  '•butter"  to  the  I'.ritisli  markets, as  will  apiiear  further  on, 
to  tlu^ value  of  $l,l-7,Sii7.  This  would  reduce  the  e\|>(uts  to  all  other 
countries  at  least  )?r),0(»(»,(KM>,  and  increase  those  to  flii'  United  li^ingdom 
by  that  amount.  Our  exports  during  tlie  yeai'  may  therefore  be  .set 
down  as  follows:  To  the  United  Kingdom,  .*r)f,'jr>(>,(l<l(h  to  all  other 
countries  in  Europe,  ><.'{,20(»,()nO;  to  all  countries  outside  of  I'liiroiM', 
!i(|,H>.S,17(>.- 

It  will  thus  b(^  seen  tliiit  statislics  .showing  the  conditi(»ns  which  pre 
vail  in  the  British  markets,  and  the  nieaiis  which  must  be  tiikeii  to  hold 
and  enlarges  our  interests  therein,  eovei-,  for  all  jtraetieal  purposes,  our 
(!onimereial  relations  wilh  tlie  tiiitside  world,  as  f;ir  as  our  e\poits  of 
(•attle  and  (;;ittle  prod  iicis  are  coiiceiiieil.  Theot  her  conn  tries  of  l']iiro|M' 
essay  to  Siijipiy  their  ouii  waiit.s  in  tliis  regaid,  afid  mainly  siu'ce;-!  iii 
80  doing,  haviiig  a  small  surplus  for  export  besides.  It  should,  how- 
ever, bo  borne  in  mind  that  many  of  those  countries  are  relatively  no 


liclier  in  cji 
consumiitic 
a  meat-eati 
iiieat-eatin^j 
countries  n 
casions. 

The  same 

gree,  in  regj 

while  theot 

tion  of  our  i 

()\eiiooked  i 

Kingdom,  w 

market,  and 

in  whi(!h  it 

lior  product; 

lion  ami  as  1 

iloiK^  miK^h  t 

eiir  iiiixicty  ; 

loss  and  to  t 

llieiiiselves  i 

ill  (li(^  Ib'ifis] 

(»(' their  {(rodi 

sinners. 

Sliilrmeiit  ulimriii 
llic  i/ear  1K<.|, 
//i/Ci.s/i  ojjiiial 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


•!<"•  Pn^clucls,  at  prices  ;),ich  w       en^  •^'mh!'"'  ''''^'f  ''"""'"  «"l>e- 


Sliidmciit  Kli„iriii>/  Ihc  iiiimlii 

I!  '      '     ' 


(itimiiii  xhitiiiiiii  Ihc  iiiiiiil,,',- ,,„.i  .    I 


OXKN  AND  l!iri,I,s 


Wl 


K'TICO  iDipi)rt(>(l. 


I'liiicil  StalCM 

Iliilisli  Noilh  Aiiipi'ic't! 

DiniiiMi  k 

I'lirtiiL'.iil I"' 

lliiniuiiy 

S|i:iin 

.Sni'dcn 

Iliilhind ]■.".; 

N'(irvv:iv    __ 

I'liiiiiiii'l  rsl.'iiMl.s   ... 
U'i'.-.(  .\ (lira 


NiiiiiIh'i'. 


Viiliio. 


•''".OM  I    (i,  i:':i,(ioo 


■1-'.  7l(i 
I",  IKI.'I 

17,  .no 

1 7,  4WL' 
I:.',4'.'(i 

i;,  ."itii 
1 .11 


Ti.tal 


Kid,  r(ii) 

-•47,  8B0 
K4,  (I7H 
l'l,T.7H 
J70 


Vnlim  per 

Ill/art. 

mr. 

70 

W.\  (it) 

!»7 

.'!•.: 

104 

i;4 

!)7 

n 

!«) 

!M 

!)7 

0(1 

>.m 

74 

!»7 

OH 

ltl4  T2 

:i4 

00 

100  8K 


<'()\\'S. 


liiiiiirilili 

Ill  rniiinv 

Smili'll       , 

ni;iiiMi'l  Nhiliils.  ... 
V.iW'-h  N'miiIi  .\iiii'i-icii 

lli.llarhl 

riiitiil  Slalr.M 

.V.iiHay .."" 


TolaK 


II,  ir.7 

".  1.-:; 

4.  IKI 

■J,  Kill 

l,!>77 
1    I'i'i 

4t-7  i 

107  1 

);i,3u 


■f( 

'.'iJi 

4  HO 

OL'H 

.•IIIH 

.•llll 

iuV.) 

L'.M! 

mm 

I!!.") 

H.'S 

Wi, 

.".OS 

W2 

002 

10, 

084 

— 



5. 

S4L', 

570 

H7  4)» 
Wi  02 
I IH  ,Vl 
«»  07 

77  (»;i 

100  7K 
!»4  24 

05  2!) 


CAr,VK,S, 


Ih.llaliil 

MillMIIIlk    

i^\n\m 

!  i!!;i!i.|.'!  !-.!ai)(l;t 
[  .MIulliiM- 


Tola! 


4I,.T-K» 
»,:)4i» 

;i,;:7t  i 

07 


H4y7|    1,251,011 


$nr,7 

134 

IHIi 

(124 

«i. 

7ii;i 

l-'5, 

4»2 

1I2« 

$2,1  14 

|!>  W.I 
1'4  2li 
71  44 
13  Ho 

•Si  1(7 


WV''^»^**^^»tt*immimmfi¥m 


6 


CATTLIC    AND    DAIRY    FAKMINd. 


Krom  tho  Coicfroin^'  sliiloMient  Hliowin;;-  tlic  iiiii>ortsol"oxoii  aiul  bullw 
iiili)  Mk)  IJiiilnl  Kiii^tlt.m— tliiit  is,  Imtclior  .stork— it  will  bo  .si'fii  lliat 
AiiuMiciiii  (till tic,  if  wo  oxoept  tlio  Cliiiiiiiol  ImIuikIs  cattlo,  wliioli  iuo  iiii 


])()ito(l  tor  brccdinj;'  ])iiii>()sos,  ( 


omiiiaiid  hijjlK'r  luicos  than  tlio  <!attIo 


imported  from  any  otlior  country,  ami  wo  may  assiimo  tliar,  tlio  best 
bntcbor  stock  of  tlio  world  is  represented  in  that  market.  Tho<!attlo  im- 
ported from('anada,  althoiiiili  malofroiis  to  American  cattlo,  are  valued 
ut  iiioro  than  ^V2  per  head  less  than  our  cattle,  while  tiioso  of  ICniopean 
countries  arc  valued  at  from  *2.'.  to  $1S  per  head  less  than  ours,  with 

ttle,  wlii(!li  only  fall  short  .SU.o.l  por  head. 


the  exception  of  Portu;;iic.so  ca 
This,  therefore,  bears  out  soiimm) 


American  cattle  aro.  the  best  k<'"^ 
Hiiest  cattle  ranges  a 


four  consuls  ill  their  as.sertioiis  that 
ral  cattle  in  tiie  world.     llaviiij,'tlio 


lid  most  favorable  climate  for  caltle-raisiii«',  the 
superiority  of  our  cattle,  as  asserted  in  tlio  I'.iitish  miirkets,  is  siirpiisin^r 
only  to  tliose  who  liav(!  been  in  tho  habit— persons  who  assumo  rather 
than  reason— of  coiinectinfr  lM;,'li-;;rado  ciittlo  with  the  Old  World  only. 

is  nowhere  better  iinder- 


Tho  suiicrioritv  of  our  cattle  and  cattlo  ranges 

.stood  than  by  tho  advauced  and  iiitclli^;(Mit  ('attlcim'n  of  Ontario.]  Ins 

i.s  veritied  in  many  ways,  but  in  no  w 

fact  that  Canadian  cattlo  coin])anies,  in  o 


ly  more  emphatii^ally  than  by  tla 
rder  to  keep  up  to  tlu^  demaiids 


of  tlu!  British  markets — Canadian  ca 


ttlo  falliii.u'  far  below  American  (rat 


tie  therein— liiivo  been  forced  tt)  leav(^  (Canadian  pastures  (or  those  of 
tlie  ITnited  States,  as  a  report  upon  the  subject  from  the  consul  at 
Sherbrooke  will  substantiate.  Tho  iiiteliij;ont  and  .sonsililo  ollorts  of 
those  companies  lor  the  imiirovement  of  their  vast  herds  are  worthy  ol 
dee|>  study  on  the  i)art  of  our  cattlemen. 

The  Ontario  A-jricultural  Commission,  in  the  report  of  its  proceeding's 
published  in  ISSl,  refers  in  coiiiplimeutiiry  terms  to  th(^  superiority  of 
American  cattle.  i^Ir.  A.  .1.  Tiiompsoii,  :i  lari,'e  sliipi)er  of  Canadian 
cattle  to  England,  testilled  as  follows  belbro  the  coiumi.ssion  : 

s  (;ilv  ail'  l';»r  .sii|icri()r  lo  ('iiii.'uli.iii  j^ijiin-lcil 


Th 


Ills  tliiit  ('(lino  Crotn  Kuiisa 


ciitrh';  ilicro  is  iioiomparisoii  between  tlifiii.     I'eople  liiive  tlieii 


liM  lliat.  lli<'r((  JM  II 


breediiiji  ainoii!:;  tlio  v 


ittlo  ill  the  Western  States,  Imttlii.s  is  a  ^Meat  mistake,  lor  tin 


cattlo  are  all  jnetty  well  bred. 

A  Statement,  attached  hereto,  has  been  prcpiired  which  shows  the  iiii 


jiortations  o4"  cattlo  (cows  a 
during  the  eleven  years  eiidiii 


nd  calves  omitted)  into  tlu'  I'liited  Ivingdom 
with  thevearlSSl.     These  details  em- 


brace  the  beginning  and  development  of  our  cattle  and  fresh  beef  tr.idt 
with  that  country,  and  are  of  special   intercsl    to  our  cattlemen  ami 

pa<rkers. 

Tills  statement  goes  to  show  that  our  exportatioiis  ol  cattle  to  hii!(i|M' 
really  begiiii  in  the  year  1S77— previous  exportiitioiis  being  more  m 
less  in  tho  nature  of  experiiiM-nts— and  reached  their  maximum  in  ISSO; 
tho  iiiii»orts  into  tlu^  Cnited  Kiiigtlom  from  the  I'nitcd  States  during 
that  vear  amounting  to  A17,SS!),17I,  against  !3<l(i,Il.'(Mi()(»  dining  the  year 
ISSl." 

The  magnitude  to  which  this  trade  would  have  grown  wer(^  it  not  li.r 
adv(>rso  legislation- legislation  the  result  of  fear  lest  cattlo  disease 
might  be  introduced  into  the  United  Kingdom  through  the  free  impoil 
of  American  cattle— which  hamiicred  the  landing,  and  tlu;  handling  iiinl 
killing  after  landing,  of  tho  animals,  would  only  have  boon  limited  liy 
our  ca])acitv  to  supjilv  tlie  demand. 

The  changes  whicli  have  taken  ])laco  in  the  llritish  foreign  cattle 
trade  during  the  decade  ending  with  ISSl,  and  tlu-  relative  positions  dl' 


CATTLI.;    AND    DAIRY    I' 


AIJMINO. 


fliccouiiti'ii^s  (Voiii  wlii(!!»  tlm  catH 


cud  ()('tli(»  (Iwiidc,  are  sliown  in  tli 


<'  wcio  drawn  at  t!i«  biwri 


0  I'oIlowiiiH  stateiiiciit: 


imiiijr  and 


iiy  Ilia  i/eata 


SUUemenl  .how,,,,  ihe  , '^'''- ''/ "-^^''^J^-W-n^y  >lw  V„iua  Ki„,,ao,n  ,Um 

(Tlftv  .oiiiKriiB  lii.iM  whrii,,,  li„,„„(.'(l  i.iv  KlviMi  in  llM.„r,l,.,.  ,c  ,i    ,    • 


Wlii'iK'c  iriipurtitil. 


I'lilfcil  Slates  (1(1).. 

I'liiiiiila  (II)  

|ir aiK  (■') 

I'cirlii(.'al   (.1) 

Spiiiii  (I)  

(ii^i'inuii.V  (I) 


1H75. 


2110 

I,  Sir.' 

;.'!>,  (1H7 

•ji,():ia 
'.':i,  Hr*\ 

5U,  141 


]88<. 


Wliuiico  iiiiporlwl. 


i;m.i>iii  I  sw..,1p„(K).... 

WMIM  :,  llollaii.l  (.■))... 
42.7111      Norway  (11).. 


j-W;;      Il-I«l,n„,7) 


1878. 


:i,  «;i7 

'St,  .lllli 
•.'L'7 

7,  i:ii) 


1884. 


12,  4211 
'.',.MII 


shim- an  incvas.,  in  l.SS         L'n,    .y^^w^^^^^^^^  an,    Swcd.n  only 

ISTi),  lias  .alinj  to  ti.o  -xtl.  pil^h  'l^  "  ^  .ort^n  tKfV'"^^  "' 
iK'in-  not  i.incli  over  one-third  wliat  tl.oy'  v  >,o  i  isTr;  i  •,'"\'.'''i  •^'.'''"" 
m:i<I  K.an.H,  liavo  fallen  out  of  tl.c  trad  aU.>^«  1.,  ?m-'  ,Y'"^,^'»^'-'«"' 
111.'  l'nit..d  Kin^r.lo.n  <l<TCMnl,Mit  ui       I     .  >^o       Kv  ^'"'^  ^^'"''^ 

siipiilics,  the  Uritish  pe,  i,Io  wcinlil  Ivn  V.    .Vi       •)  '*\"f'' l<»«'«'""cat 

,.slal.lisla.d  in  tl.o  forc-oin«-  si  -nv    11^  vi/    tl  /t  H      .7,"';'  n'--"'  ^'\  ''" 
cniMvix  no  lonijcr  npim   J-i^in. n.Vf  p  A^'^.  M''^^  t' «'  Unitod  Jvin-doni 

.neater  portion  of  sneh  supplies  '^''  ^'"^  ^''''^'''^  ^'^  ^»'-  ^''e 


)SlllOIIS  dj' 


THK  FRKSH-moKF  TUAUE. 

.\.s  the  trade  in  fresh  Ix'ef  i^  ^^m  ,.i/w..i.f  .    , 

live  ei.tde,  and  as  the    ,r  ner  i.  is  s  >  n'm H  ^    '•"^^''^  ^""'  ^'"^^^  ^''^''^  i" 
..Mlu"  it  inipo-ssiliie  .        s     ss  i  ale  s  ;T;1^'  "'"*"  "•'::  ''^'^^"'  "'^  ^" 

til.-  oIlxT  into  <H,nsi(h'rati(  n    t        hlC^^  '•"''  '"^'"'"t  t'^'^*"^' 

n-'.  '-'•  i...P<>.ta,ions  into  tiie'nnllel;  K;;Sdr;r:.;:;^r '*''«  ^"" 


AVIiinco  iiiipipilcil. 


riirti'il  Miiirs  .. 

KiiMsi.i 

(':iliiiil:i 

lii'iiniliiv     

.\ii>'tMl.isia 

Kr.im  r 

nihil  ClI'Mlllil'S  . 


T..lal 


<i'liaiillly. 


PiiiiikIi. 

IKMHH,  )•>» 

.'I,6,->I.1R| 

•-',  0.»;i,  872 

711,  (a,S 

.'IIIH,  4-IS 

lli|,l!72 

IIH,  .■17,'i,  200 


Valuo. 


Valiio  nor 
]Nniii(|. 


CeiiU. 

$10,724,. mi 

11.80 

.■iri2, 107 

U.  02 

.•i-.'o,.-,;ii 

12.  12 
12.  5« 

Wl,  Mill 

:i2,  84.1 

10.  »►» 

17,  .in;! 

10.88 

10,  OIH 

10.  r>o 

ii,56a,usu 

11.74 

Tliissfate.nent  sIhmvs  that  we  \  iri.n.llv  mono 
I  iiiteil  Kiiii:(l(ini  in  Ibreij^n  fresh  liecf 


1K)1JZ(^  tile  trade  of  the 


to  iibdiit 


.mp..r(s,,flreshlHH.f  intoth,.  United  KinKdoniin  IS7. 


■  M  /.). 


u 


l»oMii(ls,  of  uhici,  ;{.(;,-|(),784 


iMiountcd 


pounds  were  imported 


k  I 

1 1 


8 


CATTLK  AND  HAIRY  FAKMINU 


1'roiii  (tt'niiaii.v,  uikI  only  ll.'L',(!SO  ixmiikIh  rrniii  the  ('iiitcU  Shil«'s.  Our 
own  ollli^ial  rrtiinis  iniikt>  no  s|)<>cjiil  nii>nlion  of  any  oxport.s  of  ft'L'.sli 
lict'l'  bc'lori'  till'  year  1.S77,  w  lu-n  lt>,L'IO,',Ml(l  pnnntls— llir  wlioln  oxporl  — 
wiTo  Hliippnl  to  tilt'  I'nitcil  ivinji^doni.  Oni-  trado  in  tVt*Hli  lioct'  Iuin 
spttini^'inlosinldcn  nia<rnitn<K<,  ha vint; stead ilyincrcasiMl  from  'l{>,lil(>,0!IO 
)»onnd,s,  vaUu'd  at  .iil,r).")L',r»L*,'{,  in  1S77,  to  lL'0,7H4,0<il  pounds,  vahuM^at 

$ii,i»H7,;5;n.  in  is.s4. 

TIki  Ihitisii  olllcial  ictnniH  placid  tho  lollowin^;  per  pound  valiio  upon 
till'  inii>ortH  olTn'.sli  beef  into  tijckinydoin  duriny  the  years  ISSO,  1881, 
1882,  188;{,  and  1881: 


Wliclicr  liiiiHtrti'ii. 


ISfW. 


18III.        UK'J 


riiiti  ti  stftti'i 
('iiiiiiiit 

liUnttlll 

nt'iiiiiuiy 

AiiHtraliiHia.. 
Fraucu 


CenlH.     Crnli. 
II. '.'T  I     II.4H 

ii.u:i  I    iJ-ra 


i:i.»t  I    11.  M 


Ontii. 
\j.on 
II.  :m 


11.71 


_    -  -.  .. 

1883. 

188-1. 

CenlH. 

Ctnii. 

yi-ji 

li.n) 

I  ■-'.01 

I'J.  Vi 

10.  M 

11.  !!■.' 

I'.'.  1)1 

I'.'.  .-1(1 

I'J.Ufl 

Ill.lH 

lU.  10 

111  ^^{ 

It  will  be  seen  that  Aineriean  beef  maintained  the  lead  of  all  countries 
from  wliieh  meat  is  drawn  in  any  <piaiitity.  The  slij^iit  price  decrease  in 
1884  can  have  no  si^initicance  when  lln'  iininense«iuantity  imported  from 
the  United  States  (!)(>,!»() I, lL'8  pounds)  is  taken  into  consideration. 

Our  eonsiilar  reports  a  few  years  back  repeateilly  referre<l  to  the 
prejudice  existing  in  (Jreat  IJritain  a;4ainst  American  beef,  while  at  the 
Name  time  the  Diltish  i)eopIe  were  unknowin;^ly  proviiij;  the  f;«'o"ii<l- 
lessness  for  siuili  prejiulice  by  eatinj;  lnvm'  (piantities  thereof  nn<ler  the 
name  of  prime  lOiifilish  beef— a  «rick  of  the  butchers,  who  had  helped  (o 
create  and  maintain  the  prejudict<  referred  to. 

The  consuls  asserted  that  this  prcjiidiee,  priiKiipally  en^aMxli'ii'd  and 
sustained  by  tlu^  Initchers,  whose  interests  it  was  feared  would  bo  injured 
by  the  American  fresh  lieef  trade,  re(iiiiivd  for  its  total  <li8sipation  only 
coinprelicnsive  and  intellifi'ent  action  on  the  part  of  our  exporters  iii 
jdaciiifT  their  meat  properly  bcfonj  the  r.ritish  people,  who  wouhl  nii- 
tlonbtedly  eonstill  and  conserve  their  own  hiterests  in  the  premises. 

Central  meat  depots,  with  outlyin;,^  shops  in  the  principal  cities  of  tlio 
kinfjdom,  controlled  and  directed  by  Hritish  aj^ents  in  the  employ  of 
the  American  shi|>pers,  or  havin;;  an  interest  in  the  business,  were  sii;;. 
;;ested  as  the  radical  remedy  for  the  iniine<liate  development  of  an  al- 
most unlimited  (ia'I(^  in  fresh  beef. 

Jlecent  reports  make  no  referein;t^  to  this  phase  of  the  trade,  and  iti.s 
to  beassumed  that  the  IJritish  public  havebecome  more  or  less  <ronvinci'il 
that  American  cattle  and  American  meals  are  the  very  best  in  the  worlil. 
outside  of,  perha|)s.  their  own  selecti'd  cattle  and  beef.  It  may  even  lio 
doubted  whi^ther  the  best  forced  led  l-'iijilish  beef  is  any  better  than  the 
beef  raised  on  our  rich  and  succulent  ranj;es. 

Theftdlowin;;' exiracls  Iroiii  a  report  written  by  the  consul  at  Manclics- 
ter  in  1882  will  illustrate  this  peculiar  phase  of  our  fresh  -  beef  trad«'  ni 
England  : 

Tlu)  wide  (liU'orciKM-  lictwccn  flii>  price?  F.iifxli'^li  InitchiTH  pay  our  Aiiioriciiii  cxiMnt- 
ors  lor  their  iMc.it.H,  as  ciiriipariMl  with  tin-  pi.co  Ihi'v  <liiirfi<-.  for  tho  H.-iiiiti  lit  ri'liiil, 
h'iids  nu"  fo  a;;;iiii  rt'  "■  ;•  to  the  ;,'ri'at  need  u{  Mir  iuhiption  of  hettcr  iiKtthodH  for  pliirin;,' 
our  iiifiitH  (111  wale  here. 

At  present  tile  IJi,v;li,sli  dealer  iiiaiux  an  (iim.-iiIk.  i.?(>lit  '"i,.  of  tlie  Aincrican  iiK'at 
Kiippl.v.  'I'liiN  itiollcii  done  li\-  iiiiKreprcKeiiii  ,x'  ' '■  kind  ii  incut  h(^  mdt.s,  for  it  i,s  ;: 
toumiou  |)raclice,  1  jiin  eredihi^  iiiiDinjcd,  u>  i  iitii.i  ;  'i;u  I'm  betf,  imitioa,  «,Vc.,  on  ta^W, 


M  of  I'rcsli 
■<  t'xp(»rt — 

llt'l'f   lltlN 

valtuM^iU 

iiliKi  upon 
SSO,  l.SSl, 


883. 


'entK. 
\l-J2 
I  ■.'.(•! 
10.  M 
!•-'.  in 
IJ.  0(1 

la.  10 


1884. 


Cenli. 

II.KO 

r.'.  \i 

II.  »■_' 
r.'.  .'ill 

III  (H 

III  ^)l 


coil  II  trios 
ecroasc  in 
»rt(*(I  ffoiii 
ioii. 

imI  to  the 
liilo  at  tli(> 

iiiHk'r  tli(^ 
lielptul  (o 


Icri'd  iiiid 
•0  iiij  It  It'll 
ition  oiily 
[lorter.s  iii 
vouM  nil- 
iiiises. 
iosoftiio 
lunploy  of 
were  sii;;. 
of  an  ill- 

sand  ili.s 
ronviiH'i'il 
he.  woriil. 
y  t'Vi'ii  \)i\ 
rtliaii  the 

Alaiiclics- 
:'  tra(U^  iii 


■ill!  ('X|Mirt- 
1  lit  ifliiil, 
foriilariii;; 

ricaii  iiicjil 
,  for  it  is  ;; 

WC,  oil  Sifitl 


CWVl.K   AND    DAIKY    I'AKMINa. 


i.sitll  Kii^'IinIi,  n  Iii-ii    ill  c,   t 

AMMrinui  NM„,.I,  utI.iv..,;;,;i'''N:/,l|!'*;,:.V;«'''  "."  '"....I  l.aHjuM 

u.  r I'll  I  (till  I    I  .     '  *'"'"Mllf  (Irrii  i»    (Miu..    i : ..  *  ■' 


HI  rviilit 


I  mail 


I'liril  Willi  Hoiiio  wariiifli.  '"\ 


.;..M,.,i,.y„n,,,,,,i,  ,--■;;• - 


|'« 'tyro  iKus..  in  |,„i„,, 


9 

oiiin  Croiii  tho 


W.IN  i'nTiv«rNlii<r  witli 


.l.li|M>.     U"  li.iiKJ,,.,!  „,„| 
MiiiirlicNicr,  ami  naw  H 


•.  Nir,  I  r.MiId  not  kcH  j(,  ) 


laim,  iiii,|„r  my  „,v„  „|,_ 


'Ki'iinrMiaii,  ami  imi.JMiK.iii 


.1  I   ,  "  ■  "'.y  f'Vf] 


iHTil 


Tl 


111  i««. 


"iii'l.  "Twd  .la 


iiH  Nil  nil 


liillL'  bill  oC  Amcrirnii 

,.       .  ,1    ■     1,  ,  .        '  ■'"  "1 ,  Jill 

(.M!,'Ol    UliK    (,//  hlHHtlllk    fllaf   ,1 

Ntiili'MM-ntora  tnrt  tlln.sf ia(,.,H  | 


w..  .la.Ns  a^'i)  I   wa.s  ••.nninL'  .I.mvi 


-;;;rm;M;.iwi,atM..i.n,,.h;::X.i 

Htreot  in 


'"•"■'"  "iiKiicr  III. .|i, I  „„,„,,.      ,  „:;,i; ",  V  "•  " -Hirfior.  I 


ili'iiltr  III  rlicat  ami  ,\ 


I'ifivo  I'liiiNiiini 


iiv  was  Amvnctit  hiTf.  ami    ( 
""w  I'lisyit  liaslMTi'toCnn.i 


i<"  Nolil  no  Aiiin 
nirrii (III  mill/.' 


ii;aii  ln'ut  ill 


'•'ii  lor  I  lilt  Kn^l 


I'll iH  pi 


^T:r;::;.!^;i;"'»'«^-'v:;n:;;r:;rr  "":■ ' ' ■  ■'■':■■  ,;nj:;;i 


ml  now  lliaf  < 


'•iiMiiniciN  aro  | 


wmilil  III-  a.  \v\ 

lillii'Nii'pH  loron,",,,,!  iiii'i'iirlil' 


l;'V';.',''',''.vo|,inion,  (orA 


10   ll.'INl. 

'•'.'iiiiii«  Hu.  liiiKs  i.la.vnl 


I   'i 
lico  .1 


.  am 

r«tai! 

iRiiinHt 


SrviTill  .Vi'.llh  a«o  hIio|ih  (or  tl 


(IT.S,  Itiitowinjr  f„  tin,  I 
jiMil  al.Mo  on  ai  roniil  of  (|,, 
Noiirn- iil'Hii|)|»|i,.,s  „ci„,„|",.|J."j'l' 


■''  in;;.  toNa.v(lio|,,,.^l,„„,'l 


I'.'""!.','"'"'. '',vlmt.l,«rH,  It 


::::;'"  ::v:"' '';■-'':. '•••••'•"...I  .nut 


iK'H.ilooC  Ainrrirai 


itwiml  <rv  laiMc.l 


"\l"iit«'lr-(aillMil,|„.r,s| 


tdll  U 


fiialH  Win*  o)M-ii<'i|  ill 


'],  pii',iiii|i,,.M  ujll,  „.| 


■'I 'i;;.iiiisf  ilicn,  i,y  III,.  ,„,;,i|  , 


llil'l 


rad 


viirimiH  ceil- 


.h.M,,.iy^u.o;hiM::;h:;;z:n:/;^^ 


•■"."•■^'imiMM  alwayH  r,.«aril 


'"KfiMMully 


lliiii.'N  wliicJi  11,1  I 


111,'  lAprrinioiit  iimlcr  w 
«;iy  i'Vi'IvmIi, .!■,.,  ;,,|,|  o 
ri'JM'  at   li'jist  'J  ci'iit 


'••'i«''r  ,..\i.H(M.      I    I 


nnri'r(;iii|(y  of(| 


•n>Vf  a  Nil, •,•,.„,.,.     j{,,j,j,, 


iNo  and    |iid 
"  ro  In  now  n,,  ^„o,l 


.«nrw..n(rr,,risi..  im,j,„,,p_,,„, 


a  now 


ICN, 


''•''•'V-  III,,  prim.nt   In  a  1 


ivoraM,,  (jii 


'!''"''". """'"K""'.""l.     OnrnH-alNl 


ato  of 
10  l<»  ropoftt 


piMind 


1.1  I  •       I'. Mini, 

I111I.I1.1.S  hnva  ioiin,|  |„.,,(i,    _,^,,,| 
tliiriliiii  Iroin  iiiT.sciit  I        ' 


■'•II-  HI  why  ,1111 


(.'iiiiil  lifi'f  would   ii 


iricc.s  lit  ,1 


'""■"/'"■  ""•"■  m''.il.'    at  I 
''liiiK  llii',oii,siii,i,.|-  t 


lavo  won  their 

,".^l'""''x  N Id  i.,)t  ro. 

ivorpool,  li-aviii;,.  rotail 


lii';ipir  niiat  wonlil  In 
r;il  lii'i'toii  ai'onnt  id'ii 


iNiir,!  an  ,.|iori 


'  111  •■:  to  :t 


ri'lll.s 


o  pnnl 


ilN  iii;lil  iianio  iiH  it 


■•I  Kicat  liooii  t 
•''  o.\|),'n.si. 


MOILS  iii,r,'asi.   ill  tl 


'■-*  How  nmlcr  a    Cal 


[K'lii'an  nii-iit  would  li. 


„ ,       J'"'^"'  <lio  Haino  at  » 

'    ,  ""'-..^   'I'-'tpor  N.ipi.lv  of 

':i..:!'';!^':'^ '"'"t""""'.  HO  that 

<•  m>\v  raroly 


;;mu.iyoni„,|;u,o,i„.  ,,„„,,;;;, 


'iisinadilvl 


Imrr.'iMdi'onNiiinor  woiilil  ,.,,,. I,"',,, ;\,,y''^';^^^^^  "'kI  willi   this  ilin 


an  iiiiiliii^  pi'olit 


I'll.  WIUT,.  11, 


Till'  .stati.stics  flms  f 
scii.si'of.snpply,  ih,,  t,. 

iitii 


i'- ;,'iv(Mi  -„  to  .sli.nv  that 


i.-*!- wi  'tiiMiii  V.  I  I|H  ri'Milo  ill  (•        •  '^  ""    '" 

I  lis  it  wo  ,i,i'  s^^ .,,;;;  ' '  "•'''«","':'^''  ih-w  i..  ti,,,  i 

..,!..  H -. ,       ''"..^"     ''«'     '"<>'<1    «l«'.sil'ill,|,,     Cm.    n.,.     I 


.V  l)oii>,dit  under 

,     ,,     '<'iito— tlio  pro- 

"iily  Hio  ro'ail  doiilor  reaps 

w»;  iiionopoli/,.,  in  tho 
/iiitod  Kingdom: 


'   ■ '•• ••  •■     "  • " '  " '"'  ' '',"',  i"""";t  in  fi,i.s  r,„„,,  „uhl" 


IIkiii  ill  fli(^  form  of  I 


I'OIII 


••Tiled   will    SOJ„.|'f(','t;,II,|,.„I 


/...HI        •,    • I'H'Mlu; 

<-'tfI<',  It  KS   t()ll(>|„,,„.,|   tl 


li;iii(lliii;,'ii.stodo  ji\vayaIfo..(.(| 


iH";^«'  rhi'if  .swst 


(idii.siiiii.st  l)(i  acriid 
iirrii.s.s  tlid  i\tljintic 


'•'I'with  what  iiiid(!i'fl 


lat  (ho.soniost  direct! v 
lis  of  pr<\scrvin''  anil 


<"'«ltronI.K..s„„M',rad,._f  lie's, 


11 


Til 


™;;.;;r;,:i '":,t"'!' '"'•"¥ '"-I.  i.-.Ti 


i«  very  West  condi- 
ipiiuuitof  livecattJo 


mm-niciit  and  .satisfactory  1,,  thi-  1 


ixi.'ty  in  i(..i,'ard  (o  (he  ii,ti,„|,„.t 


'■"I'll  woKhl  al.so  bo  more 


''•"fish  iK'opIe,  iiiid 


iStiitcs,  (if  which  thcv 


•^iivc  them  all 


WDiilil  lie  no  iiccc.s.sjtv  for  I 


*<«'«'iii  fo  stand  ii 


ic^'iiiiitioiis  for  (li<M'()ntro|  of  t| 


rwiso  thcHi 


iiw.s  .yovciiijii.r  tl 


'  •••>iisfant(lrca,|_oth( 


iis  licforc  rcmarl 


',''  ""IXM  t  of  live  cattle,  and 


!<('( 


Till' fullest  in  vest  i -'at  i 


Teat  I 


\"',:szt !":;;;;: ■' '"'-  '-;,^-Li"i; 


I  would 


oil  iiitotli(> 


.s('eiiifopla(;eth(.faiiIf_i(   ,•.,„, 


K'  tiad( 
I'oiidilion.s  which  su 


ciiftif^  to  r:,;vt   Itrifaiii    |I 


slii|i|mi;,'  (roi 


'  it  lie— for  the  .si 


iioiind  this  trade 


I  r 


'<;'■<;  f«>_l,c  converted   i„t 


iiiled  St   (e.  in  it 


cattlemen  and  beef   '.xporfer.s.     q 


.s   I 


"eat  form,  at  tho  d 


iiipinent  of  live 
»  "K'at,  instiiad  of 


Ijllllllllls  111 


lieef 


''<•  <iict  that  w 


oiirahility  to  .ship  three  times 'that 
Itroiil.ie  and  e.xpen.se  than  wonhl  1 


.y;"'!''''^  '<»  '''^^  l^''ite.l  Kin^;; 


oors  of  oin- 
:•'  now  .ship  JM>,(M)()  000 


Iciitt;.'  til  iModnce  that  amoiinf  of 
^vlM.lMvniild  accrnetothe   Cnitd 


•"i<Tiiil,aiid  wit 

"'  <•"! ailed  by  tl.c  .sii 


"'<"t    in  Kn-laml,  besides  tl 
states  from  the  .slauyht 


l»»in  is  evidence  of 

'  ••'»mparativelylos8 

live 

prolit 


il)nicnt  of 


le 


pi.  las.  (i,c  preparation  of  the  nu-;        |  ,,•,,',     ''''^7^''''- *»f  the 
k>IIal,  \('., allot  which  r('pre.sentH.xn.  .;,..'  ..,''''•"'  '"""'^  '"'ofs,  bones. 


;:i'iciilliirist> 


'presents  .so  niiiclM'ohi  to 


,    lones, 
our  niariiif;i,.t!i!.j.,.o  .,,..1 


I 


I 


•i^-rikbhi 


10 


CATTliE    AND    ^)^Ul\'    FARMING. 


,  ,  III 

I' 


m^^ 


LIVK   OATTLK   IN  TlIK   SEVKBAL   (!()UNTUIKS.  ^ 

The  follow ii'^:^'  st;i(isti(!S,  lUiiiuly  ollicial,  sliowiiiff  i\w.  imiiibcrof  (;;i((I(«, 
ill  the  i)iiiici]»al  coiiiitrics  wnerciu  cattle-iTaiinjj:  Tor  meat  aiid  dairy 
purposes,  or  for  either,  is  jjroseciited,  will  (Mial.'.e  our  stockiiieii  to  ii])- 
preeiate  the  present  and  ]>rospective  conditions  wliich  atl'ecfc  this  jjreat 
uuliistry  both  at  home  and  abroad  : 

Cattle  ill  the  principal  cuiiutries  of  Huvopc. 


Couutiifs. 


ItiiHnia... 
Ni)i'wiiy.. 
Swi'iloii  . . 
Dpiiiimrk 
(Jcrirniiv  . 
Hollainl... 
lii'l^iiiiu  . 
I'"rHii('ii  — 

nnly 

AiiHtiiii  .. 

Huii;;;ar,v', 

iiaiii 


CowH. 


Allolliii. 


'lolal. 


i 


N'llllllHTdC 

cattl(>  Id 

I'acli    l.(l(H) 

iiiliabiluiilH. 


S\vitzi'il;iiiil 

I'liitiiiial 

Tlio  Uuiti'il  Kiumliiui . 


7(1,  WW 
;i!H,7:ii 

WIH,  7U(I 

!l!)7,  H:i!t 
7I)(!,  17H 

i;i8,  «:'"> 
7Jo,:iuo 


0-1%  Vll 


7!l(i, 

r.7i, 

fi,  H15, 

4:.o, 

r.wi, 

4,  liKII, 
-',  41(i, 
4,41.'). 


1)1!) 

Hd.'i 

4hl 

:mi 
(i:i7 
(III 
(i7(; 

144 


547,  :m 


r.rcat  Uritaiii 2, 1J4,OL'0 

livland .1    l,4I7,4c'l 

Xotiil  priucipiil  couiitritM 


4,47.1, 
2,  nil, 


270 


W>\  Olio 
010,  (il7 

i!ii,(i:iii 

47il,  (178 
770,  702 

4;i4,  in«i 

,182,  HI.-. 
4Hi,  2.-.:i 
7,^:i,  '<\\:i 

.'•>S4,  077 

!»04, ,'.»« 
100,00',' 
.'■i20,  474 
K2li.  705 


."i07,  !».'■>» 
22K,75l 


92, 093,  mo 


2!K». !) 
52S.  (I 
4K(I  0 
7.")4.  0 
;i41.0 

;i.')7. ,-, 

2.10,  U 

:io:i. :; 

MW.  1 
.■i.''.l.2 

2h:i.  !i 
17(1.  .5 

:i72.  ;i 

12.'->.  I 
29K0 

210.(1 
«5!l.  H 


The  statistical  rules  usually  applieablci  lor  the  dciduction  of  results 
from  almost  any  general  industry  are  of  very  little  i)raeti(',al  use  when 
ai)plie,d  to  the  cattle  industry  of  Euroiie.  Tlie  iriiitcd  Kingdom  and 
JiUssia  may  be  cited  in  illustration.  Tiie  former  is  the  larj;(;st  eonsuauir 
of  foi-eiyn  cattle  amonjf  the  nations  of  the  world,  whih'.  the  latter  is  a 
country  upon  which  the  '  ler  e.xpiuits  in  the  very  neai'  future  to  draw 
for  a  larji'e  portion  of  its  i.»iei{,ni  meat  supply  ;  yet  the  United  Kin,i>(loi;i 
has  within  a  fraction  of  as  many  cattle  as  Itussia  to  each  1,000  inhah 
itants,  and  if  we  take  the  (]ua!ity  of  the  stock  of  both  countries  intd 
consideration — the;  native  breeds,  which  constitute  the  ^icneral  sto(;k  of 
Russia,  yieldin,i;-,  according;  to  Consul-CJeiicral  Stanton,  **only  from  lT*!! 
to  L'SS  i)ounds  of  coarse,  iiiisavory  meat'' — the  odds  are  Iar<^ely  in  favor 
of  the  United  Kinf>(lom. 

Spain,  which  exports  larj;'cly  to  the  United  Kiii,i,fdom,  has  only  ITO.,') 
cattle  to  each  1,000  of  its  inhabitants;  Portugal,  witii  much  less  tliaii 
one-half  tln^  cattle  ]>er  cajjita  of  tlu^  United  l\.inii(h)m,  is  another  hca\  v 
exporter;  while  I'-rance,  with  a  (air  averan'c  cattli'.  supply — .SO.J.L'  tocncji 
1,000  inhabitants — iiiipoits,  over  and  a!)ov<' its  expoits,  from  70,(100  in 
7.'),(»00  !iead  of  cattle  per  annum  for  consumption.  Consul  WilJiaiiis,  of 
JJouen,  says  of  the  bei-f  consumed  in  l-'iancc  oik-  tcntii  is  im|»orlcd.  'flic 
same  consul  says  that  France  imjiorts  beef  cattle  in  la;;,^',  niimlicrs  liom 
Italy;  yet  Italy  h.isthe  lowest  (!attle  <;cnsiis  of  tiie  «'oiiiitii(s  of  Miiiopc— 
that  is,  accordinfjf  to  iiopiilatioii — i'ortnual  e\c(']»tcd,  \  i/,  Ki.s.I  to  cacl, 
1,000  of  its  inhabitants. 

Anion;;'  the  many  conditions  wiiich  prevail  and  which  inlbiencc  tjic 
interests  ol"  the  s<'veral  countries,  in  so  tar  as  those  interests  cdine  inij! 


conflict  with  t 

ci;,;!!  markets, 

(I)  Tlie])ur 

1(11'  the  dairy  < 

(1')  Tile  (jua 

{.'>)  The  lioii 

Spain,  Port  I 

liciice,  with  til 

Switzerland 

i.s,  the  dairy  i,s 

Austriii  and 

very  limited. 

I;i\vs  of  (U'l'iii: 

Irom  the  iiitro( 

The  e.xporti 

Spain,  (ierniai 

conditions  mIii 

III'  tile  unlimit( 

111  it  ap]>ear  as  i 

for  export  at  h 

'fh(>,  United  I 

(little  and  frc.-, 

iiiiiy  be  rc.nanh 

lidiial  iiii]»orlsa 

Holland,  Aiisti 

villi  a  small  si 

lows  in  J.SSI  : 

r^(///^.— Froii 

Fresh  hrr/:~\ 

pounds;  from  I 

This,  it  will  1 

the  C'onlinent,  ; 

The  otlit'r  vo 

liiid   Poi'tUjual,  < 

llicse  that  (irea 

|i|y  of  I'^urojieai 

The  total  ami 

>iiiii|ition  that 

jSll.OOO  head  of 

(Stiiiiale  is  base( 

wire  (»I,.*>I  I  co\ 

.■li.llll  calves. 

The  value  of 
lisiical  table  hei 
iiM'ii,  and  it  is  t 
liccf  repi'cscntei 
miiiilier  of  the  o 
liiiiial  assurance 
ii'iil  li,i;iires.  T| 
iiii|Miil  is  ciiniva 
Tlic  total  nun 
|iiii'U'i|  into  the  i 
\c;ii'  IS.SI  amoui 
~ii|i|ilied  by  com 
in'iliiwiii;;-  Cdiinli 
Itoiii  llie  I'nilct 
all  other  places, 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    I'AlOlINfi 


11 


NllllllHTdC 

i'attl(>  III 

I'ilfll     1,(MH) 

iiiliubiluiilH. 


son. !) 
!>'2H.  0 
480  [) 
7")4.  'J 

;mi.o 
;i57. ,-, 

LTiO,  r, 

iKKi. :: 

l(W.  1 

itrii.'j 

17(1.  Ti 

;iT-_'.  ;i 
ir..  1 

•^'JK  (I 


'JIO.II 

2h;i.  u 


rl'n'nnSlVfh '?^r"  "'"^  cattlo  produrts  „r  the  Unitcl  States  i,.  Ibr- 

I",  li"'  'laiiyoMi';"  h,'„:;';.',':" '"" """'"  '"■" '"'"  "■'"  "-■"'-"■i-n-' 

(!')  TliiMjiialify  of  tlio,  <;iittl(>. 

sIIm/,!"! ''.?!'"'  <':'"'^"'"l>ti<"'  or  uiVHt  an.l  dairy  i.,o(lu,;t,s. 

^IMiii,     oi,,^i,l.jm(l   Italy  arc  li-lit  consumes  of  these  MnMlu.-t^.- 

,.  ^      Sv';^     '"""  '  "^'"'1'^'"''  '""^  ^'^1^'"'"  '^^^'  <l->y'-.>nn    k'    'that 
'  \    .t  i     ■ .  i  V  ''  I""'^-'I>i'l  niUnvst  and  the  butcher  bat  an  iiieid Vi.t 

Ihe  e.xpoidn-  nitne  eouiitiies  of  Europe  are  J)enMiaik    I'oifii.r.,! 
M.ain    (ie.n.auy,  Ib.Haud,  Sweden,  au.l   in  ssia.    |^,       t)  ,'    nb    A'  v 

;;?";  'ii^ia ;;;  nen''"y"^ V" i"*'f '"^ '••  ^"^^^^ —'^'4 -.din view 

III  uie  ^iMiiaiuei  tu'l.ls  (or  it.s  (KnelopnaMit  out.sidijof  JOuroiu'    i(  ,lo,.^ 

;;;^"^;i;^r;;M;.!j;r;,fi^;;- '-^ -r-^^  i>->i-  '^-  cat;h!;;.ei.;i;;y; 

r.tt  ic'  ■mil' ltsl,'''l7'''r'!''"'''»  ^^''  ''."'>'  *'"'"'^''-^' '"  '•^•"•«1>*'  ^^"'i'^l'  i"'p„rls 
be    e.-a   h  1  '  7,  "'•'"  ':'!","",  '"■^  ""f'^i«K*  <>1'  i'^nrope,  s„<-h  in.  port. 
I        ,,..;"  7        ,      '  "'•^^'  ^^■'"<"''  '''"••<  DC,  cannot  siii)plv.     The  inleii.'i 

ih  ■  'Au:,n;;';in'""''^ '"'^n  '^'•""^'''  ^^'^'>' «-!-^iand  iJoi^i  ; 

•   sm.     M.  ,;  ,  .  .'''''•^''  '""^  ^''"■'■'^"'  '"•*'  snllieiont  unto  then.selv,.,. 

,.on;uis:r,.oa.K..an;j;';:r;;^^^^^^^^ 

,1 ,    ''.mt'hwy,'       ''  T''"'  '-^  "•  ''''>'  ''^"'""  •'^"•■Klns  ibr  .so  lar-o  a  portior.  of 
th  ■  Con  n.ent,  and  a  , uiation  of  about  Lt,(),()0( »,()(»( >.  ' 

'■;;;;;<;;•  ;'o''''t.i.;s  of  Europe,  swede,,,  Norway,  J)e„n,ark,  Spain, 

Z^J  ^v!:^^^V       ''^T^   ^^'*'*""^  '"-"'  <>f<'='ttle'an,.ualiv.  'it.s 

ply  of  l^urop,.,,,  ,.M,,h  '       "*'^^'  '*"^""'''  •"   ''•^''"•"''  ''•'•  ='">  '■•"^'"•-'  ^"l»- 

immJilm'flnrb'''  ''"''^r  "!'  ^'"^  ''"'"''*   '^i"^''<"",  based  upon  the  as- 

e  dof   b   mV'''''!;V''^  '■''''''  i^'^^vants.  n.ay  be  eJtin.a'e.l  „ 

i,.     e  s  I  ,s  d         ,''    ;'n         '"■  ^'"''''  <"l"i^-al<'"<   *"  'V.'.sh  be,.f.     This 

!        ^    .    n;;'^^^^  lMlSSIti.ei,uportations 

«n»  ^<'>,-jiJ^<  on. s,  .;(..»,(.,,,.  oxen,  !),s,;J7r.,L'(»()  j.ounds  of  fresh  beef,  and 

•JneVt'lMe  lM.;l';'  ,•'■'"''  '"'"''  ''^  "'^'>'  '"■  ^•■''"  <"'  ••^''••••""-'  -  tl.e  sfa- 
V        ,,;;,■;'''  '"""'  '^  ''  '*•"•'  "veroneO.ird  the  value  of  ti,e 

Inl'-oflh'    :    :,',;; '!:||'i;7^  Tl,e...eater 

lion:.l  as,s„,,inee  thai    I  ,     ■'      „•    e  !        T'^  Aa.enean,  j-ives  ad.h'- 

.Twiise,p.,vaN.n;io:;;m;;:,::;^ 

llifiotai  n,iii,ber  of  iioiiii'ii  ..-itf !-.    .„  ti  i 


IHs ''' 

'  m 

■ 

11 

m, 

1 

IH 

^M 

J 

^wny 

/^^B 

am}. 

^^^1 

^^^S'l-* 

1 

I 

,  ,^ 


I  ^ 


12 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


11  thus  iipiu'iir.s  that  iiOcirly  ()iio-hiilC(»l' all  fho  loroijiii  IVosh  beef  eon- 
.shiiuhI  ill  the  United  Jviiifidom  is  drawn  IVom  tlie  United  States. 

The  forejuoiiiji;' estimates  ih)  nut  iii«  hide  the  imports  of  iiieiit  "preserved 
otherwise  than  by  saltinj;,"  nndcr  whieh  <lesi,i;iiation  considerable  (pian- 
tities  of  "jerked"'  or  dried  beef  from  South  Aineriea,  and  eannetl  and 
smoked  beef  from  the  Uniteil  States  and  Australasia,  are  imported,  as 
witness  the  foUowiniif  statement : 


I    ,  ij 


Importsinio  the  United  Kiiiijdom  dKriii;/  llieiimr  18(54  of  mctil  presencd other  tliiiii 

by  Miltiiii/, 

Wheiico  iniportetl. 

Quiintit.v. 

Poll  nil K. 

20,  (I'.W,  .'■>:i(i 

M,;iO!l,  72H 

1,410,12.^ 

J,(il4,»7(i 

l,.''>0t,;i(l4 

4.')!),  Of 4 

21.'),  :i!)2 

i.w,  lot 
LW,  r>fl2 
ioi,;i«o 

117,000 

loit,  5:10 

i  0,040 

Valui'. 

$.1,  470,  042 

1,  r.02.  (i07 

0.-,S,  400 

40:1.  liH.'i 

1  :.->.  2;(7 

h.',  275 
01,  wu 
.■10,  100 
20,  ,''>72 

20,  ;!o;i 

20,0,12 

20.  «.'i2 

1,010 

0,  780,  072 

Value  per 
poiinil. 

• 

Unitod  Stiiti's 

jKiistriilikHJib     -.   

Cents. 
11.00 
10. 44 

07.  ■;(i 

)r>,  42 

Cnniidfi ...                   ... 

11.20 

Araeiitiuii  Kcpiiblio 

17.80 

'.:.'■>.  'JO 

in.7i 

KorwiiV-.- - - .             ... 

12.0:! 

<  1 01  mull  V .. 

20.  CO 

irolliiiid 

17.07 

Kiii/il 

u>.  7;t 

All  otboi'  

15.41 

Total  

f.0,  509,  H80 

11.40 

riere,  as  in  eattlo  and  fresh  beef,  the  United  States  Iar{,fel.v  leads, 
followed  in  quantity  by  Australasia,  Uruguay,  Canada,  i;eljj;iiini,  &;e., 
respee  lively. 

Assuming  that  the  future  wantsof  Europe  will  inereasc  pro]»ortiouately 
with  the  increase  of,  say,  tiie  last  Jifteen  years,  and  that  t\w,  increase  in 
its  cattle,  under  the  most  favorable  contlitions,  cannot  be  expected  to 
keei>  ])ac(^  with  the  e.xiiected  increase  of  jiopuiation  and  the  constantly 
increasing  n.se  of  meat  foods  among  the  people — an  iiKuease  principally 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  e.\iK)its  from  the  United  States  and  other  noii- 
Kuropcan  countries  are  liringing  meat  foods  more  and  more  within  the 
jnirehasing  power  of  the  general  classes — it  may  serve  a  practical  pur 
jiose  i'or  our  sto(!kmen,  iiackers,  and  e.\portei\s  to  study  the  statistics 
of  the  countiies  Avhich  in  the  near  future  will  Ix^  likely  to  comj)ete  with 
American  meats  in  the  Ik'itish  markets — notonly  in  the  Uritish  market.s, 
but  in  tho.se  of  nearly  every  coiinlry  in  I']mope,  for  it  is  only  a  mailer 
of  detail  in  the  jx'ilcclion  of  the  methods  for  tlu'  preservation  of  fresh 
beef,  and  its  (piick  and  regular  transportation  from  distant  eounliics, 
when  the  breeding  and  rearing  ol  (tattle  for  meat  piiipo.ses  will  lio 
wholly  nnprolitable,  if  not  praetically  impossible,  in  the  greater  portion 
of  l'>uro]ie. 

The  Iat«'jst  ollicial  returns  and  estimates  of  tln^  number  of  horii(>d  (ii(. 
tie  in  the  prii)ci[)al  cattle  rearing  countries  oiil.side  of  ICtirope  give  Ww 
following  results: 


('(Hint  lies. 


riiilcdSlatiH 

ISnizil     

Ai'd*'"!!""  K<'|)iiMic 

riiimiii.V 

Canaila 

AiiHtrKl»«iii 


Total . 


Tntal  liiiiiiliri 
I     (il  Otttllr. 


4.'i.  170,  000 

'.'0,  (IHO,  (HUP 

12,  0011,0(111 

X,  000,  (HKI 

1,02>,(HI0 

X,  1;V1,  0(111 

ur>,  248,  000 


I  Niinilicr  Id 
cvoiy  1.0(1(1(11 
I     lialiituiilH. 


I,  .'■lili,  7 
4,  VL'ld 
ll,lJH(i 

m:m 
■-•,7:7.11 


l,2K>i.a 


CATTLE  A¥D  IMIRY  FARMING.  13 

r400o';^o""""    -""""'"-l-oeorore  given,  ,vith  a  "«,',Sa£°of 

tnili.m  of  these  coiulitions  is  -iveu  by  tlie  ooi  siV^o..  w.r..[    I  ?.•      i 

r'ifv  ((llirillf"'  flip    v<>'ir    ii>  iirl.Ir.l.     I.:  ^  "v-n/  iiii|)i)i  ii,ii    i||(,o  lllllC 

(  M_\    ^(1111  iii^   lilt,    \C<II     111  WIllCll      IS  reDOrft  w;i>j  wnH-miN  r.T^,.,     TT 

:„nsul  liak,.r  n-porlMiK  tl.at,  will,  its  12,(1(1(1,(10.)  ,..  ,  .    ,     |?'.,    ,','n'' 

i.,.n..i  .,;m,,.,.s  ,•„,.  ,„..  A,-;;s,i:,:;',';o, ',:,':„?:  .ii:; ,  "si"  """■ ""• 

W  itli  the  iiKtreasiiifj  (leinaiid  for  beef  in  Fm.n.w.   if 

,7.e<  ...  f l.iit  (Ineet.on.  Tho.  capitalists  of  J.:uroi,e,  it  p.,  "irs  m  .Jlnn  v 
.;(.i>ttM..,.lat.nff  tl.e  import  of  fresh  meats  fro,,/  (  „.  Ar«ei  lin  K,:  S 
t..io..reon,snl  at  Mayeriee,  in  a  rej.ort  ,late<l  Sepfemh;',  s^^'  .^  "' 
„„tsthe  folh,wi.ij,M,l,pp,no.  rro,„  a  h.a,li„»-  (UniLni  trade  jo.inml: 

JMtKSII.AIKAT   Ti;At.|.:    Willi    AI!(;|.:\  JIM:. 

(1,...,,  ..(..1.  and  ..s,...,.iall.v"ll...sl,,  lor  tl,"  .''o  ! .  ''"■  ,."  •  '  VUviZ:^^'"''  Vi'  '"•"^■.'"'" 
ii;iiti(!iil.iil.v,  Jirecsii.'ciii  ly  oli.rii,),.  f,„.  t  „.  s  mi...v  .1'  .  .  '•"•' ,'*'•"' '^  i"iil  Ai.r,.„,j„„ 
!,i„.  is  lo  .;,.  .ua.l..  'villi  ini.tt,,^        n,.r3   ,;.;':;  ','*''  ?  '"'•"';  •^*''^'''-     A  'H-in- 

.;.nnaM  n..ri«..rati,>^  ,„a..ln„..s  li^.v.    :  oj.^  '  '  !      L,  """  I'   ""'rr'  ,V'  *'"T"'""^-- 

six  w....k«  mh,  o.,i..ct  still  show.:.,  H .,  whi^,  fv-r'thM,::.^:;:,;;;;.^!, '^i,  •;;  /t  ;;;;!;:,;!,;;- 

The  consul,  in  transmitthiff  this  "news  item,"  pertiiieMllv  ..^i-.  „./ 
o...' people  cannot  supply  some  of  (his  -  cheap     .„    ,  s     c     Iv  il  :  i    P^ 
•(VinVI,  there  is  said  to  he  a  «reat  openini--  i..  /ie,  m;,;,v  '         '  ''         ''' '"'" 

Dii.'.iif;  Iheyear  ISSI  wei  exnoif..,]  ovor  i-xi  o/w» /w.A 
|h..H>r  .1.i,.|.   U^y^m  l-nuls'^irnVJi/n!:^'';'         /Xn^^hl't!! 
mt  A  s...-le  pound  fo  any  other  conntrv  in  Kurooe     Tl,i<  vr^      '    ■ 
to  i„.ply  either  one  or  all  of  (hi-ee  poiids,  vix  'tffi  on     '^^    o      h:;;';: 
ove.  looked  the(;erma.i  market,  that  our  iMvf  is  tood,>n  .i. 

kd.er  that  theiv  is  no  '^or,,,t  oi.enin-"  in  th.  t  m     I    m'  '"  '."■"'■ 

h.M.f.    The  see..nd  woul.Ksi.c.ni  t       e  t1.e    n       ,,    '     \  !  ':""  ''''"f"  'V^'' 
L>...li..a(e  he  fbrme.i  (or  ^'sv^^nuuJlu^)^.^^^^^  ''^ 

l..a„    eet;  I.y.md  the  expe.imen.al  ph^.se,  is ';;i;'h      ,t  'V^  '"""'- 

\    I     .e^Mnl  to  Anstralasm,  n,.t...I  (b,-  i,,  valuable  breeds    (.„th.   .,s 
hvcihis  lor  Its  mtel!i;.(.|ir  <Mtth'  biccliii--  it  neiv  b,>  ^.  i.   V  '  ^ 

I        "'"      '•"    "'  ''-"-i-'itN  oi  fresh  beef  to  the  United  Kin- 


14 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


riii  1 


i:|:[! 


dom,  as  tlie  exports  thereto  of  308,000  poands  in  ISSl-  would  seem  to 
imply.  The  imports  of  fresh  beef  into  the  United  Kinsdom  from  the 
United  States  dnring  the  year  1875  were  only  a  little  greater  than  those 
tor  Australasia  in  1881. 

The  first  imports  into  the  United  Kingdom  of  fresh  beef  from  Russia 
are  recorded  for  the  year  1883,  viz,  3,402,432  pounds.    For  1884  the  im 
ports  amounted  to  3,351,184  pounds,  an  increase  of  889,752  pounds 
The  initiatory  ettort  in  this  case  is  British  -British  capital  and  British 
direction— and  great  hopes  are  entertained  of  enlarging  the  trade. 

It  will  be  noted,  in  the  table  showing  the  imports  of  fresh  beef  into  the 
United  Kingdom,  that  the  Russian  product  is  valued  at  0.92  cents  and 
the  American  at  11.80  cents  per  pound.    The  superiority  of  the  Ameri- 
can  beef  fully  warrants- this  difference  in  price;  but  it  must  not  be  for- 
gotten that  a  penny  per  ])ound  is  a  matter  of  considerable  moment  to 
the  working  and  trades  classes  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  will  go  fur 
towards  glossing  over  inferiority  in  (luality.    This  question  of  cheapness 
exerts  acontrollingintluenceiu  every  country  in  Europe,  and  the  country 
which  can  supply  the  cheapest  food  products  can  always  comraauil 
an  almost  unlimited  market  therein.    Our  producers,  while  maintaining 
the  high  quality  of  their  products,  must  never  lose  sight  of  this  point 
Assuming  that  in  the  near  future  our  stockmen  iind  slaughterers  will 
have  to  (jontend  more  or  less  with  Australasia,  the  Argentine  Republic 
Russia,  «&c.— Canada  being  already  an  imi)ortant  competitor^for  tlio 
beef  trade  of  Europe,  the  question  naturally  presents  itself,  how  will 
such  competition  atFect  us  ? 

With  the  present  magnificent  condition  of  our  vast  herds ;  their  supe- 
rior quality  as  beef- makers;  the  intelligence  which  governs  and  guides 
every  movement  from  the  plains  to  the  seaboard ;  our  almost  i)erfoct 
railway  system,  which  insures  quick  transport ;  the  nearness  of  Europe 
to  our  shores,  and  the  unlimited  steamship  conveyance  always  available 
it  does  not  seem  possible  that  any  other  country  can  overmatch  us  in' 
the  European  markets.  The  only  drawback  to  our  exi)ort  trade  winch 
can  arise  is  the  possibility  of  our  home  demands  increasing  faster  than 
our  supply,  for  the  home  market  is  the  controlling  inlluence.  Whatever 
maybe  the  results  to  us  and  to  the  other  countries  which  are  j)repari'iL' 
to  enter  into  tt-.is  trade,  the  result  to  the  United  Kingdom  must  be  an 
abundant  and  cheap  supply  of  beef,  for  the  suridiis  beef  cattle  of  the 
world  are  ever  on  the  move  towards  London. 

DAIRY   PUODIJCT.S  IN  EUROPK. 

Thosoportionsof  the  consular  reports  which  treat  of  dairy  farmiu"' in 
Europe  seem  to  cover  every  point  contemplated  in  llu^  Uejtartment"  ii 
cular,  and  they  must  prove  of  great  interest  and  value  lo  our  dairy  farm 
ens.  It  would  be  impossible,  even  were  it  necessarv,  to  condense  their 
various  interesting  descrii)tioiis  of  European  dairy  farming,  from  (he 
cjire  of  the  (tattle  to  the  manufacture  of  butter  andVlieese,  and  the  con 
ditions  which  surround  and  intluencetho  iiK'ustiy,  from  its  inception  to 
the  disposal  of  the  luoducts.  The  reports  to  be  liilly  appreriiated  in  this 
regard  must  be  read  in  detail,  for  the  ditlerent  parts  of  tin;  sul)j(  ct  aiv 
dwelt  on  to  miniitia,  leaving  very  little  forassumptive  siu'culation 

The  only  ))hasc  of  the  interest  which  scrms  tixlemand  any  treatment 
here  is,  as  in  the  caseof  catth^  and  beef,  that  which  deals  with  the 
European  butter  and  <theese  markets,  our  share  therein,  and  how  to  en 
large  that  share. 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FAEMINO.  Jg 

fio„. wi,i,.j, Bo4r„v„r  at  „^°A ;;;''?'■  "■!" <"■»■«•  tKo„'< 

.itlior  inarkels;  atleiist  tlii\  ml.lj  ^''^  .  ""f"''" ''»  said  to  coveni  nil 
^rui.sii  between  butfer  ,,'7->'/"^-'^"tKsIi  customs  rehirns  do  iinr,i!Jf^ 

liiitUr  and  buiterine  imports. 


Wlienci)  iiiiportcil. 


riolland 

I''r'iirii;n 

Jlcijiniirk ..." 

CiTiiiaiiy .".' 

Swrilon    .' 

nnid'd  Stafos  ...[,, 

(JiuiikI.i [ 

flc'luiiim .'.' 

Niirwiiy [[ 

Kiissi.'i II' 

Aiistnihisiu 

iini.v ;;; 

Chiiriiicl  Islftiids 
llriliMli  KnHt.  Imlios] 
UlhiT  coiiutiii's  ..., 


Qnnntity.  Valno. 


Viilno  per 
l>i>und. 


Totjil . 


Pnumfs. 
I'-M,  9'.'4, 128 
•'■'7,  121,0()H 
.17,  r>27,  ,'i04 
Ifi.  )77,L'W) 
11,  401,  0(14 
11.231,472 

0,  2(l«,  044 
(I.  740,  272 
.'I,  4S!I,  472 

1,  484,  .">«« 
."■X).",  4S0 
ir.2,4:i2 
100,404 
101,  108 

17,  .W 


$24, 2R,';,  mr, 

»,  701,  0,'-,2 

4.  I  no,  251 

-',  887,  ;t84 

''■,  170,  982 

1.24.%  028 

y.  .148,  848 

CIO,,^ 

2(12,  .--..'lO 

0;t,  024 

.'to,  !>02 

2.';,  fl8r. 

2:>,  146 
3,11,'-, 

"0,  OCI,  10? 


21.00 


It  will  be  Tinted  tint  D     •  i  

I"'''  I>o'«nd  in  tlio  iJritisI  ninv.   !"\"^'^  '•^''^'''^  •'^"  foroian  butter  in  nr;„« 
''"■•""H'l  Islands  l„u  er  '  tS^ '  ^T^  '""^'•^^^  ^'""'  ^'ve" >  u  celebrS 

l'<«i»'i'  «oem  to  bo  nnite(  in  '  '"'^^'>  '^^  Denmark',  lor(}overnrn  >  t  •  m'l 
^"'"'^■<^  •W.J.liance.s  tor  u,  .^^  li"'^'"'/."^'^"  t.»  combine  tt' 
'^=1'*;  ""<!  .selection  of  tl  e  s  i  .?  '""^^^^  ^'"^^  I'^'l'iet  witl,  ten  most 
!""m  '^rea,n,  and  l>utter    u  d  n^^'  J^''  '"T:  ''*'"'  ^'''''  •"  I'un    i  g  the 


^'-';'  'ir^  i^'tn;;rii;,,;r^  jt;^;-!!'^;^  by  ti.  p^oduit^'s:^ 

111-  w  lol  y  due  fo  th.'  <aet  th  it  ,  o.      7  ^''^I'^^'r^  ol'  tl.at  country   ibp 
h;.;  tl..^  IJnifed  Kiui^dom  s  oKoiS;t!r'''""  "^"«  i'nport"S;efrom 
l',\«  <  r,  III  ins  report  on  t\w      ,?    !   ^'""'* '  ''^  '""fation  Imtter     Co,.? 
'"     's  (act,  and  the  his     u^'^^^^^^  "t"  DcMinarlc,  ca  s  atte  tio 
"  '"'  71'"rt  rroin  (Joii.si.l  Pi    ^  ,  •'  t  ''"'  "'^  ^vill  be  seen  on  rJi^oZ 
•"•f'"''  '>iilt('riii«>,  or  ol4.,,„,..,.  .,,!:.,    *'"'  '^'  l»''<>t«'«t  tliat  tlio  Dntel.   n  .    . 
""^''V  7>-.rerleit  p.^^:^"      li^  ffl^'^^  ^'"^'"^"•-  to  ij^  J  V    si 

i.iiI.<Mfe.{  into  tli'r    f',''\':'.''''>'J''fc<>t-tIii.s8o.ealled  ^'Dntoh  i    ..     „ 


'"""■.'"""'■'■.V ■i.i;,.i!Hv:i„;h.';';j:si'''i^i'«^i.-'s.«o 


liiriiHT  year  tli(^ 

MolMjits  in    IsVS.i 


''<l  '()  I<J,(K»0,(M)() 


,  ••".'"  '"  ">,"iM>,(»  0  iMHiiKls!  i,„>..    :,  ■■^■""  '"'I't'ifs  01  J'reneb 

ter,wlnlo  ,n  1884  J)„[eh  Imtle^S  Vlir';S.^:!i/V'''"r^«"n)uiih 


!  "•'I>'»'f«  of  Freneli  bnt- 
ne  miportsof  Dutch  bnf 
tl.o  French  by  nearly  4^^% 


le 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


^^1?  'I'  }}  '^'  t'l^reforo,  safe  to  assume  that  fully  50,000,000  pomxls 
of  the  bnttcr  imporled  into  the  United  Kiu{j<lom  from  Holland  in  the 
year  1884  was  oleomarpiriue  or  imitation  butter. 

In  view  of  the  prejudice  which  exists  in  Europe  against  American 
products,  and  the  belief  whicli  prevails,  more  or  less,  among  the  several 
peoples  that  adulteration  and  counterfeiting  of  food  products  are  mon, 
rife  in  the  United  States  than  in  the  Ol.l  World,  the  open  manufactuio 
ot  oleomargarine  into  imitation  butter,  the  counterfeiting  of  well-known 
brands,  and  the  Hooding  the  British  markets  therewith,  without  excit 
mg  any  special  wonder,  is  most  significant.    In  some  the  Unit  d  States 
we  have  laws  regulating  the  manufacture  of  oleomargarine,  which  laws 
insist  that  the  i)roduct  must  be  plainly  branded  according  to  its  nature 
so  tlsat  people  who  so  desire  can  j)urchase  and  use  it  understandin'>Iv' 
J  hat  It  IS  permitted  to  be  imjioited  into  the  United  Kingdom  underllui 
name  of  butter,  and  sold  as  such,  must  have  a  very  injurious  effect  on 
the  legitimate  butter  trade. 

Turning  to  our  exports  of  butter  and  oleomargarine  (for  the  distino 
tion  IS  clearly  made  by  our  customs),  we  find  that  during  the  year  1884 
Jlolland  took  of  our  oleomargarine  oil  3;i,173,84!)  pounds,  valued  at 
$4,127,827,  an  average  of  12.44  cents  per  pound.  Our  total  exports  of 
oleomaganne  for  the  year  amounted  to  3!),.']2 1,000,  valued  at  $4  842  00() 
or  18,693,02(5,  pounds,  au<l  $1,001,229  in  excess  of  our  butter  export's  foi- 
the  year.  Of  our  exports  of  oleomargarine  not  taken  by  Hoilantl 
2,865,783  pounds  of  the  oil  went  to  Uelgium,  1,067,263  pounds  of' the 
oil  and  421,316  pounds  of  the  imitation  butter  (the  oleomargarine  ev. 


ports  being  subdesignated  imitation  butter  and  VlieoU  by'o7u'^cu8toM*i's) 
^d  Kingdom,  and  1,062,360  imunds  of  the  imitation  but- 


went  to  the  Unite 
ter  to  Canada 

There  need  be  little  doubt  that  the  greater  jiortion  of  the  exDort  ^n 
Holland  wasconverted  into  »Irisli"and  "  English  "  butter  and  eonsunioi 
as  such  by  the  IJritish  people.  In  this  connection  it  is  worthy  of  not.' 
that  the  exports  from  Holland  to  the  United  Kingdom,  of  which  at  le-ist 
one-half  was  composed  of  this  imitation  butter,  are  valued  by  the  liii't 
ish  customs  at  a  fraction  per  i)oun<l  more  than  the  real  butter  iim>nrh.,i 
from  the  United  States.  '         ' 

The  decrease  in  the  consumption  of  American  butter  in  the  Unitp.i 
Kingdom  is  noteworthy,     a^he  imports  thereof  in  187!^  amounted  to 
.>.{,23I,472  pounds,  valued  at  §6,041,466,  against  11,231,472  ixmnds  v 
nod  at  $2  179,!)S2,  in  1884.     It  is  more  than  probable  that  this  .leci'e.'  ." 
was  largely  due  to  the  increase  in  our  home  consumption,  prices  in  th. 
home  market,  especially  for  first  (|uality  butter,  being  more  sat  i  si'' 
tory  than  the  i>rices  j)revailing  in  the  United  Kingdom.     The  decre'Iso 
was  certainly  not  due  to  any  lessened  demand  for  forei-rn  butterin 
Great  Britain,  for  the  imports  during  the  year  1884  were  15  OOiMMi 
pounds  in  excess  of  those  of  1880;  and  the  Uu-l  that  so  much  iiifnior 
butter  or  substitute  for  butter  finds  a  growing  maiket  therein  ^^oes    . 
prove  that  quality  has  no  further  bearing  on  th(.  trade  than  valiiein'tl  1 
IJiitish  market.  '^"nuie 

The  fact  that  American  butter  is  valued  at  6.60cents  jum-  pound  los. 
than  tli(.  Danish,  (5.43  cents  less  than  the  (lennan,  5.91  cents  less  1 1.  ,n 
the  bw.'dish,  5.23  cents  less  than  the  FreiK.h,  and  even  a  fraction     .' 
than  the  Dutch,  one  half  of  which  is  imitation  butter,  should  auuv    t 
the  pride  as  well  as  the  prolit  of  our  .hiiry  fanners.     The  high  nasi  o 
attained  by  the  Danish,  (lennan,  and  FumcU  butterin  the  Jkit  sli  m 
ket  18  the  result  ot  special  preparation  (or  diat  m."->-»»   -t)''  *•■--- 
Of  the  consuls  from  those  comitri.-s  show  the  great  ckro 'tttke'n' ViHts 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRV  vxnum.  ,, 

iigiiiiiiiiiiii 

boro  .«  no  ^^ood  reason  wl  y  ti.ev  w?m ''  "'••'"  ^«  ""'■  «»'»'>'  SoL  i,? 
nous  than  can  possibly  oxkf  ;    "^'     '   '  '"^''o  favorable  nnavirv  .'    v 

sfiind  on  a  par  wiM,  tlu,  best  I)  nisi'  '''/''''^'''^'^^^  ''""er  wl  iSi  S^^^ 
reports  on  J)anisli  dnrv  ill.  .'""*'''  product.  Tbcv  slmnu  o/  r""'" 
tl.-.-s  learn  ll.at  t  e  sS  Jf  l',"^*';"'^^^''"'"ff  tli^l^^^U^rS^  "'? 

consequential  dama-esNvlMT  I,  I.'"'    '""'."'  "'^"'i  "my  bo  form  >d    /  / 
one  industry,  wliicli^.^  «  ,/ 1 , '  j"^^*'  '^'-^'ilU'd  iVoni  oiir  rLHl  I        ■     ^^*^ 

liurkpt  fur  forty  v4rs   vi/ii. '?'''''"''*  "I'''''' l"i('.st  l,i,ft,.rh,  .1     ,, 

I  *..i.;.  iiu,  .ic..i„f;;s„«iv  ,1  '„;"  ';*!;  '■'""'  "i.i<' ";,';!.'  s 

i.sill,  101  sl.iilinl;  'per  I  i,.  h'" !"""."') '  'I'"''.;,^  th  7u tid t"^  ,'.    ' "^''  '•'^''" 

l-Fund);  and  duH  ^  ^;/;,    :  ,;^''J'i';;l  1-r  l.m^ffiv        ll^  i.,;'":''!^ 
liiiiidiM  -wci"l,t  fL'T  •>  *..r,.f       "^-f-''^'  tuidin.r  with  ISSI    rn    i  •.  r''  *^<*"<« 

|aii  expert  m  (his  mof'uH    '     "".  * '''sli  j.r,.sc,n.<|  1..  r^-r  "  Vl  •    "' 

pwqnaldies.    '     '•'"  ^'  *'-"""^^   ^-'r  .bis  particulai.';^^!;;™:;; 


18. 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Consul  Piatt,  in  referring  to  this  bnttcr,  says: 

In  connectiou  witli  Iho  i 
tion  of  thoHO  in  the  United 


c  ;wi  K.iffiT  if,  iiiiiv  bo  well  to  direct  the  uft«i»- 

i„  eo„„„.«„„  wi,>,  n,o ..«.£. of »..;...  i.;;«;r,;^ u»;,,.,»rt,.|;;;y  wMc,,  i ».,.,.. 


ter  wenM.acke.1  and  M-alo.l  ...  «;'\\'»;      ';,",/,,;  ':;.■.!  in  a..y  .lin.ato,  in.n.cdiat.-ly  .... 
l,n)8.Tve  M.0  bntt.M-  l.vsl.  a..d  »wo et     .  a  lou^\  .^  ^^,  i,„..vm.t  itsnso  in  s.ip- 

beins  n.nd.^  at  tl.o  '■ry'''V<^»'''"^.""     V  ."',!,  "f  .1  ur.M..n.t.V.     WI..mv>ih,  ail  v."S8.<lsK..i..K 
IVo...  E..ropo  t(.  A.Mcr.ca  tako  with  '    «    '  '  ,f'        ;;„,,  :,,  n,,,  u„it..,l  Ktatos,  t..  m-n..-o 


tor  wero  pad 

1»  . 
boil 

Kn■l^nrop;;■VoA....ru.ataIu,^vi.l.^no.n 

,,„ito  r.actioableJf  tb.s  o..t.«rp..s  o  n.^.^.h 

the oi.tirotrii(lol(.r  tl.o  A.non<<a..oM.mU        ^i  >^^^_  i„„s...ucl.  as  all  .biiry  prodnctH  oan 


tl.eoi.tirotraclolorthoAii.oi.  a.-t-M'"'  >     ■     •  ^,     j,,,,^,,,,,,.!.  as  all  tbiiry 
peto  most  8..ece8sf..ljy  with  Ku.opo  fi  r   1 .  «     ;^ '' ;J'^  ,„  „f  t,,„  Athu.tic. 

be  prodnced  so  much  choapor  ^^'V  ,'"*,;'   //.it.ttor  is  nt  ili/.'d,  and  also  for  cj  . 
I.Wtholarsopa8stH,!;or8tea,..sh.  s         im^^^^  _^„^1  ,^^„  ,,„„,,i  ,„  j„,y  f,,,.  j^, 

toconntricH  whoro  tho_con8nni.ns:  1';'^"'^^:,,  «o„h',  America.  a..d  co.mtries  bord. 


uxport 


s^^^nH^^^^^S^cSr^^S'^^ontk  America.  a..d  co..utrie8  bordering 

on  tho  Mediterranean. 

For  mercha.it 
named  conntri 
the  inferior  qnf 


crrai.ean.  „n„vcr  classes  of  tl.o  pop.ilation  in  tl.o  above- 

i.it8hippiusaudf..rtl.epo..ciiJas''e^^^  J,„    on„„-l,,  and  it  i»  for 

ries,  a  seco.id  '"h1  th.rd  qn  1.  y  «;'  »^  .\    , ,       ^ar  fn.n,  pnldish...!  n.arket 
nalities  thrt  *l'^V'l' nl  „H  .    1.1  l.nul!'<  ts  of  the  best  Ilairies.  iMas...„eli 
reports,  reqnire  a  gr^'O-U'r  ""*''';;.['' ',''i„tted  with  stock  of  this  sort,  cl.ietlyowinx 
asthoAmcricann.arketsarocont  ...a   .vM^^^^^^^^^  Imtt.-ri.io  has  ma.lo  ..pon  th. 

10  the  inroads  which  tl.o  '''iF"  ^'^  '"^^^^^^^^  Huap   «(•>""""  •>"tte'-.     «'«'-> 

markets  hitherto  '^va.lablo  1.     tho  c  ns..n.p  .^   ^^..„  ,^,,  ^^,^.^,  ^,^,^^   j,^^^ 

merchant  vessels  nso  ch.efly  .'^"^.lassf  batter  n  i-l.fc  be  fo....d  if  tl.o  cannin-  sys- 
marketsforlarscqiipt.  .es<      l^s     ass.^.^^^m^^^^^         ,,  ___^^^^  K..rop,.u.. 

tern  wero  adopted  lor  the  supply  ii"v\   in.nisii'o, 

"'Frlr-i  Statement,  lierewith  submitted,  sbowinff  our  butter  exports 
I'loni  .istaceuu^m,  u  inchis  ve,  it  appears  tliat  tins  ex- 

for  eleven  years,  1«'^^^ . ^/.'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^         uantitv  .Inri.'i  that  period.    Tl„. 
port  has  n.crease(lnea>%t^^^^^^^^^^^^  .^^  ^^.^  ^^^.^^^ 

K^'?i:./n;;^b.:t^Sn;i;bn  ort:  i„to  tlu,  United  Kin^Unn  ,;... 
S;  twi  years  tis  found  that  the  averaf,re  pnee  per  imnnd  m  l,Sj4  w.s 
"A  cents  n.  for  1884  (omittinif  the  import  Iron.  1  oland  where,., 
rmftition  mt  er  predo...i..ated)  the  avera-e  pr.co  was  l>i.<()  cents  ,,,.,■ 
unitation  I  uai  I  .^^  American  butter   dunn-  the 

;:S^^-c^^  u,^-col.!;!deratio,.  nu.st  l.an^  been  wholly  d.te  todete.!- 
orati'on  i  f ^^^^  I„  this  connectio.nt  should  be  re.nen,b..red,  hou- 

over  that  of  ii.st-class  butter  limls  as  ^n.„d  a  market  at  ho.ne  as  u  ;„.y    I 
tSm    ou  t^^^^^^  l»^^  •'^■^■'^'""^'•^  that  this    act  alone  accounts   I 

J-rti"" deXe  in  the  j.rice  of  American  exi.ort  butter  .n  1881,  as  e,„„. 

'''S:!^c^:^^rli^X  Europe  duriu,  the  deyeu  years  increase.l 
nearlv  ninefold  in  (luantitv,  this  iuc.vase  hem- wlu.llydoin.nated  by  our 
evnorts  to  the  United  ivin-dom  ai.d  to  (lermauy.  ,  ^      , 

Th"  export  in  1881  of  American  butter  to  Denmark  and  Swe.lei. 
f4'>l  '377  and  ;i7(>,;'.71  ])ouiids  respectively)  is  worthy  ol  attention,  be.i.j; 
\nxv  first  recorded  butter  exports  to  tl^ese  countries. 

It  would  be  L.terestiu-  to  asceitmsi  whether  th.s  pi-(.duct  was  .m- 
norted  into  those  Imtterexpurtin-comit.ies  for  consiimpln.i.  or  t(.  he 
wcnked  over  ibr  the  Eiiolish  market.  As  tlie  latter  was  more  llinn 
likelv  th<^  real  i.urpose  ..f  im|.oit,  it  becomes  a  .pn-st.on  lor  our  da.iy 
larm'ers  whethei-,  if  it  p.iys  the  Danish  an.l  Swedish  butter  nmkersor 
u<sortersto  import  Americiin  butter,  m;inipiihife  it  over  and  re  export 
the  same  to  England  at  pioliia hie  prices,  iL  uuuhi  n..t  j.ay  tla-ui  (..su 


CATTLK   AND   DAIHY  FARMING. 


piod.ict  for  (.x,„)i.fc  of  ^"'   "" "  <l''"rv  fanners  (tnn  Uirn  nTt        ^  .°^^- 

(hose  <lirectJy  (w. ' m.e,        .    ''"'"^^  ^'■'""  t''«^-so  oont  m' .'  .  ^''f'.i'^^'^t'"" 

'"'  ^-«^-«>^  O.EOMA.aAU,NK   .ARKKT 

''  '■'"'"  ''"'•"'y  '/'*•  //rar  1,S«4. 


K\|)(il(ri|  til— 


Imitation  bnttor. 


Tlio  oil. 


J  vaiim.        giiantity.  I     Viih,„ 


Tl)(;il. 


<li'nii:Mj\  

Ilolliind. 

Ilililimii 

,   I'liilc'il  Kiiij;rl(piii 

j  ('iiri;iil;i 

I  liiiiiii.irk  

'  l;isi«lii'i(i 


I'otindg. 
.'Ill,  7l»0 

l,';^:Ji>'| 

421,, ■III! 

1,001,  «oa 

""k^'ihin 


'I'olal  , 


I  "7,  17,1  i 


I'oundii. 

H(l,  ;-,.-.  1 

33,  I7:t,XI!i 

-.  «iM,  L'd;)  j 

1.''''4.'>,!U7 
•'l-',(il4  I 

ii,;tu!) 


*II  sen  I     ^'"""<'i- 
Til,  ^(,(J  I  l-'7  -.I, 


1, 837, 082 1     171  iTrr.T;^ 


3.W,  7li,'< 

Kii,  ir.ii 

•I.  1M» 
•1,  L'dO 

J,  i;.i7  1 


1.IHI7,  •.•«.) 

i.uii-',;ii;u 

3-',  (iW 
1'3,  GM 


Viiliic. 


■«,  l-'7,n:'7 

•■'">'<,  !i7;i 

'-'"!",  (JL'K 

113,  3.M 

■I,  -'00 

U,  :.;i7 


""■-■'»  !■•«"-"  5rr7iE-= 


'"""'"' '•^'■"" ■.■""— x„„;;„, ,,  „^, 


■<.  «j:',  3u:j 


Ia|»i||((|  (i)_ 


"II.iimI 

>i'ii;lijiii 

Uiiili'il  Iviiindiihi..'.' 


I  Imitu- 

' ,  »•'"'"     Til,,  oil. 


Olitif. 


'■M'"'il...|   i„_ 


II.3U       lui.        '•'■<«'-un 
I     '"■■»-      i>'niimi|>. 


Iniitu.  j 
tii.i,      T,|,.„i| 
I'll  tier. 


Cinh:  j  r,'„h 
'"•  <!•■»         Id.  17 

''■•'-'  10.  M 


90 


CATtLE  AND  DAIRY  PARMWO. 


W 


The  foreffoiiiff  flgurea  show  that  our  exports  of  ohiom.irganne  In  18S4 
wore  18,G95,dG7  pounds  in  <juantit,y  luul  81,01)1,501  in  Viilue  greater  than 
our  exports  of  butter,  and  at  prices  otdy  a  little  more  than  one-halt  the 
latter. 

THE  FOREIGN  CHEESE  MARKET. 

Our  annual  cheese  export  amounts  to  ov<t  five  and  onc^-half  tinios  in 
quantity  and  three  times  in  value  our  butter  export,  t>'^' •;^P"i<;.;!"'^!'.f 
the  Year  1884  amountinj;-  to  U2,iHV.),mr,  pcmnds,  value.l  at  $11,<.(..{,7U. 

The  iniDorts  of  cheese  into  tlu^  United  Kinj-doni,  whi<!h  cover  the 
greater  portion  of  the  surplus  cheese  of  the  several  countru\s,  were  as 
follows  in  1884: 

Imparls  of  cheese  into  the  Unilrtl  Kiiifidom  diirino  the  year  l.S+l. 


Imported  t'rora  — 


ITnitoil  StatPB — 

Cniiadn 

Itollniul 

Franco 

]liiHsin 

Jti^l<;liim 

AiiHtrnlia 

Swoden 

Drniiinrk 

(iornmny 

ElHewhoi'o 

Total 


Quantity. 

Pounih. 

1(10,  :i;!:i, '.'SO 

<i:.,!i!ti,ri44 

;ir.,  777,  ;iif.! 

;i,  o:i(i,  (i.'id 

IC.Pl,  t<IH) 

;i(;-j,  S.MO 
;ti.'>,  ii.'ii! 

'J7H,  KSO 
1S!),(','0 

«;),  ii;s 

Viiliio. 


f.rj 

0.12, 

;i.-:i 

7, 

•i7:i. 

:ioi 

^ 

IM'J, 

Wi 

■Win.  (imi 

■)<i, 

'.'IH 

ti, 

717 

;w. 

41H 

::ii. 

;mi) 

-1. 

Wl 

n 

*j."iri 

n 

7JH 

Valiio  vor 
liiiiiiid. 


CrnlD. 
11. 
II. 
li. 
U. 
II, 
I'J. 

r.'. 

10. 

II. 
II. 
n,. 


C'J4 

i;i7 
<tt:i 

711 

;f.':i 

11)4 

mi 

«27 
!I!I2 
400 


;;i,'),«a9,5(i« 


2l,;i07,!)4t 


n.2cj 


Considerinfftheimmei.se  quantity  of  American  cheese  con.su med  iii 
the  United  Kingdom— 8,000,((0()  pounds  at  least  ot  tiie,  imports  rom 
Canada,  above  recorded,beingAmeri(!ancheeseexportedbyandcredite( 

in  liritish  returns  to  the  Dominion— it  maybe  held  that  it  staiul.s  its  we  1 
in  public  estimation  as  the  product  from  any  other  country,  altlioiigl. 
the  specially  prepared  cheese  of  some  other  countries  bi:ii--  higher 
prices  in  the  market.  These  higher  ligures,  however,  except,  in  tin;  case 
of  Holland,  cover  only  small  (piantities,  comparatively.  It  may  well  he 
(luesticned  whether  the  cheese  of  any  other  country,  in  (luably  and  tlavor, 
is  superior  to  American  cheese,  but  the  latter  still  sullei'.s,  in  price  iit 
least,  for  it  docs  not  seem  to  sulfer  in  (•onsumi)tion  trom  that  lingeriiin' 
prejudice  which  regards  all  American  luoducts  as  m  some  mysterious 
manner  inferior  to  the  products  ot  tiie  older  countries— a  prejudute 
wliich  has  operated  very  unfavorably  Ibr  our  prodii(!ts,  but  which  is 
being  dissipated  by  the  continuous  good  qualitiesoi  the  products  them 

selves 

It  will  be  seen  that  we  supply  the  liritish  markets  witli  a  little  moiv 
than  one-half  their  total  imports  of  cheese.  Our  exports  ot  cheese  b. 
the  United  Kingdom  during  the  year  ISSl,  101!,(iS(i,;.l<  p<uind.s,  and 
to  Canada.  8,80;},L'9(J  pounds— the  greater  i)ortion  ol  tiie  latter  g(i 
ing  to  l<;ngland  also— left  only  1,S79,();L»  ]K)unds  for  export  to  all  other 
countries.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  our  f(U'eign  cheese  tradt^  may  lie 
said  to  be  conlined  to  the  United  Kiiig«h)iii.  Of  our  immen.se  cheese  ex- 
port during  1881,  only  a  little  over  ;5,(t(iO  pounds  went  to  all  Luiope,  out 
side  the  United  Kingdom. 


hid  in  1834 
renter  tlian 
ne-half  tho 


ilf  tiinos  in 
[(ortduriii}; 
ill,<J();},7i;i. 
(!ovcr  tlio 
OS,  were  as 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


Viiliio  iipr 

|iiiiiiiil. 

Cniln. 

l.w 

ll.C'J4 

lilt 

1l.ti:;i 

HI'J 

1-'.  i:t7 

ilHI 

n.4i:i 

-MH 

11,711 

717 

vj.;f.':i 

41H 

l-.i.  1114 

111) 

lO.HHIt 

Wi 

ll.«27 

'J.'i'i 

ll.'.l'.l'J 

T2H 

ir>.4oo 

04( 


11.2G'J 


oiisiiiikmI  ill 
ijiortH  iVoiii 
iiid  credited 
iiids  iis  well 
y,  aUhoiij,'!; 

■ins;  liif?l't''' 
[,  in  tlie  ease 
iiKi.v  well  hi' 
'  and  llavor, 
,  in  priee  iit 
at  liiif^eriii^' 
1  mysterious 
a  ]trejudi(!(' 
ut  wliieli  is 
jduc.ts  llieiii 

I  little  more 
d"  (dieese  to 
IKiiinds,  and 
e  latter  ^o 
to  all  otlicr 
!id»^  may  iu' 
>e  <;liees(M'\- 
ICurope,  out 


"i'l<-i*'"t  |Top,.rti«,ns.      (  m.\v   i  '         ''1  "'^' ^''"'«  "t  its  p rose     .mi"^ 

]•;'>•  ro  eater  to  pa.ticuh.r  am    poi  ,     J"    I'  ''''"'.V''^'^''^'''  '^  ^vould  m  t 
«dMM^set(allealn,,nnt<)f(,veI^•^0lO(m<  f^''  .  ^  "'"  '"«t«"'ce,  French 

tlnrd  o(  flM,  total  importsof  tI.eVj  dJ      S   .f    <;? '^'' H"'ount  ecpuil  to  onS- 

i.nti.'sl.  cn.stom.s.     ()„r  elurs      ,,,„/,?'''''"' ^"^  elieest  bv  t  o 

<;«  ii.anntm^tnre  in  ti.e  se  eri h-^  m^^^^^  "'"'"'•'  •'^»"«lv  tl.o  modeS 

^;=^-;^i;rr;;;ft;;i'^.-d^^^^^ 

i;'';«'''.t,  tlie  ivsnlt  will  IH  ;  ;; i,"  :,-tse     Th'  '""""''  ^'".^"  ^"•^'  <'l>taine  rat 
l"«I«'<'|l,  It  would    l,e  l.anl  stin'^^^^^^n^ 

'*•'    ;•""'<'  '"  tlH.  United  Kin.r,  o,n      Or        ''^'^^^i'^;^^'  <>f  even  n  penny 

;;:''«>''-;•  r<,od  .npplicvs  c.  n  I      as\'^^  J»'"<"-I>i«  uppS 

.du..,\s  1.0   .on,,,  i„  ,„j,„,  J     '^    \^I   AS  to  clieese,  and  it  should 

i'-^-  -Miout  .aitin,  lor  ^o:;;:^^X'A:^^^^;^r  ^"'^^  "^■ 

<...d  luoSJ^shlmln;;:?^,?'"':;?''^  "^  '<>''ei^n  tra.lo  and  our  present 
and  oleoniarii-arin.  Kf  ill  I  '  "  ^"""''''  ^'^^tle,  fresh  beef  b  ,tt  .  !  i.?  ^ 
-'■.'ense,l  n^k  betl.re'  .^'::.;^::;!;';;rl.:S  ^'"^?'  '-n^-" "a!^  3 
'' The  "d''"'-  '  ''-^'"•"''^^«'''-  ''''"'*'  l>ro.lucts,  iu'this 

n.ents  i'mm.naL;;"^;;;;;^,;;;'^;;'/^  leiL^Jr""'  '"  ^''^  f'^l>»Iatea  state- 
••attleand  cattle  pnxlncts     v..,.    f.  '.^"er  showinjj:  our  total  CKDortVnP 

"l<H"-^  "<>t  ;fo  to  prove  any  ecr  to  i?^^^''--  *  ?  """'''^"  ^''^^  ^''owinL' 
.v^-'"'^,  loi-  It  ,s  too  apparent    hat  beef    ..'  '■*'''"'"*-^  *^'"'"^'  t'^'se  / ivt 

•'"•^^^"  '  ^'"'  •^'anj,d.ter  of  ,  U"  ,  ,  /?!./"  V'""  ?"'^^'^^"t  must  keep 
l^"^'<'I.v  <Iurin,i,'  the  years  un.ler  n-vT-  v  M  n"'''" '".'''"-  i"<"-^asc<l  very 
-•I"'  «"xp;Tt  of  the  former  i.s  who  K      m  '•'"''  ""^'  »''«  '"''""'f.'  oil   a 

";•"•    'J'Ins  increase,!  <M,nsum       m^,  i  b.  h  '"!  """•''i^^hI  h(,me  consum 
'ilacture,  and  our  exports  ,  f  t  ,   i '.   *  ^''"^ '""'  "^  <>'^'«>mai-anno  n  •! 
-,;.ion  thereot,  .,,!  ^^u'L!^:^    u^^lfe  S  inT/^'  ouM.orci:;;: 
t.iiiow  <i":y  occreaso  in  tho  export  of  beef 


fP^:K^..':!:^^^^^^^  pounds,  valued  a, 

"'• '  "•^•''   Kin,:;(ion.,  l'Van,'e  rs  -i  1    i ,  (  "';»':^' /!'='"  one-half  went  to 

l^'"o" „..•  .n  their  respective  oS^^',;//'^^  ^'"""•'«^'  ^^''i?'""',  and  Hollaml 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY    FARMING 


11  Jll  iinn>.».   I • 


wcro  us  lollowH : 


DoBlanatlou. 
Oattli*  iininl)or 

FiKhIi  liwf      IKMUlclH 

t'HllIllll  lllM'f •■ 

Siilli'd  Ixnf pomiclK 

Other  boff ..(II.. 

Butter •'"•• 


Quantity. 


Vitlae. 


ino,rii8  ♦IT,  Hr.r)^"''" 
l'J(),78l,WM    ii,»K7,;j:'l 


42,n70,lMl 

641,  iii:i 
20, 027,  'i'i 


;t,  HH,  7(17 

a,  2112, 273 

(i7,  IM 

3,750,771 


DoitKnAtlon. 


rii....... P"->n'l«  «i2,wio,r,7.i 

iu-.nuii..w. '"■■  !i'!f.Vl'^' 

Olcoimirjiiuiiio <l"-l  ■•».•>--.'*»• 

ConilenHcd  milk 

Total 


CATTLE-BREEDINO  IN  FOBEION  OOUNTUIKS. 

b rn  s  U  u^    U.SO  ;  vol.  iu  tho  various  .vports  themselves;  hc.co,  these 

Vnn  'ti  u  e  Of  eiu^  m.  Care  luus  been  taken,  h.>weyer,  to  K^mrd 
'';«..]  enett  on  while,  at  the  .same  time,  giving  due  eonsulera- 
S'io  t^e  I  X^  nalx 'i  (.!•  t  he  <-onsuls.  Kej^ard  lor  consular  ellbrts 
tion  ti>  ti  i^  "'  "-^  ronserved  1»V  ro^'ard  for  the  {general  interests  iii- 
l^dver^u  U  e  vark.re^n;:;  trvatin,  of  the  san.e  breeds  of  cattle  and 
Iu  h  el  i^^me  its,  fiivi  a  n.any-si<led  viesv  of  the  san.e  subject,  an( 
then  i'^''^"V''''''-'    ,.'r^,, ,1,., ,..,., .j-t each  other:  for  the  admirers  ot  special 

breeds,  AN  thout  It  mlin^  .visilom,  as  vv<'ll  as  utility,  of  ^'ivin- 

;;;:rl:;;:rU  i.ffuU;'l£.vil^  tl^  intc^n^t  Cattle-breeders  of  the  United 

""'T  : f  ;!:r  m:!:rin;":s;in::1;;u;;s'oi'^^^^^^^  sublect  of  catHe-breed. 
•   1^!'  t  ^/t    clTinV  0  (  (S^^  and  its  results  in  the  several  cr,u.,- 

S  liVS  mS^^tswellasinhel,>in^n,show 
u  d  ^hi  n-'s  which  chaime  of  countries,  or  il.str.ct.s  within  ...untnes 
is  el  ic  od  on  what  ai.^  (..lied  pure  bred  ..ittie  and  on  lie  caJle  bred 
hah  ^."^*^^^'\  "''"'*•  tin.  nitive  breeds  theiewth,  the  illustrations  which 
^Znl  my  '  '  -  s\ull  ^li!^^^^^  the  stocU-breeders  of  t  he  United 
it  ate^i  av  in-,  atcorrect  coiK-lusions  an.l  immediate  7«ults--resu  l.s 
wl  icl'  should  be  remembered,  have  b.-en  attained  m  tlu-  Old  World 
nlvlV  si  w,  patient,  and  costly  etlbrt;  indeed,  the  whoh,  experience 
of  Ku  one  is  herein  laid  open  to  ...ir  ...ttlemen  and  dairy  l,ir iners 

As  there  Is  no  portion  of  this  vast  snbJ.M-t  which  has  produced  mo... 
he^ddi^u««ioi  and  honest  diliercn opi.i.on  umonj^  those  .lirectly 


concern 

coiisui.s 

animal  ; 

of  th(>s« 

breeds  i 

the  onth 

lii.;-,.,  ij 

''jtatisticj 

farmers  i 

e.piiil  to 

to  tho  na 

forei<r|,  ( 

«ivcn  be] 
exporter, 
to  (.'aiiad 

>*'lOllI(|    1), 
WitJMU 

(•'cliii-  w 

fully  <-()ii, 

ports,  I  ,. 

arouse  n  < 

lion  is  c;i 

breediiioi 

IOiiiop»>iiii 

piincipjiip 

le ports  \\\ 

ally  eiioii;^ 

<Jiven  tl 

catth^bree 

a  con;;'enia 

lo;;etli(.r  w 

t'ontain,  it 

never  belbi 

prove  of  tT 

States. 

1  liii< 

ilon.  Joi 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRV   FARMING. 


23 


fXJaiiu  li    :      ''"  ^^''^^•''•"  ^iittlo  ottho  Unite  IS    f'\      '''V.'"'^'  *"!"'« 
WitlMMu   ';!'-'''''^''^''*  '"  ""'^  <=onnc.ctio,.         '"'•'"'■'""  ''^'^"'♦'^"»  then,," 


,.,  'p  '     iMMop,. -uHl  i„  tlio7T„it,Ml  States  "  ^^ ''"''"  ""  "^''^ttle- 

,,;.:''  ""'"'i,  n.etl.odM  „f  tlM.  li  ^     ;,  ';,! "  ^''  '^^""••^•'^  «f  valuable 

.„.e  i:^^":^  .  "''!"'"t  aseattle-hreedin^  ^       i^,.  .:  ''l    '^' "^  f^'P''^  to  8«cK 


l<>"Ser  u  ,1    ;!'"''^  iweattle-hreedini  a    1   i\  ;    i        • '^  ^'7'''^  to  such 


States. 


"""•i",'f  'i;  <'A,a,,su.;,  1'  *'•'  liAYARD. 


24 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


Tahu-laUd  slalvmcnta  aciom/ianying  the  Secretary's  letter. 


Cattit)  HtalisticN 


(1)    StilteillCIlt  HllOWillLt    li 


t'  I'-cporiHoC  ('iiltlc  I'roin  tlio  iriiitrd  Sljitcs  <l 


mill;;'  Mm 


lov(!ii  yfiirHotidiii;;  with  llio  year  18-14,  Nliowiii-r  llio  iiiiiiiI)..im  iiikI  tolal  V'll 
mm  tlio  value  iiiu-  licid  of  tlui  eattlo  cxiiKi'tiMl  to  each  eoiintrv 


no 


(2)  SUtoimmt,Kli()\viiiji;  t ho  imports  of  ciiKlo  into  the  United  Kiii;^«ioiii  d 


oleveii  years  eiidiii;;  witli  tlieyear  1881,  hIiowiii;'  M 


iiriiiL'  file 


iiid  the  value  per  head  of  the  eatth 


10  niuiiher  and  total  viih 


Fresh  beef  statist! 


iiiportiid  from  each  eoiiutry 


{•i)  StiUoment  showinu;  the  exports  of  fresh  liocf  from  the  United  States  fn 
year  1877  (the  first  oliieialiy  reeorded  year  of  its  extiort)  to  and  incliid 


year  1884,  showiii;;  t|„,  ,,uaiitity  and  total  value  and  the  val 
the  exports  to  ('a(!h  eoiintn-y 


om  the 
in;;  the 
ne  per  pound  of 


(4)  .Statement  Hhowiiiff  the  importsof  fresii  IxM^f  into  the  United  Kingdom  d 


iirmi; 


Butter  statiaties 


the  elevi  II  years  eiidiiii;  with  the.  year  1881,  showiiif,'  the  <iuantriy  and  total 
value  and  tlie  valiK!  per  pound  of  the  imports  from  eacli  count 


I'.V. 


(5)  .Statement  showinjr  tIioex|mrt.s  of  hiittcr  from   the  United  States  d 


I  ,."       .,   •, -'■■■•I.  o  ..nrin};  the 

«  even  years  endinj,' with   the  year  |s-4,  .s|„,v  in;,'  the  quantity  and  vahie  of 
the  exjiorts  to  eueli  conlineiil;  and  eoimiry  (hereiti. 
(>>)  Statement  sliowin,!;  the  imports  of  1. niter'  and  oleoniar;,'arine  into  ilie  United 


Kiiii^dom  during;  the  elevei 


1    years  eii(liii;r  , villi   the  year   1881,  showiiic  tin 


<|uaiitity  and  total  value  and  value  per  pound  of  the   imports  i 
country. 
Cllees(^  statistics: 

(7)  Statement  showing,'  the  exports  of  cheese  from  the  United  States  d 


roni  each 


eleven  years  ending,'  with  the  year  IH-si,  si 


nriii;;  the 


lh(»  exports  to  each  continent  and  ((Hiiitrv  llierei 


lowiii;,'  tlieciiiantity  and  value  of 


(8)  Stati^liieiit  sliowin;,'  the  imports  of  cl 


the  eleven  years  eiidiuj,'  with  the  year  1884,  nI 


leese  into  tlu.  United  Kin^'dom  d 


iirini' 


v.ilne  and  the  value  [lor  pound  of  the  iiiiiiorts  from  each 


win;,'  tlie  i|iianlity  and  total 


General  statistics: 

(It)  Statement  showin;'  tli 


l»rodnets— horned  cattle,   fresli    Itcet 


country. 
<•_  exports  froiii  the  United  States  of  cattle  and  catti 


jnitter,  cheese,  heef  tallow,  and  oleomar;,'arin( — d 


canned    heef,   salted  liecf,   other  lieef 


iny  the  number,  (jiiautity,  and  value  ot"  th 
each  couutry 


urin;,'  the  year  1884,  sin 
o  several  products  exported  to 


CATTLE 


AND   DAlIiY   FARMING. 


lltcs  (lllliiij;  Hid 
iiiKl  total  valiio 

•loin  (liiriitfr  fii,. 
and  total  viiluo 

try. 

StatoH  from  tho 
1  inclndi?!;;  tli(( 
i<5  iK;r  ixtuiul  of 

ins'lorii  diiriiit; 
ntity  iiiid  total 
Ir.v. 

tcs  diirin<;  tho 
y  1111(1  v;»lii(!  of 

"to  llio  Uiiilcd 
,  Nhowiii^r  tint 
rts  from  caoli 


OH  diiriii;r  tim 
and  valiio  of 

n^'dom  diiriiijr 
ility  and  total 

■y. 

t|(J  and  cat  I  If 
■f,  other  liccf, 
ir  IHHI,  hIiow- 
i  cxportod  to 


26 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY    FARMING. 


i   111 


s 


I" 

s 


»> 


6 


s 


TS 


O  ^ 


a  1- 1-  o  -" 
a  ,s  T  —  ^ 
Ti*  cju  I-  r^  '•■^ 


o  o  -^  s^l  ':2 

uu  I-  M  X  CS 


.  ~  M  ?:'  -*  »     I   g 


1 1--  -J  t*;  T-i  -I"  *3 

t  ,-c  '-i?  '"^  JO  •*-  ^ 

•  r  I  ao  -n*  c;  — 


(^  ^'^  S  ^  .% 
ti  i  —  i-.'  »J 


•  o  o  o  o  ■© 

.  -TTI  O  ^  -*• 

•  CI  ?l  O  «  I  - 


»-i  I-  c;  a:j  ao    •  au  C5  ^  -O  -^  "-^ 


m 

1 

1- 

CO 

C3 

^■Z 

inci 

O  SI  ■^  t-  ^      I  —  '-7  '^1  ^j  Sc  ^ 

OC  2  l.-l  CO  ti     '.  rr  c^  o  '*  C^  ?l 


^  X  I'  if^  •-; 

■^  TO  r-  rf  00 
o  t-  -^  re  o 


s  cc  r-  o  t!^  fO 
r  t.-D  X  ci  —  «J 
r  ?i «-"  ^  71 


S  '5  ?^  t^  I; 

N  i-  X  r?  is 


'  =^  'J?  *•  —  C> 

.  CI  :J  2  rt  I ' 


ir;  cj  o  ri  CO 


C I  — '  f.  «  — 
^       cti  CI  ^j 


r-i  t^  C*  «  lO 


.  CO  CO  o  •*  <x  :r> 

.(TIC?  ,*.  W  C.  -^ 
.  r- •-:  »  I- CI  r-i 

.  ^t  CI  rH  f*  TT 


t  00  'W  '—  O  ■  t  ■?! 
.  .-  If^COCJ'J  I- 
•  O  w.  »0  CN  (A  ■=? 

;  cT'-o'cf  rTi.-rTtT 
. »—  o  -*  "*  -■'  Tl 
.  c:  r:  CO  CO  ^ 

t  r-'crciinco" 


.  ^,  c  j:..  2;  '-o  o 

.  CC  r-  O  O  '^  -H 

!  r^  ct  o  <J  ^  ' 


-»«•  -M  rt  "M  T>    •  =3  tr  3£  C;  '2 

^  o  00  "M  I—    I  tr:  ^  CI  o  o 


1^  -^  O  ■*  •".  r>  X^  ?I  X  ^l  CI  o 

I-  o  "i  -  X  I'  rt  X  I  -  ■:* '  - 1' 

o  -^  o  t-  s  TO  -x  i.-^  r  1  u*;  t'S 


'S' 


s 


I- 


« 


•^ 


f;  S  5  in  I-    ;  o  >n  -H  - -■«._-r 

5  it  S  =  ^      .  I  .  IT  -r   /.'  —  -( 


5) 


I 


3 


:  -^  f'  X  -f 

•  tJJ  Cj  ••  I.. 


:  «  £j 


I'T  Tl  O  —  -^ 

■^  -rf  •»  O 


o  ^  X 1.-^  o    ■  j^  ;*  25  2 " 
U  S  ^  ?i  3    ' '-:  I-  C!  t-  c 


•  L-.  X.    ;       «  -  '-^  Ci    ; 


*f  r-  X  '^  cc  —  ci  •»■  o  o  '5 

5  w  7 )  H-  i;  TJ  i*;  T  i  X  X  o 


f-  1^  c^  ^  O  O  '^  r  1  .~?  ^.  M 

r-  :  1  r?  -^  o  r:  X  r^  •-■:  n  -- 

t*  r»  ■'J'  c  —  ^  cs  ^  «-  T4  M 


O  —  ^  O  X  X  O  X  CO 

i- r-T  f-T  — "  cT  .-i"  cf  r  r  :d 


s 


!»'  c'^  "'*"      .-r'lrj'cTrrT'X  xo 


I':  c  :;  ,^  O  o  5  £  *  iJ  g 
,•-;      H  ^  «  X  -J  1!^  X      CO 


-vJ  =     ~    •'- 


;  ^^  c  n:  r  z.*- 


•=^5=^-r.5£.=.^3  = 


.^5^.; 


ffi  ac  i  o  =  v' —  - :;  r:  J 

c«      t-cii-osr"-". "      <^'    : 


hs 


y,p,C^^U'i^-Z'r.-^< 


c4i"'?r    ^cr?r 


•"    '■^'  J  >. 


a,/i 


It  si-. 

b  O  II  t  : 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


27 


<£  lO  I,  r^  CT) ,-,  .- 


>l  t-H  •*■  f-n  (-,  .^  ,_  _ 


«>     "S^XJ; 


'M  t^  O  '^  -*  - 1  — ,  -s  ,_ 

CI  o  a.  «  2  i'  2  g  ^  -fo 

^  cs  c.  T I  j;  » 


«?■ 


^  r - 1-  o 


-  ■^  cfc  1-*  ^  OD  eo  o  rg  o 
g  v'  r*  e^  ?  *i?  --K.  cj »  ^ 
^  *"'     «  ^  ^-  "~  *  "*"  I  - 


•H  -M  I-  tr  -J  O  -X  z^     ;  e-s 


M 


a 

.a 


to 


t; 

a 

a 


?  «  £  S  a  5-  tr  :-.  fl     H 
■Jf  §  s-2  nS  =r.  ri 


28 


CATTLE   AND   DAIEY   FARMING. 


« 


(- 

■  -HO 

-*< 

' 

:^:i 

o 

I- 

o 

&,=; 

IM 

•CIO 

■^3 

•Csi^ 

CO 

■So 

'clr:S' 

-I" 

r.ij 

o 

! 

c,.-: 

: 

00 

(5  3  :''' 


i.  .- 

c  ~ 

s.g 

:£i; 

C 

R    <B 

j<: 

o  ~ 

«=.g 

,^ 

00    -1 

■^ 

^-« 

s 

5  ci 

3 

fC^ 

o> 

1* 

»•<• 

.  1.-.  "ja 

•^vr 

'•  'fj  r> 

S'-t 

•"^ 

.' 

^  , 

.-.-. 

■  T 1  r  ^ 

G«OJ 

'CC  Zi 

c.T 

'  :zP 

1^3 


CI  o 
Otj. 


So 


ft 


"s. 


CI    .c*« 

a 

I-    .  c  o 

^ 

■^ 

«■   • 

CI-^CITI 

o 

lo  ci  b  1-^ 

^ 

o 

vS'Sci 

c-f 

au 

m- 

-*• 

s 


^_^ 

TCCi 

<JU 

^ 

o 

1-  Ci 

■^ 

Ob 

o  o 

rl 

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a 

*-4 

1-' 

* 

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s 

'CSCO 

CO 

Ct" 
t 
CO 

«- 

oT 

S  :'< 


is         •  t-(  »-t 


Si 


■~     5 


I 


«: 


f 


-  •■  -  - 

~  ~  a  ^ 
a  i  °  "' 


td 


~ 


•*-  5  3  5 


CAtTLE   AND  DAIRY  FARMiNO. 


S 


ot  ti  -r  a>  no  ?i  X 

,  Tl  I-  Ui  f  "P  I-  •* 

»  -I  X  —  cs  ^  r,  .3 

S^3L2,-S2S  I'd 


Sd 


,*  r  ir  2  «  n  .TO 

'•- t.O  ^  V  X  10  -Ht 

>-  ^ci"-"'^-' 


•  t; "'  '1  v  f  '-3  = 

r^  rliO  -^  .«  -t  -)■  I , 

S  '^  =<  w  —  I  -  CJ  X 
O  X    >^  ^  O  ft  r-4 


'5 
'5 


:3i^ 

-a 

s  rf-r 

n 

ft. 

=>" 

.?is.i?S2 

1- 

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s" 

0" 

4^     • 

f-t 

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?= 

S    i^;r 

4'      J      1  ; 

0 

«J  tl  r-t  O  46  CO  O 
ei  '-'  M  Oi  Ci  O*  (O  C> 

I 


30 


CATTLE   AND   DAlUY   FAftMrKO. 


fir 


I 

■«3> 


•2. 


S 


s 


i 


t-  if;  ^t  -r  —  "T  ;  I 

CI  I-  CO  n  n  M 


s 

I 

11 

>, 

o  cs  r-  r*  c>  <D  "M 

_•  tl  S  i^.  «  3  T  ■* 

a 


5j  »^  ;j  -r  CJ       .-* 
I 


.  il  Tl  « 
I  ;^  X  O 


o  ij3 
CO  o 


^   ^   ,-t  f^   CH  O 


CD  Ci  O  £» 

-t  CO  •—  C^ 
O  .--3  r-l  ■V 

IS 

r;  ^ 

fft 

!Z 

-T   O 

oil  ^ 
--  r3  -c 


C  r?  »0  I 
,<;  O  O  ' 


cT  r;  M  c  n  r 


r-  *5  i*  —  :s 


SI 


c 


3^  rr  ;ri- 


•*e>o-'t-oo 

!< 

-t*  t'  1-  cs  c:  M 

1-  rs  ••  1-  f-i  a 

I> 

fi" 

I-  i.-j  nc  r?  X  r- 

s  rt  ^  '—  ^  ""^  '''' 


Hn  X 


CI 


■-I 

& 

> 

«? 

o 

^o 

'S-^ 

a 

Sl- 

3 

©• 

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CATTLE-BREEDING  IN  EUROPE  AND  IN  THE  I  NITED  STATES. 

JiEl'OItT  JIY  CONtiVL  TAXXER,  OF  LIEGE.  BELGIUM. 

It  is  luy  opinion  that  if  ii  fair  test  wero  iiiadi!  of  the  merits  of  cattle 
but  little  known,  including  tlie  Belgian  breeds,  it  would  be  discovered 
tLat  the  "craze"  for  so-called  blooded  breeds  is  a  great  mistake,  and 
that  Americans  pay  enormous  and  absurd  prices  for  foreign  cattle. 
These  things,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  will  be  rectified  by  the  reports  in  answer 
to  the  cattle  circular. 

I  believe  that  if  our  people  at  home  would  use  the  money  spent  in 
the  purchase  of  foreign  breeding  cattle  in  constructing  quarters  for  our 
native  cattle  equal  to  the  housing  quarters  of  Euroi)e;  if  they  would 
give  the  native  cattle  the  same  care  they  give  to  their  high-priced  foreign 
cattle,  that  within  four  generations  of  careful  breeding,  always  select- 
ing the  best  bulls  and  the  best  cows  and  keeping  the  others  thinned 
out  by  the  butchers,  the  United  States  would  have  a  native  breed  that 
would  rival  any  cattle  in  the  world. 

If  those  who  i)ay  extravagjuit  i)rices  lor  foreign  cattle  will  carefully 
note  what  it  costs  to  feed  and  keej)  such  cattle  in  good  condition  ;  the 
risks  and  losses  in  transportation  ;  will  keep  a  careful  record  of  their 
iiiilk-yield  in  comparison  with  tiie  best  of  our  native  breeds,  giving  both 
the  same  care  and  attention,  and  add  up  their  accounts  at  the  end  of 
the  year,  bearing  in  mind  the  interest  on  'lie  money  invested  in  the 
foreign  stock,  they  will  lind  the  balance  on  the  sidi'of'the  native  cattle. 
In  cattle  the  iide  of  the  '•  survival  of  the  tittest"  should  be  adojtted. 
An  inferior  (!ow  should  be  sent  to  the  butcher  as  speedily  as  jxtssible. 

If  the  assertion  of  the  Dutch  historian  be  true  that  William,  Prince 
of  Orange,  found  that  the  cattle  of  England  were  inferior  to  those  of 
Holland,  it  shows  that  the  iiii])rovemenl  in  British  cattle  is  of  recent 
date. 

I  njight  offer  a  hundred  illustrations  from  my  own  observations  and 
experience,  which  would  fortify  the  assertion  that  our  native  cattle  can 
be  brought  to  a  degree  of  perfection  existing  in  the  cattle  of  Eurojtean 
couuti'iesif  they  will  be  surrounded  by  similar  conditions. 

My  brother  took  much  interest  in'mattcrs  of  this  kind,  and  made 
many  experiments.  The  r(-sults  of  twelve  years  of  careful  selection  of 
the  best  native  cows  and  bulls  pioved  that"  there  was  only  a  slight  <lif- 
ference  between  these  an<l  the  iancy  imported  cattle,  arid  when  the 
(lidcici-cc  ill  i»rice  was  taken  into  account  the  balance  was  in  favor  of 
the  home  brcctls. 

The  first  .lockey  Club  that  was  ever  inaugurated  was  gotten  up  by 
the  father  of  Senatcu' Wad«'  llamjtton,  of  South  Caiolina.  What  has 
this  Jockey  Club  nol  done  for  the  American  race  and  trotting  horse f 
It  has  not  only  elevated  the  standard  of  this  breed  of  horses  bv  oU'er- 
ing  sullicient  iruliiccnicnt  to  that  «■!!(!  in  the  Unitcsl  s.{ati-s,  bnt' it  has 
done  the  same  in  European  countries  which  have  followed  thecxamit'le 
of  South  Carolina,     It   has  greatly  increased  the  speed  in  running  in 

41 


42 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING 


tb 

111 


the  one,  and  it  bas  made  the  trotting-  borse,  wbidi  is  pecnhiu-  to  the 
United  States,  almost  equal  to  wbat  tbe  rnniiing-  borse  was  prior  I o  t,be 
formation  of  tbis  Jockey  Club.  Tbis  only  applies  as  an  illustration  tor 
tbe  subject  on  band  tbus  i^ir.  Tbe  race  borse,  it  is  true,  comes  from  a 
foreign  breed,  but  the  trotting  borse  bas  been  developed  therelroin  by 
selection  and  careful  breeding.  Tbis  sbows  tluit  where  man  bends  his 
energies  to  tbe  development  of  cattle  for  any  particular  quality  be  is 
sure^o  succeed.  With  similar  rules  applied  in  tbe  breeding  ot  even 
our  scrub  cattle,  I  know  whereof  I  speak  when  I  assert  that  tlie>  will 
develop  qualities,  as  beef  and  milk  yielders,  equal  to  those  possessed 
hy  the  iinp()rt<'d  stock. 

CARE  OF   CATTLE   IN   EUROPE  AND  IN  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

As  a  whole  the  European  people  take  more  interest  in  tbeir  stock 

urn  do  tbe  people  of  the  United  States,  and  there  are  uioi-e  induce- 
ments in  this  regard  offered  in  the  former  than  m  the  latter,  ibe 
English  hold  a  dozen  agricultural  or  cattle  shows  to  our  one,  otienng 
thousands  of  dollars  to  our  half  dollars  in  premiums,  and  it  is  no  marvel 
tbat  the  cattle  are  tar  superior,  that  the  farmer  in  England  should 
draw  closer  to  his  cattle  than  does  tbe  American  iarmer  to  bis,  treat 
them  kindlier,  and  give  them  better  dispositions.  ^     .,  .  i. .  ^r 

Stock-raising,  bv  common  consent,  seems  to  have  tallen  to  tlie  lot  ot 
tbe  farmer,  whereas  it  should  be  a  special  calling;  tor  it  it  is  not  an  in- 
terest of  importanceenough  forthe  exercise  of  special  talents,  itcertainly 
posseses  so  manv  phases  that  some  of  them  suiter  horn  the  diyide(l  at- 
tention which  th'e  /armer  is  compelled  to  give  his  other  interests,  ilie 
size  and  betterment  geiu'rally  of  agraiii  of  corn  might  be  much  increasca 
if  the  farmer  would  make  corn  a  specialty,  and  thoroughly  understood 
tbe  subject  of  corn-growing  in  all  its  bearings.  In  having  so  many  in- 
terests'on  his  bands  one  «,;•  all  of  tlsem  must  sutler. 

It  is  a  well-recognized  fact  in  Belgium,  and  in  Europe  generally,  wiiere 
interest  of  the  keenest  kind  is  taken  in  cattle,  that  thei.;  is  nothing  so 
injurious  to  a  cow  giving  milk  as  t.>  run  iier,  ..r  excite  her  in  any  manner, 
and  yet  bow  frecpiently  are  reckless  boys,  with  their  dogs  and  whips, 
sent 'to  drive  the  cattle  home  in  tlie  United  States. 

These  things,  and  huiidivcis  of  others  etiaally  im[)ortaut,  never  tn.uble 
the  brains  ot^lie  An>erican  farmer,  because  his  iiead  is  tiill  ot  <>tlH'r  mat- 
ters connected  with  liis  calling.  IJow  many  farmers  m  the  h  nited  States 
can  tell  how  nuich  hay,  or  otiier  food,  is  given  to  each  cow  <  uring  he 
vear  and  the  cost  of  the  sam.-,  and  the  return  th.-relor  in  milk,  l.uttei, 
imd  cheese-in  tine,  does  he  know  if  each  <;ow  is  i)aying  lor  her  oiithiy, 
and  if  so.  how  much  ?  Perhaps  a  small  numiier  coiih  intelligently  an- 
swer tlM^se questions.  Itisentirely  <litferent  in  lOngland  and  on  h.'  (.on- 
tinent.  There  and  lu'ie  a  farmer  knows  liis  cows  as  well  as  it  the.\  were 
a  portion  of  his  family.  Ilebalan,;es  liisacc.nints  regularly  andknows 
at  all  tiiiM's,  how  much  he  is  losing  or  gaining  by  |'iU!hcow.  He«-aii  tell 
you  tlR>  food  best  adapted  to  each  cow's  taste,  and  which  will  contribute 

most  to  her  milk  yit'ld.  ,.     ,       ^    u       i         i 

lie  knows  her  cNact  age,  knows  when  it  is  best  lor  her  to  breed,  aint, 
above  all,  the  c:  re  and  attenti..n  she  demamls  at  ins  hands,  and  l.e 
.-ivt's  it  to  her.  knowing,  as  he  <loes,  that  liy  so  doing  she  will  return  al 
a  hundred  lohl  to  him  in  the  shape  of  milk.     Milk  is  the  tirst  and  clint 
aim  and  end  of  a  ccav's  subsistence,  and  beef  tiie  last.     II  «be  ivi-eives  the 


best  noinisliing   food,  is  not  exercise( 


I  too  vioieiiily,  and  is  properly 


caret 


I  for.  she  will  vield  a  rieli  supply  of  milk  for  a  half  adozeii  yearsor 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


43 


a  little  more,  and  then  leave  a  fine  carcass  for  the  butcher.  She  should 
yive  (i(K»  •iiillons  ot  milk  per  annum,  and  she  will  do  it  if  we  will  do  our 
l)iut  towards  making-  licr  do  it.  For  the  GOO  gallons  of  milk  that  she 
^ives  us,  care  and  attention  are  all  she  asks  from  us.  This  is  not  onlv 
true  of  one  race  of  cows,  but  it  is  true  of  ail,  the  scrub  as  well  as  the 
finest.  This  is  what  the  Enjilish  liave  \o\\^  since  realized,  and  ihis  is 
the  history  of  the  tine  breeds  of  cattle  in  Europe.  They  are  line  bectause 
they  have  been  bred  up  to  it  by  care  and  kindiu'ss. 

The  American  who  comes  to  Europe  and  pays  $1(>,()(H»  or  $15,000  for 
a  bull  or  cow  may  be  truly  considered,  as  he  is  in  England,  as  hav- 
ing "the  American  (raze  lor  English  cattle."  The  (|nestiou  of  breed 
IS  a  rational  one,  but  why  shonhl  he  want  to  i)ay  such  extravagant 
prices  to  England  for  doing  that  which  he  can  do  himself?  The  his- 
tory of  all  breeds  of  cattle,  sheep,  horses,  mules,  dogs,  and  cats  show 
this.  The  breeding  of  stock  not  only  i)ays  well,  but  it  is  a  business  of 
absorbing  interest.  A  farmer  should  iiave  an  eye  single  to  these  (luali- 
ties  in  his  cattle,  the  calf,  the  milk,  and  the  beef,  each  of  which  has  a 
high  value  of  its  own,  and  each  can  be  develope(l  in  exact  proimrtion  to 
a  man's  elforts  to  develop  them.  Those  who  develop  tlu^  greater  num- 
ber of  these  recpiisites  t(»  the  liiglu'st  degree  of  perieetion  will  be  those 
who  succeed  best  with  breed,  with  milk,  with  beef,  aiwl  in  a  ])ecuniary 
point  of  view.  Care  and  attention  are  tlu^  foundation  of  su(U!ess,  anil 
rhereupon  is  laid  the  superstructure  of  the  re<piisitesmentiotu'd,  asui>er- 
stiucture  which  is  perennially  rei)eating  itself,  im])roving  or  deteriorat- 
ing as  the  foundation  is  kept  in  rei)air,  is  strengtlietied  and  improved. 


Ft'w  faiiners  in  America  are  there  who  have  a  «eniu 


pr. 
s  or  even  taste 


:1\V- 


Ibr  selection  and  classilicaticui  ot  animals,  but  at  the  same  tinu>  bydr 
ing  nearer  their  cattle,  and  observing  them  closely,  and  stu<lying  their 
wanis,  it  would  be  strange  indeed  if  a  marked  change  for  the  better 
were  ot  soon  i)erceived  in  our  own  home  breeds  without  dashing 
them  with  foreign  stock.  With  the  care  and  attention  given  to  cattle 
in  lOiigland  and  ow  the  Continent,  compare<l  with  the  slip-shod  manner 
of  treating  them  in  the  i;uited  .States,  it  is  in  no  way  strange  that  there 
should  be  the  dilfeieiice  that  is  so  palpalde.  V.'ith'  the  jtersonal  atten- 
tion, fee(l,  tS:c.,  in  ISelgium  a  <'ow  will  cost  her  owner  at  least  -"i^lOS  per 

he  pays 
mes,  and  most  ot  the  cows 


year.     If  she  gives  six  inindred  gallons  of  milk  in  that  time  si 

for  her  maintenance  and  attention  many  ti,.     , 

here  do  it.  If  you  were  to  tell  an  American  fanner  that  he  nuist  s|)end 
81<'S  per  ye;ii'  on  his  cow  he  would  wan^  to  consiun  vou  to  a  lunatic  asv- 
lum  at  once. 


THE   COST   OF   PRODrCING   FINK   CATTLE   IN  ENGLAND. 

^  The  Ibllowjng  will  give  an  idea  of  what  it  costs  in  England  to  have 
hue  cattle.     I  quote  froni  the  Fanners'  (London)  Journal : 

The  cows  are  lu-pt  lUKtcr  cover  for  nli.Mit:  six  iiioiitli  .,  and  ur.'  ticl  iii.  in  pairx  td  in 
one  house  iiii.l  Ml.oiit  ten  in  another.  The  urine  runs  into  a  htr-e  un.l.T.'roiiiKl  taiil< 
Irom  whieli,  wiieu  lull,  it  is  c  arried  on  to  the  i)astnre  l)v  a  water-eart.  Tho  food  of 
t  le  cowH  vanes  with  th.ir  eondilion,  and  the  nion^  milk  thev  an-  niving  tho  hi-'Iier 
they  are,  led  ;  but  when  dry,  or  n.'arly  so,  they  have  onlv  roots  and  hav  or  8tra\v.''nn. 
less  It  IS  (h'eide,!  not  to  U.'ep  them  for  the  i)nr|.o>es  of  thedairv,  in  w'hieh  ;-a.se  thev 
arumilkedand  lattened  at  tho  same  linie.  WIi.mi  fai  thev  sellf.r  al.ont  si,-,(i  -phe 
lollowint,'  IS  file  amonnt  of  food,  in  tons,  eon-nnied  l.,\  the  .-ous  «  hile  ii,  the  stalls  : 

Cotton  cake , .,. 

Barley  meal !,, 

i3ran :;::::; 'j 

Chalf(J  hay.  f  straw) ■" i"* 

Mnii<;eN.  |inli..d .(.'m 


it 


Hi* 
I 


44  CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARIMING. 

lu  addition  to  this.  13  tons  of  cotton  cako  are  used  duriiij;  tlie  summer.  It  is  some- 
wliat  difficult  to  estimate  the  uumber  of  acres  of  pasture  used  by  this  lierd,  as  t!u'  cows 
have  the  first  run  of  the  grass,  and  the  coarser  and  rougher  part  of  the  pasture  is  tod 
bv  other  fi  ock.    Possiblv  each  cow  may  consume  the  produce  of  li  acres. 

"in  the  \v  inter  montlis  tlie  milk  sells  for  about  2i  cents  jier  gallon  a  price  which  is 
hardly  more  than  sufBcient  to  cover  the  cost  of  the  food  and  atteiidance,  so  that  thu 
dairy'does  not  oftengot  back  more  than  the  manure  free  of  cost.  The  annual  expense 
of  labor  upon  each  cow  amounts  to  about  £2  ir>s. 

The  following  are  tbo  prices  of  some  of  the  foods  enumerated  above : 

QUOTATIONS. 

PhaMiix  pure  linseed  cake,  per  ton -  •  • ■ • '.    ,  ' 

Plnviiix  pure  undecortie.ated  cottrtn-cake  (future  delivery),  per  ton •>    |i  j-J 

Yellow  rape  cake,  per  ton  -,    .. 

riKcuix  pure  linseed  meal  (in  bags),  per  ton ^i!    J' 

PhdMiix  pure  cotton-seed  meal,  per  ton -50 

Yellow  rape  meal  or  nuts,  per  ton J.     „  .^ 

Plueuix  pure  palm-nut  meal,  per  ton '  , 

D.ecnticated  cotton-cake,  per  ton ii  J„  ^ 

Decorticated  cotton  meal,  per  ton •-- V'",' ""■■  n  co  n 

Clean  sieved  linseed,  suitable  for  feeding  purposes,  per  416  pounds  in  bags.  0  b2  0 

Per  ton. 
_  .  ,        ,  *     8.     il.         £     8.     (1. 

Linseed  cake:                                                                                                      ,  „  ,  ,. 

Best  quality,  Euulish 3  1"  n  ^  in 

Amenc..,n  thin '^    "  J  '^    J    J 

Other  qnalities  English 2/-'  Ti  ^    n 

American '  \^l  ^.  5     "    f^ 

Marseilles 7  12  0  /ir, 

Eaiie  cake,  East  India  eerd •'  i;^  "    " 

oth.T  descriptions i?    ''  "  r    0 

Cotton  cake,  best  Loiidoninulccoiticated ■'  ^f  »  '    " 

Cottcm  cake,  drcnriicated "    "  "  ^     " 

Cora  ami  niix.'d  cake,  English  make ■•-in  n  r    n 

Palm-nut  nu-al l'  ^V  ^  r    o 

I-ocust  lieaiis -,  ,.  ..     „     , 

Kice  schudts,  whole r  {''  "  'j    " 

ground "^  1"  ^  •*  '"    ' 

A  little  addition  here  on  the  part  of  twe  Anieriean  farmer  will  open 
his  eyes  to  nuuiv  very  startliii.n'  tilings.  It  will  show  him  that  a  eow  in 
Endand  ^ves  a  larj-e  and  rich  (piantity  of  niilli.  but  it  siimvs  also  that 
she"  would  not  Ite  a  payinj;-  institution  for  the  Anieriean.  Tlie  e.xamph.' 
o-ivon  above  will  have  to  be  taUeii  as  an  illustration,  thonjrh  in  my  (»piii- 
Ton  many  breeders  of  line  cattle  feed  miu-h  Jii-hcr  tliaii  those  above 
mentioned.  The  following,  taken  from  the  same  journal,  will  bear  nw.' 
out  in  this : 

Mr.  R.  E.  TunibuU,  of  Twver'.s  Wood  Farm,  Hedoii,  Hull,  who  has  gained  tli«>  royal 
prize  for  liaviii-  the  best-nianaged  dairy  farm  in  Yorkshiiv.  aithougli  haying  good 
itastnrcs.  whidipro.luce  a  hiuli  M'iMlilv  herbage,  iiivarialdy  supplfinriits  it  with  artili- 
'ial  food.  Now,  as  tlu-  geiMTalitv  .if  dairy  faniiers  ..n  iveii  coiiiparal  i  vtly  jioor  pas- 
tures do  nothing  of  the  kind,  the  fact  ai)pears  worth  knowing  that  Mr.  liinibiiU  con- 
siders himself  aiiijilv  repaid  for  his  eiiterorisc.  althongli  earn. mI  out  to  an  extent  of 
sunirising  liberality".  From  May  1  to  Octol.er  21  the  allowance  .d"  cake,  halt  linseed 
and  half  decorticated  cotton,  is  from  2^  to  7  pounds  per  animal  per  day,  necoidmgid 
-ize  and  age,  \yliili'  in  .Inly  tliey  have  green  tares  and  in  August  ;ind  Septeinlicr  ea!i- 
hages  in  a<l<liiioii.  Of  course  during  winter  the  ailowaiue  to  cows  and  heilers  yiekl- 
iug  milk  is  still  greiter.  comprising  tor  cows  ;{  pounds  of  linsec'd  cake  and  some  lij  to 
7  pounds  each  ot'cruslied  oats  jier  day  ;  and  heifers  '>  pounds  each  ejiherol  oil-cake— 
one-half  linseed,  the  other  half  cotton— or  cciual  proportions  of  linseed  cake  and 
crushed  oats.  The  other  winter  food  eonsists  of  jinlpi'd  roots  and  hay  partly  chatVed, 
or  ■when  oat  straw  is  good  it  is  iise.l  as  a  sulistitiite  tor  hay,  in  )iouiid>  ot  oat  straw 
beingioiisidered  an  i'i|iiivalent  lor  7  iioiinTis  of  hay.  Mr.  Tiirnl.oll  maker,  a  good  ]>\'i<v 
for  his  milk  paiilv  bv  retail  sale  in  Hull  and  partly  by  eonyer-^ion  to  luiih-ela-s  l.iitiei, 
which  sell-  for  1-.  7-/.  oiT  iiouikI,  ;ni.l  he  eilmiate^  that  he  leall/r-  1",(.  )„  1  Malh.u  tnr 


m 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


45 


It  is  HOIllO- 

,  as  t!ic  ci)W8 

lasture  is  foil 

s. 

rico  will  I'll  is 

',  80  that  thi' 

aual  expense 

ted  above : 


£  8.  a. 

1)  10  0 

(i  5  0 

G  10  II 

10  5  (I 

7  0  0 

7  5  0 

7  0  0 

6  17  6 

7  10  0 
0  52  0 


igs. 


Per  tou. 

a.     £  B.  (1. 

0  to  8  15    0 


8  10  0 

8  10  0 

8     0  0 

7  15  0 
()  0  0 
0  0  0 
<)  0  0 
0     0  0 

8  10  0 
0  0  0 
G    0  (I 

3  0  0 

4  10  (i 


'!■  will  open 
iit  a  cow  in 
v.s  also  that 
he  example 
in  my  oi)in- 
;hose  above 
I'ill  bear  me 


iie<l  I  lie  roval 
1  liiiviiit;  jjociil 
if  with  arlili- 
ifly  ]i(«iir  ii;i>. 
Tiu-iibiill  C()!i- 
)  an  extent  of 
',  lialf  linseed 
,  necoKlinjj  to 
■pteiulici'  rail- 
lieitfrs  yielil- 

Ull   SOUK)  oj  tl) 

rot  oil-ciikt— 
I'i'd  cake  and 
lartly  eliaU'eii, 
s  ot  oat  straw 

■."1  a  jJiKiil  ]ilii  i: 

i-(  la-s  liMtiii, 
I"  1  ualluii  tor 


all  liis  milk  t»  Thicliever  iiiii'))()se  aiiplied.       His  .siiiihiilt  average  iu  i|uautitv  is  lOi 
quaits  jicr  eow  and  in  winter  8  quarts  i)er  (^ow  per  day. 

Prol>aI)Iy  tlio  i)nl)licalioii  of  facts  iu  relation  to  tlio  luauajjouient  on  this  farm  will 
lead  to  the  eonvictiou  being  entertained  that  dairy  farmers  iu  {general  do  not  feed  high 
euonj^h.  'I'liis  is  especially  trao  of  thoao  who  convert  their  milk  to  butter.  Their 
pre  IJts  t  horoiighly  depend  on  the  high  quaUti/,  not  quaritilj/,  of  the  nii/fc— the  largo  propor- 
tion and  thickness  of  the  cream.  Consequently  the  addition  of  some  oil-cake  or  maize 
meal  to  the  ordinary  food  would  bo  almost  sun»  to  pay,  yot  it  is  uudoniable  that  on 
wretchedly  poor  pastures  milch  cows  aro  seldom,  in  ordinary  farming,  allowed  cotton 
cake,  maizo  meal,  or  anything  else  supplomentary,  although  fho  milk  they  yield  is 
appropriated  to  butter-making.  A  farmer  of  the  advanced  school  said  a  little  time 
since,  "I  cannot  atibrd  to  let  my  cows  which  yiehl  milk  feed  on  grass  aloue,"  utter- 
ing these  words  l)ecauso  he  saw  that  ]iarsiniony  in  their  feeding  would  bo  the  greatest 
possible  extravagance.  A  similar  rule  apjilies  almost  throughout  the  entire  dcmiain 
of  farm  husbandry,  for  not  only  IIk^  most  liberal  feeding,  but  bountiful  manuring  and 
highest  managenient,  will  be  found  in  most  cases  to  bo  attended  with  the  grelitest 
economy. 

This  feediiij?  I  have  no  <l(mbt  will  astonish  the  American  farmer,  but 
it  has  made  tiie  Knslish  eat  tie  "  blooded  cattle."  The  following-,  relat- 
ing' to  the  same  .subject,  will  I'lirther  demonstrate  the  imi)ortance  of  thi.s 
subject.  It  admits  the  Americans  who  lue  in  search  of  English  catttle 
behind  the  scenes,  as  it  were. 

\   CAUTION-   TO   GALLOWAY   UlfElODEUS. 

Galloway  breeders  have  special  reasons  at  the  present  time  why  they  should  bo 
careful  to  leave  uncastrated  only  such  I)easts  as  will  do  credit  to  tlio  breed.  While 
some  American  stockmen  have  begun  to  purchase  Galloways  on  the  well-founded  idea 
that  they  are  especially  adapted  to  their  severe  and  variable  climate,  yettho  reputa- 
tion of  the  breed  as  a  beef-producing  race  of  cattle  has  yet  to  bo  fairly  and  widely  es- 
tablisheil  on  tho  other  side  of  the  Atlantic.  In  many  instances  owners  of  ranches  aro 
only  making  inquiries  regarding  them,  and  if  inferior  specimens,  esiiecially  bulN,  are 
exported,  tho  ultimate  success  cf  tl  a  breed  will  be  seriously  injured  therebv."  They  will 
bo  judged  by  tho  samples  that  aro  sent  out,  and  if  these  compare  unfavorably'with 
tho  Shorthorns,  Ilerefords,  Polled  Angus,  and  other  varieties  with  which  they  are  al- 
ready ac([nainted  to  some  extent,  the  reputation  of  the  Galloways  will  sutler  in  a  juo- 
portiouato  degree.  Let  owners  of  herds  retain  as  bulls  onlv  those  calves  whose  per- 
sonal merit  is  good.  Apart  from  tho  quest  ion  of  personal  merit,  if  too  many  are  kept 
the  market  will  bo  overstocked  and  i)rices  will  lie  ali'eeted  thereby.  Wlieii  once  tho 
reputation  of  the  breed  has  been  firmly  estal)lislied  in  the  Western  .States,  it  will  t)e 
impossible  to  produce  too  many,  jirovided  they  aro  iiersonallv  of  siillleient  merit,  for 
tho  plains  to  lie  stocked  are  i)ractieally  illimitable.  But  iu  iht>  mean  tinieiliis  state 
of  matters  hus  not  yet  been  reache<l. 

Moreover,  breeders  of  pedigree  tJalloways  must  make  up  their  minds  to  feed  their 
young  cattlo  much  more  liberally  than  most  of  them  have  Iteen  in  iIk)  habit  of  doing. 
And  this  remark  applies  to  heifers  as  much  as,  if  not  even  more  so  than,  to  bulls,  fn 
regard  to  thu  latter,  it  has  long  been  known  ;liat  if  calves  were  not  extra  well  keiit 
they  would  not  lie  fit  for  service  when  yearlings,  and  henc.not  l)eiiig  marl-etable  at 
that  age,  awhole  year's  keep  of  them  was  lost.  This  fact  insured  bull  calves  beiier 
fed  liberally  in  almost  every  instance.  Hut,  with  comparatively  few  exceptions,  heil"- 
ers  have  lieen  very  siiaringly  fed.  It  has  not  been  customary  to  have  Gallowav 
heifers  dropping  their  calves  until  tliev  are  three  years  of  age,  and  this  has  alforded 
ample  time  to  bring  them  to  maturity  by  slow  degn-es.  IJut  the  circumstances  are 
now  entirely  ditlerent.  Breeders  of  iiedigreo  Galloways  must  look  to  the  American 
market  for  purchasers.  It  is  not  prot)able  that  American  stockineii  will  pui  (iallowav 
heifers  to  breeding  purposes  at  an  earlier  ago  than  is  done  in  this  countrv,  init  it;  must 
bo  borne  in  mindthat  when  our  Blackskins  an^  taken  to  theother  sideof  tin- Athuif  ie 
thoy  aro  put  alongside  of  animals  of  other  beef-producing  breeds  of  tho  same  a-'e  and 
if  they  are  not  as  well  grown  and  as  forward  generally  as  these,  their  reputation 'can- 
not but  sutler  in  a  corresponding  degree. 

Tho  breeds  with  which  they  aro  l)rought  into  comparison  in  this  wavaro  tho  short- 
horn, the  Ilerelord,  and  fho  Polled  Angus.  Every  one  of  these  has' been  liberally 
fed,  and  even  pampered,  and  therefore  it  is  a  severe  ordeal  to  which  tho  Galloways 
have  to  bo  sulyected  in  this  respect.  If,  therefore,  tho  breeders  of  the  south  coun- 
try Blacksknia  aro  to  do  justice,  to  t!,eir  favorites,  and,  indeed,  if  (hey  aro  to  bo  true 
to  their  own  interests,  they  must  adopt  a  much  more  liberal  systemof  feedin.',  and 
that,  too,  Irom  the  very  hrst,  than  has  hitherto  been  customarv  among  tho  rtiirk  and 


46 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY    FARMING. 


file  of  tbcui 

make  the  be 

most  valuable  cliaractPimt 


which  might 


Leasts  vaore  temler  aiul  lessen  thtbanu.HH  ._^  _^  „„„i.-rate  decree 

.ble  cl.aractPristics  Horn  ti  no  ""»'  '"  '  j,,  the  nafo  pivrnTvation  of  all 
of 'sWadv  good  keeping  ^vl.ich  is  n»'f.«  «?"  i\V,^^'  ;;;  , \  „.l  it  is  this  H.vst.Muatic  lib- 
the  distinctive  and  valuable  cliaracteristics  ot  tlwi.ru  ;';  •'  ,,^^    ,.,■..„„,.«...  is  important 


I  auu  viiiuii""  V......—  -;-  -  !,.,>,...«,.      Oiialitv.  ofioniMf,  is  iini>i>i'tant 

erai  feeding,  even  froni  calf  hood  which  ^^^^^  ^^^       a  this  can- 

As  I  consider  tUi«  subject  one  of  first  ""P^^^f'    f  ^o  the  Aiuencan 
stock  raTse?;  I  feel  that  it  cannot  be  pursued  too  lai. 

FEEDIXG-STUFFS. 

.     .       .■    >  i.„.inn'  delivered  in  the  Guild  Hall,  on 
rSv^Kra-  M-SaI^:^^^SS'^>;^er  the  anspiees  of  the  Strathearn  Cen- 

^^g/ESrr^S^i|l.at^e..od.>f.^^ 

First,  to  supply  combustible  "'''"•,■  ''J  '.'v'.  ...nlenish  the  we.n  and  tear  of  1  esh 
and  thus  keep  up  the  annua  ^y•'••"'tli ,  ^«  ';?;,„,,  and  llesl,  atoms  to  be  store.l  ,,,, 
aoms;  and,  thirdly  to  coutribteext,  at.  tt^  ^^^^^  ^  ^,j.  ,„..  a.utnal.     1  e- 

in  the  animal  structure  so  as  ^'\['^^'\'';Z,,,Lun-  and  other  saline  substances.  Ihr 
sides  these,  there  are  the  elements  of  bone  '"a^f  '  ,  fia-ture,  and  tlie  experience  of 
main  natural  fcedinu-stuft'  """^^  "^T^  ie.e nc    in •th'!;  mm^  P'opor  i-  cf  the 

overv  agriculturist  points  to  a  'lecidi  I  <l    •  i     c  .  ^^^^^„,,,,.     ^.,,,y  .i.Herence  „ 

pastiire  of  one  field  or  district  as  c-n  parul  n^^'^^^^  ;  ^^^^,,,.,^,,  „,,,,,,  „.e  water  present 
due  to  the  varying  proportion  "^  ^^'V;/^^  '..Ts" 'u  ordinary  dry  seams  or  dry  soil  eon- 
ranges  from  70  to  i)0  per  cent.  V>o  '  ^^  ^'*'';  ,„.  ,,„,„,,  f,„ils  the  water  is  increased  t,. 
tains  about  70  per  cent.,  whi  st,  >» 'W^ "?  /\;:  i ,  .t'.uvs  the  water  runs  as  h  gh  as 
SO  per  cent.;  and  iu  the  produce  of  irratu^^^^^^^^  (jonsequently.  it  follows  that  of 
90  lev  cent,  of  the  weight  ot  ll\«  «";;^,  i^!^^  ot' wat, 'r,  an.l  in  the  average  only 
overv  10  pounds  of  grass  from  7  to  0  F.'>  ''«  ""  j  ,  ,„at.Tial.  When  the  grass  is  an- 
one-hfth  of  the  total  weight  '-■'>"«'f,t^!  of  moisture  is  reduced  to  about  lli  per  cent., 
dried  and  becomes  tf  -  ;\'«  i:^'  s  of  wat  >,  and  I  ton  of  hay  contains  the  soli.l. 
so  that  only  one-sisth  ot  l'!>.J,^;"''f„'^,",f  ordinary  pasture  grass.  Turnips  eoutan, 
dry,  nourishing  elements  ot  fully  4  tons  oi  ^.^'cent.  of  onliuary  turnips  eoiisiM 

even  a  larger  average  I'^-^P^j;""  "J,  V  't u  ip  tl  ere  is  only  1  pound  of  dry  fe^din,. 
of  water;  so  that  lu  every  10  P°  "  f,  ;\  .1  .,\eing  equal  to  three-fourths  of  their 
staff.  Potatoes  coutam  -o  1"''  .'^  ;"^-  'V  < '  Vwater,  the  average  proportion  m  wheat, 
entire  weight,    Thecereascou  a  n  nn    ul^^^^^^^  ^^^  ,i.eir^vllole  weight ;  so  that 

oats,  &c.,  being  lo  por  f  "f;'  f,/,^^'*  f"  i„  ii„„.,a-cake  and  other  cakes  tho  moist- 
dve4ixths  consist  of  dry  feeding  matLTU.^^^l^  ^^^.^^^^^  ^^^^,^^,  ^^^^^j^^^  „f 

ure  averages  1-3  per  c.-nt  j^f  ;»  «  ,.  -Coi^Liering,  th.Meln.e,  the  <,uestion  ot  food 
and  seven-eighths  of  dr>  *  <_'7> '?"„„, ^  „f  jrv  solid  ma'ter  m  a  given  weight  ot 
thereby  in  the  light  oi  the  ''''''  \-;"\'\\',i,  ,iif  ,ull..ws  t  hat  to  obtain  sufficient  di^- 
the  respective  articles  t-usnine      .M l-^,  •"  •/,  ,„„„,,„  ,„•  ,;.,.,ling-ea_ke  ;  1  ponn.Kt 

solid  food  the  an.mal.ma>  pa.  UK.  «  <  ^       'J  ,,.       ,,„„,,;  r,  pounds  ..f  ordinary  dry 

ounces  of  cereals  or  ;.'''--'l''7'  ';'^\..'  '  V  irri-a  '■'!  li"'''^.  ^'>">  H' 1'<""'<1^  ^f  tunniw, 
pasture;  10  pounds  ot  succuleit^gi.ss  t.„.^^^^^^^^^  ^ 

When  the  respective  ^''f '»''■', ''f/'  ;.//;.  7,  "ulls  varv  even  in  a  greater  ratio  than 
properties  of  the  natural  ''"'^  '  V''  !  ^  ,  7ion  of  tlesli-fomnngor  albn.ninons  niat- 
the  percentage  of  moisture.  \'  V  ■  v  r  ■  v  'r  '  -.1  -JV  to  :{  p.r  en.t. ;  iu  liay,  lo  to  1;' 
ters  present  in  ordinary  ^'''''-^^.''r^^;', ;''''.»:.•  eet'it.  :  in  potat.,es,  Ui  i-er  cent.;  in 
per  cent.:  in  oats.  ♦)  per  eeu  .  "  '.''"J;,;,,!  ',,„.i  ...pe  cakes.  -J.',  per  eent.  It  fol. 
ftirnips,  three-fourths  percent.:       dum^^^ 

lowed,  therefore,  that  in  1  -'U  ot  '■^':,'.l'  ,.,,,, ),,.,,,.  ,,a>ture.  or  11  tons  of  j.otatefs, 
U  tons  of  oats,  or  -'i  tons  o,  hay,  or  'l'  Xl^y^nh^^U^  consume  tli.'se  respective 
o\  :53  tons  ..f  turnips:  and  ;'>';'^;''^,,;;  /  /  ;'^^^^      '   i  ilaran„u.nt  of  llesh-forming.r 

quanti.iesofthefee.hng-s  ul  n  l.o    l.a^^^^      ,^  ^^.^^^^  ,^,   ,,me,nbere,l  thnttb,; 

albumim.ns  matter.  At  the  ^;.''»\  '""'^  '  ...i,-,,.!  i,„inr.l  a  verv  large  i.rop.Mt ion  of 
amylaeeou.  or  st.rcl.  group  ot  ;.;;  1'  '  ,1 '  |  ,  ,  nportant  p;irt  iu  the  .ustena.,.. 
natural  and  artUie.al  vegetable-  '  7'  :,i;\'  ;'',,,,..  ,  ..l,,,'  an-l  llesh-formi.ig  Uunl. 
of  the  aninuU.  It  was  v';r>Yi;  ^  'j '.j  ,  '  j'  !  ,  af  v  ia  the  rearing  ami  fattening  „f 
such  as  feeding-cakes,  eould  be  ''"l   '  •  '  '  "  ^'  I,,;,,!,  i;,„s  kje.ds  of  Io.mI.     An  exc.'.siv,. 

stock  without   •='--!.''-''''l'\^  "[';",       ,7,  S         he  health  .d'  .•a.tle  and  stnok, 
quantity  of  cake  not  only  led  to      I     '    ';^     .^     .\^.i  ,,.,j  ....s.ed  throusrh  the  animal 
but  determined  much  wa.-,tc  ot   urn i.tion-.  !ii.,i.'  .    wu.^u  i 
8vstem  with  the  sole  result  of  enriching  the  manure. 


CATTLE    AND    I)>1RY    FARMING. 


47 


e  Aiuerican 


I  have  couHulerod  this  subjecit  of  Nutlicieiit  importance  to  inakt'  inquir- 
ies concerning  it  in  Enjilaml.  A  IVicnd  in  that  country  sendN  nie  the 
following  newspaper  extract,  wiiich  1  hope  may  prove  of  some  value  at 
home: 

KXri:iUMKNT8   'X   l''ATTKMN(i   8TKKHS. 

ProlcHSor  Brown,  oxporiiiK^iitdl  miporii  teiidentof  the  Ontario  Aj;riuultiBraI  College, 

writOH  in  his  oilJeiiil  report,  on  f  lit'  abovi^  Hiilijcct: 

lu  spt'akini;  of  Iho  wciglit  of  si  fiitfonnd  Htfcr,  and  the  daily  increase  it  makes,  we 
lmv(^  to  t'oiiNidcr  breed,  wciglit  of  calf  wlu-n  dropped,  food,  nianaj;eniont,  und  ago. 
Tho  nearer  birth  the  greater  tho  daily  rate  until  the  calf  weight  in  lost  among  the 
teu8-of-hnndreds.  Thns,  a  calf  weighing  7U0  )ioiiuds  is  duo  about  10  per  cent,  to  its 
birth  weiglit ;  the  yearling  that  weighs  1,000,  7i  i)or  cent. ;  tho  two-year-old  scaling 
1,500,  5  per  cent. ;  and  tho  iinishcd,  or  rather  the  over-fed,  show  beast  of  Ji,  000  pounds 
can  only  record  about  three  and  three-fourths  of  its  weight  as  obtained  from  tho 
average  birth-weight  of  7.')  i)onnds.  Until  tho  animal,  therefore,  is  over  1,000  pounds, 
we  should  always  remember  the  eliect  of  this  birth-weight ;  thereafter  it  may  be  left 
out  of  calculation. 

The  cxam])lo  I  wish  to  submit  to  our  breeders  and  feeders  now,  is  that  of  a  pure 
white,  thoroughbred  shorthorn  steer,  calved  Cth  May,  1881,  bred  by  Mr.  Hudson,  of 
Myrtle,  and  bought  by  us  from  Mr.  Hope,  of  Bow  Park.  On  the  lith  of  April,  when  703 
days  old,  it  weighed  1,710  pounds,  which,  of  course,  gives  a  daily  rate  of  "J. 4U  pounds; 
tho  calf-weight  from  this  would  reduce  tho  actual  daily  increase  to  VJ. 33  pounds; 
something,  no  tloubt,  but  not  enough  to  interfere  when  understood  in  ))ractice.  A 
yearling  steer  over  1,700  pounds  is  unquestionably  a  line  exanii)lo  of  what  breed,  food, 
and  management  can  do,  and  if  wo  do  not  spoil  him  he  should  scale  2,000  pounds 
when  two  years  and  four  months  old,  at  tho  Provincial  Exhibition  at  Guelph,  on  25th 
September. 

Some  interesting  experiments  were  also  made  for  beef  and  milk  with  Hereford  and 
Aberdeen  i)oll  grade  steer  calves.  On  this  phase  of  tho  Canadian  experiments  Pro- 
fessor Brown  says : 

Having  now  got  over  the  initiatory  work  of  establishing  herds,  and  acclimatizing 
breeds,  wo  are  diverting  considerable  attention  to  tho  making  of  grades  for  milk  and 
beef  respectively.  Our  ))rogres8  in  milk  exi)erinients  is  in  advance  of  the  other,  as 
evidenced  in  previous  reports,  as  also  is  this  advance  issue.  We  make  no  excuse  for 
this.  Our  past  beeiing  experiments  have  been  with  high-jrrailed  shorthorns,  and  the 
facts,  to  date,  are  sufllcient  to  base  upon  in  any  comparison  witli  other  grades,  as  we 
will  have  to  do  when  time  calls  ;  and  what  I  wish  to  do  is  to  i)hice  on  record  what 
our  farm  has  on  hand  for  such  a  ])urpoHe.  The  same  cows,  well-graded  shorthorns, 
aver.igiug  six  years,  that  have  been  used  to  i)r()diice  the  steers,  with  a  thorough-bred 
shorthorn  bull,  w(>re  selected  to  male  with  the  llerefoid  and  Al>erdeen  i)()ll  bulls. 
Necessarily,  one  of  the  ditilcultics  is  (o  arrange  about  eipial  liirlli-dates,  and  another 
is  to  got  bull-calves.  We  have  been  more  fortunate  with  the  hitter  than  tho  former, 
as  shown  by  the  following  list : 

Herclbrd  grade  steers:  Hth  April,  li-'82,  Huntingdon,  No.  lei  (ear  label) ;  (ith  Octo- 
ber, 1882,  Heat  hlield,  No.  11«  ^ear  label) ;  28th  October,  1882,  Hartford,  No.  191  (ear 
label). 

Aberdeen  poll  grade  steers:  y4tli  .Tunc,  1?H2,  Alierdeen,  No.  18:!:  27(h  June,  1882, 
Aboyne,  17!»:  2(1  August.  IHS'J,  Abernethy,  No.  1>'J. 

Tho  average  Hereford  steer  is,  therefore,  thirty-lour  days  yoiinijer  than  the  Aber- 
deen poll  average,  and  this  must  be  most  carefullv  noted  in  all  tiiture  rei)orting. 

On  lith  April,  1883,  tho  earliest  birth  of  tlui  lot,'  when  a  llrreford  was  one  year  old, 
weights,  ages  in  days,  and  daily  rates  were  as  follows : 


I 


Description. 


Ilcroford ; 

lliiutiiiKilon 
Ilciltlitlfld  . 
UaHfoiil  ... 

Aborili'oii  poll : 
AbiT<U'ou.., 

Aboyiio 

Abei'iii'tliy  . 


VV.iL'lit.Olli 
April,  I>Ki. 


I'diiutf. 
7!Kt 
5.-)2 
4U1> 

740 
7.V) 
670 


As;i'iii(lii\8. 


.■!0,'i 
18,-, 
103 

•-'80 
24;i 


I'ailyrato 
iiliucifuso. 


Pottnttn. 
2. 16 

a.uo 

3.02 

2.58 
2.  CO 
2.75 


A  miMti  of  2.73  for  tlu>  Ileriloiil  auil  2.01  for  tin.  AbcnltM'ii  poll 


48 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


FEKDi:«0  CATTLE  ON  TURNIPS. 

Tlio  fdllowin^  iiro  llii)  results  of  an  interesting  experiniont  uindo  by  Mr.  Robert 
LoRiin,  JJirkonsido,  Kiulftton,  wit.'i  the  view  of  testing  tho  comiiiirative  merit.s  of  Hliced 
and  pnlped  turnipHUHii  feed  lor  entile:  On  llio  lllli  of  Oelober,  ISSSi,  throo  Cuuadian 
bullocks,  live  weighta-^cwt.,  3quiirter.s,  wero  l)on},'lit  for  £()!  .'>«.,  or :i!»«. 5i§rf.  percwt., 
live  woicbt.  On  February  ti,  1883,  tho  sumo  animal!*  won)  wold  at  Hayiuurkot,  Ediu- 
burgh,  live  weight  4;;  cwt.,  14  pounds,  for  £10',,  or  48».  8rf.  per  cwt.,  live  weight. 
The  gain  in  weight  was  10 cwt.,  1  quarter,  14  ijounds;  in  monwy,  £40  15«.  Iheso  bull- 
ocks wero  fed  on  sliced  turnips,  of  which  they  consumed  218  pounds  per  )it  hours. 
On  October  11,  1882,  a  second  lot  of  three  Canadian  bullocks,  livo  weight,  :51  cwt., 
2  quarters,  were  bought  for  £(51  15».,  or  a9«.  vJArf.  per  cwt.,  live  weight.  On  February 
6, 1883,  these  wero  sold  at  Hayinarket,  live  weight,  3t)  cwt.,  2  quarters,  11  pounds,  for 
£101,  or  51«.,  per  cwt.,  live  weight,  the  gain  in  weiglit  having  been  8  cwt.,  11  pounds ; 
in  money,  £3.5  5a.  These  bullocks  were  fed  on  pulped  turnips,  of  which  they  con- 
sumed 1C2  pounds  i)pr  Iwentv-fonr  hours.  Lot  1  when  slaughtered  yielded  GO  per 
cent,  on  gross  live  weight ;  lot  2  when  slaughtered  yielded  (il  per  cent,  on  gross  live 
weight.  Both  lots  were  valued  at  the  siiiue  price  per  cwt.,  according  to  their  live 
weight  on  October  11.  When  sold  according  to  liv(»  weight  tliose  fed  on  pulp  uiade 
2«.  4d.  per  cwt.  more,  and  yiehled  one  percent,  more  bed.  In  addition  to  the  weight 
of  turnips  given,  as  above  stated,  each  lot  wero  fed  with  the  saino  proportion  ot  hay  ; 
those  fed  on  sliced  turnips  feeding  it,  in  the  ordinary  way,  trom  hecks;  those  led  on 
pulped  turnips  having  it  cut  amongst  the  turnips.  In  addition  each  animal  had  I) 
pounds  of  mixed  cakes  and  bruised  barley.  The  whole  were  fed  in  single  boxes.  Lot 
No.  1  mado  lOs.  «ier  head  more  tlian  No.  2.  The  former,  however,  consumed  5t5 pounds 
more  turnips  per  day  tlian  No.  2.  The  expense  of  pulidng  is  slightly  bigher  than 
slice  feeding,  but  the  value,  per  live  weight  and  yield  of  beef,  according  to  the  same, 
favors  pulp. 

FOOD  OF   PllEGNANT  ANIMALS. 

The  food  of  pregnant  animals  is  an  important  consideration.  Creatures  in  this  con- 
dition should  be  well  fed,  and  esi>eeially  if  they  have  to  acecomplish  a  certain  amount 
of  labor  or  yield  milk.  Tho  appetite  is  generally  increased,  and  therc^  is  a  tendency 
to  fatten.  This  tenc'ency  should  be  somewhat  guarded  against,  as  it  may  prove 
troublesome,  partioularlv'if  allowed  to  proceed  to  an  extreme  degree,  when  it  may 
retard  tho  development  of  the  foetus,  induce  aboition,  cause  diflicult  parturition,  or 
give  rise  to  serious  after  consequences.  This  precaution  is  more  to  be  observed  in  the 
second  than  the  lirst  half  of  pregnaev,  when  the  food  should  bo  identifiil,  but  not  in 
excess,  and  llesh  moni  .ibundant  in  the  animal  than  fat.  The  food  should  also  bo  of 
good  quality,  very  nutritive,  easy  of  digestion,  and  not  likely  to  induce  constipation. 
IndigeslionshouUI  be earefullv guarded  again-,t,  and  unaccustomed,  hard. damp,  bulky, 
fermentable,  moldy,  or  otherwise  burtfnlly  altered  food,  should  bo  avoided,  as  it  is 
likely  t()  prove  indigestible,  occasion  tympanitis,  and  produce  other  injurious  results.— 
Fleviimfs  Veterinary  Obatetrica. 


i  I 


FEEDING   OF    DAiUV   CoWS. 

The  honorable  secretary  of  the  Mun^ter  Dairy  School,  Cork,  writing  to  a  contem- 
porary, says:  There  are  sixteen  cows  in  milk,  calved  three  and  four  mouths.  They 
were  getting  each  dailv  from  .">  to  7  pounds,  according  to  yield,  of  following  mixture: 
Decorticated  cake,  bran,  and  Indian  <oru  meal,  with  four  stone  of  mangels  and  hay. 
The  return  not  proving  satislactory,  I  i)roposi  il  the  dietary  should  be  as  follows:  2 
pounds  bean  meal,  2  iiouiids  crushed  oats,  3  pounds  decorticated  cake,  3 J  stone  man- 
gels. This  feeding  was  commenced  en  March  UK  On  March  23  the  cows  had  to  get 
fan-saved  hay  (musty).     Note  the  lesult : 


March  3 
March  10 
March  17 


Butter. 


Pounds. 

67  ., 
OtJj" 


Date. 


i  Total  yield 
,  per  week. 


Set  for 
oream. 


March  24 
March  31  , 


Quart ». 

1,078 
1,107 


Quart: 
1,056 
1,036 


Hntter. 


Poundi. 

73 
ti9 


Fereentage  of  fat  by  Inctobutyronictf-r  :  March  9,  2.ffi. ;  M-irch  29,  2.7. 
These  returns  were  carefully  andaccurately  kept  by  Mr.  Smith,  thosui 


perintendent. 


t  for 
earn. 

Butter. 

uarli. 
1,050 
1,U36 

Pound*. 

73 
1)9 

ipfriutenUent. 


CATTLK   AND    DAfUY    KA 


HMING. 


49 


KATTENING  AMKUKJAN  (;ATTLK    IN    KNtil.ANI). 


VVo  8.;,>  l„„„  iiu-Hc  i'xW'M-.Us  what  iii.|K)r(a.ic,-  is  ii(|j,(!l„.,|  fo  tl...  huI, 

sJo«,l  then..     I  snlm.ir  thrso  ..xtra,.fs  lurun;;;!  ?x     lu   ^'^^^  ^  ""      " 

tn-.^r,  Ml  fills  (•( ■tioii,  tlic  saiiMi  iiMiiaiks  appiv  ,ur  «    v       is  ^ 

Mre      I'erl.aps  notl.i..;,  wonl.l  ^o  n.rdu.  toS^     '  "     .'    m  S/'^f 
iiiN  folly  III  (|,(.  paiHKi.oiiy  cC  liis  ((.(.(I in;,',  aii.l  Mu'  winf    ,(•.<.,.  :       i 
Kivt>sl.is(.at(i.s  rlia.i  t„  (.-II  l.in.  f  I.af  il  rm.n,    t|,        /,.;,;.  V'//.^.:^^^ 
I.«  Nl.i|.sto  K,.«Ia,i,l  .,.,1  fu  tlM.  Conlin.nt  a,.,    a     m         |.    ',  E  r  ' 

pn  stork  nrs,.rs  afU-r  arrival  an.l  (I,.,  Huropca,.  syi  '  '  .  ,v  ^i 
loocl  appiu.Mo  fl.,.,,,  a,i,l  <Iom1>Io  proli.s  arc  .valiznl  on  (l.nn  vI.'m,  S 
A,ii(.n(;an  niiKlit  have  pockct.Ml  lliis  l,y  tlio  .san.c  alfc-ntion  o,  .is  ■  't 
nn.l  iit  CSS  j.xp.„,s,.  as  his  loo,!  is  rhrap.-r.  Jl'  i  |,a,|  .h.s  •, '  „  Hi^^ 
otter  alMMHlriM  .llMst.at.o.is  of  this  (hat  have  con.e  within  ,„y  ow"  ot 
m-vatiou.    This,  however  is  the  most  satisfacK.ry  one: 

AN   AMKIUOA.V   OX. 

Ill  tho  (Irst  im,,„rtnti..„  oC  livoNtuck  from  Ainnica  i„t„  CanlKr  wiis  iwl.it.,  si,..-. 
Iiorn  ox,  Ml  (h..  uionlh  of  .h.l.v.     II,.  was  (niimfrin  <1  l.y  his    mi  •    ih.,   i. 

liiNcotiipanion  Im  ma.  (^  k<'"<1  pro-ivHH  won  a  nii/o  in  inr-    •,,„    ,t  i  i  ''"""•*"  ' "."  <<'i' 

HO  ..on,  iH  po„a.is,  ..ai;:;iu«  lo..  his  ,v...;  ^.i^i^:  ';;/.-y,;'y:iiii:is;/r;e/;^'"^''^" 

Persnasioii,,scol<linj;',  an.!  arfrinneiit  aiv  miiicc»  .ssaiv  toshowom-  i.eo 
I.  .;  their  lolly  Ml  their  ne_^.Iect  of  (.attle  when  we  havesuel.       „     1,1  .s 
tliKs,    A(  a  n>ceiit  exhibit  on  in  Paris  a  ('ana<lian   eow  was  nni   e  sal Iv 
a.lrinre.  ,  and  when     MiMnire.l  to  what  breed  she  l.elo„ne,|,  (Ik,    W  i 
".anoniysM,,^'«<.,    his  shoul.U.rs  an.l  sai.l  slu-  <..iik.1vo  ,.  A  ine.i        s 

ur      I  inquired.    "\VelI,"sayshe,  uh,„,,,i,,|,„„,  hriished  her  every  morn 

cake,  1    Ml  aiK  hay,  and  kep(  her  in  (lu  .  .all  all  (he  (in.e.     81,,'  has  ho    , 

.If  will  be  on  exhibition  at  the  fair  two  years  hence,  and  I  am  sure  u  il 

...«:rir,;,";;^  r.\rj';::;;;,vr:i  •.;■„;;;,•';•  "■  ""■*■  ""•■"■ "-  - 

KXKitcittic  I'ui:  cows. 
^'^"^'^y'u^l^luTj:^^^^^^  -i'.-  .-V  .■.■.,..i..o«  1. 

.lra(;t,  „,.on  Iht  nysKMn  wi,iH.  nml         ',:,:'  ,^  '  Iv' T^    '".      '   "!''"'  •"•'^'"'""'  '^ 
!'nHli..'t.or|.,M|,a|.,sl,„tlM.|r..,t.smavl...a  .    '       V  .^,  ''''••"'  "  '"'^  '"  '"•''  '"'"^ 

.■x-rtin«  .ho .........  TiHTo  is';' ,  .:;UJ;n :.}'  r:; ,''::,  :rv.';::;'^""-'  '-^  •>-  ''■--' 


Vt'li-t her  jiiilch  cows 


wasiin.r  his 


»i   iiia.-i(N  oi'  i 


•asicn  of  (his  lul...  :.,h1  ho  who  .•.■mi-^.'s'Ih 


tai 


in(.;inMor  iirolit.     'Il, 


niKlcn,  lo  niak..  oxon 


^  ail  I  ma  1...;. 


•  N  a  path  that  will 


linwiNo  than  thr  .jaiiv 


il.  Ex.  51 { 


'•iiiaii  who,  having  a -iv.n  ioa.lt. . 
"■MNiivtw..nt,v-iiv..  mih.st,.  r.a..|ihis.k.st 
I'liin  who  trans.,.s  his  cowa  to  .lo  •::,  por  cotit 


ions  that  colli. 1  ho  avoid...! 


m.iv.'  twenty  mil.s, 
illation,  is  nut  nioio 
nioro  traviijiii^-  an.l 


no 


OATTLK  AND  JMIUY  FAKMING. 


rxcrliidi  lliiiii  \n  iiott'HMmy  to  Niip|>ly  MiitiiNclviis  with  fmnl.  Tliis  iimy  hcciii  likoMpiii- 
iiiii^;  .'1  (inn  llii'i'iiil,  liiK.  il,  is  Mm  nuiii  iif  Hiii'h  llirtMclH  I  hat  <l(i(iM'iiliiiit  tll«  iiurHt.ioii  of 
lirulit  Willi  llMKliilrvniaii.  Tim  Iomm  in  milk  inoiliu'liiiii  by  iiuiro  truvnl  in  urii/.iii^  thiiii 
id  iicet'Nsiiry  for  niiiinlaintii;,'  llii»  lioaltli  iiiul  vi(,'oi'or  u  Inrd  of  covvm  Isortcii  vtfiy  con- 
NidcnilHi).  Vtry  fow  licnls  iiio  fitMt  from  Moinu  Iohn  ia  Miis  diri'dioii.  In  woodliiml 
jiimfnrcH,  nnil  ron^Ii  hikI  hilly  ones,  iind  In  riiiiKCH  nccM'XNurily  lar<;o  ImcanNd  (ho  land 
in  |iu(ir  and  (immI  Hciiiry,  tlm  yield  of  milk  Ih  alwiiys  infcritn-,  lu'in;;  r.nt  hImiiI,  liy  tlm 
lonK'diHtancisnci'UMMiiry  (o  ti'avol  for  ;,',itliiTiu;L?  a  tiipiily  of  food.  Tim  Iosh  in  milk 
from  /('I'din;:  in  ))aHtinvM  of  snrli  a  I'liiiractcr  a.s  to  rciiiiiro  cowm  ti>  Un  all  day  in  lillin;; 
llH'inMolvfs  may  Im  plainly  hcou  l>y  any  observant  farmer.  A  dillerenco  of ','.'»  or:tt)per 
ft  nL,  and  t^ven  of  r»0  per  cent.,  will  bo  easily  mado  lietween  miii;Ii  faro  und  a  full  mip- 
ply  of  feeil  easy  of  acci'ss,  either  by  ^riizinj;  or  by  soilmK- 

l.ar^o  ranges  of  past  ores  are  mtadvisablo  for  eowsin  milk.  It  is  butter  to  mipply 
only  I'laslure  enonj;li  to  fnrnish  fj;ra/,in,-.r  till  nva»>*  be;;ins  (o  fail  from  dry  wealiier,  and 
to  supply  the  herd  with  soilinic  <rops  tlirou^'li  tlu^  middle  of  tlm  summer  at  b'ast.  The 
siivinu  ill  land  whent  land  has  mncli  valiiii  is  enou>{li  by  tiiis  eouise  lo  i>ay  for  all  the 
eMia  labor  it  oe.asioiis,  and  tho  iiiereaso  of  milk  whicli  will  be  j^ained  beeomes  ii 
sonree  of  increased  prolil.  One  would  hardly  ima;,'ii'0,  until  he  tries  it,  how  inueli 
the  yield  of  milk  for  the  season  will  be  aUjLtu.eiiled  by  sn.li  a  eoiirse.  In  llmliivst 
plaee.it  saves  the  cows  an  imiiu'lise  deal  of  travel  if  they  eali  havct  their  feeil  pre,- 
sented  to  Ibeiii  in  the  siabie  or  other  convenient  plaee,  instead  of  their  having  to  run 
alter  it.  Then,  it  olieii  saves  Ihein  a  ;;reat  deal  of  depressinj,'  exposure  to  sun  and 
storms  and  llie.s.  They  are  enaMeil  ;ilsii  to  make  better  use  of  the  food  they  eoiisiinie, 
by  reason  of  liavin;^  nmn^  leisure  for  rnmiuatin;;  tliau  they  can  li.ive  if  they  havo  to 
)»'iek  theirliviii^  by  eoliNtanl  travel.  The  Klim  of  all  tle.se  advaiilaf^es  has  a  telliiur 
I  lieet  upon  the  res'ouif  cs  of  the  faiiiur,  and  ho  eaniiot  alford  to  i;;iioie  them.  11  hi' 
has  nmgli  pia'  es,  wooiiland,  or  thin  pastures,  wliieli  will  mIIoiiI  only  neanty  leed,  it  is 
beile*-  to  juit  voiiiii:  sIik  k  upon  it  to  pick  the  seaiity  feed.  They  eaii  use  it  without 
loss.  They  ri''i(uire  eorisider.ibie  exercise  to  work  oft'  th<ir  sur|ilus  eiieij^rjer*,  and  to 
pionioti-  ;,'rowth  of  I'liime  and  assimilation,  and  they  won't  mind  the  travel  neet^siiiy 
to  uallier  the  f;rass  Iroin  siieli  places,  li^it  the  milch  cow  which  has  her  eiier-i(.,.< 
taxed  to  the  nimost  to  ehib<u:ite  )t  bouulifill  llowot  milk  has  no  vital  loreo  to  mikiic. 
She  needs  to  husband  to  tlie  best  advaiita.^e  all  she  has  to  enable  her  to  do  her  lull 
wiuk,  anil  the  tanner  wiio  intellij^eiitly  plaus  his  opi-rations  will  ni>are  her  all  thuex- 
ertiouii  ho  poss.ibly  can. 

CATTLE   SHOWS   IN   KNOLANU. 

If  I  fiikT  on  Niicli  iiiiiticiiliirs  it  is  because  J  syiiiiMitliizc  keenly  with 
tlie  DepiU-tiuent  in  itselioits  in  Iirlialf  of  American  cattle,  and  beciiiiso 
it  (seenis  to  uie  that  notliinj;  would  he  ntore  vahiahli!  to  our  breedei.s 
than  the  experience  of  conntiies  tiiatsnri»ass  tisand  have  hron;,dit  their 
cattle  to  such  a  hi-h  stand. ud  of  perfectitin.  Tiie.o  tire  other  consider, 
ulionsthat  must  not  lie  i-iiored  that  have  contributed  t(»  the  adviincc 
meiit  of  the  standard  of  lOiirojiean  cattle,  iindto  leave  this  consideration 
nnmentioned  would  be  to  make  niy  disi»at<:h  imi>erfeet,  viv;,  cattle  shows 
or  exhibitions.  Apart  from  tln^  interestantl  benelit  that  a<;erne  to  Eii. 
irlaiid  from  havin"  line  cattle,  the  .system  observed  in  iliat  eonntry,  and 
lo  a  less  extent  on  the  ("ontinienl.of  liavinji'  what  is  calh'd  shows, olVei.s 
adtlitional  stimnliis  and  incentive  to  have  line  cattle,  tiiwt  has  eattscd 
liiecattle  of  Europe  to  \)ii  piLshal,  as  it  were,  to  the  liij,di  point  whicii  tluy 
have  attainetl,  and  keeps  them  there.  It  has  cau.setl  common  slock  lo 
disappear  eiilirely  IVom  lIuroiM'. 

in  Kii-land  lor  excry  ilistinclive  breetl  of  cattle  tnere  is  a  society  lo 
look  to  the  interest  and  its  advancenn'iit  Tins  is  done  by  shows  ami 
exhibitions.  There  is  a  Shorthorn  society,  a  dersey  society,  a  Devon, 
a  Siuiihilown,  and  a  Cart-hoi-e  society.  \Vlii're  sticli  ket'ii  rivalry  i> 
excited  as  is  done  by  llu-.'-e  iiiiineroii.s  societies,  ail  lia\  in;;-  fid'  their  .spe 
cial  aim  tin'  advancement  of  thedilleieiit  breeds,  il  is  in  no  way  enrimi.s 
tiiat  scrubby  cattle  of  eveiy  kind  have  disappeared  and  that  lliey  liavf 

1),...;;  j.,,11  v,.i<!)i(|  i'lfd  Ifloofled  c:!!!!'.'.      'Jhis  is  a  truth  thnf  it   seems  luine 

shows  Americans  tiiat  they  have  but  to  olfer  the  .sjime  inducements  lo 
jieeompli.s*h  hke  restdts. 


lymu'in  liko  Npiii- 

0  tlir  i|llriHt.i()ll  of 
<1  in^ra/iiifj  tliuii 
in  ol'tcii  vtfiy  <:«iii- 

tii.     Id  wooilliiiiil 

llC('llllH<^    llio    lltllll 

rill  Hliorl,  liy  tlln 
'I'Iki  loHH  ill   milk 

1  all  iliiy  ill  lilliii;; 
icnoT'^'i  or  :H)|U'r 
I'U  Ullll  ii  full  Miip- 

litittttr  to  Mii|)ply 
dry  Weill lior,  Ullll 
itM'ut.  loiiNt.  Tim 
Id  ]>ay  1(11-  all  Mm 
iijni'd  Imm'oiiioh  a, 
ii'H  it,  liow  imuli 
IH(1.  Ill  llitt  liivst 
(1  their  I'eeil  |ne- 
I'lr  liaviii;;  to  run 
iHiiro  to  Niiu  anil 
111  they  eouMlinie, 
'  if  t  liey  liavo  to 
f^es  has  a  telliiit; 
ore  I  hem.     It  ho 

ncaiity  fet'il,  it  is 
III  iiFe  it  wilhoiit 

elier;rJ4.N,  jukI   t,, 

travel  iieeeMsary 
liiiM  her  eiieiMic,., 
li  Ibieii  l<>  Hjiare, 
ler  to  ilo  her  full 
■i!  hur  all  till) ox- 


;c  kct'iily  wiih 
,  ami  lu'i-iiiisc 

our  br»:t'(U;i.s 

l)i<)ii;,'lit  tlicir 
tlicr  consider. 
»  the  inlvaiicc- 

coiisidi'fiitioii 
;,  cattle  nIkiws 
accrue  to  En- 

country,  ami 
I  sliows,  ot'lfl.S 
it  lias  caused 
lit  wliicli  till  y 
iiuoii  slocli  to 


'--•nveeili,,.;,, -1  u^;  ,      J^^-        -  ^  Mate  t.u .|  , -,  : 

"•'t  l.^.v  I..C.U  worth  uliiie  lor  1.  •  So  1  ,nk  "  ''  "'"r"'^*'''-  "  «""''• 
ir  llM'.v  l.a.l  heeu  its  iufertor  iu  aH  ,s  ,t.  .'"'!' "^  '"'""  '"  ^'^'''•^''•" 
'^"-^v  with  ahi.ost  exactness  tha  I  !;^;  u'  7  "  ^\^T'  "'»-'''''-"<"  ^vt, 
l..-:!ut,n,  was  the  spiendul  s    ,1'  .'^,    ■'•,";':  '  ''"^  ..-n^rel  ,,..,., 


witii  llie  hest  l)r(e<|s  in  lOiirope. 

What  lesson  does  this  teach    \i, 
liai   '      '     ' 


•  ••''".thai  now  ln.!dse(|inilrauk 
M±''V'     '!-^i"»"sthen.on,h ,e 


liiiiid  what  care  and  atle„(i„„  will  do  •.,„|  ,„.  '    •^"   "  "^  i"''"'  ""  "' '<' 

-'"  •""';••      't  shows  then,  that      /e    ;;.,;.'';;  '•''!■  ^^'''''  ..e;,li.ence 
'^'><'  ""<l  utiention,  and  iln.r,  we  h   v.      i.  '      ''•  "  ''"*''^'i»"»  •»» 

••..Itlc  that  we  now  re-a,d  as  sc.n   s  »«'H«urtvs  n.  the  races  of 


nii'diMs  ()|.'  jji,, 


"•""•'>   <'ATTi,K    ,NT„    ,,„,    v^VVKU   ST 


A't'KS. 


Mr.  Wade  Ilainidon,  sr   ol'Sonii,  /",.   i- 
'•niK'  Dnrham  race.     I  (hiidv       s  u-?.  .1       .  .V""^*'  "«'••' <'"\vs  and  Indls 

-<•"" ""-'i.u. this stocir'!;.:;^^;!^*  ;•,;•;>;;'•• '--- <"•  17s;;.  ,;, 

'-m'-.ncattlcor,hcnci;,ld.or!n,o.Ior      L   H        S     -'':^^ 

Mdcra.Iv  l.y  what  was  soon  kttown  as  tin-  ''        i.'^;  ..;      "  V  t''^^  '•""• 


llain|.|()ii  stock. 


iil'l''''''  I"  <»ur  horses. 


'  "'■  <';>ttle  may  he  etjiially 


Tin:    AIMKIMCAN    I'.MntllKS    AT    KAll.T. 
With  a  \  ir-in  soil,  •,(  hie..,.  .,,,.. ■  ... 

" ^'1""! -i .mvm,  1,1,. I.,:..;;,,.!:  ';:'„'■;;  '';,;;!'"''•  «"■■■'  ■-'•--..« i 

'  ■■'■"■'i>n* ....  i.i.s  ,«„■, ;  i,i.  ,„,,,,,..,  it  ',;':,';;;.,■„  ,,;;,','■'»::  r'"' »:;'".► 


■pf  <'M>i;il  iMceuid,  that 


62 


CATTLE    A\J)    DAlllY    FAKMING. 


of  the  mc'cliatiic,  tlio  urtisiiii,  aiui  ollici's  in  tlicir  iiKuliictivc  iicljicvc- 
iiK'iits,  wiieii  loss  iiieut::!  aii(l  lalMuious  cllurts  arc  rciiuiird  Irom  liim 
tliaii  any  otiicrcalliiiiuto  anivoat  rtpially  siH'ctssfiil  icisults.  1  am  jilad 
to  .sec  liic  l)t'i)arfiiM'nt  takinii'  liiiK>  l)y  flu^  torclock,  and  (li»iii,n-  loi-  tlie 
fanner  in  ils  I'llorts  to  cioad'  (iio  standard  of  onr  cattle,  tliat  wliicli 
density  of  jjopidation  will  Ibrcct  snccecdinj;'  i^encialions  to  do. 

Nearly  all  of  our  States  liave  aj;ricnltnial  dcpaifnicnts  connected 
witli  tlicir  Slate  ^oveiiiments.  If  cacli  State  would  Iiold  a  seiics  of 
fairs  or  exliibilions  of  all  ajiritniitural  [irodncts,  with  liberal  indiicenient 
ill  the  shape  of  iin'iniiims  for  the  best  native  breeds,  re(iiiirin<>-  the  ex- 
iiibitor  to  ,uivc  a  full  account  of  the  father  and  inotI>cr  of  tlie  cattle 
tlieyexliihit,  the  mean  ti'iiiiierature  of  the  (country  from  which  the  cattle 
came,  tlie  nature  of  liio  subsoil,  Ibod,  and  other  thiii,i;s  that  would  re 
«iuiie  a  hjjiher  and  more  ihoidu.^h  kiiciw  led.!.ve  on  the  pail  of  the  farmer 
con<'ernin«-  his  cattle,  if  would  j^'o  far  to  elevate  the  standard  of  home 
breeds.  This  is  not  speculative,  it  is  a  certainly,  sinie  the  same  system 
works  so  well  in  laiiope. 

I  would  rt'commeiid  also  toeach  of  our  Stati"  a,i;ii(a!!tural  departments 
to  ])urehase,  say  one  hundred  of  the  best  of  our  common  mon.^ix'l  cattle, 
bn'cd  and  care  Ibi-  them  by  the  most  iioproved  methods,  au<l  try  to  solve 
tin-  pioblem  of  how  loii;^'  it  leipiires,  with  care,  to  make  a  breed  ot  callle 
l)Ure.  My  icastai  for  meiiti<M!in!4S>)  ^icat  a  number  to  experiment  with  is 
this:  Out  of  one  hundred  ;.'attle  cxi)erimeiits  could  In-  made  to  dev<'lop 
certain  (pialiiies,  such  as  those  that  would  yive  iIh-  lii/^iiest  (luantityol 
milk,  like  the  llolsleins  or  SlKU'thoiii :  anil  ol h<>rs  t hat  would  ^ive  the 
best  (piality  of  milk,  like  the  -lerscy  ;  those  that  would  ;;ive  miik  for  a 
certain  »)iialify  of  cheese,  like  llie  i'lelchct,  iVc.  'I'he  icsults  of  these 
tests  mi.uhl  be  shown  at  a  nacional  <u- a  perm.iiieul  inlernatiojial  (exhibi- 
tion, to  be  held  ill  some  .•eiilral  point,  where  ail  those  who  take  an  in 
terest  could  see  the  icsull  ;iud  iieiietit  i»y  it.  from  this  number  of  cat  lie 
woi  thlcsscatllecoiihlbe  thinned  out  and  the  liest  retained  fo  breed  from. 

1  inclose  list  cf  ••A-ricultiiral  shows"*  lii-ld  in   iMi.iilaud  the  prescnl 
vea.r.     Tiiis  (hies  not    iiieludti  the  different  society  shows,  such  as  llu- 


Shoithniii   SoeictN,  li.e  Jeisev.  ill.'  Carthorse 


Mid 


huiidi 


•f  oil 


ler 


socielies.  We  havt-  two  cattle  to  one  in  lln.i^laiid,  <Mir  population  i.- 
nearly  (haible  that  of  I'^ii:nlaiid.  and  iii  iiileliijiciiee  and  ]»olish  the  Amer 
icaii  iaiiiter  is  superior  to  the  fiiiropeaii,  but  in  practical  results  he  \n<^^ 
far  behind. 


•iiii:   \-Mi;iMc A.\  ci.'A/i:  j'oi.'  i;.\(iijsii  <'Ar ri.i". 


Tlic  l']n,ulish  farm  ■!■  finds  aiioll.ei-  iiidiucmeiil  in  hasiii.u-  (iiie  cattle 
o\er  those  of  our  ow  II  e<»iiii!  i'\ .  and  this  i^  in  "llie  Aiiiei  lean  ciazc  ler 
I'ln.ulish  callle,"  as  this  <  \1  lael  fioin  the  Times  will  show  : 

Tlie  AniiTira:i  lit'lil.iml  is.is  ;^i\rn  jjrn  luiil  riUlc  :il  ln'i;;lil(lifil  |ii<sii  jun  aiiit  lictln 
I II  id's,  lint  tlic  iiii|ifliis  lias  111  III  mil  li!im  i  ijiiai  In  I  ii.il  ai  rmdril  li>  i  ill'  Alii'idi  III  lilmk 
i'oil-'.  'Jill'  ixIiaunliiKii  V  aiUaini-d  |iriris  n-ali/iij  Inr  the  iimn;  (ashioiialili'  strain. 
lit'  llifsi'  i.-ist  s'-asnii  all  v\rll  UimxMi,  and  iiki.v  acinar  liUrl.v  iliiint;li  in  l>i'  I'lilly  mi>- 
taiiK^il  t'lir  sunn-  t  inn'  In  <  nliir.      'Ihi'  ilisjirisinn  of  t  lie  Hi  iili;il|i|i'iill(  il  lirld  on  llu-  |;;i|i 

Hi' Si|i1i'|iiIh  r  aD'oitls  Miiiirniit  t'valri if  I  Ills,  wlicn  sii.iH' III'  I  In'  rmli- si  rains  were 

•  lisjKisiil  lit'  nf  liiarvfliiiis  li.^nns.  Tlii'  Pi'iilis  Iki'iI  pli'lt;,  liiilili  llu-  same  |i(isiliii|i 
animiu  iIm-  lihek  I'.ilU  as  1  )iii!ii-<M's  do  li>  Nlin;  |  li.ii  ii-<  ;i|iil  at  lli.'  '1  ill;, Cull  f  salr  iii 
I --11  Mr.  !{.  f.  .\i)ld,  Mil'  I., MHT  of  I  111'  r-riil'4i'iid  lifid.  v.-'.  Iriii|i!i  d  lt>.t;ivi''JTO  Kiiinc.o 
liir  .1  li'ina'f  •  if  tin-  ti  ilif.  Ai  l  lial  i  inif  hi  -i  invi'stimiit  was  Inulvid  ii|iiin  a.s  aliiinst  us 
^rrat  a  iiieic  uf  f<.ll\-  as  .Mr.  Plait's  ]iiir'  liasr  of  llif  Ifi'irlVid  Imll  lluraif  in  Ij-TI!  ai 
:.••'.}  •/i!'!^:  :!--    ■..:■  !  .-.id  rii,'li:odii!"''-;  '  '■! !id  liid  m'   l.'i'"l  v,iU!H':im  l-ii-   hnlci.  .if  Ci,;, 


■  I.i'-t  jmlili'iliid 


Muinidi:i(i  l\ 


r.ill, 


iy\  in;'  iliis  ri'piirt. 


ivc  iichii'.vc- 
il  lioiii  Iiim 
1  am  .u'hul 
DJiij;-  lor  tli(! 
,  tliat  \\iik;li 
lo. 

I  a  Nciics  ol' 
iiidiicciiic-iit 
liiii;-  the  ex- 
4'  tlie  ciittlc 
•h  tlie  cattle 
it  would  re 
the  tanner 
irrt  of  home 
iame  .s.yslem 

l<'|»artmeiils 
i,!;iel  cattle, 
try  to  solve 
rd  ot  cat  lie 
incut  with  IS 
'  to  dev<'lo|( 
<liiaiitity(»r 
iild  a'wo,  the 
e  miik  ioi'  a 
Its  of  these 
•  )jial  <'.\iiil)i- 
i  lake  an  in 
herotcalllc 
inced  iVoMi. 
the  present 
sin-h  as  tlie 
tls  of  oilier 
ipulation  is 
I  the  Amei 
•nils  he  la".s 


:  fine  i-attic 
an  naze  ler 


Kill  aiiii  lii'tii'i 

Ih'kIc  III  Itljiik 
iliiilili'  ^t  iMiii> 
I    111'    I'lilly  Mi>- 

I'l  (III  till-  i;;iii 

!•  nI  ImIils  Were 
s.'iini^  |iiislliij|i 
I;,  ('(iin-  s.ili'  ill 
n''JTO  j^iiini'.i, 
I  iis  aliiiiiNt  IIN 
lie  in  l!-T()  ;ii 

huki-  111'  <'i.;! 


CATTU.:    AND   DMRv   Vau 


MINO. 


Mini  ot   l,:i(ir)  Mi|j,„,.,,      I    r.       .•        '■'"'  •"   '■•'«'  nil. nth   .,,,,1  ,!,..  11,       ''  '  ""  <""r  wcro 
.-.Id  fTMini.as,  tlie  |,i.i,„,      .-.i;, .'  w  "  ''"'r''  ■'  ^"i'"'^-'^.  I>nl  Ium' yea  ■  |i    /       i' V^^''''^''''"^ 

extraorilinarv  fi.r  rows  ,,     I       ■       "i;i><'.-n.s  („  |,„  all-ir,-all  to  •loll  1        A'".''''"'--*- 
in.inen.e  (o  re.na  I's  -iV  s    o  i'     r"'  '''■"■  ''''''  ^''''^WiTn  I    a  ■    i.,     i'^i  '""■  >'".'l'inf,' very 

-i  ves  (  he  avna-es  an     I,  :,,:''•  "T"'-   "^  ''''-'l  "  '«•     The  .C    h        .;■'"',""'."'•"■'«"'<'. 
«.lo.  .  hieh  are-is  t'  n^i^ln"-''  ""- d  |niees  of  ,,he  ,-"  n' ipai  V^/S^^liirilf 7,;^^ 


TlillOH. 


Avorngo. 


.'1  Villi's 

T)  I'lirlPM ]""  "" 

:Mi  iiiiitM 

riil,.«r,n.l„ii(softlio(Jn;.o;;K,;,-,;,];,ii,;-;;- 


price. 


•'"•  "!   0        r^'iri  10 
nii   .t   II  I       ,,,,,  ,„ 

-  "    7  1        |^J  I,-, 


riiis  is  how  Amoiicin^  i     1     1  •  ~~^    ~^  ~" — 

i^..«iHnd.  With  sneh'p. .  's' ;;;  rr;:, ';:■;'■"-  ^""^  --"^  '•^'-tion  pav  in 

"f'-ruise  sp,Mnl  nearly  s,,,.,     "r      ^  ^     '"!"  ''='"  ^^•<'"  ="1Wr,l  to  fe.'l  ^ 
(K'lis;  HI  line,  then,  isas  ..,,.•,(  ..v     ;  /      "*'    '''^  <\irtr  JMid  ehieke,,  fvl,;  ,; 

•"•'"'     '<';■•>;"«•'"  oM.il.ited.     \  ]|     /'     '^"'''f''''*''<'^-i'i--><>rthostand 
somn;;  that  An,eri..ans  will  one \     v        'f' .' i;'"';  ""  ."!'"  ''^"""^  "'"'  <>'■•<'<' 
lisl,   pears,  apph-s,  as  ,;,,  ,,„,-,    .. '  ,)7     ^•',  '^"-'■•'"<1  '<'i' Hieir  eats,  doo-s 
i;;;'"''l.".to.Ameri,-a,  at  rxt  av^  o    ,,  Z.  t     P  '•""''  =''''"="lv  in.'n  im' 
lMTeKs,MHeIlin^Mvh,.re''a.r;'^'   ./';-''  I""<-  l>^<id   in    Kn,  ., 
nlso  eonimiK,.,!  tin"  same  Cnliv  ;  "'".■''"!•<  <"ie(>  i(;  i„.ni„.s      wv  n.  '  ' 

;  •'  '"<'"i''-'  '">^/'  -  .'a!!. 'i  il^e  ;:'!r;;';'i  "'•''-«•■<'  i-.^.-  iVi 

""'  "'=•'■  vs  01  eare  and  atfenti,,      u,.  -^^   "''^''''  '"  '''"'  "'•'I«''-,  and  Irnl 

;^s;;Ml.^M.d,.d  Ilerkshin^V''"''''' '•'••' <^''-'y  P.dmeil  oir<»n  t,,,.  XX^^^^^ 

II  <  onuress  wonhi  eniel 
'^••"•■^nmd  internatii.nal  e':;Ml     •  V'n;:.'  n'";'''  '"  "'-"•"l  *"  <'h>  vear 
tiK'NiiMie  lor  all  hree.ls  ot  <■•„,!,  ""^"■''  /^''''■'/•v  ot  all  kinds         I 

l-;'.<innly  that  .une  <■-. 'elp  r'^;,;;:;:':>V'''-?V'-  <'t-  nu.  M  ;>";    V   e' 

"'■"  '^  '«•  .^ay,  he  coiild  tak-  th,,7.,..  ■"""'*"'''  '"'«'<Meh  i.reii  inn  • 

'•""'•'<''»'"l'-'f<'MilhaIli;,reii.„    ..      I         ',     "'^"    '':"'  Hon    th..    men  in  , 

'''•'•'-'•'--•>•  <nor,  ,0  eh.  aPMhe  s.;;:,'.!';,  ;V';;:;;;;- ,^^^^^^^ 

^■'■^"■^'   '<"^n..,M.a.v  STOCK. 
Al  III,,  exhih.l.ons  held  in  Kurn 


Mil-   (,»iieen,  r:n,pe,-or, 
I'Xiill'ilioii  is  held.      TheO 
ill  i:ii;Jand,  as  d(tes  (In.  |' 


'f 


<•'•  \\liar  not,  of  (I 


eneoiiraf,''ed  in 


<;\ery  way  |,v 


"!'•""  "'''-'lillandeviiii 


."'  <'<»mi(ry  i„  ^vhieh'  (I 


iinee  of  Wa! 


lit 


Me 


«'*iit(Ieatev<"rvsli 


••"W.  Hie  prcperlyoC  tl 


ow 


1    ' 

'  j 

fsi: 

i 

64 


OATTTiE    AND   DATUY   FARMINO. 


Qneen,  took  second  i)rcininm  at  ji  recent  oxbibitioii,iui(l  abnll  third.  No 
exhibition  is  too  iii.siiiiiiliconr  and  nnimportant  in  lUdsinm  for  the  kinj; 
iUulQnet'n  ol'llie  15el-;iiins  toopen  in  jK-rsoii  and  ins])ect  personally  each 
article  and  to  enconrauv  i(  by  l)ein'4  an  exiiil)itor  ot  the  product.  Tins, 
it  seems  to  me,  is  settinu-  an  excellent  exan!])le  to  our  fifovernors  and 
others  at  home  who  holil  as  hi.';h  jiositions  in  public  esteem  and  are 
h)oked  to  as  nun-h  for  examples.  l',nt,!d:is,  politics  is  the  all-enffrossins 
topic  with  most  of  our  jiOvcrnDrs  and  lei^islators,  and  anythinfj:  that  is 
outside  of  this  is  insipid  to  lliem;  iind.  therefore,  it  is  for  tin;  ]>eople, 
after  all,  to  correct  liv  ])<ilitics  the  evils  of  jmlitics,  and  to  elect,  and  re- 
tain as  lonj>-  as  possible  when  elec^ted,  men  who  will  look  to  their  inter- 
ests and  try,  by  wise  leuishition,  to  advance  thorn. 

I  have  abstained  as  much  as  ])ossii)le,  in  this  dis|)atch,  Irom  theorizmfv. 
I  have  advanced  in  its  stead  sii(;li  methods  as  have  accomplished  the 
results  we  are  in  search  of  abroad.  I':\-ainple  is  worth  more  than  pre- 
cept; we  have  the  example,  niid  all  that  remains  tor  us  to  do  is  to  hdlow 
it,  to  achieve  like  results.  J5y  adoptinju'  these  siini>lo  methods,  withui 
twenty  years  it  would  appear  as  absurd  to  us  that  we  ever  sent  abrond 
for  a,  bn"ll,  cow,  sheep,  do-',  or  hog  as  it  does  now  that  wo  imported  tlui 
English  sparrow.  "  GEORGE  C  TANNKR, 

Comnl. 


AqrUuJtimil  sloirs  lirhl  hi  Kufihoul  ihirhifi  Ih,'  iimr  l.^Sll,  rxrhishr  of  spnUil  socictii  ^hnw, 
hikIi  as  Shiiiihovn.  .Idsci/,  Ciirl-liorar,  .i'c,  ■■<lioii-'<. 


llMtei  of  slinw. 

Miiy  2fi  to  .Tune  1 
AliiySS  to.Tiitio  1 
May  no 

^^ly  ai 

.Tniio    S 

Jiiiu)   H 

.fiilnO'J.H 

■Iuii«.':i0-L'9 

.Innoin.14, 1.-) 

,Iiiiioi;i,  14 

.[iiii.'i:i.  14 

.Iiim-r.i,  JU 


.Tunc  lt>, '-'0,21. 

.)iim'20 

Juiir '.'!), 'JI.... 

Jiini-lJIi, 'Jl 

,I.ili.>'JI/jL'.... 
.hiii«'.'7, 'Jti 

.Tuly  27. 2H.... 

.Iiini'27, '.l"i 

July— 

.hilVri.O,?.... 
.July  10-20.... 

July  C 


XillllO  <lf  sncici  y. 


Affiirnltiiriil     Ttall    Cora- 

p;in\,  J.iiiiitcil. 
I'.iitli  i'liid  West  uri'Ji.'Jaiid 

iiml  Sinidn  inCiiiinlics. 

lJiiv:il  .liiscv 

Kiistorn  Di.sliict  nf  Slir- 

liiicsliiro. 

Stiiliiif; 

Uipoii 

llcrcl'iprilsliiiv 

Ilnyal     ('MimlicH    (limits 

aiicl  lll'I  k.H). 

Win-ill  iuiil  I'.likiiilii'a  I   .. 

INsix 

I'di'llidiiiii^li 

AIiiilliipinnj;li  ami  I'lM^cy 

Valo. 
WmrislilHllllr     

Tlidino 

Iloval  ('did wall   

.NciVldlU 

NiiUlir-iNt  111'  ImI.iihI 

IhiiiiiiHlcr 

Siim.lk 

Kiliiilimi;li 

I'liilnl  K.ist  l,iillii;iii 

N.iltH    

j;i)vul     A;:ii<'ulliiial     S»- 

cirtv  i>r  r.ii'jiMiiii. 

fuili'll  llaliUr-liili- 


July  31 

July  17 

JiiU- 10. 11.  rj  .... 

Jiilv  i:i 

July  V> 


Malloii 

Sliaiiiai'i    mill     Kliiin    >•( 
( iallovvas  !<. 

T,in'"l!i'»!iir'> 

Hi'ill'iiiUliiii' 

lii'Val  Nnlllli'VII      


July  21 lliiiiliii|!iliiii'''iii 


Juh  21. 


I  iliiiiri  -ilrl  '^llil'i 


AVhi.rK  li.lit. 

Kiitiiie  of  inoetlug. 

AsHniltiiralllall, 

Ilorsos,  iiniilonients,  and  miscrlki 

Islinulmi. 

iii'oiiM  anirli'.'^. 

l;i  iil;;«aliT 

11.11  HI  s.  cat  111'.  slii'i'|i.  iii^ra  clici'HO, 

liiilti  r,  viMiltiy,  and  iiupli  iiniils. 

JllSlV 

Sloi  k,  iiiiiili'iiiiiilM.  Ac. 

FalUiik 

.si.ick,  iiii|ili'niiiil.H,  dairy  prodii.  .■, 

and  iMiiiltiv- 

Slirliiij; 

111). 

ItitliHl    

Stork,  jiniiltry,  j)ij;(><)tiH,  dogs,  .tr. 

Ilir.r..ril 

Slink,  iiiipliiiK^iits,  &.V. 

WillrlliHlri' 

Do. 

I'itkiMilicail 

SI.  rk,  iioiillry,  iil;;poiis,  doj;.'*,  f.i'. 

<  'olilirHirr 

Stork  and  iiiiplriiii-lilH. 

I>iti  iliiiii)ii;;li 

Do. 

Nrwliuiy 

Stork,  \(i. 

Willi  roliT 

Stoclt,    Inipli'inriil.s,   lior^^ca,  llllI|^ 

I'll*,  &i\ 

'I'liiinio  (VorkH)... 

Stoi  k.  iiiiplriiiint.x,  A  r. 

'I'l  urn 

Stork   al.li    illllilrllli'MtM. 

lakrnliaiii 

Ho. 

ri-lf.i.sl 

Slork,  iiiilili'iiii'litu,  po'illry.  .Vr. 

li(iina.iti  T 

Slock,  iiiipli'liicIitH,  doLiH,  piiiillrv, 

Ac. 

I*orr|pn 

Stock  ntid  Iniplcmi'iilH. 

ElllIlllllIL'll 

S'lick,  iMiiilcniiiili*,  Ac. 

Ilaililin;:liiii 

Stoi  k  anil  iiiiplctiii'iitM. 

Niiltiii^;liaiii 

.'^tiick,  inipli'iiK'iilH,  Ac. 

y,)ik 

Do. 

liuiiir  

Slock,    inipli'iiicniH,    i>oiilliv,  .in,! 
dairy  inodin c 

Mftltdii         

Stock  and  iiii|ilciiicuti. 

Slraiiiair 

CattlP,  lioiHcs,  h1hh')>,  Ac. 

(',aliis!iori)iii;li  ..  .. 

Stock,  ImiiliTncntH,  and  pmilii 

iHlillllli 

Hiii.ii-M,  ?*titck,  and  iiii|iii-ii  lui- 

AImiiI""   

Slock,      llnpll'lllCIltM,      pnlllllA,       !i 

dairv  iiioiliico. 

St.  Ivi"i     

Stock,'  iiiiidi  111.  iilH.  iii.iilirv .  .\. 

I'.cikriry  

Slock,  iiiipl.  111.  Ml.-,  li.H  li.  iiIiiimI, 

)ull  third.  No 
n  for  the  Kiiif? 
ersoiiiilly  each 
rodiU't.  ThiH, 
ijjovoniors  iiTid 
stccm  iiiid  arc 
all  oiiffrossiiifj 
ythiiifi:  tliiit  is 
or  tin;  iK'opU", 
>  cU'iit,  and  ro- 
fo  their  inter- 

oin  thooriziiifj;. 
miplishcd  the 
iiorc  tliaii  prc- 
I  do  is  to  t'oUow 
I'thods,  within 
iH'  sent  abroiid 
i  iniport(Ml  tli<( 


ccial  KOi'ictji  kIiows 


B  <if  montiiiK. 


Miidits,  and  n)isci'll;i 

IfS. 

'.  h1U'C'|I,  !)!>:«    cllOCHO, 

Itiy,  aiiit  impliiiicnl.s. 

llllllM.  Ac. 

iiriil.s,  daily  prodih  1', 


y,  |ii;;<'<)nH,  do^s,  Ac. 
iiriils,  \.r. 


V,  ]ii;;<»oiia,  dojiM,  S,c. 

l|ll('llll-|ltH. 


inciitM,   liDi'-ca,  lllll|^ 


Mi'iitu,  |io'illry.  \c. 
iiciilH,  dti,L;H,  |iiiu!liv. 


tiirnlH,    i>r)ii!li\,  anl 

II  ('. 
ildriiiinit^<. 

1,  Hln't')>,  A  c. 

nriitx.  iiiid  imiiliiv. 
.,  ami  iiit|iii-n  t'liU. 
rniiits,    |iciiilir\.  ;inil 

!(■(•. 

III  iitH,  i)..iilir\ .  \i- 

lll'lllH,  lim  lirlllllll.il. 


CA'Crr.K    AND    nATRY    FARMING.  55 

,hjr\ri,llin-(il  !iI,oirH  held  in  EiKjhnul  (hnii,,/  //„■  ,/,.,„•  i.^^-.::!,  .(V'.-XJ.innnnod. 


Date  of  rIiow. 


.Tuly25 

..  ,!v2.-,20 

,liilv'.'5,L'li 

duly  l!l-L'7 

July  2a,  L'fi 

Jiilv^n 

July2U 

,Tiily2« 

JlllV  27 

.Tulv2S  

Jiii'y— 


July 'J-.  2!:,  27 


Nniiio  of  sdcii'ty. 


Onii.sMilc,  Soiillijioit,  mid 

liiiiillr. 

lii'iri'.slor.'diivo 

<  ll:iiiiiirt.'aiHliiro 

Jli'ililaiicl    and    Aniiciilt.- 

anil  (i/'ScDtlaiiil. 
( 'iiiiiIiiiilsicMliiio  and    I.sln 
dT  Kly. 

IJariialcy 

(.'Ii'vrlaiid 


Whoro  Iiidd. 

S^<Mllll]ll)lt 


Nntnro  (irmooUiiR, 

f^llll'K,  illl)>lrlll(lltn,   ,^r 


j\lI!X.  1... 
Aws.   2... 

All-.  ;:  .. 
Aiii:.  n... 
Aim.  211... 

AiiK.  K  .. 
AiiK.   7,  f:. 


Tynosiild 

l)arliii;.'t(iii ... 

^\■| -iliiii  l)l»tu(!(.  oC  Kily.. 
J'.AUt  Slurry.  .  _ 

J>i'iiliidii  and  Kasf.  Ifidlni; 

Slini))Pliin'.'i.iid  Went  Mid- 

land. 
YiirU.Hlilrc 


Mi'lli-.n   .Minvbinv  '  Do 

!'"'">  i"'i'l'i '■■'  ^'l"flv.  ii'inil.nH.nt.M,  and  poultry. 

iiii|ili'niiiilM,    I liry,  ■,,||,i 

Kly. 


(Jrnok. 


Aii^'.  1.-)  . 

Aiis.— ... 

An:;.  —  . 
All';.  (;,7. 

An>r.— ... 
Ani;.— ... 
AiiL'.2i)... 
An;;,   (i... 

An;,'.  If... 

Aiiu'.2n... 
An--.  2...... 


An- 


2.S  2:1,  :!ii,  :ii . 


S,.p(.12... 

Srpt.  -... 

Sept.  4... 
.Srpt.  -1.  r,  . 
Si>pf.  ."•,  (1 . 


i.pl. 


Si'pl.  12  .. 
.'^ipf.  12  .. 

.•^.•pi.  :.t.. 

Si'pt.  II  .. 
Srpl.  II  .. 
Sipl.  II  .. 
S.pl.  11,1.- 
Srpl.-..!.. 
Si'pt.—  .. 

Si'iit.  21; .. 

Si'pt.  2(1  .. 

Si>pt.  2>f  . . . 

.Sflpt.  -  ... 


Xnrfiin  7''arniiir.V  (;inl) 

<Ji'i|ii('t(lalo 

SliKipsI 
ISordir 
AVhilliv 
liailii    ' 
.«rainiril 

T\'i)rtliii 
IJraniisI 

(,'iniHi 
liiviTn 

I'irty, 

I.aiidi'idalii 

l.i.sniori!  Faniilii'V  S.iriity 


Hi'ii'Torihl 
liiiil 


InvcriHH.s ,M 

dairy  prmliiri 
I  SlocI;,  jKiiilirv,  inipli'incnt.^,  s,i\ 

Hanmliy.   ....         :  siorU,  ponllry,  dou's.,  .Vc. 
Sallliiun-l.vl  lie     Stmk,  A-r 
Sra.  I 

Iti'xliani ]  I,,. 

]>arliii!;lini I|!i,s iil  i|,,,r 

/ii'In^on'''"?;::;::'  si;".!;'  '"'•''"'•''■'"«•  ^""'  i "■>-. 

><'o    nii'i'lin;;    lor 

i.s.i^:!. 
AVIiitilinridi    (Sa- 


lop). 

X«     inrnliii;;     (',,,. 
1S.«:i. 


SlocI;.  poultry,  piL'ion.s,  \-c. 
Slink  and  iinplriin-iils. 


Slork,  iiiipli'nii'nls,  Ai 


il<. 


ir. 

III 

foil 

l.sliir,' 

1.1 

inlx'rl.init 

III 

li,       rmilop, 
■It. 

and 

(ii 

'.'<.s    ]''arnii>r.s' 

.So- 

1 

Clipstrrfii'ld.... 
I.'olliliiiiy 

lilnal  (.-^aliip). 

"Iso 

'Iiilliy 

idniintiin 

lllllirld 

•rwiidion.'rw. 
,Ui'.>dii'a.l 


IK'I 


I'i>Ml(r,\,   dorr-i,  i|;i 


ly  prnil- 


Stork.  .V, 


Slink,  inipli'inriit.j.  and  poultry. 
.Sioc-li,  inipli.nirni.'.i.  \v. 


Siork  and 


inipirniMil  J. 


■  i  Sloil;,  inipli-iririit-.,  ,^ 


Stork 
Stork 


d'  Sill 


Iioiillr;, 


I'liio'ili,    iiiiiilni'i 


and 


iiiipk'iiii'iiiM,  ;inil  poiilt 


SloiU.   iiiiplfMiiiitH,  il.iir 


tioiillrv,  am 


ninliii;;     lor  '  Slork,  jinpl. 


1  dol.'^ 


IV. 

y  proihiri 


iss't. 

r.aiiil.rdali' 


I,: 


(  'olllll  V 


1 1  rn  . 


lani  Doniitv 


llli'lininnilMliii'o 
Kcclosiii  Id. 


TC.Mslilcy 

JJoyal   .Icr.^cv 

Ilalil'ax  and  ijaldi-idalo 
j;oyal  J)nliliii 

A\'i!;lon    l;istiirt 

Vali^  of  ( 


oinvav. 


r.i'oniinslor  . 


Walrrfoiil. 


I!irlinionil(  Vork). 


llill-.hoio' 

Sliillirld. 
Ki'i;;lili.y    . 
J-Tsrv  ...... 

ll:ililax      .. 


Uark, 


ploini'iils.  \( 


Stoil; 


Hiiplcnii'ii 


and 


lol.sr^,   horni'd    r.lil,- 


Stork 
Stork 


i I" 


lid 


Stork,  illllil 


Stork 


pli'airnls    inol.s 


D.I 

.stork,  iiiipl 


I '.all': 

Diildii 
\V;-loii 
JJani  «.s 


I'.rld-i 


W 


irwirksli 


ootniiistrr 


DrrllVNl 


nil 


.|  <  ovmlr;, 


liii 


Do. 


pIlllH'llts,    ,Vl 


and  lioiiiriiliiirall 

I!oy,il  JfaiiiliPatcr,  Javi 
pool,  ami  Noiili  |.;i 
i'iikIiIio. 

NorMii'iml      Sonni.K 


(a-iiriiliiir.il  |  Drrliy  . '. .,i  Stork 


Stork,  liiiplrnii'iitH.  A  I-. 
Slork,   iinpliiiii'iii,^,  ,\  ,..j,    p,,,, 

linllrr.  i:(. 
Slork,  Ar. 
Stork,  II..Hri>.  iinplrnii 


Irv, 


rpi.id. 


I'.irn 


\Va  viand 
W  a  t  (•  r  f 

.Sorlrty. 

Slanlioiio  , 


II'Ih'  Clllll. 


I'l      .Vi 


linpli 


llirats,    l.HllH 


('111 


iHlltri.  poiilliT,  lioitlrilKiii  ,| 

iliiliriy,  ,Vr, 

Ivii  slork,  inipIrnii'iilM,  fat 


dun 


"  I  on      I'.uk,   I  Stork,  l.iittr 


>rd      r.ii 


nun;; 


iirar  K.iih, 
Will  Inn  ... 
Watrnoiil. 


illl,\ 
id  rill 


111  pio. 


Slork.  ,V  I 
Do. 


1" 
iiilrr  r 


1: 

Carli 


shin 


Manlu 


III  (■ 


.Stiinllopr 
Ki'l-io . . . 
Carliiirl 

(  'low  II 


Sloe  k  and  iniplriiiriil.s. 


niral  I!u.  k.s.'  lltralMarlo 


Stork,  doirt.poiillrv.  rio|)H,  ,i.i 
Slork  mill  iiiiplrnii  UN. 


Wliil.l. 
I.aiili 


Stork, 


llllnnrll! 


Ar. 


ion  Ho|,.|,       liooM,  pl.iii.Jiin:;  niatrlir.<,  li,.,|,; 


oyal  Soiilli  r.nrks  ...                            '  '  1  t, 
(   I 


inline,  dr.iiiiiii..;,  ,\  1 


Froiiio  Di.slrirt 

Osui'Hlrv  I'L.'lrirt . 


l"iiiiiiii 


id    ydidr.. 
ploii-liiiiU  iiiati  li 


proili! 


and 


('llrr.s...   llllllir,    slork, 


and  Iniplo 


Sit 


N'orllnvrst  ItinkH  Mini  id-  j  Mint, 
,ioilllll^  poiiioii  of  ((Mill 
and  .N'oit  llrtiit.-i. 


in.'liain. 


inipli  r 

polllll  V,  >Vl 


Calllr 


'•I', 


li.  lit..-,  I.iilirr,  rhi 
I' I  and  nai.;  Iinrsi-a, 


|iiu'i<,  luittir.  loom,  iin.l  plon-i,. 
III!.;  conipitjiioii.  " 


•  t 


56  CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 

A<jrUvilhir(il  sIioivh  held  hi  EnnUind  ihirii);/  the  i/rtir  18<i,  .Jc. — Coiitiimott. 


Itl 


If 


tinned. 


miotiiif;. 
In,  pniiUry,  Six:. 

rlifOMc,  butter, 
liiiiS  match. 

v<igotabIos,  mill 
icH,  rontst,  tliatch- 


I'k,  Hlipop,    pi^'s. 
liHtal  cxhibitH  ol' 


■a,  \-,o. 

ifrt,  roots,  rottago 

r,  iiml  awiinlH  to 

]ir(i(lii('o,  Koats, 
oultry   niid    pij;- 

%  &.P. 

iblcrt  fnim  sppils 

K.  Kiiij;. 

y,  iiiotM,  ltd. 

ililos  fmiii  bp(m1s 
I'Mi  \-.  Sims. 
il!.'H  ('mill  Hiicdn 
iirs  < 'all  IT  A.  Co. 
I,  anil  plaiilH. 

lonts,  iHiiiltry,  .<:r. 

V,  loots,  &.C. 
■iiioiils,    poultry, 

pIraitMits. 

tr. 

V,  ilairy  proilnic, 


CATTLE-DREEDINr;  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


THE  UKI  lEI)  KIlSfiDOM. 


REPORT  BY  CONSUL-GENERAL  MERRITT.  OF  LONDON. 

THE  DKVON. 

The  Iciulins-  physical  charjicteiistics of  (h«>  Dovnn  i,,-.-  .1  ^*-     t^^i 
bocoiKjisoIy  .Inscribed  as  folh.ws  :  "  '"'*'^''^  <'.'itMe  may 

Til,' r)i'vniis!)r(M'<.nip.ar!itiv('lysliiii(,  1, lit.  (III,. Ij  .n, 1,1  ],,„,....  n.,..,    •    ,    .,, 
'Ihocoldiisajiiiro.  iicli  rod,  witli  liiicsilky  hiiir 

'I'llr   liOIIIS  llMVd  il-    Vl'llowi.sll.    \V;|  \v  '1111 ,■■',,,,,..    /.. 

wanls.,Ml  o„,w:,nls      Th.  ho.-V^  m       j'  ;        ^      '^l^^t; ,;'!'', -'■-'•'^'''y.''-.rv,..l  n,,- 
m!mI  v.tv  lino  in  (h,.  Immhs  an.l  ll„.  ai.iiiml  :ilt.M^Hl,      .   wi  •^''H-^ •■"■"  nIu.H,  small, 

Tlic  l)(>v()ii  of  ill!  oxistiiiu-  ciiltlt'  hrcvtls  «-ni  liv  ,.1..;,..  f    1  ,  •  , 

l.a.l  fh.'  ^Tontosf,  ,rpnl:,l  i.m  f<,r  ^^vJuZh^uZ^  "  •'"''  '"'""'• 

.1.0 shor.iMMM,  ,h.  n.o,h.n.  ii..^ ;;nui ,  'i :  p;„ '  ;;;:;';X:;.-*';  ^^••'"■' 

ox^slc.in'.     This  is  why  thiil  Incf,!  -il v  vs  ...    .  I     •    '    •  '''  '"'*'  "** 

The  history  of  tin^  Devon  can  he  (litcctl  I,;(ck  nntil  l,wt  ;..    i 

rcpmsmtativcsofthtMuiqinal  I'.ritish  l.r,.,.    ,f>  •     .  '1  «'Ms;.n- 

Shorthorns  aT.d  IF  ore  for.  s  have  h.r.   ,  ,      ,  1    ,  n  .',    i.    ''"•''''''"  <""«'-^ 

.arn...rstlM-,.n,honMh,,Kin.,hnn,;rr:;;;y;„!;  ',^ 

•si/c  iiiitl  Iced  lo  ninch  "rcatcr  \vci<'lits       sun   .,...,   i      ■   T-    ,        ''"."^ ' 

1''=""  i^  i"  <li"<'>"-'t  pans  of  K  ^  ii  ,  \.om^'  si  ■', Vv"  '^l'"!'  ^"  ^^"'- 
*o„nty,  parts  of  8o.ncr.s,>t,  (^.rnwall  ) 3  /nd  iV  ,  I  '  ^'r""  ,"'"  =  ^«' 
li.srnu.Mtionc,!  counties,  xImmv  hit  ''\,  f  p  s  '  .  •  "',  '"  ^''*^  *"'^ 
iHtt.M-  a.hq.tcl   for  tlai  v  he,    s      ru     1,7.  shm  "  t"'''  ^''•'>'  ""•*' 

i.opnh.rity  with  renf-payin,  ial^.ers  i,  HM',e  ;"::;;,:;:';  ,^:>  't'^'  ^'^ 
set  IS  oreatly  enhance,!  bvthe  possession  of      v-i,,',  .   ,     S'""'''"- 

M-t  IJeyon,  which,  although  not  <,f  HXt^UhH^'^;^^^^^ 

l..:,le.i:„ot  so  nn.eh  fn..    ,-^n  .,';!:-''  '    '  V^<"    '"'^••'  "='ys  l.,.enceh.- 

-''^-  A....cKond..n,>:;.i.rs/r;o;-^s^;;;',^t:;^^^^^ 


58 


CATTLE   AND   DAlliV    FAltMrXfJ 


Mr.  A.  0.  SkiiMUM',  of  ])islioi>'s  Lvdiiird. 
\uff  triiils,  iiiid  if  \v;is  ioimd  (luif  ti 


iiinrd  second  |iiiz(>  in  (lie  nulk 
ore  was  ji  j4i'('iil«'r  inopoitioii  oCsolid.v 


toifsmilli  thiin  to  that  of  the  -Jersey  and  (inenisev  ei.ws    \vl 


prizes 


,  \Mii(li  won 


A  snni(M'ent  reason  for  tlieir  bein^-  ])refeiTe<l 
set  was  leeentiy  altoided  by  a  lar-e  farmer  iie;ir 


to  ShtMthorns  in  Sotnor- 
niinster,  aceiistonied  to 


was  nsnally  enabled  to  make  qniteas  miieii  nioiu'v  of  the  lesser  wei-lits 
as  lii,snci,nld)or  of  the  Iiea\ier.  '  "•  i,^ms 

It  has  always  been  elai.ned  that  a  l).>von  yields  alar^^M-  jn-onortion  of 
vo.st  meat  a    the  best  joints  than  any  oth.-r  beast,  ami  perhaps    lee 
IS  none  yioldm-  a  smaller  inoi.orlion  of  oHid   t<»  the  enreass      In  rv 
spombn.!^to\-(;r3-earlymalnrityitwonldseare(dye<.inpetewi(htlu'«horl. 


horn  or  JJerelbrd 
scale  of  animn 
heaviest  in  tin 


,       „       .      ,         Tliis  will  t)e  sntilcienlly  seen  by  investi-ratin--  the 
scale  of  animals  exlnbited  at,  the  Smithliehl  CInb  eattle  shows.  '^Th 


TIFK    IIKUin'OnB. 

The  Ilerefords  are  remarkably  ^ood   feeders,  lavin-  on  flesh  abun 

lanflyniproportM,Mtot!>ean'M.nntoflbo.l,.onsui'm.d,andtheira,,     ,n^ 
U>  iatten  is  (ayored  by  fheir  ...'n.-ral  phu-idily  of  t.'mper.     ThrV  •      e 

earlytomatnnty,  whilst  the  b<.ef  is  well  ,noiiled  or  marbled   At] 

.an,  and   ,s  highly  prized.     The  ,.revailinj,  eharaeteris  !<•"  aVe    s'ft 


Wliito  fare,  tliiojit,  <lii.s(,  ndiici-,  <|..\vhii. 


lllillli'.  hnvrv   |.;i,i|    „f  l„„|y  ,,,1(1   Icjtn,  .i,|,| 


tip  of  tail;  .l,.-<.(l„.r|,ar.M„niH.    m.Iv.iV  •..;.'■.  si      In   1         '!'       'IF'  '"" 

ilic  IxMly  IS  .•()v.r<-.l  Willi  loii.;rv„rt  -jlossv  li.ilr,  wiflia  l.'iir«'-iiiv  (,■  ..inl       'Vt     i 
■!I'P-"-'';"''N  <i H.M.ly  .lark   at    ,  h.  ^nl  L/      |  ,     rV  '  ^^  V    il    .:::,7  ;''''.^7'^> 


wayo  wilh  a  slii^lit  s|)ii>ail!ip_' ii|i\vaMl  t.Md.'i 


■ncy.     Till'  cy,'  is  full. 


ivc  a  niaci-liil 


Tlio  clK'st  i.s  rx-haiiilcil,  lull,  am!  i]v,']>,  aii.t  i.r.Mci  i,',..  tin„lv"-  «I„.   .;i 
h'.oloni  .n.ss.H  will,  ahiios,  any  Im,,.!,  and  iMi,,Mrts  an  aplilu,!,.  t.:  l' „  i..,'"     '      ' '" 


s 
t 
Ih 


annd  than   ibrmerly,  ami   th..ir  w.dth^.t^.h.h  would  i  /.:>:; 
I  Mn  to  b(>  n.ore  yvnendiy  popnlu-  if  possessed  of  =,  hi.l.er  rep  ,(     i    , 
lor  da.i^-  purposes,      S.i!l    (I,e!all-.r  fM..,l!v  e.-,    be   en!:ivaf e, 
«trauge  to  si.y,  not  only  is  the  eross  of  a  «h<,r(horn  ami  Herefonl  a'    o 


vi'/.i)  ill  (lie.  iiiilk- 
xntioii  oC solids 
»\vs,  wliicli  wuu 

loriis  ill  Sotiicr- 
,  iict'iistoiiicd  fo 
i:it  is  tcriiicd  ;i 
i;»l)i'r.V(Mr,;ni(l 
lore.  Fiiitlicr, 
ciH.yo  to  (Iiirfy 
ii;Iil»()r\sJSli()if. 
litir  (jiiality  he 
lesser  weij^lits 

r  |>roi)oi(i()ii  of 
l»eili;ij)s  (lieic 
iicass.      Ill  !•(>. 
Willi  tiioSiioi'l. 
I'sti^'iitiii/^-  rlie 
'  shows.     Tile 
Ml:l(l(^  last  J)(>. 
(()  tli(?(^)iie(>ii, 
horeas  fho  ro- 
lls, thi('('  (lays 
tin',  JIereror<l 


M    flcsll   ilblU). 

lli<'irai)ti(ii(l(, 
.  They  ooine 
1'I<'<1,  lilt  and 
i<'s  arc  as  fol- 


y  :iii.l  U-fTH,  .„||| 
put   1)11    Ihc   rye, 

III.  'rin'IiDfiis. 
■  <ir  white  \v;ixy 
;■  out,  .siiai-htlv 
li;i\c  ;i  uriici-liil 

rilis  aiv  well- 

'•r  foiistiliirinii 

is   li-l,f.     'I'l,,, 

llh'M. 

I'iicli  al  h'asi 
in  its  native 
every  laiiu. 
I  fheiiisehcs 
I'rdereoiiiity 
iiU(;h  I'liiliie'r 
<l<Mi')t  cause 
'■  i<'|»ii(aii<)!i 
;v.ited,  and, 
reCord  a  jiro- 


Tlli;    I'NITF,!)    KINrjDOM. 

veihi:.!  d.-ep  milker   l>„t  fho  slijjhtosl,  dasli  oi"  ,he  for 
on    tiie  lafent  lie_  nil  (eiMliry  oCihe  Hereford. 


ni 


Mr.  I';.<'.'iis(hiil  some  ( 


69 

or  seems  to1)rinff 


{''ariiier  Assoc^iaf ion's .lomnji'i 


I'w  yoars  si 


ni 


est  fanioiis  milkers,  and  (he  1 


(■  inil)lislied  ill  file  Ilrifisli  ]);.,,, 
'■i<'«'«'rd  elilH-  milk  yiehls  of  sixty  of  his 


I  try 


llei'eford "'  wliieli  ans 


wcred  to  jh,.  Intfer  ,! 


<-st  of  then,  iill  was  11 


coir  called  "()|d 


jiiirs  the  Ketisinofoii  disfijef  ;,(  the'w 


cr  descriiition.     Mr.  1'isdall 


i)iin( 


and  I 


Slip 


Ilerefords  have  al 


<'«'Iis  a.  laro-e  herd  of  d 


»'st  Kiid  of  l:ondon  wirli  milk  and 


and  Somerset  than  in  |) 


\va\s  1 


iir\'  cows 


'<'«'ii  deemed   1 


ire  mor(^  educated  fo  serve  (hat 


x'li'  own  nati\(' 


»<'l(<'r  for  the  dairv  in  I) 


•'oimty,  because  prohahlv  tl 


Cornwall,  and  Mr.  Lewis  IJoyd   | 


i""pose.     The  breed  I 


'ersefc 


ley 


ms  cultivated  it  in  S 


IMS  extended  infc 


miles  of  the  metropolis.     At  'the  last  Stnith'lield  s| 

and  third  pri/es  iii  the  class  of  s( 

animal 


s  >vei-|iiii,i>'  M  cwt.  L'O  pounds  wl 


vers  nndei'  two  years  old 


iirrev  wiihiii  six 

!iow  he  jiained  second 

one  of  ills 


years'  Iniiit.     'J'herc^  used  t 

motile  liic'd,  the  s:ray,  am:   tho  "widt.'iiil.ni 

smaller  in  bone  than  tli(>  f 

(he  oilier  two. 


,"•'"  only  u  day  imd.T  th,.  i 


obe  three   .listinet  kimis  of  Me:elbn! 


wo 


s,  fh 


ormer,  has  well-iiiHl 


red,  which    larter    beino- 
very  where  s-  i)plaiite(i 


I  < 


riie  uprise  of  (he  breed  in  celebrit 


eons  with  the  Sniitlilield  Club  s| 


y  may  be  considered  comtc 


ir  Mr.  \V'estcar  won  first  prizes  I 


lows,  which  very  miicl 


mpora- 
I  iiiomofed  it. 


ill  I7!»!>,  and  eontinned  fo  d 


or  oven  at  the  first  Smi("h(ield  si 


III  fact  file  Sniithlield  slio 

iims  won  by  the  Ilerefords  as  t<,S, 
iirecd.     The  Hereford  is  no  donh'i 


osoat  the  London  shows  fort 


low 


w  record  from   I7!M>  to  is.'M  n-iv,,,^  ,| 


wenfy  yean 


likewise  of^reat  const  if  ntional 


more  than  double  tl 
iiii  exiiaordinary  }>ra/,i 


le  preini- 
lose  of  any  other 


er,  and  bejuii 


dce| 


>,  compaef  forms,  there  can  scarcely  I 


vi«()i'  iiiid  fanions  for  possess  in  <;•  broa.l 


eoiiie  so  i^reat  a,  fa\(»iite  jn  j| 
fraliaand  X<'w  Zealand.     I 


•'■  iiiiy  wonder  why  it' has  be 


le  wesfern   prairies  of  Ai 


(liiim  weiiihls— not  <|iiife  so  hea  v\ 
iich  more  so  than  the  Devon 


"  ='  .i^eneral  "ay  f In- cattle  fcl  fo -ood 


III 


'ssonie  Short  horns  perhaps,  but 


nerica  or  in  Aiis- 

me- 

veiA 


Th 


ast 


(illows 


Tui)  siroirnioi.'Ns. 
pliysica!  <'Iiaracfeiisf ii-s  of  fheShorlhon,  breed 


may  Ii(>  deseiibed 


A^    (he    liMlilc    ili(lic;il('s   (lie    I 


Irij,  III  jirrs  li 


iliir  of  till'  .■iiiiiiinis  \,'o-i<s  I 


loni   is  sliiMt.  sc 


fl  ;iii(l  wliiti',  ;iii( 


I'OIII  :i   w  hitr  In 


li'.iiilitiil  \;iiii"^atii>ii  called 


NoiiieliineN  tlie  whit 


liiin'iilarly  nii\<..l.  ami   i-,tl 

f    yi-llowisll     tili.r,.   ,,( 


whit  I 


'iliii'.  iliteili^^eiil.  anil  I 


HI,"  foiiinily  si  raw  I 


•'   .•Mill    leil    ,,,e    l.leiiili'd,   ( 


K'l-  (lat. 
."■oiiie  are 


Iiiii  Miiil  tine,  Wl 


II'  I'VlitessiiiM  (loiile  ;'t| 


lei-rv  eoloi. 


Th 


iM'ii'd  with  hair:  ll 


le  eye  is  l.riMlit  ami    ti 


oriiiiri;^  a 
'"'.III   is  hanil- 


iniyiii-sirai-hl  (Voiii  the  haek.  whiil,  isal 


K'lieck  i.s  short,  eariyjiiu 


Ihel 


t 


ll  loiiiiillv  IroiM  the  hail 

hii 


tl 


sostr;iiy:ht  .111,1  I, mail  .•iinl 


K'ad -r.acetiil 


If  ears  an 


lo  hip.sare  Well  ei.vereil  ami 


round. 


';l'l'';'''''^.ovh.n;,^aniMMll,i,  ihe'tail.  whiihl 


no(  \(.i 


'I'l 


.\,.iiid 
le  riliH 


llie    hiiilv;    (he  Ihiell 


llie  under  line  is  ev 
linih,  ,si 


ixiin;  lull  ;ind  deep  and  l.ro.ad 


I'll  :   the  shiiiildi 


I  :is  to  Curni  ;i,  ronnd  dee| 


III 
l>  are  well  laid,  idd 


•lllirs  Str.li;;ht   Jllnl 


y  jiioniineiit 


■(.(•omin- well  forward,  and  theteats'l 


••hest  with  ll.  lull  swellin.'l 


I'  le;;s  ;ire  short 
i<|iii',  and   I'al 


-'"I Male  iVoin 


iivered  wilh  line  soft  hair.  :ind  the  hid 


llie  e\re 
t^liii'il    it    la 


ellt  ijaalify  (d'the  heef.     A 


yN  on  its  tiesh,   fm 


•  '  is  tllell 
lo'rether  I 


i;in^-  si|ii;irel\  f 


"•''Oin  ;  the  nild 
oniil.      'I'he  |,o,l 


•  Old  Ntr.iiyht, 

on   the 

••r  is  laiiro 


lilli;'    \M 


iiniKi's  it  ail.'iplaide  to  all  s.>i 


""*  m;arly  a  p.ir.illelo- 


ow,  wiihiiriehappear.ii 
lo  animal,  ow  in.r  (,,  o 


iiiliriiiiis  el, mil  for  it    (  he  i 
Sh'^ftl 


X  ••Old  elimales,  and  it 


i;on ;   Its  .mn 


il'''  to  he  plaeed  as  the  I 


s  e\eellemii 


i'--^'  of, Mir  national  hiv,.,! 


y  is  well 

Kl'   ln,lillltin!.r 
K'I'NelllHss  Willi 

<'ons(ifii)i,n, 

lie  so   L,rr.;|f  Hint  its 


'"''"'■''  '^"'  •'ommencemenf  of  th,.  Mresmt  cento   ,•       ,-,     •  ' V    ^'"'  ''''''^ 


!•-.! 


(iO 


(.'ATTLK    AND    DAIRV    KA1?MINT.. 


Iiiiiii  (Iiiui  Shoillionis  ill  niniiy  piMls  oC  tiit'C-oiitiiiciif.     At 


)ii(^  pcMiod 


Micro,  was  iin  a|>|>i«'lM'iisioii  that  tlici  Sciitcli  (tliiiiatt^  would  !»(>  iiiisiiitnlil 
for  tliciii,  liiif,  tliis  has  loiij^'  .since  liccii  (iispclicd,  i\wy  liciii;.;- (]iii(«  as 
yciKMiilly  Ivci'l  ill  many  of  the.  Si-ofcii  lowland  districts  as  the  native 
polled  catlN',  wlicthci- Allans  or  Calloway.  Tliey  also  tloiirisli  almost 
at  the  Land's  Mnd  in  the  eontraiy  direction,  iis  i.s  sniliciently  jirovi'd  Ity 
the  splendid  speeinicns  Messrs.  lloskiiiSiVc  Sonsare aecnsloiiicd  toliriiii;' 
IVom  Ilayle  to  the  K'oyal,  and  Hath,  and  West  of  Knuland  sliow.s. 

After  the  dispersion  of  the  herds  of  the  ilrot  hers  ( 'oil  inji'  those  of  the 
IJootlis  at  Wfndley  \\'arlali\  and  Killerliy  came  into  r(>piita.lion.  to;;ellicr 
with  that  of  Thomas  I^ates  af  Kirklex  iniiton,  all  in  North  Vorksliire, 
not  far  distant  from  the  original  locality  of  the  liiccd's  lirst  oii^in. 
Mnt  Shorthorns  had  eail\  popnlaiit\  in  lancolnshire  and  Lam-ashire. 
;ind  the  old  red  variety  of  tlu^  tdrm(>r  <'oMnly  is  still  famous  in  some 
districts  for  h<'alth,  piod  size,  and  constiiiitional  vi^or.  Tlui  smtces.sors 
of  IMofes.sor  Towiieley's  Laiuiasliire  herd  1  woiity  years  a;;'o  were  credit- 
:d>h'  to  that  C(»nnty,  and  it  was  close  to  Lanea.steV  that  Air,  IJolton  had 
his  famons  herd. 

At  the  present  day  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  at  Ilolker  eclipses  all 
others  so  far  as  the  county  is  c(>iiceined,  and  the  IJates  men  pay  a  pil 
.liiimajie  from  oiu^  end  of  tlie  J^inudoni  to  the  otli«'r.  The  Marl  of  liathaiu 
has  a  cclel)ratc<l  herd  of  fasliionaiile  I'.ates  cattle  at  Oriiiskirk.  Knt  it 
is  almost  im[iossii>le  to  sin,i;le  out  any  quarter  of  the  Kint;(lom  where 
tliei'e  are  not  herds  of  Short  hoi'iis  of  iiiyh  reputation,  from  those  of  ihr 
lOarl  of  ticcrivi".  :\lr.  S.  I!.  I'oster.  an<l  :\Ir.  I  laiidle.\ ,  in  ('innherland 
and  Westninrciand,  to  those  of  Kurd  fitzliardiuue,  Colonel  Kin^scote. 
and  Mr.  St,  dolin  Ackeis,  in  (iioncestershiie;  from  Lord  I'enrhyiis. 
in  yorth  W'aies.  to  AIi'.  Iluiih  A\  lines,  in  Norlolk,  Throughout  the 
.Midland  dairy  distiicts  laivuc  Siiorthorns  are  Itrcd,  which  ate  deep  mjik 
CIS,  and  a  perfect  rc\olution  in  Irish  cattle  has  itcen  elfected  1>.\  llir 
aiii'i'cy  of  the  Short  horn. 

Ii<>ss  than  half  a  cenlui'y  since  Irish  cattle  were  a  !>\-\vord  and  a  re 
proaeh  on  account   of  ihcir  iui;  Imnes.  toiii;li  hides,  and  iinthrilty  cli.n 
acter;   Imt   now  the  \onn.i;'  cattle  that  comic  t()  the  i;ii_i;lisli  i^razini;  dis- 
Jiicis   in  such   lar.i.;e  mnltil  ndes  aie  well  nit;li  cipial  iiMpmlily  to  Short 
horns  lircd  in    i'ai.i;land.  and  the  hi;;-  Norfolk  au<l  SulVoik  <iia/.iers  an- 
accustomed  to  depend  almost  entirely  on  them  for  a  supply  of  their  niw 
material,   they    seldom    itciii;;-  accustomed    to    luecd    their  own.     Tlic 
yonnyest  class  of  Shoilhoins  at  Smithticld  last  1  >eci-inlier  .scarcely  ^a\c 
sue^l   heav.\   weii^hts  as  the  eorrespondinu   Ilereloid  class,  the  heaviest 
I'cin;^'  the  one- Near,  ten  laonths  and  two  weeks"  old  (irst  pii/.e  steer  of  Mp. 
Ilu;.;h  (loriiiL;!',  weiyhiui;-  I.J  e,wl..  ."»  tps,  I  pounds.     The  SiKuthorns  c\ 
liiliited  on  that  occasion   s^cre,  however,  ^jenerally  much  heaviei'  tlia,i 
the  Ih'refords.  .Mr.  lierliert  I-eney's  third  jirize  six  year  ohl  cow  scalin- 
-I  ewt„  while  the  I'airl  of  < 'oveiitry's  j^iaiiless  eleven\  ear  old  llerelunl. 
which  had  previouslv  w<ui   seveial  io\ai   luizes,  scaling-  L'O  cwl.,  .".  ins 
2  Ih.s. 

'till',  i,on(;ii()i;n.s. 

The  Lon;r]iorn  cattle  may  he  descrihed  as  follows: 

Till'  liiirns  I'lilly  Ijc.ir  luil  Ihf  iiaiiic  of  I  lie  liiccd  ;  1  licy  "^rou  in  micIi  :i  iiiaiiini'  .is  in 
Iio  \i  TV  (ii(*tiii(ii  ve  :  lin-y  rtii\  tUiirwiirils  .'oiil  li.iii!,'  duw  ri  low  jucls  (Ii.-  mn/,  !■■.  mii'I 
•-oiMi'tiiiics  ;i(l  ii.illy  iriiiu   sri  imuh  iiiw  .iicis  lis  te  tdiiili  I  lie  cliccU. 

'I'lii- coliir  is  ^iMifiiilly  tJMik  iril.  I>riii(|li-il,  iiml  pii'il,   uilli   wIiHc  .-iIoiil;  tin-  ImiK- 
Tlie  iii:if  is  iriinil  aixl  111"'  l>!iil<  "tiMisilit.     'J'lii'  I' ■in.ili's  I'.v  vcrv   liiiiail  in  ill 


;iri'  'Mm 


I  mil 


111-     lll!!-<    :|!i:i 


<ll<>\\    llicy  li:ivi' .1  itM-.li  111' l.iiii-liHi  II  li 
'fluTi'  lire,  llcnvcViT.  inif   lev  Inlr 
It    IT.. ■■•■IS   Will    W  illl   !■!  Ill  i    I.I.I         , 


;iii>  nrtlii-  nii-sliri  (I  iiiij.li  I'ow-.  in   '.niiiMis   iiiiits  dC  Iji.'ln 


III 
il  this  VMlirt  V  II 


•I.I. 


U  oiK^  pcMiod 
l)(>  lMisuit:ilil<> 
X'iii;^'  (|iii(o  iiN 
:).s  tli<^  iiiiti\(> 
oiirisli   iiliiiost 

tl.V  IM'OVfd    li\ 

oint'd  toUiiii^ 

I  slinws. 

'>^  lliosc  of  flic 

lion,  t(i;;<'liici' 
Ml  Vorksliirc, 
•^  Jii'sr  (tii^iii. 
<l  Ijiuiciisliin.. 
nous  ill  sonic 

IU5  SlKMM'SSOr.s 

>  wt'vv  crcdii 
r.  I'loltoii  ii:iii 

?r  (M'lipsi'N  mII 
M'li  pay  ;i  |)il 
III  ol'  li;itli;iiii 
kii'k.  I'lit  it 
ii^doiii  wlicic 
I  those  ol'  liic 
('iiimIm'iIiiikI 
'I  Iviii^sculc. 
■d   rrmliyiis. 

■Oll.UllOIlt     till' 

'<•  deep  milk 
li'<M<'d  i>\    tl:,. 


TIIK    IJNITKD    KINGDOM. 
TlH-Lo.i-vlion,  Imv.mI  .h-scm'sto  I.o  considm'd 


Gl 


,lll(l<|Mlt,V,  lis  ut  tl.r  fiiily  parr  of  Ml,., •.Mil, „y  unui,  i  o,m,H 

t  ):n.  pron.  ,iy  any  o,|„.,  ],,,,;..  ,„, ,  J.,^^"^.^;^^^'{ 

llir.i  .•oiisid.n.d  to  1„.  (I,,.  iK.si.lairv  Lived  j    ,1 


uoxt  oti  jwcount  of  i(,s 
my  more  LotHjhorns  \\vvi\  kt'|)t. 
'  ■  ■'"        '      "     'iccaiisc  it  \vii,s 


siu'h  ill  llio  Midland  count 


ics. 


wjis- extensively  adojtled 


!|  seems  sin^jMlar  Unit  li.e  ^l•eat   iJak.'WcII  slio.d 


lii.nldy,  e-ons;d<'i'iii<;- that  (he  | 


llielH'tlerspc^imciis.     I'ordc.p  mil|<iii..'sho 


•onesaiv  lai-,.  .,j„l  1  he  hides  (hick  (.1 


il  have   pii/(Ml  it  so 
even 


'■'"';';"•  '""    i'    Iii's  l.een  denionstraini  or  la(e  Vl 


idioinsorilKj  iiv,|it  kind  ex- 


icatly  imi)roved,  and  hi-hly  merit 


ill  l;Oii;^horiis  can  I 


)e 


,.nK.»i,,.wy.niiy-,^,,n.,;,,„r(i;;;.i;i;;:,!;;;,':;;;;; 


oi/oiis  specimens  hav<>  been  hion-ht 


CIS,  chieli,>-  IVom  the  Midland.  . 

'{'he  ori,ninal  hiced  of  IiOii;;lioii 
sliii-e,  thence  to  have  siil), 


several  other  bleed- 


i«  appears  to  have  sprnii<;'  IVom  Voi^k 


ie<liieiilly  receded  to  I 


siiire,  and  Derhyshiic  in  which  c(Minnes  ll 
TllK   iN(JK'l'(»I.Iv    AM)   SUl'TOLK 


iei<M'stei\-!iire,  Warwick 


ley  lire  now  most  iimiieroiis. 
l'<'l,;,Ki)   (■ATTLK. 


'I'll"'  lirecders  ol'  lli 


Icristics,  which  they  slionhl  posse 


.•se  nil  lie  have  d,.ter,nine.l  on  the  Ibllowinj;  ,-h 
Mioiild  iiossess : 


anu5 


he  ciHor  rnl 


I' 


u  lillr  t  r  I  III!  IliUifr  II.  It'W   ji 

ll 


'•'I' 111,'  (ail  !iii(l  ii<l< 


'•'■. '"".v  '"■  uliit.',  aiKl  (ho  ,.\|, 


i''liysal,,iii;   (|„.  iiisi.i,.  ,,r  III,.  (|,'|,'|| 


iriiiark  on  ili,^   iiii.l<r  pari   „r  H,,.   |„'il,v  |,y  n 


(|Halir\inj;-  an  animal  win 


K'  null;  \i-i 


Of  a  Ml 


■ii>ioii  of  till, 


uhih 


(11  aiiswiT  all  III  iiiT 


iViiiMl.laM.  r,..,ii|,ar(.,ran,..s(ai,li!s|,,.,l'|' 


IIS  Nliall   iM.t,   l„.  |„.|,|  as. I 


jMll. 


Till  ic  .sliall  lie  11 


sciilials  ofllic  N(:;ii,| 


"  liiirns,  hli 


i,:;s,  (ir  alinilivc  I 


:iiii  (lr.'(  ri|iii( 


K'lil  1)1  Ui(!  ImvciI, 


'I'licsc  cattle  are  kn 

,.  I       I   >       II  I  4  ,    ,         ^        ■    •'•■Ml    H    .-,     Ol       i.^(»| 

l.ni  I  oiled.     Anion-  the -o„d  ,,,K,ij,i,.s  \vhiVh  tl 


Vi?:!'.i!:.V'^' 'v':""'"^/''7'"'''"^  =""1  ^^niibik  as  ,1 


(■(oiisiiiiiiion,  which  <'jialtles  iheni  to  tl 


In  wiihslaiKl  file  severe  wini 


ers 


i<y  I'ONsess  is  hardiness" 
iiive  (.11  scanty  pastura-e  and 


''kI  <-old  sprin-s  iisiiall 


lie  eastern  connlics  of  i;ii"|;iiid 

'";''  !''":i5,!;'"'"''"*''  ="?  ""M<'<'«<ionable,as,hev  h 


y  <'.vperienced 


ciicy  to  ^(»  dry  like  many  oJier  breeds  1 
entile,  and  it  not  unit 

Id 


■e( 


I'leiiily  happens  ihat    t! 


iive  iioi  a  lend 
•iivin-;-  a   reputation  as  dairy 


yield  a  .ii<io(l  <pi;.,nt.ity  ot  mijk  ir,,m  on,.  ,.;,| 


le  cow  will  contiiiiie  t'l 


vin^-  to  another, 


No.haihl  fheprcM.nt  I'olhd  i>reed  was  t he^esnl 


;iiiouav  call 


llie  easlerii   c.  imlies   to   1 


e,  lar^(«  numbers  of  which 


»e   ''I- 


wards 


'>^'''l-     'I'Ik-   lull  of 


•'"""■;'";'ln'a.l  is  eomniou  to  both  breeds,  wiiil 
""^ "•'"'  '"■  il  •'^l»«'t  of  white  Oil  the  i: 


t  of  a  cross  with  the 

wen'   loiinerly  brmi.yhl  into 

liair  ;>rowiny  down- 


lack  nose,  a  "  slii 


ineiilly,  on  the  iidderor  be!l\ 


Tlie  breed   does   not   i 


Mves  an  iiidieatjon  of  )| 


"■"'"''  ''"ily,  and  is  rather  d 


lii'iie.iM.sl  specimen  al  the  Iwie  SinilhUehl  Club  s| 
I.inKms   ox     by  Kn.o   (•i,;,,|,,,s,  ,,,,i,.,^    ^^.j,,,,,, 

MMlcd     icwt.,.,  ,ps.,and  <i  lbs.,  and   Air.  \i.  K    I'.n, 


■(>«,  wliich  was   reserved    in  the   1 


ili;,s  w 


v\'AM.  ixiii-   17  cwl.,  L'ips.,  and  L' I 


•st  o«'casioiially  a 

lee,  or,  more  ire- 

le  original  blood. 

iinimifive  in  size. 

tow  was  Mr.  .Mire. I 

ly  of  lour  years  ol. I, 

N  ei-ht-y, .;,,..,, I, I 


o 


•'"I'"'''    ••l;lss,  .■iosely  appii.N  iu'ialcd   t 


1 


:i  iii.'iiiiH'i'  .'IS  III 
!'•  mil/,  ll',  Mini 

iiii;  111.'  iiaiK^ 

!1    I  ll!-     ili;i-i    ;ili;i 

■\H  (if   I'lii.'lriiiil 


Till 


'I  ssi:\  caitm: 


The  Sussex   breed  was  formeilv  n.scd 


'inl  \\t 


;i\y  work,     'I'hev  were  \ 


in  place  .if  I 


OI'M'S 


<'i.\  aelive  and  well 


lo;   plou  III) 


io\Y'Vei-.  ..fliii,.  the  w..i'kiii-ofox,.,i  has  d 


ili-ice.  and   Hie  breeders  of  S 


Ussex  <■ 


J) 


'■  iiaproveiiieiil  oflhe  animal 


h 


s  Ullh  -re 


c\'||i-  in  many  respects,  bin  are  1 


sueces.-- 


li-er.     i'ormerlv  t! 


tetl  to  siieh  piir 
eer.ased  in  a  marked 
iiiiied  tlieir  alicniioij 
icy  resemble 


ie>-  were  not, 


62 


CATTLE    AM)    DAIUY    TAIiJIlNO. 


H.s  a  riiks  ;iiii/A'«l  lill  alter  they  \\vn'  (lonf  willi  r<  i  ucirkiii},',  but;  now 
tlicy  iui'  ;;<)t  to  ciirly  uialiti  ily  and  i»ro<liic<'  /^onc!  lie- I".  In  liuit,  tliciy  arc, 
so  niucli  K'fiiH'd  tliat  tlicy  arc  (uiiisiUi'icd  !»y  iiiaiiy  Id  :!i>|)roa(;h  very 
cIoN(*ly  lo  tin-  IIiTcloid  ill  wealth  I'oi'  ;;)a/,iii,i;-  pmpo.ses. 

At|>i'eseiit  tlie  bleed  is  restii(^ted  very  iiiiith  to  the  eoiiiil  ly  tliat  givan 
it  name  and  the  two  adjoiniii;;-  oih  s  of  UVnt  and  1  bints. 

Tlie  cows  are  not  :4i>ud  ndlkers.  They  arc  very  hardy,  however,  and 
do  well  on  poor  pasiiiics.  Ijike  tin  Dcnoiis,  tln'y  aic  ;!li  re<l,  but  have 
hirjicr  liorns,  heads,  and  boiii's. 

There  was  an  adiniiable,  class  of. Sussex  steers  nndei-  two  ;,  i  ursut  thii 
hitc  kSiiiithlield  show.  Mr.  Dimiiett's  one  y<'ar  len  months  and  two 
weeks  second  piize  one  weighed  \'.i  cwt.,  L'  ti'-'^-.  •""'  -•"»  ">'^-i  ^'I'd  one, 
about  a  l(»itni,i;ht  older,  belonv.iii;^  to  .'dr.  H.  I'a^t",  <»!'  W'aliner,  Kent, 
weighed  J.J  cwt.  and.'}  (ps.  The  heaviest  Siisse^x  o\  was  that  ol  Mr. 
S.  Clarke,  not  <piile  fhi'ce  years  and  ten  iiioiilhs  old,  which  scaled  L'(( 


cwt.  and    I  <p'.     The  third    prize  ( 


ow,  h(»wevcr,  belonjiiii;';  l(»   I\Ir.  \\ 


\Vood,ol  Crawley,  iSiissex,  weij^Iicd  o  poaiuls  over  a  ton. 


TUF.   .SCOTCH   I'ULl.Kl)   ANCIS   Ol.'    A  MKKDKICN. 


This  bleed  of  cattle  is  supposed  to  be  desceii«led  Iroin  wluit  were, 
foinicily  teriiied"Aii;^iis  i)oildie,s,"«»r Aberdeen  Iliiinmlies.  li  ishu-ely 
represenled  in  Aberdeenshire,  I'^orfarshire,  and  Iviiicardiiicshire,  and 
their  leading' characteristics  may  be  described  as  follows: 

Tiiiir  coat  is  sliorf,  fnn'otli,  nIINv,  ami  j;lossy,  ami  airin'sl    always  Mack,  Minn-li 


ittcaNHtiiallv  Millie  iiiiiiiia 


Is  have  Miiall  dull  wliilc  n]mi|.s,  ami  si  ill  iiikic  r 


llcly  sniiii'  all 


nu, 


reel  i.r  l)ii  hilled.     'J'lic  licad  is  lulled  wiili  hair,  I  lie  ears  aie  lallicr  I  hick  and  li; 
the  imi/./.le  is  .Millie what  ciiaise,  llm  le;,'s  aro  well  lMiiied,aiid  ol' inodcrale  lcli;;!li. 

(!reat  improveinenl  has  bi  en  made  of  late  years  in  this  breed  b.\  care 
lid  selection,  and  \er\  beaiiliriil  animals  have  been  exhibited  at  botli 
lii-eediiii;  and  lalsfock  shows. 

't'liey  are  pot)r  ii.ilkcrs,  but  arc  very  haril>,  docile,  laij^c,  coMiin,i;e;iily 
t(»  inaliiiify,  and  ;,'ood  breeders,  and  the  meat  is  i)rexee!lenl  qualify,  b, 
rcspei'l  ofwcaitii  and  lii';ii  (piabty  comltined.  Irr  yrazin.i;  purposes  they 
«'an  scait'ely  lie  siiijiassed  by  any  variety  whalevei',  I  lie  Scoich  oiazieis 
appear  to  think,  the  only  iiol;ible  pi'cleirnce  on  llnir  part  bein^^  hn  a 
ci'oss  between  them  aiid  ihe  Shorthoin.  .Mr.  ('.  Stevenson's  lirst  prize 
three  years  eiiilit  monl.'is  old  .stcei  at  tiie  last  Smithlielil  show  scaled  L'l 
cwt.  and  LM  lbs.  'i'his  was  by  tar  the  heaviest  e\liibi;ed.  'J'lieici  was, 
however,  a  yrcat  uiiiloniDiy  ot  \vei;;li(  iieiwceii  Hi  cwt.  and  I'.i  cwt. 

•iin;  (;Al.[,owA^    I!i:hki». 

'J'he  (i.dloway  breed  is  aiiich  older  and  ipiile  as  hij^hly  prized  as  (lie 
An,nus  in  the  county  of  (ia:!(»way  and  maii>  parts  ot  Scotland.  TIm\ 
weic  Ibrmeriy  partly  lioiiied  and  paill.v  jiolied,  bin  by  select  ion  tlie\ 
have  now  bceome  ]nii!eil,  liioii'.;!)  occasionally  some  base  small  *'.-.1iil^>. 
or  s 


Till 


limps  wliirli  .lie  not  aliivt  d  to  tli<'  skull. 


lireed    IS    iiio;e 


liaidv   than   the  .\  nmi.--,  and  bet  icr  lbrd;i  i 


purposes,  while  Us  c.a'iiis  iire 


.'so  iidi!iissd>le   lor  weallb  as  a   iii 


l/.er. 


It  is  in  tact  a  .•.erviceable  a.l  .iroiind  tenant    larnier  s  iinimal.     'i'jic  vei- 
ciaa  .Met  oiiibie,  who  st<»od   lirst  and    loiemo.^i  uinoii;. 
wroti;  as  follows  in  his  book  on  t!i(^  feedin,^' ol'caitle  : 


■coleli  j;i;i/i(M> 


I    have   ,t;ii,'cd   the.   [liire   Ai"-r:!'eil   ami   .\M'_ni--.    llie    .Micrijei-ii    an  I    N'elli    ('ill 

ly  ■-.  and  u  li.il  .lie  Ic!  iiied  ill  Aii;;tlH  I  lie  .Siiiilli  ( 


cro.shcH,    the  ni'Jilaml.  I  lie  ( ia! 

(rv  calili',  I  he  i  III  (ill.  ami  I  he, J II 1 1.1 ;  II  I.     ll  >liii'  i  ,0  '  ii  nl  I  lie  A  •  <;  ili  ei.  and  .\ii'^ii 


out    ol'    our   lid    heldsciii    he   seclirei 


1  I 


ieiie\e    nil   ii 


111  r  li 


ill 


«liore  money  in  lllU  Uoilh  Jur  I  lie  .same  V.tllle  <ir  kee|i 


|ia\   II 


ic  ;il..,',ii 


iMiii-li  eai 


III!  lac  lull :  I 


ill},',  Itul;  now 
iiivt,  tli(!y  arc, 
)j»ro;it!h  very 

ry  that  {,'ivt's 

lowcvjT,  and 
'•<i,  !)nt  liiivo 

.ytuisiit  tlur 
[lis  and  two 
l)s.,  and  one, 
ilincr,  Kent, 
t  tliuL  (»l  Mr. 
i;Ii  scaled  L'o 
.■;  I«»  IMr.  W  . 


1  wiiiit  wcro, 

It  islaj-;iiclv 

icsliiic,  and 


I'l.Kk,  (I -ii 

MIl'I.V   .Sll|rn'  ,||V 

ill;  and  liiiii  \, 
111  liiiifih. 


Tiri.^    irNlTKL,    KIN(JJ)OAf. 


'iif  thcCiall 


Mr,  MrVoiwlm  considcivd  (| 
rivaled  cxcc|)/  pcrliap.s  l)v  die  - 
(hem  .so  easily  /iiij.sl„.d  as  j.mic"aiV..iV| 


03 


«>\vuys  "on  poor  land 


'I'lio  iHiro  (lallow.iy 


IM   llNlljilly  \,U,rk 


"-ii  Hi^'"-'.ier<' im,;iH;;iid 

''"■^"'•<-'"^s-l.red  cattle 


are  uii- 
"ot  dccni- 


(liirk  iiml  vrry  liiiirv;  M,,,  |„„.)j 
iilidl  Willi  hair;  Hio  I 


kiiol 


IN  NtlJlij^li 

<-A>i  ill 


•'  <'.M'    IH 


tlH'   llCllij 


•  Ulti 


'■  <lllll  UImI  Nli'i'iiy  ;    tl 


I'll  I  aiiil  Nliuli"." 


in  <«ViTf(l  widi 


,  tiio  ciir  IH 

N<lili-.S|)|lOli. 


iliailLAMj   CAT 


I'l.K 


As  the  iianir  deiioles,  this  bi 
.Scofhiiid;  (hey  weie  Ibriiu'rlv  I. 


'<<'d  IS  iiat 


d,a.u,u.*,i,./„,,;^n;:,;;:'  ,  ;:r;:-- N.,,,i,.vu,i.«i 


!),';,!",'.'"',"■'.•"'•  "iKi'i'Ni.i«..f 


'I'licir  Mfufiii 


'•■   '-    IIMIuilv  Ml 


in;:  mImi  11(1,1  in  c  ,,i  loiiir,  yj 

llir  lli^lic.^l  (|i';;|, 


iil>ed  as  loliotts: 

"HwImtMllilll.       'II 


lure  cattle,     Tho 


.mil   ri'iiiii  llics   ji 


lIlIM,    \'l 


'I'll  is  II 

1       >lll!llll<   C. 


«i.-sy  „i„, ,,     i.„i;.  iLi:':,r ':'  ';;;•'  ^^  "u « ..imk  si, 


K  l•(^■|(  1 


liiiii,'  .sliii;,'i;y  111 
I  111'  nil. 


ll'W,  illlll    lililllllcil  (i 


I"    cnldi-  v.ii 


"1     CIH  iy    |l;li| 


hi'  Nlli 


"v  liinii'il  ii(.. 


I 

■  <'"iiiiiiH:  (low 


N  11  |ii(>((  (lioii 


'ItlicJilit,.;   |,.,,,| 


"  N.  NUIIK,     .11 


^1     II 


•H'SNoCl  mihl 


>in,]i 


IV 


iliiiioii  ill 


"',•"'';"■'>>•     Thol.ra'.l 


'.'"'imIs   li,.j„j,  I, J 


'•\'lllllll«|,|„.,„„l'  „,,,!, 


Drliiw 


ll'MI.  ,'llul 


rii(Myc,.s   iiln   |iii.iiiiii..iil,  .■iliil 


i|i.iri,  lull,',',  n.i-MMi,  ;iiii| 


"live  ii  1 


IT 

oilioi-N  rcil, 

""*  !t   |)ll>lll.si()Il„f 
ilH',   illlll 


'I''  iiiii//lti  is  ( 


;i!iil  wi'll  (iiiiiiiii. 


IX'lllIld  ;    III,      I 


jllll 

li 


I'll  I'    Ml, 


"i".V    IS    Nil-; 


(I 


I  III'  li'i;>(  nil'  .sliurt 
'I'liey  ;ire  ccld 
"•  ''"<'-'  <|iMiify,  and 


111,  il.iik 


'I'lii-  1 


;iiiil  1^  (ii'i 


'K'l.V  Mii'M'iila, 


IKIIIN  itin  wiilt 


)rale(|  (;,,•  ^^^ 


':!<''S  down  to  t  j; 


"■:'  '"■';'*'-^  •"  >'""  Pniieipaj   I';,,.-! 

till    Ht\t     I.  1    ■       .    .  *  ".->  ' 


I'l'M'erlic 
'•  very  hi'cl 


liicy  do  not  rank  so  hii;|ii\,  | 
IS  (Iclieicnt  in  »|iian(i(  v.     'rii, 
iUKl  active,  and  eapahic  "uC  ,.|„'| 
'•hiiMreol   tlu^  lli-ldaii.is      Ti 


X'C.lU 

<'y  an 


''•^li    iiiarivci,. 


!• 


It 


'"'  '"ilk,  t'lon-l 
exticiiicly  hardy 


"'■'";4-  both  ('  I'd 


li('.\  are 

.^rjiziii,: 


,^eiieraliy  ladcmd.  ;ind 


Tl 


'I'l'-'ivealnnrahlyo.  i.nvl 


meat  Ix'jii^'  of 
'■••iiiiiiainis  (he 
••'■•''iiy  purpo.scM 
'   '-'"<1  HI  iinaliiv, 

^'.ii;»;«;ii'S,  <niick, 

eioiis 


''"Pi'lid  cold  hoist 


leir  hardy  u;,) 


II 


iHiMil.  and    (hey  uiij 


nie 


ai  '■  III 


.1  .iiid.s,  wh 

;a -leinand  in   K,„,„„, 


lii'i 


'l>  and 


•o'l'Siiiii.'   and   (I 


""••■^   "ot  rc.inir,.   {|,;,f   ,, 


er(! 
lor 


1 1   is  llC.S(   (o 


;";'".v<.l.'icr  kinds  or,.  1,(1 
■     '"f''  <hein  loi'j,  ii„„.  , 


in\('  III 


<•  w 


I    coal; 


"'.V  .sliould   li 


"Mid  leave  nn( 


in|iiiii'  licjiiL;'  .vradnall 


^'  acciisioiiM'd 


'I'li''!'  <areaiMl  a((cn(ioii  Ims  | 


X'Con 
'<»  ,\ards  or  I 


niic 


pastiuv,  uhi,h 


iniliin.iT  them  (o(; 


i|!i''ii!ly  liandsdi 


"<'v"<'n.alsare,.xh,|,j,,,l 


»'■«'"  |»aid  (o  iiaj.i 


•"\es.     ()!•  ^.^^^ 


»  as  (Ih'v 


'"•'i'  ""   Iheir  native   lulls,  ,vi 


.mil  .iliriuards  wlicn  j 


•eiii 


IS  aiu.ivs  In^liiv  n 


'la /J 


Tl 


Pl'ieciad'ii. 


'♦■'■';  llicir  appeal 
'  hi  pa.s(nri's,  || 


•  >\  ,,,M' (In.  ), 
f  hit  slo.k  ,.x|iii 


ree<L 


years 


and  t 


re 


'"""i.s;    will's! 
"lewh.ir  uiid. 


"■'""■.'•"lies  of  (I, is  |„.,,,.'| 


"lee  Is  .-,, 


"•"■I'i«-(iires<|iu.  I 


'"''"""'"""'■"^•^^^'"'.^■phiKhd.iiiai 


In.M    I.,,  sniiinird 


>eaii(v 


•I'lalily  of  nie.it. 
^Vi;.s.ni:i.:  r.\TTi...; 


"I'  i(s  u  conihinadon  of 


This  hind  (akes  ,ts  nann   iVn,,,  .i 
'''"^^"i^^<l'.Hac(cns(ic,s:  "'<' <-'"n.ly  uC  .v  , ,      ,„., 


'lli'Mi'  .•i.li.i'  is  ■isiial/v   n.,1   .,,    1 

i'i';«i,  .•ii„is,,,,,Hiu,,.si,ia..K..,,|  ;,;;;\''  ■""'  '''■ 

""'li"iii>i.iii'  litiv,  iiirvn  ii„u-,.  i  , 

",',"■■;"''••  ;'"•  ''■•'«  '^  '■''  .^-.n,;;lu   "•"■'^  ""■  "'i'  <■'     ,,-,  win, 

llir  liiiilv  111  iiiiiii"s    ar.'.M-    1?..!     •  .""n 

lis,   u!'i'';ii    !-^     ti(.f     (  !      ,     .       ,  ,  .     •     -,1  . 


P»>'<.se/s.scs  (he 


''"■•*"'"^'-'-^''-;    ..rail....,.,, 

::;','|.:"',;7l';"i-aM.iii,..i,.|.,„.  ,,,, 
"""•''■'N^Mnii.amv.,,;. ,;,';;; 


iirrcdi 


''^  h;ne  fiken  p.iin.s,  I 


"""'ii-iil\-    1,1 


»\     SC 


louii,    iiiit    c, 


V  ctioii 


a.'jil 


liKlicaais   I 


'■  'liiiil  (|iiar- 
"    •""!  Miiall    i,j 


'    •■<"ishlei.ll, I,.    1 


Kid 


111 


line 
'4,  to    ill- 


I 

I 


64 


CATTM:    AM>    KAMi'Y    IARMIN(J. 


rnsisr  tlu>  piopcrlii'M  for  wliicli  Axihliiri^  <iilt!«'  air  fiiriioitH,  and  wliirli 


m 


. 


ii 


J 


ait^  III  ii  (U';;r«'«^  iii»li;4«'m»ii.s. 

Tlu'si^  aiiimiiLs  an'  no  hardy  that   tlu'.v  iM'ai*  almost  aiiv  varialioii  ol' 
cliiiiatc,  tlii'iviii;;'  well  on  lii;;li  l,vin<;  districts  witliont  losiii<^  ihcii-  milk 
iii;j  liropntics,  \vliil.si;a  milder  iitiiio.s|>li«'i(' iiiid  ri<  li  piisl  Mr;i,L;»' suit  tlinii 
pcrtcctly. 

'llu'ir  ;;ira(  attrihiitc  is  llicir  «'\c(*]!ciit  iiii!k,  wiiutli  is  ;;ood  in  (piali(\ 
and  «'\ti'aoi'din:ii'il,v  lat';;r  in  quantity.  It  is  (rlaimod  lliat  a  *-o\v  oC  tins 
l)i'('*'d  will  yield  as  iiineli  milk  lor  food  «'oiisiiined  as  any  memliei'  of  Mie 
lioV-ine  species. 

Ayrshire^  cows  aie  very  popular  in  their  native  <!onnty  ami  lliroii;;]!- 
onl  the  dairyin;;  districts  olScoilaml,  partly  liecaiis(^  they  Niiil  the,  sys 
terns  of  tannin;:;'  adopted  mncli  I  letter  than  heavier  (tows,  such  a.s  Hiiorl 
Ikm'Iis,  would  do.  tor  ilie  leedni;:  is  yt'vy  mncli  resti'i<-ted  to  tin*  arable 
(Mtrtion  of  the  tarm,  the  land  liein;;  kept  down  loaitilieial  ;^iasseH  two 
years  Unit  <lairy  cows  may  Ite  kepf.  'IhtM-liief  olijeelnni  af^Minst  Ayr 
shires  in  Mnj^Iand  is  that  when  the  cow  lias  ceased  inilkiiij^  it  is  W'<»ii|| 
wry  little  for  ^ra/inn'  piir|»oses. 

.Ti:i;.SKYS   AND   (JIIKIJNSKYS. 


The  Mime  ohjcction  jis  the  fore^foinj,'  applies  in  a  still  jtH-ater  de;,'i 


Vi> 


to  the  Jersey.  Slill  there  are  pastures  with  short  i»ites  in  the  soiilh  ol 
lOiiiiland  for  which  Jersey  herds  are  adopted  «^veii  liy  lemiiit  laniiers. 
As  :i  fancy  animal  I(M'  nolilemen's  parks,  and  to  adorn  the  ^^roiiiids  ni 
oiir  country  f;('ntry,  .lerscys  nw  very  much  exleiidin;.,'  themselves  evci  v 
\\  In  ic.  'I  hey  are  not  only  atlliient  milkers,  bill  t  lie  propoi  lion  ofcieaii; 
to  milk  is  lar.iTe,  and  the  yields  of  hiilier  realized  Iroiii  some  are  reiiiiii  K 
al)l(^  A  ^leat  many  ^^lod  herds  nw.  to  Ix^  found  in  Hants,  and  inile(>(i 
all  aloii;:;'  the  .soiithwestern  coast,  also  in  i'lssev  and  the  home  conniii's 
riu'  .Iers»>y  cow  is  too  well  known  tor  its  neatness  of  form,  sleiidfi 
frame,  its (U-er  like  head. and  its  ;;entleiiess  to  reipiiro  further  deseiijii ion, 

The  cows  of  tin'  sister  isle.  (Inernsey,  are  «'eleluated  foryiehlinjr  iiiojc 
hiitter  than  even  -lerscys.     Theyaie  also  lar.uer  in  size  and  more  hards , 
still  they  seldom  yield  carcasses  lo  the  satisla<'tion  of   IOii;;lisli  rciiliii'^ 
farmers  alter  tlieir  milking  season  is  over.     The  same  parts  of  tiie  Iviii;; 
doiii  where  Jer.^eys  are  found  most  nnineions  pationi/.e  the  yellow  Cli.iii 
ml  Islands  breed. 

'i'lie  best  I'.n^lish  show  yard  herds  of  (iiieiiiseys  are  probably  Ikhh 
Hants  and  Devon.  In  |nopaj;ation  the  dnernsey  in  iOn^^iand  sci'iii> 
naturally  lo  develop  into  iikmc  uni/Au'^  chararlcr.  and  detraci  somcwliai 
from  line  (p;alily,  or  at  least  what  would  be  coiisnleied  so  in  ihetNcv 
of  an  island  jiid.;.;e. 

-Icrseys  and  (iiicinse\s  were  lor  a  Ion;,'  lime  accepteil  in  Mii^iiiml 
iiiidei'  I  lie  m'lieral  title  ot  "  .Mderneys,"  the  probability  bi  <\\i^  thai  Ijirv 
wcK' lirsl  introduced   trom  the  island  ot    that    name.     It  l.^  only  liiiih 

liWll, 

S   IS 

Mini 


that  the  dinereiicc  cm.sIiii.l;  between  them  has  become  ;;»'iu'rally  kii 
In  both  islands   llie  ciilry  of  forei;;ii  stock   for  breed iii;^  purpose 
prohibited.     'I  he   law   enforcing;-  this  has  been   loii-r  in  existeiic 
most   ri'4Ml!\    ob-eived;   this  accounts  Ibr  the  piiril\    of  I  he  breed 
ll  ^ 


.s  III 


m;s('  i.- 


llHlS. 


'J'lie  animals  are  narrow  between   the  shoulders,  lia\e  short  .si 


liixilli 


coats,  and  the  eyes  luixc  a  mild,  docile  expression.  'i'lie\  aie  licaliliv, 
breed  well,  and  last  ioii;^'.  The  pi  iiiciparmalady  to  which  they  arc  .siii» 
ject  IS  miik  fever,  which,  if  prompt  measures  are  not  taken,  ^irovo  ;i 
sure  tlestioyer. 


THK  imrri;D  kingdom. 


loim,  iiimI   wliirli 

iiv  v;iriiili()ii  of 
siii<;  I  heir  milk 
iiiii,L;»'  siiil  tlinii 

;^<io(l  ill  <|italil\ 

ril  a  row  of  tills 

iiicnilM'r  of  thv 

y  hihI  IIiioii;,'li. 
ii-y  Niiil  I  lie,  s.vts 
,  siicli  as  8lu>i  I 
il  to  tli(«  at'iiltlc 
'iai  ;^ra,s,s«'H  two 
>ii  a},Miiis(,  Ayr 
k\u'^  it  In  woiili 


ill  liif  soiiih  (ii 
tciiuiit  laniicis. 
till-  ;{roiiii(|s  III 

'IllSCivCS  t'\C|  V 

oi  lion  of  c.n'aii; 

)iiM'  ai»'.  K'liiaik 

Ills,  and  iiiiliH'ij 

Intuitu  coiiiilics 

f    lollll,  sU'lKJfl 

lH'r«U'srii|(lioii, 
)!•  vichliiijf  iiioii^ 
11(1  luoic  liardv. 
IOii;;lisli  iviiliii^' 
I'ls  ol'  tlio  Kill;; 
le.vtillow  Cliaii 

|»:()hal»l>  liiiiii 

l'ill,l,fiaiH|       S|■|•|||^ 

Mad  soiiicwliai 
I  so  ill  I  lie  r\c> 


'llM-\\,.|sl,|{„„fs,„StlK „„..„., 

w  iilH.ii-iiial  1.IV...I,  hut  Mir.vliav,,  I 

.Iiiiiliiv.  ^   ""r'""'^,'''"""Nnlli,:i,.utciiriniotl 


WMLMH   VATriA). 
o.y  lift'  Noiiu'tiiiu'M  called,  may  Ik-  coiisidorcd  m 


MM'ii  t'oiUMl  to  vary  vfiy  mucli  ii 


ill  s('ic(Miii;;  tlicm  Cor  Uictxlincr 

fill  ...         .  .         L  1  ■  ^ 


laviiiK  l)wMi  taken  roiinmiv 


Til  y  arc  apt.  to  l)(>  .soiiicwj 


k!:!:'';!'';'"!.'"'./?"''^'""""^ ''•"•">.  •'sp.H-iaiiv  ..i-  lai 


lilt   ra.-'^'cd  ill  oiitliiH',  IIioiikIi  (airly  ;rood 


has  I 


X  CI 


I  jmvcii  to  I'oiiii  and  (jiialir 


<',  a.s  more  atUuitkm 


Tlicy  may  he  di'iioininatcd 


loiij,'.     'riicliorii.s  arowid 
iii,'4  upwards. 


i<  iiiiddic  horned  Iirccd.  rati 


ler  in<;liin'd  to 


''■'^picadiii-  wliii,.,  (i,,,„.,i  with  black,  and  curl 


I"'"' •■•''"'• '•'■";•',""'•":''  i-^  "-siially  ldack,a,id  simie  I 
llicy  arc-ood  (or  <lairy  piirpos,.,s   I 


and  hide  Cor  ;:ra 
hrcolcrs, llicv  have  Ix 


■coinesoiiiiicl,  rcliiicd  <iCtl 


lare.  a  little  white. 
',;,*,'J'  ;"<\"siially  too  Ntron^j  in  bono 


"';!:..'r''^''''>^«'''^i'Mhchand;o,"a,^ 


;iii  '<>  "'=il;<^  ill'  imp...ssioii  at  the  .Sinitiiii,.|«l  (!liii 


icir(;oarsciies,s  that  they 


cciiilicr  Mr.  Owen  'riioinas,  of  Aii"| 


)  Nhow,  and  hiHt  J)e 


est  animal  in  the  .show  with  hi 
I'L'cwt.,  I  (jr.,  (i  Ills. 


i<;S('y,  could  claim  to  have  the  I 


■^nearly  (our  years  old 


leavi- 


<».N,  whicL  wciirhed 


The  Welsh  Cat  lie  Mook,  puhlislied  in  ISTI 


this  hiccd  most  Iiill\ 


,  ^'ivcs  the  characteri.^ticsoC 


KlOtMJV   (.•AT|'i,|.; 


The  Kerry  is  tiie<)iily  native  IrLsh  breed  word 


arc;.;<ind  milkers  lor  their  size;  Croin  the, 
ill  il  liinMed  space  they  aic  often  called   tl„ 
siinill,  ha.idsome,  and  very  docile;   the  head 


eas< 
le 


ly  oCineniioii.     Tl 


le  cows 


1  with  which  they  are  kept 
poor  man's  row.     'i'hey  are 


i|iiiclv  and  animated.     iMt-ijiicntly  tl 


i>i  line  and  .small,  tli 


ill  height. 


animals  do  not  exceed    to  ind 


e  eye 


les 


The  lore-oin;.- snccinct  and  detailed  ret 


orcalllediriiish^^-ciH'iiil  descriptions  thai  niavl 


creiices  to  the  variou.s 


breed.s 


liic  primed  Holes  beiliL;  I  hose  made  bytl 


)e  nil 


icscrvedly  accepted, 


\-iiciilluial  Society  ol    i:ii-laiid.  Sir   Mr.indreth   (iild 
loil,\  years  odieial   eonneclioii  with  the    l.'oval 


eciirreiif  piesideiit  oC tlu^  Uoyal 
>^,  who  has  liad 


lii'ld   Cliiit,  whilst  the  writ  I 


ei 


I   iiccoiiiit    has  been   speeia 


"•K't.v  and  the  Hinifh- 


lie  by  3Ir.,losepli  Dai  by,  an  aiilhor  of  work 


.V  compiled  (or 


Miliji  els.  well  known  aiid  est 


Herewith  I  iiielo>e  the  \a 


ccined  in  lliis  «oiiiiir\ 


ks  (Ml  cai  tic,  sheep,  and  d 


iiiry 


laiiicd  in  response  to  let  lers  addressed  ( 


Mous  Items  of  informal  ion  whi^h  1  I 


laveob- 


(IW 


iieis  of  I  he  Ibili.di  Island 


several  of  the  leadini;  .stock- 


(■-(•'■'■liillv  in   Kssex  and   Norfolk.     1  .shall    I 


s,an(l  liom  personal  visits  made  I 


luiii-  preliminary  remarks  on  Hie  whole  subject 


».V  myself, 
lowevcr,  wi.sh  to  make  the 


<i;i,i:(']|(>.N    (II.    l()Ki;i(i.-v    CA'ITI.K    I 


«»ll    TIIK    I'NIIKI)   ST. ATI-; 


111  iclcrence  to  || 


le  as 


'ICallle  ill  tile  I  nited  Stat 


•>^crlioii  that  there  an!  only  t 


cs,  wl 


cii  or  eleven  brecd.v 


,,.1,1     ,    I .       ,        ,  '    "    1  in  n-  i.s   rooi 

"I- MImI  lai,-laiid  po.s.se.s.se.s   twenty  breeds  and    I 


'<•'••■  ilH'iv  is  room  Cor* at  least  thi 


;iii«l  i.iher  Ijiiopcau  countries  in  li'l 


I'liil 


iiisi  (ItHibllc.s.ssoiiM!  additional  luceds  to  || 
itcs  may  be  advanta-eoiisly  introduced    ,. 
■  «;<''^'iil«'^  are  select  ions  (rom  the  best  brn-d 


e  proportion,  I  would  ob 


rty, 
lance  tifteeii  breed!. 


i^eive  (hat 
•scat  present  in  the  Ignited 


.\el    the  cattle  now  in   tin 


•'l«is  are  rediieiii;^-  fin-  |,|,,„| 


,(•  I. 


'"'''''"'"'  ""'pKidiiciioiiof  meat  and  mil 


,     ,.,,.,         ,     "i"P<',  where  sioek- 
".'   V     "';■"■  '"■'•ed.sso  that   tho.se  best 


II.  i: 


.\.  ..  — 


iv  arecrowdin-oiit  the  infer 


lor 


ili 


^:*** 


66 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


hrccds  very  r;ii)i(l!.v.  Thus  tlu*  rcsniction  of  bivcds  to  siii;ill  nutiib(!r.s 
iiiCci's  till'  '•  siicvivitl  of  the  litlivst,''  ami  is  iiidicatixc  ratliiT  of  ajjiicnlt- 
iiral  pro.ivrcss  tliaii  tliu  revt'iso.  For  tlif  liitmeit  may  W  Ibici-asr that 
\\\v  I'liiropoaii  hrtH'ds  of  cattle,  slice]),  and  iii.^s  will  notably  diminish  in 
numbers  and  con  i^])undin;ily  imi)r<)V(^  in  value. 

Tlie  parapaph  lelcnin;;  to  iniiiortcd  breeds  prodncinj;- in  their  new 
homes,  wJien  suitably  located  and  manap'd,  oli'sprinj^- sui)erior  to  that 
I>rodueed  in  their  original  homes  can  only  be  ae(;epted  with  reserve,  as 
altliou^h  numerous  instances  of.yreat  breetliuj;: successes  are  established 
in  the  rreonls  of  the  {'nited  States,  that  result  maybe  attributed  to  the, 
lactoltlie  imported  cattle  and  ]>i,<;s  bi'in,i;'  j^cnei'ally  i>icked  specimens, 
seleeled  I'or  their  escelleiiee,  whcieby  their  proj^eny  are  put  out  of  com- 
parison w  iih  the  luoreordiui'i-y  stock  from  wiiich  specinieus  are  common- 
ly seen  at  the  shows  of  the  United  Ivinj^'dom. 

1  am  advised  by  eminent  antlnnities  that  however  {^rand  may  be  the 
American  ivsults  attained  in  the  case  of  .lei-sey  cattle  &.r.,  yet  it  is 
thou<;ht  to  l>e  advisable  to  replenish  stoiik  l<y  returning- to  the  ori^^inal 
homes  oft  he  bi'ee(is,  whilst-  1  note  also  in  a  report  relative  to  Shorthorns 
from  our  eousiil  at  JA'eds,  that  bu,\ers  are  veco'iimended  to  revisit  the 
Teeswatcr  disiiii'ts,  where  the  jLirandold  Durlnun  slv)ck,  i'en(»wue<l  foi'  its 
size,  /40(td  constitution,  and  sjdendid  milk-ba.^',  exists  in  larj;e  numbers, 
and  from  v.Iiieh  the  r<'lined,  imjiroved  Shoi'thorn  has  l)een  carelulh 
bied. 

So  also  in  I'cspeet  to  Fiii'iieh  br<'eds  1  I'eelassureil  there  is  a  wide  scope, 
for  importatiou  of  siii(eri(U-  catile  ii'om  their  luitive  distri(;ts,  from  whicii, 
the  best  specimeiis  bein^-  selected,  it  may  be  expected  the  Ameiican  con 
lincnt  will  s(K»n  produce  a  hiviliei'  ;^eii'ral  level  of  excellence  in  sudi 
n>-\v  brec;ls  i!:aii  eould  bf  Ibiind  in  i'^nnice.  JU'sides  the  Norman,  Ibit- 
tany,  l'le!ni>h,  and  ("harolaise  bleeds,  there  arc  (juite  half  a  dozen 
I'i^Micii  biiM-ds  of  cattle  which  ()robably  nii;ilit  be  a<l  vanta,i;<'oUsly  intro- 
diircd  i'llo  tiie  L'niied  States. 

Vonr  at  lent  ion  is  called  to  inclosnie  "  Notes  on  I'^ieneh  Live  Stock,"' 
from  the  orueial  J'^iench  catalo,:;ues  ol' the  I'aris  i;xhibitii)n  of  l.STs, 
with  ill  list  rat  ions  added  which  do  nol  appeal  in  t  lie  ori;,'inal  eatalojiiies; 
also  to  the  criliea!  rep(»rt  oft  he  last  I'aris  cat !  le-sliow  ( I<'ebiiiary,  bSS,;), 
written  bv  ."Mr.  Kaiii'^  Jack.sen  and  pnblisiied  i!i  the  J.oinhni  'I'lmesaiiil 
i!ie 

(  V( 


|e!» 


i:ne!iiv;in 


r  pabli 


iiH'd 


here 


wliicii    uives   the   most  eonipiete  desci'iptioii 


I'lin.lC.V!  IONS    CO.NCinj.MNCi    JJUI'i'lSIl    CATTLi:. 


The  detailed  iiirMrmatinn  sou.uht  as  to  the  ci).>i.s  and  metiiods  of  e\ 
iMHtation.  the  «-iil  ieal  d'seijplious  of  tin-  scvcial  breeds,  I  heir  lelniiM' 
ni!iiil)eis  and  re. alive  prodiieliou  foi'  meat  oi'  milk  would  re<|nire.  esen 
ill  a  laosl  c.iiaiensed  form,  a  \  olniiie  ol'  -eveial  hundred  i>a;4es,  Siiehii 
woik  would  iiitt.  lie  diiileiill  li>eompile  IVoia  exi^lin^- materialsaiitl  tVeni 
the  special  suppli'liieiilaiy  delails  now  olilailied,  e.<peeiall\  as  in  lecei:! 
\ears  j^reat  aetivily  lias  been  .shown  in  (Ireal  l!Mlaiiiaiid  heland  in 
.supplyiiiy-  authentic  mallei'  for  the  eom|iilation  of  sliid  and  herd  liooks. 

flHi  Sulleik  Slud-!;o((k,  the  C.wl horse  Sluil-lJook,  and  the  ,ler.-"> 
'  le'il-lJuok  have  lah  !y  apptan-d,  ami  now  the  l);'\oii  J  leid- Hook,  the 
Cleveland  Day  Smd-r.ook,  the  Hackney  Stud  iW^ok,  tin;  l'i;,'-l!re(i|r;.-, 
Stud-Hook,  and  oile  '•  simil.ir  works  are  in  i'oiii.>e  of  preparation. 

'J'he  Slioiiliorn.  I l"ielbi<l.  Seoteh.  I'oHed,  lied    I'olled  Ayrshire,  aii'l 
\\  ek-h  Kiac'v  ( 'a;  i  !e  I'uid  ll.:;iksha\i'  been  i  .^iabii.liril  for -.ever;;!  \r.n.-. 


ii|i|i!c  nil  lO. 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


67 


;.sanor.lin,;,nl,,M.,,,stvulnalWc'inn,n^  '""'  '^''«"'<l  be  vousultod 

t^..vri.l,ll,KsLr;,tionsoftl.o  vur      s  ;    ''''•''"^=^^ 
an   iKHMts  in,  l.,s.vvorI.s  .:;.!!':'     !:^^^ 

" '      '='^';   '<•;'''  ".  ..msh  <.ise.s  ,|,aw,     mm       '  J    ''^  '''^T'^'' "'".V ^'«"taiu 
Hi'ivwith  I  lonvaid  (iii(,i„si,n.  ••/'         \   ,  ' '^'""''^''^  "I'^ve  iiidicatod 

i.yrho  JN.V.  Hoi,,  Hcvvi..;;;";:;.;:^  -;:;;'  --11  „i.,:io,.ary  ';";[;.^;, 

vyar.l  .IS  a  ,m,.s,  siutcssIuI    W(,,k   /;,.  ''^  'l^  «l'orMi„ni.s.     I  ;,|.so  tor 

Iti  the  volnnu's  of  (i„.  i',,,-,!   \      •     i 
ISi.,  a...  tonn,,  tlu>  i'-t/r^^  ,^1^1^^^ ^  ,;^;--^y  of  En.lan.l,  since 
.uivon  an  a.-.-onn,^  <„•  ,|h,  ^voio-Mi^J  ,;,','  '   'InM-ounfy,  i„  ,vlu'ch  are 

"H'tIio.l.s  <.f  r  <Mlin^^  an.l  rea-i.  'm    ,'^^  ^  s  /'"'[^  '''  ':'''''-'l'-  "f  stoek  un?l 

■''^^;;;''Kai:i:s^'r,;;;i;i:i;!:;>- 'If  z^'^")  «:^;'^^,^'^^'"'-  --  --i^^-  i.. 

-i;s  <.n  ,I.e   Roy,,  Hu.iet^/y  n' s";';;,l'i,''7';^VV'  ''"•^^■""J-' <-ntains 
ya.lin.i;-,son..tH..s      Mere  ,nav  Ik.  <,1  s /,' •     ^  v^  ""•'   various  other 

sloclv-hinMhTs  in  ,|„.  cuuntiv    -1(1,       ,-  ■""'  "«''l''<''^.^«'.s  ol'the  ehief 

•■^"^■"^"'^•''  •"'" '"— '^  <'.e  •n.^::^;';;n.e::aN:r-;;^^;;;;^vjo.  it. 

I'liUJ;    vs.   OUOINAIiV  STO(-|C. 

In  ,h(!  mailer  oCpriz,.  ••ntl..  ui„  n       .        • 
"''"^'^vnol,   sn.allness,,ro,i;d:^/'7  7::'^':'7'''^''''MMalityofll,,,., 
='l^v:<y.s,,,,,„,.,      „,,.,„,^^.^^  V   •,      ..;.;,•'      onMnen.i.er   they   a,, 

sl.K-    uhieh  .s  not  nsnally^>;^r,  1;   :;:;:';;■ '''^^'1  M.nnl.e,.or  (annmV 

"'■■^!''/'l   M,,.,,,.>r,he,,n.u.,i,v,M;.   o      ;    i'''^     '•7- "".s  reason  ,  he 
pl>  i.s  ins,an.-e.s  ol"  ,s,M.eml  raflMM    ,1  •  n    ,,    ,  V  '''1" '"  '"'  '••^■"•{•'•l  sim- 

-'Mmn.haseMoekaUane;  ,.,,,;:;•  'J'' j:'':';''''Olann^^^^ 

'''■''-'-••''•Tuie,oni,  p..,,,,,.. ,;:;.;;-. ;;;;;;;;.-;m 

1  Ik  ,4inloL;ieai  ehai'ieler  oC  H      i'  > 

^''''lti<<^sn.ailal,i,nWeo(-|he V,   !r;'.!V^^ 
'i-"l')-ts,  an.l  a;;nenl,;;;'i.    '     ,;        Im     nnr"";'  '"  ^""-^"  "-i-    m 

'  "1  I'a.st.nvs  an.l  >,hat  are  eall,,,,     '.,'';  ""or.na.ion.     Th,-  „,.. 

"7'"l'ansnn  with  the  lowlan.l  .'•  I  ;''''''''•■'■"'''•' '''^■'•''shh.rat/j,. 
':=";  ^  ol  only  /^,»  to  'm  ,;.,.f  a  ,r  ;^^,  ^.,;''^"'V'^;,  vall-ys,  an.l  mars. 
;;'•='">■"  '"ay  hesai.i  ,ha,  ,he  N  n  .m  s        ■      ."':.'  "'  V'*'^^'  "'"^''"  «"" 

.iniy,M\ei.vunere,ye,  fl,..  i. ,..(!.  ..,■  ,■'.   1    '."'  A"-"a«-ter.     >ih..rilinr..« 


the  liomc  of  th 


';;"'"'''rn:M,ian.iu.iihoi 


t'lace.     JJevon.siaiieiieri  in  .\ 


orlolk 


'''^  Us  charaCei- 
"il'ii  surpass  those 


loins 


as 


68 


CATTLE  AND  DAllJY  FARMING. 


ift  m 


fed  ill  llu'ir  native  comity,  and  C!<)ts\v()l(]  shcci)  also  (Iirivc,  in  various 
('oiiii(i^'.s.     iSoiiUidowiis,  Oxiordsliiro  downs,  and  in  lac-l  iK'iuly  all  tlie 


>t'  intt'iclianucs  district  witli 


Mi'ccds  or  Ktoclv  in  riie  liriiisn  islands  allow  oi  intcrci 
district,  without  losing'  llicir  diaractcr;  fi  >in  wliicli  tlii^  fact  may  he 
infciicd  tliat  tlio  diversities  of  altitude  and  climate  arc  iiisiiilieieiit  to 
all'ect  stock  uiuterially  iu  Great  Britain. 

TIIK   SANDlflNOIIAM  1IEIM).S. 

Tlic  iiulosnre  7  is  a  return  with  wliic-h  IVFr.  Samuel  IJeck,  a;4'eiit  to 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  favored  me.  It  will  Jie  observed  that  all  the  stock 
are  maiia.m'd,  iieili.yree  ^>hortllorns,  Alderiieys,  lllack  I'oUs,  and  other 
cattle,  in  a  manner  that  n  tenant  fanner  mi^Iit,  jtrolitably  fodow.  Of 
this  1  had  the  opiiortniiily  of  assiirin,u-  myself  by  a,  visit  of  inspection 
which  I  made  in  tlu^  middle  of  the  pieseiit  moiilli,  devotin,!;-  several 
hours  f(»a  survey  ot  tlu>  farms,  their  biiildiiiins,  stock  and  j^eiKa-al  char- 
acter, and  iieiii,!;-  laxored  with  personal  ex]»Iaiiatioiis  from  Mr.  lieck,  and 
from  his  sun,  Mr.  Fi.nik  Heck,  whose  ininiile  ac(|uaiiitaiice  with  every 
a,'4riciiltural  detail  was  of  the  i^reatcst  advaiita.ut'  to  me.  The  jiarade 
oi'  the  ])edi^iei^  .stock  in  the  si-veral  exercise  yards,  ami  the  {groups 
^razinii'  in  the  o|)eii  i»astures  formed  a  "royal  show"  in  private  of  the 
most  inteii'stiii.y-  ciiaracter,  bein.n'  fi'ci^  from  the  turmoil  and  crowded 
snrroiindiii,L;s  iiiidi'r  which  stock  are  commonly  seen  at  ai;ricultnral 
shows. 

The  herds  of  Shorthorns,  at  Saiidriii,i;ham,  are  located  u|>on  two  dis- 
tinct fariiis  at   l>abiii,i;ley  and  at  Woliertoii,  L'  miles  apart.     The  one 
herd  of  I  lie  ••Hates  and  Kni.^iitly  "  Idood  is  Ucpt  se|):irate  from  liie  herd 
of  the  ••  lUtotli"  blood,  and  adiniri'i's  of  t'illicr  have  llins  an  easy  oppoi 
tnnily  of  noting  the  re.s])ectivo  points. 

Some  years  a^o  tln^  followin.^' wonls  were  written  by  a  competent 
Clitic,  oflNorfolk  farmin,i;': 

It  is  iiiitiiiiiL;'  Imh  m  |ih,i!i  tiiitli  Iu  s,iy  lli:it  X'tifDll-;  funnels  iiit(|i'i|  a  siiuini  lc:nl  In 
I'dlldw  ill  till'  iiiiiIliT  111' li  VI'  slo.'li  niaiKiui'iiifiil,  anil  llnTi'  isuur  In  lie  ruiiinl  al  Sand- 
rin'4li;!ni,  I  lianks  t  >  Ilic  !iian;!,mini'lil  ol'  tin-  I'lincr  of  Wale-,. 

'i'lie  bull'  of  ilic  \\  (ilferton  herd  imdiide  the  Admiial,  I'.aron  Wolfer 
t(»n,  Dean.  Iiamp,  Denmark,  Dereham,  Dowiiham,  Dunkirk,  JMirtis,  Imm- 
teriias,  danc'sier,  .Marias,  roiisaix).  I'liiio.  INiyston,  Samson,  and  \"is 
count.  Their  a>;('s  are  from  twelvemonths  to  six  .\  ears.  Aiihiiii;st  tlif 
cows  arc  lift"cn   Diall('lll^.  the  otfsprin.n'  of  Mr.  ImsIici's  bull  (I'awslcy 

I'rince,  .•}l.l."i(t,  and  Diamond,  by  I  he  Cliieltain,  LMt.KlL').      At ,-;sl    the 

llabili.uley  liiiii  is  liie  bn!I  r.abiiii;l<'y  DilUe,  r-'.<l><>,  villi  t  lie  lust  of  Mr. 
iJatc.s's  bluod.  'J'iiioii;^li  all  the  mazes  of  the  Wild  I'.NCs  f,Miiil\ ,  dam 
l>lytlies(iiii  •  l\\<'s.  .sire  Maii|iiis  of  Oxiord  I'd,  .')7,<I.'"m,  tiie  bull  Duke  of 
Nt'irfolli,  calved  . lime  l.t,  lss(»,  and  bred  at  Saiidiin^liain,  is  by  the  li.irj 
of  Keetive's  DiiivC  of  Cndeily  .".d,  .■;s.i;i(;,  ami    i'lich.via  of  llilliiiisl. 

( 'oiisideri!!!^  I  lie  .-  i/e  of  t  lie  farms,  t  heir  carryin,-;  a  pedigree  herd  ol 
alioiit  ;;((  bulls  and  .su  cows,  besides  niimeroiis  store  slock  of  Devoiis. 
Idack  I'olis,  Jli;.:hlaiideis,  and  dairy  cows,  they  bear  witnesses  to  eeon 
omy  oi'  mana.ucmeiit  and  productive  capabilities  which  aie  asloiii.>liin- 
III  an  estate  tiial  was  ••nowhere"'  twenty -live  \eais  a.L'o,  and  which  li;iv 
since  ISIi.)  been  made  into  a  nnsi  pii  tiire.s(|i;e  domain  and  fertile  l;iihl. 
iOveii  the  miles  ol' cvcr.uieen  t  ices,  mosl  ly  Si(»le!i  lirs.  uiviii;;  Sandiiii;.: 
ham  a  moorish  appearance,  were  planted  liy  .Mr.  r>eck,  ami  in  the  \ii\ 
hot  season  of  iSfiS. 

Thelaini  biidii:ii''s  were  ii.osil\   llicoid  i,  '  '       r, .,..-, ,,,-,..-    .,,;>,,: 


.11  ill 


ture.-,  meieiv 


in  good  reiMir,  and  here  and  there  improved  by  ccoiioiiiicul  addilion 


Sll  \v 


cost  I ) 


N'lKics  ill;  Sill 


THE 


".V    illlVW 


iUOM. 


KTC,  IM'lfllC 


III    i)i 


"'"■^fy,  =nv  i.s  <^XIms.y  ,i<  1      '  '""  'V^'*''^'  ^vi,H|..svv,.{>t  i,„,l  „i        . 

"""'■N '^■"•(on.s  iUMl  Tnuv        *   ,     •^''■^^'^-  ''""Iv,  I);iiIi„M.,  H;,,,,,.,.  ^^ 

<  "■    :.y.  ,1.  X.   Mi,.I<,,!r,,i,,;i  V,    \   -    -..Is  or  n...  Mi,j..s,y  .lu^^.M'n 
A     I.  I.rowno  i.u.l  .1.  (i,,,,,,,,,,         '''  •^^''^-  ''".^1'  A.vin,..,-,  II.  i).  Dan-hn, 

llH'  I'ilsflllC.S  ill  <■<)(((.„  „r,|,,',  , 

stork  shows.  '         "''  '"  '^^'.  fo  Im.  1,1  (I„.  jioMl  rank  iif,  7at 

From   flic  n'snuiisfs  (o  ,,,,■  ,.;,      i 
""'  '"'ll"...-.,..:  >     "••"'■"■s  iciiuvsti,,..  Jnr„ni,i,tio,i  I  pxtnint 

''"'^  ""^''^^-^  '"^Ku  OK  sHoirr.iouxs. 
Mr.  If.  Stniftod  uritcs  r.-lKiv.,  .     i  ■        , 

Ilixl'-ni  iif'    /hr.Slnil/,,,,    I ;         ,,       , 


70 


CATtLE  AND  DAIKY  FAUMlNO. 


My  herd  is  now,  for  tlio  most  |i:irl,  kept  .i.l  tlio  Diiiriyii.  Xcwporh,  Mnnmoiith.sliiro, 
whero  the  soil  viiiicH  from  frnivcl  to  old  icd  ,s;iii(lstonc.     TIk^  cattli'  (lt>  wi'll   on  cillici 


Hoil'erHarefi«'i'<''"'l'y  lnonjj;lit  t( 


it  alxiiil   tliii i v-tlirt'ii  moiitlis;  liiill  ciil vt-s  an 


{fonerally  allowed  to  Hiick  llu'ir  dams,  wlii 


1st  iit'itcr  calvc'K  an- taken  IVom  tlKM'owsand 


reared  with  only  a  little  milk,  as  it  is  eoiisii 
ons  to  tlie  milkiiifi  (|iialities 


(1  that  too  jfeiii'ioiis  I'eediiiij;  is  iiijnri 


Milking  fiiialilicfi.— I  ftm  };iv(>  no  details  as  to  the  aiinnal  yield  in  milk  ]n\r  cow 


per  <ai)iinm, 

lliKS  t 

year 


haviiiii  never  kept  ai 


■d.  lint  Sir  II.  II.  llassey  Vivian,  IJart..  M.  I' 


wo  cowso 


f  "SI ration"  blood  that  have  ijiven  o 


Size  avd  wcifilit. — As  to  size,  two  of  my  l)ii;<rest 


•l,0(M»},Mllonsof milk  within  tin 
n  ''Odd.  fair  eoiidition,  I  find  li 


mc.'isiin'  as  lollows ; 


Chloe 


irth,  7  feel    1  in(dies;   len;.rtli,  7  feet 


Heather. 


f^irth.  7  feet  o  inches;   loiifitli,  7  feet  7  inilns. 

I  have  liad  a  heifer  increase  as  mnch  as  (u'J  jionnd 
As  to  relative  live  and  ilead  wei<.;lit,  Iwoolinv 


in  1  wel ve  months 


I'll 


injiion  Smillilield  heifers  liaAi 
lci<'le,  alive.  1'.)  cuT.,  ;i  iionnds  :  dead,  l,tiT  I  pounds.     Wild   I'lower. 


lieeu  as  follow       _  , 

alive,  17  cwt.,y  ouarters,  ;»  ponnds  :  dead,  1  .f.li  iioiuk 


Id 


not 


lier  the  e( 


)ws  fnllv  maimed  nil 


lil  ^;i> 


)ld. 


Shorthorn  e?w.s(. v.— Short  horns' are  far  superior  to  all  idher  lireeds  for  orossinir  pm  . 
po.ses,  .'Uid  it  is  a  iiotahle  fact  that  two  or  IhrcM-  erosie.s  of  jiood,  pure  blood  n)ion  :u\\ 
inferior  nondescriiit  stock  will  oflen  stamp  the  proi^eiiy  as  pure-bred  Shorthorns,  ami, 
for  all  intents  .■ind  pnriioses.  they  are  in  no  w,iy  interior. 

siniihliidd  for  iiianv  years  past  h.ive  none  of  them  been 


Th 


e  (  h.'ininion  shorthornsot 


eliiiible  to  the   Herd-Book.   th<iil;;!i   all    by    piiri 
elli.-'iencv  in  cro.ssiiii;  iini'iioses. 


-liied   bnll.-i:  thus  illiistrat  inji  thei 


RESPONSES   FROM  YAKIors   (,ir,\ TITERS. 


A  iiorc  from  Sir  .lohn  B.  Liiwc-^.  I'.iiil.,  IVom  Kotliamsli'd,  Herts,  re. 
fers  to  tlio  district  as  out'  (iliii'lly  (icvotcil  to  (lorn  ^ro\vinj>-,  awd  Iiaviii- 
no  special  breed  ofeattlt>  or  siieep.     (Iiiclostire  '.».) 

I  may  lieic  obscixe  tiiit  in  recent  yeais  SiiJoliii  lias  laid  down  many 
acres  oV  his  estate  in  o-i-iss,  and  lliaf  in  the  i)eiylil»orlioud  aconsiderahje 
lierdol'  stock,  cattle  and  sheep,  ofdixerse  Inceds,  is  l<ept,  maintaining 
the  special  ciiaracteristics  of  the  districts  Croni  which  lh(\v  Intve  Itecii 
ehaniired. 

Soiiicrsff  f>cro)is. — ^Ir.  T.  II.  IJisdon,  of  Somerset  (inclosnre  KM.  loi. 
Wiirds  a  v;diiable  condensiition  of  inforination  as  to  .Somerset  Devdii 
cattle : 

At  Wa.shford  the  mean  leriiiK-ratiire  is  .'(I 


It  is  as  hiLth  as  dli     in  the  summer  and 


the  winter  mi'an  is  imt  belov 


II 


tl 


Th. 


'11 


th  of  Mr.  Risdon's  Devon  rows  is  7  feel  d  inches  ;  <if  bulls,  7  feet  ti  toS  inclie. 


Ills  compel  lllj 
The  a\  I 


with  Sliort  horns.  cNeept  that  llii'  hittei'  have  ;;reater  length. 
>;(■  yield  of  milk  is  l.-Ml  i  pi, arts  imlndin;^  t  iine  of  smdiliiij;.     'i'he  bri 


a 
lis  n.al  i  ve  to  I  he  soil  ami  pi 


ire  b 


iIimkI   li,is  been  It 


eeiirded  for  o\er  one  hiindii'il 


vears. 


r>v  iiitel'cliaMj^e  ol   sires  in-ainl  in   breeding  is  avoided  .as  iniicii  ;ih   possi 


Store-stock    are   housed,  .laiin.iry   to  .April,  ii 


The    c.'ittle    iire    t'attened 


at'ler  has    niakiiiu  until  the  I'lid  ol"  Octolier, 


Th 


;il'e   bred   illld    tvured   oil    lii'ieh  lii-ii 
t   .Mr.  Risdon's  homesleaii. 


watered  meadows  on  er;iss  icrowii 
the\  are  housed  in  covered  pens. 
alliliides,  with  coricspondiii;:;  lowei' temperaliire.  than  a 

Till'  avel'ay;e  live  wei;;ht  is  from  I:!  cut.  Iiir  cow  lo  '7  !  wt.  fur  bull. 

Sliorlhoni  (iiri/iDis. — The  n-porf  I'loiii  I'.edl'oi'ii  (inclosnre  11)  rrdm 
Messis.  J.  and  K.  Howard,  (jiiotes  Shorthorns  (dwyiin  tribe)  asmatiiie 
at  .'5  years.  Their  live  weight  avera^^cs  Irom  14  to  1«»  ewt.  The  live 
weight  of  fiit  stock  is,  for  flie  cow,  IS  rwt.:  bull,  L'.".  to'-Mt  cwt.;  on.  lb  to 
IScwt.     From  the  milk,  Ki  tpiarts  daily  :  tiie  wi'ck's  butter  is  S  poiiini^. 


Norfhlh-  h'cd  /'e//.v.— From  Stanton,  mar  Harlesti»n,  Norfolk.  1 


was 


favored  with  a  rejioit  from  Mr.  .\Itrrd  'I'aylor/iiiclosnre  ILM.  whose  Ini.j  ol 
i;ed-l*olle<l  <';ittle  is  typical  and  of  liitih  excellence.  Tin-  firm  in  Soiiili 
Norfolk  is  til  IVet  above  sea  Ii'mI.  npo;i  a  clay  a'ld  gravel  Nidisoii.  ami 
the  pastniajre  is  of  pet  inanciit  ^lass.  orof  flo\er  ami  rye  yra^s  sown 
witJ!  araiije  rotation.  Accessible  shelter  is  pro\  ided  in  winter  adjoining 
the  meadows  oa  which  tin-  cows  are  jtastincd.     Mr. Taylor  eonsidei  -  lie 


imoiitliisiiiro, 
II  on  cillifr. 
ill  calves  iiro 
tli(^  cows  iinil 
iiijj;  is  iiijiiri- 

lilk  per  cow 

UMi-t..  M.  P., 

Ik  wililiiii  llic, 

lion,  I  lind  In 
cs ;    Meal  her, 


licifci's  lia-\c 
,Vil(l   I'lowcr, 


IM'OSSIIlir  pill  . 

Mill    I1)MI11    ,'IIIV 

lit  lioi'iis,  and, 


■iiiiiiiiici'  aiiil 


THK   1JNITKD   KINGDOM. 


riin  keep  Mure  LVd-PoH,.,!  cift!.^  w] 


71 


siiniiciciit;  food,  iind  ] 


laviiit;-  I 


icro 


tli<'  Siiiiio  liirin  ]i(>  bases  h 


Til 


iccoiistitiilioii  of  tlio  KVd  Poll 


''^•'IX    both  breeds  ;if;  (I 
•y)|Hiiion  (.11  exijoiiene 


only  two  Siioi'fiinnis  would  find 


lo  s;)iiie  time  niid  on 


:uid;)iie-l.airto(la-eeyciirsold\v<>i'.i 

wiieii  led  ill  llu".  ordii 

weii 


N  IN  very  liavdy.      J^it  sleoi's  / 


1  m  St 


I'oiii  two 


II  if«i  >n  li.e  ordinal  V  wivoi.  n.n.  ■   i  ""*^'''","'  ''l>"i'rds  (,S4()|)onnds), 
J.I  or  ordinary  f.t  Lu^i!^  •!!'-'       i^l,''^^^;;'":!  ^'="^<'-  J'"'^  iMl.edead 

>ii<  li  .us  iire  '-npeiied"  (or  tlie  Clirist- 


Mias  sliows  have  wei-hed  1,7(11  pound 


l»ldet 


TIio  inent  of  tlie  lied- Polled  cattle 
|)or(ion  oflean  when  eonipared  wiil 


(Noe  j.a-e  7  o,''  iiK^losed  p; 


ilUl- 


i-s  oxcollent. 


.■\I 


lylor,  in  icCeirino-  to  the  sev 


1  some  other  hiced 


Hid  ]ias  a  laroer  pro- 


em! 


paiiipl'let,  aecepis  them  as  (^orieet  stiit 


writer  is  well  reeojynixed  ,„, 

anil  is  the  editor  of  its  JlenMJooi 
'J'iie  popniarily  of  this  breed  ha 
iiid  abroad,  so  mueh  so  (hat  breed 


parlicnlar.i  siviMi  in  (he  above 
™?!-''' '!."'^  Ijiiay  add  that  the 


.sa...,npeteMteriti<.or,:u,i^.tp.;ifed;;:t;i 


!iH  rapidly  iiiereased  in  it 


to  obtain  siilJicient  imml 


KMs  at  1 


lOItK 


t'lN  are  restricting  (heir  sal 


sown  district 


T/ir  LnjnSiim/c  /,Vv/  Polls^.--'l\n^  h,.,.,| 


<'s  III  order 


bolVr  ol'  Tioston,  near  1 


iH-.v  St.  Kdmnnds,  Snllbll 


of  Hod  Polls  I  Hi 


iii.l  .;;;:>\;'\'ls  owner  the  eonlidenee  (o  <.,i,ali 


iiiacic  i'olls  to  show 


ionfrin.i;(o.'\Ir. 
'  is  of  {;r,-at  repute, 


11  «rou]>  of  (ive  an 


onse  thebree.h-r.sors,'o(el 
i""i!,s  in  competition  with  ( 


Ivcd  I'olls.     Jiowever,  tiic^  comnaiisn-,  ),«  -  ^'""peiiuon  with  (iv(^ 

nn.i(!M'(ive'.I)od.lies''shown^^    '^^^^^^^^^  PuMi.-Iy  made. 

still  reeonn>ze,l  as  the  best         ^  ^^I*--^omb,e  at  Paris.  !.,  isr..  ! 

fiOll't  is  to  (o  70  feet  abov 


'■s,  111  lN7S,  are 


ISS;;  was  4S.()  deo-;(.,,,,^^  ^j 


i'' i<  \  I  1,  P.lMl    tie  v.iiioM  ,iC  < , 


o  S(>a,  le\ 


drill,  very  imecpially  distributed 


'•'  rainfilj  L'd.l!)  jncl 


'<^  ian;;(>  of  teniiicratin 


H\S. 


(^  in 


''«'  noil  is  a  mixed 


and  yrave 


Ol 


II  ii  <'IiaIk,\sid>soiI,oi-,],.ii|,'.i 


d  Jiu'adows,yaryino- oreaily  in  dij 


IV 


sand 


iiatiirid  1  last  lira, ii-e,  and  artiOeial 


irrass  IS  made,  principally  11, r  1 


pastnra-e  of  clovei 


lerent  f^Msons  (■.•om  )| 


le 


1  sainfoin,  and  i\^ 


used  lar,v,('ly //»/-.sr  for  hoiv 


;o;>^.;;mdeal tie  keep.    _  31,,  hnili.  has  al 


i|iiiii)iit: 


cs  and  cattl,.,  and 


The 


<'liicory,  deriisalem  articho! 


cow  slock  are  taken  in  at  ni-ht 


I'^os,  jiiickiv  < 


:'i\'e.s  his  ,s( 


'■«'k  in  siimll 


'om:ivy,  eV,- 


a|»l)('ar  in  autumn,  and  are  (i<.d 


:is  soon  as  wiiite  t'n 


the  day  are  turned  oii(  (o  ;nraze,  or  ( 
yard,  accordino-  (o  eircumstauees 


iip  in  alai-oand  lolty  barn' but 


)sls  be'jiu  (i 


Ol"  air  and  excn 


'!SC  () 


;ilv 


III  a 


Mllii; 


they  are  \'v(\  on  the  pastiii 


'CS 


"  siiinni.'r,  Ironi  Ala v  to  () 


oraiiiiiKlant  food  like  cabba-c   ( 


<;ontiiinous|y.son„.iimesheip,Ml  Willi  cl 


ol  (MKC 


lie  win(er  fccdii 
il 


I.:;-  issw( 


"I'liips,  swedes,  or  (woiotl 


'<'toiier 
leap 


'"•"'"•■riiieal,  mall  grains,  and  hu  or  st 


*>''^,  turnips,  calib; 


ii.ulluce  sorts  of.L'ed  i'olls;  ijrsi    l 


'■•'w  chair.     .Mr.  Lolft 


"<e  poiiiids 
'U'cs,  ealvc.  barlcv. 


iiiiddli'  sized  j.;eneralpiii| 


lor  iiiihv  only 
Heifers  «-oi 


>ose  animals,  n 


ir;;e  orowihy  bcef-makei 


!lll 


and 


Is  breed 
second. 


'■*'f:  (hird,  a  small 


si/.e 


nm 


ence   (o  breed    irom  f 


1^  approved  by  Mv.   LolVt, 

diirt'iciice  in  wei;4iits  are  as  ( 
cow,  !.■»  c\v(.  (o   17  «'w(.; 
size:  Dull,  IS  e\\(,  i,,  |' 
L'cwt.,  L' years  old. 
Mr.  Lidl'l  looks  (o  for 


e\( 


ollows 


""■''•■n  months,  and  Ijn,.  I 


fpt  when  s|He,'i.il  ,,bj,.,.t 


steer,  P 


Lai^ 


csixe:  Pull,!  ton  to  I  ( 


.ii'ciiin,!.;" 
ion  e\isls.     'j'ho 


Ion ; 


'W.   I 


••w(.  (o  l;;  ,.\vt..  L* 


yea- 


on  ( f'wi, 


1  l>  <\vt.    to    I  I  r\\\, 


M 


iddl< 


■<«'er,  io  (•.,\  I    |, 


'ini'Tth.'  Kerry  or  P.retou  stock,  but  i 


m  <•  sm.'ill  dairy  b'ed  i.„j|  inb,.,>r  | 


ifniipIiMil  years.     Tic  i 
(IcsciAc  attention. 


t'inaiksof  .>ir.  I,,>ii 


IS  only  bi(.d  \v,,j,  ,j 


i  on  inilKiii.;^  ipialiti 


ess  si/.e  *  | 
'••se  aims  Cu' 


mil 


es  III  eo\*, 


The 


oii'jiil  of  the    \'.:'i]   !>ol 


iiiipeil.iiit   that    Mr.  I 


i.-i  i.N  a 


'Olil   distinctly  stales  "(i 


"■''•''•  poinr,  and  (heiefoiv  u 


•  e   loot    of  the  t 


IS 

Kt-  is  the 


72 


l-<   ;i 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FAUMING. 


i 


lilt 


old  Snil'olk  cow."  About  tlio  liino  of  flio  (irst  French  nnoltiMoii  Ilish 
Siifl'olk  was  iiot<'<l  for  its  herds  of  dun  ('(tws,  i);de  yellow,  or  .sliyhtly  ^in- 
fjer  <',()lor.  This  cow,  I\lr.  Lolll:  helieves,  is  ii  vji>i<'ty  ot  tiie  old  Wliit(»- 
Polled  cow  indigenous  to  llie  country,  and  I<ep<,  i"  hyj^onc  times,  either 
tamo  by  the  nioidis  or  senii-domesiicated  in  noblemen's  parks.  He  in- 
tends to  get  up  two  small  heid  of  th(^se  old  and  very  scarce  stock,  fa- 
mous for  their  milkinj^'  (pialilies. 

The ncret'itriJs. — In  reply  to  my  incpiiries,  Mr.  T.  Duekham,  M.  I\,  who, 
as  first  editor  of  the  Hereford  llerdlJook  and  rei)resentative  ancl  resi- 
dent in  the  county,  is  f^enerally  associated  wiili  its  celebiated  (tattle, 
gives  his  authori;,'  to  tlie  belief  that  they  are  ''indigenous''  (inclosur*^ 
33).  lie  also  lefers  to  the  records  of  Smithtield  lor  comparison  of  the 
Hereford  breed  wiih  other  sorts. 

I  may  here  note  that  whilst  staying  at  King's  Ijynn,  Noitoll:,  after  my 
visit  to  the  farius  of  the  I'lince  of  \Vales,  !  found  the  ])ictuio  <tf  a  Here- 
ford ox  on  the  walls  of  the  hotel.  'I'IiIm  animal  was  exiiibitcd  in  IStl, 
and  was  bred  in  ^S'orfolk  by  .'\Ii'.  iludsou,  of  Oastle-Acre.  The  weight 
was  1,1>1S  pounds,  tlie  canrass  weighing  1,710  pounds,  and  the:  fat  L'OS 
l)ounds.  The  dead  weight  of  the  worhl-renowned  Duriuim  ox  was  ti,o2LJ 
pounds. 

The  MorUnul  ^ushc.v. — Mr.  W.  (.'.  Moiland,  of  Lamberhiirst  Court 
liodge,  Kent,  in  refei'ence  to  the  Sussex  bre*  J  (>f  cattle  (inclosure  14), 
gives  their  weight  at  three  years — row,  SO  to  S.">  stone  ;  bull,  l()(t  to  I!IO 
stone,  the  stone  being  1  Ipounds.  In  this,  asin  othci' cases,  the  recorded 
weights  jit  iSniithlield  furnish  the  best  comi)ariso!i  between  tiie  various 
breeds. 

The  Sussex  stock  are  notably  a  heavy,  l)eefiuakiiig  biced.  It  is  a 
j)oint  to  be  remeitibered  that  tiie  eat  lie  are  housed  in  winter,  iu>t  on  ae 
count  of  deli(!acy  of  constitution,  i)at  because  of  the  w*'lness  and  enld- 
ness  of  Weahl(>n  soil,  a-  geological  speeia'  "lay. 

The  Sussex  Itreed  are  belu'Ved  by  many  stock  exhibitors  to  have  been 
derived  from  the  l)t'V(Ui  bieed,  but  tor  a  long  date  they  have  been  na 
tive  to  Sussex,  where  (he.\  are  favorites. 

The  opinion  of  Mr.  .loliu  Treadwell,  Hjupcr  Wincheiiden,  Aylesbury. 
Bucks,  isi'cgarih'd  as  second  to  none  in  the  mailer  nf  slock.  Mr.  Tread- 
well's  leisure  is  entirely  taken  iii)li,\  judgingat  the  Koyal  Society  and  other 
shows.  This  farm  of  L'"()  arable  ami  ',VM)  of  ])a«ture  acres  is  \isile<l  hy 
agri(!ulturists  from  all  parts,  hi  his  report  (inclosure  l.">)  he  states  fli;i't 
his  liei'd  of  Shortlicrii  grade  iiiildi  cows  avrage  Ki  ]>ints  of  milk  each 
lier  day. 

Tlie  Norlh  hi'nivs. —  ,\.n  unsigned  retuiii  (inclosiiie  Kj)  from  Noilli 
I)(!Von  speaks  in  favor  oi"  the  JSiutli  Devon  brec(l  of  caitlc!  for  locul 
lireeding  and  feeding,  and  gives  a  very  moderate  estimate  of  weight  ;it 
maturity — cow,  (i  to  Scut.;  bull,  10  to  lUcwI.;  ox,S  t<»  lOcwt. — wlncli 
seems  to  lit  with  the  appellation  given  to  North  I  >evons,  "  the  little 
noblemen  of  the  hills." 

The  inclosin'c  !;erewitli  sent  (No.  17),  I'elating  to  Smitlilield.  gives  tiic 
names  of  ])rize  breeders  lor  seveial  .\ ears,  and  these  names  Ibim  ji 
dire(;torv  of  great  value  to  buvers. 


I 


TllK    AIM5KV    I'AUMS    IIKKI)    OI'    SIIOIITIIOUNS. 

Ainoiig  the  noted  herds  I  ua-^  I'oii  iiiinte  in  being  aide  t<)  pay  a  visit 
to  the  stock  tarms  of  Mr.  Iliigli  Ayliiiei,  Wi  .\|  1  >ere|i;iiii.  I  arrived  at 
the  well  known  "Abl»c\  farm  "  unexpectedly,  and  Ibiind  Mr.  .\yhiicr 
was  "amongst  his  stock   in   the  lields,"     I  soon    had   the  pleasure  iit 


THE   TJNITKI)    K' I  NO  DOM. 


78 


iiiiikf 


iijj^tli 


"<'«;;i";.ii,(i,nn.  „(•.„„.  oitl.o  most 


Im»iiis  how  li\  int.'',  iind  wi 


uccessfiil  brccder.s  of  Slioif 


llHrOV(.'l-(li('<-(.Irl,ii;(<.il    l.ioud 


•»«<'  Mjiiiic  uiMi  iliiil,  of  Mr.  ItooHi  i 


•S  <*011Il('(tt<'(I 


ClIlTCIlf-. Clllnlooiic  or  ,'\I,.    ^^  I 


IS  (bmid.     Tlic  iiiclosuro  (\o.  JS)  is  (1 


tli(;uiiriv;d,.(lrh;MaM,.r..rl|,,.,s(o,.l' 


iifci  s  stock,  to  wliicli  n'rciciicc  will  si 


low 


iicli.  level  <'"iiiili.v,  soiM.-(,ri|„.|,;,s| 


'<•  K'liiaiiis  ot  llu"  old  al 


»l>e.v,  is  sihialed  in  j|, 


to  tlie  iicn 

On  two  oiil  olllic  fjin,,.  (; 
a,  sli-lit  athirk  of  tuotandiiioi'iiird 


infsearrvins-oMeaiidaliall'l.iillock 


"•"i-^<»<'ei!i.i(Ml  I,v  Mr.  A,N  liner  (here  lia.l  be 


iiials  worNi  itdO  guineas  eaci 
(rented  and  rented. 
A(  nereliaiii  we  weic  on  «•!; 


i.sease  (a  (eii  ihie  seoiir.yc,  w!n-r 


'  ;"V(..x|,os«.d).  wliieliliad  I 


(Ml 

(^  arii- 
X'l'ii  siieeessfnllv 


iiral-a\i(.iii  niiihor,  occupied  (lie  nioat'ed 


^M'einial;: round,  i'or'r 


ivni"-  V 


isiled  (lie,,|a,in.  nsclMJ  (;„,„  i,',,,-,,, 


I'iii'ni  where  (he  al)l»es 


nsscr.  ( lie  a,i;iii'iilt- 


leiiiains. 


and  .seen  (lie  (jrsl  j^Kinp  of  ;,  d 
iiij;-.  diirin<;'  (he  preserd  very  open 


o/.en  pediiiree  ( 


.sea.son,  we  weii(    lo  (| 


"•i;-.s,  all  lairly  veiitiialed, 
•s  all  oii(  (or  day  ,nra/,- 


(>\V 


CaiMi,  passin;^-  (!„>  iUu-\i  orc'otsuold  sheir'l 
pensive  s(rin;v  urtl\n<x  (ied  (osdeks.      In  (henmi 
had  (liree  divisions,  one  C        " 


'",i;ewes,  Crnecd  in  wi(| 


<•  nianorlioiise 


I  ine\ 


<'s(ai)h'seaeh  niaiitrt'r 


Cora  liinip  of  loeksaK.     'I'hc  hm 
(ields.  always  accessible. 


;;;;,>^^;;;.in,,,,., ,,,,,,  ,o,.h;x„'™i;;.:';;;; 


er  was  evei\whei 


on<> 


<S  III   I>iiildiii,i;s  and 


On  (!iis  (arm,  aii;oni;st  (h,.  sf 


Sir  Anrhony,  a  re.l-and-wlii(c  bull,  calved  I 


<"''^_  lliat  I  especially  no(cd 


were  \()(iii< 


twelve  iiioiiths  old,  son  oC  (h(^  Sir  S 


'    IMiii'ch;  Stoplord,  j,is7 


'""';•"  "lii«;li  lins  jnst  been  sold 


at 


white  loan.     These  two  < 
are  consideied  worth  I, ()()(> 


'eiiedicf,   liMss 


"slaiiets,  half  sisters  .and   al 


»  II  ■splendid 


The  bull  l''eli.\,iath 


.guineas  the  pair, 


il (   .1   year  old. 


er  o\er  two  years. 


pk'fe  roan,  and  j^oes  back  to  Coiiie't,  an  ill 


was.a  very  iiamlsonie  and 


(^oni- 


erick  and,  indeed,  most  of  Air.  A\  I 


list  nous  descent.     Kjj,o.  |;„,i. 


sliapeu   lioi  lis. 


kSoin 


e  ol    the  ^iiJind  ohl 


produced  ten  (oiido/eii  eal\,.s,  s.'llin--  at  1 


iiM'i's  slock,  haveno  id.il.lv  llaT  oval 
'■'.'^^•^  ^^1'   \\<  le  look  ill,;;-  at  had 


One  yoiiiiq'  biill-ealf  w 


e  saw 


rnnieas. 


iiiKlcr  twelve  nionliis  oi<| 


'•<""  »  to  lOO-iiilieaseacli 


IS  priced  at  ;;."»(» 


tlier 


The  repute  of  .Mr,  A\l 


llh  I 


(■  lias  Iteeii   no  occ 


■st>»<>k   IS  sn.'h  dial  I 


ision  to  exinhit  at   sli 


"I-  I  we  :(\-(i\ 


iKilcd,  had  (wice  calved  ii«  the  (\\e| 
IH'iiIilii-  iialnre. 
lit  .Mr.  Aylniei's  •'  woiksii 


o\\  s. 


S( 


e  year; 


\ciiioiitlis— a  -oo.l  cvid 


"II"'   "(    (he  cows,  i 


eiiee  of  (heir 


uw 


"•'';•'"''"'="  "'•■<'«'iileiiniallvNlni.i(ion'lieid 


!',''^';"i"""'V^H'""'"  ''^"""'1  .■'■Kdicat, 


ulicie  he  exhibiled  a  pen  o(    his  shee| 


;"'  i'liilinielphia  in  |S^ 


i»i;.\<'ni'i|.:i,i)  s'ioc 


'■'""1'    ''"'   '■'  lelir.ited  \ale    of    A\|isl 
"""•  "••■•"'I  'letaiis  <.(•  Kiickin-haiii-d 


my  .Ml',  ildw.  Dencldield 


rlnsiliv  III) 


llle    as    (o    Its  f; 


I.'.  I  \('.S 


iinoiis  regions  (in- 


I'iasl.r  (lav  is  (I 


,1111 


irivcrColne.    Then  ( I 


H'  ^eoio^^ical  s(i;,|; 


lere  I- 


s''lM!H'aNt.  bet 


iii^l  llie  T.;>uor(h  clay  (ills  up  t| 


•'liallv  foiiiiat 


\>.eeri    the  'I'l 


laiMcs 


lo 


le  \ 


iiof  iheChilter,,  lldl.v 


'n"''i"iis  ImUIi  .'iniinal  and  ve,L;-etable.      | 


lie  of  A.\lesbiiiy,  noted    I 


ifiji  i>i'  t! 


lne,s|olie  ;(iid  oi'lll 


<y  it> 


l':;:;;::;;^^':;.!!'''''''^'' -'='-••-•'  '^'-H^iii^innisi 


Ilic  (iiiisliin-  (,ir  as  well  as  (I 


le  leaiiii^  of  si( 


I) 


>'  '>f{-nuy  (!,,, 

lix-  (::\or 
•iiy  herds  «d' .Short- 


74 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


lionis  flnurisli  lioro,  w 
irrazc  and  latUMi  biillo'-Us 


hilst  tlio  suimnor  meadows  arc  jjood  oiioujili  to 


Yards  and  shdls  area 


(lorded  ti.lionsotlie  cattle  in  winter,  Stil  someof 


t1»o  stock  remain  on 


tall  tlie  vearronnd.     Tliesloek  tlaiveitntlie  ^rasses 


ts,  andartilieial  Ibod  in  winter  when 


in  Slimmer  and  }4('t  iiay,  straw,  roo.- ,  ,     ,  ,.     ^ 

needed.  The  eattle  are  bred  in  the  «hnr.v  henls  and  weaned  at  hrst  on 
milk  <n'  artificial  snbstitules.  The  heiler  calves  are  l.ion-ht  on  to  re- 
plenish the  herds,  and  the  yonn-  bnll  calves  are  eith.vr  sold  as  sb.ck 
bnlls,  or  as  oxen  aredratted  intoother  countiesol  tdhi^<'  land,  to  he  led 

"'mf.  Deneldield  adds  that  he  linds  Shorthorn  cattle  best  for  dairyiii 


])nri)oses,  sun 


•0  thev  come  to  heavy 


wei"ht  tor  th<^  bntcliers  wiien  ted 


oi 


t.     The  vield  otmilk  and  bntter  varies  m 


u<'h  with  th(^  seasons,  so  that 


the  last  decade  of  wet  years  haslowerc) 


1  the  aveiap'betort^  establisluid. 


1   mav  here  observe  that  some  o 


t  the  very  best   slock  of  all  kinds, 


horses' 'catthNshee]),  and  pi-s,  come  outotthoconnty  of  Ibicks  and  wit! 

r  Dcnchlield  has  been  associated  lor  many 


such  tiood  stock  tlie  name  < 


yean 


■ro' 
oviiice 


COTSWOLD   CATTLl''. 

to.  1\1.  i\,  1  n'ayconclnde.  ih(>  sp(M'ial  rel 


Coil  !"'l  ^lJl•el  Km-isco 

In  the  Shorthorn  Herd  I'.ook  ( 'olonel  lvinj;scote,  at  the  ])reseut 

me  hi;zhlv  celebrated  stoc^k. 


time  a<  in  the  past,  will  be  seen  to  own 


so 


Hi 


s  ( 


ale,  Wotten  nndei 


■i:d!Xe,  (Jloncestershire,  is  SOO  feet  above  sea 


level.'m  tlie  west  (.tthc  Cotswold  hills.     The  jicolo-ieal  stratnni  is  o( 


Mid  I 


LMC 


,  on  n   brash  loamy  so 


tie.  the  imre-bicd  Sussex 


horses,  and  (liei>wi< 
J  note  in  cviden<'e  ( 


:)lit!, 
....ri'ace  soil,  the  i>nrc-bred  Shorthorn  cat- 

Southdown  sheep,  the  ]inivbred  Snlh.lk  caif. 

-bred  lierksli ire iiijjs  Ibrm  a  higher  Hass  stock  limi 
t  the  adai>tabilify  of  diverse   lOn.ulish   breeds  (oii 


■liabitat,"  thns  is,  in  each  instance,  a  ( 


han-re  ti>  their  (ii'i^inal  district; 


bnt  where  thev  all  ilo.irish  and  attain  a  hiuh  dejiiee  (.t-e.\<'elleiie( 


The  cattle  are  housed  in  win 
fed  on  hay.  straw,  and  roots 
wai 


ami 


ter.  in  covered  yaids  and  ojicn  sheds, 
Tiiev  reach  the"  wei.<,dit  of  IS  cwt.  and  iiji- 


•ds.  and"  aie  disjioscd  of  by  private  and  jtublic  sale. 
WEIGHTS   OF   TUV.   VAUIOUS   IUIKKT>S. 

The  comparison  of  (tattle  breeds,  in  the  r.'i'ort  made  b,\  .Mr.  Tauil r. 

whose  li-nres  arc  valuable,  Iniii-s  (o-etiicr  the  foUow  my;  points.  ;,s 
averau'es"in  ]>oiiiids  (emln-aced  in  Consul  |)oi-kei\"s  reiH»rt): 

Lire  wihihi^,  niiikr  four  i/ciuv  ohl. 


Hricil. 


Sirfir. 


Uvil'.-r. 


i  'tlW. 


Offal 
wliicli 

Amo 
l»ein<,''  <i 
iii^icxli 

The  .' 
Kimiair 
ISM.  bi 
\vciylie< 


no  iV 


SliiirtlKirna  . 
llcri'riprdM  .. 

IhVlPliS 

I'oIImI  Alicia 
l|:llliiu;iv  .  .  . 
I'..|l.-,l  N.  (.s(., 
Iiijlll;lllllrr.. 
Siis-'iA 

Wrlsh 

l.iMi;;li(iiliM  ... 

.\yiHllilC! 

illI.Si'V.M 


Ill  a  I'cc 
11  (l:iy  at  I 
.<ii|M'i'ior  f( 
lia\e  alsi> 
|icriii<l. 

.Mr.  I'm 
pcrts  wild 
liivd  IrnJii 
.■^iipi'rioiity 
rid.s.sc.s. 


I 


Welsh  .... 
Hell  t'liIcU 


Vu\W 


SllHSl'X 

Slii>ttliiiniH 

Ui:;lil.iiiiii-r 
Noiftilk  l'(.ll.-.l 

lloVdIH 

Jir.si'V    


"shiirllMii  in 

Sii-si\        -.. 

I,nii^'lii)i  11^ 

J»i,lli'.l  .Miii.liiii 

J>,,!l"l   .Vo^fnlli       - 

Avisliirn  


iKiul  iniijlit,  arcragiin  jKiiiinh 


■.■.•4-"l 

L',  1  'J7 

'^.  ;it:. 

1.K-!:! 

2, '-'41 

I.FJil 

■j,-^r: 

'J.  <M'.t 

a,  (luj 

!.4ri; 

?,  "I'j 

Hi-4 

1 ,  !h'.«I 

l.lilHI 

h.'li     . 

ll'll 

WKl 

no 

T'Jil 

tlut 

'.l.'ll 

.11     .. 

l,:.:a 


The  ;.;cii(' 
ami  licifcr.s 


Slid'tlirirTl'f  . 

■  \ IIS 

Sl|..Mv     , 

.l.r-i'V 

THR  vm 


ml  K()iii<>  ol 
I  li(>  j4 lasses 
iiitci-  when 
ill  lii'st  oil 
t  oil  to  re- 
(1  iis  stoctk 
1,  to  be  Cod 

>r  (liiirviiifj 
s  wlieu  led 
Ills,  so  tlllll 
s(:il)Iislie(i. 
full  kinds, 
s.  and  witli 
I  lor  maiiv 


TI.e  aveniyoweiVI,,,  of  niilk  (in.s  .onipaie.  ,v,,„.,v  : 


Hrecil. 


Slinrtlidt'iiM 

llcri'rnnlM  

lliVrPIiS 

I'lilli  cl  Alicrdi'i'ii.H 

(l;illnwav  . . 


iSiLmirr*!".'!' '"!'"' '"""'''  '^''■^'••■'''■<i)V^-::; 


,Siissr\  , . 

Wrlsh 

l.iiii;;li(iinM  . 
A  VI. ■•I] i 1 11. .. 

illMSI'V.S 


^~ 

j<<« 

!=  ' 

."  5 

^a 

.  -  a 

V-  9 

I'liiimli. 

^  z  ■• 

=  s 

^-  ~i 

T  c 

r^ 

5~  r 

3   ^ 

5  ;;_3 

1 

Pi 

(C 

i 



8,  (1(10  1 

21 

.'1,  (IIKI   ' 

.'),  'i(H) 

"     M.l 

:t,  r.do 

:'l 

:i,  U(i() 

L'*J 

L',  7.MI 

„.i 

4,  (iil'l 

."  1 

il,  (1(1(1 

-1   , 

.'1,  (II II) 

•II 

li,  (1(111 

•11 

-1.  W() 

17  III  :'ii 

10 

!) 
II) 


f'l  ii  '•<'«'<'ii'  iiisfiiiice  llie  Devon  row  Arvrii  > 

have  al.s,,  ;:„-,.„    ,s.,„u.   ];„..•..   ..'lilk        '   .  '    , -•■'"' ''»"''•'  N<»>''ulk  ...mv.s 

l,,,,,j„,l  .-*    '"UK  ie(.ord.s,  iind  extendin-  over  a  lo,|o- 


Mr.  I''.iiilkiiei''s  opjiiioii    i^ 


cKi.vM....  -        ">    '"<"deis  ot    ||,.n.|,„d   and   other 

.       '•''"■'^^  '>'••  T'M.:  v,\i;,ors  ukkkls. 

Tlie;;viieiiil  prices  ol"  ncdi. .■,,,.,>  .,,,i,„.,i  ,  , 

iillieifers:  '       ^"*   •'"""'''^  ="'' <'l«'N«-ly  appraised  loreovvs 


:ili 


.*^it<i^^Iiiir:! 

II.-,    PlS 

\ ..-I, 

,'<l|..-i.v 

Jir,«nv 


l!iv,.,|. 


I 


•"'  \'  \\  Ayrslii,,,. 

•<"      N'difolk.. 
^0       WuUIi^... 


liivr.I. 


Ml) 


I'li.v 


*'l">    to    .t-.rl 
III 

■-'•»  :: , 
.1(1  III 
■J()        .■III 


76 


CATTLK  AND  DAIRY  FARMINd. 


'i 


™ 


Tho  ]>rit!('H  iit  wiiicli  stock  was  sold  <liiriii^  tlu^  yciir  iss;{  iit,  tlni  llir 
niiiiulisiin  Sliow  sill(^  wen*  ns  I'olhvs: 

iSli(>rlliofns.--()\n-  hull  LMM)  {,Miiii«':iM  iiiidoiii^  ror.")()  fidiiiciis;  out'  licifVi 


Til 


laoiiulil  .17  <;iiin(';is,  iind  oiicor '' I'lictoiv  <<iil  stnim'  S'J  };iiiin'!ts, 
]tii(M's  of  others  sold  riiii;,n'd  h('r\\(»ili  tlic  liist  two  juices  ii;iiiied. 

Sir  Hii;;li  Aylmei's  siiles  ofSlMirtlioiiis  took  jdiifeiitf  lie  Miiiior  [louse, 
West  DmliMiii,  on  (lie  .'mIoI'  Miiy.  It  wjis  well  ii(leiided,l>iif  joiees  were 
iiotsoliiijli  iisMiiiiiy  ;niticip;ited.  I'ltty-dvi-eows  l»roii;;lil  ,C.'>,7!ISlS,v.(;//., 
iiverii,itiiifi,C<!t>  l.s.  ."»r/.  eaeli.  lOiyliteeii  hulls  sold  lor  .CI,(K{S  (l.v.,  or  an 
a\-eiii};t^  »»t'.C7L!  l.'f.v.  H<l.  The  hiyliest  price  paid  was  for  iOast thorp  Lady 
lid,  calved  .May  1  I,  ISSl,  L'OO  guineas.  The  celehrated  hull  Sir  Simeon 
was  passed,  tlie  reserve  olT>0(t  ufniiieas  no!  having  hceii  hid. 

On  .Inly  ll,atT.  Hallord's  sale  of  SlMUlhorns  at  (Castle  Hill,  Slier 
hone,  fonr  cows  and  three  hulls  hron^lit  on  an  average  .C7  l.^i  lo.y.  each, 
'I'he  hiiihest  li^^iire,  paid  hy  li(ir<l  IJectivc  tor  the  Duchess  (»f  Ijcicester, 
was  I, .")(>."»  ;^iiineas,  Thiity-two  cows  avera;;tMi  CIS,")  7(/.  each,  and  si  , 
bulls  avcr.i;;;cd  .Cl'SI  IS.v.  (hi.  each. 

At  Henry  Ijovatt's  sale,  July  .'?,  at  liow  Hill.  Wolverlianipton,  the 
aA'cinue  obtained  was  .Cr».'>  'Js.  LV/. 

The  j^rcat  Halker  sale  ol"  Sht)rt horns  took  place  on  Scplenil»cr  (I.  ami 
showed  a  laru<' lallin;;"  oil'  from  jucvions  years.  Thirty  one  cows  ainl 
heifers  averaiicd  CI.SU  each;  the  balls  averaged  CllU  «'acli.  Twehc 
Oxford  cows  and  heifeis  averajjed  iiJlL'  17.s\  (>^/.  cadi,  and  seven  hulls  oi 
the  same  family  £l\'J  l.v.  eacli.  -^ 

J/ir<l'(»-il  prices. — At  Mr.  F.  IMatt's  sales  at  Uarnhy  Manor,  X«'wark, 
,?uly  L'l,  one  bull  calf,  fonr  months  old.  sold  to  Mr.  ('.  M.  ("nlbeslsoii,  u|' 
the  United  States,  lor  H'O  onincMs.  Aimt  her  sold  for  I."i(>  jiiiineas.  One 
cow  and  ca  It  sold  to  Mr.  r.nrleii;h,  of  the  I'liiicd  Slates,  i'ov  11  Tt  guinea-;: 
also  a  heifer  to  the  same  purchaser  for !  lit  yiiincas.  One  Inili,  (irove  III. 
was  sold  to  .Mr.  Ciilhertson  for  S|()  ;;niiieas.  The  a\cra;;e  |)ric(i  of  cows 
and  cattU'  was  CtiS  17.v.  each,  while  (hat  of  bulls  was  CI07  each.  .\t 
the  sales  (»f  Mr.  (leorirc  Titt,  on  his  farm  of  (Miadiior  Coiirl,  twenty  on,. 
head  were  sold  at  an  aveiaj^c  price  of  C77  l.v.  !»(/.  each.  The  hijiht'si 
])rice  j»aid  was  (or  the  cow  Kosehloom,  which  was  piircliased  hy  (he  Hon. 
M.  H.  (^x'hr.ine,  of  Canada,  for  L'<il>  guineas.  He  also  looiv  her  heil'ci' 
calf  at  17  .yuiiicas. 

sSiis.sr.r  iiriccs, — .V(  Mi'.  Tlioin.is  Knij; Ill's  sale  in  <  )ctolier  last  the  price-, 
obtained  were,  j»erhaps,  the  highest  <mi  record  Ibr  the  hree(|  ;  twelve 
cows  bronii'Iiton  ail  avera;;e  Clli  (iv.  each;  four  t uo  ye^'r  old  heijeis 
iit'.*  l.v.  (>'/.  each;  si\  yea'lin,!:'  steers  C'J.">  lOv.  each;  .sl\  weanyer  lieileis 
.€-".)  l.v.  (ill.  each  ;  and  ti\e  weanyer  sleers  CI  7  iL'.v.  ('«l.  each. 

Jersri)  jirirt  s. — l''or.Ieisey  caItU  some  very  liiyli  priwes  have  heeii. 
paid.  One  hull  call,  six  weeks  old.  sold  ibi'  Cl.',."i(tO.  The  average 
pri'-cs  of  those  sliipi»ed  to  the  I'nitcd  Slates  dmiii.L;'  the  _\car  (over  Mill 
III  nniubcr)  will  exceed  .CI.")  each. 

PiinKof  Ahrnhrn  !»ills.~\\    if.  ('.  ,\iild's  sale,  on   (he   l.'.lh  of  |)e. 
cenibei'  last,  twelve  cows  aveiaifed  CI  I  I  '.'.v.  i'xl,  each  ;  eleven   twoyciii 
old  heifers  ,CI."t<i  .'!.v.  !•'/.  each;  seven   lieifi-i'   calves     C'.M>   7.v.   J-acli,  and 
two  tive-year  old  hulls  C.~>.'!  Il.v.  each. 

The  i^eiiern!  avcr.i.ue  for  lil'ty  one  aniinals  "was  CM)  lO.v, 

/'rirrsdf  UVv/  llii/hliiti'lirs. — 'i'lu^  Mall  of  Diiniiioie  sold  drafts  fiom 
bis  superior  licr<l  of  West  H  iL;lilandeis.  in  lln-  island  of  Harris.  :ii  In 
VO'iiess.  nine  hulls  (six  hcin^  calves)  at  an  average  of  CM  each:  ;i1mi 
ei,iihty-foiir  I'ows  ami  lieilers  at  an  a  v<Ta.L;t' of  CI!*  '.'.s.  each.  The  liiylnwl 
•M'ices  paid  v\cre  ."Hi  ^iiiicas  (or  a  lliree  year-old  lieilei-,  and  (wo  luile!- 
./t  the  same  ,i;4:e  sold  a(   fs  i;niiieas  each. 


It,  Mmi  I'.ir 
<tiM'  liciiVi 


III 


''"'■;    '  N'TKI)    KIN(J|K)M. 

''*:-.'l:;:':^':;',:';r;i-;;;;::'^^^^  ^^.^ 

•P'">'"ni,(i„Ms   ,1,..,,  ,.,.'      "'•'""'   ^' 


77 


liiiiccs. 


"•'     'll.H     Illil.V    Im-     (;i|i,.„ 


;t'^  <>liiii;ih'(|    from 
'."'■       '    <''"iniiM   (hem  UN 

''■  '"     liirtiMifiii;;-  <Mrniii|. 


.ilil,. 


'poll  iiKjiiiiv  I  Iciin,  (I,.,,  ,iw.       1 

'i^'i- 'nil..  i-oiHioM .o k I; \' :;:;;:"  ,•■;'-'<••  iii.'tn.,.s,.o,, 

"".>  M..I..O..  ,,„s,s,.,,^..,..s;„vo.,  l,oan| 
''Ik'  |'i«>|ior(i()ii,s  or  (||,,  ,ii(v, , 

';•""'"•- ""■.>^'...i.  .1... '; ;  I  :  '^, ;7'';; ;'i: <-"n-. ....i  i.w„...,,  „.,. 

'>;ii'i;i<.' .iM.n.,m '•'..sr.;  ,,:;:,';^,,^;;,;: •''!''•• '''»i<i=.i i.-,m.,(s  :  .  "J 

:..Wl',77).  '"<"<•="•  '•'•'(;„„  ..ml  In.lan.l  in  J.s,s      .,, 

>:m""i.-ts  (,k  1!kit,sii  cattij.:. 
.''■'"'  ''M-'il   «'rca(II,.  /•rom(Jn..,f  i;,,:,. 


I 

II 
III. 


'•-'--..li.)..I.OH.|.,,ionsnn;:.;i      :/'■';'  ''••'"'-.l  U>  ...lu-r  n.un- 

"  """;''<•'-.  IS   v..f  so   iin,MMl:n,      ••     ^1      ''"'r'^^'^^ 

-'".V  '•••'.^li^ll  and  S.-oiH/bn'r    ,.'  ,"'V  ^^';.'"="va  of  <lmnan'.i, 

,,„,„,,„.„  „,„  n,...H;.nMin:,!„r  ^'•""•''  '•<'"<-',  N-ioik  am,  ^.iiir,,;: 

"   ""■"  '"■'"'"••'i"ii  ii.i.l  niilK  ''"  ■'"    <'""""nnlv  ,.,vl,.m.,|   lm,l, 

111    till'     falilf   oC    \>-,.i   ,1,,    ,     ,;         , 

'^' ■IiM',;;";;;,.!;.';;;:r;;;,.;;;j' »„,,„...„„ 


'II  iliiil  llu'  cross- 


'^<'K.MiU|.|;J)(;MKNTS. 


Ill  ''"■•^<'  ctincliKlin'r  .,.,,, .,,.|.  .    I      ,.        . 
r';:''':''''''^^'''';''H'irl-ani;;.mi;:   ;    ;:  '^;^^^^  ..my  .<.... 


->"'■■'.  IMU   on  n..,.n|    n.N    m ur. ■„.■■■.;;.',;;''  '7;"'"-  '">  i'"l-'-ri.'s,  an!n 
nim-spon.lnit.s  Cor  ,|„.i,.    ,..,,,,     ..  '     '" '^""^^  l"l,L;''in,Mits    |,,   „.v  scv.-r. 
inlmniaimn  wInH,  ',,';,       ,,:'•,;;;;;-'<■''-  '-..In..ss  i,,  ^^^^  ;^ 


MT>:oNr,,,;s(-o.sr,..v,,.:,;,,M,K,,. 


'-•  A.  .Mi;j;h'rn\ 


li 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


k 


WJ. 


4£P., 


i< 


fA 


% 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


1.4 


1.8 


1.6 


P^ 


% 


o 


m. 


/ 


%, 


0/1 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.y.  145  SO 

(716)  87^-4503 


,\ 


iV 


.^. 


4^ 


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\ 


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<* 


4£P., 


U.A 


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78 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FAUMING. 

Inelomir.s  in  Consul-dencral  Mcrrilt'n  reiiorl. 


<;. 

7. 

8. 

y. 

10, 

11. 


Notes  on  Fr(Mu;h  Stock. 
Itopoit  of   liiHt  Fri'iu;h  Show,  by  K. 
Jjtt'k«oii. 

Holt  Uctlun-  on  Shorthorns. 
Tho  Cat  til)  of  Groat  Britain.    (Illuw- 

tralod.) 
History  of  Ar^iiH  Cattle. 
Farnicr'.H  1  laiul-JJooU. 
Ki'turn  from  Samuel  Txick. 
Return  from  Mr.  R.  Stratton. 
Return  from  .J.  H.  Dawes. 
Return  from  T.  II.  Ri.sdoii. 
Return  from  J.  ami  F.  Howard. 


[Sueh  iiorlioiis  of  the  above-ment-ioned 
coUMul-^enerarH  report,  and  are  otherwise 
istH,  will  bo  fouuil  in  the  supplement.] 


i:{, 

14. 

15, 
l(i, 
17. 

in. 

19. 

ao. 

21. 

h. 

iiu.' 
of  1 


,  Return  from  Alfred  Taylor. 

Return  fiom  T.  Diickhani. 
[  Return  from  \V.  C.  Morhind. 
,  lieturu  from  .1.  Treadwell. 

Return  from  North  Dtivon 

(iivm;;  name.s  of  iiri/.e  breed«rei. 
!  Catalogue  of  Mr.  Aylmer'H  ntock. 
,  Note.s  froirl  liuckiuj,'lianisliiro. 
[  Return  from  Oidouel  Kinysjcoto. 

I'alile  of  milk  reecu'd. 

R.'port  on  dairy  trials. 

Taiile  of  \vei<ihtH. 

Number  of  Kele(te<l  portraits. 

losures  as  are  not  incori>orated  in  the 
•racticiil  value  to  American  ugricultur- 


CATTLE  BREEDS  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM.* 

The  jiieat  iiiiiHataiice  of  the  iuformatioi.  ciiikul  for  to  a  vast  mirnber 
of  iuM)i7l..  and  of  i.itertvsts  in  tl.e  United  StaK's  U'd  inr  to  seek  out  aii 
authoritvof  UMdo.ibted  experience  and  ahilit>  m  hnjiiand  to  iun.isli 
the  de.sifed  .'ata  in  behalf  of  Ameriean  aKri(mltuiist.s  and  others.  1 
adopted  tiiis  phin  for  tiie  rea.son  that,  in  (.rder  to  make  it  specniily  iKse- 
fnl,  the  report  slioidd  be  full  and  reliable  in  every  n's])eet. 

A.s  a  matter  of  eonrse  I  could  n<.t  be  able  to  e.piai  an  adei)t  in  this 
particular  line  of  investigation,  for  the  reason  that  the  .subject  is  one 
eoverin-  sueh  a  wiile  field  and  one  beset  with  so  I'.any  dil  iculties  that 
only  one  having  an  extensive  ac<iuaintance  with  Knj;lish  breeders  and 
breedsof  cattle  could  do  the  subject  Justice.  .  ,,       ,  ,  ,. 

I  wa.«'  mo.st  fortunate  in  securin;i'  the  .services  ot  .Mr.  .lames  '^oii},',  ot 
Iletchin,  l^mland,  a  well-known  authority  on  a;;ricultural  sub.p'cts  both 
in  Hiiiiland  and  on  the  continent,  who  lias  i.rei)ared  the  accompany- 
inii- dea  ,stron.u.  and  exhaustive  report. 

It  \\;ill  be  found  that  '^reat  care  and  attention  have  been  ;;iveii  to  tins 
report,  and  that  its  iiiiparliality  and  fairness  are  be.vond  .piesluui. 
Where  .so  n.anv  interested  dealers  in  and  breeders  ol  cattle  have  to  be 
consulted,  it  is  imporlant  that  the  facts  about  such  brcds  slnmld  be 
stated  bv  (uie  who  is  jterfectlv  free  from  bias  m  any  lesiiect.  'Ihis  has 
been  d(»ne  in  this  report,  and  1  submit  the  same  with  lull  conhdence 
that  >Ir.  Lon-i's  accpiaintance  with  our  a;iTi<mitural  interest.s,  through 
this  vilualile'niass  of  information,  will  h-aii  to  adesirc  on  theimrtot  our 
a'Ticulturists  to  followup  the  results(»f  his  future  investiKiitious  as  they 
may  hereafter  be  ,iven  to  the  public.  ^^^^^^^^  ^^    ^^^^^^ 

Consul. 

UNI'I  Ki)  Statks  Considatk, 

Manvhr.sUr,  Frhnuini  I'l,  1,SS4. 

"'Jhis  rep«.ri  was  preimicd  for  Consul  Shaw,  of  Mamliester,  by  Air.  J.imes  Long.of 
Hetchiu,  Eujihairi. 


THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


79 


o<l«ris. 

H  Ntouk. 

liro. 

'HCOto. 


,itH. 

raltid  ill  ilio 
iiyriicultiu- 


it  number 
ek  out  an 
to  t'urniHli 
others.  1 
ciiilly  UHii- 

pt  in  this 
tM't  is  one 
iltii's  that 
i!(h'r.s  and 

4  Lonjf,  of 
jt'cts  both 
utonipany- 

s«'n  to  this 
(|iU'slion. 
lave  to  be 
sliould  be 
This  has 
•onlicb'nce 
s,  llirounh 
)i'.rtofoui' 
>u.s  as  they 

I  AW, 
Consul, 


[lies  Long,  uf 


4 


A.— INTltOUUCTOllY— BKITISII    CATTLE   AND   CATTLE   IM- 

rOKTS, 

The  annexed  particuhirs,  relerrinj,'  to  the  only  i)ure  races  of  cattle 
known  in  tiie  United  Kingdom  wliicli  are  essentially  British,  will  bo 
lound  in  almost  every  case  very  complete  and  answer  every  question 
put  in  the  circular.  The  exceptions  are  the  Shetland,  t  he  Calloway,  and 
the  bussex,  about  whi(jh  it  is  most  diilicult  to  obtain  technical  infor- 
mation. Some  twenty  Sussex  bieedcrs  have  l)een  addressed,  but  their 
answers  are.not  entirely  satisfactory,  but  the  information  {>iven  will  be 
lound  reliable  in  everyway.  The  Shetland  is  an  alm{)steiftir»ly  unknown 
race,  and  the  Galloway,  to  which  I  desired  to  jiive  a  I'uller  place,  I  hope 
to  sui)])lement;  the  editor  of  the.lIerd-Book,  who  iscollectinjjinforma- 
tion,  promising  to  send  it  to  me  shortly.  In  all,  the  fifteen  Jiritish  breeds 
are  treated,  and  the  information  given  is  based  upon  that  furnished 
by  nearly  a  hundred  of  the  leading  breeders  in  the  country,  and  which 
has  been  arranged  by  the  \vriter,  who  has  added  much  which  an  ex- 
tended experience  has  enabled  him  to  rely  upon.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
almost  every  breeder  speaks  of  his  own  race  as  the  best ;  this  is  natural 
enthusiasm,  and  I  have  in  some  eases  been  comi)elled  to  slightly  tone 
the  rather  exaggerated  praise  bestowed  upon  one  breed  in  opposition 
to  another.  I'articulars  are  added  with  reference  to  breeding,  feediii"- 
soiling,  shipment,  and  scientirtc  dairy  instruments,  and  centrifugal 
cream  sej)arat(»rs,*  which  will  be  fouiul  very  comi)lete,  the  two  last 
named  subjects  being  especially  familiar  to  tlu^  writer,  wlu)  hasinvi'sti- 
gated  them  in  each  European  dairy  country.  Drawings  or  wood  cuts 
are  annexed  as  well  of  these  machines  and  "instruments  as  of  the  chief 
races  of  cattle. 

Foreign  cattle  are  little  kept  in  England,  and  almost  all  the  small 
herds  which  had  been  formed  have  been  dispei'se<l  or  have  degenerated 
on  account  of  the  Cov(>rnment  action  entirely  i)reventing  importation. 
Dutch  cows  wtTe  at  one  tirm^  very  largely  "used  lor  milk  production 
while  French,  Spani.-ili,  and  Cerman  beasts  were  imported  in  immense 
numbers  for  beef,  Is'ow  the  (tnly  countrie.s  sending  live  animals  in  any 
numbers  are  Denmark  and  Sweden  and  ^'()rway;  tiie  lirst  named  doing 
an  immense  trade  last  year,  leading  the  United  States  during  the  lirs't 
live  months,  since  when  she  has  started  a  large  company  and  is  build- 
ing a  new  fleet  of  ships  for  fiirther  extending  the  trade."  The  J)anish 
cattle  come  from  Aalborg,in  .hitland  (which  port  1  vi;<ited  last  year),  to 
Newcastle  and  Hull,  and  are  ehielly  Jydsk  or  .liitland,  a  medium-sized 
raeeof  moilerate  (piality.  A  few  Swiss  «!attle  are  kept  in  Kngiand,  the 
writer  having  a  I'vw  years  iigo  formed  the  largest  herd;  the  beasts  are 
large,  silver-grey  in  color,  slightly  too  heavy  in  bone  and  skin,  but  very 
large  milkers,  good  feeders  for  the  butcher,and  extremelv  hardy,  livin'g 
where  the  majority  of  other  beasts  would  starve.  These  beasts  are  ex- 
tremely pn)lital,Ie  and  the  handsomest  of  any  known  race  in  color. 
French  cattle  are  not  bred  in  EngiamI,  but  the  Siiorthorn  i-i  hirgely 
I»red  in  France  for  crossingupon  theCharolai.se,('(»tentin,and  Nivernai's 
heast,  which  it  much  improves,  the  Covernment  keepnig  up  one  pure 
Shorthorn  bii'diiig  establishment  for  the  purpose.  In  my  iiunuM'ous 
visits  among  the  French  breeders  I  liav«'  toiind  their  opiiiion  of  the 
Shorthorn  to  be  that  it  is  bettir  than  any  race  they  hav*',  i-.n-.l  consid- 
ered to  be  (he  best  in  the  w(»rid  for  crossing.  This,  however,  is  not  bred 
to  such  perfection  as  in  liiigland. 


Tbeso  sii(!ciiil  piiptTrt  will  l»o  foiiiul  in  tlie  siiiiiiIiMmnit. 


80 


CATTLE    ANJ)    DAIKY    FARMING. 


Best  hnporiinf;  cattlc—'Uhv.  best  bea.sts  lo  impoi't  iiro: 

/W /««■<(/. -Tlio  SlK.rtlM.in.  llui   Ilrrofonl,  tlic  AImtiIcoh  Poll,  Uio  GaUo- 

/»»•  /><./.-(»(/  «u7/,r«m/<i/n./.-TI>o  8l.orM...n.,  tlio.  1  ,•.!  P..II  >u.<l  U'"  Uovon. 
For  milt  „l,»,e.-nw  A.vrsliiro,  tlio  Kliorllioiii  (not  pctliyivc),  tbe  Red 

I'oll.iUMl  ihf   KiTiy. 

/•■<»•  /</,//(  r.--'ri      lerso.v,  tlio  (Jii.'niNi-y,  uml  tlit)  Ivfd  1  oil. 
For  bleak,  cold,  or  wet  districts: 

/.y,.  />,.,/.— TlieW-'st  lli,<;liliiii(l  and  tlio  AVclsli. 

Forh,;;fumhlr<ui;,lil.—TUc  Sussex,  the  Devon,  (lie  Welsh,  (he  Hl-hluml, 
and  (he  Lonj;hoin. 

Cost  of  British  cattle.— Thi'  cost  of  aiiiiiiiils  of  (Isesc  races  depends 
solely  U!»oii  wiii'tlier  ped'-ieeisdesircd  or  merely  j^ood  ((scliil  siieciiueii.^ 
such' as  tlie  best  raniiers  select  for  their  own  use.  'I  he  tollowiu}-'  lij;ures, 
liowcyer,  may  be  entirely  relied  npon  for  (iscfiil  iion-pedij?n;o  beasts 
well  selected : 


Uroo;l8. 


SliDiiliorn 

Hoift'iird ... 

llrvoii 

I.diijilMiin 

SlIHSCX 

lic.l  I'oll  

AUrtllcOU 

Caltoviiv 

West,  llijililiiiid  . 

Welsh 

Ki'irv 

Slu^tliiiid 

Ayrsliiin 

.lersiw 

liiieriihtv 


Bull,  1  t 

<>;i 

Cow 

Xloifor. 

.vciira 

iJ-.'Oto.f.'iO 

£M  (i> 

4;;in 

£22  to  £nO 

•JO 

iiO 

;io 

iin 

<)>> 

■M 

•M 

no 

:io 

;i.') 

li* 

ao 

•M 

no 

;:o 

;in 

■J5 

:tb 

•Ji) 

r.o 

;!0 

;o 

2n 

an 

'.'(1 

r.o 

;io 

4(1 

25 

an 

l!l) 

.^(» 

;io 

40 

25 

an 

•Jll 

no 

;!(! 

40 

2n 

an 

•JO 

.'lO 

:iii 

40 

2n 

an 

•Jll 

.'■,0 

:iii 

10 

*2'> 

an 

•JO 

;!:> 

in 

•2r> 

12 

20 

'J,"i 

40 

•JO 

;)s 

17 

ao 

ll.'i 

tiO 

:!o 

40 

2;i 

ao 

ir> 

Mt 

,       'J!') 

;in 

20 

au 

u> 

M 

•j.n 

.>n 

20 

au 

For  pedij-ree  l.ei  ts  fancy  ja-ices  are  i)aid,  often  most  unwisely,  lor 
unless  a  i)articular  animal  is  wanted  the  best  of  blo-xl  can  be  obtan.ed 
if  the  purchaser  can  meet  with  any  perso.i  to  -uide  hnn,  and  who  wil 
take  the  trouble  to  f>owitli  him,  at  considerably  h-ss  money  than^  is  i>au 
by  Americans  in  the  ordinary  way.  I  iVe(pieiitly  sec  buyers  (  •^nj,'li.sh) 
\vho  purchase  for  fashion,  {•iyinj'-  hi^h  lifrures  for  animals,  while  better 
animals  in  the  same  herd  areoyerlooked,althouj;h  they  could  bo  bought 

at  market  price.  .  ,,   -^    i 

Xnmhrr  of  cattle,  in  the  United  Kiiui<lom.—  V\xv  cattU'  m  \\n^  United 
Kinjidoni  aic  as  foUows  :  In  I'^iijilaml,  l,L'->(M»"<» :  '"  Wales,  (...l,0(K);  m 
.Scotland.  l,()!)r.,0(U);  in  Ireland,  },b!>ii,<IO(» ;  total,  ^^^^^^f^-  .  ^\V  r'' 
there  are  cows  in  milk  or  in  calf:  In  lOiitjIund,  1,(...(MI(  (> ;  '_"  V\  ales, 
200,000;  inS(;otland,  ;{'.)r.,00(>;  in  Ireland,  1, 101,000:  total,  .5,.  1.1,000— 
ii  decided  increase,  but  considerably  less  tlian  ten  years  a«o^ 

Ivinorfs  of  cattle  and  cattle  prodncts  into  the  I  nitrd  hinndoni.—llw. 
imports  haye  considerably  decreased, owinjichielly  to  llie  cattledisease 
restrictions,  and  the  same  cause  has  prey<-iiled  animals  beiu},'  more 
largely  bred.  The  imports  were:  In  ISIm,  L's:!.000 ;  in  1S7I,  I'l.^t.OO; 
in  l.S70,L!7 1,000:  risin;;in  ISSO  to;!.SO,000,  ami  fallin-  iii  INSJ  to  ;{t;{,000. 
In  the  year  issj,  ;il  l.OOO  cattle  \vere  broii;;ht  into  the  metropolitan 
cattle  markets,  of  which  .^)0,li:!)  wero  forei-ii.  The  ayera-.'  !;«i<;e  of 
beasts  in  ISSl'  was,  for  inferior,  Jv.  ;!>/.  per  stone  ;  second  class.  Is  J^d.; 
*]im\  class  (lai^jjje,  prime),  fw.  l.\d. ;  fourth  class  (Scots),  .^s.  W.\d. 


I,  lliu  Gallo- 

(l  tlio  Devon. 
•im;),  tbe  litid 


ho  l[ij;liluiul, 

's  (lependH 

SlU'cilUt'lK-i 

hijji  lij;uie.s, 
Cioo  beasts 


Iloifor. 


*22  to  £:\0 


2a 
25 
25 


25 

2r> 

12 
17 

2;t 

20 

20 


30 
35 
35 
35 
35 
35 
35 
35 
20 
30 
30 
30 
30 


wisely,  for 
tc  ohtiiiiu'tl 
1(1  who  will 
hail  is  ]>iii(l 
s  (Hiij-lisli) 
khilc  better 
1  Ix^  boiiijlit 

tJH!  lliiited 
(;:)l,0(«);  ill 
I.  Of  these 
;  ill  Wales, 
;{,7l.'l,0()(>_ 

f/f/o»K  — -The 
tth'disease, 
ix'iiiti  more 
71,  L'1S,(;(»0; 
Jl(..{t;{.()0(). 
letropolitaii 
j;e  priee  of 
iss,  b  D;^t/.; 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


81 


In  1882  228  429  cwt.  of  salt  and  403,952  cwt.  of  fresh  cr  slightly 
salted  beet,  201,000  cwt.  iinenumerated,  500,000  j)reserved  &c  Stber 
Bi-i  onn'^'^'l  a"il/o»g»e8  ^yer®  i'»F'orted,  a«ainst  251,000  ewt.  of  salt, 
81<,000  cwt.  of  fresh  or  slightly  salted,  178,000  and  575.000  cwt  of 
uneiMunerated  in  1881 ;  or,  in  other  words,  beef  to  the  value  of  nearly 
a  million  sterling  less.  "^ 

The  average  weight  of  cattle  received  from  other  countries  is:  Den- 
mark,  70;  France,  103J  ;  Schleswig-Holstein,  85;  Netherlands,  85 ;  Nor- 
!I»y  ""l^^e^'^l";  78;  Portngal,  80^;  Spain,  71;  Canada  90;  the 
United  States,  101.  ,        ,   i^uo 

England  cannot  breed  snfflcient  cattle  either  for  beef  or  the  dairy  to 
meet  her  requirements,  and  there  is  a  great  market  for  dairy  cows  at  all 
tunes. 

In  the  face  of  existing  regulations  the  best  means  of  sending  beef  to 
linglaud  IS  by  means  of  refrigerators,  and,  where  the  price  will  pay  the 
exporter,  he  may  reckon  upon  a  continuous  demand.  Dairy  produce  is 
always  in  demand,  the  home  supply  being  tar  too  little,  and  Denmark 
1  ranee,  Holland,  and  Germany  supplying  great  quantities.  If  a  fresh- 
butter  trade  or  a  cream  (preserved  in  tins)  trade  could  be  established 
It  would  succeed.  The  home-cheese  trade  is  succeeding  better,  while 
cheese  and  salt  butter  are  produced  from  countries  much  nearer  and  at 
«uch  prices  as  America  could  hardly  hope  to  beat. 

British  cattle  are  in  general  so  used  to  a  severe,  changeable,  and 
moist  climate  that  they  are  certain  to  do  well  in  all  but  very  hot  coun- 
tries M'here  herbage  is  tolerably  good. 

I  have  to  acknowledge  valuable  aid  from  the  editors  of  the  Heivi 
Books  of  the  Ked  Poll  and  Welsh;  Mr.  Barthmore,  of  Ayrshire  fau.   • 
Mr.  James  Guernsey,  Mr.  Brydon,  and  the  editors  of  two  of  our  princi- 
pal journals,  and  other  gentlemen,  many  of  whom  are  named. 

B.-BREEDING  CATTLE. 

Mr.  Burrows  says  that  one  of  the  most  important  considerations  for 
the  breeder  must  be  the  adaptability  of  his  stock  to  the  situation  and 
climate,  the  soil  he  cultivates,  and  the  cioi)s  he  can  grow.  To  expose 
too  suddenly  some  breeds  of  cattle  to  the  climate  of  a  bleak,  hilly  coun- 
try would  be  to  greatly  endanger  their  safety.  An  Alderney,  a' Short- 
horn, a  Hereford,  or  even  a  Sussex  or  a  Devon  beast  might  not  main- 
tain its  condition  where  a  Polled  Angus,  a  Welsh  limit,  or  a  Scotch  Kyloe 
would  gain  flesh.  In  such  places,  and  upon  a  poor,  thin  pasture,  no 
race  of  cattle  imported  Iroin  good  herbage  and  a  warm  and  well-shel- 
tei-ed  district  can  be  expected  to  pay  the  way  without  consideiable 
outlay  in  artihcial  food.  An  improved  breed  will,  to  some  extent,  have 
lost  those  characteristics  whi'jh  at  one  time  adapted  the  animals  to  a 
rougher  lite,  the  thick  pelt  or  hide,  the  coarse  hair,  and  abundance  of 
bone  and  muscle. 

In  selecting  an  animal  for  breeding  or  fattening,  it  is  advisable  to 
look  for  a  moderately  small  head  and  a  placid  countenance ;  a  flne  muz- 
z  e,  with  good  open  nostrils ;  length  in  the  neck  and  depth  in  the 
shoulders;  a  broad  and  straight  back  and  a  good  round  barrel ;  width 
across  the  loins  and  between  the  fore  legs;  large  girth  behind  the 
shoulders,  and  full  and  heavy  Hanks.  With  such  points  we  may  expect 
to  rear  and  fatten  stock  capable  of  laying  the  greatest  amount\)fHieat 
upon  the  prime  parts.  The  hide  of  such  an  animal  should  be  mellow 
H.  Ex.  51 0 


82 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY    FARMING. 


'  I 


and  covered  with  soft  and  glossy  hair,  and  the  bone  should  not  be 
coarse. 

The  form  of  a  beast  is  a  matter  of  primary  importance.  In  the  Short- 
horn, the  Hereford,  and  tlie  improved  Augus,  we  have  this  in  perfec- 
tion. The  wide  and  level  hips  are  accompanied  by  a  massive  loin  and 
deep,  lotiff,  and  square  quarters.  The  springing  ribs  give  to  the  body 
nearly  a  vertical  section.  In  a  i)erfect  beast  the  breast  should  stand 
prominently  out  between  the  fore  legs,  coming  down  almost  upon  a 
level  with  the  knee-joint.  Given  a  wide  back  and  a  good  wide  breast, 
and  most  other  good  points  are  insured.  When  well  fed  the  flank  of 
such  a  beast  in  handling  appears  to  drop  into  the  fingers.  It  will  prove 
to  be  a  grazier's  without,  a  butcher's  within. 

In  the  matter  of  breeding  for  economical  meat  production,  the  cardi- 
nal point  to  be  kept  in  view  is  early  nniturity.  Under  present  circum- 
stances of  farming,  with  higher  rents  than  of  yore,  heavier  espenditure 
on  labor,  increased  taxation,  and  a  score  of  other  ills  to  which  farm- 
ing is  heir,  early  maturity  in  tho  animal  and  the  production  of  the 
largest  amount  of  meat  with  the  smallest  amount  of  ottal  should  be  tho 
aim  of  the  breeder  and  the  grazier.  Olose  observation  will  generally 
convince  us  that  most  of  our  races  of  cattle  and  classes  of  sheep  have 
some  peculiar  properties  which  especially  adapt  them  to  the  districts 
in  which  they  have  been  bred  and  grazed  for  generations.  This  fact 
should  not  be  lost  sight  of.  But  in  selecting  the  improved  breed  of 
each  kind  we  obtain  the  best  meat-producers.  This  remark  applies  to 
cattle,  to  sheej),  and  to  pigs  alike.  In  such  the  active  or  even  rest- 
less habits  of  the  original  breeds  have,  by  selection,  regular  atten- 
tion, and  good  feeding,  yielded  to  docility,  or  in  some  instances  even 
to  a  certain  sluggishness  highly  favorable  to  fattening.  Easy  access  to 
food  has  reduced  the  proportions  of  bone  and  muscle,  so  that  a  pure- 
bred and  a  high-bred  beast  is  often  the  best  manufacturer  of  meat  from 
any  given  amount  of  fodder,  roots,  corn,  and  cake.  The  advantages  of  a 
pure  breed  or  a  tirstcross  are  numerous.  Tiiere  are  few  greater  disap- 
pointments than  f<'    a  favorite  cow  to  breed  back. 

Age  for  breeding. — Upon  the  most  contested  point  of  the  earliest  age 
for  breeding  we  have  valuable  opinions  from  many  well-known  author- 
ities. Mr.  Thomas  Ducldiam,  IM.  P.,  himself  an  eminent  breeder  and 
exporter  of  Herefords,  in  a  lecture  given  before  the  15reconshire('ham- 
ber,  quoted  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Uitdunan,  cliairman  of  tlio  Derbysliire 
Agricultural  Society,  to  the  following  effect :  That  the  desire  for  pres- 
ent advantage  in  breeding  leads  to  great  evils  in  the  future.  By 
placing  animals  too  young  into  breeding  condition  you  tax  nature  too 
heavily,  and  two  evils  ensue — the  parentis  stunted,  and  tho  progeny  is 
smaller  than  it  otherwise  would  be.  Wlien  nature  is  busily  employed 
adding  to  tlie  growth — /.  e.,  to  tlie  size  andcompletionof  every  muscle, 
bone,  and  viscera  of  the  animal — every  i)arti<'le  tliat  goes  to  tho  build- 
ing up  of  the  animal  system  being  derived  Irom  t  lie  blood  of  that  animal, 
the  blood  being  supplied  with  those  materials  exchisively  from  the  food 
which  is  taken  into  the  stomacli  and  digested,  every  organ  of  tho  body 
(the  stomach,  tho  liver,  lungs,  heart,  &c.),  being  taxed  to  the  utmost  to 
fabricate  the  necessary  materials  for  the  growing  muscles,  ligaments, 
and  bones  of  the  young  animal,  by  causing  this  creation  to  be  im- 
l)regnated  at  such  an  early  period  in  its  growth  you  call  a  new  set  of 
organs  and  functions  uito  activity;  and,  further,  you  call  another 
creature  into  existence,  having  like  Gtructures  to  be  built  up.  But 
while  you  do  this  you  cannot  add  to  the  digestive  or  the  assimilative 


t. 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


Ill  not  be 

the  Short- 
in  perfec- 
)  loia  and 
the  body 
mUl  stand 
Bt  upon  a 
lie  breast, 
B  flank  of 
will  prove 

the  cardi- 
it  circum- 
penditure 
ich  farm- 
)n  of  the 
uld  be  the 
generally 
leep  havd 
»  districts 
This  fact 
.  breed  of 
ipplies  to 
Bven  rest- 
Lar  atten- 
ices  even 
'  access  to 
it  a  pure- 
neat  from 
tages  of  a 
ter  disap- 

rliest  ago 
n  author- 
'V'ler  and 
ire(Jhaiu- 
erby(*hire 
i  for  pres- 
ure.  By 
lature  too 
)rogeny  is 
employed 
■y  muscle, 
the  build- 
at  animal, 
II  the  food 
■  the  body 
utmost  to 
igaments, 
to  be  im- 
lew  set  of 
1  another 
up.  But 
similative 


83 


K|^^:?=^calir  2Z::  "'"^-^«^  -^^^  -^ich  to  supply 

tb^^;;;Ks:X^r;^S'o^^^       -y  be  quoted,  but 

years  to  3  years  old  isaJiZ-^lu  "eakened  in  constitution.  From  -^S 
be  the  mothei  of  a  iX  li'u  %'Zlt '''' ""  ^\''^''  *«  ^'-^'^'^  ^^  ^I'e  is  i 
freely  used  without  i^-  in  il  L  .?i^.l;l'^  ^"^^  °«  ^""  ''^^'  ^ « 
system  of  breeding  the  tlLX  .hn,!  "^^^^  ^'"'^  ^^^""^^  old.    In  any 

be  regiilated  by  tlfe  acci'.^U^^^^  gmvt  extent^ 

which  the  animals  are  to  be  kept  u  ,Z  theVt'iS^^/''^  ?"?fh  ^^^ 
breeding.  For  economical  nieat  p. "duclion  Vtl^*'^'''^.-^^^^'"^  ^"t  or 
to  the  very  early  spring.  Cows  il  n  nn?  rL  "'''^,'1.^  *""«  Preferable 
m-calf  heifers,  can  be  cheapirkX  n  irshn^"''"'  ^^  •*''«  '^''''y  «"J 
If  they  are  to  calve  down  in  thrsnr  iir.  «n!i  T'^'"^^  '^'Y'''^  the  winter 
fattened  out  upon  tlie  fodder  jfndtKnnf  In  ""^  "^^^^  ^"^'««^'«  ««'•  l>e 
animals  are  turned  npon  really  good  V  ^'if  ^*  *^«  hrei^diu^r 

they  are  iu  calf,  they  frequeutlv  l?v  on  fin  '^'''''''S  the  summer  when 
Wherethei)rogenyi8to£roo^^^^^  and  produce  puny  calves, 

time  of  calving  is  iSlStcHla.1^  years  old,  th£ 

at  grass  and  only  t.'o  wt^ef^lLThe  ,S'  '''  '"""'^«  *^^^«  «"'"•"-' 
nJ^Zut'&  Sa^onSS^i^f  ^  -/^r  preferable  to  tying 

duce  inflammation,  rts.dt. 'g  u  milk  e^er  and  snf  7^7'  T  '''^''^■ 
the  e.\e  at  such  a  Deiinrl  i.i^  o  „.i„  "  speedy  dea  h.     When 

cine  should  b^L^  f/n^Ty  gh  eu  ^  t^outTnlf""'"  '''T  '^^P^^'^"^  "''^^'^ 
with  some  powdered  g  ng^r  ami  a1k? Ip  sni  i""  ^'''"^^  -^^  ^P^^'"  ««lt«, 
tbe  purpose  if  given  in  tfme  ^    "^  ^"'^  "^*"''  ^i"  answei- 


C.-STOCK-FEEDING. 


I 


■'ccesscf  either  system  pnrsuedloA  v  1,^7,?  r^^/l'"*^^''  ^''«  "'^imate 
ud  must  depend  very  much  M  on  i;e "id  u  n/'n  ^!TV  ^^'^  ^^''"'e 
top-dressing.  A  cow  in  full  mi  k  an  v  Sd  '?--n  n"^'"^  ^"'^'^  ^^'  "I^'^'» 
up  in  that  milk  theearthy  ingiedLZ of  ri  ^  ^  'f  ^'^  '*"'«  ""  3*?ar  gives 
in.lk  be  sold  oft-  the  farni  or  be  m-^^^^^^^  33  poi,„ds  of  dry  bones.  If  this 
ket,  of  course  the  whole  .I^^  it  i^lt       ?, .?  u!T  ""1  ^''^^^'««  f^'"  "' 

equal  to  30  pounds  c,f  common  bcednstuL^      '"',1''^'  "'•«  '«««  <« 
consu  ered  to  cany  awi.y  n.H,thc     0  ,  o,  ;u  i  rf  ^''^^  calf  reared  may  be 
of  such  pastures  can  be  kept  up  only  b         ?nF.T  '""""''  ^'"'^  <^'0"'>i^ion 
laud  the  ingredients  of  50  Vou  rof  bone  £"^'  "'  '^°^«  ^^'"^  to  the 
known  that  iu  the  animal  rapid  g^^owtb  and  nl^^F  ^^''^-    ^'  '«  ^^^^1» 
qualities;  so,  to  encourage  both,  thrmuscK^  ./"^*?'"«  nre  opposite 
euts  and  the  iUt-forming%lements  mu^f  Llfi     ^T?.  ^^^"'"'^'  constitu- 
a  general  way,  with  liberal  feSg  tSen  ?i,n    'n  \^  ^^'^  '**"'«  'ime.    la 
to  two  years  old  than  ever  afterwards      \V    f     '"^^'^^  '"^^*^'  Progress  up 
state,  the  waste  of  tlu'  body  L  W  InnV^  ?"  """"*^ '"  **«  natural 
sumed.    All  excess  of  rooXyon    ^Ust^ioes '1  i'?''^'  ,^^'  '^«  ^"^^'  ^ou- 
lu  the  growing  animal  and  fat  in   h^SSone  ^"""^  ^"^^  "^"^^'^^ 


84 


CATTLE    AKD    DAIRY    FARMING. 


*       s 


The  object  of  the  moat  producer  should  be,  by  illiberal  .supply  of  food 
beyond  natural  requireiueiits,  not  oidy  to  maintain  this  equilibrium, 
but  also  to  create  an  artiticial  condition  favorable  to  the  production  of 
fat.  When  tlio  ox  is  thoroufj^hly  fattened  every  cell  throughout  its  cell- 
ular ti.'\sue  is  well  tilled.  In  the  beef  the  fat  will  be  tirni  and  solid  and 
of  a  rich  creamy  color.  The  fat  in  mutton  is  whiter  and  greater  in  ]>ro- 
portion  to  the  carcass.  In  pork  the  proportion  is  still  greater.  The 
more  we  restrain  the  movements  of  the  body  the  greater  is  the  aptitude 
f«)r  fattening.  Contentment  aids  the  formation  of  fat.  Violent  exercise, 
by  stimulating  the  lungs,  consumes  the  fatty  matters.  The  size  of  the 
lung  has  a  marked  intluence  upon  fattening.  A  large  lung,  developed 
by  abundant  exercise,  burns  away  the  heat-producing  matter  and  re- 
tards fattening.  On  the  other  hand,  a  small  lung  and  a  small  liver, 
though  they  render  the  i)ossessor  much  more  delicate,  are  favorable  to 
fattening.  lu  animals  nature  jn-ovides  in  a  time  of  ])leuty  for  some  of 
their  re<piirements  in  a  time  of  scarcity.  Starch  and  sugar  maintain 
beat  and  vitality,  but  unless  there  is  a  sui)i)ly  of  the  fats  and  oils  the 
progress  will  be  slow,  because  the  maintenance  of  the  vital  principles 
taxes  the  latter.  All  vegetable  foods  vary  with  the  age  of  the  plants 
yielding  them  and  the  soil  they  grow  uj/on.  Hence  the  care  necessary 
in  selecting  seeds  for  laying  down  i)ast"res  and  in  cutting  and  harvest- 
ing hay  and  straw.  When  grass  is  couiparatively  young  it  abounds  in 
flesh-forming  substances  and  iu  sugar.  As  the  plant  ripens  the  sugar 
becomes  changed  into  starch  and  the  starch  into  wood  liber.  This 
shows  the  desirability  of  cutting  all  grass  crops  for  hay  before  they  are 
fully  ripened.  Cattle  fed  upon  over-rii»ene(l  hay  have  to  consume  some 
13  or  14  per  cent,  more  of  indigestible  woody  fiber. 

Tahie  of  various  feeds. — Some  ex])eriments  in  feeding  with  Lay  alone 
have  shown  that  iu  a  large  ox  the  store  condition  may  be  umintained 
by  giving  it  about  one  tiftielh  of  itsown  weight  perday,  or,  if  working, 
one-fortieth.  A  fattening  ox,  having  nothing  else,  will  consume  from 
one-twentieth  to  onetwentytiith  of  its  live  weight,  according  to  the 
degree  of  fatness  it  has  attained.  Sheep  are  said  to  consume  about 
one-thirlieth  ]»art  of  their  live  weight  of  hay  per  day.  These  figures 
will  show  us  that  when  hay  connuands  a  good  jtrice  in  the  market  it  is 
not  advisable  to  use  it  in  any  large  quantity  alone  as  a  meat  producer. 
\A'ith  hay  slightly  moldy  or  much  weathered,  the  i>rocess  of  steaming 
chatt",  with  an  admixture  of  some  maize  meal,  liiiely  ground  lin.seed- 
cake,  or  even  bran,  renders  it  more  palatable  and  much  more  nutritious, 
as  it  greatly  increases  its  digestibility.  New  hay  is  unwholesome  and 
iunutritious  as  compared  with  good  old  hay.  Aftermath  hay  is  better 
adapted  for  cattle  than  for  horses.  Straw  is,  perhaps,  less  in  lavor  than 
formerly  as  a  cattle  food. 

I  iigenial  seasons,  wet  harvest,  and  blight  and  mildew  in  the  crops 
have  lessened  our  dependence  upon  it,  and  the  higii  juice  it  has  of  late 
years  lealized  in  the  market  has  ]daced  it  more  on  a  ]>ar  with  hay  for 
feeding  out.  But  the  practice  of  cutting  down  large  (piantities  of  it  as 
it  comes  fiesh  from  the  threshiug-machine  in  the  summer  time,  mixing 
with  a  ton  of  the  cut  straw  about  a  hundred  weight  of  green  cut  fodder 
and  a  bushel  of  salt,  is  kept  up  iu  many  jdaces  ;  and  when  the  admix- 
ture is  properly  maile  so  as  to  i)roduce  a  slight  feruientation,  it  nuikes  a 
very  economical  winter  feed.  The  fermentation  in  straw  increases  its 
albumen  about  one  per  cent,  and  its  feeding  value  as  much  as  25  per 
cent.  Green  oat  straw  and  pea  straw  fed  out  together  are  but  little  in- 
ferior to  hay.  The  oat  straw  of  Scotland,  where  the  crop  is  cut  much 
greener  than  ours,  far  surpasses  that  of  this  country  iu  feediug  proiMjr- 


I 


>l»l.vof  food 
quilihriuni, 
oduction  of 
out  itscoll- 
1  solid  uiid 
Iter  in  i)ro- 
'ater.  The 
be  aptitude 
lit  exercise, 
size  of  the 
developed 
ter  aud  re- 
uiiall  liver, 
ivorable  to 
for  some  of 
r  maiiitaiu 
nd  oils  the 
principles 
the  plants 
I  nt-cessary 
id  harvest- 
iibouiids  in 
i  the  supar 
jer.  This 
re  they  are 
8uuie  some 

I  hay  alone 
maintained 
if  working, 
sunie  from 
iiig  to  the 
ume  about 
L'se  figures 
larket  it  is 
producer. 
F  .steaming 
id  linseed- 
nutritious, 
esoiiie  and 
ly  is  better 
lavor  than 

the  crops 
has  of  late 
th  hay  for 
ies  of  it  as 
ne,  mixing 
cut  fodder 
the  admix- 
it  makes  a 
creases  its 
I  as  25  per 
It  little  in- 
cut much 
ng  proiMjr- 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


85 


H 

s 


aj  muun  La  \n  alloVSnce''of^o"tU"of  ^ili.  'V''  ^''''  ^*  "«^-- 
of  swedes,  a  wellbred  steer  will  fatten  r  mm  iv  1^  '-JS'I'"'  "'^  '^  «tono 
mixed  bean  meal  and  linseed  cake  b«  ^  1  ^ '  ^,'''  ,'^  ^  "^  ^  Voiuh]^  of 
be  withdrawn.  A  ton  of  such  striw  pfi'  'T'  ^^^^i^'^^  "f  the  roots  may 
with  an  a.hlition  of  200  pouSoSl  InsS  '''"l^  '  '^''^^'^  fermented, 
properties  to  a  ton  of  the  best  hav  Ti  irn  n  '  ''•''''''' ''  *^1"«' '"  ^^'tMliui 
<lenved  from  a  proper  admiSure  of  Zluo  '"'''  f^^''^  advantages  to  be 
progressive  cl.a  iges.  B  ?  all  Xn/l"^  f  '.  VT"  ''''"  ^•'"'"  Judicious  and 
gressive  if  we  are  to  rece  ve   he  m  f.nl^^"l1  ^*^  ^^*^'  ^''''^<'"^»  «'»l  pro 

Carefully  conducted  experiW  ^^  ^"''^^^^  ^'om  them.      ^ 

narily  favorable  circi  mstances  tfo  .  "^""'"^"'^'^^^^^  t^'^^t  under  ordi- 
of  either  8  pounds  of  bean'mea  o^ofTpZlSs'of- 1'^  "  T'.  «^  '^"''"'^ 
duce  one  poun.l  increase  in  th.  live  weiSot^^  «  ^'f -""'^i^^^^  ''''"  P^'^" 
foods  are  used  in  combination,  /  /if  «  nn„n  i  p  ')'"""''  ^"<^  '^  these 
with  G  pounds  of  the  other,  t  ^  ncTeLeiK  liv^  *''•  .°"^^'«  ^^'^  «"t 
will  be  not  2  pounds,  as  we  n.ig  It^ect  .^J^J™ 
proof  that  jndicious  admixture  is  th.f?pnnn,-  1  t>oundsj  a  conclusive 
ent  instance  the  linseed  cake  is'em^tntlv  ^  'If  ^  'T^'"'-  J''  ^he  pres- 
bean  meal  a  tlesh-forming  one  A  cSn  IS  ?<=-p'"'^"^'i!^  ^"«*''  ""^'  the 
with  the  actual  results  obtSed  fro,     ™^^^  "^?*^^J«  compared 

tain  a  pound  of  Hesli  from  every  ghei/S  S  T^'  ^^'*  7*^  •""^-  ^^^ 
tive  matter  which  those  foods  cm  t^i/wH.  ?f  ^'"''-^  ""^  *'''^^' ""^ 
pounds  of  nutrition  to  yield  pou  of  ft2  ^  -f,*"*.'^  ^'"'^"'^  ^^^  «i"  13 
pounds;  and  with  the  pio  Vi/.^i  o  fi  nnn  '""'^ll^^'^  «^'^^1''  ^  to  10 
swedes  contain  90  pouiub^'c  f  •  ei  and  .Pr  ^^'-  ^'"'^  ^^^*  I^""'"'-^  of 
equal  to  the  pro.Ii,cti(.n  ot  abou  fnoZi  '^^J^A^«"«ea"ently,  when  fed  olf, 
of  Indian  eon,  „,  ...aize  c  >  tai  imClv  1  tl  \  V"*^  ''""•^•••'''  I»"'""l« 
will  produce  about  9  pou  Is  of  S^sh  ^  Vo  ?"'•  ',"*  ^^'f^*^^^'  substances, 
by  careful  experiments  that  ennni  .'..-vf  ^  '  -^  '"V^  ''^**"  ascertained 
though  7  per  ient.  lowL  in  initdtt  f.  hh'  ""/.  '"'''""'  I^*^*^^^'  ^^"'^  ««ts, 
fed  out,  weight  for  weS.t,  "itU  like  Sits         '"  '"'"  ''^""*'^'  "^"^^  ^^« 

D.-STOCK-WEIGIIT  AND  MEAT  YIELD. 

of  ollal,  and  U  pounds  if  he'  v  ^^cH  ?i;-i;'\''''^^'"^^*'^t  an.Io  ponnds 
und  G  pounds  of'  offal,  i^ut  thrin-onof  If  I  t  '•'"''''^  ?  ^•^""*''^  "t"  meat 
the  animal  and  the  oftal  t  wi  11  Cree  ,vi  '^  !''^  ^'''^  ^*''«'^'t  in 
the  sizeof  the  animal  and  the    ^ree  of  f  t  "     If ^"^  "1^°'^ 

equal,  it  w  1  give  the  l.ioi,..<«-  !L.       ■      ''ittening.     Other  things  beiiiff 

A  well-bred  and  wH  fc<^  So^ro?'l'^L"^'"''r  1"  thegreateiMveigh? 
bo  estimated  to  vield  from  It.  A  imperial  stone  live  weight  may 
irnal  be  fe.l  up  to  140  o?  Vi's    .^^^l-^f^S'-t;  «f  beef.    If  the  same  an^ 

08  per  cent,  of  beef,  whm.  s  o    /of  L  v  7()  nr'^n''^  "^'='- 

more  than  57  to  58  ner  cV.f  r,,  \o  ^  "'  '^**  ^^""«  ^^'o»''l  not  vield 
same  weight  will  exceed  the' ster  hi  i'tstTV''  '^'f '■'''''*^  ^''^''''  '^'  t^^ 
or  3  per  cent.  Newly-shoVshee,  uS  ^■^'''';'''*^'''^'^"'^'^^  '»v  2 
average  from  63  per  cent  to  (n  2v!T'''''^i  -'^  ''^  ^^*  stone,  would 
weights  if  at  the  same  time  the  br.^^^^  'T^ '"  P'OPO'-t'ou  for'  larger 

u^'^re  finished  the  feeding  the  1  i  I?./. ^     "'"^  ""'"  ''*'  **'*'  ^^''^''''^^^^t.    The 
everything.  ^  ^''^  '"-^^^  t''®  percentage  of  meat  to  oftal  in 


86 


CATTLE    AND    DAIKY    lAUMlNG 


A  tolorablj'  correct  estimate  of  tlie  weijilit  of  a  beast  may  bo  ascer- 
tained by  uieasurement,  and  the  jtrocess  is  not  a  diflicult  oue.  But 
whoever  uudertakes  to  solve  the  problem  in  this  way  should  himself  be 
a  good  judge  of  a  beast,  and  should  know  soinethinff  as  t^  the  length 
of  time  the  animal  has  been  in  the  stalls,  the  kind  of  food  stipplied,  and 
the  characteristics  of  the  breed.  Cattle  whi(!h  fatten  at  an  early  age 
lay  on  more  fat  externally,  whereas  the  late-futleuing  breeds  have  more 
internal  fat. 

The  method  of  measurement,  as  summarized  by  Curteis  is  to  take  the 
girth  immediately  behind  the  shoulder,  drawing  the  tape  fairly  tight; 
then  take  the  length  from  the  shoulder  to  the  tail  end,  each  place  being 
determined  by  nu  imaginary  i)erpendicular  line  let  fall  and  clearing  the 
fore  and  hind  quarters  respectively.  Square  the  girth  iu  feet,  and  mul- 
tiplj  the  result  by  the  length  and  the  i)roduct  again  by  a  decimal  se- 
lected from  the  following :  A  moderately  fat  beast  0.23 ;  fat  0.25;  prime 
0.26;  very  fat  0.27.  The  result  gives  the  weight  iu  imperial  stones. 
But  a  simpler  rule  is  to  multiply  the  siiuare  of  the  girth  in  inches  by 
the  length  in  inches  and  divide  the  product  by  7238,  and  th^  quotient 
will  give  the  weight  in  imi)erial  stones.  Another  rule  istouiultiply  the 
square  of  the  girth  in  feet  by  five  times  the  length  iu  feet  and  divide 
by  21,  and  we  have  the  same  results. 

(1)  Ked-Polled  Cattle. 

The  Eed-Polled  cattle  of  Norfolk  and  Suttblk  have  within  the  last 
two  years  gained  an  imijortant  place  in  jiuhlic  favor.  Interest  iu  the 
breed  has  been  shown  to  such  an  extent  tiiat  its  history  and  its  claim 
to  recognition  can  no  longer  be  said  to  be  a  mere  local  matter.  These 
circunistaiuies  will  doubtless  be  accepted  by  my  readers  as  sufficient 
warrant  for  a  brief  notice  of  the  Ked  Polls. 

The  history  of  Ked-Policd  cattle  can  be  carried  back  well  into  the  last 
century.  Sulfolk  had  from  time  immemorial  its  breed  of  Polled  cattle, 
producing  butter  which,  one  huiulred  and  titty  years  ago,  was  asserted 
to  be  '"justly  esteemed  the  pleasmitest  and  best  in  Englaiul."  Arthur 
Young,  in  his  "  Survey  "  (A.  I).  1~\H),  defines  the  area  "  a  tract  of  coun- 
try 20  miles  by  12,  *"  *  *  the  seat  of  the  dairies  of  Suifolk,"  which, 
lie  said,  must  be  peculiarly  considered  the  headciuarters  of  the  Sullolk 
Polled  stock,  though  he  found  the  breed  spread  over  the  whole  country. 
In  this  survey  we  get  the  first  accurate  description  of  the  bree<l.  Though 
Arthur  Young  makes  no  note  of  Norfolk  Polled  cattle,  yet  advertise- 
ments of  sales  held  in  and  from  the  year  177S  ])rove  that  dairies  of  such 
animals  were  numerous  in  the  county,  and  that  they  extended  from  the 
northern  boundarv  of  the  Suttblk  "head(]uarters''  well  into  the  center 
of  Norfolk. 

An  old  Ehnham  tenant,  who  survived  till  1S72,  recollected  Red-Polled 
cattle  on  the  estate  so  long  ago  as  the  year  17.S0.  At  Shi|)dliain  they 
were  greatly  valued  from  a  date  certainly  as  early.  At  Necton  they 
were  kept  from  a  remote  period.  The  predominant  breed  in  Norfolk  at 
that  time  (see  Marshall's  "  Itural  Econo;ny  of  Norfolk,"  notes  written 
from  1780  to  1782)  was, however, a  "Herefordshire  br»'ed  in  miniature" 
and  "  the  fiivorite  color  a  blood-red,  with  a  white  or  mottled  face."  Mar- 
shall, fortunately,  preserves  for  this  generation  a  record  of  the  i)rocess 
by  which  the  excellencies  of  this  now  extinct  old  Norfolk  blood-red  stock 
have  been  combined  with  the  proverbial  merits  of  the  Suttblk  Red- 
Polled.  He  says  there  were  several  instances  of  the  Norfolk  breed  being 
crossed  with  Suttblk  bulls,  and  that  the  result  was  "  increase  of  size  and 
an  improvement  of  form." 


I 


lay  bo  ascer- 
It  oue.  But 
(I  himself  be 
>  the  h'UKth 
iiippliotl,  aiul 
[111  <>arly  age 
1m  have  more 

8  to  take  the 
fairly  tight; 

I  phice  being 
clearing  the 
^et,  and  mul- 
b  decimal  se- 
0.25 ;  prime 
arial  stones. 

II  inches  by 
th3  quotient 
multiply  the 

and  divide 


hiu  the  last 
:ereat  in  the 
lid  its  claim 
tter.  These 
as  sufliiiicit 

into  the  last 
oiled  cattle, 
las  asserted 
[1."  Arthur 
■act  of  conn- 
blii,"  which, 
the  Sullolk 
jIo  country. 
(1.  Though 
t  advertise- 
ries  of  such 
ed  from  the 
)  the  center 

Red-Polled 
ulhain  Ihey 
k'cton  they 
I  Norfolk  at 
)tes  written 
miniature" 
ace."  Mar- 
the  i)rocess 
id -red  stock 
utiolk  Red- 
breed  being 
of  size  and 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


87 


'' recollect  the  tiniewhe.i  no  otIerrnlnM'  '''^'^•^'"ff  »•  ]«0-',  could 
a  Suttblk  cow,"  and  in  the  "Lie    ,hcus  l,  'o,':  h'^  r"'"!*.^**'  ''^"'<*'<1  ^^  in 
hat  -the  red  cow  had  ostabliih  rt  fe  '^.V  '     »  '  ''"'  "'l'»'"e<l 

ing  of  the  Sutfolk  Agricultural  Socil  v  J  Jr)  \.  ^  ''«^''«V«  t«  ^''"t  meet- 
yeloped  to  get  rid  of  the  color  diSictionThi  ^  ^^''j"«»«.V  being  de- 
the  ren,eml,rance  of  the  fact  tinit"  r"  d  a  d  Jht^  'i"""''  !"''^  '"''«^'"  *'•«"» 
ish  cream  color"  had  been  an  accente  c  lor  L  r'  ^""^"•^' "»»1  *i  .vellow. 
or«.    In  Norfolk,  as  has  been  said    .l.Vi^ 

a  few  districts  sheeted  Polls  were  preferred  tL  f  V  ^ ''?'^'"' '»"*  >» 
the  last  forty  years  set  steadilv  in  oZlT^Lu^i'T  .'"*«  *^"»'»« 
recognized  as  the  mark  of  exLlllZisad^^^^^^^^  '«  "«^ 

spot  of  white,  which  Mr.  George  used  tisvS'..        '^'r^'"^^'  »"^^  the 
has  been  well  nich  crossed  onf     Tiw. ,      J  ^^*f** '^^'Pn  of  good  breeding 
plainly  the  clegZin  wS  £  oldNJStbrZ,"^  ^V'^^^P^^'l  'Hows 
and,  on  the  contrary,  the  freeZfronLnl^^*'^^^'^^'^^'^^  Polls, 
udder  ami  fa.'o  is  evidence  oTthrUSenr^^^  ^"  the 

acter     Theamalgainationof  thetwHarfeliP^     v 
folk  Polled -maj' with  certai  ity  b^  tr  iS  frmn^n^^       ^  *^"«"  »od  Suf- 
counties  henceforth  met  in  an  iLorab  o  c^nuSt  l^*!  Th  ^T'     ^«*^ 
Purchase  of  the  handsomest  and  truest  breiTreds toe    uJ^^  «l\o^^-yard. 

mark  on  tl.o  under  ,,art  offbo  belly  iVtli.'in   L  vL  '*  °^  "■  "'»""  ^^1»''«  si)or  or 


-ine  i)oints  of  a  superior  animal  are  as  follows- 
wfir;Nt^Za^i-^;;,:;S:"'^''"'^"'"  ^•''-'  ■""  ^'-  tl,,  of  t,.  tai..nay  be 

Maraball  and  Yo„„g-.    Tl,i  fim.cr  mj's-  '         ^  '^  ""^  '"l"'"  ''«'!'  <>f 

wSr;,a"i,:xs,,|:;s^^^^^^^^^        '"f-  f  -i«i,t  f„r  age, 

and  tlio  meat  i»  ,.,,„„i  „r„„.  l„..sVUVld  4        ^  ■'?,"''"  ""^'^  '"«  "'■". 

an™a,.deaa..,.u,aL';,;t;-;\t-is-'i^;;!;a'7;,,:Ki,tiis 


88 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


moMt  (liftlcult  to  get  Niu!li  facts,  tli()iif,'li  tlioy  are  most  UHcful  for  pur- 
poses of  comparison.  Tlio  two  following  roconlH  will,  however,  partially 
servo  this  end : 

Mr.  A.  Taylor's  Red-Polled  steer,  first  prize  at  the  Smithfleld  Club 
Show,  1881  (aged  three  years  seven  nioiiths,  sire  Norfolk,  dam  Sutfolk), 
had  a  recorded  live  weight  of  17  cwt.,  I  qr.,  1  lb.  Its  dead  weight 
was  1)1  stone,  0  pounds  (1.280  poujids),  a  percentage  of  (i«J.74  of  the  live 
weight.  The  same  exhibitor's  heifer  (aged  three  years,  one  month, 
three  weeks)  had  a  live  weight  of  13  cwt.,  .{  qrs.,  14  lbs.  Its  dead 
weight  was  72  stone,  7  pounds,  a  percentage  of  (J5.31  of  the  live  weight. 
Mr.  J.  J.  Colman's  prize  cow,  Faunio  (aged  Urn  years,  three  and  a  half 
months),  which  had  produced  live  calves,  had  a  live  weight  of  17  cwt., 
21i  lbs,,  an<l  v,as  sold  by  public  auction  at  Ipswich  at  a  sum  which 
equaled  4.375^7.  per  j)ound,  calculated  on  the  live  weight. 

The  dead  weight  of  a  three-year  nineinonths  old  Norfolk  steer,  showu 
at  Norwich  in  1878,  by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  w.is  80  stone,  4  pounds; 
of  Mr.  A.  Taylor's  three-year  ten-months  old  steer,  lirst  prize  wiuuer 
at  the  same  show.  111  stone,  12  j)ounds. 

This  record  is  nearly  equaled  by  that  of  a  bull  of  Mr.  Loflft's  breed- 
ing, which,  when  slaughtered  in  "fair  condition  only,"  gave  a  dead 
weight  of  110  stone. 

These  are  not  mentioned  as  exceptional  weights ;  they  happen  to  be 
available  because  they  were  recorded  at  the  time  of  slaughter. 

Portraits  of  Red  PoW».— Uavyson  .$(1  48,  the  bull  showii  in  the  illus- 
tration, was  bred  by  Mr.  John  Hammond  of  liale,  Kast  Dereham;  was 
sold  as  a  two-year-old  to  Mr.  J.  Foster  Palmer,  and  was  subsequently 
bought  at  auction  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Tyssen  Amherst,  M.  P.,  aL  205  guii.eas. 
Ho  was  calved  in  August,  1873,  being  of  the  Davy  (LI  1)  tril)e,  and 
sired  by  a  bull  of  Powell  blood,  as  was  his  dam.  He  was  the  reserve  at 
the  Noifolk  show  of  1875,  and  since  that  year  has  never  been  beaten  at 
a  royal  or  county  show,  winning  sixteen  first  i)rizes  and  six  cups. 
Dolly  (No.  2),  calved  November  3,  1870,  the  older  of  the  two  females  in 
the  illustration,  was  in  Mr.  Colman's  cup  collection  in  1881,  and  again 
in  1882.  In  each  year  she  was  first  in  her  class,  and  last  year  she  also 
won  the  cup  ottered  for  the  best  IJed- Polled  cow  or  heifer  at  the  Nor- 
folk show.  She  is  a  heavy-fleshed  animal,  inheriting  that  charieter- 
istic  from  her  great-great-granddam,  Minnie,  tli(>  fountlressof  aNecrton 
tribe,  and  herself  the  daughter  of  the  lied-1'olled  bull  which  won  first 
prize  at  the  Norwich  lioyal  in  1849.  This  IMinnie  tribe  realizes  high 
prices,  and  is,  as  a  rule,  very  good  both  for  milk  and  for  flesh.  The 
sire  of  Dolly,  and  also  of  the  other  female  in  the  illustration,  was  Rufus, 
a  bull  of  Powell's  famous  Rose  tribe,  bred  by  tli(^  late  Lord  Sondes. 

Silent  Lady  (O  9),  calved  December  IS,  18S0,  the  yearling  heifer 
yliown  in  the  illustration,  was  also  in  :Mr.  Colman's  cup  collection  of 
1882.  She  traces  back  to  one  of  Sir  E.  Kerrison's  grand  cows— a 
superior  milker. 

Milk  yield  of  Red  Polls.— Mv.  Eweu  recently  gave  a  dailv  return  of 
the  milk  yield  of  one  cow,  extending  over  eight  months,  and  the  monthly 
averages  of  four  others  in  the  Didlington  House  Farm  herd.  The  cow, 
Davy  27th,  whose  daily  record  is  given,  is  of  the  same  tribe  as  Davy  24th, 
whose  average  yield  for  seven  months  was  stated  in  th(^  Almanac  of  the 
Live  Stock  -lourual  to  have  been  42  pints  |»er  day.  Daw  27th  was  se- 
lected by  Mr.  Ewen  to  test  the  (piestion  of  the' value  of  the  Gudnou 
escutcheon  theory  as  applicable  to  Red-Polled  stock.  She  was  fed  in 
the  ordinary  Norfolk  ftxshion,  in  common  with  the  cattle  in  the  largo  herd 


» 


J 


eful  for  pur- 
ver,  pjirtijvUy 

ithfleld  Club 
Iniii  Siitrolk), 
(Unul  weifiht 
74  of  t ho  live 

ono  month, 
s.     Its  (leiui 

livo  weight, 
loiuul  a  half 

it  of  17  (!Wt., 

sum  which 

steer,  nhown 
e,  4  pounds; 
)rlzo  wiuuer 

oflft's  breed- 
ravo  a  dead 

appen  to  be 
ter. 

in  the  iilus- 
reham;  was 
iibsequently 
J05  pfuii.eas. 
I)  tribe,  and 
e  reserve  at 
;n  beaten  at 
d  six  cups. 
f)  females  in 
l,  and  ai;ain 
ear  she  iilso 
at  the  Nor- 
t  character- 
of  a  Ne(;ton 
L!h  won  tir.st 
ializes  hiyh 
flesh.  The 
was  Rufus, 
Sondes, 
fling  heifer 
ol lection  of 
id  cows — a 

y  return  of 
he  monthly 
,  The  cow, 
Davy  24th, 
lanac  of  the 
;7th  was  se- 
he  Gudnon 
was  fed  in 
i  largo  herd 


I 


H 


i    I 


ri 


St 


89 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 

owned  by  Mr.  Jobu  UauimoTwl      Ti.o  fv.ii      • 

trial.  uauimoiKi.     riie  tollowiug  18  the  result  of  the 

Haihi  yield  of  milk,  in  pints. 
IDavy 2-th,  ill.    EcgisterXo.  1451.] 


trial : 


Dnv  of  moist  h. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

52 

56 

56 

50 

58 

56 

52 

46 

44 

44 

42 

40 

40 

40 

44 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 
46 


Oct. 


JTor. 


46 
46 

42 

42 

40 

40 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

37 

37 

37 

36 

36 

35 

35 

35 

35 

35 

35 


Dec. 


Jan. 


41 

40 

41 

40 

41 

40 

41 

40 

41 

40 

41 

39 

41 

39 

41 

39 

41 

39 

41 

30 

41 

39 

41 

39 

41 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

39 

40 

3" 

40 

39 

39 

Veh. 


Mar. 


39 

3« 

39 

36 

39 

8G 

39 

38 

89 

30 

30 

30 

3r 

36 

30 

36 

39 

36 

39 

36 

39 

38 

39 

36 

30 

36 

39     35 

SB     35 

39     35 

89     35 

30     35 

39 

35 

89 

31 

39 

34 

39 

34 

39 

34 

39 

34 

38     44 

38 

34 

37 

34 

36 

34 

36 

36 
36 

Apr. 


34 

26 

34 

24 

84 

24 

34 

24 

34 

24 

34 

9^ 

34 

23 

34 

23 

34 

23 

34 

23 

34 

23 

33 

23 

83 

23 

33 

23 

S3 

23 

33 

23 

33 

23 

as 

22 

33 

22 

33 

22 

33 

22 

33 

22 

33 

22 

33 

22 

33 

22 

33 

22 

33 

22 

33 

22 

26 

22 

26 

22 

26 

22 

22.8 


Wild  Rose  Cousin 
Golden  Locks  .. 

Oenllc  Itosc    

I'ausio 


[  Ant'ust  -28  (4tli  calf) 
Soptcnilici-  7  (L'd  ,.ain  . 

■  no.vnilirr  17  (HdcMlf). 

■  .lanuHrv4  (.'Id  call).... 


^0     38i!38;3n  ;i4ji34  3, 

^-     41     :  40     ;i»l  ;i7'  ;  3»f  :i5 

""      34  ;r.'i  I  .T.>  ;iij 

! 38       38  344 


In  Ell-land  sy.stomatic  tests  for  mill-    mwI  <... 
by  tlie  fanners.     Ft  is  oidv  ir  f„  •  i  /  '  ''''""  '"'^  »*>t  carried  out 

.Viold  is  2;-.  to  ;m  „i„  s  o  ■  i.i  ;  1       'T'' -"'^  ''"'^  •' ''''''  ^^hose  averaio 

n-e  profitable  S^e'     I  rjl';:!;  'll^ir^.^^r '/^t  f  ^"^'  >-'  - 

^aucy  L'nd  (K  11>)  dropped  hei  f our   .^     f  'I        '"''f  tl'at  period, 
week  ending  February  5,  liV>  si     'J,    ^'^'/n  '^^  "'  ^'^'^^'     i"  tl«e 

of  cream,  as  indicated  in  i  L^radu  n^S  ,  .  //", '""  '  ''*  "''"^" '  l»''-wntaffe 
at  roof  *,.— -ifT- ''--    '  {,i<muare(l  test-tube  jifter  tlw       "•  '  -  i  i 


90 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FAKMINO. 


w 


II 


II 


tou-seed  cake,  4  pouuds  brau,  1  bushel  carrots,  aud  U  bushels  barlev 
straw  aud  hay  chaff.  This  cow,  Naucy  2ud,  wlleu  iu  full  profit,  August 
31,  was  giving  36  pints  of  milk  per  day.  '       s  -"^ 

Davy  24th  (H  1),  showu  three  years  iu  successiou,  dropped  her  second 
calf  on  January  27,  1882,  aud  garc  a  daily  average  yield  of  milk  from 
that  date  to  August  31  of  42  pints;  i)erceutage  of  cream,  18.  Cherrv 
Leaf  (V  3)  dropped  her  third  calf  on  May  16,  aud  gave,  to  August  31  aii 
average  daily  yield  of  42  pints  of  milk.  Flirt  3d  ( V  1),  a  cow  of  similar 
breeding  to-Cherry  Leaf,  gave,  six  weeks  after  producing  her  first  calf 
a  yield  of  249  pints  of  milk  iu  the  week ;  percentage  of  cream,  15.  Wax- 
work 6th  (U  9)  (the  tribe  in  which  the  bull  iSlasher  is  included)  produced 
lier  first  calf  on  January  8,  au<i  on  August  31  was  giving  milk  which 
yielded  21  i)er  cent,  of  cream. 

The  following  returns  are  from  the  Nectou  Hall  herd  (Mr.  R.  H  Ma- 
sou's):  ^    " 

Iu  the  third  week  of  February  the  cows  were  on  pasture  (very  light  land)  most  of 
the  day,  with  a  few  roo  s ;  at  night  they  each  received  7  poundscottou  cake  aud  spict^d 
cake,  7  poun.is  bran,  14  pouud«  hay  and  cut  straw.  Naucy  3d  (N  3),  aged  six  years 
dropped  h..r  calf  lu  December,  1881 ;  on  February  18  yielded  2d  pints  of  milk  at  two 
successive  milkings;  percentage  of  cream,  16.  Pet  (N  1),  ago  6  years,  dropped Z? 
If  r^^^lT^V^J  "M""^^  tVbruary  yielded  23  pints  of  milk^  percentage  of  cream' 
3o.  fu  ip  (N  4),  with  similar  conditions,  yielded  25  pints  of  milk ;  i)ercentai«rof 
cream,  34.  And  Tulip  (N  7),  aged  D  years',  which  dropped  her  ca  f  in  October  ^BSl 
was  yielding  26  pints  of  milk  i)er  day  in  February.  wciooer,  laai, 

thrfoVLwingfZltt:""  '"  '^'  '"'*  °^  '^"°"'^'  ''■^"'"  *^'  "°^"  ^"'"  '^^  ^*  B'^'-  ^'"h 
Empress  (N  4),  which  dropped  her  third  calf  on  April  10,  violded  22  pints  of  milk 

IkHrehU  ^rt'-^'"  f  "'■'■""'  ^-  ^"'.'"'"^  ^^  •')'  ^^  '"'=1^  d™Pl>"l  lior  finr  h  calTon 
March  22,  gave  30  pints ;  percentage  of  cream,  26. 

The  butter  beiug  pio.iueed  by  eleven  cows  in  August  was  80  i)ounds,  and  120  pints 

of  new  milk  were  sold  per  week.     In  the  year  1881,  from  the  herd  of'l3  RedpKl 

cows,  8  heifers,  and  1  Alderney,  the  produce  of  marketable  butter  was  3, 120  J  pounds  • 

•^n  '"i.'^..n''^''i  "^ga""""  :  "•'"'»  **"l<i,  101  pints  ;  monev  value,  iudependentTskim 

"„"/ru'i  n*^-!  l".  '^"  ^'^l^J^''  ^'T  "  "'"■^^'  *'  ^'^^''''  ■■""'  I  Aldernev,  he  reduce ^f 
aiarketablo  butter  was  3,434  j.ounds  ;  new  milk,  ii86  gallons ;  cream,  liu  gallons  The 
money  realized  was  £281  4s.  2rf.  <"",  i'>t  {,auon8.     ine 

Primrose  (K(i;  an  eleven-year  old  cow  in  Lord  Kiml.eiley's  herd,  gave  on  winter 
feed  (hay,  cha  1,  bran,  and  cake),  .six  weeks  after  calv.ng.  32  j.ints  <  t^milk  peT-  div 
and  the  marketable  butter  produced  was  [)  pouuds  i.er  week.  ^        ^' 

Mr.  Lofft,  Troston  Hall,  reported  the  testing  of  two  of  his  cows  of  the 
Handsome  (U  J)  tribe,  ea(;h  of  which  consunu'd  ],er  dav  4  i)ounds  cottou 
cake,  2  pounds  hinipson's  meal,  6  stone  of  beet  root,  a'nd  U  bushels  of 
chatt.  Handsome  oth,  four  months  after  calving,  vielde(r28  pints  of 
milk  per  day  and  7  i.ounds  of  markelable  butter  per" week.  Handsome 
6th  yielded  32  pints  ol  milk  per  day  and  U)  ,„.un.is  of  butter  i)er  week 

Mr.  li.  Crooderham,  Monewden,  unifoimh  causes  his  cows  to  breed 
Tv-?, 7>^''  'li'ilV,'^  secretion  of  milk  is  thus  fostered.  One  of  his  cows 
UUd  Lo.se  of  Kilburn,  which  was  first  prizewinner  as  a  vearlin.'at  thi' 
Koyal  meeting  of  187!>,  produced  her  first  calf  when  wanting  two  ,lavs 
ot  being  two  years  old.  Before  she  was  f  ree  year.s  old  she  produced  a 
second  call  and  again  within  twelve  months  a  third.  Eight  weeks  alter 
tlibs  la.st  calf  was  droi)ped  she  gave  30  i.ints  of  milk  per  dav  on  winter 
teed,  and  her  average  ol  butter  was  9  i)ounds  j.er  week,  taking  all  the 
year,  since  she  never  goes  dry.    In  June  1882,  six  months  altei  calving 

honor  at  the  Sultolk  show  in  June,  1881. 
The  herd  of  Mr.  J.  J.  Colman,  M.  P.,  which  has  seven  times  in  eight 

Inn'JT^^^'T^'  ^^■^''■^'•'  ''''  *''«  ^'"^'^'•''""^  «''«^^  <■"'•  tbe  best  coS 
tion,  includes  the  seven-year  old  cow,  Silent  Lass,  the  yearling  heifer 


i  bushels  bailey 
ill  profit,  August 

jpped  Ler  second 
eld  of  milk  from 
3am,  18.  Cherry 
to  August  31,  an 
a  cow  of  similar 
iug  her  first  calf, 
sream,  15.  Wax- 
Jluded)  produced 
ving  milk  which 

d(Mr.K.H.Ma- 

ligbt  land)  most  of 
tou  cake  aud  spiced 
3),  aged  six  years, 
luts  of  iiiilk  at  two 
years,  droi)pGd  her 
rcentage  of  cream, 
ilk ;  percentage  of 
If  iu  October,  1881, 

e  all  at  grass,  with 

d  22  piuts  of  milk 
her  fourth  calf  on 

uids,  aud  120  pints 
d  of  13  Red  Polled 
i'a8  3,l'^0Jpound8; 
dependent  of  skim 
uey, the  produce  of 
1 13i  gallons.    The 

rd,  ^avo  on  winter 
8  (It  milk  per  day, 

his  cows  of  the 
i  Itounds  cotton 
1  U  bushels  of 
led  L\S  pints  of 
k.     Handsome 
litter  i)er  week, 
cows  to  breed 
•neofhis  cows, 
yearling  at  the 
iiting  two  days 
■<he  i)roduce(i  a 
jht  weeks  a  Iter 
day  on  winter 
taking  all  the 
sailer  calving, 
nm  won  a  like 

times  iu  eight 
e  best  collec- 
rearling  hciler 


THE   UNITED   KINGDOM.  gj 

shown  iu  the  illustration.*    This  r.««r  ^       •  .      , 

milk  per  day,  eight  weeks  aftl?  cal?L'"  7n%lVZl'  'T  ''  '^'"^^  <>' 
at  grass-very  poor  herbage,  growing  ni,  m  ..,  ?'  l\^^^  *^^  ^«^«  ^^^^^ 
of  the  milk,  using  for  the  Pur^osriKn'^S  tl'^  cnality 

ol  the  Hanover  Vulcanite  Comi,aiivTi/n?  ^^^'''  ^^''  "Pioslvop" 

pioskop  direct  from  the  "dder,  when  mi IHm  i.  .!]"f  '^''V']'  '^'^  *«  the 
lent  i.ass,  five  months  after  cal•in!^yie:d,:i'i^'*,'"  '^'^'^  <l«»e.  Si- 
fatty  particles  than  ar^  ibund  in  id,  „i  l'"'i^' ''^',*^'' ««»ia"'tMl  more 
Even  the  first  miik  drawn  fronl  the  mlXro?  Doll v?  ""  '^?  ^^^''^^^^• 
calving,  w«8  "normal"  according  to  the  testor  n mV  i  ''  """"^''^  ""^'^^"^ 
was  very  rich,  as  was  also  the  yield  of  tiio  nthoJl  .'*'''  V''''^^^  .Veld 
seven  months  after  calving,  and  Ro  eb.  1  %IkZ'  ^  '  ^^T  ^  ^  ^)' 
calving.  "i^iMHi  -a  (iv  I7),  ume  months  after 

Mr.  Garrett  Taylor's  large  herd  at  WhitllTmi,o,»  „ 
exclusively  for  the  supply  of  mi  1   to  custS'!^  kept 

w  nch  have  a  large  demand  ior  the  arSe    nn^  f«,n^u  ^i'^^  ^^^^ 

with  the  fact  that  the  milk  of  the  Red  Sm  Ip  .fH      '''""''^^^  ^^<^  l^»^J*c 
One  of  the  Whitlingham  cows,  on  winte?  S   n  .?  S 
gave  32  pints  of  milk  per  day    anothe^,  27     nts  '  ""''^^  ''^'''  ^^'^'"8' 

Mr  B.  Stimpson,  of  Morton,  reported  two  of  his  on^. 
as  yield  ng  daily.  Cheerful,  ten  weeks  aftercalinL'  Z%Z  ""f""-^!"  ^'^^^ 
Silky,  SIX  weeks  after  calving,  2(J  nii.tr  Ti  1  1  5;.     '  '"^f  ^^^'"''k,  and 
milk  amounted  to  14^  pounds  per  week  '  ""^^'^  ^"""  ''"'ir 

A  four-year  old  cow  of  the  Eaton  strain  in  Air  T  17  t? 
Swaniugton,  yielded,  five  weeks  after  cX'i..  in  f '  "'^''^''r^  ^^^^'^lat 
pulped  swedes,  and  'cut  straw  ^ith  3  po^  "t  dZn'.'r '"  ?«/'-''".V, 
cake-2S,,intsof  milk  perdav.  IJisher  T.l.n  ^leeo rticated  eottou 
and  one  Shorthorn)  ])roduced  in  t Iw.  vol  >  " ''o  "''' ^^^^ 
]435poun,lsof  butter,  S/w  1,  mli'4"  T"'^"'^'  Scpt^'mber  30,  1882, 
made  the  total  retuni  £118  15^31'  ^*'  a'"ount.ngto  £11  i.s^.  k;,,; 

ai4s;;^;^^;i;^^f^;in^^^^;;;;i^ 

s^r^>e^  ii^er^^' '-  '■'-  -  ^^'-'- ^;^- "'^^s  iS.:;.s:7o;:l^^'^? 

Red-Polled  caUle  are  found  to  i»v  ,..,  <i    1 

poorest  character,  wlKU.'oror  breed  nlc^ft.n'''''^  ''"  '\^^^'"-^' """  ^'"-^ 
ply  of  richer  food'.  The  dry  t  >m  n'^.tn  !  7//^^ ''j  i^^^  ='"  additional  sup- 
ture  seem  more  particularly  to     ml  ^     If'  ""*'  ^''^*  l^'^"'- 1»"«- 

Stock.     The  first  cross  s   ilfsi mVb    a  R^.rp^n^^'TV^  ""''''''  '^^'^^'^ 

What  horn,.d  breed  is  the  .lam  is  in  lllv  r.  i"..  /''^  ^"  ''  "^*  ""^*t^'''  "f 
acter.    Such  animals  wIum    t^^t   no  !'    ir  ^''\'^:'';i"<l  PoU.'d  in  char- 

have  recently  seen  a  iin.l  m  .  f  s  H.  ^  f    '    ''"",-''^.  ^'>'  *^'«  l^'it'^lior.     I 

Polled  bull  and  a  PurXelVJ    :  !y'.^r  mr;;;^;  ftVr*"^  ^^''''• 

cellent  one.     S(.me  of  the  auimds    .  v.      ■  ''"'.^''"^    lu' cross  is  i.n  .-x- 

Of  ^  S  ':;!;ur;;;;:^;;/!;;;:^r ;- --^i-  '"-r -^ « i"  t,.  scarcity 

pest  hnving  a  few  vearsno^,  beenfVt  i  '''"'"  ^''''  *'^''^  ^*"  '•*"<»<''' 

then  in  the  more  .iott^voH   y  t^f     F  s  M^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^'^'f^'^ 

Shortlmrnsam^i>evons^.^.att;J^ 

quently  only  aboMt,  four  years  old  ,  t  b.  la  i  o  /  vl^:';;'","'''''''  '"'"•  '""•  ^van'oousol 
would  therefore  appear  as  if  tbe  '•  sii,„  ,  ,''..".''"'•''  '"«  .'''•""'t  ^va.s  written.  It 
cow- wiful,  Lady  "shown  as  a  vearlV,  ,  Vl  .Til   ,  ,''  'i^'*""*''^  ''•'■>*  another  tban  the 


92 


N  il  I 


.i 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY   FARMIxXQ. 


tie  were  des'  sed  and  their  merits  ignored.     With  reffistnffn..   iw.«r 

noblemi  ^^^^  .       "nnil.ers  ,s  beui^  ,n  some  measure  co.npensated  ibr 
noblemen  and  gentlemen  now  sparing-  no  pains  to  make  thi  breed  a  sue: 

Weight  and  measure  of  MedPolIs.-m.  Tyssen-AxnhevaUM  P   ofDirl 
?"'f/""  °'l"'  li'-is,  at  my  request,  weighed  and  measured 'several  cxtli 
m  the  Didlington  herd  with  the  following  results,  tL  stock  hW^ 
tirely  on  the  grass  of  very  poor  land  :  ^  ®"" 


Name. 


Davyaon  3il , 


BULL. 


Age.   Weight. 


Davy  24th  (Hi) 

Dolly  (P9) 

Wild  Briar  (Bfl) 

Pretty  Flower  (Big)., 

Pansio  (1520) 

Bertha  (A  20) 

Cheerfnl  (K  10) 

Kancy  2(1  (IC  19; 

Countess  (L  11) 

Dolly  (XB) 

Nancy  <X15) 

Satin'(T7)  .... 
Norfolk  Witch  (W  14) . 
I'oppj  (U3) 


COWB. 


Tears ' 

0    I 


5 

I' 

6 

3 

3 

7 

8 

3 

6 

0 

3i 

5 

2J 


Pounds. 
2,093 


1,344 

1,  320 

1,436 

1,427 

1,281 

1,354 

1,514 

1,650 

1.350 

1,472 

1,649 

1, 358 

1,387 

1,484 


Lenfith 

from 
poiEt  of 
snoiilder. 


Ft.  In. 
5      -J 


4  0 

4  6 

4  11 

5  00 


6    00 
5      2 


Total 
length. 


Girth. 


rt.  In. 
7    10 


6     9 


4  8 
4  7 
4     11 


Ft.  In. 
7    10 


5  9 

6  4 

6  8 

6  7 


6      S 
6      6 


6      7 

e'iol 


Slasher,  577,  bred  by  Mr.  LoflFt,  combining  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  blood 
had  a  hvo  we.ghtof  27  cwt  (3,024  poun.ls)  af  the  .,e  of  four  years  se veil' 
months ;  girth,  8  feet  2  inches.  His  son,  Kollick,  558,  of  the  same  tribe 
as  Dolly,  No.  2  (see  illustration),  weighed  at  (he  age  of  two  x?^rs  ei^ht 
mon  hs  eighteen  weeks,  1  n  cwt.,  :i  qrs..  14  lbs.  (2,22(Tpounds)!a,un tsdead 
weight  was  100  stoneof]4pounds.  The  bull  C\>rte.',  (M5,  wS^^^^^^^^^^ 
one  year  eight  months  old,  12cwt.,  20  lbs.  (1,363  pounds);  eiglt  weeks 
after  his  hve  weight  wa.s  12  cwt.,  3  grs.,  9  lbs.  (1,437  pounds) ;  g^rtU 

feet  10  inches.  King  Egbert,  088,  at  fifteen  nonths  three  week? 
weighed  0  cwt.,  3  qrs.,  2  lbs.  (1,200  pounds);  girth  0  fee t  0  i  ches' 
Three  bul  calves  at  Didlington  under  five  monU.s  old,  aJ  tlu  get  of 
M  Vh^^-o'•''''^^''  "'i^r'^^tof  3cwt.,  Iqr.  (304  pounds  3''cwt^, 
14  lbs    (3.,0  pounds)    and  3  cwt.,  12  l!>s.  (348  j.ounds),  respectively 

7a-'J  '  \  }  o".^^I^>  ^H'  ^^^^^  '»  ''^"^'  weight  of  8  cwt.,  1  or.,  14  lbs 
(9.  8  pounds  ;  g.rth  0  feet  1  inch.  A  Primula  heifer,  calve.l  January 
3,  1883,  weighed  on   the  following  May  31,  3  cwt,   1  or    "M)  lbs  HSO 

ir  (9:^poun,r;f  •'''''"^ ""'''  •"'  ^'"'^''  '■'''  ^-"  *--<•  '^  weighVqrs.f  iX 
Practical  crperimenial  hrcedinff  of  Red  Polls.— Slv.    R.   E.  Lofft    of 
Bury  bt.  Edmunds,  a  famous  breeder  of  the  Ked-Polled  viu-  ety  eiveH 
some  very  unusual  information.     lie  says :  ^ '  ^ 


egistratioii,  Iiow- 
be  last  ten  years^ 
joinpensated  t'oVf 
I  the  breed  a  suc- 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


93 


St,  M.  P.,  of  Did- 
d  several  cattle 
stock  living  eii- 

'th 

n 
of 
ler. 

Total 
length. 

Girth. 

rn. 

•2 
0 

Ft.  In. 

7    10 

6     9 

Ft.  In. 
7    10 

6      9 

II 

R       A 

no 

... 

6       7 

1 

)0 

R       9 

?, 

R       A 

1 

8 
7 

6      7 

6      9 

6  7 

7  1 

1 

8    io 

SuflToIk  blood, 
'ur  years  seven 
lie  same  tribe 
■vo  years  eifrlit 
s),aiiditsdead 
weighed  when 
i;  eight  weeks 
ounds);  girth 

three  weeks, 
feet  0  inches . 

all  the  get  of 
inds);  3ewt., 

respectively, 
lived  January 

1  qr.,  14  Ib.s. 
Ivcd  January 
.,  20  lbs.  (380 
'igli  3  (jrs.,  10 

E.  Loflt,  of 
-ariety,  gives 

I  ri'Mts  on  a  snb- 
12<).1!).  Iliavo 
fivo  from  4  to  6 
I  sot  nioro  store 
iiijf.  Wo  hftvo 
?»'pt!Qna!.  r  am 
lively  for  beef. 
>  17  cwt.,  and  u 


•<£■ 


Steer  at  two  yoars  old,  12  to  13  cwt      SA..nn,i   „      ■  m      . 

poses,  inilk  and  beef  combined.  A  cow  of  tbi«tn'^t  •  ll'^''*^  ^"'"'a'  f"r  general  pur- 
about  15  to  18  cwt,  and  steers  at  two  voara  oldT,  ,T„^^*  l'^''"^'  "  *"  13  cwt.,  a  bull 
anima  exclusively  for  milk.  This  at  first  f  am  trviVr?"""/'""-,  ^^''''^'  *»  «"'ail-sized 
can,  with  an  abnormal  development  of  milk      I  bSu.lV''''^"'  '^'V'*"  "«  ^  l>««siblv 

freely  as  I  could  wish,  as  Kod  Pol/s  are  scarco  '  No w  I  X  ,n""  'l'^  *«  ^^'^''"1  «"'  ^s 
ber  for  fattenmg  purposes  every  year.  As  a  rule  I  on Iv  «,  n  i"  "'''*'  *''  ^l'"'''*"*  'i  »"«>- 
about  two  yearsold.  I  l-refortoVatteningoff  cowsto  s?ib,?;,'  ,*^"^  \"  y°""^'  l^'Hs  of 
ing  purposes     Sly  fat  steers  are  generally  sou7ra?bcI  u.fibr   i'  ^""^  ^'^odi^S  or  milk- 

fattened  off  at  three  years.  "i"<-i,  generally  have  a  calf  and  are 

I  consider  the  Ked  Polls  to  be  a  color  variation  of  tlio  nUi  «..«•  n 
a  light  yellow  or  pale  ginger  color,  and  I  fancv  it  ton  i=        ^»f^o]k  cow,  which  is  of 
original  White  Polled  cow  kept  by  the  moS  a"cl  nmv  i.^^"f      yariation  of  the  old 
in  noblemen's  parks.    I  have  the  mind  to  set  up  two  suVn  dnfr?;  '""f^r^^  ^ept  tame 
ti€s;  I  have  already  secured  some  an.l  got  the  t  rom^se  ,f  nf^I     '^  of  these  two  varie- 
comprised  of  about  equal  parts  of  blood  VrKorfoTk.tSH^Vl^VT*^^    ^^^'^  i« 
fhrl  ?^ff ''''  breeding,  unless,  of  course,  it  shows  bad%esultHM^  ?\''''H,  ^  a™  in 
three  different  sizes  is  quite  contrary  to  the  usual  idt  is  nnn„  ;>,  ^^  >?»»  «>f  breeding 
present  I  see  no  reason  to  regret  the  course  I  have  lako,?^   L  f°  ""^Jr^*'*'  '^"t  <'»'•  ^^^ 
cious  selection  is  more  prepotent  than  either  food  or  oHmoff  ^  %\  "',^  *=**"  «'^f.  J"di- 
etart.ng  with  the  same  blood  and  food  annther  condition^^^^    ^^"/*«*  ^^''^  I  ''ope, 
animals  that  weigh  over  I  ton,  down  tranimaN  1 1,  it  onL     "^'ftepco.  to  produce 
quite  certain  I  can,  points  to  the  same  conc°usi^n     When  fw?^*  ^  ''^^-  ""'  ^  ^^^ 
Polls  tbey  had  short  wire  coats,  but  now  thov  h  vve  lo.urJii^    *  ^'l^^"  ^^  ^'^^'^  Ked 
low  skins.    As  far  as  I  can  see,  k  first-class  tT,ni.;n,Ii    i  •?  -'^^y  '^°^'«'  ^^'^1'  soft  mel- 
breed  than  any  other  characteristic  ,-  the  maTeriaTm.v^h*  "  """'."  5^'^^""  *"  ^^  ^  a 
•  t  up  and  another  yields  it  up  to    ho  muKn      Cows    hlT*''*'"*'  ^''\  «"«  *=«^^  stores 

breed  heifers  that  are  only  the  commoTSraitho^jX.S  tit'''  ?»«'    '"'^'^^'-^  °"e° 
milking  strains.  '  '•"''ougu  jmt  to  good  bulls  out  of  good 

times  lucern  in  the  banf,  or  they  m."v  bo  turned  out  fn./""  *="''?  "'  '•'"«««''  =  «»'ne. 
fed  with  cake,  hay,  cabbages,  swdcs  <,r  turn?.,«  nr  ,  ^'^  •y.'"'-  ^"  ^''"*er  they  are 
just  as  it  may  happen.  oTanVs  .rwel  a^  ma  ;bf«?^'''''  ^'*^  '^/"^  ^"«I'<^'«  of  meal, 
circunist.ances-suoh  as  hon.o  crop  or  cheap  .ess  f  aVtHf.lol  /°"^  ^'"*  '^"  '^«P«"^1«  «" 
As  lor  the  working  powers  of  the  Re    Pn   u  t       "'^*'<'<''«1  food. 

ticks' M;!SSr^theweK.orr*^  f^«  ^"-"'«  '"'-- 
cattle  are  so  famous  SVlerm   it  r'.^fJS  ^•'»^^^'  ^^''""^^ 

uuunal  averag,-  yield  ..f  niilk  .er  c  w  h  X^'Vn^,  "n  '^''^^"^'^  !'"'^  *^« 
pints  is  the  usual  quantitv  ren  i  ,i  f^  .  ,  1,000  gallons,  and  that  20 
does  not  inaunfXTil^^^^^^  He 

<iuantity  nece.ssaryto„,ake  heSnu^.tit^^^^^^^^^  ?"'' •  ^  ^"  ^'''^'  *'^« 
^^'elght  of  the  Ketl  Polls,  he  ii.fornfs  s  ^m  S  n"^"'"-,  ^^''^  ''^'« 
rounds,  at  maturitv,  and  that  the  .n.l^'rt;  T  ^''^'^^  Ponnds  to  2,000 
also  at  maturity,  is   mrlvoaual  K^^^  '»eat  of  a  fattened  steer, 

posed  mostly  of  Wavy  dt^^^  ^Jlf  "^  ^  ^cot.    His  land  is  com! 

"re     The  stimmer  fooVoVhis  f   d  Po^,";^  :7,^^^^^^^^^^^^^  "Id  Past- 

daily,  with  grass.    In  winter  ho  fw.  «  t,   ''*"'"^*'*'^  ^^^^^''^'seedcake 
swedes,  mant'olds,  and  clr-ots  or  cS  ^"^  '  <'      ^"rnips, 

winter  he  prefers  feeding      S  w  th  tt  i;:;,  ,  "  *^  *^f  >  i'^^''^  "^  the 
andjv_^thJho  like^uantitNW)f^,:„'^?,,;;;*i,!'l^^^  and  carrots, 

MrS,g"xp;:^j;!;:\:ir;;;;tit!i^ 

J'OlU,  the  faumns  .Satb.lU  breeder.  *"'  "'''^o'' «'  t''-  Herd-Book,  and  to  S 


I 


94 


']h 


M 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 

(2)  LoNGHOBN  Cattle. 


The  Loughorn  cattle,  as  a  distinct  breed,  became  famous  first  of  all 
in  the  district  of  Craven,  in  Yorkshire,  on  whose  phosphatic  soils  they 
attained  a  degree  of  inherent  vigor  and  hardiness  which  their  descend- 
ants have  faithfully  transmitted  through  many  generations,  in  various 
kinds  of  climates,  and  on  widelydift'ering  soils.  Long  before  the  Short- 
horns became  famous  outside  the  Teeswater  district,  theLonghorns  had 
attained  a  proud  position  and  a  widely-extended  popularity.  During 
the  greater  part  of  the  last  century,  and  in  the  early  years  of  the  pres- 
ent one,  they  were  at  once  the  pride  of  wealthy  breeders,  and,  in  vary- 
ing degrees  of  purity,  the  i)ractical  stock  of  dairy  farmers  in  the  mid- 
land counties  of  England.  In  Ireland  they  were  and  still  are  known, 
in  contradistinction  to  the  modern  breeds  reared  there,  as  "the  old  Irish 
cow." 

Though  the  Loughorns,  less,  as  well  as  more,  than  a  hundred  years 
ago  were  the  prevailing  cattle  of  the  midland  counties,  Derbyshire 
appears  to  have  been  then,  as  it  is  now,  the  stronghold  of  the  more 
famous  herds.  Sir  Thomas  Gresley,  of  Drakelow  House,  Burton-on- 
Trent,  appears  to  have  been  the  first  prominent  improver  of  Longhorns, 
and  he  took  "delight  in  keeping  a  dairy  of  cows  similar  in  color  and 
shape  "  before  the  renowned  Eobert  Bakewell  was  born.  Three-quar- 
ters of  a  century  ago,  Mr.  Princep,  of  Croscall,  is  said  by  Parkinson  to 
have  had,  perhaps,  the  first  dairy  of  cows  in  the  county  where  that  pre- 
eminence is  defined  to  mean  symmetry,  size,  and  aptness  to  fat.  The 
same  authority  tells  us  that  Mr.  Princep  had  500  guineas  offered  for  a 
two-year-old  bull,  and  30  (another  account  says  50)  guineas  a  cow  for 
the  use  of  his  bull  to  30  cows;  and  he  was  also  offered  £2,000  for  20 
dairy  cows. 

A  four-year-old  steer  of  his  weighed,  when  killed,  248  stone  of  14  pounds 
to  the  stone  ;  and,  in  addition,  there  were  350  pounds  of  fat,  while  the 
hide  weighed  177  pounds.  The  breed,  however,  had  previously  become 
supremely  famous  under  the  hands  of  the  greatest  of  all  breeders,  Air. 
Bakewell,  of  Dishley,  in  Leicestershire,  whose  efforts,  eminently  success- 
ful  as  they  were,  lay  in  the  direction  of  combining  in  the  same  animal  the 
four  great  qualities  of  beauty  and  utility  of  form,  quality  of  flesh,  and 
aptitude  to  fatten,which,  he  rightly  judged,  were  not  incompatible  with 
each  other.  But,  in  attaining  these  points,  he  wholly  neglected  the  no 
less  important  one  of  milk,  and  we  cannot  but  regard  this  omission  as 
a  national  misfortune,  for  numberless  other  breeders  have  been  taught 
to  sin  in  the  same  way.  Mr.  Lytliall,  editor  of  the  recently  established 
Loughorn  Herd-Book,  makes  the  stari.iig  assertion  that  to  this  line  of 
breeding  "  must  be  traced  the  decline  of  the  Longhorns  in  public  favor 
at  the  early  part  of  the  present  century."  This  is  quoted  as  a  warning 
to  the  Shorthorn  breeders  of  the  present  day. 

Yet  the  old  Longhorns,  even  many  of  the  iiighly  improved  ones,  were 
celebrated  for  their  milkiness,  less  though  for  quantity  than  for  qual- 
ity of  milk;  but  it  was  Bakewell's  one  fatal  misfortune  to  destroy  this 
reputation.     Youatt  says  of  him: 

Many  years  did  not  pass  before  bin  stock  was  iinrivaltd  for  t be  rounduess  of  its 
form,  the  siiiallness  of  its  bone,  iiiirl  its  a])titii(b!  to  aequiro  externa!  fat,  while  they 
were  small  consiuiiers  of  food  in  propornon  to  their  size;  but  at  the  same  time  their 
(lualities  as  milkers  were  very  considerably  lessened.  The  gnuur  could  not  too  highly 
value  the  Dishley  or  now  Leicester  Loughorn,  l)Ut  the  dairyman  and  the  little  farmer 
clung  to  tbo  old  breed  as  most  useful  for  their  purpose. 


famous  first  of  all 
ospliatic  soils  tbey 
licb  their  ilesceud- 
rations,  in  various 
?  before  tbe  Sbort- 
tbe  Lougboriis  bad 
ipularlty.  During 
years  of  tbe  pres- 
lers,  and,  in  vary- 
irmers  in  the  mid- 
d  still  are  known, 
,  as  "  tbe  old  Irish 

a  bnndred  years 
aties,  [Derbyshire 
bold  of  the  more 
[ouse,  Burton-ou- 
ver  of  Longborns, 
milar  in  color  and 
3rn.  Tbreequar- 
l  by  Parkinson  to 
;y  where  that  pre- 
uess  to  fat.  The 
leas  offered  for  a 
guineas  a  cow  for 
red  £2,001)  for  20 

itone  of  14  pounds 
1  of  fat,  while  the 
reviously  become 
all  breeders,  Mr. 
minently  success- 
)  same  animal  tbe 
ility  of  flesh,  and 
ncompatible  with 
neglected  the  no 
I  this  omission  as 
aave  been  taught 
ently  established 
uit  to  this  line  of 
IS  in  public  favor 
ted  as  a  warning 

roved  ones,  were 
y  than  for  qual- 
le  to  d<»stroy  this 

ho  rounduesH  of  its 
•nal  fat,  while  they 
the  same  time  their 
:otiId  not  toohijj;hIy 
iud  the  Utile  farmer 


I    i 


1     i 

!       t 


Hi!  I 


m 


(7) 


n 


I 


en 

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O 

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z 

n 

rn 

$ 

n 

> 


r 
o 
z 
o 
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o 

z 

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03 


\\'-  ■■■ 


I  i 


i 


THE    UNITED    KIXODOM. 


96 


licit s^ k;;s J--;..!;::;;;--;? -:r-z Sz^  r 

miles  fron.  ir,  so  <.o,„,>Ic>tdy  Hill  tlul  ("^  ^'Zki:^^::!:^:,;;'}^ 
ol<   breed  fn,..,  (lu,  .lisfrict  i.i  whi.-l.  I^.keuell  I.       miu  ^    1    S^^ 

fmnu.l  Thistle,  ,nade  17  pou.Kls  of  buttentvS^^ 

in^'ton,  tells  of  a  brin.lle,!  eow  ho  lu.ew  al  noi  Vs  bliur' n  H  '"'  ^V"'' 
MM  a  4  «alIon  inilk-pail  up  to  the  bri  a  h  ft  3.r  .  "*-"'  "'V^''* 
<|Mart.  to  the  milkmaid;  ancl  of  a  two  ve  imX^^  I^S^^  ""•^^''^'^ 

Ii«i.^  that  ia  ten  years  silo  Lrm^^'bt  tKee    o     J^^^^^^^^^  7'^  '^'^  .!!'«• 

that  all  the  dairymaids  net  a  H^>rld  fltoro  b'- ^eV  U  ir  'V'li''^^"' 
ley,  Old  Hall,  near  LichtieUl,  says:  ^        "    ^^'-  ^'"'"''  "*  ^'^'^'l- 

of  euttio  exc..l  tho  ,.l.l-fuHl,ione.l  L'n'ilum,  £  milk'.  "'«»  ^ory  tew.  if  a«y,  breeds 

Ami  as  to  its  quality  he  says: 

Wheueyor  wo  Imvo  had  occnsion  to  .haiiL'o  our  iliiivi.ni.ia  m,^ 

Son::;i/;raK.;:i;'j.;;r;t':xi:^i'"'''-^''"'''^^ 

honL\"ai;tpt:'  '''"  •"■"■'"••^'•^'  '"■"'^'  "^«'«  '^  '-'^'«  '-rd  of  Short- 

Mr.  E.  II.  Chapman,  of  St.  Asaidj.  n'mark>4  thtt  tu..  r        i 
numerous  in  some  parts  of  Wiltl  nwv  r  v  oVh  K         T^onghorns  were 
were  called  the  "  Sprea.Is,"  tl      u  I  r  u  les  "  the^  S'r'  'V"^  '^V' 
"Br.>ads,"as  the  forms  of  t ho  horns    nde/ite        It  h      w  h'     ""'  ^'^^ 
sort  of  uniformity  either  in  the  lengthT  tbrn  \.f    I  n,  IV'  "** 

horn  cattle.     It  was  said  of  them--  ^^''^  ''"'"^'  "*  L*>"g- 

nuontly  projected  nearly  horizontullv  .7/'  t  ,  ..  h  .  ."   h  , '    h''''  ':";r'''  •''^^l"""  »••.•- 

tlio  hom  asMuned  other  directions,    'if,  1  ui  L    I  ,w  m,  ..     A      ^''iftl^^were  improved 

graze,  or  it  curved  so  an  to  threaten  to  n     ^I . .  V  f  '^  ^  '*'  """""'  ^■»"'''  «c"rcelv 

the  htast  from  grazing;  or  inimel  are!     ,  ,.  "".zzleand  so  also  to  prevent 

":;^o  !:Sk:^:^^  --iv^'-Sji'tt.: ;!;;; -:^:  r^z^-y  !!;-£i- 1 

lu  (he  shouiclers^       ufas    t     ule        :V''"''  "''  '''"  ^''''^  ^'''''''  ^''^'  ^'^i 
cattle,  the  color  being  \os    c c  mm    '     u'u  ir'^'T''""  '""'  '''^^"'^*"f^' 
that  as  a  breed  they  imssess  v  i      i  i      '  •      '"'  r.    ^^  •''"'"'^t  be  <lenie(l 
nianagement,  ea,  iv      aTu?rt;    i^u       ^"^T'     ^''"''  H"^'^''  ""•'*''■  '>''^>I'*''- 
food,  ami  their  tk-sh  is       ^ml       a  itV  'n^  ]\v^  <I"antity  of 

very  deep  milkers,  thev  are  all  f.  vor.i;^^^^  '  H  '"^  T''''  "^  f''^'"'  '»'« 

milk  they  give.     It  is  m;!  hi 'L-''  .owe    .     H' Hh^^^^  '''  ^''*^ 

the  position  thev  former! v  hH.l  I  nl  it  '  ,  ^''*^'^  ^^'"  ever  reatta  a 
that  their  reputati,>:  wil^evl^.^'l,,;  ."r.^^.^-"*'^^^  anticipated 
many  breeders  the.  reputation  can  onV  Ho  ZTS^^'^^;^^  ^^ 


■  tr 


96 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


I 

1 


I     t 


all,  in  part  aid  temporarily,  and  it  is  equally  true  to  say  that  there  are 
luauy  signs  of  an  ex^^ended  revival  of  the  ancient  reputation  of  this 
quaint  old  breed  of  cattle.  Many  si)lendid  specimens  have  been  and 
still  are  exhibited  at  the  Birmingham  fat-stock  shows,  and  it  is  iioi)etl 
this  will  always  be  the  case,  for  to  Birminjiham  is  due  the  credit  of 
having  stuck  to  the  old  breed  during  a  good  part  of  the  period  when  it 
was  lelt  out  in  th'e  cold  by  most  other  agricultural  shows.  The  number 
of  Longhorn  herds  is  increasing  in  the  midland  counties,  and  the  names 
of  many  gentlemen  mentioned  in  the  Herd-Book  index  are  an  ample 
guarantee  that  the  old  breed  will  not  only  not  be  let  die,  but  that  it 
•will  again  be  heljied  on  into  popularity. 

Characteristics  of  the  Longhorns. — The  characteristics  of  the  breed  are 
noteworthy,  for  it  possesses  a  character  of  its  own,  resembling,  however, 
the  Herefords  more  than  any  other  breed.  The  head  is  finely  cut,  but 
long,  and  tapers  weH  towards  the  muzzle,  being  moreover  well  set  on- 
to a  thin,  shortish  neck.  The  horns  are,  except  in  the  bulls,  long,  flue, 
and  tapering,  hanging  well  down  by  the  cheeks  and  then  point  forward 
by  the  muzzle ;  the  usual  length  in  the  cows  and  oxen  is  from  2J  feet 
to  3  feet,  but  those  of  the  bulls  rarely  exceed  18  inches.  The  shoulders 
ar'>  comi)aratively  fine,  but  well  set  on,  and  the  legs  show  good  bone. 
The  girth  is  for  such  cattle,  in  comparison  with  the  Shorthorns,  small ; 
but  the  loin  is  broad  and  the  hips  wide  and  outstanding.  The  chine  is 
rarely  full  except  when  the  animal  is  fattening,  and  ^heu  it  will  put  on 
a  rare  amount  of  flesh  in  this  part.  The  thighs  are  long  and  fleshy,  with 
small,  clean  cut  legs.  The  hide  is  of  fair  thickness,  mellow,  and  soft  to 
the  touch.  The  flesh  is  of  fine  quality,  the  bone  plenteous,  but  not 
coarse,  and  the  ofliil  small.  Regarded  as  graziers'  stock,  they  i)osses8 
sterling  qualities  and  must  take  high  rank,  their  carcasses  carrying  very 
heavy  loads  of  beef-  They  fatteu  rapidly  and  easily,  and  although 
scarcely  coming  to  maturity  so  quickly  as  the  Shorthorns  they  never- 
theless approach  these,  their  supplauters,  very  closely,  leaving  very  lit- 
tle to  be  desir<wl  in  this  respect. 

As  milkers,  one  •   'mirer  of  the  breed  says: 

We  kuow  them  to  br  cxcellout  eattlo,  as  witiiOHs  the  fact  that  the  majority  of  tho 
pure  bri'ivl  Loughoru  herds  are  kept  as  dairy  cattle.  They  aic  I'reiaiid  li)ii<;ltiilker.s, 
tlio  milk  being,  as  a  rule,  sujjerior  iu  quality  to  that  of  .Short lionis.  Their  um>  for 
crotiwiny;  purjioses  is  not  very  extensive,  because  there  are  few  iiisianees  in  wbicli 
their  jilaee  cau  advantageously  be  taken  by  \\n\  Durliam.  and  it  H<>enis  as  if  we  must 
be  content  to  use  tbftm  as  a  pure  bn^ed.  No  doubt  thtsre  is  room  for  them,  and  we  are 
inclined  to  tho  opinion  that  the  judicious  intermixture  of  a  liltli'  of  the  Longlioru 
among  one  or  two  breeds  would  "tend  to  reduce  that  lineness  of  character  which  is 
becoir.iug  dangerously  general  in  somt^  of  our  best  kinds  of  eattlo. 

With  regard,  however,  to  the  milking  value  of  the  Longhorns  as  a 
breed,  a  great  deal  cannot,  we  think,  be  said,  for  Justly  esteemed  as  it 
formerly  was  it  has  of  late  been  comjiaratively  little  bred  for  this  [)iir- 
pose,  the  Shorthorn  having  taken  its  jtosition  in  the  dairy  in  abnosttbe 
whole  of  the  Longliorn  district ;  but  there  are  numerous  instances  of 
great  milking  cai)a('ity  in  the  breed,  and  wc  believe  that  by  a  litth^  atten- 
tion in  a  judicious  crossing  and  in  cultivating  the  milking  jtowcr,  it 
could  be  laised  to  a  very  high  standard,  certainly  e(pial  and  possibly 
suj)erior  to  the  Shorthorn. 

As  witli  some  of  the  other  less  tiultivated  breeds,  the  Longliorn  is  not 
now  bred  for  tlie  dairy.  There  are  a  few  isolated  cases  iu  which  Ihey 
are  used,  but  we  very  mti(;h  (pu'stion  tiieir  altsolute  jiurity,  and  even  iu 
these  cases  the  dairies  are  .so  small  that  statistics  would  be  of  little 
value,     it  may  be  generally  stated,  howe\ er,  ihaL  il  is  a  bolter  cheese- 


:0» 


)  say  that  there  are 
reputation  of  this 
ens  have  been  and 
rs,  and  it  is  hoi)ed 
?  due  the  credit  of 
the  period  when  it 
ows.  The  number 
ties,  and  the  names 
jdes  are  an  ample 
let  die,  but  that  it 

ics  of  the  breed  are 
sembliug,  however, 
i  is  finely  cut,  but 
reover  well  set  ou- 
he  bulls,  long,  flue, 
then  point  forward 
3u  is  from  2J  feet 
es.  The  shoulders 
show  good  boue. 
Shorthorns,  small ; 
ling.  The  chine  is 
^heu  it  will  put  on 
ng  and  fleshy,  with 
mellow,  and  soft  to 
plenteous,  but  not 
tock,  they  jtossess 
isses  carrying  very 
lily,  and  although 
horns  they  never- 
y,  leaving  very  lit- 


if  the  majority  of  tbo 
I'rci'  and  loii<;  itiilkers, 
lioiiis.  Their  UMi  for 
iv  iiistiiiu'fs  ill  wbich 
t  8('<Miis  iiH  it'  wo  iimst 
11  lor  them,  and  we  are 
Itli'  (if  till"  Loii^lioru 
)f  charactor  wliicli  is 
lo. 

e  Longhorns  as  a 
tly  esteemed  as  it 
bred  for  this  [)ur- 
Llairy  in  almost  the 
■rous  instances  of 
it  by  alitthnitten- 
milking  jtower,  it 
[ual   and  possibly 

10  Longliorn  is  not 
ises  in  which  lliey 
urity,  and  even  iu 
ivould  be  of  little 
is  a  boLlcr  cheese- 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM.  cfj 

making  than  a  butter-making  breed  an.l  .in..  .  .         , 
rich  old  pastures  of  the  unaiZlXnUel^^^^  »Pon  the 

greatly  exposed  to  the  weather  -i    WMni  England,  which  are  not 

a  substratum  of  clayf  Se  ^J^o^^^^S  1^ ".^  ''  ^  '''^' '««'"'  ^^'^J 
age,  IS,  moreover,  a  decidedly  large 'breed  T.ff  f^ir^«^«^dingly  old 
Birmingham,  the  winning  steer  ■ -<vi Tfi'  i  '"  ^^'®  -V^ar  1«82,  a. 
€wt  ;  thesecondpri^e,4>^Sweib.^  ^  jnonths,  weighed  '  , 

he  first-pri^e  cow,  5+  years,  we I'ghed  over  miT'  .^^  ^^^  '^'''^  ^^^^ 
heiier  aged  4A  years  beinglS^  cwt  The  fol  w' '  "'^^  ^"^'^^""^  l'^''^^'  ^ 
exhibition,  the  flrst-p'rize  «teer,  yje  r«  «  ^,>S  ^J"^^  ^'i^'f,''  ^^  ^ho  simie 
ond  and  third  being  almost  as  large  Vh  Tl^\u''^^'^  ^^  •^^^•'  ^^e  sec- 
r-M  .ears  and  10  months  old,  ^l^^'Hi::^ .^^^  ^;e|- 

o^  !:Sr;:S|  tSSIi^i:^;;;;!!^  '-'^'^  ^«  ^^^"<^»^  -^^  White 

tl^:  St^^S^i;■^^^^  Of  the  horns  Of 

although  their  docility  and  «reat  >.  r  ...  .  nH  '"  ^"''  '^'"•'^^'  Purposes, 
l^urpose,-  but  the  farmers  it'  iVf  diM."f/  X'  j^-^V;';';^  «t  them  for  inch  a 
almost  to  a  man  prefer  ho-ses.  ^  ^^^^'^'  '^^^  '^'^'erty  bred 

that  adopted  with  (he  Shatlr"^  '"t"'^  ^^  ^^enerally 

of  their  diet,  and  botl.  suiting  them  ad  !/w  v  v  "S  ^^'^  Vnr^vApn^  part 
are  differences  of  opinion  as  to  tie  m-mti^v. ,1^l/'''"."''»"^^ 
breeders  preferring  a  minim,ru  Quant  it  w  i'  .  ''-'^'^  ^"■^'"'  ^^"'»e 
cake:  others  again,  and  it  innst  ^  iml^  e.l  um'''"i""' 'l?""^'^-^"  o^" 
giving  an  enormous  quantitv  of  roots  am  ,  ■  •,  "''""^  """''»  »»^a«on, 
corn.     It  was  the  custom  in  some  d  ^t r  c  s  n'  M  erv^  "^"  '''^'  «'' 

compose  the  dairy  herds  of  Siiortl  or  is  u  Fr.?S  ""'"•''  •T*^'''""  '''^^  ^^ 
which  were,  for  the  mo-t  n^rt  •  Vnrr  i!'  '.'  "«'t''oriis,  the  latter  of 
liorn;  bntoflatejW  sImt  LllTh^^^  '•"<'  I^ong 

troduced  among  them.  Of  erd  l^.^'"Shmn  element  has  been  in- 
^ive  from  3  cwt.  to  4  cwt  (the  o  .•  hnulr^:^  t  VJ^''^^  ""  ^""'  w<'"'*l 
<lnrn,g  the  season  of  about  seven  mom^^^^^^  t  ]  '•"""*'•')  *'^"  ^'^'^*^«^' 
low  as  50  ami  as  high  as  95  .luUn^'l^^^^  '  O  f  n'"^  -""^'times  as 
()  bhorthorns  and  (J  Longhorns  in  tl.<.   in.'.!  ""  ^'-^P^^»-»'»ent  with 

whilst  the  ii.i.j(.rity,,rpoun  Isof  il  v'^-*"*^''"^^^^^^^  '^'"'^  «''0""  tl'"t 
the  Shorthorn,  tlu'.  cheese  crd  r o  n  tC  n  ''"'""''  '''  ^'^''  *"  '='^'"'  <>t' 
pounds,  as  agaiiust  Wi  ponn!l\  '"^*'''  quantity  was  onlv  14.4 

th^r^iil^::^;!r;;f:;[^t^;;;«;;-;^-;- 

and  that  the  .553  pounds  f    ,/    "  lath       'n'l/rir'"  '"''^  "«""'''^  <'*'  ^'"^'rt 
M;vs  are  often  1  he  best  milker, ,  at  d/e  ml,:  /I*''''''''-     '^^''^^  "''''"^^f 
Nil  IS  thought  to  be  the  riches  .,-•,,/,'"'" '^'^^'^•*^^"  ^r  eight  year 
Jkept  on   bailey  Htranan.l  pnl,  .It  mi  ,1  \v  ',■'/"''  '""'^   <'''n'ientlv 
^^alvmg  time.     The  calves,  Vl.lJe.Vv^^  '       •''  '".  '''''""""  ''^"''' 
rear,  arc  usually  dropped  i,  M  r  I^?    i   I  /^f ''  .^'"newhat  dillinilt   to 
*uck  their  mother.     T  .ey  1  nt  i  eu  i      ■  a'''''; '"'^^  '^'^'"^^  «t'  t''cm  never 
^^hen  the  cheese  season  be!    /s     .1m    7."  '''.'*'  "'■'^'  '"'''*■''  ''^  lessened 
Jnsee<l  boiled  in  whey  or  ^ e  olZ  S f  'm  r'^r^l''^' '"  ^>*'-''^'^*"  -^ 
become  heavy  tleshei   -nwi  „.,».,.  fi^     '?  '""^-     '^«  f'cv  get  older  tlM>r 
for  ri.e  tbo<l  whi,^';;!e  L    S  n'l  'msume:;"'-!!  ^'^^-' ^- the tnt^ 
a  return,  ami  generally  a  be  ter  ti  ' »        '•   •       :'^""^'""'>-  f-''^"^'  =>■-  J.^oo,l 
for(he!)dnri.p.^,.^..rfi._.     V^*^'^"    '  **"ier  beasts,  an.l  ..«  .,,,  ..,.i.„.,f 

it  Will  be  tinindnm^Illlii^  "'  '^^'"'"'^  I>^»«t«re  of  the  h^dl  or  g!^;!^! 
»  H.  Ex.  51 7 


98 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 

(3)  The  Shorthoen  Cattle. 


The  Durham,  or  Shorthorn,  is  not  an  ancient  breed.  It  cannot  lay  claim 
to  such  antiquity  as  theLoughoru ;  for  while  the  Longhoru  seems  itohave 
been  the  aboriginal  cow  of  Ireland,  the  Shorthorn  is  a  cow  of  modern 
days. 

"Diversities  in  appearance,  shape,  habits,  and  produce,"  says  a  well- 
known  writer  on  cattle  breeds,  "  have  arisen,  partly  from  modern  artifi- 
cial breeding,  but  chiefly  from  the  prolonged  and  combined  influence* 
of  soil,  climate,  pasturage,  and  general  treatment."    The  centuries  that 
have  elapsed  since  the  dispersion  ot  the  ancient  breed  of  cattle,  and  their 
long-continued  location  in  different  districts,  under  such  varied  condi- 
tions of  climate  and  ])asturage,  have  produced  great  changes  in  the  ap- 
pearance of  members  of  tho  same  race.    Especially  i«  this  so  in  the  case 
of  the  cattle  whose  home  has  always  been  in  the  more  civilized  and  more 
highly  cultivated  parts  oi  England.    Originally  of  a  shy  and  nervous 
disposition,  spirited  and  active,  of  liardy  constitnrion,  and  with  a  tend- 
ency to  roam  at  will,  they  have,  during  the  course  of  so  many  years  of 
intercourse  with  their  owners,  lost  jinich  of  their  hardiness  and  activity, 
and  also  much  of  their  nervoasu-ess  and  fear.    Rich  pasturage,  mildness 
of  climate,  protection  from  the  winter  storms,  the  increasing  use  of  grain 
and  artificial  foods,  and  the  general  improvement  in  cultivation,  has  had 
a  most  marked  effect  on  the  appearance  and  general  characteristics  ot 
the  cattle  brought  within  such  influences.    This  is  shown  in  the  devel- 
opment of  a  surprising  bulk  of  flesh  on  a  much  larger  frame.    The  suc- 
cessive conquerors  of  Britain — the  Komans,  Saxons,  Danes,  and  Nor- 
mans— it  must  be  remembered, all  brought  witii  them  cattle  from  their  o^^-n 
countries,  and  these,  becoming  domesticated,  were  mixed  and  crossed 
with  the  above,  and  were  finally  lost  in  the  resulting  race.    T!!0  con- 
quered area  provided  an  improved  bieed  of  cattle,  wliile  the  more  I'e- 
mote  and  inaccessible  i)arts  of  the  Kingdom,  remaining  fre<>,  bred  the 
same  animal  as  existed  in  the  early  days  of  British  history. 

About  the  year  1G40  a  bull  and  some  cows  were  brought  into  Bolder- 
ness  (East  Yorkshire)  from  Ilollund.  They  had  large  shoulders,  flat 
sides,  coarse  necks,  thick  heads ;  their  valuable  i)oints  were  small  and 
their  coarser  points  large;  yet  these  cattle  were  of  larger  bulk  and  the 
cows  better  milkers  than  were  then  known,  and  on  this  account  they 
were  greatly  esteemed  and  used  for  crossing  with  the  native  cattlo. 
The  cross  soon  showed  great  and  lasting  improvement,  Holderness  is 
a  rich  grazing  district,  and  the  native  cattle  ibuud  there  at  that  period 
were  of  the  best  in  the  land.  The  new  breed  thus  formed  by  tho  admix- 
ture and  crossing  of  these  imported  animals  soon  asserted  their  super!- 
ority  over  all  other  races.    Such  was  the  origin  of  the  Shorthorn. 

Another  source  of  the  Shorthorn,  and  in  some  degree  i>assing  the  prior 
claim  to  being  tho  original,  was  a  race  of  cattle  which  from  time  iinnie- 
moiial  had  existe<l  in  Durham,  in  the  basin  of  the  Tees,  whence  they 
were  named  tho  Teeswater.  In  color  and  appearanct^  they  resemble 
the  breed  of  the  present  day;  they  had  a  good,  mellow  touch,  andin 
butcher's  parlance  ''killed  well;"  were  light  of  ollal,  had  wide  carcasses 
and  deep  forequarters,  and  were  greatly  esteemed  by  all  who  were  ac 
quaiuted  with  them.  About  the  same  period,  or  a  few  years  later  than 
their  introduction  into  Holderness,  the  Dutch  cattle  were  also  imported 
into  the  valley  of  the  Tees  and  were  crossed  there  with  the  native  breed, 
giving  rise  to  the  Teeswater  Shorthorn,  or  Durham.  At  a  still  later  date 
numerous  bulls  were  iuiporteit  fioin  theContiiu-nt,  principally  Irom  lloi- 
land.     The  native  cattle  in  Yorkshire  and  Durham  were  crossed  witli     • 


It  eaiiuotlay  claim 
ighoru  seems  itoLave 
is  a  cow  of  modern 

oduce,"  says  a  well- 
from  moflern  artifl- 
ombined  influence* 

The  centuries  that 
i  of  cattle,  and  their 
such  varied  condi- 
t  changes  in  the  ap- 
is this  so  in  the  case 
e  civilized  and  more 
a  shy  and  nervous 
)n,  and  with  a  tend- 
►f  so  many  years  of 
Jiness  and  activity, 
[)a.sturage,  mildness 
reasing  use  of  grain 
cultivation,  has  had 
il  characteristics  ot 
ihowu  in  the  devel- 
er  frame.  Thesuc- 
is,  Danes,  and  Nor- 
attle  from  their  o^'u 
mixed  and  crossed 
II  g  race.  T!!0  con- 
while  the  more  I'e- 
ling  free,  bred  tlie 
history. 

■ought  into  Bolder- 
irgo  shoulders,  flat 
its  were  small  and 
arger  bulk  and  the 

this  account  they 
I  the  native  cattlo. 
snt.     Ilolderness  is 
here  at  that  period 
'nied  by  the  ad  mi  x- 
serted  their  superi- 
le  Shorthorn, 
repassing  the  prior 
h  from  time  imtne- 
Tees,  whence  they 
net!  they  resemble 
'How  touch,  and  in 
had  wide  carcasses 
>y  all  who  were  ac- 
w  years  later  than 
ivere  also  imported 
1  the  native  breed, 
A-tastill  later  dure 
incipally  Irom  llol- 
were  cn>sNod  witb    i 


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of 


THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


99 


them,  and  the  now  breed  so  produced  received  the  name  of  U,e  Short 

binrSorirsrinr;;.;!;;;,:;^^''^'  'f  "■«/•-<•  ^-■^'-  a«  ,t 

Pli-l.    ^^^^^ttU-yearl7^t{^X;n    ^^^^  -d  nudtl' 

iiix'ii  a  new  departure  in  the  liisfm  <  .  n"  "  '  '*  ^'"''""iJrton,  entered 
well's  prineipli  of  selection  t J^bree  lirJ^^ /r%\'  '^"V'>'''^'  «^ke- 
which  produced  the  happiest  c.,n;eq;^^^^^^^^^^^  It  ^''^l^:'!"". ;  h  step' 

snlls  nnprovM.g  the  frame  and  pr .  or  ion^  •  It  I'l  '"n^ovtnm  re- 
d.veloj.mgand  increasing  their  milk  if'/-  '"^^^'^  «i"^l  hivgalyr 
many  .years  they  Ibllowe.l  tins  eon rsn  i  u  *"  V"^  Properties.  Fo^ 
in.  1.S10  the  ,>rices  realized  a  its  2  'Z  ..  "i  '  r,'"''"'^  was  dispersed 
S.me  then  much  has  been  done  b>  manTn  r    S        ""I>''««^<'''"ted. 

It  would  be  impossible  to  paJtSS/ tZ^^^^^^ 
great  service,  but  wo  may  nuM  tion  the "tU^^^^^^^^^ 
success  must  be  largely  be  attr      ted  fn  i        ^  ^'^^^'^    ^^'''"««  gi'eat 
«ale),and  of  Hooth,  the  found  rs  o?  w^?  J  '\''^*''';V'*'-^  ''^  Collingsl 
whose  fame  is  withcmt  compare  ^'*^''*  ^^'""*^''^  «f  Shorthofns 

The  points  of  the  Shorihorn.^Tho,  color  m-.  v  l».  ..,.f    i 
white,  or  a  nuxturc,  either  color  SS   'm„  *        '^  or  entirely 

fashionable  color  has  varied  at  ditfcre  t  £."'  \^  '"'^  '"  «1'«^»-  The 
was  all  the  rage;  so  was  all  Ihe  'am  eXek^^I'r  ''  "'"r"'"'^'  ^^^"'t" 
Shorthorn  cannot  be  a  bad  color  so  ,  .1  if  ;  1*^  ^"^»'  ^^^  «•  good 
around  the  eye  and  tin.  bald  o     h™  f«l  oi  d  1 J^/ f  ^  ^he  skin 

the  head  rather  small  in  propor  i  n  to  si/  i  f        *^  """  '"■''^'"  «"'«''' 

a  line  muzzle ,-  a  clean,  dim  a^^pr^r^^^^^ ^'Z^^  '"  «'»^I'^S  with' 
crown,  short,  smooth,  and  white    1        ,u  dS;.k       '  "'"'«^  "«^'-  f'»« 
quality;  the  head  nhould  be  well  st4  on  n  ^^^^^^^^^^^     "'""'i''  '"'^  of  flue 
As  to  the  frame,  it  should  aj.proaciras  evw-tk    ,  .'""  •?'/'  ^""^'^'^  "^*^^k. 
of  a  parallelogram,  from  whatever  dii.'Mon  '*'' I'^««"^'«  to  the  shape 
fectly  straight  and  level  fro  n    ho  , wlk     ^^       . '^''m ""'V  ^''®  »""''<  l"'r- 
of  the  tail;^he  shouhlers  well  baclVi^;"    ?!  ^'''""'""l ''«n.s,  to  the  top 
Jecting  in  short  rectar.gular  tb^i,       The  ton    I'l')''  "*','"'  'I'f  ^''''^'''  I"- 
perfectly  level  and  th,>  bins  w  dean  llev.    -w  L     ^f '"l''*'*''"'*  «'^*»»'<1  I'o 
hnd  quarters  long  and  straiglit    s2  u    V  .  T  •*!  ."'*'  'l-"^''  ^'«»'^S-  tho 
dicularandwell.M7arke,llines   tlubutS 
to  the  knees  full  and  well  de^l     e     buf    w         *;^'''}'"'*''««^^<>'''<ler8 

fine  and  clean  and  clearly  fmine  •  /he  \vi  M;•'V''^  ^^''^^^  '^''^'"''l  l»e 
tulland  thick,  and  the  tail  mol  /r,-  ti.  e  ^n  "  nf";^  wi.le;  the  tiank 
with  hair.     The  ribs  should  be  in.  line     to  t  ^oo  'uuch  covered 

when  the  animal  is  seen  al(>n.!C ',.',•«  If' "^  ''  I'arrel,  but 
tectly  straight  and  level  Hon  Ihe  sho  I.  •  ?  'h'^  V'^'''''  ''«  '^  PO^- 
seen  endwise,  it  should  be  .'qua  y  sfr  iJ  f  .n  ?"'  !T'''^'  ^^l»en 
the  neck  to  the  root  of  the  tail     im     .iJ?  '^  '''''^'  ^'■"'»  ^''^^  top  of 

along  the  belly  towards  I  e'wi't  T  u"  I";  "I- "''^'''  ['T  *''"  ^^'^'ket 
f'Hl  glossy;  the  skin  mellow  and  soft  to  th^ tu  eh 'h ''''/^"''•''"•^'  '^^'' 
lited  on  the  valuable  parts  th»^  f-.f   ,.  -i.      touch  ;  the  tlesh  is  accumu- 

tlic  tlesh  of  the  slangh|.;;!;n„  ^nal   s'^^nth.'nn'^  'i*^  '''''  1^''"'  >"-» 

the  meat  most  juicy  and  tender.     In      e  \J  n    \'  '"f   '"•■"•^''^'•N  and 
thicker,  and  the  neck  is  arched  .„wi  '  ^  '^'  ''*^'"'  '«  t>i'oa.ler  and 

^aore  pendulous;  the  th^hs    n^^^^^^^^  .^"  the  cow  the  beli;" 

The  appearance  of  the  Shwthorn  'is  ol      ,''','  «*"»^*fi'ues  hollo  v. 

and  haudsome;;^e^;;^KSamSi?^.:?r'    '^f  «'"^"  ^'-" '-^" 
of  cattle  we  possess.  ^taniped  it  as  the  most  magniUcent  breed 


100 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Valuable propert'm  of  the  Shorthorn.— Thv  vnliialtle  pr(»i)»'rtit*8  of  the 
Shorthorn  iis  a  iiu'iit  prodiiciiiR  luiinml  are  said  fobo  without  rival.  It 
i>ro<luc«'«  the  >,'r»'atewt<iuaiitit,v  of  bcft,  ami  liiatof  tht*  best  quality,  ami 
Hcaltvs  the  heaviest  ot  any  of  our  henlw.  It  aLso  coiue«  to  uiatiuity  at  u 
very  «'arly  ajje  and  shows  the  most  kindly  disposition  to  fattening'.  As 
a  n'lilk  producer,  the  Shorthorn  can  claim  to  \w  in  the  front  rank, 
thouL'h  the  Kfi'wral  opinioi;  is  thjit  it  must  .yield  the  palm  to  the  Jersey 
and  the  Ayrshire.  Vov  many  years  itast,  it  must  be  l)«rne  in  mind,  the 
breedinco'f  Shorthorns  hiis  been  con<lui;ted  solely  with  a  view  to  tht- 
production  of  beef,  but  formerly  this  animal  was  the  deepest  and 
heaviest  of  any  of  the  luilk-produirinK  breeds,  and  if  for  a  few  years  it  was 
airain  bretl  for  the  pail,  as  it  is  now  for  the  butch.T,  its  superiority  as  a 
milker  miuht  be  regained.  As  a  (ilieese  i.ruducer  the  Shorthorn  is  ad- 
mittedly the  best.  The  Shor'horn  is  to  be  found  everywhere,  I)ut  its 
home  is  in  its  native  place  in  Yorkshire,  ami  in  the  eastern  counties  ot 
Eu'Mand.  It  is  to  bo  found  all  over  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland, 
all  over  America,  in  Australia  ami  New  Zealand.  Of  all  the  different 
breeds  of  cattle  we  possess,  the  Sliortlioni  has  the  greatest  power  of 
adaptation  to  varying  conditions  of  life,  to  changes  of  soil,  of  climate, 
and  of  pasturage.  It  thrives  nearly  as  well  in  the  cold,  dry  northeast  ot 
Scotland  as  in  the  moist  and  genial  south  of  Ireland,  and  is  equally  at 
home  in  the  nobleman's  park  and  ujnm  the  prairies  of  Texas. 

Shorthorn  croasbreeds.— lint  while  it  is  esteemed  ot  great  value  on 
account  of  adaptabilit;  to  all  climates  and  soils,  it  has  achieved  won- 
derful results  through  crossing  with  other  varieties.  Crossing  with  the 
Shorthorn  improves  nearly  all  other  breeds  by  imparting  the  properties 
that  give  value  to  cattle,  viz.,  size,  form,  quality,  rapidity  of  growth, 
early  maturity,  and  ai>titude  to  fatten  at  an  early  age.  Most  es- 
i>eciallv  marked  is  the  improved  quality  an<l  conse(iuently  greater 
value  of  the  cross  between  the  English  Shorthorn  and  the  old  Irish 
cow.  The  marvelous  result  is  presented  in  an  increase  of  ten  imperial 
stones'  weight  of  flesh  in  the  animal,  in  greater  size,  and  in  the  quality 
of  fattening  at  lenst  a  year  earlier  than  other  stock.  The  enormous  iin 
provement  that  has  been  effected  and  that  is  still  being  carried  on  in 
the  breeding  of  Irish  catth;  is  within  the  knowledge  of  every  tanner. 
This  improvement  has  added  no  less  than  twenty-five  jier  cent,  to  their 
value  at  a  year  old,  and  is  the  result  of  crossing  with  the  Shorthorn 
during  the  last  and  present  generations. 

The  Shorthorn  is  used  in  Scothind  for  crossing  with  the  Ayrshire, 
and  it  is  said  that  the  produce  are  better  milkers  than  their  mothers. 
It  also  crosses  with  the  Gueriis*\y  with  great  milking  results.  It  is, 
however,  for  the  si/e,  the  early  maturity  ui'  growth,  and  the  aptitude 
to  fatten  earlv  and  quickly  that  the  Shorthorn  iini)arts  to  other  Itreeds 
of  cattle  that' is  chietlv  valuable.  Shorthorn  steers,  or  steers  of  some 
other  breed  with  a  very  large  admixture  of  Shorthorn  blood,  are  the 
favorite  cattle  for  winter  and  summer  feeding  in  the  iiortLern  and  mitl- 
land  counties  of  England.  In  some  quarters  the  Shorthorn  may  not 
tiud  so  much  favor  as  it  once  did,  and  in  certain  districts  other  brecil.s 
may  be  more  successfully  reared  and  fed ;  but,  for  general  purposes, 
up»'>u  moderately  good  land,  and  in  an  average  climate,  the  Shortlioiii, 
as  a  race  of  catfle,  is  equal  to  any,  while  it  is  surpassed  by  none.  Dis- 
tributed throughout  almost  every  county  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
pedigree  Shorthorns  are  now  to  be  met  with  ;  there  are  probably  some  (Jl)() 
breeders,  possessing  about  20,UU0  cows,  and  distributing  good  bulls 
amongst  the  breeding  hcrd.s.    But  breeders  of  lirst-clas*  Short  horu?i, 


>    f 


s  proptTtit's  of  the 

without  rival.     It 

B  beist  quality,  and 

;»  tu  maturity  at  a 

I  to  fatti'iiing.     Aw 

II  tlui  front  rank, 
|)alni  to  th»^  Jer.sj'y 
lM)rne  in  niiiid,  the 
1th  u  view  to  tb«' 
i  thu  deepest  and 
[•a  few  years  it  was 
its  superiority  as  a 
)  Shorthorn  is  ad- 
verywhere,  I)ut  its 
tastern  counties  ot 
land,  and  Ireland, 
If  all  the  different 
greatest  power  of 
of  soil,  of  climate, 
lid,  dry  northeast  of 
,  and  is  equally  at 
>f  Texas. 

of  great  value  on 

has  achieved  won- 

Crossing  with  the 

ting  the  properties 

ipidity  of  growth, 

ly  age.    Most  es- 

isetiuently  greater 

and  the  old  Irish 

ise  of  ten  imperial 

and  in  the  quality 

The  enormous  ini 

eing  carried  on  in 

e  of  every  farmer. 

e  i)er  cent,  to  their 

itli  the  Shorthorn 

ivith  the  Ayrshire, 
lian  their  mothers, 
ing  results.  It  is, 
,  ami  the  aptitude 
rts  to  other  Itreeds 
,  or  steers  of  kouiu 
iorn  blood,  are  tlit' 

nortLern  and  mid- 
UHU'thorn  may  not 
tricts  other  breeds 

general  purposes, 
iite,  the  Shortlioiii, 
isecl  by  none.  Dis 
Britain  and  Irelaml. 
!  probably  some  (i()() 
ibutiug  good  bulls 
: -class  Shorthorns,      S 


THE    rXlTED    KINGDOM.  jqj 

?S.:J^.I^';;;!:;r''"'^^'^-^*^«  ^-"  --y  ^e-mHy  looking  t.  beef 

.•.•^^t^:rs:!^::rs.SeK^i;;^r'"?  T"ff-"»  ^-«'*^»'ted 

ties  of  the  Shorthorns.'  Mr  I  aftl  L.  "  "*'*^''T^  "*  f''«  '"'Iking  ,,roner 
stock  in  a  very  healthy  "atur      ^t.   ^ Z^^^ 

deep  n.dkers.  Mr.  Whittaker  t.  r  nn  f^f '  ,  '*'  '»'^«.t  «"^vs  were 
dairy  superiority  of  his  Sh,.rtl.or  s  L^,  'IV"""  '"«"'f"i"»'B  the 
l>ut  supplied  the  people  of  his  ext  1-  ,'    /«-  "'^'  T'""''''  ^''♦''''  '''*'vt'«, 

used  bulls  excepfngVron,  .Z^^Mn^^X^^  u!"^  'f^l  "*'  "•^^'"^ 
excellence.  Although  his  fanu.us  b  i  Pu  •  ,v  "'  'i?  '""'"'"''  "''•'"''■>• 
he  ever  breo,  he  was  hiri'd  to  go  to  \V^..•  vi  l  V  •  *'1  *'"^  '""''^  sha,,elv 
...i.i.y  good  steers  and  of  a  Smithfield  goi  Zn'  m*;'  ^""'^T  ""^  *''••"  «f 
^vould  not  use  him  at  ho.ne,  as     "id  ..       '"^1  '*"*.  ^^''-  ^^hitaker 

nnlker.  The  late  Lonl  I),„  ie  wi^  ,  l  vi  '"V"'  ''""'  '^  ""'««'i"'.t 
ing  qualitlcations  of  his  henl,  ami  w as  " ,  ZT'V  ''"'"'''"^'^  ^''"  '"'"*- 
Ceding.  The  fortvnine  cattle  thVL  "^'"V""''  "Ppo'ient  to  over- 
onlinarv  condition'  an<l  .n,  n  'v' re  exS^b'n'l:', '' '"  T''r''  '"  ^^'''y 
these,  and  other  such  tribes  wh.M«  ,..?.f  '''•^  ^'***"'  mdkers.     From 

atically  taken  to  .'mi,;;ain^,n  '^  Zl^'^^'lf''  "^tve  been  system: 
tamed  which  will  con.paro  with  n v^ai?  '/, '''■'' .i'**^^'*  «»"  »><'  «>l>- 
young  bulls  can  be  selected  wh  'l,  riv  ^  ^l.  ^h  *•■'""  '^"«''  »'«•''«« 
good,  thriving  a.iimals,  with  e  Hv  •  tu  i^v  t'^""'^  to  produce  vigorous, 
will  not  detract  fron.  the  dairT  n,H  's  t  tL f  "''*,  "'  r"""'''""'  "''i^^' 
...ated.  By  the  us.,  of  «uch  sirisgoo.rliv.  !*''''  '""'  ''''*•'''  ^''^^V  are 
""<•«'<'.  wl.ich  u.ake  the  best  ,,f  Jlu.nl  .  ii'  ^""'T  'l''''''^  ^'''^M"**" 
MM  k  as  well  as  their  dams,  pr,.b     h    ,^  ,'  -h  "'  ".'""'''  ^"'''"'^t  they 

>il.ty  rapidly  to  lay  on  beef.'    I  ,,  I .,    tot       •«'"'"  '''■'''  «'''*'''^''''  •"'Pa- 

•>' it  in  to  the  dairyman  to  li/.ve  his    ..  !     """«"  ""  ^'"'  <^"«>ruu  us 

wl.il.' .nilkiug,  readilv  to  lav  on  beef  h  tl  v'tr";".'"-"!'  '^''T  •^'*'"''^'<>» 
shortly  to  go  to  the  but(rher  at  a  o,  riV'  ,n  .'  ''""''  '""^  **"  '■"•1»'''<''» 
••al  ving.  This  combinati.u.  of  go  ,,  m  '  '' ?,  .^'•*'y„ ''''''''  ^'^l'"'<l  <br 
ei.'ht  or  nine  months,  and  -naki^.r  f    J^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ""^"^'  '""^'•'^".v  ^''r 

a  go  Ml  carcass  of  beef-is  i.hmm  ,,'m,        see  '■**""' '"'"'^'''^ ''^t.^ 

tectually  by  «horthorns  thai,  by  r  \'   i.r ',  !  '  '  '""'•«  --^I'i'l'y  and  ef- 

A  very  valuable  herd  of p„re-bred  <lii.v  «ji     Vi 
l)ensively  foun.b.l  in  a  few     ea         v  .  't^.,;?';/''^''"''"^  be  inex- 

lecting  animals  n.erely  for  their  lair  \;e"^  «l.orthorn  sales,  se- 
fashion  or  tribe,  ,,,ul  mating  tl  .  i\  ,'  ;'  r,;;;''  .T/''T'^  '^^^'^^  to 
beavy  milking  cu.w  of  a  well  know,  d  v  L  •  '  "r^'j'">"  «'">«•'»  fVon,  a 
Knightleys.  ^v  herd  i-ouu^^Zni  ^ Z';:!!^:^'''^^''^^'^  ^'  ^'»« 
M'larts  jxT  day  each  without  anv  s  e  i  ?  fir  ""  ."""^''*'  tweuty-four 

a  .lay-  ^V,tlMno,e  s.nnulaVi  g'^;  n  ;  ,  :^*'^,.^'''*7!'i''<»^«^  only'twice 
'vsults  might  be  obtained.  I  an,  i  H  1 7.  f hi  ''  '•""""*''  ^'^'«"  '^^'K'er 
Sh(utl:o,„s  give  richer  n.,lk  th  u  n  „  '  ,  '^^  opinn,,,  that  pure-bred 
type,  but  no  doubt  the  proiH.^t  ,,'!.;  .r'?'? /'.'^  "^ .particular 
too<l  and  quality  <,f  land.  Hean  me  \^'  iZ^^'Tf  \'^'  ^''"  '^'"''  ^''' 
<-ows  with  the  Vorkshi,v  n.en  ;  X  eake  »■  n  l'  ?  '^''^'''K"  tor  n.ilk 
''••■s'  wash,  and  other  like  articles   wili.w.  '*'V '  h''''""'^'  '''"till- 

f  '"  Miiality  of  the  milk.  Twey've  V  ..'''''''•  ^''*'  "*'^'  '»'"'i"i^li 
Shorthon,  bleeding  brin-s  me  to  "  I  .  <:  /V  '*""':'  '"  '"''k-Nelling  and 
i>.M^;.ml  Shortl.onis,  LX  '  1  ^  le  v ' h  ^  f";^';;"  ^'"^  ^''V  '"^'*^'^""  i" 
'".11^  for  sale,  weaning  and  rearing  ,;;';..' "  ""  r'  "''t^T  ^"  ^  '^^'^^ 
tat  when  no  lon^re,.  .ervieeabie  in  th     lai.'v  uV.  '  '"^  ''^'  ^''^  '^'""'"^'^'H 

t.'r  protit  than  the  same  nmom     U  f,,'.  V.  "     ' "  ''," ^'T '*'''^'"  "^'t" 

purposes.  '•"*'  '•'"  ""  '"'.^  other  breed  for  similar 


102 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


I 


In  selecting  young  Imlls  for  dairy  herds  it  is  not  only  essential  that 
they  are  descended  Iroin  dams  and  tribes  which  have  the  desired  milk- 
ing capabilities;  they  ought,  also,  to  carry  in  their  own  persons  some 
recognized  characters  indicative  of  <lairy  usefulucss.  Size,  substance, 
and  niasouline  character,  are  essential  for  health  and  vigor.  Close- 
made,  compact  sizes,  although' sometimes  cai>tivating  on  account  of 
shapftly,  even  form,  are  rarely  good  getters,  either  of  steers  or  dairy 
cows.  There  is  a  happy  medium  between  smart  heifer  like  or  steery- 
bulls,  and  rough,  coarse  leggy  brutes.  The  head  should  be  kindly, free 
from  coarseness,  but  withal  of  a  masculine  character,  without  which  a 
bull  is  unlikely  to  leave  his  mark.  I  do  not  ol.ject  to  tolerable  growth 
of  horn,  which  shows  constitution,  Tlie  neck  should  be  rather  long  to 
secure  carriage  and  lengtli  of  carcass,  nu>rgiiig  in  those  curved  lines  of 
beauty  into  a  well  developed  ^.romincnt  bosom.  The  (diest.  iuH;essarily 
capacious  to  g've  aniph^  room' for  heart  aud  lungs,  should  approach  the 
oval  of  the  well-bred  horse,  rather  tlian  the  round  or  scpiare  i)r()p()r- 
tions  of  the  cart-horse.  This  will  l)ring  the  dewlap  somewhat  near  the 
groun<l.  The  shoulder  blades  will  be  well  laid  back;  there  will  be  no 
roughness  or  overdue  i)rominence  of  the  shoulder  points.  In  a  young, 
growing  animal  in  moderate  condition  this  conformation  will  entail  a 
somewhat  light  appearance  of  tiie  fore  quarters  and  the  fore  chine  may 
not  be  so  abundantly  clothed  with  beef  as  the  butcher  would  desider- 
ate. The  back  and 'loin  cannot  be  too  wide,  the  back  ribs  should  be 
well  sprung;  the  narrow  weak-backed  bull  is  certain  to  have  the  worst 
of  all  faults,  a  delicate  constitution.  The  cpiarters  should  be  long,  well- 
clothed  with  lean  meat,  but  alike  in  bulls  and  cows  of  milking  proclivi- 
ties, they  will  not  be  so  thick  and  massive  as  in  animals  selected  more 
exclusively  for  beef  snaking.  The  body  will  be  invested  with  a  skin  of 
moderate  thickness,  soft  and  pliant,  not  papery,  and  covered  with  ratlier 
long  line  hair.  The  soft  undergrowth  ofmossy  hair,  so  pleasant  to  handle, 
augurs  fattening  i-ather  than  milking  capal)ilities.  It  is  not  absolutely 
necessary  for  ordinary  dairy  herds  that  the  bull  should  have  a  long, 
fashionable,  or  even  perfectly  consistent  pedigree,  free  of  the  socalk'il 
alloy,  and  satisfying  the  taste  of  the  critical  purist.  But  a  good  sound 
pedigree  secures  uniform,  certain  results.  A  bull  whose  [)edigree  is 
made  up  of  a  number  of  dissimilar  strains  is  unlikely  to  get  his  calves 
with  that  uniformity  of  gootl  type  which  is  so  desirable.  The  fashiou 
of  the  present  day  is  to  use  young  bulls,  beginning  with  theni  when 
they  are  about  15  months,  and  discarding  them  often  when  they  are  .{ 
yeaVs  old  ;  frequently  they  are  slaughtered  before  their  stock  be(!oinL's 
appreciated.  In  olden  times  bulls  were  wont  to  be  used  charily  at  tirsr, 
their  progeny  wer<>  carefully  noticed,  and  a  successful  sire  was  used  so 
long  as  he  continued  serviceable. 

I  recently  visited  the  Berkely  herd  of  Lord  Fitzhardinge,  whicli  is 
somewhat  famous  from  the  fact  of  his  having  given  £,\,~>iM  for  the  cele- 
brated bull,  Duke  of  Connaught,  which  I  judged  to  weigh  as  I  saw  liim 
well  on  for  'i.h  tons.  The  herd  is  bred  for  sale  aud  beef,  but  in  tlie  di-- 
trict,  a  ftiraous  dairy  one,  were  numbers  of  grand  Dairy  Shorthoiiis. 
kero,  as  at  Lord  Ducie's,  near  at  luuul,  the  Shorthorns  are  all  p«'digrL'e 
beasts,  and  extremely  hardy,  and  certaitdy  not  highly  fed.  To  prevent 
quarter  evil,  setons  are  let  in  below  the  brisket.  The  Vale  of  lU-rkely 
is  near  the  Severn,  and  exposed  to  southwest  gales,  which  are  here  vt-ry 
severe. 

Dairu  Shorthorns. — The  following  will  give  sonui  idea  of  the  value  of 
■what  is  known  in  the  midland  counties  of  Hngland  as  the  Dairy  Short 
horn,  for  its  milking  properties.    There  are  some  families  of  this  old 


only  essential  that 
re  the  desired  milk- 
own  persons  some 
>.  Size,  substance, 
and  vigor.  Close- 
ting on  account  of 
•  of  steers  or  dairy 
liiferlike  or  steery  - 
lould  be  kindly, free 
r,  without  which  , 
to  tolerable  growth 
d  be  rather  long  to 
lose  curved  lines  of 
e  (sliest.  lUHMVssarily 
hould  approach  the 
.  or  S(iuare  [)rop()r- 
somewhat  near  the 
k  ;  there  will  be  no 
loints.  In  a  young, 
1  at  ion  will  entail  a 
.  the  fore  chine  nniv 
:lier  would  desider- 
!ick  ribs  sl.'ould  be 
n  to  have  the  worst 
diould  be  long,  well- 
of  milking  proclivi- 
nials  selected  more 
■sted  with  a  skin  of 
iovered  with  ratlicr 
J  pleasant  to  handle. 
It  is  not  absolntcly 
thould  have  a  long, 
'ree  of  the  socallcil 
But  a  good  sound 
whose  peiligree  is 
y  to  get  his  calves 
■able.  The  fashion 
g  with  theni  when 
ill  when  they  arc  ;{ 
heir  stock  beijoincs 
sed  charily  at  tirst, 
III  sire  was  used  so 

ihardinge,  which  is 
je^riOO  for  the  (;ele- 
weigh  as  I  saw  him 
KM'f,  but  in  the  dis- 

Dairy  Shorthorns. 

ns  are  all  p«'digrce 
v  fed.  To  prevent 
he  Vale  of  nerkely 
vhicli  are  here  very 

dea  of  the  value  of 
IS  the  Dairy  Short-    ^ 
families  of  this  uM 


THE    UNITED   KINGDOM.  jQg 

can,  the  herd  has  becZe  ",;L  veKv  pr^L  h'^^  ^'  ^«  '>«««* bly 

as  m  the  case  of  the  one  to  which Srene^i^^  T.^H'"  ^"^Jiflcation, 
two  ago  a  member  of  the  Britiih^oZ  f  f  '"'".^*'  ^'«'^^^-  A  year  o^ 
lenge  cup  for  the  be.fc  dafrySm  rSf -uuf 

been  sent  m  by  farmers  and  Ian  ™wiX  r\'  If^'l.''"^'^.  ^^^^'^'«  '^^ve 
try,  and  with  regard  to  dilierent  br^  i.  .-.  f  '^''"^^''''''^  of  thecoun- 
which  was  sent  in  by  the  Ear^if  w£  wjel wW-"^^  '^^^^^  ^*l"^J«^l  that 
although,  unfortunately,  from  a  techSh^.l  1.1  '">'  ^^'^  ^'""^^  ^^'^^  (1883), 
pete  for  the  prize.  '  technical  error  it  was  not  able  to  com 

^Vonderful  Shorthorn  daini  record  ^Th<,  ^t^^     i    ^r    r^ 
mences  his  record  with  a  sHtempnf-"7u  I    f  Reward,  Mr.  Tough,  cora- 

niilk.  On  June:iitwas\ested  b  "Mr  ^Z^VSlf'''^  ^^^^^«  «*'  »^^ 
and  was  as  follows:  solids,  «J09-  f  f  i  T^f  ?  '^'/  '^  ^''"^ty  analyst, 
tested  June  29,  showing  a,  increai V^- A, "'"'^  !^-*^;  .^^  ^^^«  ^S^^^ 
inained  in  statu  quo:  solids  0  31  •  tf  Lw  I  I  Tib  ^^»^"«  the  fats  re- 
the  solids  showe?l  a  cons&tl/f  1  '„J;'ott^  vl  dL'the'flV  ""'  ^"-^"«^  ^ 
tionately  increased  :  solids,  l).ii> ;  far  5  21  '  to       u  n  ^  "^^'^  P^'^^^^^^" 

total  solids  being  llV  ^^anklyn  suggested  9.5,  the  limit  for 

.yeSrJS:^^^^- :^,f!;-^-  -^tour  o^  Which  were  tbur 


NnmbBr— 


&■ 


-w 

ja 

u 

V 

t> 

1 

Sto7ie. 

ra 

n                                      •••• 

,r.".'.'!.';" 

88 
81 
88 

4 '.'.'.'.'..'... 

6  ..'.■.■;.■.".■.■.' 

f                      •  -  •  • 

80 

80  1 

8 

88  1 
81)  1 

78  ; 
no  1 

9 

10 

'  '-"3 


04  I 

n  . 
oa  I 

IW  ; 

80  i 
06  j 
02  I 
04  I 
100  ' 


>, 

V 

« 

»,,• 

?  .  1 

<S  >.  I 

^  2 

tu 

=a  1 

3.;il 

,i=l 

I  --if 


•H  3 


1| 

5=  I 


3  a 


0 
10 

4 
10 

id 

12 

Hi 
10 


ir>4 

173 
126 

Illij 
i:i:ij 
no 
i;io 

l.'IS 


1     o^ 

'  ^^  1 

2ie 

1      C    L. 

A< 

O        1 

1  Qt*. 

<?«*.  i 

112 

2-J 

118 

;>2'  i 

143 

21i 

*i;)o  1 

18^1 

no 

'IT)!! 
110 
104  I 
IL'O 
114 


J* 

•-  a 

OS 

a 
1 


2,.')  12 
2,  .t:>8 
2.  8:i8    I 
2,4261 
-"i  i  2,  u- 
21        2,737     I 
19     i  2,  227i  I 
18J  I  2,04h| 
!!»♦  ;  2,2024 
IBJ     2,2114  i 


"Si 

""a 


n  a 


18 

23  I 

19  I 

17  ! 

10 

184  ' 


g,».  Milk  set  for  bnttor. 

9-ta 


c  a 


u 

10 

10' 

144 

12 

II 

13 

12 

10 

10 


s 
I 

B 

9 
Qt». 

538 
508 
640 
671 
470 
640 
Si  10 
460 
524 
404 


a 

t 

u 
.3 

Pi*. 

784 
794 
03 
004 

7,')  j 

'•84  I 
83  j 
764  ' 
77  I 
744  ' 


Ui. 
301 
444 
55J 

^i 

4(11 

614 

44} 

301 

42 

40i 


U  appears  that  the  n 


covv,  from  tiiis  ,s.„,rce  a!„M<.  f,,r  H.o  J.    .7     '''''^  ^'V  '"'^^'^•^  Tieide.L  per 


•*^1^   to  £IH 


which  is   marvel 


"w..  No. .{,  tl 


'«  big  milker,  cl 


Jesevenreen  weeks  of  the  trial  f 


ous  even  without  the 


aimi 


Mg  the  latter  high  tii: 
sum  to  her  credit  for  b.itte 


roni 
lire, 


r  ann 


i  m 


104 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


skim  milk;  aud  if  it  were  possible  to  collect  dairies  of  such  cows^ 
either  one  of  two  things  would  happen— the  compilation  of  fortune* 
tii*^  general  reduction  of  foreign  dairy  imports — perhaps,  both.  As- 
suming froa.  the  yield  shown  by  No.  3  and  the  return  she  made  that 
the  milk  produced  8d.  a  gallon,  this  would  be  a  decidedly  good  summer 
price. 

A  new  feature  in  this  record  is  the  manure,  which  appears  to  have 
been  well  looked  after,  aud  very  properly  so,  especially  since,  as  is  seen 
below,  the  cows  had  a  considerable  quantity  of  cake.    The  feeding  was — 


Food. 

Poanda. 

Value. 

Bean  flour  

196 
2;"9 
209 
19, 180 
!t9 
748 

£.  ».  d. 
16    4 

Cotton  cako  

13    2 

Pnlm-uut  cake 

14    0 

Grass 

4  19    8 

Hay 

1  7 
19  Ift 

Straw .                

Labor  is  charged  28«.  3d.  per  cow,  and  haulage  9».  lid.,  making  a 
total  of  £10  2s.  9d.  per  cow ;  or,  when  considering  the  valuation  of  each 
animal — for  they  were  valued  l)oth  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  the 
trial — an  average  of  £10  14s.  Id!.,  the  real  figures  running  from  £9  4Jf/. 
in  one  case  to  £14  15*.  L'r.  in  another. 

Since  writing  the  above  we  have  felt  it  necessary  to  again  examine 
Mr.  Tough's  record,  the  yield  of  milk  being  so  surprising.  It  will  be 
remembered  that  Lord  Braybrooke's  cows  j^ave  an  average  of  about 
2,100  quarts  for  the  year,  and  yet,  as  shown  above.  Lord  Warwick's  in 
every  case  gave  more  than  this  for  the  K(  venteen  weeks.  Lord  Bray- 
brooke's,  again,  averaged  5  quarts  to  1''  iiuarts  a  day  ibr  the  period  in 
milk  (not  the  year),  while  Lord  Warwit  .v's  gave,  as  shown  above,  from 
17  to  23|  quarts  for  the  seventeen  weeks.  With  all  respect,  and  we 
are  bound  to  take  Mr.  Tough's  figures,  we  consider  his  record,  if  not  so 
elaborate  as  a  matter  of  figures,  yet  one  infinitely  more  worthy  of  a 
challenge  cup  than  any  other,  for  his  herd  is  a  truly  marvelous  one,  and 
will  take  our  American  friends  all  their  time  to  rival. 

There  are  10  cows  averaging  19.77  quarts  per  day  for  seventeen  en- 
tire weeks,  one  actually  reaching  23.84  quarts.    This  cow  returned  : 

For  milk  ho1(Ic>,18'.»  ((uarts) £18  4  lo 

BiittiT  (5t)f  ))onii(l.s) ;j  y    ;j 

iSkiui-niilk  (681  quartH} ij  hi    5 

Manure 0  j;,    ]- 

Total  return  for  seventeen  weeks 24  17  n 

Let  US  see  what  1  mis  been  done  in  the  milking  conq)etitions  as  a  guidt? 
to  the  value  of  thi.s  return.  At  the  1880  trials  the  liigheNt  .lenseyor 
Guernsey  yield  was 38  i>ounds  5^  ounct^s  ;  the  highest  Sliortlioin,  .j() 
pounds  5  ounces;  the  highest  Dutch  and  cross  bred,  43  pcmnds  12  ounces, 
and  we  think  ^-v  are  right  in  believing  that  neither  at  the  1881  nor  tlio 
1882  trials  wen- the  highest  of  these  figures  exceetled.  At  all  evcnt.s 
here  are  cows  winning  in  milking  trials  which  give  l«>.ss  in  their  (lush 
for  a  single  day  than  Lord  Warwick's  best  average  for  119  days.  V-.u-xs 
speak  for  themselves,  and  it  appears  to  us  that  Lord  Wai  wick's  can 
not  only  beat  any  herd  of  which  the  public  has  lately  been  informed,  but 
that  he  would  stand  the  greatest  i)Osibie  chance  of  carrying  oil  the 
chief  milking  trials. 


ries  of  such  cows^ 
ilation  of  fortune* 
erhaps,  both.  As- 
ru  she  made  that 
ledly  good  summer 

ih  appears  to  have 
illy  since,  as  is  seen 
The  feeding  was — 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


9s.  11<?.,  making  a 
e  valuation  of  e-ich 
ig  and  end  of  the 
luing  from  £9  4^d. 

'  to  again  examine 
>rising.  It  will  be 
I  average  of  about 
Lord  Warwick's  in 
t'eks.  Lord  Bray- 
f  lor  the  period  in 
ihowii  above,  from 
ill  respect,  and  we 
is  record,  if  not  so 
more  worthy  of  a 
iarveh)us  one,  and 

•  for  seventeen  en- 
cow  returned : 

jCIH     4  11} 

y  !)  u 

2    «    5 

0  1.-,    5 

24  17  11 

tetitions  as  a  guide 
highest  .leriseyor 
est  Shortliorn,  TjO 
pounds  12  ounces, 
t  the  1881  nor  tlio 
•1.  At  all  events 
h'ss  in  tlieir  Jliisli 
•119  days.  IVicts 
rd  Waiwicii's  eaii 
»een  informed,  but 
■  carrying  uir  the 


105 

ret^rriS?Cetnt^^/S  ^T^T'-^^'^  ^«"-^"«  particulars 
sh.re,  and  it  will  be  the  more  va7u  "ble  hTo"  ^'  ^  ^^"^^^^  ^^^  "  Yo?k 
of   he  royal  prize  for  the  bes?  fC^SV^^^'^,^!'^!^^  ^«  ^««  the  winner 
2oO  acres,  of  which  over  100  are  gmss     S  «^  •  '^'"^  comprises  about 
the  rest  on  strong  clav  loam  wiM.  i       , .  ®  ^^''  is  partly  on  ffravel  ".n!i 
moderate,  and  wifhouTlfcl  TreatStonf  ^^'^  "^^'^  faSf  on^ly 
Ilie  present  tenant  on  succeeding  t^^i,   ?"'''  °«^'^«  ^ery  productive 
unregistered  Shorthorn8"whfch   gif  h  n^  ^'"'"^  i"lierited  aimaH  heXf 
of  Warlaby  and  liiHerb'^  Sl^C 'esuTtedi;.7.*\r^«'^^«  andtheise 
have  won  more  prizes  since  they  hLTbeenV  nl^^^^^^^ 
ot  similar  dimensions.    The  most  W  n  i  "''^"  ^'^^»  any  other  herd 
Vainhope,  bought  for  42  guinSis  Ihp^    "'^^^  investment  wi  Gerty  bv 
Gerty  had  8  heifer  calvesawfnTfwtfi     "  ^•'''^^•'  ^"'^^it  of  the  Shire 

Het^;^^WrS£^i^  -  t^    La.y  tribe,  which  we  bj 

ri%?f a^a^^S^ --  Srf  S'^SiSS 
n  woDderfulJy  true-grown  and  Tea^^^^^^ork  meeting  in  .July,  1883, 
hrst  shown  as  a  yearling  at  Eeadin  J"  „  is^f  I,  two-year-old,  wliieh  was 
hve  Eoyal  meetings  Mr.  Hutchinson   has  se  "li'g  ""^'^T    ^^  ^^e  last 
second  prizes  as  well  as  three  champion  nrfz^^M^^'^^^  "'"^  «"'^  <h^ee 
It  would  be  hard  to  beat.    Ladv  P^if  7-^     *^^;    ^^"^^  '»  a  record  which 
true-gmwn,  with  great  i-ibs  am  tlS  ior"''"'*^""'^'  thick-fleshed  Ll 
feet.    She  has  won  21  first  i)rizL  and  L^  n,  i  'T^'"'  *""'*  ""'l*^'*  "nes  per 
Pamela  2d,  own  sister,  a  r  ch  roan llf^    '^  twice  been  beaten.    LaSy 
promisiHg  and  likely  to  make  a  pHze  w^'^f  tf  •  '"f  ^'  *«  ^'«"  ^^ry 
serves  high  commendation.    Glacl  Sirra?'.^  ''''^.  ^'''"^y  ^^'"^^ia  <le- 
ants,  a  handsome  three-vear-oh  1^^     S^^^  descend- 

Acker's  Lady  Caren  9th,  both  b^ii'J^^'^Sd'one J"'"'  '"  '''''  ^'- •^"•''' 

In  the  pastures  are  to  be  found  a  lot  nA^2l  ^^\ 
form  type,  the  best  l,eing  a  11  ."old  cow  T  'o  "'^  ^^'  ^'^nerallv  uni- 
ffty  prizes) ;  a  long  level  white  cow  Grl^K  ^  ^''^T*"'  (^''^'  ^^"'n^''-  ot 
British  Lion  out  of  Lady  Grace,  by  K  r**  n^^'f  I""  \^''''^y  Gracious,  by 
quality  an.l  substan(;e;  and  a  fln«^  old  wre^k  }'"'"''\o'"«  r«a  cow  with 
won  tor  her  owner  i;800  in  prizes.  The  b,  IH„  f  ''■  ^^""'■'''  '^''"ch  had 
old.hred  '>yM'^ Talbot CroslU,outot^bvu'^^  ""''^  '•'  two-year- 

a  iisetul  animal,  with  great  length  and  sni;;.  '  'i'f '''''"*^^''^«''^nuite 
;''";•"  t»'  '"any  other  animals,  were  29  c  s  'm.  ?''  '''*'  ^■"""'  '"  "^l" 
in  heiter  calves,  and   1   bull,  the  whol«  IV?;       ^"''f*"'^'  ^^  '^"'^  «-'ives, 

stocked.  an.lindi.afingalHohM^^trnZ^^  1'';'^  ''  ^'"'^  l'*^' vily 
tamed  Iro.n  the  land.  "     condition  and  large  i)ro<Utce  ob- 

'l^^'<^<[\»^ent  0/ dairy  SImrthorns  OH  a  model  t\,r,n      xi    ^p       . 
Ks  another  winner  of  a  first  pri^^^at  1^0(7  ;;::)•  ^"''"'»V"'  ^^^  """, 
tanner,  occupying  as  he  <loes  m()r//H. .'.'''''' '^  ^'^''"y 'arge  (lairv 
l^rmlingShorfhonis,  we  .'i^e  th^f.  1  Imv     '""'  ''"'"'•  '""'  '^^'^'I'^ng  a  d 

system      lnl881-N2\,o|^H.!^r   2'S 

U(M)(|   Farm  had  been  drained  -.f  •'     '*''}''/'*  ^'r.  rurnbull's  Twver's 

•;•*"<•''  pip-,  and  the  ten-ui'l 'Mli.;  a  ndSl  S  ''''  'f"""'^'-"  «"<''''P 
; '•"•"'ig  does  not  answer  on  the    fci      '  /' ''^'  '«  "'  f''<' -same.     Deep 

'•«"<« ;  0  to  ;m  iMH.es  might  hav     be  „     rf       f ''''  "'"""''  '»  '•♦'Ptl'  <  f 
l»een  limed  uirh  r.  t*,,,,  rf  ml    ^    o<^t'»  preferred.     ( )v..r  HO  ,....,,„'  1  ..  '  ' 

"^  the  greatest  mU.,;;;^  i^S urZ  'iZ^  ""•^'  ^^"*^""  '^"^  1-"^^ 


^m 


«•■'  k 


106 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


effect  in  improviDg  the  herbage,  and  especially  in  developing  the  clover 
plants,  has  been  very  marked.  The  land  is  generally  a  strong  loani,  of 
a  fertile  character. 

The  stock  on  the  farm  comprised  40  cows  and  heifers,  principally  Short- 
horns, of  excellent  type  and  grand  milking  properties,  some  cross-bred 
Ayrshire  and  Shorthorns,  10  capital  two-year-old  steers,  and  a  very  use- 
ful two-year-old  bull,  sele<?ted  with  due  regard  to  the  milking  properties 
of  the  dam.  Although  the  grass  it*  of  excellent  quality,  it  is  supple- 
mented with  cake.  Thus,  from  May  1  to  October  21,  the  cattle,  accord- 
to  age,  have  from  2J  pounds  to  7  pounds  of  cake  daily  (two-thirds  cotton 
and  one-third  linseed  cake). 

They  live  out  day  and  night,  except  at  milking  time  (4  a.m.  to  6  a.  m., 
and  from  2  p.  m.  to  3.30  p.  m.).  From  July  the  dairy  cattle  have  a  daily 
allowance  of  green  tares,  and  in  Septemher  and  October  tiiey  have  cab- 
bages in  addition  to  cake  and  grass.  The  heifers  in  calf  run  out  on 
grass  both  summer  and  winter,  but  are  housed  in  a  straw  yard  at  night 
in  winter,  when  they  are  supi)lied  with  from  14  pounds  to  21  pounds  of 
hay,  according  to  age  and  size.  Heifers  due  to  calve  in  the  spring  are 
allowed  about  2^  pounds  of  linseed  cake  daily  for  two  months  before 
calving.  From  October  21  to  April  30  the  cows  are  allowed  from  21 
pounds  to  28  pounds  of  hay  (one-third  long  and  two- thirds  chalied),  with 
pulped  roots,  the  quantity  of  the  latter  ranging,  according  to  the  size 
and  condition  of  the  animals,  from  36  i)ounds  to  84  pounds,  the  artiti- 
cial  food  for  cows  in  full  milk  comprising  3  pounds  of  linseed  cake  and 
3^  pounds  to  7  pounds  of  crushed  oats.  Heifers  in  full  milk  are  fed 
with  about  21  pounds  of  hay  (two-thirds  as  chaff),  with  50  pounds  of 
pulped  roots,  and  6  pounds  of  Imseed  and  cotton  cake,  in  equal  propor- 
tions, or  a  similar  weight  of  linseed  cake  and  crushed  oats.  Oat  straw 
when  well  got  is  substituted  for  a  portion  of  the  hay.  Mr.  Turnbull 
considers  that  10  pounds  of  oat  straw  are  equal  to  7  pounds  of  hay. 

The  grass  farm  of  140  acres  at  East  Park,  which  Mr.  Turnbull  holds, 
is  occupied  on  a  lease  for  live  years  from  Aprii,  1880,  and  has  receivecl 
very  liberal  treatment  for  so  short  a  term,  as  it  includes  boning  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  pasture,  the  liberal  application  of  fold  yard  manure, 
both  to  grazing  and  mowing  lands — 71  acres  being  devoted  to  meadow 
on  which  was  an  excellent  cro])  of  hay — and  the  erection  of  a  consider- 
able length  of  strong  posts  and  rails,  which  cost  about  Is.  6rf.  a  yard 
fixed.  The  buildings  comprise  the  larger  portion  of  the  hall-stables 
and  outhouses,  and  by  judicious  alterations  have  been  rendered  very 
convenient  for  breeding  and  rearing  stock,  which  is  the  main  business 
here. 

The  management  of  young  stock  is  admirable,  some  details  of  which 
we  will  ghe.  As  to  the  treatment  of  the  calf:  It  is  removed  at  birth; 
new  milk  is  supplied  for  a  month,  during  which  i)eriod  it  is  kept  warm 
in  pen;  next,  for  three  or  four  weeks,  boiled  skim-milk  is  given  ;  and, 
to  prevent  the  milk  being  burnt,  the  copper  vessel  is  suspended  in  a 
copper  of  water;  then  one-third  boiled  linseed  and  two-thirds  oatmeal, 
commencing  with  1  pound  of  the  mixture  daily,  are  mixed  hot  with 
skimmed  milk.  All  this  time  the  calf  is  tiiught  to  eat  sweet  hay  and  a 
little  linseed  cake,  and  with  each  change  of  food  the  calves  are  re- 
moved to  more  airy  quarters,  which  also  allow  of  more  exercise.  In 
the  spring  and  summer  of  the  first  year  the  calves  <lo  not  go  out;  tLo 
winter  calves  are  run  on  grass,  and  have  a  capital  shed  to  shelter  in  at 
night.  The  great  secret  of  success  is  the  judicious  change  of  food  and 
quarters,  according  to  the  age  and  strength  of  the  aninini,  by  which 
steady  progress  is  insured,  the  cake  being  continued.    The  heifers  iiiu 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


rs,  principally  Short- 
ies, some  cross-bred 


107 


f'^^^;j^^tj:^tC^^^  .a.a  atni,,t 

1883  cou^i.ted  of  31  IZ^^^^S^"^ ^;?P-  Thestock  i„  August; 
yonrl,„ff  heifers,  fifteen  to  twenty  onTitb'^,,^/"  r'^'""\  ^"  ^^^^'«  5  1« 
lowing  spring;  19  winter  calves,  mixedeShf'/""  '''^'^"'^  "^^^  f«l- 
fehorthorn  calves,  three  to  six  moiZl  old .  T^*' o^  '!!'  ™'''''^^'*  "l'^  5  10 
three  months;  and  1  yearling  bull  '  ^^  Shorthorn  calves,  under 

w£e  nJe  ^ioS'i;f*;.S^V;;;^rl!^;^' r^,;:^  /rr.t.mentioned  tUrm, 
hitter  about  7  quarts,  giving  a    uvi'^^^^^^  ^"^rts,  and  at  the 

result  was  higher,  vi^,  11  quar  sXl  fo  "nA*^"''^'^^-  .1"  ^u-^mer  the 
average  of  lOJ  qu'arts.  Asi  miug  Int  tin  v.r''''"^*^;^'^'  ^iying  an 
for  nine  months  in  the  vear,  we  fave  if  o  .  '''''«*'  '■'  ^  I'^'^'^ts  a  day 
tun.  per  cow  of  over  £lio,'v^1iic Ko^f.  i  h'  i"'' ''  P"*"''  '^  ^''oss  re- 
well.  East  Park  is  well  sheUere  bv  n  mrir'"'  "'V'*^  ^^^"  ^""^'^^^S  pays 
tine  spreading  timber.        "'^''^'^^"  ^^i  plantations,  clumps  of  trees,  and 

Letting  out  cotes  to  laborer<t i  \nn.  ^^^       i 

terprisemust  be  note rSlai  bi^n  !f  ^'^"'^^  ?^^^'-  T"rnbull's  en- 
the  letting  out  of  cows  To  li^borer^  tK^  «ince  1870,  and  this  is 
with,  Kerry  cows,  of  whose  valSit".!  }■      ^'^P^Tiuieut  was  commenced 

satisfied  ln.n«elf  durinra  v  ;  •  f  fe  Sn^'T^^^^^  ^'''  ^""'^""  ^'^<1 
Ayrshires.  The  rate  of  hire  is  reenlS  L  J  ''"*'  T^^^  succeeded  by 
fourth  of  the  cost  being  the  ave™  V  .L  I  *'«fosfc  of  the  cow,  one- 
l.lied  when  near  ealvinl  The  ,^ftru^1.t '''""'*•  ^^'«  ««^'«  «'«  «UP- 
i;ai<l  in  advance,  a  ]>lan  which  insures  <»:  ^1^5?,^' :"'*^  ^'^«  T'^^y  '« 


luiu  u.  .mvunce,  a  juau  which  insures  due  (■■m  /.V   'V  '*^    ,""*^'^  '« 

the  loss  of  the  animal  is  borne  by  throwm-  •  f  it  /.         '''^'  '>"'  although 
the  hirer.    As  an  evidence  of  the  ca?e  twiJ .  i   ''^  ""l  produce  falls  on 
Turnbull  states  that,  having  I  ^0^7^.01^  ^l^  ^"^^''^  ''^"'■"'^JS'  ^Ir. 
Imsiness,  only  one  cow  waS'lis  Tn  calv  7' "l/^f  T*^['  years  of  this 
stil  in  service     The  opportunity  "f  ce  ti  ,^ h'  ^^  ^    ^  ^?\  '^"""'il  '^t  is 
such  terms  has  been  largely  a  .,  r^ciSd    ^ri^T^ 
annual  cost  of  keeping  at  AvrEciw  o,.  f,''  T'lrnbu  1  estimates  the 
Dire,  £5;   summer  ktep,  £5r wiu  e"   ^    /iTir'''''"^"^  "«  ^^^ 
fairly  good  cow  is  considered   o  yield  .^.>S'of '/"""• '  '^^^^  ^^^  l^*-     A 
per  quart,  and  the  calf  at  2()«.,  thouLhTi;    nn        f  *    ?'^'"^  ^^'^  "^  3<?- 
h(.n,  bull  would  be  more  than\    ubjf  thit  snm"A'  ^'^^T  '*'  ^^' ''  ^Uort. 
£'2S  m,  leaving  a  profit  of  ilO  besk  is  h-  -     ^"^  ''        of  Produce  is 
uiilk  for  the  children.    After  hu^mrint.        pe"t  advantage  of  skim- 
experiment  was  found  to  give '     r<i^urn 'ot"^  1"'^^  ^"f  ^'^^ee  years  the 
cai.ital  invested,  after  paying  a    evnenlwl  f   ^^"^  ''*'"^-  '"*^^^«t  on  the 
<lei.reciation,  fall  of  price,  &c      Tin    h  h  "^  ^*^*^"^'^''  '^"'^  allowing  for 
about  calving  time,  these  'bt^^,".,  ,et  .?t   ^i^'t'V'  7"^'  ^«^'"« 
>^ary  price,  and  .-equently  r.tan.^  ^  TJ:t  ^hiTl!?-  Z'^^rl^t 

(4)  The  Devon  Cattle. 

to'^ii[^s:^'C'^^;^;;:;:i^Zt'Z;;^.^^^      ->  ^^-bt 

ovon  in  their  latter-day  a^spe.-t,  t*l  ev  "xj  ,•     .  n^^^^^^^^^^^  that, 

unvs,  a.Hl,  to  a  very  large  extei  t    .m  -h    f  M     r  "^  **^  \^'*^  Particular  feat- 
f'H'  members  of  the  aborili,  a  \\     "l 'V    ..  ':!:\^!•?^"^ 


I  which   th 


!,,> II    .   ■  -f,--....  w.ti-u  inun  winch   ti!«»r  ^.> -•„, 


li 


108 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


common,  the  climate  to  which  it  is  exposed,  .and  the  requirements  of  the 
men  who  profit  bj'  it  always  combine  toward  a  certain  end,  and  in  the 
Devon  cattle  these  influences  have  worked  together  with  a  most  satis- 
i'actory  result. 

Points  of  Devons.— Devon  cattle  possess  a  distinctive  type,  but  several 
varieties  are  placed  under  the  title,  and  there  is  probably  no  breed  in 
which  individuals  of  almost  precisely  similar  general  aspect  will,  when 
scrutinized  and  analyzed  carefully  in  their  several  features,  exhibit  more 
marked  variations.  In  size  they  are  medium,  nlthough  it  is  much  the 
custom  to  speak  of  "the  little  Devous."  True,  they  do  not  possess  the 
bulkiuess  of  the  Shorthorn  or  the  Hereford ;  but,  for  all  that,  they  are 
far  from  being  a  diminutive  breed  like  the  Ayrshires,  the  Kerries,  or 
the  Channel  Isles  cattle.  The  general  aspect  of  the  Devona  is  f;  c  hi}. 
and  their  appearance  seems  to  betoken  a  gentleness  of  mien  whi  i  • 
looks  do  not  belie.  The  head  is  small  but  the  forehead  comparu  y 
broad,  tapering  oil"  to  a  neat,  clean-cut  muzzle.  The  ears  are  thin  and 
soft  in  texture,  the  eves  bright,  and  <lo  not  exemplify  that  dreamy  look 
which  many  breeds  have.  They  should  be  encircled  by  a  ring  of  light 
coloring,  almost  approaching  an  orange  hue.  The  nose  should  be  white. 
The  horns  are  of  medium  length,  graceful,  and  s[)read  in  an  outw  ard  and 
upward  direction,  tapering  easily  off.  In  the  male  this  feature  is  sviarcely 
exemplified  to  the  extent  that  it  is  'n  the  female. 

The  outline  of  the  Devon  should  not  exhibit  any  very  marked  diver- 
gence from  the  shaiie  of  the  proverbial  parallelogram  which  should  be 
realized  in  fat  beasts.  The  neck  is  full  but  lengthy,  and  should  show  i\ 
good  we<ige-like  form  when  regarded  end  on.  The  chest  is  deep  ami 
prominent ;  wide,  fat  loins,  and  a  well-filled  rump,  where  plenty  of  beef 
may  be  piled  up,  constitute  one  of  its  best  points  as  a  butcher's  beast. 
The  legs  are  fine,  but  well  set  on.  The  boiu^  of  the  Devon  is  small,  but 
the  franie  is,  notwithstanding,  comparatively  speaking,  large.  Red  is 
the  color  of  the  Devon,  although  a  large  number  of  the  cattle  in  Devon- 
shire display  some  white  about  them.    The  skin  is  fine  and  mottled. 

Varieties  of  7><?rows.— Devon  cattle  may  be  grouped  under  three  vari- 
eties, the  North  Devons,  the  South  Hams,  and  the  Devon  proper,  as 
exemplified  in  the  accoin])anying  illustration.  The  North  Devons  arc 
the  smaller  and  finer  variety.  Their  coat  is  softer  and  more  curly,  and 
their  general  appeariince  more  nearly  warrauts  them  being  termed  "the 
little  Devons"  than  <loes  either  of  the  other  two  more  distinctive  vari 
eties.  The  South  Ilams  cattle— that  is  the  cattle  bred  upon  the  fine 
uplands  which  lie  between  Dorset  on  the  southeast,  the  sea  on  the  soiuli, 
and  Cornwall  on  the  southwest  of  Dartmoor,  which  forms  the  center 
highland  of  the  county— are  fine  beasts,  coarser  in  appearance  and  of 
bigger  bulk  than  the  North  Devons.  The  Devons  i)roper  may  be  said 
to  combine  the  most  notable  features  of  these  two  varieties.  They  are 
found  mostly  in  the  district  around  Taunton,  and  in  Somersetshire  aiul 
in  Dorset,  and  are  well  represented,  as  a  rule,  at  the  Sinithfleld  Club's 
show,  where  they  are  apparently  the  emliodinient  of  the  standard  of 
excellence  for  Devons.  Besides  these,  both  Exmoorand  Dartmoor,  the 
latter  i)articularly,  can  show  a  rougher  type,  smaller  in  size,  an<l  ratlier 
coarser  in  bone  and  flesh  than  can  the  other  less  exposed  parts  of  th."  ; 
country. 

Special  characteriHtics. — The  merits  of  the  Devon  are  n)any.  They  are 
as  i)rofitable  a  meat-producing  breed  as  any  we  have.  Given  so  nincb 
food,  the  percentage  of  beef  returtu'd  •.".:>..".  h'.rgw  a- ((an  h<' hIjowi!  !>y  ;u!y 
other  breed.  The  beef  is  of  prime  (piality,  the  ofital  proportionate,  anil 
the  bone  small.    As  fatteners  they  are  not  to  be  surpassed  in  their  own 


!  requirements  of  the 
■tain  end,  and  in  the 
^r  with  a  most  satis- 


ive  type,  but  several 
•robably  no  breed  in 
al  aspect  will,  when 
iatures,  exhibit  more 
3ugh  it  is  much  the 
^  do  not  possess  the 
"or  all  that,  thej'  are 
ires,  the  Kerries,  or 
Devoaa  is  t'  '  '  ■'• 
of  mien  whi.i  ■ 
head  comparu  ,  ^ 
lie  ears  are  thin  and 
fy  that  dreamy  look 
?d  by  a  rinpr  of  lipfht 
ose  should  be  white, 
d  in  an  outw  ard  and 
is  feature  is  sviarcely 

very  marked  diver- 
am  which  should  be 
,  and  should  show  a 
je  chest  is  deep  and 
nhere  i)lenty  of  beef 
IS  a  butcher's  beast. 
'  Devon  is  small,  but 
king,  large.    Red  is 
the  cattle  in  Devon- 
fine  and  mottled, 
ed  under  three  vari- 
e  Devon  proper,  as 
3  North  Devons  aro 
and  more  curly,  and 
a  being  termed  "the 
ore  distinctive  vari- 
bred  upon  the  fine 
the  sea  on  thesontii, 
ch  forms  the  center 
1  appearance  and  of 
I)roper  may  be  said 
^^arieties.     They  are 
[1  Soniersetsliire  and 
le  Sniithfleld  Club's 
of  the  standard  (if 
rand  Dartmoor,  tlie 
»r  in  size,  and  rather 
s  posed  j)arts  of  the 

ire  many.  They  are 
t^e.  Given  so  niucb 
iu\  \y.y  .".hnwf!  hy  ;{iiy 
1  proi»ortionute,  auil 
■passed  in  their  owa 


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THE    UNITED   KINGDOM.  j^g 

country,  and  will  ^o  from  atoro  tn  f..f  i 

m,d  a  little  artificial  foo.l.    S^eou frot  sL^-^l"^^  ^««^'  '>''«ture 

sivc  course  of  fattening.    AsdaJrvPnTr.  ®'^'-^^^P«"8ivenorexte^ 

ity  than  the  qinintitv  of  tlie'rnrodn^^.^'''?: ''*''*'  '"«^«  "«tert  for  tlurnua 
the  latter  is  sn.all.  isaS  S  "fit  "^''^T*^^""*^  '^«  supposed  th't 
ti.e  quantity  is  conu>an»ti^V  t  ^f ''^(^'^,^^''^.1  ''^tis^^otfro,^^^ 

Ayrshire  reeorus,  but  there  is  littJe'doS't^rw  "^  f^"*  ^^''''^v  and 
persistently  and  carefully  put  before  S  V  **^  '^A''"'^  ^^«^''^n  ret^ords  as 
l>I<u,e  in  the  ranks  of  our  dairy  breads      ^'"''''"'  ^^""^  ^"'"'l  take  a  hi^h 

The  illustration  represents  Mr  ^o^fi  •     , 
a  veryjjood  uleaof  tl  eDevcmin  iN^frn."'^;'^'"^  P'-etty  Pace,an.UMves 
what  it  «hould  be.    The  C    " ,  roi J? hf  ^"\  '^•^^  ^^^''^^  i«  "ot  quite 
tion  and  appear  too  parallel     B„7tiH  .   li  ""^  ''^*r;"f^J'tf„rward  a  ,1  ric 
ness  of  the  frame,  wilh,  at  the  f.!  thne  tSiTin"  'l""^"'  ^'^  *'"^  fl°e- 
tock,  is  also  evident.  "^'  '»«"iu'u,  heavy  build  of  but 

Mr  Pen,'  Of  Al,tar,  Lewdow,,,  North  Devon,  says  • 

I  Will  not  confiao  TTiv  remarks  tn  Mtr!,,*    i^     .  '    "■•To- 

nral  laws  und  principles  auri  i...„    i  '.""'*'  ""*^  Jcst  them  ntlw.i.  ,>.. 

co.Hliti.,ns  whiJJ,  niuTt  lie  b  ,?„.^hril.?:;"''*'  ^*'"""«*'  ^•■""'  "li'  vario  "  CT'  "»*- 
from  difteront  troatn>en(H  an  hi/,,  t  "  ^'''''T  '•"  •"■'"'»«'  tl.o  d..vclo,,afn'in.l  '>'•'"*'' 
rather  than  otherwise.  In  t  e  firs  n^  '  ?^"''/.'"'  ""'•'"^^  'I'lt «  <  r  <  to  n  I/'^'r "« 
nialB  are  needed  to  turn  o.  i  varioas  ou/i;,^  r'"'l'  ^'^'*'^  «'"«"  "><  w.  1  Ls  lar  .«  si ''l  "^ 
tion  of  the  best  supply  of  anim,U°  i.d    .j  h'"''*'*'  *"  t'"'  I'^'^t  account  foAhot.     T" 


.i..in(sof  n.eat  suitable  to  all  b  .1' "ff  "*  l"'K''«i/.'d  unin.aKor  ar  .-  '^  '^ 
,.crf,.ction  on  pastures  wl.ic  n^  "'o'  'v  feV /«''i''.  ■-•"."H  animali "  uh'o  fe^h't't'^ 
when  iodder  is  scarce  the  small  «..in,  .i  '    •".'""  "'""'■•"In  in  Nf„re  com  fn  ^       *7 

nhilc  the  larKC  auimals  wfl  s  irv  ,  '^  '';'"  '"•^'^  *'"■'''  *'<""i  i-'  'i  f  i  i. .  t  ,  "^  "'"' 
a  lew  weeks,  bo  fat.eue.l  o^l'  com  ^iS.rtW^lst  !•""  '^'"  '-"''^^Mh:;  ^^ r" a;,";:; 
animal  must,  have   ts  time      Tlinw>  •    .1       ,       "'^  bctoie  one'.s  eves   ivii^J  ' '" 

if  their  owners  can  k.-ep   hVn, .   u  V'  '^       '"*"  '■^'•'••-  f"  '•"  «ai  1  ,  f..;,'  '  'n''''  '"'•  ''■"'«" 
at  .n  early  a^e.  haveiCt^  '"""""«  ''■'""  ''-"'-  'Ley  .un^MLte^!*;;!-;;;;- 
My  conclusion  is  that  an  animal  wi,i„.    •      •    .  "».>  "^lylits 

is  a  lirst-chws  one,  whether  iMeo -,7  '  "  '■'*''''^  "  *•"•"'•  ''"'''ify.  m.d  constitnf 
those  who  have  them  to  i.|.,ce  ll  ,,  •  ^'  ?'' '""""  »'Z''-  and  it  the  •,  '  .  ^  ^'•^"*''''' 
''avo  often  (bund  .ny  sm,  Nft^^d"  nim!;i'"'''';  '*'"■'"'"-  »'-  ^.^^  ,  ' ,  ^^  ''T 
in  .0  have  an  animal  that  >vil  "  / "X  ^^.h:;:'''"  '""  "'"  •""'^»  '"•'"'■v  m  i  v  ,  i,, ' 
years  ago  Shorthorn  cattle  wer,  ,  ro  ,.  "  ''."  J^'''"^^'  """  value.  From/m'',, .''''!" 
spread  over  a  larwe  part  .,f  the  ?.o  mm  '    "","  ^'"•"^vall  by  a  Mr  IVt  r   ..    1  ,,^'-'' 

best  districts      The;^  also  /Vunid  the  r^.i'^ /'-"-' \-^  '-re  par/ii.n  aW"    /llij 
fhcy  have  iKid  ralh.'ran  (■:^tensive  l.nl      1    '"'' '/''vonshire  and  Somerseisb  ,;:   ,1 
h.'<l,t:inK  them  rather  closely  int      be     J   l'  *;', '■■'""•  '"'"•'Vcr.  f  he     ev.rs.'     I  ''■'"'' 
were  zealous  a.lvocates  for  t    em   1  .  "  r.m'''''"  '^l'"!^'"'  '1'"  '-"mitr  v,      .1    ,,     .'; T" 
Ileivfords  also  found  their  way  iu    i  (',,      '."n  '':""''">•  "r  wi,„Uy'.:i    "„  '/i    ;  /  ' '' 

£r;h;!n:;^:':.!.s;s-^^ 

in,  into  the  stron^lmlds  of  ,l,":^^^.'' ,;;::;|^''-  /n- North  Dev^^ 

n,  the  west  of  L  n.land.     Their  ilesl    is    Z    ,n     '.  I  '"^''V'""^'  'lie  ,n„sf  irem'r  ^  I  tee.I 

tmiied  breeds,  and  their  meat    is  1  ml.  "'"'  ,  '"" '''•^'  ""'•  '"ix<'<l  than  the  J.. .11  ' 

["'•  ='  '■'■"•  weeks/will  I  e  Vit        ',:'.;;';  'j'""''  l'"^'-'r."s,  and,  w  tl    •  'li        '    ,    '7  "  '" 
>..l:n- price  per  pound.     A.limals    f     ^^fc.l'V!  ''"«  '","'<'  -a^d' b  ,!'f  ^I  ^  ^^i';''^ 

'^nJ:';:rr:ri^-;'::.',-:,t:~ 

^  '-.er  per  day  may  •-ons.de!id';.XJ"a;[:;;;^i>-1^t;:;i  if^'V-'"' -'•  a  1;;;^ 

*'        »><-il-bied  annuals  are  often 


110 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


■ 


f.'l 


■IP 
■it  I 


i , 


kept  in  the  dairy,  though  tley  full  ns  uiilkors,  Himi>  y  o"  "ccmint  <•(  their  value  n* 
bree.1.  rs,  hut  thin  is  not  the  cnHo  witli  nionK'relH.  for  it  they  fa.  a«  niiHiors  they  areat 
ouce  fattened.  Ou  this  account  inougreiH  are  often  stated  to  be  bettor  lor  the  dairy 
than  hey  .ally  are.  The  Dcvo!.  breed  oc.upi.H,  ^v.th  but  lit  e  escei.tion  the  whole 
of  the  district  f.orth  of  the  forest  of  Dartmoor  t..  the  Ikistol  Channel,  inc ludinn  the 
"orpfit  of  Fxmoor  and  from  West  So.nerselshire  tlnon^th  Devonshir.<  and  Cornwall  it 
horns  the  p^  ^i   a        av.     I  consi.ler  the  fact  of  the  D..v«n  cattle  «««.„  taking  pes- 

Hossl....  of  \he  stlon.holds  of  the  ..ther  bree.ls  to  I" '^ ':';^"^.7  'jV;/  ,l\':,f  ./i3l'^^^^^^^ 
worthy  fact  us  to  merit  than  any  test  made  (asl  ha%e  betoie  binted)  on  a  sinalUci  o. 
Tl  o  Deyo.M  "ve  e  lirst  bred  on  the  Government  prison  farm  at  Dartmoor,  then  tho 
AyrsHns,  Ihei.  the  Polled  .Scots,  and  now  tho  Dovoim  have  again  taken  up  the  posi- 
tion they  at  first  held. 

Mr.  ilichard  Hitklo,  of  liradHtoue,  says: 

Mv  iinnln  lias  been  a  breeder  of  Devona  for  upwards  of  forty  years  and  I  still  retain 
thi^Ja  e  he  d.  1  a  eal ways  found  them  more,-oiitable  than  any  othcM- breed,  botli 
for  nd  k  and    mtitnde  to  fatten.     I  can  keep  three  Deyons  to  two  Shorthorns,  and  I 

ml    l^.y  wills  and  the  winter  and  our  wet  climate  far  better  than  any  cross  or  other 

c  b  vd  luimalH,  and  that  without  any  bous.n«  or  extra  c;are.     I  have  12..  bnlocks. 

1  i.  fly  iV.  y  Z  but  I  liud  t  he  best  bred  ones  are  preferable  to  l.e  kept,  as  tliey  ire  al  w.ays 

it  f.r  anyone   ,,  look  at.     During  the  suu.mer  inont^hs  I  ki'JZo  upwardsof  100 besid.H 

n'v  re-'ulars toek,  and  conseq.iently  I  sometimes  get  a  Shorthorn,  Hereford,  or  cross- 

br-ed  a'uimal,  but  I  invariably  iind  it  does  me  n<>  good 

h  V.  '  '.'r  tested  the  milking  properties  of  tho  Devoiis,  but  they  are  not  heavy 
n.ilkerVaH  a  rule,  although  tho  eream  isof  the  rieh.^st  quality  and  will  niako  more  but- 
"rth  in  hut  from  almost  any  other  breed.  We  never  make  cheeso  mourcounty  asit  m 
Ltorfor..le..se  making.  The  average  weight  of  my  cows  with  ordinary  leodiUf; 
would  be  about  7  ewt.  of  marketable  beef,  steers  being  about  the  same  at  J  years  of 
ag"  I  have  had  s.mie  of  the  latter  which  weighed  as  much  as  IJ  owt.  at  4  years  old. 
Biills  in  proijortion  weigh  iust  the  same.  ,  .i     x 

Tho  chief  .art  of  mv  <\inn  is  a  light  soil,  witTi  grey  freestone,  and  the  teruperatu.e 
is  ve"v  <"  langeable  lulth  in  suuMuer  and  ;_vn'U*r.  We  have  plenty  of  ram.  As  tho  d,s. 
trict  '    ■      ^     .....,„,. , 

fort 

purnoses,  but  in  tiie  neiguoonng  ri-mn.v  .,i  v>.,... -    -  — _  - „    -. 

used  Mv  uncle  had  oxTmi  in  constant  work  many  years  ago.  an.  they  were  cons.,], 
"red  better  workers  than  any  other  breed.  My  young  stock  as  a  rule  are  housed  about 
the  beginning  of  November,  but  if  depends  partly  on  the  mildness  of  the  season.  Store 
ones  have  au'opei.  shed  all  the  winter. 

Mr.  Surridge,  aiiotlier  breeder  of  tho  DevoiiH,  observes: 

In  sneakiu<'  of  the  Devons  it  must  he  remembered  that  there  are  the  Somers.-t  Do- 
vou  and  Nonh  D.^von  bre..,l.  I  have  been  breeding  pr.ne.pally  Sotnerset  Devo„s. 
I  have  never  kept  an  account  of  the  average  y  .eld  of  m.lk,  but  some  of  t  he  Devon  ...vvs 
.rive  Iron.  IG  to  18  .piarts  per  day  and  make  from  1  pound  to  1  i  pounds  of  butter  daily, 
and  others  give  not  more  than  half  that  <iuantity.  Ihe  live  weight  of  a  Somerset 
Devon  at  four  years  of  age  reaches  fro.u  IH  c  wt.  to  '22  e  wt..  and  luy  own  l.reil  bull  l{„bin 
at  4  years  old  'weighed  1  ton  .'Hi  iiouikIh,  and  the  dead  weight  was  cciusidered  m  scir,.. 
The  cows  weigh  from  12  cwt.  t<  17  ewt.,  live  weight ;  oxen,  from  1.'",  cwt.  to  20  cwt.; 
steers  under  two  years  old,  6  cwt.  to  10  cwt. ;  steer  under  three  years  .dd,  from  12  t„  i:, 
cwt.,  and  steer  under  four  years.  <ro.u  l!!  to  17  ewt. 

The  grasses  cultivated  are  Dutch,  Alsyke,  Tretoil,  Italian,  rye  and  clover.  I  my- 
self cut  some  for  bay  ;  others  cut  some  given  lor  feeding  in  summer.  If  th<i  auimaU 
are  iutemled  for  exhibiting  the  system  ol  housing  pursued  is  to  k-ep  them  in  ni  sn,,,. 
mer  aiul  winter,  giving  them  every  day  moiierate  .xvreise  and  feeding  thein  on  .lif. 
fereut  kinds  of  nieal-eake  root  and  green  food.  I  eomme.iee  handling  and  lead.ng  wh,;) 
my  beasts  are  about  three  months  old,  Itiit  som.'tii.i.'s  befor.-.  The  dead  weight  of,u,e 
of'inv  animals  (Norali  M)  was  lU  stone  .''.  pMuiids  or  .^7  se..n-  17  p.mn.ls,  and  her  live 
weight  14  cwt.  1  quarter.  The  temperature  on  my  farm  is  abcuit  00^  to  (w"  m  h,,,,,. 
mer  and  45°  to  b(P  in  winter,  ami  the  soil  in  my  iieigliborl.ood  is  chiefly  ray  and  sainl, 
some  of  which  is  very  good  and  some  very  iiif<Tior. 

(5)  The  IlEREr'oKD  Cattle. 

Chamctcriatics.—Tho  cliiof  points  to  be  looked  for  in  a  good  Hcrofonl 
are,  first,  that  the  color  should  b<^  a  (listinct  red,  not  too  dark  or  to.. 


luo  cnier  pari  oi  II  v  ■ail"  13  "  >'o'"^  """'  "•"■"  r,,  •■ —  ,  /  <•  •  a  \.i  ,. 
very  cdiaii-eable  bcltli  in  summer  and  winter.  \Ve  have  plenty  of  ram.  As  tho  .lis- 
ict  I  live  in  is  a  grazing  district  the  grasses,  used  nre  of  an  ordinary  character  just 
threo  years  ley .  The  Devons  in  my  immediate  neighborhood  are  not  used  lor  draught 
noses,  but  in  the  neigliboriug  county  of  Cornwall  I  have  heard  of  several  being  s„ 
"I       -J  ,     .     _i      "...  :..  „.,7,. ,*„.,»   .trorlr  iiiiiiiv  vi'iirs  ii>'o.  uudthev  were  corisi,  . 


light 

legs 


white  face,  niiino,  breast,  and  belly,  white  end  to  tail,  and  wLin- 
as  far  as  tho  knee  and  iiock,  sometimes  running  up  the  tiaiik. 


count  of  their  viiluo  n» 
lil  iiH  iiiilkoi'H  tlioy  arnat 
I  bo  bettor  lor  tho  duiry 
lie  oxcciition,  tlui  wliolo 
UhainiPi,  including  the 
Dimhii'it  iiiid  Cornwall  it 
attlo  ii|raiii  taking  pos- 
and  inncii  niuro  tniut- 
liintcd)  on  a  HniallHcalc. 
1  nt  Dartmoor,  then  tho 
gain  taken  n]>  thu  pusi- 


.'  j'liars  und  I  still  retuiu 
III  any  other  breed,  both 
>  two  ShorthornH,  and  I 
than  liny  cross  or  other 
e.  I  liavo  125  bullocks, 
kept,  aHthey  nnt  always 
)  upwardHof  KtObesiden 
oru,  Hereford,  or  cross- 

biit  they  are  not  heavy 
ud  will  niako  more  but- 
eso  in  ourconntj-,  as  it  i* 
I  with  ordinary  leodinj; 
thosaiiioutU  years  of 
»  13  cwt.  at  4  years  old. 

e,  and  the  teniitcratiire 
ityofrain.  As  the  (lis. 
ordinary  character  just 
are  not  used  fordraii;;lit 
^ard  of  several  boin;r  s,, 
,  and  they  wore  conniij- 
a  rule  are  housed  about 
less  of  the  season.    Hioio 

erves : 

ro  are  tho  Somerset  1)(>. 
pally  Somerset  Devons. 
loiuo  of  tho  Devon  cow^ 
pounds  of  butter  dnilv, 
0  \vei;;ht  of  a  Sonicisot 
luy  own  bred  bull  Kohiji 
ivas  considered  80  HCdrc. 
from  15  cwt.  to  tiO  cwt.; 
^  years  old,  from  12  to  l,i 


r.ve  and  clover.  J  uiv- 
iinmer.  If  the  aninuih 
o  k^'cp  them  in  in  sum. 
id  fi'edin^t  thein  on  dif. 
dlin;;and  leading,'  wlun 
The  dead  weifjht  of  (me 
17  imnnrls,  and  hep  live 

tout  lilP    to    (m"   in  HMIll- 

ibchiclly  r;iy  and  .sainl, 


in  a  pfood  Horofonl 
i(»t  too  (lark  or  too 
i\  to  tail,  and  wLifc 
iiiiiig  up  the  Hank. 


-W--  twitjiiwijjajj!!  jjtjgwijga^w^ 


li  f 


I'     i! 

!  (i 

1     I 


•U  «j 


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f       '   ' 

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^^^^^H 

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k^ 

(H  fi 

THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


Ill 


The  bull  should  have  a  "ood  mnspniir,^  i.„   i 
twoen  the  eyes,  whicli  lan.r  shS    "o Tut  ^;.  T*  *^"  ^^'^^'  '^^"^'^  ^e- 
inild  look  about  them,  denoting    octv«S  T  P™."""e°t,  but  with  a 
horn,  should  be  of  ino.lerate  ?e^nS  snrinrrln^^^?^''?'^^.^*"  ^^""P^^'"  ^^^ 
The  cow's  head  should  be  much  f  he  t mo  hnf  ^  straight  from  the  head, 
and  her  hon-s  turn  "pward  s  iLhtly    t^ev  .l/fV^ 
a  foxy  white,  althou^ri    occasiorillv  fhl  ol  ^"^"'^    ''^  '»  ^o"'  cases  of 
The  „o«e  sho'uld  be  a  pure  wii  e       flS.cZ;"'aL'r^,1^  r'""  ^^^^^k! 
a  good  rise  of  crest,  deep-sloniuo-  BhnuinJZ       n'^  ^'^^}  «^«"'*i  ^'ave 
•straight  back  and  belly  line,  wi  le  foin  ^ood  snrr"'^'''?^^^"^  ^"^^^'^t, 
broad  hips,  tail  well  set  on  and  fall  nl  in  nnlS  T"^'  "^«'  "^otl^rately 
bind  quarters  should  be  long  from  ?h^o    infc    ^T  I^"f  ^"«^«5  tli« 
a  veryimportant point, should  belameam'in,'^fVhn^-  ^'"^^''  ''^''''^  «re 
across  when  you  stand  behind,  an    shod    h   w'n  '''°^'\'^"^^^°*"  ^^'*^1«» 
The  whole  carcass  should  be  set  squaTon  JL  u    T?^'''^  ^"^  ^^"^  ''"^^s. 
apart,  and  be  covered  with  Arm  S^h  of  S  n  ^  'n'  l^^f  ^^^»!!*»ff  ^ell 
of  soft  but  not  too  fine  hair,  giving  the  iZ  r^i''^^'  ""/''^  ^  '"^"o^'  ^^^^^ 
that  it  will  stretch  to  any  extent     burhXr."^^^^   when  you  touch  it, 
difficult  to  explain  in  words,  and  it  can  o.lv  •-  '  ^  ""' ^    ''  """"^''"'^^y 

Wstory  of  the  Beref ord. -There  van  h^Jn  l\l  '  '^''"*-'^  ^'^  practice, 
tion  of  what  Hereford  cattle  a reT   hev  ?re   nn^  ''^TT  **"  *'^«  q"««- 
and  pure  breed  of  great  antiq.d  y  l^ii^r  STV"^*^^'^' '^ ''*'^tinct 
many  others,  rather  shrouded  in  mvsterv   b.'    '  .  \       '^' ''  ,"'*^^  ^'"^^  ^'^ 
that  there  has  been  a  breed  of  cattle  red  an  i       '■\.^"'"S'';ill.v  allowed 
and  markings,  for  at  least  two  Inn  "red  ^  irs    .     "'"•''  T'*^  ^^'^''^^  ^^^^e 
and  the  noighb.wing  counties.     When  m  sse     wiH?""/r''  "/  ^^''''^''''^^ 
potency  of  the  IbTeloid  blood  .'pure  f  ,  , ,  h  ,  ;  '\'^-^'  ?.^'''^'"  ^"-^'""^''^  the 
as  it  is  an  exception  for  any  calves   o^niV;    "  '^'r^""*"^^'  P''^>^'^'«^ 
Avith  white  face.    This  has"^  «-o,  ,'  true    "o„;   A  ^  r"  'f^ }}'''''  *''^  '•*''l 
>lch  cattle,  .^yrshire,  an<l  «hort  Irns     agai    7  TL  ""   l>''^''k 

put  to  a  llerelonl  cow  the  produce  usn>  IK  1v  .'  'V^''^»  'i'""'  bull  is 
and  cases  have  been  seen  when  the  pn  i  :.  .h  "','''*  •'"'"  '"  -"'<'»•' 
the  bh.ck  cattle  come  black,  but  n'  t  "  .  e  ,'J  H '^  '"'"  ^^■'^'' 
ford  marking  as  regards  (he  white  face  ',nd  leos  '^  ^''"'  '"'^'''''''f  'J'"''^'- 
^  lr//««Z(/t'  r/ualitic.s  of  the  //m/»/Y7.v.— Their '^iiilli,..,-  , 
|een  so  long  nrglecte.l  in  the  interest  o(  b  V- f  ,  '^   P"*J"'''t'^"^  I'=»ve 

*eep  milkers,  hut  give  very  rich  n.i  I  \n  M  .  ^'''^  ''^  "'^"''">  ""t 
|ilked  regularly  and  strippc-d  <p„te  .'lean.  N  do  rMthiT  """"','  ''*' 
foin  forming  good  milking  tribes  of  c-itl..lu  ^'''''^ '"''cb  <<> 

living  organs  as  far  as  possible.  W iu t  K,?.  ^'"'^*"'''»«"'S  the  milk- 
|oopen  liel.i  this  cannot  be  a  Uai,  e  Ulis  .n'"' ''"T"''  ^'^ '^"^^'^  '" 
fierefonis  not  giving  so  much  .ni  I  as  ih'  wo„  '.  '"T'^  '"'T''  ''''  ""^ 
«ta.H.-,s.     As  beef  nmkers  ilu-v  a,  •    n,  t    ',(  V  ""  !'':/'f''<'''  '•in'"".- 

market  (luotati.a.s  record  best  Sih.  ,.  I  n  ■  H* '''  "'''  '"="'^i'f,  as 
aunt,.!  together.  Thecal  esu.  „sndill/.Vr''  "'  ''•''"■-  "'^"''"v 
during  thesumnier,  and  th  sgivcs  the     /^^  "itl.their  dan.s 

J0>«t  sight  of  that  thev  shouhfbe  ke  t^^n^^^^^^^^^  .'     "^  '^  '"  ^"'^  <»<f<''» 

|i;p|..nre<l  during  the  winter'ami  Ibllot'g  ^;';;,:"^"'  ^^'--^  ^-^'-d 
1  J  lie  Uereford  fairs  have  long  been  not/wl       n      •      • 
■St  .•ullection  of  bullocks  in  Engl  n      rd  .re  .^h  !'"'r'!'f  ^?«''^''^^''  f'^' 


i.m;  rough  food,  an<l  ti 


'US  are  particularly  adapted 


•"^luciii,  and  tiirivo 


pted  for  <M»untr 


les 


112 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


where  it  is  impossible  to  take  special  care  of  the  cattle  through  bad  sea- 
sons and  winter  month?. 

Herefords,  excei)t  in  a  few  instances,  have  been  bre<l  entirely  for  beef. 
One  great  object  of  breeders  is  to  have  their  animals  as  wide  on  their 
chine  as  possible,  so  as  to  carry  good  full  crops  when  fat,  and  no  cow 
will  milk  deeply  unless  it  is  made  like  a  wedge— the  lighter  neck  and 
forepart  the  better.  If  attention  were  paid  to  the  Hereford  as  it  has 
been  to  the  Shortli-  .  u,  they  could  be  trained  to  milk  well  and  deeply, 
and  the  richness  of  the  milk  is  not  gainsaid  ;  but  whether  they  would 
excel  the  Shorthorns  or  become  equal  to  the  best  of  them  it  is  difficult 
to  say,  nor  do  I  think  it  worth  while  for  breeders  to  try ;  at  all  events 
so  thinks  another  Hereford  man.  They  stand  tirst  and  foremost  as  a 
beef-producing  race,  and  perhaps  it  is  as  well  they  should  for  the  pres- 
ent take  their  stand  on  that,  but  if  any  breeders  fancy  taking  up  the 
milk  line,  thev  will  probably  in  a  great  measure  succeed. 

Herefords  for  crossing.— A  celebrated  breeder  of  Herefords  in  England 
recentlv  addressed  the  following  queries  to  a  gentleman  who  had  tried 
the  cross  of  a  Hereford  bull  on  Shorthorn  dairy  cows  for  several  years: 

1  Of  calves  Kot  by  a  SLortlioni  bull  or  by  a  Hereford  ball,  which  fatten  the  quickest 
au(i  which  are  the  most  valuable  if  sold  fat  to  butcher  ?  2.  Of  hoifers  got  by  a  Short- 
horn or  Hereford  bull,  which  do  jou  consider  the  best  for  milk,  having  regard  bolL 
to  quantity  and  qnalitv,  and  in  quality  both  as  irgards  cheese  and  butter?  :|.  As 
to  tiic  produce  generally  got  by  a  Shorthorn  or  Hereford  bull,  do  you  find  auy  ditter- 
ence  as  to  their  gain  of  flesh  or  ability  to  thrive  both  at  grass  and  in  yards:  and,  if 
so  state  fully  your  views  thereon  ?  4.  Do  jou  find  any  ditierence  of  size  in  the  prod- 
uce •  and  if  so  which  are  the  largest  animals— the  Shorthorns  or  those  the  result  of 
the  cross  with  tin-  Hereford  bulls  ?  5.  Do  you  think  there  is  any  difie/euce  as  to  hard- 
ness or  as  to  liabilitv  to  disease  between  tlie  Shorthorns  and  the  animals  resultinj,' 
from  the  cross  with  tlie  Hereford  bull ;  and,  if  so.  to  which  do  you  give  the  prefer- 
ence f  (i.  Does  the  ollspriiig  of  the  cross  with  a  Hereford  bull  geuerally  follow  tbi- 
marking  of  the  sire  or  of  the  Shorthorn  dam  ? 

The  following  were  the  replies  received: 

1.  I  consider  those  got  by  a  Hereford  bull.  2.  Heifers  got  by  a  Hereford  bull  aiv, 
I  consider  cfiual  ft)  the  pure-bied  Shorthorn  for  the  production  of  milk,  both  as  le- 
.'ards  (iiianlii  V  and  .pKilily.  ;5.  Mv  experience  tells  me  that  produce  got  by  a  Here- 
ford bull  out  of  a  Shoithoni  cow  feeds  <|uicker  both  on  grass  and  when  put  np  to  feed. 
•1  Produce  oittaiiied  bv  the  cross,  as  mentioned  in  No.  ;}  (viz,  by  a  Hereford  bull),  i> 
tiio  lurger  of  the  two.  "  5.  Undoubtedly  the  produce  obtained  by  using  the  Hereford 
bull  is  the  hardier  and  lias  mv  preference,  (i,  I  find  that  the  offspring  obtained  by 
the  cross  wirli  the  Hereford  bull  follows  the  sire  in  color  in  five  cases  out  of  sevfii. 

The  writer  adds  as  follows: 

Having  some  three  years  ago  bought  some  Hereford  cattle  from  you,  I  think  you 
might  like  to  know  that  thev  have  done  remarkably  well,  though  I  find  it  takes  a 
long  time  to  make  a  name  as  a  U<reford  breeder.  At  the  same  time  that  I  bouglu  tL. 
Herefords  from  you  I  purchased  ten  Yorkshire  dairy  cows— Shorthorns— from  Mr, 
Gothorp,  near  liedale,  in  Yorkshire,  and  after  these  cows  had  calved  I  determined  i,i 
try  a  cross  of  the  two  breeds,  which  I  did  by  using  the  Hereford  bull  I  bought  frniii 
vo'u  on  the  Shorthorn  cows.  The  result  was  beyond  my  expectation.  I  reared  tlie 
calves  on  skim-milk,  &c. ;  they  had  a  little  cake  till  they  were  six  uionths  old,  wkii 
thev  took  their  mck.  At  eighteen  months  old  I  gave  them  4  pounds  each  per  day 
when  grazing  (this  would  be  in  September).  On  the  12th  October  I  put  them  up  t" 
feed,  giving  them  8  pounds  of  cotton-cake  and  linseed-cake  mixed,  and  (i  pounds  <.i 
meal  with  inilp  each  per  day.  The  week  before  Christmas  I  sold  two  of  them,  iivci- 
.■iging  £21  10».  each,  and  also  some  Short  horn  bullocks  (which  I  had  also  liouglit  froi 
Mi.  Gotlior]i).  These  latter  were  three  months  older,  and  only  realized  £l'J  l.'Jd.  pi 
head,  though  similarly  fed.  In  the  seconil  week  of  .Janu.iry  I  sold  some  more  of  the 
iioss-bied  bullocks  (they  were  then  twenfy-three  months  old),  and  th<'y  avcruj;«l 
£24  58.  fi'/.  per  head,  and  the  remaining  Shorthorn  l)ullo(ks  averaged  £22  17n.  per 
head,  being,  as  the  others,  three  months  older.  I  certainlv  am  of  opinion  that  tiit 
bullock  obtained  by  this  (loss  is  better  than  the  pure-bred  Slmrthom  for  the  (|iii(k 
production  of  beef.'  I  have  also  some  lieifers  of  this  cross  about  to  calve,  and  tht'V 
carry  iih-iity  of  tiesh,  .'Hid  -iromisc  to  maki-  cqiiaHy  art  gwnl  niiik*=rs  .hh  tht-sr  dumy.  I 
consider  the  result  of  the  cross  satisfactory,  especially  on  this  poor,  cold  clay  noil,  tlic 
grass  of  which  (as  you  know)  will  not  feed  a  mouse. 


roiii 


I  ^i 


tie  through  bad  sea- 
red entirelj'  for  beef, 
als  as  wide  on  their 
leu  fat,  aud  no  cow 
ae  lighter  neck  and 
Hereford  as  it  has 
ilk  well  aud  deeplj', 
vhether  they  would 
f  them  it  is  difficult 

0  try  ;  at  all  events 
t  and  foremost  as  a 
should  for  the  pres- 
fancy  taking  up  the 
jceed. 

erefords  in  England 
Mnan  who  had  tried 
i'S  for  several  years : 

hich  fatten  the  quickest 
f  lioifers  got  by  a  Short- 
ilk,  bavitig  regard  bolL 
esc  and  butter  ?  '.).  As 
,  do  you  find  any  dift'er- 
(8  aud  in  yards;  aud,  if 
I'uce  of  size  in  tno  prod- 
iis  or  those  the  result  of 
iiy  diti'e.euce  as  to  hard- 

1  the  animals  resultiiij,' 
ilo  you  give  the  prefer- 
nil  generally  follow  tbi- 


by  n  Hereford  bull  an, 
;iou  of  milk,  both  as  iv- 
produce  got  by  a  Here- 
lid  when  put  up  to  feed. 
,  by  a  Hereford  bull),  i^ 
1  by  using  the  Hereford 
e  ofl'spring  obtained  by 
ve  cases  out  of  seven. 


from  you,  I  think  you 
hough  I  tind  it  takes  a 

0  time  that  I  bouglii  tLi 
—Shorthorns — from  Mr. 

1  calved  I  determined  td 
ford  bull  I  l)ought  from 
)eetation.  I  reared  tlie 
re  six  months  old,  whtn 

4  pounds  each  per  day 
tober  I  put  tliem  up  tn 
mixed,  aud  0  pounds  ol 
sold  two  of  tliem,  hvci- 

I  had  also  liougiu  from 
ly  realized  £19  lOx.  per 
I  sold  some  nu)re  of  the 
Id),  and  tlx'y  avenijii-f! 
I  averaged  £"2V  17n.  per 
am  of  opinion  that  the 
Sliortliorn  fur  ilie  i|iii(lv 
bout  to  calve,  and  tlii'v 

iiinf^fn  itn  thrir  diUiiH.     ; 

I  poor,  cold  day  !)oil,tlji 


THE    ITNiTKI,    raNODOM. 


.  "0 


or    iif.  ■    •       '""^  wriou.s  loss. 
TI-SI,onlu.n,l,asn..,,u,,ifv„„,,.,,i„ 


'■^"<l  ti..||ii„,r  l.„(S!",'.,"r'  '",''"'-^f.v  wer. 


out  of  a, six  ||,|„. 

•^fo  till:  .■111,       •  ' 


""«  "''-lord  bnllH  ,„  riu.  Hin;      '"  T'"^''  > '  ^'"'"u  IN     ru  "  """''"'''  '•""". 
^^   i^.  ->l-~~S       ' -■  '-^  -"•  '- u.at;.  'InlC'^KlSS. 


^SfP 


IMMMWiililliliilimiltlBiTi 


SbSBH 


i  . 


i 


-'  K 


"■} 


Mi 


'     f 


114 


CATTLE  AND  DAIKY  FARMING. 


A]L;iiin,  tiiiotlKT  fainu'r,  wlio  used  (.o  iiiiiki^  €0  oiich  of  JiIh  }i;rtulo  Bliortliorn  luMforn, 
makes  ,Cl(i  each  oil'  his  gnido  Hert! fords  ut  llu^  Haine  a>!;o.  T\w  i'iUii  tliiU these  men  aro 
IK)  breeding  enthusiasts,  l)ut  )iiiielu!al  American  l)eef-i)r(>ducin}j;  fiiriners,  goes  ii  lon;^ 
way  to  show  tlie  turn  things  are  taking  in  that  country. 

Weight  and  mine  of  Hereford  eatlle. — At  the  last  Sinitlilield  show, 
Hereford  steers  in  the  ehiss  uiith'r  two  weifilied,  lirst  ])rize,  13'J  cwt., 
twenty-two  iiioiitlis;  second  ])rize,  1  i  ewt.,  twenty-three  and  one-half 
months;  and  third  i)rize  neaily  as  hi^h.  The  weijjhts  were  tolerably 
even  in  all  the  classes.  In  steers  under  three,  first  prize  was  17  <!wt,, 
at  two  years  seven  and  one  half  months  ;  second  prize,  10.^  cwt.,  at  two 
years  ei^ht  months.  In  the  class  nnder  four,  lirst  prize  weighed  17,' 
cwt.,  at  three  years  eight  mont  lis;  second  prize,  1  >S  cwt.,  at  three  years 
four  montlis.  In  heifers,  lirst  j)riz(nveighed  14=f  cwt.,  at  three  and  one- 
lialf  years;  second  prize  weighed  17  <nvt.,  at  three  years  two  months. 
The  winning  cow  was  20;|  cwt.,  at  eleven  an<l  one-third  years. 

No  particulars  of  value  can  be  obtained  as  to  the  performances  of  i)iire 
llerelordsin  milk,  butter,  or  cheese.  It  is  not  used  for  draft  of  any  kind, 
and  it  is  chiefly  bred  in  the  west  of  England,  Herefordshire,  and  Wor- 
cester:-ihire,  although  many  siujcessfid  breeders  are  scattered  througli. 
out  the  country  upon  all  soils.  IlenM'ords  are  driven  to  all  the  great 
midland  fairs  for  farmers,  who  i»urcha.se  them  largely  for  fatten iiijr, 
The  chief  grasses  grown  are  clovers,  vetches,  and  the  best  perennials, 
That  the  llerefords  will  do  well  on  heavy  as  well  as  light  land  is  now 
admitted.  We  can  point  to  cases  within  our  own  knowledge  wlioif 
at  the  Christmas  markets  Herefords  brought  in  to  fatten  have  beaten 
everything  else  in  realizing  top  prizes,  although  in  a  county  wlmic 
they  are  comparatively  little  known. 

Milldng  q}talUm  of  the  llerefords. — The  milking  (pialities  of  the  Hen' 
fords  have  no  dot-  >t  been  seriously  neglected  in  lln^  past,  and  are  simi 
larly  treated  by  breeders  generally  at  present;  but  there  is  no  leason  Im  | 
doubting  that  as  milkers  the  <'.\is,ing  herds  shew  a  very  (lonsidcijililc 
improvement.  As  a  rule  the  Hereford  cows,  when  contrasted  with  i'.\. 
treniely  large  bulls  and  oxen,  are  somewhat  small,  but  is,  of  ('oiirse,  in  ik, 
way  small  as  we  apply  this  term  to  Iverries,  Ayrsliires,  or(  'haiiiuil  Islands  j 
(tattle.  Till'  cause  of  the  undeveloj)nient  of  good  milking  (pialities  inall 
Jlereford  herds  is  not  far  to  seek.  The  soil  of  the  locality  which  sa« 
the  bree<l  originate  is  admittedly  not  suited  to  dairy  cattle,  consc  H 
(piently  there  is  not  that  attention  given  to  the  improveiiu'iit  of  tlic 
herds  as  milkers  as  would  be  tin;  (tase  were  they  in  a  distiict  iR-tttrl 
suited  to  further  theii'  dairy  jnojierties.  In  its  original  habitat  tlic 
custom  which  ]»re^ajls  is  to  regard  tln^  .steers  as  the  soiinu'  of  peciniiaivl 
profit,  and  win  reas  in  most  other  jiarts  it  is  the  general  luacticc  lii 
give  the  females  tin;  preference  in  rearing,  it  is  much  more  usual  liir| 
both  mah^  and  female  Jlereford  'halves  to  be  similarly  treated,  the  pici  | 
erence  beiiig  given  to  the  males.  This  practice  largely  ((blainiii:; 
obviously  calculated  to  juove  detrimental  to  milking  properties.  TIki 
outcome  of  all  this  is  that,  as  a  rule,  the  Hereford  is  wanting  in  d  lin  | 
(|iialilications.  15ut,()n  the  other  hand,  the  exception  does  iiotsln  li^^iiicn 
the  rule,  e\(ii  if  it  proves  it,  for  where  pure  bred  Jlereford  stocli  is  lit|i!i 
purposely  for  daiiy  recjuiremeiits,  where  the  good  milkers  are  ke|»t,aiii| 
the  bad  and  •ndiflereiit  are  weeded  out,  it  is  so.iii  very  obvious  totlnl 
most  prejueiiced  that  high  milking  <]iialities  are  resident  in  the  Ileieldnl 

((i)  Sf.><SK\  Catti.e. 
Mr.  I'orsfer,  of  Oihani,  Kent,  a  well-known  breecler,  says: 

The  .'^iis>ie\,  ;is  a  rule,  are   vctv  |hhii'  milkers,  giviiiLT  scarcely,  if  tnci',  Kiifliciiiit ; 
reur  their  iiwu  calves,  and  are  wttinc  l)utler-iuakei,s.     I'heir  weiglil,  ot  course,  (li|ii[i| 


NG. 


H  f^rado  Bliortliorn  liiMforH, 
Tlui  liict  tliiUtlu'Hc  iiuMi  art) 
liuniij^  I'arinerH,  goes  a  lon;^ 

liiNt  Sinitlilield  show, 
1,  lirst  ])rize,  13:J  cwt., 
ity-three  and  one-half 
.'cij^fbts  were  tolonibly 
irst  prize  was  17  <!\vt,, 

I  piize,  lO.t  cwt.,  at  two 
irst  prize  weighed  17,' 
Sjl  cwt.,  at  three  years 
Dwt.,  at  three  and  one- 
ee  years  two  months, 
ii-third  years, 

ti  perforinanees  of  ])iire 
!d  lor  draft  of  any  kind, 
irefordsliire,  and  Wor- 
ire  scattered  tlirou<,'||. 
riven  to  all  the  {?reiu 
largely  for  fatten iiij;, 
d  the  best  perennials, 

II  as  light  land  is  now 
iwn  knowledge  wlieie 

to  fatten  Inive  beaten 
ii  in  a  county  wlmic 

(|nalities  of  the  line 
he  past,  and  are  simi 
t  there  is  no  ivason  im  j 
•,v  a  very  (lonsidciiililc 
■n  contrasted  with  i'.\. 

bnt  is,  of  (•oiir.se,iii  ii(> 
res,  orChaiiiiel  Islands  j 
milking  (pialities  iiml 
he  locality  which  .saw] 
»   dairy  cattle,  consc 
'  improvement  of  tlic 
y  ill  a  distiict    iR'ttcrl 
i  original  habitat  tlic 
le  .sounu'  of  penniiaiyl 
e  general  luaclicc  lii 

much  more  ii.suaj  Iiir| 
aiiy  treated,  the  put 
V  largely  (tbtaiiiiii;; : 
king  propeilifs.    TIk| 
d  is  wanting  in  dain  | 
(III  (l<»es  iiotslrcii^iliicii 

lereford  stocli  is  lit'|i!| 

milkers  are  ke|»t,iiiii| 
II  v<'ry  obvious  to  tlni 
iideiit  in  the  ilereldrd. 


•ech'r,  says : 

■I'l'ly,  il'  tnc'i',  Kiifliciint; 
wfi^;lil,  of  cdiirsr,  ilili'Ml 


T^ 


rtilW.-IMiii 


^^^T^^gB 


II  ^ 


1 

i- 

i    - 

1 

i  t  J- 

1 
'ilk 

■ 

t! 


Kfi'idiiiu  f,,(| 
rider  (I 


Tf"-:  imriiv  k,n(, 


J)OM. 


Ill 


II  nil 


''<;N.VN(.-iiiorc..,.(|i, 
"■  .VI'IIIM,  sit 


■;■<■  or  /•|>| 


'I'Ih'SO   \Vc| 


•■'••■xliilii(r(|  I 


ISl    \,.„|. 


':rr'''"!'y'^' "<•'"■.!( 


•  nvcil 
('<l 


AS 


'"^«<'Nlmif,„-|,iNtCI 


IN  •■md  (iilt.w,,.,! 


liild'licr.      1(,  i 
iind  t 


III  t 


'I"    llsiijil 


'"■•'xliilili 


IS  a 


"•I  III.,  !„.( (,',,.  ,, 


•iimuihI  <■ 


>'!(, 


'''^•'11  iiioiid 


115 


l»i(iMl, 
'I"  sfoii,.. 


;,^-'^V  vv.,n|,i  ,„,,,,;( 


iisji  ml,.  Hi 


IIIIK' 


'"■•'""'<'"■<"  lil.rrail 


,";"'^""■"^'^..^ 


«''.INN  (li 


Wi( 


lilM 


'i'ilO  Ml 

' ''^^ird  lo  tliV.  I 


l«'';l>all   .VCIIIIjrHt 


I"  ''.irlicr  III 


loiii !»(»  to  ||o 


-  "''^•'ix  Kill,.d  Mn.i 


•V"'""ilit(l.,i 


•'.V  tnn  I 


N((»ll( 


'11 


'  «(<»IU). 

'•••    (llll!(, 


,';';'r;i'"'."-''.v-.yM, 


IIH( 


'  V;  liiyfi  lii.s  ran,,  | 


".•."^i"^'<ir  files 


III)    loidl;,/ 


...I.  ■.•  ""     ""      I 

•'^  "rllr,,,,,,  |,i,.,, 

"-"     "'ld,.,;i,.|<,,,, 


"   iiiiulo  lo 


"".V  '■'■•inin. 


Wiiiiiily  lidiiscd.      I 


mild 


ll'^Xl'X,  1)1 


■<:d-cal 

'    jMlr/IONl 


■'■ii'li  Mio 


iDiisii,^,  „.ai„,j 


f^oiii  iron 


II  wcaijji 


iiiixliii 


o/'oil 


itrcat  Nccrct. 
Iiv  .sclccliii 


■'■'■»'v<)  and  c 


"f«'  Cor  (•<■,.,) 


''^i;t"'"''.'-"t^M;:ii 


'•'  IIIIlNl    ll 


"\CI    ',s.\ol 


Ki;idcd   l»v  (ll 


".'''">  ""<l  .'i  ( 


'  -I'ldilioii  (o  wl 


ii'iisl.s 


'''•'•"iiiiiioda- 


'•''''!' •^^"-;:n  ;::-::"'-..■.- ..h-::;;;d 


'••"  I  liav.,  vi-l 


>iild   III,  I, 


llii,  M'licfion  ol' 


^■'^^-''iMW'livr  in  i;;;n,!r''':!  •!'■''••''-.  and 


"■KoikI  I, nil  ,1 


cMirliilaiil  lora  |„.r/-,.j., 


i^iii  aiivd 


."/.'■"•■''■^•"■(liooti; 


Ml 


''••^'<S  allot  |,«,.  I 


lin 


Till'  Sussex  cjiKJi 


•"•'  '"lored  and 


iin.''cls( 


<'<)iiMli(ii(,.,i 


""!    I  do  not, 


I'ossilil 
'■•     I  tliini 


.''''■"'I  '<•  al.ov, 
lis 
'•••uiitcraci,  II 


IS  (<.l,r..|.,|i„„.   ,, 


"•liiiial. 


I'Diisid 


IV  iiioio  d 


i'|.l, 

'i  11 

i.s  a 

ii'iii 


«'!• 


any  I 


''l'«'iids  on 


"K't;  too 


ll,  iiialio  il  i,|,  ,,|,j,., 


tliilii.     'I'lie   loll 
wliii'li  well,  n|n) 


"^,^  '"lo,  are  l,a,i  ...i,, 


J'»  sjiys; 


"Win: 


are  III 


■■^'■idoni  K, 
*'  iiieasni 


liiil 


.Sussex  liciC,.,.^  ,j 


>vi.  .ll   I    I  •     .isiiie 

""."/.slinotonandlool 


'■|»  (lieni  /; 
■'''"'■"(sand 


.,;;;];'""  "/-iMiiak 


iv  |iri/es: 


'■i^'lK 


nit  i 


s  ol' 


>riii 


«"<'i.irli(  1 


lsse\    lieiler,  1 


"■;■"  .vrars  old,  r, ;,,.,, ^ 


.'1  linv  ()) 


!iiid  iC  u,.||_ 
;«,"l'<-.llve.s  uiil 


'"■is(iiia.s  I 


":^^'»-,  I  <i";'r( 


iiK'lii  s  In-  I  ( 


I 

"as  Is 


I 

iSllNSI' 
I 


'lV(MVejj.|,t   i,  ,^     ^ 
X  Nicer,  I 


>■•'•■"•  II    iiioiillis,  7  / 


'"■'•' I'iiK'lie.s  _..-,; 


scon 


.Vf 


11 


■'i|iiai!ers. 


<-e|.  7 


<"«'Im'.s    l.y  .1  ,•,,,.,  ^ 


WVl! 


.\l    III, 

hvi'li;l|iil 
lliisl)il ),' 


"^"^-<^l>ti2ryy,li 


'T:.':.""^;  7   '""t    lincl, 


iiiid 


les_ 


.■|lio\e    si 
M,[cut.; 

'  sleer,  t\\ 


liow. 


■I'liirlei-rt 


l.y  -I 


>^'  scon 


KMlMlll    pn/e,    |\V|)    y, 


lie  SI 
"  .v<;ii 


'"   I'cccinhe,.   1 


'"■"•I    I  iii.di 


I'ond 


■s   ele\ei 


l"l/e,  t 


fci'.ir- 


■111 


I  find  ilin 


till,   I 

Weill  \-|' 


ll! 


■s<-<>r(, 


'''•'^''  I'lizc*  Nteor,  t 


•■"id  il  half 


Weill  \ 


mill  l!iice.,|narlers  ino'nti 
li|ii:iil,'riiioiiili,  „,.;,!, ,, I  J, 


"'>.v<'ar.s  seven  and  a  Ir  .         V"'"'''''  '"<  "HI 

I  oile-mi,,.) . '^  "■"'    liloiil   !>.     II  ' 


I'K'lltlls,   |;;,| 


"III'   iiionll 


iii<i|iiarl 


'''■'iHillllls 


lll^t  |in,'e  cow     I 


ive  yea 


'■\vt .;  il„ 


I." 
<\v|. 


w;is  /,' 


/"lis,  l|,.„t.     'I'j 


js,  Weio;|,e,|    |;, 


t'  W  I . 


'I'l 


':••"■■<  ••i.:,'li I,  inoiiii 


"•■'.■•"Hlplize,  (I 


"f.;  (I 


;•'   li.lsl  Jiiize  St 


'    '.'"' f"'f"lid  |.ri/.e,  ll 
I'lIZO    Ilcifer,    tl 


Ice  \ 


'i'<'<'.Vt'ais(, 


irci,  yc;,,^ 


•'"I. ;  I  III 

'■••I-,  lliiei 
''•■•Is  iiiiii 


ink  ul„,l,....,,l. "'f'W'-       ille.SMvv,.v    I."         I    '"^W.  ;   111,,  s,.,.,.„, I    ,...'' 


lllill 


lii'i'ly  wliiile-coliin 


l;iri;('iy 
l.v,  llies 


.IaCiI    II 


|)"ll    1 


■"I'l  i.'iMicilii,',! 


llssi-x  I 


,  It    is  111 


»'*''il.  ulidi  thev 


^■"'■■■;illv  liii 

"''•-ist"iii(o  ,v,;,q,7, 


I"  'Sussex   I 
^■i'lj;  ll  inei; 


''/''^f  is  a,  verv  ); 

,      '  ""  ""'l<';:;s  tiiai, 

'/^^"Miiei.,,:.,!  '•'"" 


11"  ni'cond   PI 


"W  t. 


I"'i/c, 


"lie- 


le 


'I'l 


|"'«'-('iainc,l  r,,i  I 


IC   l)( 


Miiiii  ll 


jilliit  til 


i-i'd  n 


I'l'  years,     i 


"  ll  1^  llinsl  ilillienlf.  to  I 


;'".';';■■'">•  I'lit  ni.t 

'I'-.v  are  r 
■'ill  II 


"w.r  s|. 
steers  Iro 


''•'■•^I'nCerihi,  I 


Villi. 


Alll 


Ni.v  ami 

"■•■ist,  Cll- 


'"  -'Hid    Iced  !„,( 


lair  III 


'"'11  until   t 


11  Willi 


:iii! 


"  Cifti 
■'iiid 


11    till 


111    II 


i"ii«li  it 
ll"  Ion.' , 


;■';>«';. IS  old  nntil   ,1 


\M> 


"llii'll  (llevd 


I''    '"•■'.i'llilvof 


ii'V  an 


II'  |ii>lllts  nC  (ll,.    s 


II  III''  1 1 


oxen 


nil  Iv 


MMII  (if  Wlllel 


llieil 


ussex  an 


"■I"  l>a,-|<  I, 


III 


'IS  I, 


'" '"  '""^'"' ■■uid 


l"W.> 


.'1  III 


•■t  <|iiarler  vi 
I"  KcjK 


"r.ipi.lly.    ■'|.„„, 


III 


•s'lv  slal 


l»rodii 


Clllt 


ll 


SIX  or 

llciC'ls 


I'll'  liisi 


''■an  I 


■><•  rati 


"iifleruani 
"''■  |»i"iiiiii,.ni 


'■"iidirion,  to,-  if  , 


|lr  liii^Iril 


.»;;.T.;;.;^i';i;:'i''"''i::':r'"i'^:;;;:!;:  ;:!■:'■:■-.! 


wid 


<•  aero 


i  «illi(.iit  any  ((roiect 


''■"^'iltlii,  j.latcl 


•sirai^rlit   1 


iiic-l 


"'II  .'It.  I  he  .si 


c  nil 

'IK 


•■'  IS  rail 


^'>'i-  not  iivi'i 


I  -'i  Mliall  dewl 

"■'•"ulcand  thin  I 


■ss   Ih 
til 


111). 


I\V  1 1 


I"' si Iili'i'-lilade 

;i:i'  uiile;    hoilv 


iMiii  the  (irst  lii 


iiinl 
M'ly  I 


""'"■  r.ithcr  ( 


'•ip"iiit  ;   (he  I 


nnie.  (I 


K'l  w. 


Wl 


"■•'list,  is  w 


"■  sides  strai;;h( 


■^;^"|;.S:;:l:'::';■:^'■■■;=:^:;.::;r,S;::';■ 


■ll  '!"■  Iiiiiil  end 


••  ari'  We 

.'tUlCll, 


'■;icli  sill 


,'"""1.   Will, 

'.'"'.""•  Iiii.  ll, 


'SS  Whiel 


lyill.' 


■'^I'''"l«lhisu'j|| 


III  .'1.  I 


.iiid  I 
tlh 


.■"111  \Mili'  a 
''!'■  iinii;i  and  w  hal 
lilt.  i'.iiImhk  riilliie.. 


.V"i^'  nearly  as  | 


'  '^'i.ii:,'Ii( 
'"';   '"i'li  Hal 
!';;■'  ^vith   ihcei 


••''  '.-^  JC'ii'iallvNi 


l<  slrai-hi.  I„ 


"111    lle;i| 


'■'I  When  tl 

.V  ii.ir 


11! 


'■'i";i'.illy  I,,'  (1 


WMill.t,'.  iioVll 


(l     ,IS   III 


III  I'lri'lini.r,  ( 


'■;A.'''iii'ialh   I 
"Iiiiid. 


";;''"':>'"' ii.il  si 


ll''  'all'  is  scld 


''^""wii  as  th,.  ( 


K'  C.lsi 

'line 


mill 


"::-::■■ /.".^;;i;;.id::n 

.V-'SWidcatlheC,„, 
1"-*'^  I'.'ir.lllel-if 


line 


and  al 


I'  '""iisl.n.ad,  will 


lie    111)11 


I'  should  111,  h 


;i  wii 


list  n.inh  ;   tl 


P'-Mi'tly  !„.( 


^^•''•11  the  I 


•  ilid 


' ''r ■''■'' 'i^'v.  i; ;:•;;:''' ''I'-ved total. 


"■"•"■•^i'i''<'itii,.  ii,,..i 


'I' 


Iv.  ■   I 


"■"tllrr  t  Wl 

ll  is  l,.(t  / 


,'•'11  ill 


'"•'ll    ("Sllcli    ( 


^«'  all  t 


III  .'iddii 


""I  »"  thi 


wo  of  ) 


'"•  iiiiih  ..r  II 


"•  lc.it 


s  ■■III,- 


le  cow      w 


""  II  IS   ,'11   lor   if   i,. "  '""  I"  till.   .1    „,.     11     .' ...   I  III, 

'^'-'''''■''.lM.l;nh..' n::''' '.''•-«''•  A,;:  r;;;i:!T^ 


"I'll  is 


las 


'■-;  s  iiiiiii  Is  I 


d 
I'll  (al 
I '■•'■'"■'' ii'iiil  ihecalf 
■'"■'"''I  '^I'lnicdoiK. 


Ihi! 


••'I  and  tl 


IS  Iflkeii   ( 


Is    W, 


IIICl 


I''  '■■iir.iii 


'"III  li'r  lor  ll 


"l'"ii  tir 


I    IS  (h 


O'.VllI     (■ 

I'  ("d  II 


I'astiin',  w|„.„  , 


•'  '''iii'iini 

i'"ll   cut    ,r, 


!"'  "lillvinaiil  I 

111. 'Ill  or   KliHI;!,! 
"W.'d    to 

P'lrlioi,  ,,(' 


"  !■<  iisii.iliv  a  I 
"'  '"ulil. 


Il 


II'  111,'al  1, 


IIS    Is    (||, 


in.  r,  I 


M\, 


';-;  IS  i;icrcasc(l 


If> 


i  11 


I 


IKJ 


CATTIiK    ANI>    1>A1UY    I'AKMINO. 


nil 


lil  tlio  lolliiw 


ill;!'  wiiili'i',  vv 


linn  il  liiKt'H  ilH  \<\m:>-  iinimi 


ml  is  a 


lowed  to  liro\\s(>  nini 


II  I 


uilo\vaiM:i> 


ol'  rootn,  iiK' 


il,  anil  <ako  ckIi  tiay 


Ii(^  various  iinxliuilH  ( 


irotliiT  yoiiiliii,,'*  ill  Mm  yard 
ifllin  lariii,  KoMin^;-  a  ciTlaiii 


In  SiiHHisx  llie  oxen  iini  tifniia 


11 V  \V( 


kcd  witii  a  doiihli'  y 


.k(>  until  tllt^v  attain  llair 


I'nil  -jirowtii,  at  (i  y<'ai 


Ah  tlio  ox  in  a  hIow  mo 


viT,  It  iH  iiijiino 


IIK  to  liiivo  liiiii  loo 


I'a.st,  anil  llii>*  i« 
tifati'i 


tlio  caHo  Willi  Mid  Misscx 


Wli.'ii  lir.st,  yoUi'd.HtciTH.s 


lioiild  lio  kindly 


land  worked  an  hour  or  i  wo  ..iilv 


ly  in 


the  (hiy  wit 


ji  Mieiidy  older  lieaHt,  that  they 


niav  he  gradually  l.ioken  into  the  wo 
Hi  lentil' und  hei-hl,  ollierwise  thow 

perhaiiM,  lax  liin  Hlreii';!  ■  ' ' 


•k.     Those  work  III 


toirelher  Hhoilld  ho  o^eiii 


nil 


ver  aiiiiu 


1  will  do  more  than  liiMHliiire,  iind, 


h  loo  far.     Tlu'wi 


ik.'rheaHliiiayhaveaiiadvant;i;;e;4iv(<n 


r  Hindi  in  reiiiiiied.  hy  k 


hllv  altcriii;,'  ih.Mliain  of  tlieyoK 


In  hot.  weather  Siih 


•x  rattle  mils 


t  not  he  driven 


'looharddrlheeoiiHlilntion  \v 


ill   he  ulVeeleil. 


oldHVMUTlllll 


'rii.i  i"ollowiiij,'  IS  all 
H  steers  into  work  eae 
V.\>'h{.  (d'thehest  steer  (alves 


Sussex  for  wi 


)ikiii'j;  eat  lie  in  siieeessioi 


'I'o  hriii 


h  vear,  it  IS  neei 


ssarv  to  sav 


hi  calves 


10  males  and  11  lemale: 


II 


le  reniainili:. 


may 


;)e    till 


1  he  hroiiuli 
II, .,1  olV  to   raiteli. 


l',  into  wmk  when  three  yiMis  old,  and 


euiral  three  years  o 


id,  when  the  hieedi 


I-  should  se 


liis<lairy,  and  the  o 


I  her -J  ho  solder  tuiiiei 


lives. 


tiv  llii-*  meaiKf  a  lean 


r  oj  workiuu'  oxen  amiiu 


111. 


Thus, 


Ihri 


V cars  oil 


I,  8  lour  ye;irs  ol.l 


I'he  r.  heifers  may  ''aeh  i>rodiiei 

(,  I  of  his  hesi,  heifers  to  pill,  llilu 

vheii  they  hiivi'  reared  then 

lairy  of 'ill  eowsniay  he  kepi 

Id.     As  these  arrive  insiic- 


1  olflo  I'altiii   w 


,  M  live  veaiHO 


wssioii  a  I  SIX  years  < 


d  f*  will  he  nine 


farm  ;  wlu  n 


Mlhri 


veai-t 


dd  Hi  eels  \V1 


otVthe  team,  I 
he  hid 


itlier  for  sah'  or 


:i;i/,ili;^  on  till 


t  into  t  lie  I  earn  tosiiinily  their  plae. 


Kxjierimenls  havi 


leeii  mai 


h-  I. 


test  tlieadvanta,i,'es  (I 


f  vokes  or  ci 


liars,  and  it  li. 


heeii  prelly  eoiielusivi 


le  I  rial  helweeii  I 


111 

enee  ill  an  acie, 
jiraelisi'd  in  sonii 
uovided.     One  ;; 


ly  sh 

tists  \  o 


ihul  the  Sussex 


voke  is  I  he  hest  sy.-leni  kno 


Ued  and  \  in  collars  then 


le  hut  three  miiiutc.s'  i 


lilii 


hich  was  will  ploii 


1  iiil  honrsaiul  m  miniiti 


s  ill  .Sussex,  when  a  l  '  nij;' 


eiillemaii 


liis  working 


oxen 


lailv,  wiIh:!^'allollsol  hai 


•]ie;insai 


III  hraii  iiiixi'i 


Sliill-feediii 

(lid  fodih'r-rael; 

>  hir.hels  of  eh.'ill'ed  oats  hi  i 

i. 


r,  waier-lrou 


H  used  iusleai 


II 

lo  I'ase, 


I  oftlu"  he;ilis  or 


nan,  and  when  i 


lotaloi'-^ 


Sonu 
lire  fiiven,  w 


times  harle>'  or  iiollaiil 


hiih 


is  soniei  nil 


tl 

ureal  woi 


il  iiorl  ion  I 


I'  I  hi'  corn  IS 


knocked  oir.      Hay  is  sel. loin 


i\en  e\ee|(l   the  1 


lea:- 


aiii 


I  I 


icii  ouiv  a 


iihiiil.      Ill  f.illeiiiii' 


these  heasis  Ihlf  ;fciil  leiiiaii 


(he  Haiiiet|iiaiitily  o 


f  chatVandjilsl  doiihle  lleii 


iiantil  V  o 


I'  the  other  looi 


1h.   ■  His  hl■:l^l^ 


are  l\>\  twice  a  day   am 
laiaely  fell  on  oat-straw,  w 
corn  at  all. 


1   (he  (half  is  s 


teamed.     The  cows  111 


111 


winter  I  line  are  al: 


ilh  hraii  ami  po 


tatoes,  hill    111  HUliimcr  dairy  cowH  yet  m, 


(7)   JKKSKY  CATTLK 


The  followiiij;  :ii«' 


tlio  i»t»iiits  (>r  .Itu.si'y 


attl«'  a.s  «'.stal>lislit'(l  Ity  tlu' 


.h'lst'v  A,uri(niitiii';il  Socift 


'I'ltc  vow  und  puril!/  cj 


t'Vt'  lull  am 


/„.;,</— On  l»'dli  jiaiviits'  si(l(^  I('|.iiI(mI  lor  pn,. 

luMil  .small,  liiir,  ami  tapcriiii.': 

kv  <;olor;  iiuizzit'  (iii"  ;iimI  en 


low  hiiltf!— lomi»t>iiit.- 


1  iivciv;  fiujc  Ifiiii  and  of  a  siiio 


iivlcd  Willi  white:  horns  | 


Ii.slM'd,a  littl(Mnim|.h'd,  lipped  with  him 


(■;irs  siiia 


UaiK 


lot'aiioraii.iieeolof  WI 


lliin  ;l)aekstiai,udit  iVoiii  the  willii 


h)  the  sell  III 


n  nfliie  tail ;  ehe.st  deep,  and  neat  v  oil 


I  line  with  the  1icll_\ 


t„,if  points;  hide  thin,  jnov 
looud  color. two  points 


■iihle,  lini  not   too  Ioom',  well  eoveivd  u  i 


haiio 


li;ivint;bnt  little  space 

below  the  hoeU— fonv  pomls; 


l»iirrel-hool>ed  and  deep  well  liltlnd  lioim 
iK-'eiV tVie  nl)s;tnd  liii>s;  lad  tine,  haiiKin-  L'  iiieln 


loie  le^;s  slrai;.;ht   and   line;  lhi,.,disl 


;iiii 


I  lon,i 


ei 


lose   to.LTether  when   viewet 


till'  hones  raUieiiint 


lioe 


filial 


no 


T  JVoin  hehiiid;   hind   le,L;s  slior 
Ikin 


111 


hler  Inll,  well  up  heliiiid  ;  I   al.s  lar;,'t 


apar 
ticiie 


ith  vein.s  lar,ue 


t  to  cross  in  walking-, — two  pnini 
iind  e»|iially  l)laced,  In  iiiu  wi 
th 


iiid  swelling;— torn-  points;  ;.nnw  n,  one  pni 


ml  appearaiK-e  two  iiomts;  pel 


rcctioii  lor  cows  and  heilers,  iliiii 


one  points. 

77/c /'»//.— The  pom 


ts  desirable  in  the  leinalc  an-.^ent 


laliv 


iile,  hilt   iniist,   ot   eoiifse 


b,.  attended  by   thai    inascidiii. 


.■^O   Willi  111' 

'  clLiiacli-; 


which  is  iii.scpaiable  IVoiii  a  stroii 
certain  tlejrree  of  eoiir.seiicss 


ami  vio;oroiis  (H)iistitiilioii 


.\cli 


is  admissi 


ble,  hnl    then  it  ninst  bo  so  i\ 


■flv  ol  a  inasei 


iliiic  deseiiptioii  as  ne\» 


to  be  dis(U»vei'<(l  in  tii 


his  ovt.     in  .■ontradistinetion  lo  the  cow,  the  h, 


rciiiaUs  of 

bull  iu:i,N  he  .shoitei,  the  lion 


ad 


Lai  hone  broader,  and  the  oceipilal  lliit 


(arm,  «•>>'''"'«  "  <•'■•< 'li" 

>«■  iiiifil  tlioy  attiiiii  lluii' 
iuiKiiiK  ti)  (irivo  liiiii  l<"> 
,  HtlllH  .sliiiiild  lni  kiiiill.v 
lyoldt'V  liciiHt,  tlial  llify 
•  '{hvv  Hlimild  l>o  (if'ciiiiiil 
oit'  11>aii  liiN  HliiUf,  aiitl, 
■oiiii:iilvautaj;i'niv(Mi  il, 

0.  Ill  hilt  woatlur  Siih 
11   lie  tincc.dnl. 

■  ill  hiicii'ssiiiii  ;  To  briir 
111  iiialfH  ami  l>  liinali^ 
luMi  tlinn^  yi^ar.-t  <>l«l,  iiinl 
IS  may  I'acli  |iiim1ihi'  ,i 
IS  licMt,  hcilors  ti>  put,  iulu 
M  tlicy  liiivi'  ri'antl  tin  ii 
y  ol'-jo  fiiwMiiay  Udkriii 

1.  ANtlicMt-ariivii  iiiMiic- 
,\ir  sail'  or  ^la/.iiiK  <"'  'lit' 
am  to  supply  tlii'ir  places. 


ki'n  or  CO 


liars,  ami  it  !i 


licsl  Hy.-li'Ui  Uiiowu 
liul  llin'o  mliiutcH'  ( 


lilit 


l!tllUt( 


SlalMViMliii 


^li.  ami  lotlihT-nifU  aiv 
•Is  o("  cliall'fil  oats  h(i:iu 
U'tiimsl)ail('>  or  poll;iii| 


I  vrii,  \s 


liicli 


issomi'l  nil 


;i  wil  cM-rlM   111''  I 


KM:- 


astH  till.-  ;;(  llllfUiaii  v,avi 

(•  ollii'i-  IooiIh.    ■  Ills  lM■a^l^ 

llir  wiiitir  I  iiiu'  are  :iIm, 

iiiiiiifr  dairy  cows  j;(  I  nu 


its  cstiiblisluMl  hv  Ihi 

si(l»i  H'lmtctl  i'uf  |ii(i 
ill,  lliir,  ami  lapcriiii.' 
f,  iiiiizzh'  (ill"  iiiul  cii 
'd,  (ii»iM'(l  witli  hiack 
itrlit  from  tilt'  wiiiiii- 
aliiu'witli  llic  1icil\  ~\ 
,  well  tMArfi'd  u  itli.Sdl 
lfi'|)  well  rililx'l  lio 


line 


liaiijjiiii 


iiii'lit 


ami   liiu' ;  tlii,:,'lis  In 


IIIKl 

\\a 


liiitl 


Ikii 


l.vi 


)!af('(l 


;.s  sjioii 
-two  IKiilih; 


iM'lll''    Willi 


IDU  I  11,  one 


jMllll, 


\vs 


ami  licilfrs,  ihin 


(■  <^v\n 


raliv 


St)  Willi 


1    iiiasciilim'   clLiiaclr: 

(H>iistitiitii)ii.     Km'Ii 

iIm'Ii  it  iinist  III'  M(  i\| 

»  1)1'  discovered  in  tin! 


eow  .  I  III-    Il 
I  l!u.'  oeeiiu 


i-A'l    oi 

tal  Hal 


« 


-I-  4 

;  9 


■si*' 


mA 


Trri.;   irNrn.; 


sdnii-rcr,  (||j,(,  i(  „ 


'>    KHVfl(M»M. 


.-"■'"■„.  i,  mil  ,    I   ,1,,,..  .■,,„,„•  ,,^  , 


'V'^yH     flH^I), 


"•'li'y;'".lcoior,|„.,i.|;t.-jJ 

"'  "i".s<'.\,  pru\i(|,.,|  j,  ' 

-iillcl  iUKl   tlin)iifc<'4« 
the  iK'c' 


ifUi'v  i.s  til).  I 


'«<S  !H()vi(|(.(i  it 


'•/'"I,  and  this  ],itu 


117 

T  niiiy 


<'•'.)•••  W  (,,  |,„  ,| 


<»<».S(MH'.S.S(>rf,| 


•";;  ii|)wiu«l  fonii,  it 


'■^  not  «'.\f(.|i(|(.,i  I 


'<'mt'<I()t|„.iti 


'<^N|.:iii,iff,i<,|„.,, 


'."i.";;m!.:;;;v' :;;:•'.';■■■"!•■""■. i;-i 


P',""iirH.i ,  i,„Vl 


"•'I  ii  fojitun 


IMIWCf,  iiiid  coiiMliditi 


'"<!  iiiusciil:,,, /or  if 


'I'll 


;:::':::«:;'!::' ''••:';'''-'''''hmmvi.,:/ 


,,,,  fill.  .      •■'    ""     "     !!■ 


*'ilV('H  tin, 

'.    "l>P<'r  j»()rfi(Mi  of 


'■^""iiKliciilioMoC 


(Icvcid 


\H'il 


x^Nfroii-  (|„.  1 


Ntl 


■<'l'J,'tll, 


•.-.,..11.1  ,  ,!(>  ^^  lo  ,.  |iiir>i,.,.i...         i f^'  ""'  "<>i 


S;^'''*  "'"'  '"'/'-'>"«>«'..<  ^/Z'jerse. 


'<»IK'.S  of  M,„ 
oroii;r|||v 


<•  wnMori^nniiliy  (| 


Our  liidi'd  of  (<(i,|fl 
lomiM.I  |.IIl(,  ,i,„|  will,  ulVi'.'i 
H.isNivnr.'il  ridiii   (Ih,  ,„,^j,, 
im'iidiMiM  iirii|i(iiiii)  wlmn  it,  •••, 


\>"<--Mi'..Uuuuhau  Hn.ifl 


I,  J 


t'rN((y, 


•  it  was 


'"  '^••I'lH'  iw  MiHt  ,,»•  jv, 


""."'■■'''il.'m.lal.oMMI 


onco  pliysicaii 


i>ri 


","","'>'•  "'■  Wl.i(,J,  J 


H'  N.ltlliv  tiliK 


y  .■..nm.r(<.,|.  •  Tra.li( 


!(:ivi'  I  III'  .N 
'<l 


ihii't 


"i^'(;()i„l^v 


ciiiiirriinl.  an-  in  cvriy 


I'vi'nlliiii','  liiil.  ||||.  I 


Ml 


«a,v 


(I'OMsililv  l>v  (I 

•^•■lll».    (ill|(l,H  of  I 


(THI'V 

'"II  Na.VH  i'r 


I'licmli'iiiK,  lirr  i/uv 


'•'"I";  Ikt  (.1(1- 


lut.st,  iiifiriMl 


*'".'■•■'«"(■  Iliis  .1 


lial. 


"!«•       Tl 


'.■^"•"I'li.m,  s„  far  .,,^  j 


;•'  v<'iy  Ha ■  (,,•... 

wton,   K,.|if  ji,,,! 
V'i'<"  li.td  l„.,„ 


!i;iH  I'm'  ci'iidiricH  I 

Ii.ivi'  I"  CM  (lio  Cat,)  ,,f  ."j 
'iiii|iii'r  lici',  and  lias 


■■'*. 'I'Kl  «'V..|1  h,.,.  I 


l"'W..,/„|  nrijriil,.,,.    I 


"'  I'l.iinlaiid  ..f  N 


II. 

I'iscy  IN 


"'■'■M  a  |in)viii,.,MiCI 

'W.     As  if 


"i^iiaL'i 


I'aiicc. 
in,  slh>  I, 


an 


Kill  r<.i(Ii.'s( 


'  I  III'  ani'i>>i.«   I ..      '   '"   ' 


!.-..;  v..  ^.vswl.;:r/;::;:'E:^!S/,'''^'''•"' 


:iM    NIII-: 


'•MS  I'll  11 


iipoCsilvn 


".'■'"■"I'ly  ii.is  i„s(, 


II. T 

K  HILTS 


'"'.'•K'Mt    ll.MI,,.  „f  „|„.  I, 


li<Taiici,.||(  ,1,1 


l"'"''<l  all  a(( 


••^'/'i.  Hiicli  niiisl, 


'  I,.  "   ,'i. 111. ■../„.  .1..   ...."" 'I  "i<M'()riiiii...i.. 1.     . ''-.'•^""  .If  fli(i(  ,.,,,, ,,,,^,    ... 


Til 


.::';:;lr;.•'•^'^"v-"^v.■iun, ; 


luill'ilicnitiirv,  i'„n,j||  ,,,'^, , 


'i'|ii»'i()iH|.al<«.  I 


''in|>(s  III 


ly  "III'  ,Jci 


'miisi'li'. 


"ii<|iics|,  anil 


.III  III'  ( 


'-day. 


i/or 


siiiio  la  ws  and  lai 


'■'O'y  liiis  1 1 


';i.-rii-'i^"'<d"<>iir  f 


"2.  ':•;"'  ^^'^"•".  ''-I'  u 


-M  vi'aPM  aijo.     And 


'^'II'IJ,''-,   tll.l    H 


ii<'.sani(.rniiii,s„fs,.|( 


lllllois,  (linii.rl 


I  cull 


iliiiiiit  ('(iMvcrted  if,  i„t 


N^will,  I,,.,.,.,,,,,,.      ,',','• 


'i^iiK'  niaiin.Ts,  cust 


^'"viiiiiiinii,  tl 


.     ''''ii'y  II,  ii,  (1, 

''V''';•'•"'«"'|-«.Vll;.;^; 


'"f*;ini<'  land 


'K'  SJIv 


I  MINI'  niliscrv 


It.'liiit. 


,1. 


■  '>ii<;.i  II,  into  Olio  irr,..,f  r.....  ,■■>'■ 

'^^ivo  spirit  i,a,,;;,,7";/rJ^^ 


"">"•  ••iMd   lial.iis  fl 


(I'liiii 


■^'•y  lias  fhii 


•'•tiM.ir..(fii,.,i 


'''"^fi-aks,.,,..,n,(i„,rj 


liU    sli,.    I,.,, I 


li,',Mlls(iiir(,  and(!.\(;,.l|,'.„f,  I 

till  liriTliiiiaic.  <'(nnilj 
tic  III  III'  i>iit|ias(iircd 


''^ '■'•.i'lycd  I'lirrci 


III  l<( 


'"'  Ni'a  fill-  it 


«  .I.Tscy  (V,,„|  ,1, 


■'■|'in«  the 


■s  ritiK  I'i'iK 


'"nil's  (|„.v.rri 


'•<'<-<l<>f  rattl.-,  t 


'"'■I'd  iiiin.fr 


.'I  ml  llio 


'l'l'i"Nt  iMiiditioiis  ( 


::S';,!!^->™.--;-r:i;t';;,S:;:i;;'''-:;M';t 


"III  liny   flMTi^ri, 


'Hvornlil 


'ihllOSf,  HViTy  ,|., 


II  <•() 


tidit 


y  in    (Ik 


nil!  Ill, I 
yi'.ir  audi, 


'I'l'diir 


niii.. 


ill,' xoniianiiy-'i.;:;^:,  '';:;;'-;- ''-.•! ..,.„,,„, 

:T!:-iK.y.'i..',.nst..adi,;;*;;,!;i'^,,i;:;:<,;-^^ 


"  iidvanta 


;•''.  "Iii.l.|...,iiiitsi 

Ivl'l'ps    lli.p    (I. 'Id 


'I'^'iihaMla.'i.s 


!^ll'lltlV 


'"■'•'I   '."f  (llaf,  Sill.rl,,  ,,| 


[iinW'liiiii  liy  siiiijily  f,,|| 


perse 

jfCl 


Til 


'•(■at- 
.  I'l'i'i'iiiuallv 


■.iri.i'iii 


!"^v-in^'(i„t  II 


I'l'iii'^'lv  d 
'!'"'""•  ■''•iN.nlia;i 


i","""-*  '"f  it.'.  Iiiiit 


""ii,i;iiials(,,,.|i 


'■^''ll'pl'd  liy  „„,., 


■niiii'is.  who  I 


''I'  Miialiii, 


-!7^/^-^..•s  n;:;;:^  ;;;'':?,:;'-!''•;' --^'i.tn-.M 


■yii'ld  ot"  liiitfrr.       liiil 
"I' ''.i-* '.'.till  availed  an vti 


o  II 

li'SS  III 


.'/"''■'I  l'i"il!;lil    to  it 


I   l>llll   liel 


llii'  \:\<t  iiiaiiiiil 
Rr'Mliitriiiiiiiili 


y  of  oiir  i... 


Inn.. 


'■-'  I'li'Milsatisl 


"leseei„,,r  J.j^  ,, 


ia\e  per- 
pl't'si'iil, 
'h'  ill- 


l''!""^vai(  tliem,,,,!,.,  ,„| 


""I  lineder..  and  i|' 


""•  ''  ll.'.'^  Im'Mi  tl 

,       Miiv   noo;!i''V''''''''''''"^'^''^'i'''l 

'-"'lywoMidiHe^n;;;:"'.:!''-;'':' ''i.iie,,,,, 


;iiioi\,  ,, 


lost) 


' '^  !"'''•'' ''''■-•'•;^-.,;;d,C;";-:';-;niie,, 


I'f  A 


"~";l'';l  still  jr„v,.,'„ 


■Im'S  to  set  I 


llllll'i' 


""••■''■•■'.  'Hid  donlifl 


■ll^MM  till' 


ll  >lir 


it  lie 


coal— w  I 


lIpJl  Hew  Ml;,, 


mil  I 


l.-ird- 


l.'lsalisollltelv 


-.solid 


:i  pi'ciiliarity  of  the  I 


irs  soiii,,  |. 

'■"'"'•:  tiiai'i>,  li,,:',,; 


CSS    Hfill 


"ATli.-^lllT lel'sl 


'■■>'">  ^'liatcvcr,  l.;id  ,„■■  ,r„„d 


reed 


'"•    l'"l|||,|;l| 


aliseiK 


''••»\"  taken  ii|io, 


it  is 


nor  ,1  s 


';".';";illlM.tllieodd 


'('  whir 


III'"  mark 


'.■ii'l"(i'iireiro,'tH  haslntl 


>\>'<i\>i>  .1  Mill,!  a 


!-'""'■  piiritvol 


'■niT-ies  of  all  our 


lli.li'-l  III'  liiilter 


I'll  the  c||i,.f 


lirei'd 


cows. 


i'J,'|'nt  in  ill 


I'JS     ill     , 


'"■11"  Im'Cii     liiii, 


""•y  lead 


race.  II 


dirc.'ii, 


•Hid    it 


in^'  liowhei 


li'sl  cap  . 
"I'  "f  .•iiiy  oti 


l"i  '\"Mi'(liaii  we  found  it' 


Let 


III  for  so  1,1 


H  t 


'l"l 


IIS  conceiitrati 


ler 
III' sin- 


us  h 


|;.>i,|,..  Ill,,  .stead 


'iir.siiii   ,,f  o,,, 


rri"^"':^'^ -"'•'■SJ-r-i;:;liV!;::r 

'•'•'.ildreiiattliri 


.'ind  d 


own    the  1 


on 
lias 


I'd  t 


How  is- 


^'iMmoCsiivstothaf.  end    tl 

r-||.lll|.|'i||.r  tl 


lere  aiv  t 


i.jci'l    f„r 


'fisf, 


Uo  ofl 


/.'.', 


riiiiimlllr  hi  .1 


;;.';:^""''e''"'^'l,ecal 


'"  I'l.iny  M;.'M,.rat 


ler  1) 


III  >  ll 


"I'll  coiiiiniicd  f 


"•'*;,'/.     ■riiisd,,,,!,,! 


^■'''^  li.v  hand 


ciiliariti, 


.'""s  ••iiiiltlio,.,m.fi,| 
"■'i^'i'inciil  ill. ler 


'f  Ilia 


or  I 


** ''ii'iioniv.     o 


'"'"''<  "ii.:,'inate,| 


"■'ii.i;  to  1 1 


•"'''■'"I'^'.iiillv  dividc.l  ',1  1 1,  ,  ..       .. 

■'!y;;'''|<ivmeV,i.|fj;;;l:!:j.l:;':;:;':'>'''-."ncr 


'-<   .1    ni'itt 


'11'  sni,.,|| 


"I'of    III 


.■^1/1'  of  .1 


ill..  Inr  I 


IIIII.HI-ll 


;i'!i  (a 


nil  ll. 


for 


■'"""r^iil"  l.y  .side,  onen   all'ii.tl 


usi-a-.!  C 


'"""1,^  his  (hiiii 


''■'"'■<xilv.  and 
''i'-*''y  farms. 


I'.Hclli'S  of  wl 


ti  .-fi  po>,..,ii 


•■^.'tnic /ield.     II 


"'•'ll,  turn 


.'lilt  I 


I'll',  and  (I 


CMC,,    11 


'P^.  Aiiass,  cald 


c  n.'cessai 


!|.. 
ie.s 


I"    III 


I'Nsify  ol   <.o„!i 


••'11,'cs,  tVe 


lllll:< 


^4 


118 


CATTLK    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


iM 


tlio.c'ow  iiisomo  way  to  Icroi'  lirrfrDiiut.imiuriiiij,- (lie  iindlniciit— lil«>  rn.ps.  TIio  Bcl- 
.'iiin.s  wIk.sc  riiriiism-oftlic  mhik'  small  ;ill.)tinciil  ty\n',  Iimvc  met  tlio  .siiiiKMlillioiilty 
riiiKliir.'ivMt  wiiv;  lli.'V  kc.-i>  tli.Mr  cows  .shut  up.  und  oiutv  them  all  IIkmi- iojld.-i- 
TIk^  Jorscv  in.'tliod  is  more  iiatiiial  iiiwl  wIk.I.soiih-,  1<'S8  liilmrious,  iiii.l  liiis  pioiliKcd 
h.'tt.T  ivslilts.  It.  lias  oiifTinatcd  a-  ucw  type,  tiio  ln'st  l.ntt.-rcowm  tho  world, iiiiwpi,, 
also  in  j'.Mitlcness  and  hcaiity.     Tlir  advantatifs  wc  claim  tor  lotliormf,'  lire: 

(^0  En.uomvof  f.md.— SoMU'  j^ood  .jud-vs  liavo  put  tins  as  liif,'li  as  5(1  per  cent",  llicy 
assert  that  thiV.'.  tethered  eows  mav  l>e  K.'pl  when^  otherwise  twocmildonly  be  kept. 
I'.ut  no  one  in  J.-rsi'v  is  willin-  to  put  it  lower  than  one-third ;  where  tlirec  only  eouM 
lind  pasture  loose,  one  mav  increase  his  stoelc  oue-third  am  keep  ionr  eows  i(  he  ti^lli- 
ers  them.     The  orass  is  eaten  up  clean,  line  and  eoiir.se  ahke;  uon.<  is  h'ft  iind   none 

'"''(/ir'nie  feed  is  rciilar  and  e(|ual.  Tiie  cow  is  not  pampered  ono  day  and  starved 
the  next:   its  app.dFto  is  not  spoilcil,  nm-  its  .lii^cslioii  dcran^'cd. 

(c)  It  -ives  pcllect  command  ofthe  food  snj.ply.  A  cow  can  havo  much  or  litf  C, 
alon^r  t(:7her  or  a  short  one;  it  can  he  contincd  to  a  poor  corner  or  lavored  with  the 
fat  oFtlio  lau.l.  as  luay  he  necessary  or  di'siiahle. 

(<l)  It  saves  fences  and  e<'ouomi/,es  food  that  wonhl  otherwise  1)0  wasted,  trom  tl,., 
impossil.ilitv  of  h'ttin^' in  a  loose  cow  to  .lii-a/e  it.  ,         ■,  ■  .       , 

(c)  The  cow  is  more  n'eiitlo.  (Is  kee|.er  is  its  <iond  .;cmus,  on  w  lom  it  is  eonslanlly 
.Icpendent  for  all  it  wants.     Its  .hicility  (and  allection  even)  lollows  as  a  matter  of 

'"("o'il  isdonhllcss  tothclethcithal  onr  .lersey  cows  are  indehle.i  lor  their  ex. luiMJi,. 

liueiiess  <,f  linih,  their  airv  lirace.  and  -er.eral  .-l<-ance  of  pn.portums  and  app.-araiic,.. 

(„)  More  1. litter  isohtained.     Nothinu;  is  .-o  d.'.striict  i  v..  to  animal  tat,  wlie  her,,,, 

thetle'shorin  the  udder,  as lioiiaiidexerci.se.     This  is  so  well  known  as  to  he  p,„ 

verhial  vet  how  ofieu  is  it  overlooked.  Thi^ same  (arm.'r  who  tats  Ins  liiillocks  .|ui,  1 1;. 
in  a.Hta"li  will  -ive  his  cows  the  run  of  a  lar-;e  pasture,  as  il  t  hoy  were  in  Inimiii- i,„ 

"'  V/wn'/)'/  c»//Y«  h,f  luniil  hi  Jir.vii.—'Shu-h  inip.utauce  is  altaidicd  to  this  pia.cii,,.  i,, 
Jcrsi'v  'Tliecalf'isnev.'r.-illowedtosiiekat  ail.  :iiid  has,  thcrelore,  n.^ver  tol>e  we.i,,.,!. 
The  reiircr  has  perfect  command  ,)f  the  calfs  food  and  can  vary  it  as  needed  l.i|„ 
tethcrin•^  it  increases  the  auiiuars  docilily  and  its  aitachineut  to  its  ailendaiit,  „;, 
whom  itlias  to  depciul  from  the  very  lirsl.  The  etlect  on  the  cow  i.s  e.iua My  ;;„,„|. 
Haviii"n."versuckl,dlier,'alf,  .-^he  do.'s  not  fret  when  it  is  taken  from  her.  .Moivii,, 
i.ortauT  still,  liavinu-  never  \ielde,l  her  milk  in  any  way  hut  to  the  ;;cntie  persiia.M,,,, 
of  the  milkniaiirs  hand,  she  is  not  tempted  to  withhold  it. 

iMilk  rs:  butter  yicht.—^h:  Walker  .say.s  : 

While  cows  .'ivin'M'xceplioiiallv  lar^je  (|  mint  it  ies  of  milk  will  sometimes  maki- 1,11V, 
Imtter  tests,  as  a  rule  the  two  thiiiusdo  n<d  ;;o  together:  (hey  are  imoiisislcnt  win, 
each  oilier  "  Hivcdiiii;  lor  i|uaut ity  of  milk  is  sun-  to  depivciate  thi>  quality  .•uid  i,.. 
diicethe  liiitter  yield?  It  istheopiiiion  of  many  of  the  most  skillnl  hre.'ders  of  ,1,., 
Hcy  and  tho.-<e<d'  lon^'est  experience,  that  hy  judicious  s(deet ion  of  individuals  In,,,, 
Tia'r'licular  families  it  would  he  far  easier  to  carry  the  milk  yield  ol  a  lamily  of  .1,  isi.\s 
from  'in  annual  avcra  'e  vidd  of  il  .pLirts  of  milk  jier  <lay  iipto  I-.' .imirts  pcrday  lli.n, 
it  w(Miid  hi'tocarrv  ail  annual  daily  average  yi.dd  of  Imtler  trom  |-J  ounces  up  i„  i- 
oiimcs  iier  dav.  That  i-.  to  s.av.  it  would  take  a  1,  >s  iinmhei  (d  Mentations  In, mil,, 
cows  with  wh'ich  tlie  hieeder  started  t,>  doulile  the  llow  .d'  milk  ol'  a  lamily  lli:nii„ 

iiicrea.se  their  butter  vicid  liy  one-half.     In  other  woi.ls,  it    is  a  pi.ddem  of  f ,r  i ,. 

dilliciilly  lo  incrciM-  the  butler  yield  of  cows  than  to  increase  their  milk  yield.  Kv.t, 
c  ireful  ohscrv  r  knows  tli.at  tlii-  nnniber  of  fpi.arts  ;i  cow  is  -ivisi^;  will  fall  oil  vi'h 
considerably  without  ni.itciially  nducinj;  tli,>  pounds  n\'  butter  slm  will  make. 

It  has  talvcn  cutiiries  to  prodiiec  the  richness  of  milk  (d  I  he  .lersey  cows,  h  hi, 
been  done  ami  is  beiii!,'  dcuie  .i^jainst  the  ordinary  workings  id'  the  lawsof  naliiiv,  |, 
isa'Minst  natural  lawsthat  llie  milk  fio.n  a  cow  should  be  sci  rich  as  to  kill  In  r  e.ili, 
an'irt'hc  hiii!j,'^leof  nature  is  to  reduce  the  richness  by  inereasinvr  the  .iniintity  ;  tlui,. 
fore  the  breedT'r  leii-'t  never  attempt  to  increjise  his  butler  yield  by  coiiplin'.f  an  nni- 
mal  from  a  faiiiilv  \  ieldiiin  a  lar'.ie  .pianlity  of  milk  of  poor  ,iiialily  with  tho.M'^ivii,,. 
rich  milk  in  less  q 'i.iutit  v.  The  result,  as  a  rule,  must,  in  the  n.itnre  of  tilings.  Inih,. 
opposite  of  that  wlii<h  tlu'  biveilei  se,d^s.  Tlu'  only  w;iy  lo  maintain,  tosa>  imilm,.' 
of  increasiiii;,  the  butter  proihicl  of  any  f.imily  that  i.s  makiiiji  exceptionally  l.,i',  I 
\  iiddsid'butli'r,  is  to  couple  those  animals  I  ha  I  spring  from  the  \cry  best  speeinieiis!, 
the  same  family,  when  not  alivady  iii-brcl  Imo  far.  and  of  Hie  v.  ry  b.'.sl  pr.,v.  ,1  ,„:: 
cross,  when  oiii^'rossiiij.;  isdesjra'de. 

The  tiling;  to  be  dmii'  with  I  he  ,buM-ys  i^i  viii-  lai -e  .|uanl  it  ii's  of  milk  of  int,  i;  1 1 
quality  is  i"ii  ah.amlou  them  lo  milkmen,  whose  onl>  olijed   is  ipiant ity  of  milk,  im! 
qualit  V.     They  lia\e  a  keen  eye  for  l.ir..ii'  milkers  iiiiioni;.I>rscys,  as  e  .er>  one  Kii„iv< 
wlio  owns  .Icisivs,  or  who  buys  ,liTse;,  milk   in  .iu>  cil.\  or  lai';e  town.      I',r«i  ,1  tin,  ' 


1h. 


vi,s(<  1)0  waHlcd,  tVoiii  tl 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM 


119 


'•'11  ■•'f  ''Io.mI    ,  .a,       K,.^  7'  viKoroiiM  ]u.;,|ti,      Al T Vu  '^^^  "iKlrawn  by  ,|,^ 

<alC  is  .ost i V..,  :.i V.   ,i     "  /iU      '^'  ','  '•''•■'^''  ''"t  «"<!  I.v  f  ,'l  •       "'•"'•  «"'"!  '"'.V,  l.v  tl  , 

"-""i'A, -f' >-< null!  a  i"  ":•*;';;,;"  ■"■'«>'  -"ail^. :,!■'; "^':r'"«"  =^ V""-'" 

„,u,  or  t  ,..  ,...„  ,,,„„;        n^  ,   ',,.'•'' ^\"W«,  >"<>k..„  into        '•,•,."   '.■  Vr-"'"''  '1.0 
i^i^C'ioil  ,.,,,,1  th,.  sain.-,  c,  ■■''''"'" '''"■••^"Dtn.adiivv,)  1     •      '  "'«'Jt  ••"i<i  mon,- 

li"l.  Willi  liltl..  or  „„,,.:!     •"    ""'"lilk  food,  will  .,  .f 'r  '    '  ?■/  ♦'■'it,u„  ortl,,-,.,, 
linxily.     Tlu.  ..,.^'       ,      ."  ':|!"'  ;:•  ""•  «"n..rai  n,|        i'  ,    ,  'T^''^,  ^ess  food  an. 

'''^'""••'l-     I'"ll..w  rli  '  o   s  u'       »"■'■'•-•""•.  ■•iiuiaiso  pulvri ',.,,'"  '^y'"<'"'l-     Al- 
"""1  ""•  ^vn.ptonm  dis  p  .;;    'V,',/';'':''''''''''''  ''n-Mlv  Ti>^^.     ',,'■'  '^  and  ,,„lv,.n,„,, 

htrt':;;.':£/7i;!/'^'' •-■  -'■:'^  i;":;n.t  hp  "''•'•"-"."  ^n^^'r 

.lnn,.s  •■  (ill  ,|u.  ..vo'''    •'        ,.;:•,   I'.  tlH>  ol.jo.t  o?  .1.    1,         ,.";':  ••'"•."■""•al.  -•  -">- 

""■  ii">M'.ai.io o,i,r ,,•;;;•," '>;'''i'  ""•>■.  lai  a..d  Hi,.,.k      .','"''  "'.••'■•'^""•^  '<'i-  lo.." 

'l"i''''l"al.  t..  Na.ri  i/       ;       '.f^'  ■■'"  ""''"'''  '!"'  m.p.  r  or    ,(  i     ':';"'''  ""  "'""  '"• v  in 

'I'""  I'"  '"  a  I'Nll,  or  ata  ,v /in,  •'''  '■'">   ""''^la.  ,v  .-sp,.,.;.  i,, '  '  ?T'''''  ''*'•''  '" 

""•  I''''"  "'■  lay..,;,;  on      ,■,,,'     ';;"'"■"  .'^''"  ••"".-■«  i..  .,  il     V;   1^  ,'a  ..nia.o.l  to  ,,ro- 
V""..;;-.- Ho.  animal  i.      ;,.,,'     '  V'.""-""""  ""•""^"' a      ts's      '     "'""''•  ^'"'  '"•'"<••• 

..'"'"'•  ;"•     ^""'i...'  sl.oni f.,..,,  ,,  ...  '"  "■••'""""  ^''-f'  ''■•""•< 

iiiiirs.'i  (.»  <i.i(s,  slKirts  nr  I,,.. I       I','"  ".."s  iiioro  st  rnuliit lii.r  ti 

.-r: N.'n  ,sl,o„ll  I..  ,  j ',      ,  "  ''•  " '<I.,<oar,s,.r  f.,...!.     l'|  ,  V,    7-    ''''"  *-".""'  '"'V.  an.l  at 

•iu.'\U,  pro.!,,..,.  I..,,,,.;  ,|'."'  ••'^"■M'l-I  l''-.v,s..iv7,,X.i  I    i' '';.'''•  :''^i'<'''iaiiv 

-1 •!-.«  ..'on.  ",•;,,;:•■>    .'"^  'V  'lisn..d  a,.d      xTl!   !£;:'"""'  '"^''^K-as.. 

'^ il.u/-. Tl.on  1^,      '""'   ""y  '''"f   il..'ir  lirn    ,    1  •  H        """"''"^- '""I 

= '  -'■■ '-■; ';;.^rv;=i';:s;.s:;is  ^:;:'f^  f-  «.»^^.;;m,::'S" 

'''"""■•'  'a<-^»f  niou;,'!,  to 


■■■sr-.    mm 


i    .  '  '! 


120 


CATtt.E    ANli    PAIRY    FAilMmn. 


turn  itself  round  iii. 
bout  cows. 
Oat-iruial,  corn-nil 
onn'X  iinini 


llnHi 


vlitlv  as1Iio.v:ir.wiiis"«'l'ii<'""' 


lition.suoli  licifm-HniaUo  llio 


■al,  or  iiiiythiiii; 


l,s(v  ncf'i'ssiU'.V 


kf'op  a  y 


al  in  a  tliril'ty  ;;r<>v 


■nu 


condilion  w 


Hlioultl  ln^  I'l'd  aw  an  altornativtao 
liicli  is,  I'rom  any  cansn,  nottinjj; 


01 


it  of  condition,  o 


I-  to  restorer  one 


tluil  iH  oil'.     Hn<  an  a 


linial  tliat  maintains  itHVij;or 


and  thrii"t  with  noi 


ic,  o 


thcr  tUin> 


liciniT  I'liiial 


s  far  more  iin)nn 


HC,  of  fiUni(5  nsc 


fulnoHsthaii 


ono  that  must  be  l.ainpiTci 


lis  arc 


\^;nndn™arytoU.opth..ani;na 


,l,.i^  loiv.'d  iustcnon)ihof  Hnchthinj^'H 
:onditit)n  andnoniorc 


Til 
.il  iiialiinfty  j;rowin^' .^ 


tlio  less  tho  iK^ttC'- 


il  novi'T  ailo 


w  a.  n.i 


Ik  or 


)>M  KM 

know 


„  od  dairymen  never  go 
that  the.  feeding  lie 


.jito  h(>r(lH  that  :il 
arv  to  piddnee  NIK 


ImLtiir  animal   to  lay  on  fat. 
t  and  sh'ek  lor  their  e.owH 


e  fa 

■  li  eondibions 


Th. 


inals  imi>airs  their  power  to  ace 
tlie  making' of  milk  or  Imtter. 


hi<'li 


•omolisli  lhethinj;for  w 


in  milk  and  hntter  ani 

thevari<to  he  kept,  namely 


hat  thev  will  ever  aft«r 


linU^r  Tin-y  will  "take  better  caroo 


f  themselveH  than  of  their  owi 


lors. 


instances  liavf 


others  8ont  in  to 


the  iiewHpapers  by  Jersey  breei 


been  recorded  anions 
lerrt : 


Onayle,  in 


liiH  "(ieneial  View  o 


,f  the  A^ricnltniv  o 


i(  the  Inlands  on  the  Coast  of 


Norman 


ilv,"  Hays  that  iiistan 


hist  an 


lees'of  I'-iponnds  ai 


;ire  nann 
•  11  attested. 


fdof  14  pon 


m 


Is  of  Initter  in  a 


W(M'k 


1  tlijit 


Mr.  II.  I).  InghNS,  in   .a  work 
sidence  on  the  islam 


tlie  (!hani 


,■1    Ihhimls  eat  tie,  published  after  ti  t\v 


years  n 
ipiai 


iHofmilkperday  and  7  ly-mK 


,1    HMVsllie  ;;,.neral  av.'ra;; 
■,dsof  Imtter  per  w< 


ra;je  produce  may 


lie  stated  as  Id 


(lerard,  in 


liis  desi'ription  i 


)f  tin 


■  dilfcn 


lit  varirlK-s 


their  island  liome  :  In  one  ye 
:!()()  poniKls  (•i:!('  to  :«-J  pon- 


mis 


>)0(l  cow  in 
Kli.'iish'weifilit);  som<'  cows, 


ir  th(*  i>"?.dnceof  a 


i>f  cattle,  ."^ayH  of  the  .Terseys  in 
butter  may  be  from  •J'JIItii 


in  the  se.ison,  may  j^ivc 


M  ponnils  per 


Mr.  Danncoy  gav 


the  averaj;e  prodnei 


if  lii? 


It  in'  hi-nl  dnrinij;  the  year  1S( 


1/  as 


within  a  fractioi 


1  o 


if  7  pounds  )! 


head  per  w.-ek,  dry  or  milkint,' 


From 


Mr.  Thornton's  essay  on 


■li-rsey 


eatth-  aiid'tlK'ir  mainif^enient,  (Mintrileiii 


to  tlKiJonrna 


lofthcI{oyalAf;ricnlinr:.lSm 


I'tv  of  Kn;,^laiKl,  we  lea 


ru  that  Mr.  !■' 


(Jsle  of  Wijiht)  gives  his  gi 
for  several  weeks 


"test  return  from  fifteen  .-ows 


lis  111  iionnils  (>a(^h  weekly 


III  the  s:inie  t 


'.ssav  we  lini 


1  Mr.  Dnnibn'irs  lierd  jiroduced  in  I 


from. Ian  nary 


toSeptember,7V]"i"'" 


IspiM- 


wei 


■kbnt 


Ml'.  Dnmbrell  explains,  wemm 


assume 


tlie  cahnihitio! 


I  is  ba.si-d  on  the  i>eri' 


tire  nine  immt 


hs   dr\  or  milking. 


says  / 
throu 


1(1  i.oiinds  of  butter  w 


to 

rhont  the  year  is  ii  g 


Writing  o 
dv  is  a  fair  stain 


„1  tlie  cowi«  wi 
f  the  cows  on 


in  milk,  not  on  the  <■!! 
tlie  islanil,  Mr.  TIkumIh 


lanl.  but  ')  to  (■)  iioiinds  ]ii'r  wi 


1  average  cow 


Mr.   (ieorge 


Cnr/.on. 


Hastcott,  Watford,  writes 


tin 


■at 


ITerd  r.ook  of.lei     . 

1H,-!1,  to  :!i'th  Seiitcmlxr,  1 


tie,  that  thein-odn 


average 


I  per 


fhi 
cow 


scows  111 


siipplenieni    to   tlie    Illigli^h 
butter  I'roin  the  1st  ( Ictohil, 


:i-,'l    |)oiiiids  'J.J  ounces.     Tl 


fa  liltleoverni.onn.ls 


average  o 

Lieiitcnant-rolont 


M'l-  wei'li 


I'artal  gives 


ISSl  as  1  )i 


Ills  11  r.iinces, 


and  in  lA-^/J  as  u  poiin 


thrniii^boul  the  year. 

Ill  of  butter  jier  cow  i>er 

l:i  ounces,  but  we  api>en<l  I'linlirr 


his  avi'rage   yn 


ck 


jiarticulars  from 


Mill 


Jlomc  I'nrm 


sUitimnil  'i.s  to  (Idirii  inixlii 


\r^\. 


Total  .\  ichl  of  mil 
Ibitter  made 


;  iVoin  01  cows. 


.gall. 
.  jton 


.  ]^int^ 


f!ream  nseil 


.do. 


.  i.M 


Mi 


used 


Avcr.ige  yicK 
;i  .lilt  pints  of  mi 


I'lVfrniik  per  .-ow  |.cr  annum.-.. 


galloll^ 


Ik 


;;>;!  pints  of  cre.im 


;p 
ir.j  p 


Is  of  bnit.r 
ihils  of  Imlie 


}. 


lot.'il  butter  yK'b 


,o  _>J|  cows  !,'ives  per  <'OW 


Averagi-yicN 


lot  bill  terp.rcow  per  wevK 


'I'  annum 
k.. 


Iloiiif  litnn- 


ula 


tiiiiiiit  ii«  l'<  iltiirii  )>r<iiliir,  I^^-^;. 


lii; 


, ,  gallons. . 

Total  .\icld  of  milk  Iroiii  v-  <ows    ---■  ■••• poiinils.. 

Itutlci  miidc '" piiii.s..        :;-! 

Cream  used ...'.'...'.' 'lo ■'■''' 

MilU  i\>^i>^ .;, ..'.', ^^, Mill gallons  r.;'- 

Average  vicld  of  niilU  I"'- <"^\l"';""". "  .     i 

•  >   1-i  Hi,, 'is  ofniilk        I'l-  pounds  ol  butter ■•     f 

.!.  Ill  pints  oi  iniii>        1       I  (■  i,,,ji,.i.  , ponnils.     .li,!' 

;(.s|  ,„nls  of  cream        i'.ru  ,,nui:d. -t   buM,  i 1  ^ 

P.H+i'.M' +  '•'.;"''    "'•"•'""""''■>"'''  |.nim.N  ■       ;m 

(■..bd.-.-'-'-Jgiv.'sp.rcou  iieraMiiiim      .  


Avenijic 


yield  of  bilinr  pel 


Tnp.  vj^n 


iicli  licif(>rHm;ik(>  llui 

iiH  ail  altiM-iiiitivt'  to 
III  any  caiisd,  nottiiij; 
,1-  iiiiiiutaiiiH  itH  viKor 
loiiiiHi'.  i>r  I'll! mo  n«('- 
noiijili  of  Hiu'li  tilings 
uiiditiDU  anil  no  more 

(o  lay  on  I'at.  _  Ex- 
(1-  tlu'ir  cowH.  Tlioy 
milk  and  hiittvr  jiiii- 
•(^to  ho  kept,  nainoly, 
i  they  will  i-vov  uft«r 
)\viicrs." 

1  r<'cor(l(Ml  iiinoiif,' 


hkIh  on  tlio  CoiWt.  (if 
r  in  a  wook,  and  Hint 

iibliHliod  after  a  two- 
(■  may  lio  stated  as  Id 

4ayM  of  tlio  Joi-HoyN  ill 
Icr  may  1"'  from  •J'JOtn 
till'  HoaHon,  may  j^i\i' 

rill;:;  tlio  yoar  ISCiT  as 

Hi;iMiii'nt,  oontriliiiliMJ 
c-  loarn  tlial.  Mr.  I'l-k 
I  |)onnilH  oacli  worlOy 
icnl  jirodiii'i'd  in  1»T,"], 
ilnoll  oxiilains,  wimiimv 
n  milk,  not  on  tlir  <mi- 
island,  Mr.  'I'lHuntnii 
to  (■)  jioiindH  ]ii'r  wci  K 

rnionl  to  the  Kii^'llhh 
•V  I'nini  till'  1st  ( >cti>lwr, 
i\  oiinci's.     Tliis  is  ,111 

r  ju'r  cow  ]H'r  wrek  in 
hut  \vi'  appi'iid  fiiiilicr 


IHl. 


gallons. 

I'i 

:!,-.-, 

jtonnd.s. 

1 

'  '7'' 

jiints. 

:i'.'l 

ilo. 

I' 

I'.ii 

f;alloiis 

.''*'.  1 

.  .  .  .]lollllils. 

.s" 

ii.t".' 

.   ...jionnd.s. 

•i^l;;' 

do... 

ii; 

.^iallons. 

l;i 

■"''*'i 

.  |iounilN. 

Ii 

,;:ic 

.  .  - . 

...pinlf*. 

:■.'{ 

. .  . . 

do. . . 

:i 

.irt 

— 

.jialloMs 

', 

1  ;-j» 

.  Koiinils 

I'/i-. 

|IMll||(|^ 


:m 


IN 


It 


m 


122  CATTLE    A.Vn    DAIRY    FARMiNn. 

■  j  !"'" 

Description.  ^'"^  """-'•    ^iiu' 

Quarl4.  Pinifkit.  Poundi.  >,>>iarU. 

riiil<-r4  Vf-irs  of  aire:                                                                                    .  -;]       i  erj;        240  1.  .'i!3 

.^rprazt' !'<''"  *'"''■  f"'' ''"' J"''-'"'* ', 4             'V             4i  "9 

Avera:-.' IHTo'w  |,^r  »o.k  fiT  f'hi»i'ntir»  vear    ,' _          j   .               '  ^ 

AverajiM'"'' ''""l"''' "'"'''' "^^''' '"  "'"'^ 

4  .Vfar*  anil  miller  I'tyij.!*:                                                                              .  ^-.,       4  ..v,        "-i  1  ,v»j 

Avcram- 111  r  row  fur  tl.>' viMr* V-         '33         "51  '    •«) 

AveraL'i- i-T'-'^^P' '■""■'<:  f'""  .!'"?'''".•""  >■'■"■   i1;          I'l            T  ••> 

.Vveraire  jur  1  mv  jnr  utrk  whii'  in  luiU -•  • 

C.ve.nr»aniliiv.-r:                                                                                            .,  --^       ;  j.j4         j.-^,  1  ;»« 

Avera^o  I"r  row  fur tm- vc-ar    "    ,,           ,  ,-            ,]  ,« 

Avei-aioiKriovr  pii  we.k  forth.'f'mireyear' ••            ',•',            .'•  ^. 

.\%fra;;e  I'lT  omv  p«TW>»>k  while  in  milk hi. 

Eutir8  Im'hI.  all  at'i!*:                                                                                                 -^     B        ".   V             •!  I   710 

Avt  rage  p<r  ii.tt- forlhf  >ear' "         '  "  "         "V,  '    -j.' 

Avtia.'fl'fr'i'wp.r  iM-k  f„rtli.-eutirpy.ar' -            '                  f  - 

Avf-rago  jwr  i-ow  per  wrek  while  in  milk *"  '-'  - 

'  In  thr*^  raloulations  cousi.leralion  is  L-ivi-ii  t-  thr  p.  ri.-l  fn.ni  the  death  -(  N-.  -    :  ai..l  .'..  t..  th.- 
fUiliif  Ihf  year. 

AvniCP  w,.idit  r,f  milk  per  -allnn piXiii-1..  If.'! 

.                                        ,   *                                                                                        Ill)  ..  \.i\ 

A virai'e  i timiii  \>-i ct-nlai.' ^  -i, 

rrippiirtion  lif  hiitter  til  milk  (oiiine'*  to  a  call-ni     11;" 

I'ri>[M)i1oii  ••{  liiitt.-r  IiM  r.  aui  miilins  to  a  ijilartl -  il-i 

Pri.iM.rti..ii  I'l  milk  to  ban.  1  Kjiiart.-.  t"  a  jviumi) ■■  "- 


Comparaiivi  richnt-^'i  of  milk  at  tUfirrvt  »t,i>jr<>  0/  tlr  xim''  milLiU'i.  •/.oirtH./  Iht  <ir<  .1  im- 
],orl(Virf  t>f  thorou'/lilii  >li<iiniu7/  a  coic'i  uddir.  [in  t,i, h  <  'f  th,  result  >jireM  i*  the 
minii  ■>/  MJr  ilays'  It^tiii'i.] 


III! 


Cow  Xo.— 

Peri-ei 

Firsli 

pint. 

itage  of  op-ani. 
I    _»  1      I'ail.  >.  f., 

:^i.  :■.          I  •■- '. 
•-■i"  •-'          i«  1 
•-'•  1;         1.' i> 
.•'.»         1-.  7 
;t  1          ;•  « 

4''  1 

li-,  n                ;  •    _■ 

.;j-  i«               !"•  .1 
4'    (1              ■'.  • 

-•:.  •:         i.i,  s- 

Fir.t 
pint 

C 

i 

■inipanMHi 

I^t  i 
pint 

...  . . 

t  .■! 

•••  86 

3  ** 

4  oa 

3.  ft? 

n  !• 

M  M 
4  U 
4    l» 

th 

lii.  1.  <-. 

•  rnttn- 
yanJ 

1 

■'  C7 

0 

4.  T 

:>.  i«i 

3 

4 

.5  

4.'. 

■..4 

lii.ii 

J  4'"> 

1.^1 

0 

.    .'.          ri 

i.»: 

i  ',4 

rt 

9 

;  i 

i.  T 

4.I'" 

iO 

11 

6. 1 

5.  'J 

2.  .•« 
ill 

Food  of  rrnrx  during  ihi  ijiar  l-S).  trith  '>n< 


if  iuo  !ri1til>g  t.r-  •  p:i.-ti>  in  indiridiinl    iil«' 
.  i»i    .;«.«.  .  ii..;i    1  ]M>au<l»  hay.  !■. 


Jan.  1  10  Fill.  19.— j  pM"rk  1m an  nif-al,  t!  pw-kn  era;;.-    ;  ;      « 

piiumls  1  atrots  i«r  ilav:  two  to  fi'iir  hnurn  t»ai  h  U.i\  i>n  :.'Ta»- 
Fi-b.  2ii  ti.  Apr.  J  — Thi-  i-aiiii'.  willili.i  jMinuiis  uf  iiiaUj;";.!  !ij!.t«4.i  i.f  .'amrt*    thn-o  t<»  »!\  himmon 

er.1,1*. 
Apr.  3  to  May  ".—Hay  reilnoc*!  t"  4  (Kinn<i«.  other  food  wstp;  fonr  to  H'n  hmi'*  on  er»iw. 
May  ><  to  May  21.—'  ]>.<  k  lit-an  im-aL  S  p.ck.*  ^rrainn.  J  {»-ek malt  dB.»t.  2  i-^k*  •  h.itf.  4  tHiuuds  hi\ ,  1'3 

imiiuilf  nianj:iiii|:  l.n  to  twi'uty  i.oiirn  on  ^■ra.-m. 
May  2J  to  .Jiilv  y,— j  ji.  ck  l»-aiitni-a!."  i  jw.  k  .  rujlieil  i*f«,  1|  pt^rk  ::raiiiii   1  prfk  chaff  In  |>oub.U  m»o 

colli:  twi^nty  t.ui:*!*  on  iHTi-i.-*. 
Tilly  lo  to  20.— J  pVrk  liiannieal   i  p»ck  cnub«<i  oaU.  1  nrckrluiff.  tl  Mwlt  jrnun^    !-.».-n!v  hniir^i  ■  :: 

era«.i. 
An::.  21  to  O,  t.  26.— •  jki  k  l»a:i-nieal.  }  p(-<k  .  rniihwl  oat*.  3  peck*  Bratn*.  2  pack*  rhaff    t»  »l\  hnum 

iin  i:rd.i?». 
( t<  t.  27  to  X.a .  2iV— i  p«.ok  1-  annn-al.  J  pe«  k  cmshed  oatn.  i  |i«-k»  t(t^M.  2  peek*  1  haft   %t,.\  4  i-.iin-  - 

hav:  rikilit  noiir>.  a  iia>,  on  ;;r;ii«.^ 
Nov.  21  to  I)i  c.  :il  — 4  p.  i-k  tWn  tii^al.  1  {wrk  cnmh«!  Jiats   !  {iM-k  snur.*   !ti  nontols  r*rr«»=  '  t»as=i» 

h.-Jy,  1  l)^k  malt  tluni .  two  to  four  hour*  «  Ua\  i.tj  gfajw. 


Bnttt-r. 


Skim 

nMl. 


U.  /Vmh</#.  \>'<arU. 


?<0 

l..'!3 

*i 

•J9 

i 

34 

:-i 

1    .V*.i 

^i 

29 

aj< 

-IVl 

■-'.  rtisn 

1': 

45 

ir 

-.-.! 

1.710 

•'•» 

aj 

f.i 

9 

",   ai.'!  V  tn  liM- 
. .    lio    ..         I'l* 

y^sr: 

l-ii 

7.  Ir.' 


~iuii  Ihi  iiri  .1  im- 
'.nalt  ijiren  iJt  tix 


inv.  T'viTFi)  KixonoM.  123 

P,rct»tage  or  cream  from  thr  milL  nf  the^iire  hrrd,/»r  e*rk  irttk  im  tht  y.ar  \'S2. 


W.^kiUdini— TrrcoDi.    Wrt>k  radinr— Torrent     W.^  k  itndiBC— Pw 


cwt 


Apr  'j  . 
Aj.r  !6 
Apr  -.3 
AjT  W 
May  :  . 
Mav  u  . 
M«v  ::i  . 

r.n.-  r 
I   • .   •- 

I  ,11.  .■•. 


Hiitttr  to  a  gallon  of  milk,  ami 


•I ill*    

i:  T( 

.rail-  f>      .    . 

\f,  7S 

Jmi.  M 

v; 

■Un. .-' 

■  '     ;  ' 

K.  h  .-. 

1  •   !  i 

K.-:.    !J...     . 

i-V  16 

ir'.    Ij... 

14.  •.■9 

K.>1.  ->•    . . 

II'.. 

M-tr 

'  '  .  i 

Mjr  ... 

;  ;    ,    . 

Jl^r  i  . 

:>■.  i.; 

Mir  .';  , 

r  :: 

Apr':     ..      . 

!•■  - ' 

14.  :c 

Julv  9  ... 

!«  1< 

.Iiil\  IG    . 

1a98 

Jury:.-3  .. 

I.Vi'l 

•lulv .» 

11.0 

Aui:.6  .. 

lti.33 

AnjE  i:i 

14  W 

*  Aug.!" 

•■  -^l 

An;:.  ■-•7    - 

■  ■  01 

S^pt.  3    . 

,        vl 

?«• ;  t.  hi  . . 

,t  '.<: 

s.pi.  t: 

'•.  •»» 

S,-!.»   I't 

: 

".  r    1 

12  » 
12.1% 
11  « 
1  L  C4 
14.37 
I.'..  4 
t.i.  » 
I.r  I 
It 

IV  5 
1\9 
!1.  ■. 


Wr«*k  rij.lios—  IVr«.nt. 


Oct.  . 

. .  - 

«>rt.  r 

<VI. -J 

'.7.  ' 

<Kt.  :-.' 

IftI 

X..T.  .-.     .. 

1«.  G 

x.iv.  la  .  . 

17  ■! 

•Nov.  19 

17 

X-v  Jfi       , 

•.     1 

IVC,  1    

i:  ", 

l»«-.  10 

I- 

IV*.  17    

'7  1 

IVw-.  Jl 

)7  - 

i>«.-  n    .... 

17  : 

^,    .    ^^.,  ,  .       ^       '"''.''»''•■*  l»""'"l  "'■  '"lit.  r.  in  «-i.iiii..iri>...ii  null  It* 

.rf.tiiiiwnfiiUgfai!!»liown  bj- the  year'*  te«tiD»{. 


Enttrrloa     Milk  to  a 
Cri'jin.      zaib.n  uf       |><iuml  <f 
miik.  biitlrr 


'rt-an..      -'.>I.<.!.  of       t--<,n.|  of      rr«m.      g-MI..n..f       p..„n.l  ..f 

m'.k,.  lMm«.r.  nnlk  i.„ir,.. 


Pit 


4Mo4> 
<1 


■■■i 
••1 

6 


•'I 

6 


I  :J  to  14 

1-i        Hi 


Hi 
11 

--I 

*4 


J-'l 
12 

11 

lOj 


Ptr  ft 
13  ... 
1X5 
U  ... 
14.5... 
15     ... 

iv;    . 
i«     . 

Irt. "   .. 

17     .    . 


O.. 


'itu  I 


"1 

■i 

9! 


3 


"1 


•i 

'1 
'i 


-i 


17 
1«   ■ 


SO 

i"i 

11 

lij 

ai 


i 

(/...;r,-. 

l»i 

■2  l..6» 

11 

•1        «i 

1!J 

■•-i         b 

I'J 

1:; 

*i       5J 

iJ! 

?         ■•» 

13* 


«' 


nipan.<oii. 


.'.  '7 

;i  MT 

'^  Jl 

.'.  06 

tS 

1.4ii 

:  i* 

J.?l 

4.  Mi 

1.*: 

a.  66 

u. '« 

8.1" 

■^  ^^ 

M  .-I 

4  "• 

4  1* 

■»    _.f; 

«   \J 

-    l  ^ 

iniliriilnnl   >  •>•  . 

ii    '  J".iili.l-  lia  . 

r»*  to  »!i  h'>or<  >'■: 

£r»iM. 

itf.  4  piiiiu<i«  hny    r 

ijtT  I'l  |MUt»N  man 

■    ri! y  !imir'< 

' »    n  t  >  :  - 

I  ball,  auil  4  |»Miivi' 

|»  s -»rr'4-   7  pju:ni!« 


TIh'  pn.iK.rtion  ..f  hufUT  to  ..n-aiii  !,;i.s  vah.-.j  diirin-  l.^s-  fr,.,,,  hJ* 
r«'  !>}  Mii!ic«'.s  t.)  a  »|uart.  - 

U,rl>      nr  alMAV  „,..<l,jHTity.  altli..,,;:!.   tlnvi.-M   i.  .....1,  xs  to  ..ak.-    t 

'  .'<•  ultMl  v  prot.tal.!...     Jl.,-  U.st  h.ut.-r  ,,...1...,-  t-.nvs  in  Kn-M  in<l     r.    ,, 

i.-iirtl.  ivt'.l  I'oll.  Devon.  .,(•  sinrtliorii 

'I.njs  1„>    H.lM-t  that  tlu-y  mil  ,.r.Kl,„-..  ;,  h.r^,..,  .,„:,,,ti,v    ,i   1    u-rr  ,• 
M-hty..  butter  il.an   any  otiu-r  I..-.-.,  ...  tin- saL- an!o  ..nrl.t'Ul;,: 

Thi-ir  r.m,!,t.ni..,,  i.  not  *,  V.. Ii?.,, . V'T       *  "'^  ""»>'-  ami  il,;.f  ..r,,  rirh.T  .|"al.tv. 

-r  sr..y  am!  fann.  J  ,.    I-.,;.!      .Xn"'  n'.;.  . Tf '  f ".""•"'>  *''"'-  '"i-r- 
;  •rt.-.linioth..  i,lai,,!  .VI,  |,r,' ...    .»  I    ,        , '^''^'   "*'"•"'»   *»•-  ''ncinallv   im- 

i    '■ .  ..u.H  an-  ....t  hm,  J'i  u,  „    :;  "•  ;'"'.' ."  "  »'"1''  •"'•T'-'l  .  "Nr  «a«  ^i.|„m  t..  !«•  .*,.„ 
-di  l.av.  am  . '      :,     X    a:,;:/;"    '?;■'•  P  >  ^^^  '**'.'»  » »  <•*-..  «h..,l.  c^,l  „„«  .'r 
■\'  -H.u  a.th.-s  ,a!v.'  I     ,'„^  tC   ,  JlV^\,'*'  '^'^'V'  ""■  ^*"*'»"'  -'"'"'••   '-^  'i- 

•••rn  n..ai»rr..ttnnV..k..    I  l,/,.h.i?f  ..'"f/r''  "*''"  ^^-^  ^^-  «>.!  xv.th  U  |«m,»,|,  .,f 


«"ilk«J,aiMl  vary  Hit 


.ptatitiiy  a4-,..r,lii,c  i.,  ii,..  ,-.....|  ,|„.,.  „, 


r  r.tki>  as  l.iijj;  ast  tln»  i-.i 


•tain  on  ih.-  |i.t«tnr<' 


W   li 


I 


, 


124 


(!ATTLK,    ANI>    DATIJY    FAIJMIXO. 


Tlu-  vonn.r  stock  I.iiv  a   v:.nl  with  a  Mn'.l,  .•iii.l  IV-.l  -m-  Iimv.  witli  m   ("w  nw.(s  ..i-  :! 

the  siMuiiifV.     The  IiriiVrs  ;in<  iillowci 
•alvcM  which  arc 


,„hrii-.Tsan«all.)W.-.l  lo  -.,  loth.-  hull  ;il  IiII.h...  monlli.s  nl.l       I  In 
weaned  aiv  taken  fn.ui  the  cows  iVoin  three  -lavs  to  a  \veek  -.1,     aii.l 
ass.H.n  a.s  thev  will  .liink  well  and  are  stn.n-  they  are  ke,,t  on  .sluni-uiilk,  ;i';'""i:'.v 

„,1  a    i  tie  c.MU-n.eal  n..til  three  ev  Ion r  n.o.uhHohh     If  .t  shonid  he  ^^'""""'  ■  ' '  '  > 
nmn'd  out  on  the  pastnre  in  the  day  and  housed  at  ni^ht   nntil  •->-';  '''',^"7, 
to  lie  out.     1  hlced  lh.«  calves  dro,,,,cd  m  the  sj.nnj;.  ,n  the  tall  ot  "•>•:''• '^  J  ;,.'^ 
vental.verorM»art(.r...vil.     !  nMd<o,i  Ihaf  lay  whole  hei'd  n.snnnn.'rnich.d.^chs. 
'm ve    -J  nuarts  of  nnlk  per  dav.  hnt  1  have  several  cows  winch  would  ^ne  ;.'(.  .|.ia  Is 
Tlave  a  record  of  "JO  cows  -ivin-  .n  the  month  of  .Inne.  is-^:!,  -.'..o  .luarls  ot  n.ilk   'Jl-i 

.oun.ls  of  hutter.  ,...•  day.  and  1  .ow  \U  .,uarls  of.nulk    11  .,>■."••.  ot  '';',■'';;•/;';;.. 
pounds  of  hutter  per  w.ek  tlnve  tuonths  after  calvm-.      1  he  av,Ma-e  s  .0  d  o  I 

)  Inon-iiont  the  year  Ihri:  cows  and  r,  heifers  is  f.i  pounds  iMiliea. I.     In  t  he  hcieht  ol 

suunnVr  I'.i  cows'iivcra;;i'd  ]•,'  jiounds  each  jier  week. 
'Ihe  wei.'ht  of  a  hull  orcow  when  failed  is  from 'J-*  to:i.>-c.nv.  ,      ,., 

The  Jersevs  are  seldom  steere.l.  If  the  hull  calves  are  m-i  re,|inred  lor  slock  they 
ireallowedtosu.kth.' dams,  and  fattened  a«  calves,  wiehin;,' Ir.mi  J.n  to  IdOponnds 
at  one  to  two  nionthsidd.  The  mean  temi.ciature  on  the  avcra^;.' lor  II.  years  worUe.l 
out  as  V.t  .:!".  In  the  winter  it  was  :V.l  .'.I'.l' ;  sprin-.  Hi  .'.I'J  ;  suinmer,  ..'.»  .1..!  .nn.l  in 
■lUMimn  .VI  :-'.  Durin-one  vear  there  u  ere -J  fj  days  on  \\  hndi  ii  s..nthwe.st  wind 
was  prevalent  ;  T-J  davs  with  a  northea.st.  and  Id  witli  a  northwest  wind.  Sonth.;ast 
winds  aro  vcrv  rare.'  The  island  rests  on  the  Wealden.and  the  Hurl^ice  '•''IhI"'';';;'' 
elav  -ravl.  sand..halk,  freestone,  and  loam.  The  downs  are  chalk,  nsiii- Irom  .(Mi 
I,.  siHMe.t  .il.ov.-  Ih.'  level  of  lh.>  .sea.  The  -ira-.s.'s  wlu.h  ah  rhiellN  cult  r,  .ilcl  arc 
Ihe.sevi'ial  sorts  of  ry.'  f;rass.  indudiii.U  the  Italian.  (Iov.ms  ar.'  looad.  Putcli.  al 
sike.  tnfoil.  cow  clover,  and  tnfoliuin. 

(.S)  (ifKUNSKV  Cattle. 

This  really  lirsfralc  bivcd  is  aiiativool'onc  (d  tlic  Cliaimcl  Is1a!ii1s,(>ll 
tliociKist  of'  l'faiM'(>,  aixl  is  lai';^viv  lnrd  hy  a  class  ot  larmcrs  wlioliold 
small  iniaiititirs  of  land  wliicli  tlicy  cidlivatr  vci-y  Iii;,dily,  and,  like  \\n- 
•Ifi'si-y  |M'0]»loJ)n'»'d  a  iinicii  lar.^cr  iiiiiiilu'f  jici' acif  tliaii  is  done  in  aii,\ 
pint  of  lOii-laiid.  Tln'y  arc  a  most  docile  face,  w.'ll  c;iied  for  in  slieds 
ill  llie  winter,  and  alni(»st  invariably  tctliored  in  suiiiiner  on  tlit>  ^rra.-^s. 
'i'lieie  is  no  dilVeiciuM' of  opinion  in  ICn.u'Iand  as  to  tlie  nieiits  ot  the 
.lei-sey  and  the  ("iiiernsey  anion;,'  those  w  }io  iiiidef.slaiid  hotli  races,  Imt 
it  must  headiiiitU'd  that  tiic  der.sey  is  a  \ery  niiich  o^ieal('r  fav..rite, 
allhoiioh  why  it  is  so  would  ho  very  dillicult  t.»  say  it  \\<'  <lid  not  think 
tliat  coloi  and  a  more  deei-like  form  has  somethiii,i;  to  do  with  this. 
Tlie  ("iiiern.st-y  is  a  much  lar;;er  beast  than  the  .leisey,  and.  although 
coarser,  is  .-^t  ill  t  \treniely  delicate  in  te\tur(>  of  skin,  while  she  is  much 
more  fleshy,  is  far  more  easily  latted.  and  is  salable  to  the  butcher  at 
almost  any  time,  provided  she  is  well  kejif,  which  the  .b-rsey  certainly 
is  not.  indeed,  il  may  be  tairly  estimated  that  when  an  ohi . b-rsey  cou 
|);ist  breediiio  is  oiih  wortii  £.1  to  £S,  :i  (iiiernsey  is  usually  woith 
Cb"). 

This  race  is  now  i.reil  with  extrciii'-  care,  althoiiudi  it  lias  s(»iih^  faults 
from  a  butcher's  point  of  view,  beinj:  bred  for  milk  almost  alone,  and 
by  a  comparatively  siiial!  number  of  breeders.  The  color  is,  plainly 
speakin;.'.  an  itre;4iilar  yellow  and  while,  or.  accordiuL;  to  the  sluule.  as 
if  is  t^onerally  called,  oran^^e  <U'  lemon  and  white.  II  is  a  j.riaiid  biitl«'r 
makin;:^  cow.  and  will  eipial  the  best  .b-iseys,  while  it  is  certainly  a 
deeper  iiiilkii.  N\  (-  may  here  mention  that  the  Ciiiernsey  l>ree<i  is 
strictly  eoiiliiied  to  the  island  of  (iinrnsey  .as  the  .b-rsey  is  to  the  island 
otMersey,  and  although  the  last  named  was  for  many  y«'ars  known  as 
the  Ahh-rtiey,  it  is  Hi)  no  lon^^er,  for  the  Ahh-rney  |»eople  ii:i\eat  last 
starteil  a  herd  book  for  their  own  race,  which    they  are  d<-lermined  to 


perlecl    ill 


h 


s.lliie    Way    a,>    the    oltici    ii|<-cd>    ii.iVi-    be.-ii    peifeetc 


(iiieriise\-,  small  as  il   i,- 


aiiiiuaiJN 


II 


\poi 


liet  ween  o||(-    alld 


I  \\d 


tl 


lolis  t 


ml 


coU.- 


le   iiia|oiily  of  \shicii  coiiir  li 


.11:; 


iinl.    and    al    the  pie.sclil 


■i 


i 


i' 


THK    ITNITKl)    KINOKOM, 


12/ 


I'l'sv  riiiils  III'  ;> 
Uiirc  lliniiii;li 

lIlH  (llll.       'I'lU' 

wii'li  i)|i!.  iiiid 
ilk,  fj;ini(l  li:iv, 
mil  r  I  111  y  aii' 
I'  olil  ('lliiM;ill 
,r;ir,  as  :i  |iir- 
iiilkii;  Inili'is, 
ivi'  '-'(•  i|n;irls. 
sofinilk.  'JUi 
iriiiii,  :m«l   I'J 

i<>lll   lit'   llllttlM- 

tlii>  lii'i;ilit  (if 


ill'  stink  t lii'V 
to  l(iO|iiiiinils 
yt'iii's  worUi'il 
Ml  .t'.:i  .Mini  ill 
lit  liwrst  \\  iikI 
ll.  Siilltlirast 
;li'i'  ri>lll|iI'lH('s 
isiii';  I'l'iiin  IiMl 
I'tilti'.  alcil  arc 
1(1.  Diitcli.  ai- 


lls1:t!i.1s,<>n 
rs  wild  liold 
111(1,  lii^c  1  lie 
tloiic  ill  ;i!i,\ 
toi  ill  slictls 
II  tin'  jrrass. 

It'litS  Ot     till' 

ll  lact's.  Imt 
lev  r;iv..ritf. 
id  not  tiiiiik 
II  witti  tliis. 
111.  iiltlidiiudi 
sill-  is  iiini-li 
•  tiiilclicr  ;it 
I'V  cfi'tiiiiily 

I  .Icl'scV  cdW 

iiiilly  woitli 

I  sonic  t'aiilts 
it  uloiic,  aiiil 
»r  is,  i>liiiiil.\ 
lie  sluulc.  as 
land  luitlcr 
<  ccitaiiilv  a 
s«*v  l>n't'<i  is 
to  the  island 
IS  known  as 
li:i\('  at  last 
•Iciinint'd  to 

II  |H'I  iVcted, 
(iisand  cous 

tlic  |iics(iit 


?i 


ci'inional,  Willie,  witli  i-ciiaid  to  Ilic  t|iiiini  ity  ot  tlic  milk,  it  is  ;;t'iu'iallv 
loinid  that  S  (|Hiiris  is  within  the  iiiaik.  ;;ood  IickIs  oitcii  .\  iHdin-' n'n 
avcra^col'  Hlciuarts  per  day  diiiin-  ihc  hcsi  months,  althoii-h,  as  with 
other  cattle.  indi\  idal  animals  tVeiiiiently  <  xeeed  I'ti  (umi'ts. 

Another  ^'ood  leatnre  in  the  (in.rnsey  is  the  laet  that  it  •-  not  onlva 
.uood  milker  after  calviii^i,  Imt  eonliniK's  to  milk  well  dniiiii:  the  uliiile 
season.  In  form  it  is -fiiciall\  line  and  narrow  in  front,  wid  niim'nntil 
it  reaehes  tli"  hips,  whic  h  aiv  hioad.  The  udder  is  lar;i<'  unA  Hat,  the 
teats  lon.n  and  wide  ajKUt,  and  the  .seiiteheon  perhaps  more  |>rominentl\ 
pronoiiiieed  than  in  any  other  race.  It  is-eiierally  lielieved  ilial  one  dr 
tw(»  (Ineinsey  cows  in  a  herd  in  wliieh  the  i/iilk'is  le.ss  rich  imparts 
<|iiality  .ind  color  to  the  whole  of  the  Imtlei  made.  Cheese  is  not  made 
ti'oiii  this  raci',  excejit  in  isolated  insianees.  and  then  on  I  v  for  private 
use.  It  does  well  upon  all  soils,  and  we  know  inslances'in  which  its 
retniiis  are  enormous,  although  the  .sitiialioii  isas  hieak  and  e\[K»sed  as 
tin-  Welsh  hills.  At  the  same  time  a  chalk v  or  a  j,'ravellv  soil  is  pre 
k-rred.  Jn  its  native  island  and  in  the  soiiih  of  lai-laml  it  does  better 
work  than  in  the  north,  Imt  some  of  the  northern  hreeders  are  uiim-Ii 
pleased  with  the  results  they  obtain  troin  it.  and  do  not  seem  to consMler 
It  at  all  inappropriate,  to  their  districts.  It  is  never  n.s»il  for  drill 
l»iirposes. 

E.rpainKT.  of  (fiurmnf  />m//«  r.v.  —  .Mi.  .1.  de  «;aiis.  l{ouvets,  .says: 
My  li.Mil  i„  Is-'.  ,„„.M,t,  ,1  .,f  1  rnu,  i,„ii!,,  „  yrai's  ,.f  a-.^.'.  I'alvcil   l''i'l,riiai"v    Ks'.- 
.^..u.  ti.n  >,..„s  olil.  .'ulv..!     )......,nl,.M',  l-M      I   ...w.  four  s,.ar.  u!.l.  calv  ■      m' n'h' 

1~-^;  l.ow.  saini.afi.-,..ah(.l  .Im1>,  I--:  1  iu'if.r  (lirM  .alf ).  .'..U.il  Ma^  I--''  i 
nsi'ilnot  l..xsli,a,.  l.|,u^t.nfMulk,l.^lynn,ulamll^.  Tin  |o||ov,  u,^.  an  I  ,';  ,„.,^,„,; 
o      "arki'.ahi.  iM.tt.r  nia.l..  .a,  I,  month  :  .lannary.V.U  ,.o„n.l,H;    f.l.n.a  v      n 

Mi-N.  Am:-ns|    I.,'i|.,,u.,.ls:  .Svj„.,ui,.'r.  I.M  ,.o,„uls ;  «».,ol„.,'.  1 1- iM,m,.N  •   \.\., 

;:,'zri::^';:.!^r    '^'^^^^  is :fo,ai.i,..;.v..,u,.is; :..:,;;;:. 

Mr.  W   ('ariin-toii.of  Kinj/'s  Mills,  .says  that  his  cow  i.e  Chemiii'Mit 


I  "i  low,  six  yi'urs  of  u-^r,  ■.'  Js" 
""•i"l"'i-  :;ii;  iiiiiiilii'i'  of  ilavn"' 


iiartN,  nuoid  i-onimciicin^  .July  1    ami 


'OW, 


•lit 


'1,1 

r^  ■  ■  ' 

;  i!a', 


years  o 


lint.  1 


f  a;;i',  b'JIJinuurls;  nnonl  d 


iiv«'nij,'o  |...r  (lay,  1(>,-V',  "(|iiaits.     It 


irmg  tlu)  ouiin,  iiuui,  l.,a  UuyM 


l''o.SIII;» 
low  II 


;  uvfi 


i 


'il 


P' 


126 


CATTLK    AND    DAIUV    lAUMINC. 


Mill:  re<-(>ril  oj'  II  (lun-iiNii/  ciiic. —  An  I'ji.ulisli  luicdcr  ut  lln' (IiuTiisi-y 
;,'iv»'s  the  tollowiii;;'  partinilars  wifli  ivLjard  lo  ilir  cow  NO.  (I.'.O,  in  tiir 
lldval  (iiMTiiscy  Auriculliiral  Snrit'ty's  llnd  Mnok.  SIic  cahcil  uu 
I.'Mli  May  last,  aii'.l  tlu'  r«'coi(l  is  <'khii  July  '.i  l.»  ITi.  'I'lic  mw  was  Ird 
on  t'loviT  only.  The  anumnt  of  hut  tor  niaiU'  Iroin  the  uci-k's  _\  idd  was 
1")  pounds  (I  onnci's  : 


lh^U>. 


Jnlv!" 
.Iiil'v  in 
July  II  . 
July  IJ  . 
.Iiil'v  1.1  . 
Jiilv  14  . 
July  in. 


Miu  IJIIl; 


I/liH.  IK. 

Ifi  H 

in  0 

U  S 

Mi  II 

U  H 

ir.  II 

i:>  8 


NiM.n 


U> 


'I'olal 


lu  8 

I)  H 

I.'  I) 

U  0 

11  S 

lU  8 

U  8 


Mj;lil.    I    To|;i|. 


JJn.  <».-. 
40     I'J 

n  II 

:i'.i  II 

<iii  I) 

;m  II' 

:<H  II 

.'18       0 
275  "' 8 


l,l>».0!.    1 

14 

r.'  ! 

1.') 

8 

rj 

8 

i.'i 

(1 

v.' 

1'-' 

v: 

8 

i:i 

0 

Giirniscus  !ii  the  Isle  of  ^VU|ht.—'V\w  \W\ .  W.  A.  (".lynn,  of  tho  Lslr  (»t' 
^\'i{illt,  the  well  known  Imi^^IIsIi  luccdi'i-,  savs: 


My  (iiiiMMscy.s  ariM|iiiti'  ])iiri',  iiml   I  ;;i'iit'iiilly  i  airv  jilnuil  iUMo  .lii  In 


lui'iici'd  \yitli  tlir  liict'd  twnitvv 


tit\'  (it  mil 


1  rt'mstir  ilaily  at  rarli  iiiilkiii;;  t  In- ipi 


«;;i<'li  cow  jiivi's.  tlifaiiniial  a\i'ia,i;fyitl(l  hciii^rMtij;,iili)iiN,  or,  takii 


tii- 


loii  a.s  Wfii;liinjj.  lu,!  |ii)iiii(l>,  t!.-J. 


Twi 


'V  -iX 


]i(iini(U  ;  lull  mumi'  oftlii'  cinys  \  ii-ld  .-im  in'.Kiii  ^lalloiiM 


cliccsi',  nor  liavf  1  wiiLihcd  a  live  uan'a.ss,  Inil  i 
and  ollal,  is  alioiit  7tii  pi 


IMiiiiuls,  of  milk  Miakr  1  |.oiindol'  liiitlcr,     1  iicviT  iiiak 


avi-ra;,'c  \vi'i;;lit  without  lu'ad,  wkii 


Tlio  color  of  ilie  (imiiiscy  is  leinoii  and  wliilc  and  ll 


ii'y  arnvf  ai  iiiatiiritv  iiiaI>oiit 


tlirce  yt'ar.s.     Tlir  iimdiui' ol   my  cows  i.s  all  .sold  as  milk  in  ilir  yard   to  ;i 'd.airvinuii 

at    a    slllllillji   pIT  jr;," 


iH.i:i: 


'I'licv  liavr  4 


Tl 


inniial  avna;;!'  rctiiiii  is.alioiit  £:!•.'  iii«.  wlnlr  the  cost. 


May  1.  to  (iiristmas  tliev  run  in 


poniidsof  dicoilic.'itcil  cake  da 


:ly  lliroiiiih  tin-  y.ar  ;  from  alioiil 


lllr  liilds,  and  Ihc  Ii-st  of  the  year  .slriM)    ill    till'   oiifi 


Nlicd  at  ni;ilil,  and  liayc -Js  i.ounds  of  mangel  afd  VI  iionnds  of  liav  if  fresh    tin-  milk- 
ers 111  \vint('rrc<iiyiM;,'  an  additional  (!  |ioiiiids  .d'  Inaii.     liiiriiiii  .liiiic,  .July,  or  An 


};iist  if  tlio  jiastiiK's  arc  shorl   tlic\'  , 
illiil  nianjicls  from  ('Iiristmas  to  Max. 


■t  \  ctcdii  s :  t'lom  ( ii'tolicr  to  ( 


luisiniiw  cubliiii'c, 


I    have   hred  with  a  v 


with  wonderfnl  micccss  tl 


lew    to   liscliil 


nod  d.uiy  stock,  1. lit   last  year  e.\liiliited 

.,  ,,.  ■      .,,.,,  ,    ,  'liich  was  shown  four  tiiiieH.     I  won   (he 

1st  twi.e      the  „d    once,  ail.    the  reserve,  Iicsides  I.eiiif.  once  very  lli-hly  comm..nd.d. 


le  cow 


i  est;i. 


AVill 


I  another,  w 


flicl 


very  lii;;lily  coiilliiended  oi 


1  was  also  shown  Imir  times,  I  won   the  -Jd   three  time 


the  first  mill 


<iii;i  once.     With  my  Imlls  I   have  a 


il>o  the  champion  milkiiii,'  a^jaiiist  '.'li  oil 


lid 


W.ls 


lonors.     I  stariod  with  the  hest 


for 


.1  I 


lelN  once,  and 
so    Im-cii  very  Nllccessflll  in  ol.t.aillili;. 


inodiiee  in  ([iiality  and   ipiantity.     '1 


I'lild  ;,'<  t  III  (.111  rii>ey,  and  I  earefiillv  Im 
"le  .|iialityon  analysis  at    the  dairy  slii 


^^avetlie  specilic  j^ravity  as  l.(i:nt;;   lot.i!  solids  I  1. •.',-, :  fat,. "..hi 


j;erccnt,i;j;e  ol  cream 

illy:  (lie  lieh<'8I  MpeeiMifii  of  mill 


o\'  vo 


lull 


Noiids  not  iai,  H.Tl 


dn  w-  special  reiiiaik  from  the  analvsi'as  I 


I  lilid  that  the  sti 


Jioiled    from   (Jiicrn.scy.     1  inliiiii..|v  pi,  lei    |1 
to  Iresli  Iilooil  tVom  (Iiiel 


used  here  are  tar  more  haidy  and  d.i  far  l,ei;,.Mhan  when  in 


them,  hill  k 


1 
e<l»  them  in  j^ood  oid 


carefiilh 


leiii,  and  oiilv  resort  a^ 


•Id 


oiii  a' 


I 


er. 


rcceiye  many  appli.iii  ions,  I  place    i 


1  I 


let   iiiv    hleeilili;,'  stiuk.  and  do  not    ( 


id  no  diliieiilt\  ii,  liiidinu  pnicl 


one 
la.seiM,  ,ini!  a> 


Many  }ieiitlenien  who  have  acted 


''"'  ''I.  "  ' I'   t"  lie  enteri,iin..d   in  lotaiim 


come  to  my  herd  lo  piirell; 
on  (day.  iiiiich  of  which  m 
diictioii  of  mil 
of  Kii'daiid,  t 


Our 


IS  Jlli|;,'.s  of  Chalillcl  Isl.ui.l  stock  at   Val 

Miil  is  ii  medium  l,,am.  |iaitly  on  gravel  iniii  „ii', 


lolls  silow  ^ 


IS  n  eciillv  laid  dowi 


lie  elimale  is  uood,   I 


1  to  pas!  lire,  hilt  is  not 


le  altitude  heiii^'  from  ,'.l)  to  l.'.l'l  f 


nia\  sa\  imuv  ti  i 


;ood  lor  1 1 


I' 


iipiiaie  Ih.in  in  most  part,-- 


Record  of  a  flnn-nsnj  hml  h,  Susin.,.~y\v,  Nfv  ill 


eel   ,ili,i\,.  tllese.l,  Heal  to  will,- 


I  w  c  all 


Sussex,  wiio  has  tal 


k(.'n  such  troiihio  with  tlic( 


W 


yatt.oi't'iicKiicld, 


I  farm  l-Jltacns  of  p,„,r. soil,  called  the  Weald  of 


iilctiiscy  iJiKliW) 


isa\s: 


tiire  of  clav,  sa 


d  f. 


i.iiiijii 


and  -r 


tvel,  asHoinetiiiies 

ihi-i'i 


llsse-.  ,  ami   ll    is  tlir  i|Ueere>l  mi 


111  thesaiiM-  lii-lil  where  iHire  sand 


lak  w  had,  as  the  hedn  of  day  hank  Itaek 


e  is  touniLsoiii,.  .jii,„-.-,ii  \aiilsof  hhil  d 


the  water,      rill-  fi 


ly. 


rill,  ll 


tl 


le  mil  iiial 


iwever,  mm-  is  all 


THE    UNITKD    KINiiHOM. 


127 


I  III'  (iiM'ilisry 
so.  (I.'.O,  in  Ihr 
Im'  t';il\fi|  uri 
'  cow  Wiis  led 
•k's  \  i('l(i   WilS 


Ni;;lil.        ToUl. 


IJlH.  »-. 

IM.a 

14  r.' 

4U 

IJ 

ir.   s 

II 

rj   s 

:i'.i 

l.'l     0 

^(1 

r.'  iL' 

;i« 

i-J 

12    H 

:t8 

n 

i;i   0 

:iH 

0 

—^m-—^ 

.-. 

275 

M 

<>r  tiio  Isle  of 


I    lUMll.        I    t'dlll 

lliin;,^  til,,  (jiimi 
IT,  takili;;  a  y;al- 
iKM.ilHiii^ialloiiM 
1  iii'VtT  iiiako 
lout  lii'ad,  hkiii, 

itiiritv  iiiahiiiii 
tt)  a  ilairviiiaii 

.  Wllilr  tllf  f(l,s(. 

ar  ;  trniii  ahoiit 

<'1>     ill     tllC     ll|MMI 

I'n'Nli.  I  111-  milk 
If,  July,  or  All 
siiiiiw  cublni>;i\ 

year  cxliiliitrd 

H'H.  I  \V((U  the 
ly   lOIMMHMIllcd. 

liiiics,  ami  w.in 

I  Ih-in  uiH't",  aiiil 
III  ill  olit.'tiiiiiiu 
(•ari'fully  Inctil 
till'  daily  wliii« 
Ih  iiuf  iai,  H.71  : 
•  aiialvHt  as  In- 

t  liaii  wIm'm  im 
H-lddiu  afH  I  can 
lid  do  not  liiici 
iliax-iM,  ,iml  a> 

■  'd   III  lotalioii 
vailoii.s  slmw  s 

ivcl  and  iiarl  l> 
iMid  lur  I  |j)'  jiiii 

II  ill    IIMINl    jWtl't^ 

I  \\  111!  Ii  \\  I-  ail'. 

i)l'<'llck(i»'lil, 
l»t)uU,  iSiiNs: 

■  iini-i-tr-i  mi  \ 
I'  Hand  iMiiiiai 

'I'lic  liai  iiial 
■vor,  wolf  1.1  all 


lilr  dliiitiid  :t.|  iVrl  indi'|it|i,  liiit    tli<-di>,l 
itiiali-d  KM  I  III'  Hurl  li  sidr  ut'  a  li 


Inn 


11   II 


\f  ill',iilm  \al  \ . 


lidiiM'  IS  ^ 


'111 


das .  I'loiii  I  111'  t  mil'  It  1 1 


till 


It    M'l- 


Tl 


til  III'  llir  lUi'llifNl   lilil  riildi'.st   sjiiil   III  Iwirii  |,i)i,iii'i 


I'llt     Ml    llinli    (||;,|     t  III'    xllh    .sIlltlt'H  III)    It   all 

II'  lid'.'i'   iijiuh  \\liiili  IJM'  lallii  Is  IH  MijijMi.Hi'd 


'I  lili'Jil 


,  ,,.,,.,■  Ji'o'i.       A''  till    rrii«    llUft, 

I  am  .'ihoiit  r,'  mill's  liom  llir  wa.  and,  \\  illi  ;i  -milliursi  ;ia!i',  mi//  is  uliiii  iIumh  \%  ith 
II,  and  till  wiiiilow.N  (linvl.y  am  Miraki d  Willi  tin-  call.  I  Innk  on  l|i.'  tiiiiTim,-v  anu 
'"■"'■I  •iiMiiial  ,ill  oiiiiil  ili.'in  Ilir  .l.i„>y.  It  iM  haidi.  I,  and  I  liavr  oiiK  l„Ht  ..im",  anil 
llial  lliroii;;li  r.iniii,  vvliii  li  it  had  in  tlir  lii'iiit.  'Ilii'  ( inn  iisi'v  unrn  moir  milk  iiid 
il  iMi|iially  mil,  and  \v  Inn  doiii'  u  ith  mIU  (i.|  nioii'  to  thr  Imlilu.r.  I  m,).I  al  "oi.ni 
iiiaik.'t,  "hiivSn.'.si'x  and  NhiiitlinrMN  air  till' nsiiiil  inn  olhrasl.  .i  livi'V.aiidil  (iin'i  n- 


s.,\,  wliii'h  Nlii-iird  iiiTralfa  li.itiii;;lit    lu'ti.ii'.  tor  £1".:,,.     ,|,.,n,.v„  Jn'llial  laK,.  1,.|,|, 
liiiiii  X..to.L;i.      I  hav.'Mild  olhiTH.il  .CI.Mi.iJI-.     Tliryiii.  m,t  fatlrn.a.silv.  I.iit  Ihi'v 
alua.Mi.'in  np  tar  hit  li  r  tlniii  th.'\  li.uk  ;   in  tail,  whrir  a  Shoilhoiii  h-ks  tat  o„t.„l, 
a  iiiii'rnst:y  ix  l.ii   insidi'. 

My  catlii' airall  hoiisid  in  a  lar-i-.  wrllxi'iililaliil   row  sh.il    tVoiii   O.  ti.l.ir  m    V... 

'" •'•. '"■'■-"'lHi;i   louiathii',  till   il.i'ii.   i.,at: I   l.ii,' of  mass  i„   ih.  Hi.ni,.'     "<  >„ 

>;ra.ss(lii'y  oi'i    pi'i   day  i  aih  ahniit  I    |.onii,|  ot   ihi  uitiiatrij  lolion  ,  akr      ■Ilir  M-.r- 

!':n,^;;|;:o,Sim;:. '-'""•  "'^^  l-niiiM'..d.akc.aiidh,..,.s,l...an. 

Til.'  rnw.s  an-  fid  :<  liims  a  day.      In  tin.  , ninj;  and   iMninu  tlirN    r.r.'iv.'  .ai  h 

li|iyandMavv  (oat)  rhan-d   w„h   ,uil|,..il  n.ol.s,  all  sti  ainiil.  ^^Hl.  I     .n  iVi  1  of  m 
ilh  i^Nand      ii.mndol  mai/.'  nnal  mlMd  uitl,  it.and  in  ilm    nid.ll  •   ,('  t        I'"'     I'v 

.1'    o  dm-  to  I  II-  milk  till  y  air  -um-,  liom  I  to  .|  ,,„unils  „|  ..;,K,'  a  dav    i  old."   i 
■^"•'1  «.',k.'  ami  I  lm,s...l,  h..iri.,,s  ^^i,h  tli.ir  II, M  lalC.mK  |,,vil     .s    ..|*         S\\L 
"'l"\"""!'""">""iii..aiidtli.'av.'ia^.'..f.,..aiiiisahnnri.- ■   ^.        .    .-i...  .'*r'..*  .'V 


..inn  on,y  .m..  I'o.v  ,av,.  h.-in^  H  „.'.  .■..n.::  ^:  hiu,  iriiii/:::,' ^^j  Ji;;:;'::;:,':  r; 

1..  iM'i- ..,..  ,  ..ahmlal.  is  a  Ian-  aviiaK-.     I  .alM.  my  h.-n.^ .il'  I  !::i';^;;.\;Z 

Til 


I'M.  H..1  milK.     I  hav.M.nly  lumui,  ..fi.n.' .,...•,■  I«n  '"|'     ,.,,', '  "^'-^V      '     ' 

..  .ltd  l^h::li;::..nri  did  ;;;::.::;!sld:;;  ir:;  ;:;:^,i:^  •::•"" ■  -"'  -"  -•> '-'''-  -' 

I  III' loilo\\  iiiL>  ail'  ii.Mi :    kI.i^  ..r  i.    .  i  ■      ' 


•loilonmo  ;||, ,,,.„.,;. ,j.„„„,.  ,,,^   ,^^^^,  a.sHi,l,„i,i,|.,| 

|l'ri"Un  linn  li\  i|iiart-.  ] 


Nuiiii 


III  M 


J  m        IIiM.liiiil.  ISM   (a-ml 
^«  ^        K".-,.  Iiii.i,  iHKi;  . 

lilt  kii',  lii'llrr 

l"Prv.  iiyiil   ■ 

Niiiilii  iiiTj,  -.'il  lalf  . 

t^'llllM.iiii    :iilr,|lf 

<..,i,n„„i,  -j.i  ..„„  ;;;; 

•''.111  ::il  I'.iif  ... 

\  MJililiii,.  Isl  ralf 
''"'il>'lll..'jl|-.  Kl  r.ili" 
<   li.ilii;.  jiii^.  Ni  .-alf 

'■lit  Ihir,  ,■  i.-trair,: 
''i'ltr«>l.iii-!il,.| 
I  "iiiiiii.,  hi.iiVr 
M"iio.  h,  il,.,. 
'•!■■■"  \,,\ 


ifiT... 


luHll'I 

Ifllll.  I'l,.,  h.-lll.l- 


.".Il 

I'.'l    1-^1 

!>:; 

r.i.' 

I'l 

/|» 

lutrfg 

.'ilHl 

'-.'•!'    ■.•.'I 

Ill" 

I" } 

'.'•7 

1.  1-1 

'.'.'..'•, 

I7J  UK! 

nil 

1 1  ,* 

I7|i 

1  r. 

1.. . 

;<*'. 

411 

il"'..' 

L'.  li.'K 

;i.;.'t 

-'.■.■  -jv- 

;t.iii 

•IIT   :!77 

'.'IH' 

:w(i 
•.'(i.'< 

•J7I 

;ivi 

'J-Vi 

■J71 
•."IW 

:.ii!i 

■J.'lO 

1  !>. 

'J  ill 

I'.T 
I**.'. 

•.J 
1.I.1 

(.It.V) 
hi 

•."■Il 

4ii;ii 

IT 
1? 

ll.s 

1 1." 

i.:i7ii 

141 
144 

ir.  i-.it 
««j:i5o 

-" 

2n«i 

■.in-: 

17U 

i.xii" 

cm 

117 

'.'in 
:m'. 

••.tl'.' 

I'M 

■J  II 

i<7 

IKI 

1  t.'i 

I!!' 
HO 

171 
It* 

Jiirj 
'■!.  7ir. 
I,.'.  .'11 

II 

■J(!l 

\'~'l 

-.•i-- 

l-.i 

Ii:; 

•M 

1  L'lll 
1,  Tlfi 

(" '. 

.iltii 

-^ 

liii 

•JlHi 

!•! 

li:i 
•.'II'.' 

'jiiw 

ij:i 

IMI 

I  Ml 

I'^fii 

i:ii)iii 
I--.'. 

1.414 

'  'lii.irlN. 


tl.j 


lU.UlNil  ll,, 


:■'!  'I'l.oi-i.i  ,1,1 


i"i'|||.u|B  4iii»>. 


i:lN    :v 

STT  i  Vv' 
54  ;  l'7» 


illU  iiuMia  MiUy. 


128 


(•ATTI,K    ANI>    UAIKY    FMiMINfi. 


1  T"^  ii 


1^ 


Notes  (»i  (iHcrnsninitlh  Inj  a  (Iturusi  i/J'iti 


ini  r.  — 


Ml.  .laiiirs  .laiiu's,  of 


(Jiii'iiisi-y,  iiiiotliLT  lutu-ilor  of  cons 
iiiy:  iviiiuikH  upon  IIr-iu  : 

Tlii'if  iim  In-  no  niiirr  [>r;ict:c'al  '|iii" 

nlrUMCf   to  tllt^  v;illlr  til'  till'  (liDcli'llI 


idiTiiltlc  iiotoru't.v,  si 


luls  tln^  follow- 


tidii  coimi'.  i.-il  with  liiiid  (liiiii  tliiit  wliicli  liiM 

luicilM  of  .■.iUli'  iMMiiliav  toilu)  iJiiliHli  isloH. 

li.'  Imm'I'  lio.lucfiM,  anil  tl •    '"1''  '  -ifc' 


(Iciiitv.  aiioiliiT  of  till"  islMiuls '.■MlIllMlsill;, -         ^        , 

Tlir  .I.Tsovs  for  a  loiij;  lime  haw  l.o.si  .l.»i;;iiaUMl  u^  Al'lorii.'v.s.  I.iit  tor  Wliul  rni- 
boii  1  am  iinalili'  to  rxi.laiii.  Tliis  lalltT  ir^laml  i«  iukIit  tlif  nam.'  ^joveimiu'iit  a.s 
(iiicnisi'V,  lias  similar  laws,  aivl  ciijovs  Ilu>  saiiii"  iiiivil.'','cs.  It  is  not  m>.  Im.wcvci  . 
Willi  ,lii's.'y,  for  in  this  islaii.l  llu'  uoviTmnnil  ilillivs.  Noa<liiii\tiirf  ot  tlif  CiiiTiif^rv 
iiiiil  .Jcrsi^V  iTi'i'ds  is  vtTinittid.     I'roiii  aliiiosl  tiiiic  uiiiiifiiiorial  t  In' (iiivriiMiy  ratt  Ir 


Itll't'll   OI   can  Irl'mUKIII  ly    piUO   .UIH    IU>Ullll,    iFlnunlul     m     .i|i|F.  ,11. ..!..,    ■»! |.i.r."... 

Iiv  no  olln«r  in  its  liistin^uisliin;,'  I'liaia-iciistii'.  As  tvf,';ir(ls  its  oii^'itial  lialiil.ii. 
opinions  (liHir  vi-ry  wiiltly  :  w.-  may,  lio'M-vcr,  icaHonalily  iiifi  rtirit  il  lia<l  ifH  ori;,'i'i 
ill  some  pari  of  flu-  Frmcii  I'oiiiiniru.  li  is  a  mailrr  of  iiisinry  tliat  lln>  islands  of 
.Icist.'y  and  (imrnsoy,  as  far  liark  as  the  siMli  (•I'tiuiry,  wcri'  uiiili<d  to  tlio  mainland 
liy  a  siiii;li'  plank. 

Tliis  lufcd  of  caltli'  has  1. 111,4  '"'.■n  famed  for  its  ;rcam  and  hiittor  prodiicin;^  ((iiali 
lirs,  and  it  is  also  vminiiilly  ailaptcd  for  the  ,-haniltl.s  wlirn.  from  a;;<'  or  otlii'r  cans. 
!  hcsi!  valiiahlf  propcrl  i's  fail  In  Ik-  ]iiiiiitalilf.    'I'lii-y  ai''  i-N.iuisili'iy  didirati-  in  foi 
ill  color  varying  iVom  lii;ht-rcd  to  Iciikpii  and  oranuc-t'axvn,  i(ccasionall\  Idack,  altim  1 
all  havin;^  a  coiisidL-raldc  admiNtiirc  of  \s  hitc.     In  individual  1  ;i,-ics  it  i^  hIacK,  ciicii  ■ 
(led  with  liijht-colorfd  hair. 

Till'  most  apjirovcd  points  of  a  (Jiicniscy  m.iy  lie  i-oiisidercd  to  lie  as  follows:  Head 
small  but  lonjj; ;  eyi-  lni;:hl,  lively,  hut  placid  ;  horns  small  and  will  liiriied  npvvanis. 
heiiij;  line,  yellnw,  and  wa.xy  at  the  liase> ;  e.iis  small  ami  thin,  with  tine  thin  hair  and 
a  dee|i  ifoUhn  color  inside  :  nostrils  open  ;  neik  lony;  and  ••'ender,  t.iperin;;  toward-- 
tho  head  ;  shoulders  thin  ;  foreciu.irieis  li^'lil  ;  limlis  delicate  ;  hack  slraiulit  and 
liroad  liehiinl :  tail  tiiii^  and  thin,  f-ef  on  at  ii^,'lit-,in;.;le.^  with  tlie  hack :  hide  thin  ani 
mellow  to  tciiu  h  ;  car("Ms.s  (lee|i  and  well  let  ilowii  ;  hind.iiiarlers  full  and  lar^ie  ;  luhh  1 
eapai  ioiis,  hroad,  and  si|iiare,  well  in  line  with  lielly  and  stn  tchini.;  w«dl  foru.ud. 
not  lUsliy.  silky  with  fini'  down  or  hair  :  milk  veins  very  lari;e  and  prominent  ;  (e.il  - 
laru'e  and  stnittiie^  onlwaid.'-  .mil  widl  ap.irt  ;  the  treiieial  li<.riiie  compact.  \ved;:e 

..1  .    ..1-;..  ^:...,.^l  ...;.i.  ..  .1 n  ,^..  ti... 1 ...       :    n  ...1       1   :.     ■.  1 


sli.-qied  ;  skin  tili;,'ed  wil h  a  deep  oiali^^e-yeli.iv,  thron^'hont,  opcci.ill \  nialkid  iii>idi 
the  pastern  joint.  'Jo  these  cs.senlial  )iointsm:iy  he  added  tlio.e  tests  ;ls  shown  liy  lli. 
(iinnon  theory,  and  wiiiidi  when  projierly  niiderstooil  .and  applied  .iie  most  \alnalde 
as  indicative  of  milk-prodncini;  piojieitii  s. 

The  oiiinioii  of  the  tineiTisey  tanner  1-  iiun  ii  di\  ided  as  to  ^vli:it  leay  he  c<insi.|iri  d 
the.  iinist  ajiproyid  points  ol' the  male  animal.  .<onie  prefer  the  hull  n  liieh  possess.- 
many  of  the  points  as  .ipiniived  in  the  fem.iii' :  others,  tliosiMif  the  more  maseiiliiie 
tyjie.  Since  the  superiority  of  the  (iiiernsev  cow  for  dairy  purposes  is  so  fxeiu'ialls 
udinitlrd,  we  must  not,  I  think,  he  '.guided  so  mmdi  in  our  selcctimi  hy  what  max  1" 
the  aiiproved  points  of  exeeMence  in  tin-  individual  animal  as  tiy  ;i  knowled;:<'  of'  hi 
parent!i<^e,  and  this  l;nowleil:,;e  lieionies  of  still  moic  impiuiance  when  we  eoiiMidei 
that  the  male  niidonhtedly  acts  the  priiicipa!  part  in  impressing'  his  character  upon 
the  ollsiirinj;. 

Of  late  years  tin  re  has  heen  a  very  niarki'd   imjirovc ni  m  the  cattle  lliroii}<honl 

the  island.  The  l.recder  has  hecoine  m.ire  alive  tothe  value  «,f  his  cattle,  and,  slimii 
lated  hy  ,1  very  lar-e  and  increasini;  demand  liotli  from  Knjiland  ami  iihroatl,  ho  ha- 
de voted  increased  care  and  alti'iition  to  the  l«reedinf^  and  n-arin^jof  liis  .sto<  k.  Wli.  i' 
careful  and  intelii_ceni  lueediiiLC  has  he(!n  pnrsni'd,  select iii),'  littltif^  sires  and  ilams.  a 
very  marked  and  inereasin;,'  excellency  has  heen  .stamped  upon  the  pro^reiiy.  Karli.i 
m.atnntv,  increase  of  si/.e.  a  m.irc  fullv  ilcvelop.'d  lacteal  system,  and  a  stroii"er  co; 
stitntioii  h.ivo  been  the  re-ult,  and  with  i.ersovorance  in  such  a  ciiiim-  these  o.-,mi. 


tin's  will  iieei.iiie  inleur.irn-d. 


T 


Wll    11 


■rd- 


Jlhur  III  the  Coriu  of 


lUn   ll.ivi'  lii'cn  e.-,t.ibliNiied,  (lilt 


I    ll'LTl 


)ii  the  jirinciple  of  select  i(ni  and  Ih 


slcr,  aUiiiiltiu^' wiUlit*  jts  \kv^<<  all  rattl 


tl 


t,-    Ul   lln;  isia 


Ian' 


i   .lilllK'M,  of 

tlio  follow- 


at  wli It'll  lliM 
iiiitmh  intoH. 

(M'ilC   i'<|(i>ci- 

fthavr  Hp»>cial 

iif.'.iiiwii'  inlly 

I'll!  <  ■tiiii  tliu 

IihuIh.     TIii'.v 

Illl.V    CHM^'Illi.'ll 

it   ln(  <1  ill  At- 

liir  wliiit  rt'ii- 
ivciniiu'iit  UN 
M>,  Imwrvcl , 
tlif  (iiicnisfv 
icniMt  y  rjittir 
itin;;  llio  iin 
i;^  t!if  variolic 
:tiiilirni('*l  aii'i 
wliMtcvcr  fiiii 
'  Iv  liiiast  (il  a 

I'l    Slll|>i»H-.«ll 

;iii:il  lialiil.it, 
luiil  ilH  i>ri;<i!i 
lii>  islaiuU  t'f 
lie   iiiaililaliil 

ilucill;;  ({llilii 

I  ((till  r  <Miis' 

i<Mt|-   ill    (ill 

lilacli,  uliiiM'-i 

lllaik,    IIIIMI- 

iiUows:  lli-ad 
in-«l  iii>'.varil>. 
tliiii  hair  ami 
riii^j  lowaril-- 
straiiilit  anil 
liiilc  tliiii  ail  I 
lar;j;f  ;  lulili  i 
\\i\\  Imwaiii. 
Miiii'iir  ;  Irai  < 
i|)a(l.  \vcil;:i' 
iiaiki  tl  iii>iiii 
sliiiwii  liy  I  III 
iioht  Naliial'ii' 

111'  (••Misjilrli  il 

lil'll     )IIIMHC.-»'<l^ 

ilf  iiiasriilini 
(  sit  f{i>iu'ial!s 
wliat  iiiav  I" 
\\  Iril;;!'  iif  In 
I  We   i-oliHiili  I 

laraciiT  nimic 

li>  t  liriiiii^liiiiii 
r,  ami,  .slimii 
liroail,  Im  ha'- 

itocli.       Willi' 

H  ami  (laiiiH,  a 
iiiy.     Karliir 
stroii^rr  vtn 
'  tlio.si!  cawMi- 


m 


i 


ft 


ctiiiii  ami  till 
ill  tin:  iniali'I 


i 

Itii 


Hi «      ' 


[n 

i 
I 


m 


1 1 


I 


< 


0 


D 


2. 


CD 


CI 

a 


TIIK    IMTi:i.    KINciMtM 


V2U 


;":y;:"!;n"::;\r!;;j:r  ::/;;';:;:r:;iJ;i..'-'i;::;'-\.''';;  '-..-^ 

^-^;::;;.*;.::r;:-::.;-'..'-;:-%:r^^ 

•"■;'''••'  "•l'.....,l,..  (.unuia:: '  V.     unur  ,.?.,' '''''''•''''•''' =  ""    '"■■■I-.  u,ll  I.? 

.1".    ^..MMt  a-  (..  it.  irMlUHl.,;,!,,,..,,,"-  '"'    '"     '"">    ""I"'".   •""'    '<•    I.M..I    l.iN.MM. 

I  III' (iiii'rM.i'\  iicMi"  I  KMiit  I  iiii   ■  .1 ..-.   I.      ■     . 

"•''7ou.M.ir v,:^..,:::;i:^.!■;>J;7;;'•;-^  -. •"-i-Min..  ...... 

'""'  "••■a«.r  n.  Hi..  ..xi,,.,, ...  aii.l  it  is...  I  V'         '>  '"  "'' "'■  'I'"  '"^'M.  ,  |,;,v 

;■  '"■'■  ■""-"■■'I  •■..i.> ..-■ .KHs t  M  M  H    o  : ;,;''i'' " ''r;" ''?  •"""- •""■  • ".' . 

' "I"  ■'n.nfi..M  lu.  iMilMrl..  I»    ,,   -j   .  ,        ,'i  '"*'  '"  H"""'  ''r-.-.lm:. 

"•"","1'""'-'"   |Mr.nt,.aM „   |^^U  :    / ';  ;\  I'' rV''  «7; ''l':anMn..lsI„.,n 

'"  Ir.ilmniiti,,,;;  f..  I, K,„...',.„v  Ills      V  ..M                '"""''■"'■     ""'  '"'"  '"i  n  -  .M  I,  I  l.l,■ 
l- n,ay  lM^  .•  M.  Ihu  ,  ...^V-m:  li^'';.;;:  :,:  J  ;'  !;:!:,::  ^I;;' ''- ...r.,i:'.i:':':, 

'•I  Mirl,  annual- «|,..M.  pal...,!.  In  v.    1,.   ?,  .  ,.  .     '"'"'■"'•'"I  I"  i„ak..  a  .1.,.,.  .• 

'''••""•■"•  '•"'"•  '••••'•■.■'I  MM..,,,  ..I-.  I,.     ..      .1  J  T      ""•  '"""■  'I'.na......  aiMl  ,1... 

'"  ■•'"v..  :.t  M..  ,...^,  ,„  l,r...,li„.^  ..„..    „,  ,     I    huu        ,         ""I""''"".  .""I  -I  ••  ..  Ih.,. ...I 

-i; -"•'..•.. lM.;r.       ih^^n,>>:\rr,u^Z         :l        '^ 

"""•'''I'    •'-•'■'I.''',v...ltl.    vv  III,:,  ,.,',,',    '•'•    •" ^"K.-.lnM,.,.,x,,„..„t   irul,,.. 


Il'-    IfMllt. 

(i»)  Ki;i:i;v  Catili.;. 


h 

t 

..f 


s.v;';;'p;;:;:;:;M.;:rr:.;;:;'j 

•;'•  '-'■->  I..S.  spn..,:  ii.k;. ;H'..i  :';:;: :  .';•;' <;<•  ••"•  Km.i. 

''"•|'""-^f  sli.iii,        lli^  i,,,,„|,,  .,,      'I      '""•>'•' IVI<-t   I'liirix,  ||„.  ,..,l,,|  Ml 

^i-ui..;:  =.11  fi.:.  n-.'ni'^i^j;  ;:''';;•  ^— i«-i  ih.h  ., ,„;.,.„... 

-•'""•  "'^"  ^"v  iMvuli;;,.  ,o  |.,n,r,'ir.    '  ""  '"   ^"""-  •'••vH..|.nM.„t.  w,(|. 

111.'  <|'''»l if '«'•"<   <»!'  ilic    K«.|iv    .,,...    ,    ,   11  .     . 

'-!."Hv'l,a„.|,a,M.,i,!!.      'V  .1.,.;        'V''"""".';-  1"   l"^"l    ...lli.T  s,n..l|. 

i    -Mu/./L  n,..;   :.    I,:,;,  .Us  1     ,^\;'n'''',  (•^) /'"•""  '"11  M...I  uHi  s.., 

^'";  "I'i"'' "'"•  '''^'H.;  ,7.  .-.us s„.  L:' ',:•;,";  "v"'^  '^''"•'*"-- 

"'I'l":  t'^i  ••N«'.s  mil.I  ami  r,il|  •  ,.h     .  ,"  '""''  "iwi.;:,.  ,-„|ni 

'-i s„ai;,i.t in.„. to,,    i,:^V  ::,i :' '  T'.  "'T-'''  'v: '"''''''  <"> 

'■'l''<'«'..siMlinruin   l,HlN.,,,      v'il   r,      "'.''7   "'•"   "".'"l.-.l.   Kill  an.l 
'••'.^v.a.HliatlHTtara  M. It     r-       ;.i  1^^?     '^^  '-"-'  '"^"-^  ^^''"  I»'^hv,I, 

'"ii'i  .•uh.r.s.  "-"   ''""  •'"•  "^"".•'  vfiy  -o,mI  aiiiuials  of 

''•^'''""^!:.:"^^^r:;^;l:^^^  -....>  ur,„i,^, 

II     l.-v    -..  -     •  "    """'-"^"""•'«l'lt..  t.iHm...  (...,.■  ,„,iL  ...I.: 


i 


II.  i:\.:,i. 


"luait.ottmlk  a  .1,1 


130 


CAT'iLK    ANU    1»A1ICV    l"AICMIN<; 


>acli,l»ut  itisiiitlM'.iiMilit.v  (iltluiM 


ilk  thai  iIm'.v 


SlK'CialtV    t'N<  < 


I  li.is  I'  111)1  aM  vi'l 


tested  the  nil 


k  oral!,  lull  amoiii:  iii'>s< 


tllc'i 


I  I  have  t,.imil  nianv  to  '^ivi-  HI  prr  ci-ii 


n  iHi-c.-nt.,  Iv'  1 


CI    lit.,  iltll 


I  i: 


(•(•111.  Ill'  rrealii 


Jul 


lia.s 


rmii'  as 


JVC  \M'i<;lii  "I  li"iii 


>i\  In  hcvi'ti  i-\vl.,  IS 


I  tl> 


III., 

i: 


-;;:a.Jl::i.ir'Ai;\i^:,::;'^:i^;.;^^^ 

Mr.  Kichanl  lUtrUT,  an  .xu-nsiv.  larnMr.  hn.-hr.  and  .lanvowurr, 


Mr.  A.  .1.  Kiiiulit.  ill  tlic  iolUnvin-  fart,  supplu-s,  in  all  likclil.ood.  the 
ivas.m  whicli  l-dhiin  t<>  iVoiii  his  herd: 

I  ,>t   v.n  I  liMl  a  K.rrv  .ow  -iv.ii  imp.  sent  ..ver  iV.mi  Kerry    wl.en-  si,,-  l.a.l  iM-ei, 
1       I,     ,         ..    iMTle'il   si„,iiiMii      This  .ow  l.eat   \\M<  valnal.le  aii.l  lately  .in- 

;:;:;;:aT  wv  i     vi;^';'kn-;^^^ 

.  ,  I  evs  look-il  p.H.r  anil  iniseiaMe  .lurii,;.  .he  u  inter,  the  Kenv  vs.s  a  ^^  a  >  s  j 
!.';;,,  ,;,;„,i„:.„  ,„.,  h',,,,i,  ah  ha.l  an„NtM.e.  ,ae,,ual  .,.ia„tmes  ..t  l.eM  mi  and 
eott.in  eake.  at  the  rale  „f  .".  |Minn.ls..r  llie  iiuMure  to  eaeh  eovv  (.ei  ,h»>  . 

Pn.fo.ssor  l}aUiwiii,tht'Nvi-ll-kiiown  Irish  apii-ulturist,  lu-ars  (his  tr> 
tiiiioiiy : 

The  Kerry  is  small  in  si/.e.  ..xeee.linu'lv  hanly.  aiul  .'an  subsist  on  ,.oor  an.1  .-xposeil 
i.astnre.  It  often  hears  a  eh.se  loeinUlan.  e  in  si/.e.  sliai.e.  ami  rolor  I.,  the  na  ly- 
...ttleof  Wales  ami  ISrittanv.  The  eolor  vivlerre.!  is  l.laek.  nmiI.  a  nd-e  ..t  Nxhiie 
alon.MliesMnie.amlayvhite;ireakalo,i;,Mhel.elly.  Catteol  true  Ken  \  .leseent  aie 
,„..t  «  ith  lit  other  eolois.  Thus.  1  haye  ^een  them  l.loNvn.  l.laek.  ami  xvliite.an.l  Ma.  1, 
ami  hrovyii.  The  horns  are  line,  somevvhat  loi.t,',  an.l  turm-il  m-Nvanls  at  the  i.onilv 
The  skin  is  sott.  unetmrns.  ami  of  a  line  .naii-e  tone,  wliie li  i..visilile  al.oul  .  ..e  eyes, 
the  ears,  ami  the  inii/./le.  The  heef  is  tender,  vvell  marl. led.  and  eommand-  the  lii;:h 
,M'  i.riee  in  the  market.  The  milk  is  i.e-iiliarly  riih  and  «ell  tlavoivd  ami  tin-  .|".'i'- 
t'ily  o*-  it  yielded,  eyeii  on  hard  fare,  is  so  «reat  that  the  Kerry  has  l.een  ^lyle.l  tlie 
iioor  uiaM's  cow.  I'lofessor  Low  ob.ser\es.  that  in  milkiii-  |.ioiierties.  the  K.rry  eovv, 
taking'  si/.e  into  aeeount.  is  eiiiial  or  siiinrior  toaiiy  in  tin-  Hrilish  Idlaiids.^ 

Mr.  Jaiiit's  liidti'rt.soii  <»l»,s('rv«'s  : 

AsYouatt  savs.  the  Kerrx  may  he  truly  deserilu'd  as  the  iioor  man's  eow,  livin;^  <yer\ 
wh.Te,  ,ind  the.les.in.iion  is  tiioron^rhly  aeenrate.     The  Kerry  will  live  ami  thrive  m 
almosi  any  eiiiiiale  ami  leiiiiieiat  me,  o;i  the  site  or  .'.1111111111  of  a  Kerry  Mountain  01  m 
thei.iior  iimlraiiied   lands  of  the   lowlands,     lliave  m.ide  no  .•Nieiided  .xiierimeii'- 
and  am  unaware  of   luv  having;  been   m.Mie,  but    IllV    e\|..lieliee  of   an  UVelMfje   Kell> 
.ow  is  thai  hlieuiii  sie'ld  oil  all  avera-e  I-.;  .|iiarts  of  milk  per  day.  and  in  to  11  .|iiari- 
of  milk  will  )irodilee  1  iioiiml  otbiitter.    (Miee.seiiiakiiij;  lsaluio>t  unknown  in  lielaml 
The  weight  of  the  animals  when   fat    is  Iroin   :!i'   to  M<  stiui.',  of  .-   iioiimU.  and  tin  ^ 
freniienlly  !  un  up  to  10  stone.    My  herd  is  kejit  mi  luiiiie  old  pusliiie,  w  hii  h  lias  bi>  n 
most  iiidi'ei"i.''ly  "laiil  down,"  but  thejiarl  tlie  Keiry  plays  proniin.iit  ly  in  I  In-  a-n 
eiiltii'ie  of  the  loiiiiliy.  is  that  they  are  bled  by  small  farmers  in  the  Kerr\  Mount.n!:-. 
ivliiie  th.y  have  a  temper. It  nr.  and  (limatemiieh  leseiiibliiiu  that  of  the  Welsh  .Moimi 
ains.  anil  u:-  Kepi  in  and  about    that  ilislrict  until  Ihoy   are  from   two  .iiid  »  hal!  !■ 
three  years  old.  when  they  are  boiii;lit  up  in  the  loeal   fairs  in  Kerry,  and  elsewln  i' 
for  the  rieherlamls  of  surrounding;  distiiets  :  ir.  fai  t.  tin-  jtopiilar  ide.i  is  thai  if  lam    ■ 
not  ^ood  i'noiif:li  to  'alteii  Slioillioin  eatth.  it  will  beoeeu|>ied  by  Kerries. 

I'oiisidenii;;  ihe  ult.r  m  ulect  wiih  whieh  the  Kerry  lii.ve  Urn  tieaieil,  no  imil  ' ' 
whatever  beili^  I'oijiiwed  by  their   bieedinj;.  it  is  11  wonder  they  are  not  e\liinl  le   - 
a^o.     They  are  very  easily  !;e|)t.      Two  will  eoiisume  very  little  more  food  than  ■ 
larj;e  Sliniiliiin.  and  when  <  iosm  1  with  it  make  both  uood  dairy  eowN  .and  liuie.ii 
beasts.     .M>    ehamiiion  bull,  liu-a'O,  who  has  Iieyer  been    beaten    in  a  sho\\-,yaid  :i" 
who  oiitainrd  lea  in\ai  pri/.es  ■,  tin-  tine   .'H    Kilbinii  inehided, '•,  m-.-f^nred   ('>-  smle  -  ■'■ 
t;irtli,  '.!li  inches  in  hei',;ht.  and  :U  ineheM  from  tall  to  top  of  .shoulder.     The  Kerr>  'ii; 
tie  an-  eNtniuely  haiiiy.  not  liable  todisea.se,  aie  liand-onii-,  docile,  putty  in  tin  i'..ii> 


r.  on  llir  saiim 

I  nsiin.     'Ill" 

1  ((iiistitiititm, 


;mvt)Nviior, 


(■It  ii's  llii'oii^h 
<i\v,  ill  inniior- 


|i  rail"  III  inirr 


(liliotxl.  tlu' 


■i\ll-    liiid    liii'll 


W  ilM  H\\\  .tV  N  III 

if  lit'.sl  ml   aijil 


I'urs  this  ti's 


Mir  ami  ('xjxim'iI 
r  to  till'  iiat  ivc 
I  ri(l;;r  i>f  w  liii'' 
i'll>  (IcHiciit  all' 
vliitt'.and  Marl> 
\h  at  till'  lMiiiiI>. 
altoiil  I  ill"  «■><"<. 
iiaiiil>  till-  lii;;li 


the  KrlTV  it'VV , 


iw,  living  i\  irv- 


Miiiinlaiii  or  iii 


11  avi  iMfii-  Kcriy 
kI  III  to  11  fiiiarn 
iiowii  ill  Inlaiiil 
loiiiiiU,  anil  t li'  > 
',  wliiih  liui<  liii  11 
riiily  ill  til"'  a^n- 
l\.  ri\  Miiiii'iaiii'. 

tiloWilsll.MollIll 

\Mi  anil  It  liall  t" 
V.  mill  iIm'"  Ii'I'' 


ati'il,  no   inrllii"! 

lint  I AlilKt  loll.; 
Ill'  1(111(1  than  I'll; 
WW  aii'l  liiii'liii' 

11  nIkiw  -vanl  ;mi 


TMI';    1:mii;|.    k|\(;|)o 


M. 


i:n 


IT  |iailili>(k,  ami  i'\.'.l|,-iil   Inil 


•|iii'ii.  anil  llir\  sc'hl, 
till-  Ki  Tiy  ar.',  a  Miiall, 


III   ln,«Ki'i> 


M, 


;il  an\  I  Inn''  Imi 


allli 


11  ;;iM- 


aii'  iifvrr  liiiiisi'il, 


iiiiil 


lips. 

jM'ar. 


11 


's  rathti  Iniiu.  line  sii, all  lirad,  |, 


""•■■II.  liMly  aiiiina.'.  Ii^jhi  ronml   i 


mil  straw  in  winter.     Tji,.  p.,j 


<"WH  Ml  niilK 


nl> 


!'■  |io|iiilar  ciiii.r  is  \,.l  \t 


Ivl'l-ll  (Vr,   whllr    I 


ranic,  ii.irrow  riini|.-.  iin< 


I'll!  a  t.w    icl   ami  I 


i|»taii!liii;.r  Inn 


•  tiiiilli-(l  (III 


111,  with  lilacK 


iM  .Miintt  mil's  a|> 


W.'iiic  ii„l,.|,|,.,|i,,.M,.  !.-.  ().  !'n„;,i,.j.,i,.,.,i 


(iii/.t'llf,  lor  I  In-  lollowiii;^ 


it'Toftli;.  l,j„i,  I'lniiicn 


•11,1 

aall 


vrir\  ciiu  IS  a  1 


K  till  lu'il  or  1  (iiknl 


ivi'ly  eye,  due  wlni 


"■•■II.  Ii.uhl   in.nli'  anil 


ackwanl.     'I'l 


111.'    .si, 


ri'lor  is  |.iii(.  Iijack  iliriin. 
"   mill  I 


1'  Horn,  w  liii 


II'  rnni|i  i- 


i:il.  with   lini'  and  latli.r  I, 

I'  "I  inaiiy  casrs  afirr  pruj,..  iln^'j 


i.iriiiw,  and  tin 


un  Nlnmld  li.i\i.  ji  mellow  tnneli.  .md  1 


'"'".  '""  Mime  are  Ida.  k  and  w7 


mills,  tiiiK 
■  ruard 

'i^'li  liulil.      ri'i-  fash 


iii'i.\    IS  iiistiii::n!s|ii.,|   Colli   (j 


liHil  and  ralher  thick  1. 


|Klle  (ir   true    K 


lleoited  with  h.ii,-.        III,.  I 


"le.  and  utheis  nd. 


iiks  the   ti 


."* ;  the  he, id  1.4  1 


'iiy  ill  haviiP' 


>e\!    v\: 


i.v.  and  the  h(ir 


lis  are  I 


K'.-iv  I.  r.  and  want 


k  lonnd  |iliiin|i  Imdv 


ill  I'l'Ihe  Dexter  \ariety  is  not  ue||  n,,.! 


on,i;er.  Htrai^'hirr,  and 


'iJi  ill  thai  linei 


less  whli 


"I   ^lll'l  iai  .sejei  tioli.      In     I 
villa    (irnis,  ji.s  t|„.    enw,,, 
on   eoiiliiii 


reliind  the    Kcrrv 


erstoiid,  jiiit   it  j^ 


coarser. 


n 


le  real 


when  leilu'red 

house  led.      We  hiive  k 

Uilhl 


alt! 


i||t^ 

MOW  n  a 


loiiyli  nalnr.illv  activi 


IS  nilich    e.steenicd 


lll'I'osed  to  he  tlie  result 


.'«»  hiiitahle  (or  .small 


III 


in  without    iifny   to    I,,.,-    h,.;ii,|,.     ,^|,„„,    ,.|, 


Ki'iiss.      They  also   Ihrive'wheu  |. 
ry  cow  to  lie  kept    lor  liv 


•;','•'. '^'•'".V    Kelille,     and    do   well 

I't   loiistaiillv 


f.vciii-s  III  . I, lark  Htalil 


,\  icid  lor  a  K 


'I  rv  CO 


w  w| 


nil  hI 


tcl 


IV.'  Uiiown  .s.ime  c.nv.s  to  jrjve  a.,  mmh  .-is  I 


lo  iM  fairly   ki'in  (  thj.,  js  f 


'|i':"-'-*  of  milk  dailv 


c:il\  111/. 


Tl 


ii.iun  a  h 


i^'I 


le    \  I. 


Id   of 


iiiiiter   is  1 


''  ipiart.s  d.iily  f,,,-  ,., 


icriienenlaiic  oj   1. utter  oht 


I'ouinl    iroiii    I  I 


mieli.— T,  1^ 

("iisidi  r.'iide  t 


e  in 
.V  IS  an  iiver- 


K'liyean  Jati.'ii  rai.inly  wh.-i  r. e,|      'Ij 


|ii,irts  of  milk,  1,11, 


•  i,s  cnw.s  or  oth.rw 


for  at 


IIS  in  tru.'  when   thi  v   I 


wh.'ii  ohtaiii.  ddireci  from  (| 


"IK' on  l.iir  [..'istuie.  hilt  |io.,r  K 


lave 


and  we 

line  ,lf 


n   kepi 


r:i|ii.l 
lla'...i. 


Ill  to  sh.iw  improvement.     \V1.. 
mil  when  sl.'ni^'hiered  th.'ir'li 


'i:iliM'niiiniiiaiiij;ra/.iii-s,  ial. 


•rrii's,  es|.e,  iailv  l.ulloel. 


|.  II  once  t 


ley  do  111  ;;iii  to  iliij 


l«.i'  some  tune  hef.i-e  Ihev 


Tl 


'  ir  w.i;;ht.  wlieii  fit,  is  f 


'  -^h  isof  the  lie..,!  oiialit  V.  I 


•  rove 


I! 


leir   |»ri';,'leMs  !>< 


inalM-  .10  htiine.     Willi  u  few 


«lll 

lilllil  r.iciilly   devoted 

''"•  'act  that    Kerry  catth^  j 


loie  VHto;tt;  impel  i.il 


meinihe-r.iiii.iml  ri.hl 


slone 


•••■pllons.  (he   l.reeileis  .if  K 


-f la  led   lieasi.s 


'mHhalleniiontoih..  i.rop.r  inamt 


<'M.\    cattle  h.'iv. 


mil 


ii..it( 


K'ln    ha 
l"'ii.'.i,aiiil  otl 


without    inatcriil  det 


lave  Niirv  i\cd    t| 


lie: 


ill.e  of  the    hreed.  and 


I'rior.it  nil 


I  herd  of  Kerry  cat  He  whi.l'i   ha.s  I 


1.    IS  .s||-.:|^r|^       i„     ,|,,.|,.     f 


»    \vilh    wjiich   Ihev   1 


li 


111 


i''''i.  I'lit  di.'  reputat 


KT^'entlemen  ill  that  pan  of  h.-laiid  1 


lull    hred   witi 


t^'"'.       Ti'ie   Klii-h(   of 


1   «ii'a(   care  foi  .i  Inn 


ti'l.'st    w 


Inch 


has  I 


ion  of  th.«  hreed  has  I 


liiveaiso  devoted  at  lenli,.n  to  ( I, 


^wio  have  taken 


icen  taken  in  it  l.y  vju- 


lioiii  Hie  inir 


ip   (he 


ions  m-ntl 


H'eii   coii.sider.ihly  (<iil 


em. '11 


lanr-ed  |,y  1 1,,.  ,,, 


iiisic  merits  of  the  lir,.,.,|  ;i,.,  ,] 


ifiediiiii  oi  Kerry  call  I 


f.sidiii-  in  other  pails  of  I 


Ir.  I',  <'| 


iir\    (.to.k. 


c.  not    merely    .'IS  ,j   t 


1.' 


ini'V,  Inn 


III;:  hi.. 


'•'•^IMV,  iiiLMviii^^Mlic  nsiilt.sof 


t-xpiTUMin'  (,f  il„.  Kcii'v, 


Ul-sl 


s;i\.s: 


■<I.V  fan-l'lll  .>ll.s,.|'V;lti,,|Mi, 


ows  Were  kepi  oil  | 


thai   the  I 


iii'.'s.  Miorthoin 


and 


ic  waine  farm   and  fe.i 


■'ii'l  other  ihiiiKi 


",:;'>  anini.tlH  used  t 


coiiiiiion  cow.s.  ih( 


III  tl 


le  name  pa.stiires  as  ,» 


^|'.-:il. 


cs  which 


o  fi'iivo  supple,,,,. ,,t;„.y  .,11 


I'onlvdillerence  tl,  (heir  I  real 


iinmhcr  of 


nieiii 


'I. 'Ill  m.inorv 


'!'!  iiiliiv  of  mill 


as  (o  ti 


'iii'iilhs  of  III, 
liclollleti 


yi^cn  hy  e.icl,  of 


>cre  found  at  iniieN  (.>  i 
'"  (acts  I  am  j;ivin^,    havin- 


•waiice.sof  lie.aii-nieaL 


e    liei  .-ssarv  I 


or  them. 


I  ll 


ake, 

o  lint 


o  .spniit:  ai 


i  he  f 


a  Week 


I 


1(1  Mininier, 


noilld  ohserve,  h 


inv  (  ow.' 


as  ;U.so  III   (h. 


at   that   tl 


nie  ;is  I 


lore  iiie  a  rej;ister  of  ih 


II   iiiiinl.ir,  ilurin 


th 


owever,  th.il  the  milk 


P«'i<'enta-eofcr.'aniast,.Hti'dl.y  i| 


ml 


;iM) 


'llll  "11  which   tl 


y  ine.i.siiivd  and  te.si.d 


acres  (It   |,y  , 


le  ciMV  s  Will.  1, 


111  her  p.irts  r 


lo  iiit.ans  evcepiioiiallv 


'•pt,  siiiiated 


Hi  coillil  \  ( 


■voted    I, 


cclaimed  |,o;j,  |ui,|  ,| 


m.l,  part  of  u    mde.-d 


consisted  of  ,^on 


"III. 
fill 


nie-id 


I'vin;;,  .iiiil  We   h;i,| 


own  in  arliti.'ial  ^lasscM.    i)f 


noimtain.  .ind 


in...  need  Kia.n  and  root 


folisi.hrahle   faci|i( 


cour.se  Home  lie|(|s 


vllnlof  f 


I 


'•'.  ul 
1'  'o  1  he  till,,.  ,,)■ 


""aKeloun.le.spe.ially  Useful 


»fo|is,  more  of  the  latter.  I 


les  lor  iiiMsii^ati 


W  ell 
"II,   \>hil 


ii'li  liiriied  :t  1 


U.'Ci 


ot  rone;h.  Hto 


I'articnhnly  for  \ 


lowever,  than   the  (..r 


iner. 


'altle  ll 


Mill.  I  ,;., 
|l'i"lil,il.| 
•■!e;i-.., 


I'T''.  ami  the  ( 


'",V  f,'0|I|i;  to  (h.'f 


II  v 


ows,  alih 


trill  it  hitd 


trroimd  iiito,|uitea  pn.lU.ild'e  pi 


ni-ih  I'ood  oil 


not   lieeli    tl 


III  liial  localit 


;""'!""•<'.  •specially  w) 


IS.  \,vr,'  of  no 


oiiiiK'  "lock,  was  I'icni  h 
plai .'. 
I'l'p   nineh 


1.'  custom  to  k 


paKiciilai   I 


i  .\.\ish 


y  th 


"•II  c.iiefnlly  made,  ami 


need.      Itiit 


"'•'ikviwtiinuilk.''r.slie,i.| 


K'^aiid  S'e.ril 


moi  her  kinds  of  |„.,.!»;intlry.  rii 


ilairMiiir  was  inoi, 


'isid.iali 


'Ills  introilnc.'d.     At 


Ktock  w;is 


niiinl 


ml'.r  of  calves 


!■*  soon   larj^idv 
one  dm,,  we  HI  fact    had   a"s 


and  hcifei 


11; 


ivilu 


i 


I 


IIP:    ! 
Bl    1 


V62 


CATTLE    AND    i)AIUV    FAKMIXO 


,    (I 

m 


slrini.H  hiis|iii'iii;i,  iio-.MV  ir,  niiilriiy  In  lln'  \  ii  vs  of  our  miulilicHN,  ili.it  llic  liitio 
liliirk  ('DWh  111"  ilir  MUjniiiiiii;  ciiiiiily  woiilil  jirnvr  (|iiiio  ;i.«<  sfivicc.ililc  ami  iiiiiili  iinci- 
ccmioiiiical  in  oui  iii(iiiii.s[ain'rs  tiiMii  tl.i'  l.iijirr  lircc(l.>',  i(  was  immpImiI  to  ;;iv('  llinii 
a  lair  trial,  and  . Is  ucilt'iiilid  111 . stall  wil'i  ^jnuil  oins  \vc  ii'iidi' an  cxiM'dil  imi  in  \'a 

Ii'iitia  and  alter  iiisih  r!  iii'4  I  lie  lurd  of  |!..    Kiii;4lir  id"  Kerry,  Ueca tin-  owner.-*  ol 

.several  e;,iod  siieeiineiis  otliii  |iri/,e  lakilliT  stoek.  I'lit  as  tliCM'  ol'  loiir.sc  tell  lied 
soiiiew  lial  iii;.;liei-  piiees,  we  also  made  siiiiie  |inreliase,>  Iron;  the  tanners  alioiit,  in  |iai- 
tieiilar  I  hat  id'  one  litt  ii'heii'er  wliiidi  lieeanie  i|iiiie  a  eelelirit-. .  it  w.is  in  ant  niiin  t  liai 
we  made  niir  \ en'  iir  ■.  ami  our  litlii'  t'avoriies  li,-|\  ili^;  lieeil  e;Uelilll.V  dl  i\  en  iioiiie  nid 
well  li(iii>ed  and  al  Iiiuled  to  diirinu  I  lie  winter,  dnl,\  e:i!ved  the  eiisiiin-  \ear,  willi 
llie  eNi'e|iI  ion  ol'  one  of  1  hose  lioaichl  I  loin  [In-  Knight,  \\  Iindi  IiiiiumI  out  a  .>il  i  ipiiei , 
aliuiisl  all  of  tlu'iii  heini;  three  or  I'oiir  vear  old  lieil'eis,  and  this  tlieir  lirst  tinieoi 
ealviiiii. 

Mesides  I  lii'se  ]i|ire  Keiries  we  ;i  Iso  li'Mi^liI  I!  h.ll  I'lired--,  the  lesiiil  ot'  t  lie  ero.ss  lie- 
tweeii  the  ivei'iy  and  liie  .'sliorlliorn  v.  liic  li  Ml.  M.ihon,  so  >Iroii;;ly  t  oiideinns.  ;iiii|  I 
,1111  lioiind  III  say  thai  heller  niilker.s  I'or  their  ,si/c'  it  would  he  dillieiilt  to  lind.  (  »:h 
id'  lliein,  moii'o\er,  was  i|iiile  a  lieanly  and  eliosen  on  this  aeeoiint  liy  an  e\eelieii! 
Jiiil;;!'  who  iiail  .some  diliieiilly  ill  iiersii.idiiiji  her  ow  ner  to  part  w  iih  lier,  and  I  In  lii m 
that  a  "  tir.st  cross"  hetwe--  Kerry  and  ."shot  I  horn  pareiils,  possissin^j;  flic>  iTi|iiisiie 
i|iialilieatioiis,  ]irodMees  a  \ery  iisel'iil  .-iniaial  tor  .i  dairs  I'.iriii,  e.speeiall\  it'  it  lie  om 
where  the  yield  ol' j;rass  IS  not  very  heavy,  or  where  llieie  is  iiioiint.iiii  eia/.iii,u  ;  lor 
these  cow.s  not  only  j^ive  ideiiiy  of  milk  up  lo  an  aihaiieid  ai^e.  Imt  latleii  inoic  n  ad- 
ily  ;ind  prodiiee  a  hii-'^er  ainoiiiit  of  meat  lli.iii  the  pure  Kerry  wlnneMT  it  may  In 
necessary  to  eel  I  iiein  ready  I'or  the  Inuelur. 

The  yoiinjr  Keriics,  three  or  four  year  olds,  wit  li  ilnir  tiisi  calf,  did  mit  (,anv  of  tliemi 
iiTdk  more  than  Vi  i|ii:u'ts  ill  the  day  the  lirsl  year,  Imt  those  which  were  iwo  \c.irs 
older '^ave  1-J  and  l.i  ipiarts,  and  even  as  mmli  as  is  i|iiai ts  soon  after  i:alviii;;.  A 
fiiiir-vear-old  h.ilf-liicd,  however,  e,ivc  lo^  iinarts.  Now,  iis  our  liesi  Ayrshires. 
l.ir;,'e,  Iicavy  cows,  wliicli  eoiisumed  a  j^reat  deal  moiv  fodder  than  the  Kerries,  iicvei 
nave  a  ;;reatcr  yield  than  l.'i  ipiarls  ami  our  he.ivies;  milker  aiiioim  t  he  .Short  Imrns 
never  iiiiite  reached ','0  <|narts,  even  when  neeiviiiL;  heaiinieal  in.i.shes,  Ae.,  in  addi 
lion  to  vetches  and  j;rass,  1  consider  that  Uie  Kerries  are  decidedly  the  iimst  inofit 
ahle,  |,.irticiil;irly  as  they  are  industrious  little  crcitiires,  wanderin"  olV  to  liml  food 

tor  thcinsclvcs.  and  alw;iys  i triviii-,  if  they  im.t  with  anv  I'.iir  tii"itmciit,  tn  keep 

ihcmsclvc.s  Ml  propcrcondilioii.  '  ' 

A  pure  lired  Kerry,  loo,  with  her  sleek  >  Inm  coat  ..ml -laicl'tillv-sh.iped  wunv  hoii.s 
IS  a  very  pretty  creature,  and  may  almost  ch.illciiue  coiupclilion  with  her  iM'anliriil 
(hiV.MM.h.re,ls,....,.s„(,l,,,I.yn.nees,  thou-hldonl.t  whcthirshe  would  willi„;4U.snr 
ler  aer.seil.as  they  .Ui,  to  lie  trained  to  servile  employiiieiHs.  and  iiia.Ie  .dtlier  to'idow 
.and  luirow  or  draw  a  cart  of  hay.  Nor  would  it,  in  point  of  fad,  he  at  all  i.n.lit.ild. 
I«|  employ  cow.  Ill  this  manner  if  we  wanted  them  i-ij,Mve  ph., It  v  of  milk.     Whether  m 


ycar.s  to  cum.  ,  pc:,saut  fanners  may  lind  it  economical  to  n.se  i-ows  in  thai  w.r,   is  an 

s  .'.''hI'm,      !•■    m'"'  '"■'  '"'■'•  '  '"■'''■'■"  !''''^  •''"'"■'■''  '■M'<-Hully  in  Ireland,  .,ie  hetic, 
Mllislitules  lor  the  more  e\pensive  eiiuilie  animal 

As  to  il.e  i-.eam-prMl.icin;;  ,|,,alities  of  ,ny  cow.s.  I  found  Sliori horns  to  ^v..  the 

e    nn    hesTrr ;■';"'  ""■  ''l^  "'^l  l"":""";'~"-  '-•'■>!-  ami  hali^l.ted  Kei,,;.  I,..ii,. 
M.oid  liest,  and  A.  ishires  next  to  them  m  this  nspict.     It   ,,  ncdl.ss  to  allude  m  a 

let   V.hlcii  evcrv  -d.M.fVant   person  who  has  to  deal  with  eow.s  .vili  h:ue  not      ed    tha 

::',^;::''.::  ;■':,:*:?';'"""  "="""'  '•■"-i''y'-''b  -tii  .1,..  sameanitnai  rro,,.  „  Jh  , 


i;n!.;'w;,r;;r,sr.:n7^';"' "t  ■'•"-•  i'-'^'^ ;.n : .- . 'u-Xund ::; s  r  h:;;  'z 
:::^':.rt',l:;;;.:;^;::'7;m:::::::::,i':!r,::'  r^^^^ 


-""■I  •'->-■  oil-  ,i,..  ,lim;"n::;",;'"',;:"^'''^'  ^'"'^  i'-''-".he  rh;;,:n;'i'is;a;X':.;;;'.;c 


win  the  dav. 


on   poop.r  or  mi  m..iii,iaiii  land  the  Kerrv   would 


intmi!;;:^;:i:;.;i:.;^;'ir;ir;^:;.tvrhr^se^  '-><•"- 

t-:sion  ,0  lieanty.     The  Kerr!  hioi:' ■,;,'':;:':;.,,,'.;;;>.  •'^'  ''" "'•.'""  ''^'V  '-  I- 

"■'■'■""    IHUliiern  Incalll,.  lo  which    mm-  .      ,.  "-ecu  Ilc    <(UIl0leno«l,e.i  111  a 

i'-r,self  tiauspianted.     s I  ,   VVs     . m      '     ,  '   "," "  '^.'"■•""r"  (""'•••kl'ly- -I""   '"! 

1  ^N.ls  ono  ol    li,„.M.  pii,vl,:ih,,,l  lit  Valeiilia,  and  o.m-i1   Im  . 


Titr.  rvirrn  Ki\<,n(nf. 


.It    llii'   lilllo 

llllll'll      lllll''!' 

II  y;i Vf  llii'iii 
it  inn  111  V.i 

(•    IIWIHTM    (iC 

iirsc  I'lttlifil 
limit,  ill  jiar- 
:ii|l  niiili  t  li;il 
I  II  limiic  ;iimI 
^  ,\<ll',  w  itii 
:i  ht  1  i|i|ii'i, 
lil'ht    I  illlr  III 

111'    ll'IISN     111- 

I'liiiis.  ami   I 

I  liiiil.  Oiii 
;ili  rscflirii! 
lIKl  I  lirlii  VI 
111'  rri|iiiNiii> 
it'  it  lie  line 
;ia/.iii,u  ;   Im 

II  IIMIIC   ll'Mli 
IT   II    Mills    III 

IIIV  dl'  t  ill'lll  ) 

!•  I. Wo    Miir> 

•■iilviii;;.     A 

Ayr'<liiir>. 

Itirs,   iicvrl 

Sliiiil  liiini> 

i:i'.,  ill  ailili- 

iiiiist  piiint 

til  liiiil  fiiiiil 

I'lit,  til  kfcp 

WUN.V   !l(llll>. 

ir  liraulil'iil 
i|lili;4lv  Mil' 

I  III  r  111  |il<iu 

II  |iiiilit,ilil> 
Wlii-lii.r  111 

I  «  .i;,   is  all 

1.  :!l<'    lifllil 

til  ;;i\  r    till 
li'lllc.s  licili;; 

II  allllili'  In  :i 
mtiii'il.  Ilia! 
mil'  wri'K  I'l 
I'll  iiiaiii-  \'i 
.slat)'  «il  till 

I  Ithi  111  il,< 
r.in.l),'iii;;.if 
li'  <lii\\  II. 

II  lllll'  i'X(r|i 

riiiiarkalilv 
.1  |ilai'i',  anil 
say  llial  tin 
liavi-  al\va\  - 
i^;li  till'  cull 
hl;  III  Kiiinv 
it  Ihi'  Alilrr- 
ilaiiils'  raltli' 
Ki'iiv   \'. iiiiM 


in>\\  hi'i!  ill  a 
,,  hIii-    Itiiilnl 

III    l>  V\  I'll    Im  . 


I  "   ,  n    s    r;  'V''\^""'  'i^'llouayrattl,.  w.ml  h.-ifurs  wi.h  thnr  irs 
ui  .     .     i        :    -Vvrslmv  WIT.,  uith  lli.-i.'  iW.uth  ralf.     Thi'  n.vvs  ur... 

^H.ntl,.',^;:;;,:7j.';;,^''MI'='''''''-;''-'''>;nM'i,li,'s,.'al(;a 

'         """"   "'■'"  ""•  K".n  .■ov.s.nnh.,  i|,..,saMM'.'umlit,nM.s;,s, 


1. 14 


CATTL£   AND    OArRV    FvRVflNG. 


that 


riit^  wfnter  fiHHlini: 


r^Utivi'  propor 

tion  <.t  f!«)4l  mjfiiml  hy  o-.icli  hn^l,  th*^  Kt-rry  «nii:tle  gav**  a  l;»r-jrer  y i»*l.l 

of  milk  for  the  f.)«:>«i  t'onsanitnl  rh.m  t- ith-r-^t'  ctu-  .>rh<-r  ?t^hkIs.    [r  ^^.^s.  hon 

evt'r.  in  the«iUality  of  th«* milk  tiiat  th»'  Kerry  oatcU-  f?*t)r^niiliy  t^xit^ileil 

Ic  tixjk  l/i  tpi-irts  of  milk  from  Galiowuy  wws  to  m  vke  1  p«>an«l  <i 


"i;* 


^•2  M* 

hatter.  li>|  •iaurt.s  -n'  miLlv  r'rirn  A.vr-*h' 

butter.  ;in«l  %  iyurt.4  of  milk  fr>Hn  :hf  Kt^rrv  to  makt^  tlu*  likf'  tviuntit;; 
It  wtmhl  b»»  most  inrerestln^  to  obra  iimite  r»^«*nril  of  tht»  ppxl- 

iii>'  of  Jersey  iind  Kerr^      -;        :  -     — nn.>*r;in<*es.  bur  a»l 

mirers  of  Kt  try  (.".ittle  t.H-»,,  -itt^*  tn  make  ni«>ri 

rhas  a  lieceat  »VJtn*\  dCAnvst  tae  •i.'r>ey  i-ii"  .n^r  th.it  the  lutrer 

have  ^en  iMreftiily  "^eWreil  f-  '•     r  tl.»ir%  •.  .  ..    ..-s  for  ir»'nerutJon.s, 

wher^-a."*  the  pare  Kerries  ha  -:ivei{  themselves  from  exrinotioii 

by  their  estr^•me  harilinesi*  and  {^>wer  of  exi:*tiDir  oa  the  i>tx>ret*r  monn 
tain  pastur?^. 

It  is  claimetl  for  the  Kerry  that  ;r  p.vvsersses  inherent  merits  *>(  a  very 
hi'.rh  order,  and  that  th»'.<*^  merit.s  are  .vpfKirenr  in  a  Iarc»'  peritentairv' 
file  individnalsof  the  breed.    By  <  nrv 
brtH^diui  from  them  oaly,  ther»-  i>  ' 

to  jjreat  pn">mtnen('e.     !r  -vil'    '  •    -  ■ 

but  when  farther  di-v>I.>.<eii. 
better  fee«liDg. 

lOi  AT  US  HIRE  Caitlk. 


'•''■rinji  j:'"**!  anninials.  an.: 
he  hretni  e.i.n  t>e  raised 


>:i!retl  to  ii 


rht 


ian<i 


.*.  tair  return  t'oc 


IJi-^ton^. — The  Ayr>ihir> 
nuiformity  of  stamp  ainl  > n 
brt^Hl  distin-raishe*!  frnm  al! 
!s  trace.*!  >'e  to  th*'  ivuiuty 
i|»'Veiopm« •?:'  ■'■"'!»' brefj; 
Alton,  fjf  >  en.  in  bw  : 

rin?  to  the  .i.i.*^-»  — 


--  th»"!r  on  _ 
of  tbt^t'ii 
-    iu«ertain.     .M- 
A\r  ID  l'*ri.ret*'r 


I 


>a\  - 

nv  ■ 
rri.-r. 


.iKUOwn  M 


h'ilu  l.iVAl 

the  prf ndpat  one  in  the  nortl 

re{H>rt  on  the  .'oaaty  of  Ayr.  tuuv:  .n^v*  a. 

Ayrshire  eattl".  savj  :  ' 


t-temti^" 


It»a»  kmvsrn  si*  r^w  t ' 


Tlif?;,-  w-en- 

r. ,  ■ ,  .    . 

The  antinaity  of  the  brtn-i!.  '  ■' 
fndieated,  and  no*  les.^  ti 
earliest  {>erioil  l*t'en  a»- 
in  a  iH^etdiar  .{-^^rf-.-  !  • 
cute  rhe  tpjali'    >     • 
ehartioters  of  rht-  rrt.e     - 
b»^n  fstaolis!.,.,!      v-- 
t!io  hrwd  ' 
tur  the  purpv^.;., ...:  .■luuiuiiu^  a:.u 


»irv  «-atti' 


;j.io*U»g   liie  Uf«i«*i,      ib*.->     •*  ■ 


ktive  propor 

ilir  t^xfviWil. 
1  poan«l  <>t' 
'  1  j«i>an«l  nf 
kf  quantity. 
i)f  th«^  pn>»l- 
ivs.  bur  a<! 
>  make  rii«>ri 
it  rbf  IxtTiT 

n  I'xrinrtwxi 
oivt»r  m«>n  ii 

nuntaU.  .u!<i 

an  b*»  nii>^<i 

!i.:ht  I.Hnh. 

r  return  t"r 


ttM!k.o(  ran 

i»ten«*»»  d,> 
their  on r 
of  tbt^tSi 
pftain.     M- 
1  l"*l.*i.  refrr 


£Et»^  l>  • 


y  i-utti' 


iL.-v 


> 

I 


I 


..K 


lip 


wlii 

t'llCI 

tli:il 
liiiti 
<iiiir 
atta 
Ir 
ton. 
(Milv 

IIICII 

Mr. 

llK-tl 

ill  h 
"llii'i 
lit  III) 

lllilr.> 

Co 

iiii\(> 

ItlTCf 

nIiuw 

llllll' 

sides 

aiiiiiii 

iiiol)t 

tiiilt  V 

i'lvflii 

lilO.M' 

Milder 
!'>•>(  ti 
liave  r 
:;iie,  ;( 

|l"illt.S 

u.iids 

lin.u  I 

i«i\r  I 

"■ards, 

<'!'  I'aii- 

><'iai;ili 

I"  tail  I 

ally  de. 

aliiiv,.  I 

ainiii:il 

I'-rrs  t.r 

and   tai 

''ones  li 

lelidJtiM' 

'Ih'  \\:iu 

lillc  |„„, 

•llillll;||  . 

diiir  ,,(■ 
'■  :'.  W  e 
'•■lldilijr 

M  lit  III' 


THK    I'NFTKh    KWtiUn 


M. 


tlK-  (ir.sl  iind  ii(    the  time  the  onl 


wliirh   flH>   Natioinil  .\y:fj.iilliii;i|"  S 


v   11,11  ivc   Lived  i»r  si,,<'|. 


I'llClMI 


i;i;L,'ciiHMit  as  iMvcdin^^  st,„.|,  i,^   ,| 


'•'■H'ly  disiiiu'tivi'lv 


fliid  societv'H  flrsr  i,M'ii<-iarsl 


K"   hUcc  (»(■    'iri'MlllltllS   I 


k  ill  Mconaiid 
iccoviiizrd   for 


'liifiii^'  ill  daily  districts.  III,. V  iiavc  I 


low  at  ( ila,siro\\    III   tl 


IC    V,' 


<•!•  Niicli  at 


dair\ 


ir  I  SIM).     Orijri 


pill  poses,  Itiit    stalisi 


»«'<'ll    llltliosi    rxrhisivelv  liied    t 


ittaiii  lor  tile  piiipuses  of  the  Itaid 


i'-^  sliow    whiit    peife.-lioi,    the   Ineed 


or 


IntI 


nii{jht 


;;;;:'''r:l'r,::'■■^■:.:■^l;V'^■"•"■'";;■"'■■l■' ■^■>^u.i. 

I  '-s,  Knkeiidl.ii-hl,  and    I'eill,  (I 


foil.  Mule.  Ai-vie,    liMiiil 

niily  class  of  diijiy  mIo<-U.  jtiit'   tl 

iiieii 

Mr.  I 


111! 


Diiiiii 


•ill' 


<'li  ill  illl  theotliercoiliities<.f  Scnt'lai.(i.|| 


i/'.V  iiiesoii-lit  after  earnest  I V  |,v  d 


i<\  lorm  the 


111  \ 


I'niie  has  estaldished  a  | 


ii'ue  am 


"'"'  '"  file  viy  midst  of  South  iToiiih,,!.     Tl 


"<'ll-liu.|t    Kll.l,daild.;Mldllo\\ 
•■iiiilleiitly  siiccessfiil   ,|i,i,.v  ,,| 


III   lar;,'e  iiiimlieis  t 


other 


count  lie 


11 


o   Sweden.   Allstial 


from  !."»  to  KM),  I  tilt 
"lilcs  from  (ilasi;o\\\ 

*'"l"r.—'l'Uo.  prevailing'  color  is  hi 
'iiiN<'d  with  while,  hiu  iiM-| 


IC  dairies  of  III,.,,!   j„   Scotland 
iH»w  .Mr.  I|o-m;;,„  |,.i^  inrmed 


i<'\  are  anniiallv  e\noiied 
i^i.    N«'u    Zealand,  A 


,  America,  and 
liin^'e  ill   iiiimlM'is 

•lie  of  .;(l(l  i,t   i',ii>|,v.  (I 


iiiin: 


■•»\vn  and  white,  spotld.  llecked 


'''••'''•''■'>*   iliHuie   to   III,.   ,„„,.  ,|",„.|^  , 


IN  a  ride,  ino.mlv  to  the  I 


or 


Mown 


Mam 


iimv.,n;r  HI   recent,  years  tl,,.  fash.onalde  s,  I 

I'.""  ^^I"'j',vvirh  splashes  of  iMown  on 
»ideso|   the  head,  and  white  face       |:, 


i«»\vn   without   any    whii,..      |„   n 


Mown  on  l»od\.  |)ro\ 


ish  color  has  lieeii 
■||  iieck.  hrown  on  ffe 


•   ">.als.  soli  and  meUow  to  the  touch,  will 

'•' "^'•"".^- these  ends  it  has,  in  mv 
"'•"^"""•''•''"•'l:"i'>"'lsaiemosr,Mone|ntl 


*-t-tU'is  aim  at  line,  ihji,  s| 


•  iii<'c.  Ion-,  siIIm'ii  I 


lair 


uniied 
and 


I  most   jii.stly  conceived 


'I  <t  I  lest  specimens  of  || 


lesi'ipialiii, 


i  liiiniv  ih 


whose  hodiesan'daik  I 
IS,  iiiid  white  tail.     Tluvs, 


iiihh 


'"•>^t  millcers  and 


'!•••,'*•';""'   flH'lH.slty,.,..  ...iviohe  found 


•i"wii  and  have  p„,...w|iif,.  himlle.'s.wl 


111 


>*iiivst  lalleiiei 


"ifs,  ill  i,i>  experience.  | 


'•'ve  hot  a  Mack  aiKl  whit 
ind  they  arealwavs  | 


>'i\ 


it'W   (laities   thei 


are 


spc<'imeii  ol   t|„.  i,r |.     '|-|,  ,,  ,.,,, 


^'horai  tnisi 


U'K. 


p'lint.s  ii,  t|„.   \^,^| 

uiuds;   lar-e.  tlill.  ;,nd  I 


oiiiKi  \hhh\  niilli,.| 
II  my  opinion  the  lolh.win' 


lite 
lave  prove*!  the 
■•'  are  which 
or  is  not 


Hie 


l.ai;,' 


••  nostrils:  short   in, id 


consliiiih'   the   l.adiii:,' 


"'"W  Iielwixt 


"■yes,  -ladn.ilh 


ilsirous  eves,  set 


iiom   e\e 


s  down 


'«ixf  the  h.Mii  roots;   I 


'Aaiil 


iiid  whit,,  will,  |,|ji,.|^ 


•III  ihickm 


ss 


neck 


w<il   forward   i-i   head:   hroad 
widenii,:^  upwards  toils  full  l„eadlh  lie 

'J:  enti|el\   i||t 

•  •t     nd 


'••ii'^  \Mde|\  s..|  apart  and   ijicl 


mill 


points:  horns  of  hull  ,„,i  sohi'lil 


^"•»i-ht  hack  to  shoulder  I 


If    file  h.iek  of  the    I 


1"  fail  root 


.illv  ( 


llo   dewlap;    hod\ 


'lie,  the  hacK   eoniinuini; 


loriis,  l.\el,  and   e\teii.l 


in; 


round   heart  line  eMendiip-^  ii 


i;.n:;iir;si-,.:;','';^ -'-^ -'■-!:-'-■  M. 


•"""ii:il  is  in  iiiotioi, 
t'frs  hroad   and 
;""!  tail  r,M»t;   ril 

''"•lies  hv  II 


l»lHde.s,  the  hiades  1 


•cinir  well  set  and  not  worl 


III  a  stiMi-1,1   |i,„. 

I  .1  .yradu 
ii  and  thin,  risiin: 


part  of  hody  hehind  shoulder  level  •   I 


l*"""'V'   :"'<l  «'<|iiidisiaiit    hetwixt 


"111^    when   the 
•ack  hroad 


-«  well   spriiiiM    ||-,,ni    |,;„,|j 


ccon.l   ton.  iji,  ,,,„| 


Iciiii 


III: 


"m.-ans  wide;    tail  well    .set 


•one  downwards;  cil\ii,.r 


«asir.ii-ht  linedow 


!'"'  "•'•il<  ;    whole  hod 


nwanls  ami  red 


m;  deep,  We||.|i||,.,|   t|,j,.| 


IIIK 


.V  set  on  .short  |e;,^s ;  lun,-;  I 


mill 


'A  low  in   tl,,. 


IS,    4'X 

hod\  at 


""'••s:  ^vhoh.,-on  ,M,r       d       ,.   r'lnii   'I^    /'"^  hoIi.  n.dlow  skin 
a    so.i.ri.,. "  "^"'-   '"'•'>   I'll!  <'t  siihstancean.lsv,,,..,...... 


'1"""=''  xpH^'hKv.  with  I 

"I'llrof   ;r.,i(   .     j- 


IMC  es<.|itcli.on,  and  si 


••and  svmiiietiA 


^-.^^clT■;     -J,?.  :r^'|''\''''''-v.'ssel    should    he    hio,.d 


(•wiiii^'  iiohiliiy  ,ind  ..|. 


Ill 


ll'lnli 

Mai 


\\'A  for 
Kri finis  will. 


'"^'Iit  up  to  h,„|y,  iai-,;;„„i'  I 


wardr,  far  Oil  rohell 


•vd 


on  sole  of   \  rsse' 


l»''t\\ixt   hind 


'"tf  nuili  II 


Tl 


IC.\\  isllli 


'*  moiiih  in  whidi  Ii 


"•••lis  well  and  proporli.Miatdvplan.'cd. 

xareal  full  matiirit\  l>ypiodi,r 

years  of  a-e,  hut  inaiiy 


<•  cov\ 


l''.\    leidi  till 


130 


CATTI.K    ANI>    n.MUY    l'AnMlN<;. 


hroodcrs.  howovn',  Hkdsc  to  li,»v.'  fli.-;r  li.'if.TN  iii  milk  at  two  vtMi-*  <»t 


iijie.     Ill  u\y  «'X!M'ii('inr 


tlllH  ift.inls  tilt' ;;|i>\vtli  .mil  llli;  iliVi'InpllM'Ilt  of 


t  <-anM.ss  and  milk  imimIiu'Iiu  i>i)vv«m,  Ihu  iu»t 

ilkt 


tin*  animal,  alike  in  sizt-  i> 

to  aiiv  viTN  jri»'.it  fXtciir  uiiloss  the  lifitcr  is  ki-pt  ttM»  lnii;r  ainilkmu. 
Till' commi'icial  avna^f  v.ihu'ot  .Mlviii^'fi»\v>.  taki-ii  ail  the  y.ar  id-.iihI, 
as  sold  ill  markfts  ami  at  jMihlir  sal.'s  tor  tlaiiy  pmi»o.s»'>  i<  alxMit  XJl. 
Such  cows  when  done  with  at  the  dairy  tatteii  wdl  on  ;:iain  alone  Miid 
aveiajie  in  live  weight  SA  cwt.  I'ows  destined  tor  ilaiiy  purposes  hi-c 
iiover1ii;rlily  ted  till  ihey  are  in  milk— ;;ra>s  alone  in  siuniner.  and  hay 
or  straw  alone  in  winter.  It  is  considered  th.if  ihe\  tiins  dcvclo|t  tln-ir 
miikves.sels  and  milk  |»roperties  much  better. 

Mnliirihi  (IS  ,neiitpr(>'lui'r.s.—S:,x\\-<Ur-^  >how  to  what  peitection  the 
hreed  iiiiirlit  attain  if  cultivate.i  for  purely  fatteniiiir  piupos<-s.  .Mr. 
Lawrence  Drew,  of  Merryton.  lately  exposed  and  sold  a  lar«.'e  niimlKT  •if 
calves,  tell  iiioiiths  old  ami  then  Mickin;.'  their  mothers,  at  from  iilS  to 
CJo.  1  have  sold  in  l'ai>ley  l»y  public  auction  a  two  M'ar-old  lieiler  to 
the  biifchor  at  .CV^.  Two  oxen  of  the  breed  exhib!r«'il  some  \ear>  a-jo 
by  the  Duke  of  Montrose  trained  the  first  prize  at  the  natioii.d  show  as 
tin-  best  tat  animals.  Tiiey  were  a;.'e<l.  resprctivi'ly.  live  and  a  half 
and  tour  and  a  half  years,  and  Uuiiu:  of  uncommon  \se!;;ht  were  sold 
to  the  butcher  tor  CIJO.  Iwo  year  old  oxen  of  the  breed  tatten  well  on 
;,'rass  alone,  w  itliout  cake,  and  avera;;e  "JO  stoiic.  Hulls  reach  their  full 
jrrowth  at  thicc  years,  and  exhibit  in  a  pre  fiumeiit  deirree  when  fed  all 
tlirou;;:ii  these  years  the  wcijilit  to  wjiich  tin-  l«:ecd  mi;;h(  attain.  The 
averat;e  live  weij:ht  at  that  period  from  my  experience  is  Hi  cwt.,  dejul 
wfiirht  11  <'wt.  At  live  yearsof  .lu'e  1  li  id  one  killed  .it  York  this  year — 
winner  ill  his  class — li\e  wei;.'ht  l'.»cwt..  de.id  wei;:ht  1.1  cwt.  Tin- bulk 
of  bulls  ill  this  country  arc  fed  otV  and  killed  at  two  years  and  nine 
iiioiiths.     They  averaj;*'  in  dead  wei;:ht  Hi  stones. 

Ifousiiifi  (ind  liii'ulliiiii  Aj/r.sliirr.s. —  The  bieetl  i>  an  e\,epiionally  hardy 
one,  so  far  as  I'imate  is  concerned,  tbr  many,  if  not  the  majuny.o! 
breeders  allow  tlicir  calves  and  o-ie-year old  heifers  to  la>  out  all  win- 
ter, merely  sheltered  by  natural  plantations  and  n-ceiviii;;  one  siie.tl  ol 
straw  or  hay  each  i>er  day.  I'or  my  jtarf  I  iiiid  they  do  extie;:u'Iy  wi-li 
in  this  manner  and  start  ;rrowi!i;c  tar  earlici  in  the  spring  than  those 
pampered  in  houses.  A!)  exhibitors  of  the  breeil  eoiitrixe.  althoii;ili 
Itiittin^i  the  animals  under  root,  to  lia\e  thein  in  open  .md  exposed 
iiouses  >o  that  tln-y  may  <'oiue  out  wcM  h.iiicd.  ibiils  ol  .ill  .luesaie 
iicneially  kepr  in  loose  boxes,  part  of  tiie  box  only  beinj;  riM>fed.  <  a. 
in;;'  ami  milcii  cows  are  alw.iys  kept  in  wellventilated  byies.  Th.-  ineeu. 
as  a  whole,  is  an  extremely  e.i>il_\  ii.indled  and  in.ui.iu'id  one,  1  mi;:li 
aliiKist  .say  of  .Nome  intelligence.  At  miikiii.:  time,  either  luoininL:  oi 
e\  eiiini;,  at  the  appointed  hour  >ou  lind  I  lie  cows  at  the  ;:ate  ready  to  bi 
taken  in,  and  even  in  .i  byre  of  xurie  hundreds  a  cow  alter  one  wrrU 
never  mistakes  her  stall. 

I'ltiliini  Ayr-iliircs. — As  1  lia\  i-  said,  youn;^  ciitle  an»  ne\  er  lu-ttei- 1  li.i; 
wIh'Ii  till  tw(»  ami  one-half  years  ot  .i.;e  they  never  s<'e  a  haltei.  .;i\  i;i  , 
them  milk  for  two  months  as  calves,  then  ;.'rass  ;  in  w inter,  one  turn  pi 
ilay  of  hay  or  straw  l.iid  down  on  a  ele.m  bit  of  jListuie.  with  pmhao! 
the  additi(Ui  ol  .some  little  oil-cake.     For  >h«>w  piirpoM-s  I   lind  liie  ' 
feed  in;,'  is.  tiu'  both  morn  in '4  ami  e\eniiii:.  cut  boi^  ii.iy  Nfeeped  wuli  bi.i 
and  warm  watei,  wit  !i  one  hand  till  of  bean  meal,  and  in  the  inuhbe  ol  I  li 
day  pulped  turnips  oioii-cake  and  bujj  ha.\ .     Wh.it  ue  .lini  at  is  cold  tt  eii 
in;;.     They  should  be  ;,'i\eii  the  Very  siiial  lest  (piantit\  ol  iiie.daiidod  c.ik<  . 
as  they  in  my  ex]ierieiiceieiiil  to  put  on  lle>!i  n|iori  the  ne<k.  and  tlicp  •' 
spoil  the  lirsf  point  in  the  lueed.  \  iz.  a  tliin  iie.-k.     1  h.ive  a  vear-<»ld  l>ii'l 


Tin       I-\!I  : 


jiisr  nntr,  or  nifluT  ngvil  ono  yoar  ftinl 

JM!/«'S  |;wt  yrai     MtcliKliii^'  th,'"  rnvil.  ,,• 
.iiimiiiry.  1S.H4.     Hi?*  tiixt  show  tlir;i 
iitvt.     Milch  cows  ill  siitntiMT  ;i.s  a  < 
Imu  ;ri:«-'*-"< :  tint 

riiiii'. 


i;i7 

''!  ••ialit  tir>f 
III*  .>!  ..I  ml  .-ak*'  till 

mi 


I II-  II 


sum*'  vf-ry  tV-w  '^iw 
II  NMiittT  milrh  cnw^  r»'.|iiin' 


nirinj.s  ami  L.-an  mral  is  tin-  mi.-t  .oi     ,i,.!i 
llrf>,lin,i  Ayrshir>x.~X\u-  ^rr,.;,     ,j,„  ,,,•  i^r, 
;;!••.•  foiilairy  |mriM>s..s.  ami  thjir  .,,iit 
"t  ImhIv.      We  havi-  I 


iioftiiiiv 

rit»'  In'ai! 
•<l.ii_' 


"  !  Ml  April 

•  Hit  lis 
Iknijr 


vn 


irr»',--i. 


:iiil 


•♦•••II  codtrix  my:  tiirou;: 
v«'s.st'ls  inrs|M'.ti\«' of  ImmIu'.s.     What 


•«i  Ih-Iiiii.I,  w.-ll  .•aii;rht  lip  to  tin-  InhIv.  witL  1 


ami  !»'Vi'l  solr.  wirh   teat 


\i 


SSf 


s  rx.r  Mv.T  lar,u»'.  w.ll  and  cvciiK  set 


K  ami  havm-  hiuail  i-mut.,.     That  im  almo.st  ail  wj.irh  has  I 


"••Ix.-.l  at  tor  a  Inii^' tune,  ami 


>ii(li  animals  hav 


H'ally  hi»iMl«TN  have  suHi-rnl 


lia.s  IxTii  !i. 
•  •"f  >•       ifiii 


1    HHMil  nniK  \  I--- 
•ny         I'  h   <>!il<»  tilt'  hml\ 

Dti  milk 


H'fJI 


'"ll>  ami  an*  hitM'ilin;:  I 


f  m.r  a.s  a  nil«-  r.>mrnfn-ial  vahn 


riitisii|('r:i/>lv, 


Maiiv 


now  >»•»•  thf 


Vf 


ir-".  snhsfanrial  IhhIns,  iri.->]„.,-tiVf  >A'  milk 


•  IM'  conshl.'iation  has  militatnl 


<nm'.sstiil  in  pHMlm-in;:  iKitnfi\  .■  milk 


iin>t  hri'rdris  Ih'iiiu   "n 


Ilia! 


\«'>scU  1!,  the  tat't  fliar  il 


"'•nor  11,  milk  nil  tin.-.- u-arsofamMiII  in  fact  t  lit- v  I 


.  rally 
!•■  ani- 


tl..iiiM-lvf>.  an.ltla'n  prohahlv't h..  Imil  is.i..a,| 


liavf  Ik>«mi  ofinralciilahl 


Iiave  pr<)\f<l 
an  animal  whi.h  mi-'hf 


<'»'i'f  lor  show  purport's,  over  t 


•'  s..rvic..  to  Thr  lu-iil.     r.-u  k.-.  p  f  i„ir  hulls,  .x 


-Hlt-r  tlM-\ 


art'  ratluT  hi-avv  tor  fh 


wo  > •ai s.     A1m.\ ••  that  a^'e  brfcderH I'on- 


"'••ri"  on  tht'cows.     Th,.  hulk  i-r.-ffr  stirks  t 


I'  tows  ami  U-avf  faivis  which 


oaii>  otht'ra;:*'  for  rhtir  i-o 


:;.r::"'::;"'!"': '!'r  J:  ",'""-•  'f-  '•"•!  ■--■...  th/,m, 


arc 
ws. 


^l"-n  ni,,.  ;r,..^  .^  j,,„„j  ^,„^.  |.^.^,j^  j^^  j^ji^^      _ 

■"*  a  thrwyi'ar  ohl  h,-  hnlletl  sti  rows  ami  .S< 
■i^a  five  \far  t.hl.  an. I 


.•ffssioii,  anil 
I  hati  ont'  hvi"  vfars  t)hl.  an<l 


•ana  rwoyfar  ohl  ami  mon 


"as  a  trm->train  hims.-lt.  aii.l  1 


ti<.  man   iivii.-  .  in  >a\  hf  vwv  U-u  n  hail 


"•'•■M  :ill  rin>  Ifatlii 


M'lM-f  the  ivsnlts.     His  proi,-.ny  1 


a^rai! 


W 


ii:  «iitm.r.s  the  ItiKt  few  years  ami  will   l.e"tl 


»•  miisf   iml  will  now  aim  at  hrtWl 


Olll'. 

lave 


IIS  M-ar 


IxmI 


HiLr  more  for  aim  ami  suh- 


Ivr.vA 


aiiv  > 


'mts  ,f.,   milktTM.—  W 


low  ill  Loinltm  proves  thaf  f 


e  are  nor  ^rear  statistit-iaiis.  bur  th. 


Vvi shire  heats  all  hreetls.     Mi .  i 


i»r  .inaniity  ami  .niality  ..f  milk  th 


LoimI 

i'lmiially  the  w  n 


«'rme.  frtMii  his  A\  rshire  tlairv  m  South 


•'"./vifh  a-  imals  iM.n-ht  in  rhetlistriet  oM'aisI 


the  s| 


low. 


That 


t'y,  is  now  almost 
s  flip  for  the  liest  tlairv  cfnv  in 


•ivi-raire  of  a 


iifr  of  the  lonl  mayor 
prize  IS  testeil   Us  «piuirii\  amlfpii!it\.     11 


milk 


eow   tor  two  \eai 


l'«'i'  year,  ami  of  1_'  littl 


s  111  sm-ees.si,,[i  ;:ivin-  II.KMi  poinitl- 


t'  ft.ws  in  the  tive^'ras.s  months  ot 


iiave  an 


-f 


-;;^.n...lsopo„n.lsofmi!kp.'r.lay/f'Li:o;:hi 
-.'"•t.laiiv  fheavera-epoun.lsof  „,il 


i»ve  tested 


•k   of  1 


f<»SNS 


m  mnUiimmer  ami  tt»uml  tl 


Slim 

say  that  m  a  fiirlv 

pt  r  \.ar  wonhl  l>e  Hi.ihmi  poinnl- 


"I'tt'r.  ami  a  fair  av 


ley  ):ave  1_'  ponmis  per 


l""\'i'liii.t:  alwavs  tl 
111  winrer. 


erajje  for  the  year  wt.nhl  !..•  I 


no 


rot  It  I 


poiimls. 


.'la.s.s  III  slimmer  is  jriven  ami  ;:oim1  teed 


III: 


N« 


iii'iii  tl 


'I"  populous  plat 


•I  the  fa 


ii-eait. 


'11 


«s  many  tanners  sell  their 


n'V  nali/t 


own  inilk  ami  hntter 


'II 


nnt-rs  in   the  .listnef  of  I'ai.slev  let"tl 


|H-rt-t)w  al.t.iit  CJ\  per  annum;  and  a  bulk 


sill 


party  who  takes  tl 


nir  cows  tor  the  \ear  on 


'plitMJwith  -rass  (or  tl 


ii'in  till  a  leasts  is  eall.d  a  ••  T.owcr 


'•  '-ow 


lll!ik<   f! 

■"'•'■'.iT.'  per  am 


ae  eows  III  snrnmer  and  food  in  winti 


aiftplies  his  t>wn  nrensils.  I 
mil  per  coA     L'l'i. 


'""I  t*xa.  t  tlata  as  to  tl 


le 


ami 
He 

loiseaml  cait.and  pa.\  s  on  an 
lave  s'l}:-esled.  staiislics   are 

•in  intif  ics  of  iiiiii^  :e<iiiired  to  make  a 


As  I  I 


I  > 


li- 
fe 


ir 


w 


^. 


r 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


,^ 


<- 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


^■^ 


2.5 

li 


^    1^    12.0 


i.4 


m 

1.6 


#1 


/ 


^>  ^^^ 


C/1 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


V 


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1  i; 


138 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


pound  of  butter  and  a  pound  of  c.licose  have  probably  not  been  recorded- 

My  dairy-woinan,  Iiowever,  tells  me  tbat  a  fair  average  quantity  of 
milk  to  1  pound  of  butter  would  be  24  pounds,  and  tlrs,  too,  in  the  sum- 
mer months,  when  thw  cows  yet  nothiiifj  but  yrass.  From  a  given 
quantity  of  food  the  Ayrshire  breed  gives  a  greater  qinintity  of  butter 
than  any  other,  giving  more  milk  and  retaining  a  far  better  eondition 
of  health. 

1  may  also  state  that  the  very  best-fattened  Ayrshire!  steer  shows  n 
proportion  of  meat  at  maturity  of  (JH  to  71  i)er  cent.    Tiie  Duke  of  Mon 
trose's  i»rize  steers  were  said  to  exliibit  <S0  per  cent.     An  Ayrshire  steer 
is  an  extremely  kindly  feeder,  and  becjontes  at  a  period  of  irom  twent,y 
four  to  thirty-six  months  superior  l;eer,  if  well  kept  tiiroughoi.*-,  with  a 
live  weight  of  1,100  pounds  to  l,L'r)0  poun<is.     A  <'.ow  fattens  (piicker 
and  to  a  greater  degree  of  i)erfection  than  any  of  the  rival  breeds  for 
the  dairy.    The  soil  in  Ayrshire,  where  the  br  ed  was  brought  to  i»er 
fection,  is  of  a  stiff,  clayey  nature,  exhibiting  tiiroughout  a.  substratum 
of  limestone,  coal,  or  iron-stone.     Near  the  coast  it  is  sandy,     in  Ren- 
frewshire the  soil  is  variable,  so?ne  ])arrs  being  of  alight  narun*  with  ii 
rocky  bottom,  and  others  being  lik«'  that  where  the  breed  was  perfected, 
of  a  stiff,  clayey  nature.    The  grasses  chielly  (iultivated — nay  solely— 
are  pereniual :  rye  grass,  timothy,  and  red  clover. 

The  Ayrshire  cattle  have  never,  like  some  other  breeds,  been  used 
for  draft  ])ur))Osea.  They  are  too  beautiful  and  ])rofitable  to  be  iip 
plied  to  such  i)nrposes.  A  fact,  and  a  scientific  one,  too,  is  that  liic 
milk  of  the  Ayrshire  is  healthier  ami  sounder  than  that  of  any  oilier 
breed,  while  it  keeps  fresh  for  a  longer  ])eri(>d  and  is  moie  »>asily  di 
gented. 

Experience  of  Ayrshire  hrc&hrs. — Mr,  David  Allan,  M.  II.  C.  V.  S,. 
who  has  had  considerable  exi)erience  among  Scotch  dairies,  says: 

A  good  AyrHhiro  cow  willirivrtaiinu.'ill.v  iiltoiit  7.')0!j;!illoiisof  milk,  wliicli  will  prodnci' 
iibonfivr)  iioiiiKiHof  butter  oif).')!)  poiiiiilH  ofidiccse.  It,  liowi^vcr,  dooH  nor  .•mivc  ;it  iii;i- 
tnrity  for  lull  iuilkiii<^  until  live  y(>arH,  althoiigli  tliroo  years  is  riickoufd  t<-  he,  (lie  m^c 
VVIieii  at  niatnrity  at  that  aguCt'irc;;?  yciai'.s),  tlui  live  wcijjlit  of  a  fjood  luiifdr  is  alioiiMt 
cwt.aiid  tlid  dead  \vt'i};lit  of  llcsli  alxiul.  r.i  to  (1  cwt.,  towlii(di,  in  tliocasoof  a  Imllur 
ox,  add  a  fiftli.  Tlio  soil  is  mostly  of  a  light  riul  marl  on  limestone,  or  Nandsloin'. 
The  grasses  that  aro  cultivated  aro  ohielly  rye.  grass,  timothy,  and  the  .lilleiciil 
clovers.  I  douot  know  of  any  Ayrsliires  lieing  used  for  Ihe  jmrposes  of  draff,  flic 
system  of  feeding  these  cattle  is,  cooked  food  in  wint(M-,  sneli  as  (diatf,  turnips,  lican 
meal,  draft',  and  ealtliago,  and  grass  in  summer  for  mihh  cm>wh.  Feeding  sloek  hini' 
turnijm  and  oil-cake  along  with  li;iy.  With  regard  to  housing,  the  young  cattle  i^n 
loos((,  whilst  the  feeding  and  milch  cows  aic.  tied  up.  We  visited  a  dairy  of  :t(li)  Ayr- 
sliires in  Mr.  Allan's  district.  The  work  was  all  done  hy  girls.  The  milk  is  sent  to 
(ilasgow.  'J'ho  food  Is  mixed  in  coppers  and  given  hot  in  wint(!r — graiiiN,  chall^ainl 
roots.  They  yield  about  10  rpiarts  a  head;  breed  toleiiibly  uell.  'I'he  ('onntry  is 
bleak  and  cold;  soil  heavy.     Size  and  other  particulars  .as  shown  above. 

Another  writer,  in  referring  to  the  Ayrshire,  says: 

Ayrshire  cr)\VH,  from  five  to  seven  years  old,  which  are  full  fed  in  town  and  Hurbiirlian 
dairies,  are  alniost  invariably  fat  after  luiing  milked  and  fed  from  nine  to  twdvi' 
months.     Tlii-y,  howev<!r,  are  not  in  such  forwanl  condition  as  Shoi'thorns  would  lie 
nixler  similar  treatment,  yi^t  for  the  same  (juantity  of  Ibod  jnit  through  tlie  bodieidl 
Ji  certain  nunib(  r  of  aiiimais  of  a  given  value  no  breed  will  ]irodii(-e  the  same  ainoiiiif 
of  milk  as  the  Ayi'shires.     There  is,  however,  this  drawliack,  .'ind  it  is  agreat  one  rniiii 
jitovvn  or  suburban  dairy-farmer's  point  of  view,  viz,  that  if  the  cows  are  bought  .itilir 
calving  and  s<d(l  fat  wluiii  (Iry,  they  seldom  make  as  nniidi  as  fat  beasts  as  they  didiii 
calvers;  where.is  with  the  Sliorthoin  as  miieh,  if  not  more,  is  made.     What  mhiiu'v 
vjilue,  however,  which  the  Ayrshire  laeks  as  a  butcln'r's  beast  it  makes  up  in  milk. 
Under  all  other  circumstances  wliere  the  (!ows  arci  not  sold  as  fat,  after  a  yetir'.s  mm: 
but  kept  on  for  the  dairy  for  ii  number  ol" years,  the  position  (d"m:>tt(MM  is  ionipletilv 
changed,  for  1h(^  loss  which  might  be  iu(!nrred  between  (he  buyi/ig  jirice  jis  a  c;dviM 
and  the  selliug  price  as  a  fat  beast  \i  spread  over  sevc-:  i  yoaru  instead  of  hM»i 
borae  by  ouc. 


been  recorded- 
ige  quantity  of 
;oo,  in  the  sum- 
From  u  given 
ntity  of  bntter 
etter  condition 

steer  hIiows  a 
!  Dnke  of  Mon- 
Ayrshire  steer 
f  from  twenty- 
iijjlioi.^,  vvitli  a 
fittens  (1  nicker 
ival  breeds  for 
I'ouftlit  to  i»er 
t  ii  snbstrsitnin 
!idy.  Jn  Ken- 
niirnre  wiMi  a 
was  perfected, 
— nay  solely— 

mIs,  been  used 
ible  to  be  iip- 
)0,  is  that  the 
;  of  any  oilier 
une  »>asily  di 

:.  R.  c.  V.  s,. 

ies,  says: 

liii'li  will  prodiici' 
(  nor  III  rive  ;it.  iii;i- 
llt'<l  tc  l)ti  the  .'i^c, 

[i(Mf'orisiiliiiiii  It 
«  cfiso  of  a  till  1 1  (ir 
IK!  or  Nimdsloi:!'. 
likI  tiM!  .liDri'i'iit 
'.s  (if  draff,  'flic 
iitr,  luriiips,  licaii 
'.dillf;  Nloidv   have 

yoiiiijj;  (•;it,(lc  ifd 
diiiry  of  :t(li)  Ayr- 
1  milk  is  si'iil  to 
^ritiiiN,  cliiilf, ami 

'I'liii  (umiil-ry  is 
love. 


'II  andHiirbiirli.'in 
I  iiiii«  to  twi'lvc 
flioriiH  would  lir 
i;;li  till!  Iiodii's  III 
[Jio  rJiiiMi!  iiiniiiiiif 
s  ajirt'iit  one  fnim 
arc  lioiifrlil  .itllii' 
stH  aH  tiicy  did  ill 
;.  Wli;it  iiKMii'y 
ikoH  up  ill  milk. 
tcr  a  yciir'n  mm: 

IMM  \h  COIIlldl'ti'lv 

!'j(!(!  as  a  calvi'r 

UStoail    of   biMIlL' 


03 


fl 


■    i  ii 


LI 
< 

a 


Q 
-I 
0 

1/) 

r 
h 

2 
0 
1 


-J 


i 

■3 

e 

■<i 

t; 

• 

5 

■? 

'1 

s 

i.'    t   ■ 

^ 

^3 

M 

fi.r^'' 

K   J"-, 

1, 

^K*^ 

u 

M'i '. 

( 

■^ 

1 

^^' 

';M*. 

,M 

'  ^'^ 

.■'■t\ 

wt 

^^ 

,^v 


1/1 
I 
h 

2 
0 
1 


h 
< 

2 
< 

5 


^^^^H''' 

i 

i 

■ 

1 

!" 

i 
1 

1 

[1 

i 

r 

u 

< 

J 

Q. 


f=.  -.'^t:^!^^-! 


Q 

-I 
O 

a: 
< 

hi 

y 


< 

z 

UJ 
Ul 

Q 
(T 

UJ 

m 
< 

u. 
0 

UJ 
Q 

(T 
Q. 


•THE  TTNlT,,n  KimmM. 


Tho  Ayrsliirn  IN,  ninroovr,..   <•  l.'^O 

t\u,t  the  "MH<i„;.  ;,al  ,   V^lr''  *'"■""«''  •  v'  i  '     ,7!/''/  ><'-A.vr,sI,i   ,"     j'    iL^'f''-  ''I'"* 
at  .■110.     JJodi  I,riif.,(M  I,.  .  .'^  '"  ""^  f'Hv  Avr>.l.i,.„„  .r  ""•^  A.Vr.Nliin* ,.  ...i     ,  .   '."»"   ^'lo 


Mr.  Cloment  Sfophon 


OB 


Ib\  iii.i;  /or  many  vonpN  |,o. 
cippiirfiiii.'fics  for  form' 


«»",  Well  known 


>Trs 


III' 


•IS  a  liiFffo  pri^co  till, 


'"  ':''«a,t,'n(]  in 


sayfi 


IllilV  illlll  ( 


(n  file /aniicr  and  fi|„  i,„ff,|,^ 


^•l/tl<^ 


■•■■■•■II"    IMUf  lop    „„    I„>;.        V      '"'"■"'  Ni.'IIhIh  til.,.         •     .'"••!«  I((. 


ii- (l.'v.)(,.,l    onHi,l,.ni),i, 


II 

jiiir|ii)si',s,  I  was 

,siw.  anil  I  resolved  t,l 

lu'ilVroC  Mic  lir 

(iiMi  wiicii  ])iir( 

'I'liilicr, 


.::;■■  "iPtr;;;«»"'"iv.*.«,.au. 


I  III 


"•n.a(iiri,,_v,,i,„,' 


K'vc   Ml,., 


■''.•is..d.  NlK,         ;..^'":''''"<'n.sl 


"  f'-x<'oll,.„t 
'^  ^'••il.     In  ( 


M)"'i  inici 


IIN 


''.",'■«.  (ind,  ,i|,i 


'>'      llO    AlMTd 


<)W 


;•  Ti'''-"n87^  r;;:;::  :;:"-'''<«  r 


Hf^Ut 


*^  s s'ls-ri-a^i  ;;i: ";fe;;s' ™&  ™is;;,» -- 


"'ip.     Ast'COIld   |l,.|f(.|-     ,,.|llr.),    I    1  "  •         '•'"V.ltr 1         .      . 

tl„,  V,„.(l 1 i_     ',      ""  "   1   I 


III 

l\v(i  vcailii 


■"■••laNsaiid 


•'»'"'.  .•iltlioS, 


iidi 
Do 


» .    ,  •■'•>■»  1 1 1 1 

iimoii  .Novi'iiiiicr  j.}_  jj^j^ 


■»i  Mr.  J{ri, 

W/l, 


If 'N  Mi<l  CI 


>'<^riil),. 


rx'Hilioii 


I  I 


iiiiiii,'lmiii,iii  class  ((ir.sfc, 
tiiSirW.  (i.  ( 
,111(1  SN'ond  :U 


i'"iniiii.^'\s,.lj,„„,„- 


,'•'<  not  ..x,.,.,.,| 


ITizc  at  N 


'II  f  I 


"I?.  .'■'?•"•  yarsoV 


llii'.v  Willi  for,  i 
hi:,  "oiiviii 
rl.'iiilli  -I  Cur  I 
111  my  liisf 
;i|ililii(ic  li!  ;:i 
rows,  all  .viTi'  sill' 


";;-!i-n.!,Mrin:;i:^;:':;;':''!>i/ 


■:r:'-..^-^a;'v::,ii:v'!!' .'^v-:;;i 


'•'x ;  Ki', 


"••':  ■'^'••'•i-.  I  „i 


"  ^•''••>n<l  at  N, 


iKl  lif   Jt 


III-. 


■-'-n.atth<.y  ,.„«.; 


"'•f.'iiiK  d  / 


'•'^•'^'•'l  all  t/i 


I'll 


;""',  "■'"^"  ^  ''■•t.i  pod 


'  K<'(.d 


'W-is/Tl'!^'''' '''••'";:' 


"i(ll(i,.ld 

iN(  a(  \„,.(c 


w.'iN  (l.,.d 


'I  ftrii 


i'l 


podjirr,.,.   p„J,,.,, 


''""""•■^""•■'utoMl-iV':',^''-^ 


'':..^:>iv:^:^:;fe;"/:«i;>:^M:,^- 


Mr.  Met 


oiiilti 


vinci'i!  of  tlicir  i^rcal  val 


I'M  ;i  iiiiiiriT  da 


iii> 


'"<'r«  /  „,,,, ,,, 


""V«;;:;;^?;"'r  :•'■''■  •■-ii  ;'i:;;"::  ■»■=;-•■  ii" 


'"y  i.,iiij(( 


aiiv  .Iff,,.,.:....  ..    '"■">>    ot/KT    »,f,..„i..  '••"""'   III  liv,.  I 


isrhcilili-ri'c,  any  atfcnr 
ni  fc.'d in 


'111,!,'  tlll'lll  (V\! 

i''i''aii(i(li,.r;ind  m 


;;:""•>• -iyn.:;; 


vo  (>ifl|,>r  I 


'"•'y.'rth:; '':::;.:!' 


.11  Npl.'ndid 

'III  a 

I'll  f(ii|. 

W(dl 


i<i(d 


larkahlc  th 


•"*'   valii,.,l, 


1"  ad 


>" '""fM'K  ill.,,! ;.',!''. vy''y 


:;''''^'''''"^.'rn,ia,.di™"^»'^:t'-so,.,.,tr 


'  ""  «<"'<l  lanil 


iM'li's:iiliiavo.-i„ni;,nva|„„.,| 
I'i'iiil  I'l  view  (vi/,  it    ■ 

III  riilir.si'  Ic'ii 

hilt  this  I  ,.,-|„ 


ad 


'*':''W  fliat  h; 


po.Nm.sH, 


'l.'lllll'Iy,  ( 


..If   .1...  •.  .    '""lir.V    ((iiniiii^     ;..  .    '      "•""<■  of    \v  ,1..  .   ;.. 


ii'ir 

•  i.s.H  and 


:':;:-7j«  ■';;•■  ^i-':;";^;;::;;'r;;..^  "■-•;;;.;;;  j';;;.i'.- '■■-.:';;i 


ly. 'I'l.lt  alfl; 


iiavi'i'v.niiiicil  irn.;if 

x'lii.iii.in.iinVin  dii.s'i" 


It  II 


'("'iiiiorN  „/•,.«„,;.  , 


"'<'»  IvIl.lWh 


■^''■•''.vcll,  nl'Dni 


•"^'>  «''v«  an.;^:; 


'"■'*'■••"  i IM  I, Ps  I 
."I'I'oifiinif 


,"K  ""I'll  an 


<'«'(',  .says 


it'N  r„ 

>norirm,  I  | 


•'••d  Id" 


I'l'Ni'a 


'•iKii 
<a((| 


iav(.  II,. V 


"li,  an, I 


'■"•  .V«d. 


."'"""■'■'■''''"■■■"•••ir.illi.,!  ,„.ir 


140 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   l^nMlNO. 


2n2  r^?^        with  fhaf  .iHo,!  m  AbordoeDsh.rp,  wliorn  a  Hotnowlmt  sltnilar  broci  w,.r,. 

called lli.enn  Huinl.oH.  Aceordii.K  »<•  Mr.  Hornt  P.'Uor8..n,Norw(.Kia„  , m>,1    (  I),  ,   i  ! 

I  ol  0,1  cjittlo  aro  vory  common  in  tlio  Nouth.-rn  j.artH  of  Norway,  wliilo  in  V.'  «,.' 
within  tlio  Arctic  Civck.,  they  also  exist  in  conMcloral.lo  nninherH.'aHl  hav>hoc  i  ' 
formed  by  Mr.  John  Noisli,  wlio  wuh  tlK^ro  in  187!».  "  '"■ 

Iceland  has  also  a  breed  of  Polled  cattle,  noticed  l>v  Dr.  Uno  Von  Troil  in  \7T>  ii 
said  that,  in  his  time  rhc  country  was  well  j.rovided  With  cattle,  which  were  Lrenem  N 
without  horns,  and  that  their  beeves  were  not  hn-„  but  very' fat  and  i  md*'      n  '  i\ 

then  been  rcpoi-tcd  by  some.  thoHKh  wilhoutfoMiMlation,  that  there  wore  mm.M.ffi:^ 
with  horns,  but  it  was  more  true  to  say  that  s;i,h  were  seldom  kept      Mr  Neisi,  ,,  i 
Avas  111  Iceland  in  thosunmierof  IHSI,  says  (hat  the  cattle  then^  still  airree  witli  ti'i" 
d.vMc.nption.     It  IS  reasonable  to  suppose  that  both  the  Icelandic  nn(l  Se,.tel  br, .    " 
were  orijr,nally  derived  from  the  Norwegian;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  it  •ani 
d.MH..d  that  the  same  natural  law  of  variation  that  i.iod.iced  hoi^iless  eattl    i  ,  1 ," 
way.  or  where  the  Norwcftian  breed  oriKiiiated,  could  act  f.n  aiiv  breed      In  a  bn? 
to  the  AUKUH  .■ii.d  Uuehan  l'..ll.s,  now  to  some  ext.-nt  intermixed  in  a     the  lit      ,,  ''' 
there  are  two  ..ther  British  breeds  of  Polled  cattle,  viz,  the  Galloway    i  i    (    e  so     l'^. 
ol  Seotlan.l   and  the  Norfollc  and  SnlJblk  Ued  Polls.     The  GallowaVl    d  eno^"    ',''' 
sembhiuce  to  the  Aliens  breed  to  hav<.  been  iuclude.l  with  it  in  (he  earlv\V.|mm  '      • 
the  1  oiled  Henl-J  oolc,  but  each  bus  now  a  herd-b..ok  of  its  <.wi..     T  e  NoS  ''' 
Sullolk  breed  is  said  to  have  oii^riiiated  ehietly  from  a  mixture  of  Seotcb   P,> ii        ■  'i' 
theOld  Ib.rned  breed  of  cattle  ef  these  counties.  ^""'  '^'"' 

Coiiiiu^'  to  historical  evidence  of  cattle  briicdiu-r  in  An«iis,  the  earliest  I  kM„u.    r  • 
tliat  eontauie.l  in  Ochtcrlony's  .lescription  of  the  shire  in  ICS-I-'W      He  s.ivs  '  " 

'(.reat  iibundaiice  ol  cattl(>,  slie<'p,  and  hor.ses,  especially  the  briie(hill)  eoi'mtrv  ,  i 
hav>,  great  breeds  of  cattle;  an.l  in  all  Uio  laish  (low  cnnntrv  or  the  f''^'!" 
<"xcept  in  some  (ew  places  where  they  an-  short  of  LTass,  ,,11  breed  us  i  •  nv  f  '"/:'• 
cMMitly  serve  themselves,  but  thechief  bre.  Is  in  the  sbyiv  are  1  lu^  E  ris  o f  S  iVilu'''"'' 
Sout h..sk  Panmure  and  Ed/ell,  Powrie,  Ualnamoone;  both  for  Inures  ide."  '"'""• 
"Ib.th  these  parishes,  Kinnaird  and  Earn.-ll,  belon-.Mitirely  to  the  Earl  of  s  ,  !  , 
wherein   ire  ano  excellent  bre.-d  of  h.u-se,  cattle,  and  sheep  ^-'«'  "f  N)ii(|„,,|; 

And,  \\  hen  writiiif;  of  the  Earl  of  Panmure,  he  siiys- 
'■rreh.atli  at  Panmure  a  most  excellent  breed  of  hdise  and  cattle  " 
riiiiH  there  IS  (evidence  that  cattle  w.u-e  carefully  bre.l  in  An-us  two  hun.Iro,! 
.1-0,  .and  .•jlthou^rh  it,  eannot  be  ascertaine.l  from  any  re<..id  at"ny  ll pos  i      ,^  ^X''' 
excel  cut  breeds  were  p,.Iled  or  do.lde.I,  it  is  probal^lo  from  the  se.mel    hn  ""■■''' 

so;  .a    least,  those  who  hav..  assert..!  that  no  .articular  at  ont".u.     ' is  Sve,       '  "'"' 
bre,.ln,fr  „,  Angus  belbre  tlK^  be-innins  of  the  lm^sent  eei    u rv  a  V 
.   The  late  Mr   William  Fullerton,  whase  name  will  be  aVw./vrxoci;    '":;""• 
impmycd  breed  of  Angus  cattle,  left  a  report  on  (1„.  subject.       wltc;;.:V.  ''  'I'" 
Lord  P.iT.inuro  who  succee.Ied  to  the  ..states  in  17H7.  In  liinsix    m-u  h  vV,,    ^ .'        '■''  "'" 
t..  try  to  Kuprove  the  ]'ol|..,l  caltle  ..f  tl...  .•..nn( v   ami  thtli.;.       'i     ''*''' '"'^f 
(avor  (or  them   even  .luring  his  minority.     If.,  tii;..       i.    e '     rimenVi,,-  T"'  """'' 
Galloway  an.l  Angus  cattl...  but  the  irsult  was  uusatisfa.'tor  ,  a        lis  Ii, .  "r','^'  ""' 
ing  was  at  ..nee  aban,l.,ne,l.     Ho  aft.'rwar.ls  was  «...•,■,  ssfu I  i^n  1  is  .•( Wts  i  ,'''  '"","'' 
dire.tiou,  but  in  (he  m.'an  time  (he  late  Mr.  Hii-i,  Wilson    of  K'.i  '  """""•i 

•I.M.t  farm,  in  IH.H,  ,,t  once  b..gan  a  syst..n,atic  .IL-p.'M^m,!  I'.ni  e  t^^  ',","""^' 
whi.di  1...  was  .so  ..mineutly  .suc'cssful  that  his  namV,  if/n..w  r,.'-:  ,.,l  ,T  I,  .  l'-''^  '" 
in  .•onn.'.tHui  with  p.-digr.^o  stock  of  this  variety.     Mis  lath"     who  Iv,       '''I'V""' 

•  •at    ..  b..|..ie  him,  g.ive  him  six  of  liis  best  an.l  biacke.s    c.  vs '  n.l      b  '''''  "' 

K.-i  lor,  winch  he  so.u,  afterwards  iucr..a.s..d  by  the  lu  irlr is    o f    .  ,  i  ""  '■'"'■""^' 

atTrnntyMark.;t,Jin.chin.     Th.-se  hei,ers..u.^,  (l^m     h,  p^      .  r^';;;  l.^^  ;'-;'^  ^ 

^::;:s;!"-"-" "-  Ang-s  D..ddies,  whi4  ^^1^  i;?;  mr  *ianl;;r;^l;;;:i;:;,|;  i 

Tlui  imi,roy..,|  Angus  cattl.'  ha.l  r.-ach.'.!  Ku.h  a  .l.-gr-'e  ..f  „erf,.,.,io„  ;,    ,w.u    , 

li.MU<lg..s  o(  tl„.  Ilighiaii.l  and  Agriculturiil  S..ci..tv's  show  1    I    Vi         '"  ^^''"'  "'■" 

bnrgh  expr,vs,s.,.l  tin,  ..pinion  that^'th,.  I.ighly  i  i  prov.^d    or         ,,    hi""'"'  ",'  !"'''" 

bre.d  ,s  not  snrpass.Ml  by  any  ..(h.-r  .l...s.:iiphon  ..f  .atVl.     ii    (1      .,,     ''  """''  ''"""I 

th.,  fat  is  mix.'d  an.l  difins...    over  ..y.rv  Lit   ..f^|  e  •   .i,  '    '    . '  :i""'.^V'.V  H,  v,Im,.|, 

b.Uch..ragr.iter.p.antity..fpn,nem..!A!"u-.:L      u;'     '     .!C^ 

In  conchiHi.ui.I  may  say  (hat  I  (hink   i!   •.   ,rr..,.   ,„'       ,      ,       'f^"    "'  ''i" '^iicuss.' 

colov-black.     They  ier.-^.,nm.l..;  \,,,,v'  .fir' V-^-^i.^^^^^^ 

n.u/zl..saml  brown  N(re,.k.-,1  backs,  ml    yell,       V  ,^                                    "'I''  '"""'' 
.•"--'•;••'-'  '".  Ma.d<,  (Ii,>y  still  throw  r..,ls\iml  v.Vl.     s  V  1     '   '  ,  ".  ^u^^'yTy'^l  '^"'^  ^^ 
lonnble,   wlnl.'.  as  .'very  biv.Mler  .d'  .b.m.'stic  ■iniu  •  l«   I      .,        "';'■'  <>'''l  ■•i-' ri!il:isl, 
...a.l<c,l  pr..,luc..  isofiei;  the  b..s,  in  ..tl, e       s  ,  hs      v'  ^.V    .^  ';"-.•"'"/•'"' .'""I  miIv 
cy.',  and  if  t,:e  ign.,rant  i.l.M  thai  n-./aul  v'  I   w  lOll'  J  ;'''''' -7 ''''''''''- ^ 
got  rul  oi;  hen.  mixed  ia  color  would  «uon^;.]  comlnoi  .nuuS;;:,:'^  "'' '" '  »-« 


Tri)il  ill  177y.  I|„ 
I'hworo  >,'i>iii»iullv 
111(1  K  .0(1.     It  i,,,ii 

wore  none, .fthciu 
•  ^f>'-  Ncish,  who 
II  (im'roo  with  tliis 
iind  Scotph  luccdf, 
and,  if,  ciuinot,  Ik, 

I(!.S,S  (■ilttlo  ill  \,„.. 

■('(>'l.  IniKldifi,,,, 
ul  tlio  bast  Ii.tiIn 
t.V,  in  UK^sniidi  (if 
ly  li.'id  Piioiiijli  IV. 
early  voluincs  of 
riio  Norfolk  ,i|.ii 
cotcli    PoDh  „i(l, 


THE    UNITFJ)    KINOIJOM. 


It  Ih  cluiiiiod, 


HayHjiiiiKiH  MiUMloimld,  thiK,  (Ii„  ,„„(ii 


..|-.:aUl.Mntl.,,,,r,;i„,,tio,i,:ri;e;:n      Ont 
(lillcroiico  ot  opinion,  for  ul,  tlio 

(Mirotlicr  Iciidin;;  l.rcodH,  notiild 


piCMcnt  diiy,  wi 


it'  point,   IIk'ki  iH,  ot 


n  I'<>ll.s,siiipaNNull  otln 


141 


raccH 


eoiirm,,  (•(MisidcMiil.lo 


to  HO 


hi^d 


I  u  dcjrnx,,  it  (•oiild  not'l 


y  tlio  Wliortlioi 


li  '  l.cH-pi-o.lii,tin;r  proporticH  .d 


(111.1  I.ic.mI  would  l)o  accordi'd  tl 


n  UM.I   IfiMvCoid,  liavo  l7..,'ii  d 


'  <'xpi;(!t(i(l  that,  with  nnvtl 


Ali.idccii  or  An^riiH  hniL'd 


Ul  priMiiicr  position.      Ji,,  ijini 


liij^r  |j|j„  niianiinitv 


Idvclopi'd 


,  any 


(Ml  III 


and 


I  MINI 


Hiipniorto  Jill  otliiMH  ii 


lay.iicihapH,  linNaJd  to  I 


iiil'ciior  loiioiKwiMiiri 


■<M  it  may,  tlm  i'ldhill 


■loiiiid  licol- 


.'".;■,  ""I"  ""•    i"  Jill    ()t,ll(MH   in    Holiii)    i|.mi,.,.(M         '11..      1       n- -  ■•■'-■"iiim  oroi- 

.onitlmH|iitt..,.ly„ik,in,,Uiko  in   tCJirV^-l     '     '.  "!  '!:"'^ '"'"   "■MMnah.d 


imii 


l^iMiNliOH  its  claim  ii.  Ihiit  d'escrii.t 


in  IH7H  it  <airi(Ml  otldvi 


ion. 


Jt, 


low 
mil 


ihi(lin;,'flio  iJlOUpzi 


ry  HiiiKld  honor  for  which  it 


yard  and  iiiarkctphuvslnv 
yl"-aotc,l  Hint  at,  the   l^.iis  Kxhil 


lli.il  in  HritiMJi  show  yards   1 


'I' did  bUHt  f^l 


■oiipof  hccf  pi„diic 


wa.s  ciititlcd  t 


jii^r  position.    Jn  iiHtrictly  Imf.d 


liotli  lis  (at  stock  and  Inccd 


ll;li(•il(tll^il|  Ihccxhihit 


i:ii(^  ol'cattl 


Tl 


i-Npidiitof  view,  it  hiisscld 


it.  I 


II- 

<>  <;oiiipctc,  in- 

ioii,  mid 


las  iiltaiiic.l  |o  a  | 


mill 


id  Hi.pcriority  over  most  other  hrceds,'  for  I  he  I 


"Ml  to  yichi  t 


end 


•  \N  el^'llt.     As  11  rule,  tho  heefofllu,  noi  tlierii  I'olj 


l'i«li  I 


Mitel 


oaii.v  other 


"•r  N  purpose,  lies 


!^:!i';';';!^:':v.^l:"'v''' '^I'-^Jv^^^  !''»''>-«'-ain..,Miesh.  11,1,1 


>ereenta;r„,.f  dead  meat  t 


H  isvt^rywell  mixed 


oilier  kinds  (d'lieef.      Inside,  tl 


ii'd  contains  ii 


ilv,  \Miile  III  the  density  mid  .piality  of  II 


less  soli,  coarse.  fa(  tliaii'iimst 


(|M;i 

cminuli  claim  the  premier  jiJisition 


:?.=^:^':^v;:'-''i-'M-v'i-th,aVofVh:, 


carcass  itself  tlm  I. reed 


lliest 


the  .-luall  Devon  l.reed  aloiiKsido,  if  not  even  1 


amon-all  mir  leiKJin- hreedsof  eat 


may  fairly 


.•|it 


Kiloro  it,  in  this  respect :  I 


•:::;!"  :'^^!\".::i'- '--'-'.  i-'tiuiiiriushi^hi^wm 


lid.     .Some  phuAj 


iii''li  a  percenta;,'o  of  dead 


'nt.  with  that 


11  ;aid 


meat  to  live  weight.     In  l.iilclicr's  i.I 


<Mt;SUl."ii(lmiiaMy.      InjiJl  the  lead 


IV  liio  lireed  is  hold  in  liiol,  es'timat 


ion. 


and  ixv 


injj  Cat-stock  ni.iiket 


on  ail  av.ira^'e,  yield  .... 
pliia.se()lo;,'V  it  "dies" 


111  tiiel    iisiially  a  hi^rher  price  in  conii.arisoii  t 

ill.,  i.tliiti'    iiKii  I  I II  !■•    ■^■•.....1..  ri>i    •        •  *       .      .. 


iierally  coi 


•■<  in    the  coiiii. 


tli(^  oilier  leadiii"^  lireeds.      Tl 


iiiiis  market  in  London,  wh 


liiH  is  especially  the  c 


<)  Us  size  and  liv 


imaiiils  the  iii;,diest  prii 


wei^rht  tha 


liiiil 


I  ready  .sale  ut  the  liijrhest  (luot 


did  the  plump  compact  I'oU 


iHe  ilt  the  ^'re;il   Sinilhlicld  ("'I 


The  Alieicleen  Poll  is  not 

Ii.is  been  Coiiiid  im])().ssible  to  obliun  Ii 


tatioiis. 
a  milkin-,'  Ineod,  l.eii 


s  I'rom  the  iiorih  i 


n  iiiiy  of 
irist- 


idver  fail  to 


thr  ,|iiaiility  ofmilk  j;ive,i  per  cow,  or  the  Initter  and  <  I 


cHpeeially  ,. lilt i vat..,!  for  l.eef  and 


,Mires  with  liny  dejrree  ol 


caiiiKit  indeed  hear  of  a  si 
(jl'tlii.M  race.     With   rejj;ar(l'"to 

.'^iiiitlill' 


acciiiacy  slmwini 


n^dd  ca.s(i  in  \\ 


hid 


leesi-  v.iliie  of  the.  injn 


MI  11  r-  .P        .    -'^"  '""l  wei;rht  for  a 

leld  show  will  !„,  found  a  sulllcient  Ki7i,h,.      'n 


^1  a  inoid  than  ordinary  d 


»   lew  (i''iires'  1 


^Vd 

iiiry  is  composed 


nvo  years  ten  months  wei;,died  Kij  cwt.,  and 


Id  (iisi-m 


oiii  the  last 


lir.si-|irize  stei'r  at  three  years  ei<rht  mon'fl 


Necoiid-pri/e  ;it  sa 


izd  steer  at  the  a' 


jcai 


ssixiiionth.s,  IS^cwt.     Thd  tirst-i.ri/d  heil, 
' "''am  .show  ti;r„ns  were  as  foil 


IS  weijriicd  -ji  cwt. 


mi;  api  Hi  cwt.     Tli 


and  the  si.( 


t.    The  Hiriiiinirl 


(ir  jit  two  ye.iiM  (^i'dit 


•"lid,  at  three 


tlii^  ajic  of  till. 


•d  years  i 


•i«ht 


nonths  was  17,} 


iionths  weiirhed   iHf  cwt 


siiiiie  aj;e  -JO}  cwt.     The  lirst-jirizd  heifer,  also  of  (1 


•coiiil,  two  years  eleven  and  fhree-fonrtl 


This  race  is  perhajis  the  liest  of  all  others  f 


The  lirst-pii/e  Tolled  st 

•  .  ami  the  .second-prize    a  the 
"',';'""'V'K''- •■■^■'K'"''!  »':'i(wf.,and 


H  niDiitlis,  l.")2  cwt 


iiiosi  lii.irveloiis  specinieim  of  cros.s-lircdssl 


lor  'jiossin^^  with  ih,.  .Short! 


(ijiiiws  are  ahv.-iy.s  of  this  cross.     At  the  hit 


mwii  at  till.  Loud 


Klin  ;  imlee 
•n  and  liirmin 


yi';irsM!\(ii  nioidhs,  weijjhed  IH  cwt,     'i' 


Idi    place  the  lirst  prize  steer,  a l7l 


iiilitl 


li.s,  was  17;  ewl.  ;  and  tli 


onil 


111'  lirst  prize  steer,  a 


:ei|   two   years  eh 


llr,st  piize  steer  at  two  years  live  niiintl 
yrar  i'i;;lir  iiioiiths  jjave  tho  marvel 


prize,  two  years  ej.jht  niondis,   17j 


iH  \vei;,died   Ml  cwt 


III  tl 


ewt. 


le   seco 


ml  III 


'I'll 


iirtlie  jirize  cross-hred  st 's  at  tweiit 


""::,:'5';'"'-''^r.-./ At  uie, ;:„,,:;;..; 


lerat  two  and  three-nOarters  yea 


,v  months  wei-hed   i:{  cwt.     The  I 


rs  wei„rh,,,i  174^  ,^,„| 


i^'lil  iiioiiths,  17  cwt.  Aiiothertirst  prize  at  tl,, 
■   lifil  I'.ljewr,     The  tirst  prize  heifer  at  tl 


the 


ree.\(.;ir,.iei,r||i  and  I 


fimd  prize  ill  two 


ii>t.  pri; 


.M'ais 


(il.^tlict  ill  which  the  i 


ill  expo,s(>(l ;  and  the  pastiii 


leoisliied  and  fed,  altli 


Mil'  ve;irs  ej./ht 


lif''e-i|ii,irteinioiit.r 


iiiiiiitlis,  I7J 


iii-h  not  IheMeakesi  in  .s 


liiMJH  iii:iile  lip  in  the  mai.;;cr,  for  tl 


•e  iscrtainly  m.i  the  l,..st.  hiit    wU-.H 


I'l  ewt. 
■•"eol  l.ind,  i 


The 

till 


s  s 


tl  I  il  tl 

[iiise.s 


atlle  well,  and  (.'.specially  iijioii  cake.     T) 


M>  iiorlli..in  rarniers  tind  it  to  tl 


is  iiiissii 


i;i  III  Ihr 


"'ir  .ad  van  I  an,.  (, 


lie  lacu  is  not  iist-d  lor  (lratt""i 


-Mr.  (i.  Wilkon,  «;ivS 


'.Vitli  iv;,'ai,I  to  th 


i|iiaiitily  II 


iiinual  im>n»f,',i  poiindH  of  milk  which  th 


ill    .'''C'llll.'llll 

Tlinv  1 


itMi'.ss.iry  tor  the  product  i,,ii  of  hiiti 


1.     The  hreed   is  a  liee('-)iio(| 


tia'iii:iiiv 


lave  lieeli  liott.il  insta 


nei 


cr  and  cin 
iicinu  Olid,  and  lia.s  1 


Mll- 


ii'ws  ^rive,  and   the 


sof;;oud  milkers    in    the   Aherdeeii-.\ 


■'jse.  no  such  records  are  kept 
' I  «"  tor  iiianv   ve,ii> 


.\viii 
wliii'l 


■•■arsAherdeeii  and  An,i,'iis  have  heeti' feed 


11^  ,s  breed,  but 


,  "I'Cintaeliv  Casll 


i;;.'ve  1 1  .Si-,.|,-i 


;ave  piirtieiil.irs  of  a  mwl 


1  pinis  ol'milk  per  day  ;  ai 


"-   'lislrieis.     Th.-  late  Ka'rl.d 
y  calved  Aberd 


.  wliiil;  -ave  T.'  Scol.li  pinl.s.     A  .Scotci 


'  o|  .iiKitfii.r, 


.'dii-.\noii..<  ,,(> 
He.'  iiioiiths  all.  I  cal\ 


I  I'Hii   is  .,|ii,il  to   Hired  iMi'dish 


pint 


.s,  so 


142 


CATTIiK   AND    DAIIiV    l•'AU.^f INO. 


thiit  tlicM«<iiiiiiititi«'Hu;ivc:.i  ;,'all.iiis  [..t  dn.v  (or  llif  im'wI.n  .mU.^I  ,  .>«  ,  .in.l  M  ki»I'"|'« 
in'iMliiy  l()rtlir..ii.!tlir(iMiiMiitliHriilvr.l,  ciiiiiil  at  HH  1"miii.I>«  to  lli"  .:.il|..ii  \,t  m,  ami 
■17  iinimdsofinilkiicrdav,  rf,|..Mlis.  ly.  Willi  onlinai.v  IV.  .liu- I  li.^  «  c  ml'  <>(  row  sal. 
iiuiturity  would  viiry  fio'iii  i.lOU  to  1,:iIM»ih.uii.N,  ih.Mlrad  wd-lil  ol  tli.sr  iMMiiy;  alMuit. 
7to<J(!\vt.  Mail  V  ni-M's  lit  Siiiillilii'ldixcccd'J.iHiii  poMiiils  live  \M  i^lil.  r.iills.  il  led 
\\M  ull  tluMr  liv.'M  (.wliich  tlicv  iiMiiilly  aro),  Nv.>iy;li  I'loiii  '.'.immi  to  •.'.  imi  poiiiid.'H  at 
iiiivtinity.  With  ictt'ifiuo  to  tlio  a^r  of  tin'  cowh,  llirv  liavi-  l.ii  ii  known  to  livr  over 
thirty  y'eiu-M,  luid  it  in  not  iiiuDiniiioii  to  liiid  Minn'  of  lh<'  a^,"'  of  tvM  nly  yciirs  which 
;iri'  IVi'sh  uiid  hrci'din;,'.  The  luiipoilioii  of  imat  al  nialiiiity  of  a  fattrufd  wt'iT  Naiii-.s 
from  GO  ponnds  ]H-r  W)  ponnd.s  ol  li\t'  uci;riit.  to  a-  liiuh  ii.s  Ti!  pounds  per  luii  pm.ndM. 
Tho  !iveraf,'(>  Mti'cr  in  thi'  Ahcrdi'i-Mshiiv  disHirt  at  two  years  and  Mnc  or  Irn  inonthH, 
whtiii  most  of  Ihcm  aro  sold,  w(j;;li  from  T  J  to  10  lui.,  di'ad  wci;,'lil.  Tlic  noI!  i,f  iho 
district  in  poor  and  cidd,  Inil  has  liccn  nivally  impro\ci|  li\   draining;.  Iiniin;;.  vVi 


id  the 


asses  mostly  ciilli\atcd  arc  ryc-Ljras,-. 


am 


I  red,  white,  ami  aUike  eliivci> 


Many  of  the  cattlt^  are  still  used  for  draft  pnrpo-cs,  especially  in  plow  in;;  and  lifcal 


111^  lip  m 


land.     Ahcrdecirsiiire  was  mnsi  ly  n 


lainied  liy  the  "  twal  o\en  pi 


naiia;,{cd  hy  two  men,  •' ii  jdow  man  and  a  talisman,"  and  an  old  .sayin;^  illustratcM 
best  how  liirmors  thrived  in  oldi-ii  times,  viz: 

"He  that  liy  the  plow  wad  tlirive 
Matin  ciliicr  hand  or  drive," 


That  is,  must  either  hold  the  plow  or  drive  the  oNcn.     The   sy,-,tcm   of  feeding; 
varies  somewhat  in  dilferent  locilitii's,  h'll   the  I'ollDwin;;  is  the  most  coiiimon,  vi/. ; 


From  1st  to  lotii  Mav  to  middle  id'Cclolier  the  cattle  •' il  on 


;i,i.s.s  in   ineloNcil 


tiohls,  lint  fee(lin;,'-cat  tie  are  liiriied  in.o  the  hoM'-e  a  inoni  li  ear  ur.    I'roni  the  iiiiddl 


)f  Dctohcr  to  May  the  cattle  in  Aheiilecn  and  r)anir''liirc  aii 
ik.     In  Moray  and  JnvcrncsM,  north  of  AIm  rdei'ii,  MHinit  catti 


■nerally  tied  np  li\  I  In 


fill 


courts,     Tho  feed,  in  each  case,  tnriiips  a 


ml 


oat  straw  mdv 


In 


•led 


some  cases  voiiiil 


Iieifers  and  hiill.s  j^et  froni  1 V  to  Vi  pounds  of  linseed  i  .ikc daily  after  wean i  11:4  till  e;irl\ 
Hpriuy.  Tlio  reason  so  little  is  know  n  as  to  the  milk-pHMlnciiiL;  pro|ierties  of  the  race 
iH  because  the  calves  mostly  all  suckle  their  dams  from  live  to  .six  moiitiis,  when  the 
cows  aro  uUowud  to  dry  oil'. 

(12)  Shetland  Cattle. 

l\'rha]Ks  llio  IciLstkiio'vn  nuv  of  cattle  in  (Ji'fal  llrilain  is  tlic  Slict- 
laml,  which  is  by  110  iiKMU.s  il  liirjic  oiii',  ami  is  almost  «'iitir«'ly  in  the 
hamls  oC  one  fuvat  iiolilomaii,  tlii-  Maii|iiis  of  LoihIoimIchv  .  Woaiv 
unable  to  obtain  an  illustration  of  the  caitlf.  but  \\^^  arc  iinbditcil  to 
to  iMr.  Biydon,  the  poimlar  steward  of  the  iiian|iiis,  for  the  followin;,' 
])iirticulai's.     He  says: 

I  am  unable  to  fjive  stafisticH  as  to  tli.'  capahilities  in  the  dairy  of  the  .•Shetland 
cattle,  hut  I  know  that  when  widl  fed  they  are  piod   milkers   and' that  the  milk  1- 


rich.     We  use  thein  ehiellv  for  niii'si 


breed 

iiieiir,  I  rcmeniliei 


ilv 


es,  .iiiil  we  Ciniiot  ;;et  ctiws  of  ailV   (ith 


II  W  llicll  tliey  do  NO  well.      I  can  ;,'ive  Inis  of  instances  of  this,  but,  at    llie   I 


one  in  particular.    We  had  on  the  farm  a  lilt!.-  .Shetland 


calved  alioiit  the  1st  of  .Inne.and  as  she  Keemcd  to  have  a  lot  of  milk 
other  calf  and  made  her  nurse  the  jiair,     liotii  calv.'s   were  sold  1 
eleven  mouths  old,  and   the  pair  realized  £4",  tli.'  pnivlnisrr  l» 
course  the  cow  liad  cak.'  and  meal  diiriii;;  the  winter.      The  tii 


cow   Wlllrii 


\  We  prociiretl  .-111 

>>  anetioii  win  n 

■ciii;;  a  liiifehcr.      <u 


land  by  a  Sliortliorn  bull  also  mak 


es  a  very  ;;ood  cow. 


si  cros,s  from  .-i  8hci 


fhe   niiiire   home  of  the  .Shetland  calile   is,  as  luiKht  be  supposed,  the  .Sbel 

I'tJ  \l'Mll>ll  (It'll  l'>t-ll.>4'...l         1...* .._..  *'H"1F''*»  l**,.i         —    ..  .  .  '*  ' 


Isles,  which  ;il<'   situated  liet 


1 

slate  beiii^'  the  prevailing,'  format 


>ii'  west  loii^'itiide.     The  mcks  are  all  |uiniar 


CPU  o'.fJ  ,M'  and  r,iH  .^,1'  north  latitiid. 


Old  (I  '11'  ami 


.1,'iieiss,  ;;ianile,  i|ii.irl/,  and  sloi 


tho  old  I'l 


iiidsti 


nd 


s,  but  111  some  ]iurts  there  is  a  coarse  varietv  ol 


)ieal,  though  there  are  ^'Piierall 


c(in;,'lomeiafioii.    .\  ;,'reat  part  id' the  smf 


■overed  wit! 


hi'di.  only  one  in  il 


W  llol( 


y  >,'roen  patches  close   to  tin-  soa.     'J'he   bills  ar 


111  winter  and  lower  in  sii 


roup  measuring'  l.Kio  Oet.  '  The  tempeiatiin 


stated  as  •{' 

and  sjiriu^'.  the  isliuids  present  a  bare,  barr 


inmerthai.  that  of  the  Scoftish  111:1 


O    IKil 
S   l)i;;l|c  I 


(Jrass  );rows  luxuriantly  for  a    'nut  I 


inland,  tlie  mean  beiiii: 
iiiie  in  Slimmer,  but  in  wiiitei 


The 


cattle   have  a   hanl   life   of  it  th 


en  iipprariini'e, 


milk,  that  bein;:  kept  for  other  purposes.    In  '<piin;j  tl 


roiiiih,  and   as  calves   they  scarcely  ^ct 


aiiv 


.„,.              .  ■,.■.■  .       -,     u'y  are  so  reduced  with  iioveru 
'^'"ji-t  time  on  coarse  kee,>m;.kes  them  look    llesh  aiidwell.     1 


that 

<'ome  round,  and  yet 

huve  seen  tllem  tliri 


As  may  be  expei  led.  the  I 
but  if  well  fed  w 


1 01 


I  pasture  where  other  and  tiiier.|,ied  call 


leatnienl  to  u  In 


Ih: 


voHU"  Mil 


••cciHiir  ^ei\    liilie 


.|e,-(, 


le  rollld  not   ll\i 
sllints  Iheil   LTIoWlll 


l-.vi  Wnii  olii.  I   liieedn. 


f...[ 


nil;  iiNrn:i»  kiNui»oM. 


113 


lion  til  ,'i4i  mill 

;;l'  i>l  cuwrt  .'il, 

Ki'  ItrilijL;  iiliiiiit 

lillllN,  if  It'll 

U'li  |i<iiiiiiU  at 

II  III  livi'  liver 

vi'iir.s  wliicli 

I'll  Mti'l'l  N  .'llil'M 

IT  Kill  |iiii.iiiK. 
Il'  (I'll  llllllltlls, 

lir  Hill  III'  I  III' 
;.  liiiiiii;,',  Ai\, 

Uiku  i'|i)\  11 N. 
ii;;  ami  lin-ak- 

I    IIMII   pIllW  ," 

iiLT  ilhi^tialr.s 


III     of    I'l'l'llill;; 

riiiiiiiiiiii,  viz  ; 
■<■<  ill  ilirliiNi'it 
mil  till'  iiiiilillc 
'ii'il  M|i  li,\  I  III- 
'il  III  cnvi'lril 
I'  ca.M'M  .viiiiii;^; 
iiili:^  till  (','trl\ 
ii'M  III'  (ln>  rail' 

Ills.   whtMl   till' 


till-  ."ilii'llillnl 
t  till-  milk  I- 
III"  any  ntlu  i 
I,  at  till'  iiiii- 
iil  I'liw  wliii  h 

•  |i|iii'iir«'(l  an 
iiicliiiii  «Iii  !i 
liillrlliT.       *  i| 

In  nil  a  Sill  I 

tIii-.Sli«-tlaii.l 
ml  (I  W  ami 
(/,  ami  stiiiir 
INI'  varii'tv  ipI 
invi-rcd  with 
iiills  aril  imi 

nil'    is   lli^^lirl 

•  ini'aii  lii'iiii,' 

•  lit  in  wiiiti  I 


(I  »)  Wksi'  IlKiiii.AMir.i;  Caiti.k. 


As  ;»  tllllkiT,  |M»Nsil)|y  llir  Wr.sl    Ni;rlil;ilHl 


i'V  ritw  liiis  not    niiicli  of  h 
s  <'X<i'nliii;;ly  rirli,  aiiii  tln< 


H'lmtaliitii,  vet   wlinlrvcr  milk   slir  yivt-s  j 

iiit-ii  wlio  iin^  ituhmI  ill  11  Hi-lilaiMl  «I(mi,oii  ;,'(mh|  \V«'sriii-|iliimi 

anil  some  outiiM'al  haiuiocks,  have  iitlN'  jiii|«mmI  t 


In  its  luM'f,  as  is  wt'II  kii 


o  <'«iiii|ilaiii  a 


iMtllt. 


fi-fiiin 
As 


own,  il  is  thf  Ih-si   io  lie  t'oiiiul  in  tli«>  |,«»nil 


iiiaikj't,  and  always  cuniinaiMls  as  i.'a<lv  a  sal.-  as  tin-  ln-st  Slioitl., 
llcivroids.dallcMvays,  or  iNdlcd.     TIhmij:1i  tin-  West  Iliu'lilaiHlcrs t'l 


iH'lhT  on  tlii'ir  nalivf  hcatli,  tlicv  do  v 


vv\  well  in  tlu'  Soiitli,  ami 


ot'tlK'iiadmiicis  Iiav«^  displactMlt  lie  deer  Itom  their  | 


«»n 


lOl'tlS, 

iiivr 
many 


liitfd  I  lie  slia;:;:y  iH'asl,  thus  i 

in  tilt'  lli^ddands.     Tlicy  art'  tl 

I'ffcli  lictlcr  |»iiccs  in  I  hi'  market  than  woidd  tl 


):irks  and  snltMti- 
ev  isin^r  to, some  extent  the  present  |»r<M'ess 


MIS  ornann-ntal  as  well  as  uselid,  and 


liie  iM.ints  ofthe  West  Highlanders  I 


le  savorv  venison. 


An 


lave  never  heeii  laid  down,  it  niav 


he  well  to},'iveliere  the  opinions  of  all  the  noted  Ineed 
suiiie  sii^'ht  history  of  tin"  most  noted  lieids. 

rh,niirt,risliisnf  West  llujhUiu.l  vottU.-'Vhv  head  sliould  l,e  l.eaiiti- 
Inlly  proportioned  to  the  rest  of  the  animal;  the  line  head  with  a  I 
nitl  ol  hair  on  it ;  the  nostrils  full  :  the  eves  lai^e  and  lioiiid      TheT 

should  I.e  a  pro|.ortionale  l.rea.ltl twixt  the  jawl.ones  Lehind  (o  the 

!;iii;e  loreliead  in  front.     The  I 
what  IS  railed  blood  to  tl 


ers,  to;;etlier  with 


"•;;•' 


Ilic 


iieail, 


iiielinin;,'  forwards  and  upwards;  in  tl, 
lip  with  a  .-raeefnl  slope.     Some  breeders  do  not 


lorns  should  be  h'nj,'tliy,  and  showing 
M"  very  point  ;  they  should  come  level  out  of 


use 


upwards,  bein;:  <»f  oiunion  that  the  I 


le  cow  they  should  rist- 
caro  lor  the  horns  to 


Nitertion  in  u  cow's  horns  is«)f  two  kimi  

prel'ir  them  tiM'ome  out  level  from   the  headVwit'l 


ess  rise  there  i.s  the  better. 
s,  aeeordin;;  to  taste,  but 


sonn- 


curve 


and 


I  wider  sweep.     In  the  Imll  the  I 


•Miiiii;:.  and  what  is  termed  sappy 


I  il  |tecnliar  baek  set 
lorn  should   be  decidedly 


home  are  of  «)piiiiiin  that  when  tl 


K'lii  droop.s  suddenly  from  the  erown  to  where  the  npwanl 
iiiciices  It  IS  a  siyii  of  weak  baek.     Th 


le 

eiirve  com 


e  cow  s  horns  rise  .sooner  from  tin 
eserviii};  their  substance  ami  rich  col 


head  and  are  a  little  lon^'er,  pr 

III  I  he  \ci\\   lips, 
il"'  lie.  k  should  in  len;;th  he  prop,)rtionate,  clean  below,  and 
■im.u  astiai-rht  linetr.un  the  head  to  the  .shoulder.     I 


or 


iiii'ii 

lie 


it  should   be  fully  develop,.,!,  and   the  bulls  shotihl   j 


III  cows 
n  point  of  thick 


tl 


hiMil 


Icr  shoidd  be  thick  and  i 


ic  iMiiiit  to  the  lower  extremitv  of  the  i 


inmeiisely  tilled  out  d 


ia\  e 


a  I'lest 


own  wards  trom 


Till-  I 


M 


•k,  from  the  very  back  of  tl 


ore  arm. 


'"ii'|'l''l  •l''\clopinent,  what  Jnd;:es  call  '•  plain  ";'il 


le  shoidder.  slioidd  have  a  fiillv 


iiiHl  the  .sh, Milder,  as  if  you  liad  tied  a  st 


jcclioiiahl 

tl 


Acr 


»ss  th 


Ml  is,  a  hollow  be 
riii;r about  it,  is  exceedin;,dv  ob 


iM'lli; 


ij's  Itackwaiils  the  (piarters  shonlil  I 


c  hips  there  should  be;,'ical  breadth.  whih''f 


om 


lavea  very  lar;;e  developmenl, 


l>';i'e  betwixt  the  hip,s  and  the  tail  and  bet\vixt"he  tail 


'ii'id  feet.     Asin  the  fore  .shonlder.s,  t  hi-  I „ 

;''|'n;;nse.levclopment.     The  tail  .shouM  be  thick  and 


linil  tln<rlis  should  I 


and  the 
lave  an 


'"";"  <'•  liair  haiiL^iii-  down  f 


sfroiij:.  with  a  full 


llie  t 


owards  the  t^roiiiid.     The  l»one,  boti 


:':;;,r;;lli'"yir:.r'?'!i''' I"' •'r•^^•--^ -''i  >^t=-;:>..  ".i.M 


"JiV  and  well  set  on,  and  the  l.-s  feathered  with   1 


I  III 


I'lOl.' 


■'•at  i.ieadth   betwixt  the  fme  h-^'.s.  and  tl 


lair. 


Ther 


e  should 


Willi  {.Meat  diunityof 


'II!. 


iiiticd  .stvleof 


motion;  imbed,  unless 


carria;,'!',  he  will  have  small  ehan< 
'Ihe  hair  should  be  loii;;^  with  a 


le  animals  .shonid  w.ilk 
m  animal  posse.s.ses  this 


111  tlif  .show  lin 

^""'' '"  it  i.  a  decided  lault-V  and  "shonid 


cs of  winning;  jui/.e 
rraccfiil  wa\'e  in  it  — 
jMKSM'.ss  much  bloom.     The 


141 


catiij:  .\m»  haiuv  iakmino. 


h 


liH'k  of  Wiivf  ill  ilif  li.iir  is  (•(tiisidcn  d  |u  It 

of  ||m>  IIMIllt'l  II  Ih'kIs, 


:i  ;^n'ii(  nhjcrlion  iti  iiijinv 


\sii  nil.',  thr  ((.lot  Is  lilack.  Imt  liisliion  now  runs  uu  \ 


<liiiiM  iiiid  (Ml  III  iiitll 


fllcwsor  liylil 


cs.     A  wt'll  iiri:iii;;('(|  licnl  slioiiltl  Iiavt-  a  iiii\( 


ndors,  iivoi(liii,'4' all  tliosc  wliicli  iiKlicah' iinjualiiiv  il 
riiarkcd  i»rni(llt(|  Imll  is.  Iiiiw.xci,,  all  liiiiij^s  I 


lll\  (IS, 


Ml-  ut 

A   well 


to  l)cal  ;if  aii.v  iiuitlifin  show. 
tiTsayiiliist  llii;|ilaiMlns  Im-iiij;  mat kcil  all 


)('ni;,'ci|iia!,  il  tlitliciilt  on* 
\  model  II  pii'indit't'  cmsIs  in  siiiii«M|iiai 


0\«'|'  "  itii  u  llill-  Spul,. 


Tl 


i<'\ 


iio  not  (•oiisidcii'd.  Iiovvvcr,  to  In-  of  i!ii|iiiiv  i>loni|,  and  Mr.  Stcwarf.  o'l 


Ti;,di  Diiin.  one  of  lliooldi-sl  and  ahli-st   aiillioiit 


US,  is  ot  o|iiiiiiiii  iijcy 


\v('iv  looked  upon  liy  all  l.iv.-i|..is  as  marks  of  pinitv  or  siiperiorit 
rossihlv.  loo.  Ii*>  thinks  that  when  the  .V.vrshiics  cami'  iiilo  thr  Ili-lV 

fss  jdit',  arose.     ,\s  n-.Lrards  (he 
o\v  .vaid  r('|ireHentativ«'.s, 


iiiiids  I  he  prejn  dice,  whieh   is  a  seinil 
ihseiice  of  (he  wave  in  (he  coat  of  i jeili  si 


il  is  lu'ld  that  it  is  (o  lie  a 


ft'onntt'd   for  l»y  the  ^jrowiii^'  desire  to  iiial 


lli;;hlaii(iers  yrow  i»i;r,  and  fron,  too  kiiidlv  treat 


I'osed  the  animal  is  the  hetd-r  thtes  his  h.iirui 


liieiit. 


e 
he  liiiHe  cv 


•  w.     The  whole  poiiit.sof 


theaiiiaial   have   to   b,.  eoiisidel.-d,  ilidee.l.  in  thf   li;;lit    that    he  his  | 


iiiiiKe 


I  liviii;;iii  il  bun"  and  Storm  evposed  loeahly  ;  ll 


to  thrive  where  a  Polled  Anunsoi 


lion  of  thickness  of  skin,  where  fat.  i 


111  AviNhirc  utMild  star 


i;il,  indeed,  he  ha.- 


h 


»'  iples- 


Nith'iation  ;  its  in  olliei- 


s  one  winch  is  not  left  oiif  of  c.n 


miinais,  tin-  sweetest  heef  heiiif^-.  as  a  rule,  that 


niider  (he  thinnest  .skin.      Iiii(  a  West  IliohJaiider  witirVoo  (hill  a' sj 
would  nor  (lirive  well  oil  (he  side  of 


'r!ioii;:li  the  West  Ili-hl.iiid 


il  wiini  swell 


hill. 


vlll 


er  IS  not  a  yood  milker,  she  as  ii  rule  ;jl. 


ways  -ives  ('iimi-h  iind  more  to  suckle  her  e;ilf,  which  is  iilh.w.-d  ( 


l»y  her  side  till  far  on  in  (hi-  aiiiii 


o  run 


iire  .uciii'rally  housed  from  tl 


mil.  when  It  IS  we;ined.     (^»ws  ((Mtalf 


ry,  accor.imi;  to  (he  weather  and  dates  of  ealvii 


le  end  of  Xovemlter  to  the  middle  of  .liinii 


ciitfle,  possiidy,  (h)  |)i.(ter  wli 


|,LJ.      Voiiii;;  iind  yeahl 


ter  erected  in  (he  liehh.     Tl 


en  wintered  oiK  wi(h  open  siieds  forshe! 


housed  at  ;ill,  mil 

well  if  ji  little  hay  is  juiveii  th 


loiisiinds.  !!ideed,  in 


some  localities  are  never 


ess  snow  is  deep,  iind  even  then  they  thrive  tolenihl 


I  hit  ol'  woudland  or  the  projecting-  side  «*»f 


t'm,  iind  (hey  have  .some  li((le  shelter  ( 


roiii 


in  ill  .Miiy  (hey  iire  fed  iipon'st 


some  hill.     When  first  put 


lifter  cah  in-,  iipmi  ineadow  1 


liiw  (kr  the  coarsest  of  the  meadow  hiiv 


liiiest  bloom  tlu'  West  lli;iililand 


i;i.v  siipidemeiitcd  with  tiirnijis.     Wlieii'iu' 


is  {,'eiieriilly  in  the  three  last  months  of  tl 
tlieii  at  its  best,  and  he  loo|. 
iiiid  wrestle  Willi  the  iiortii  wind. 


IIS  indeed  a  perfect  pictiii(>;  and  thiit. 


le  veai. 


il 


cs  «'\erv  M 


IS  coat  of  hair  is 


leh  tl  monarch,  prepiired  to  (l^'ht 


■oss 


iblv 


w 


race 


on  the  nVher  pii.sturesof  the  Lowhmds  he  would  not  hmk 


ell.     vStill  ;it  all  (inies  lie  hioks  bv  fir  tl 


so 


lM)r  piuks  he  therefore  is  in  1,^00(1  d.-maiid.  and 


le  may  tind  a  |ioiim>  in  everv  d 


le  most   noble  of  the  boviu 
it  is  possible  (hat 


nice  becomes  well  the 


the  Ili^dihiiids  he  h;!.-'  I 


emesne  where  his  |.ictiires.pie  iippciir 


woodland  scenery.     No  doubt 


in  iiiiiny  places  of 


II  siipplanted  by  the  Ayrshire,  >Shortl 


and  the  Polled,  but  where  herba^re  [^  ,i,j„  '.i,,,, 

be  snm,.  moiuitaincerin-  to  o-,!t  it,  Douiild  l;iiidlie"ami"T) 

"111   hold  their  own.     It  wms  tho 

lander  would   have  well  suited  tl 


lorn. 


scant  and  there  has  t(» 
,..       ,,         ,     .  •"'  -"I'l   I>iinc;iii   K'liadh 

\\as  thoii-ht  by  nmny  thiit  the   West  Iljuh- 


iiiited  (here  is  not  iininiiils  ( 


le  ranches  of  America,  but  wl 


so  to  speak,  but  to  promote  (he  (en<! 


o  incrciise  the  wciitlier  det 


lilt  is 
.\inir  (pialities, 


possessin.if  many  of  tl 
lander  is  iioicd. 


eiicy  to  make  beet,  t  he  I'exan  sto«'l 


powers  of  .Midurance  for  winch  the  West  Ili-l 


Xotnl  hn;(s  of  HV.s/  IliqhUmd  vatih.—i)^  tl 

IMCsenl  iire  kepi    very  "pure  in  the  lli;;hiaild 
K<i.s.sic  belon-iii-  to  Lord  Kinimird.     This  herd 


le  most  noted  herds  which 

s  may  lie  mentioned  (hiit 

\\:is  foiiiied  lour  \ear.-. 


THK    ITNITKI)    KINODOM. 


145 


III  III  many 

WMor  U'^Ui 
iiiivtiirc  III' 
.     A   well 
illii'iilt  one 
^t>iiiiM|iiiir 
nis,    'riic,\ 
<l<'\var( ,  of 
iiiinii  they 
ipt'i  ioiily. 
tlir  lij;;ii 
•.i,^!  I  Ills  tlu', 
It'll  tiitivfs, 
V  lo  iiiiik<< 
'  iit(ir«'  t'\ 
■  poiiitsMl' 
lir  li  IS  lo 
I'll,  III-  lias 
riif  fjiH'.s- 

llf  of  cull 
illir,  licit 
till  a  skill 

a  I'lilt'  al 

I'll    to   I'llll 

vs  to  vmW 
ol  'laiiii 
ml  .vcald 
lor  slirl 
ire  iit'vcr 
(olt'ialdy 
IttT  troiii 
first  put 
ow  hav  ; 
WIkmi  ill 
aiKl  that 
r  liair  is 

to    (l^'llt 

t  look  so 
1^  hoviiu! 
ililt'  tliat 
appear 
places  of 
iirlliorii, 
(•  lias  l(» 
I   K'liadli 
^t    ni;;l|. 
what   is 
iialitit's, 
111  stock 
si  Ili<,^h 

Is  wliich 
iimI  that 
111  Nfar.s 


ii-o  on  tin-  ilisprrsion  of  ilic  tainoiis  I'riur  licnl,  on  tlio  Klfii  May,  IHTS, 
i,\  tilt' pnrchasc  oIhoiiii' of  the  licsl  of  that  old  Itlood.     A  lu-irli  older 

lorn 
w 


lititl  is  that  ot  Pollalhx'h,  which  was  formed  as  far  hack  as  . V'M,  1. 
-lock  purchased  at  Castle  CraiKnish  and  in  the  islainl  <»f  Shiina.     Tl 


iiiiiial  sale  of  the  l'ollallt>eli  draft  alfordH  opptntuiiitie.s  to  hrenlen. 
who  iiiny  wish  to  estalilish  sjinilar  herds. 

At  Ilcmiitire  there  is  also  a  tamons  henl  wjiicli  was  f.nnied  in  tlic 
veais  IST.I  and  ISTiJ,  by  selection  from  the  then  famttiis  herd  of  Mr. 
.I<|iin  Stewart.  Mochaslle,  ralleiider,  iiiclntlin«  the  celehrated  Itiill  Don- 
,11  ladh  l!an  Nan  Oian  and  the  cow  IMirisiay:  •Jnd.  Tin*  former  won 
the  lirxt  prize  at  the  11  i},'h land  Society's  SIm>w  at  Ki|iiil(iir;;h  in  IS77. 
and  also  tlrst  prize  at  the  ^ifat  show   in    Paris.     The  cow    mentitined 

>..  won  lirsf  honors  wherever  exhihitetl,  and  her  victories  include  a 
iiist  piizeat  I'aris.  While  at  the  latter  exhibition  the  faintnis  hull  waH 
;hliiiired  hy  h'tj.sa  Monheiir,  who  mihsequenllv  painted  Ids  portrait  for 
Ml.  Duncan. 

The  Mreadalhane  licrd  which  was  «lisp«'rsed  in  isiij,  on  tlu^  death  of 
the  late  inartjiiis.  was  reforinetl  under  the  late  earl  in  1S71,  witli  pur- 
cliase  (d"  some  stoc.v  at  the  I'rlar  sale  mentioned.  Trlar  IteiiiK  iiitleed 

rIostMo  Taymoiith  ("aslle.     Some  t.f  tl Id   lireadalhane  <-ows  wern 

also  . secured  l>y  Mr.  Diiiiii.  hi.s  lonlship'.s  manaj^erat  Kenmt»re  MiduH, 
iii.so  the  second  piiz.^  Hi,,  iiid  aiitl  a-ncnltiiral  hull  Os.ian.  bred  hy 
tiic  Diikc  of  Athole.  Since  thtn  the  herd  has  been  increased  l»y  ncv- 
cral  selections  from  the  I'.ochastle  ami  I'oltalloch  henls,  thi^  |)reH«nt 
carl  taking;  an  interest  in  it. 

Aiimiifjs!  oHier  nt)ted  hiTtls  are  thiHe  t»f  the   Duke  td'  Atlndc.  F.ord 

1 '"<•';'•  '"^li-  Stewart,  Duntulm.     .Mr.  Stewart,  td"  Ti^h   Dnin,  Killin, 

In  one  of  an  enlhusiastic  family  ul'  breeders  who  have  .stuck  to  the  West 
lliLfliiaiider  for  several  p'lierations.  Inth-etl  the  history  td"  tlu»  West 
Ili^lilaiider  is  interwoven  with  that  »d"tlie  family. 

That  the  West  I  li;:hlaii.ler  has  a  lutuic  before  it  many  },'oo.|  iut|;,'e.i 
think,  its  beef  is  the  richest  in  the  market,  ami  in  these"  tiavs  of  (|uan 
tity.  i|iiality  iscerlainly  worthy  of  consideratitui.  A  herd  bo(">k  is  beiii" 
pit  lip  tor  them  by  l.onl  Dnninoie.  and,  thoiij;h  its  (Jaclit'  may  l)e  af- 
iiinsf  llIltran^latabIe,  in  the  Ion;,'  run  it  will  HpreatI  its  poptilaritv.  Tlui 
\\est  lii^dilaiider,  y:rainl  as  he  is.  d  "  ' 


hiiicher.  ami  Mr.  Dykes  adndts  that  although  "this  is  tl 

hroii-lif  back  to  liis  ancient  self  anion;,'  Scottish  cattle  nobility,"  ami 
.Yearly  the  womler  of  the  Londoner  at  the  annual  Smithliel.l  exhibit 

Mr.  Driimnioiid   Moray,  of  lllair  D 
liilti'er  of  the  race,  hiivs: 


DCS  not    yet   suit    tlie  views  <d'  (he 

le  case  he  is  bein;; 

is 

iiuis. 


lummond.  Stirling',  a  famtma  e.\- 


lli:;lilaii<l  <iitll«  lire  tint   l.rc.l   lirr.>,  Imf  urr  1 1'li 


lll'lltllsclij   (,.|    till-  |Mir|KI'l'  111    I 


111^'  latlriird.      11,-itiTs  at  t 


I'll!   til  ,it  fmiii  •■i;,»liffcii  to  fliirfv 


viaiMWill,  with  (.niiiiarv  |V.|,|int,'  and   -J    |><hiiiiIh  df  cal. 


iiHMitlw,  l.tii  ii|i  t(»ri  or  .%i  cwt.      I'liat  is  t! 


xhiiiirliliTt'ii  ami  lilt 

ailihticiiial  raku  iliiiiiij;  tlii>  lawt    tl 


If  ui;.-  lit'  ilin-n  ami  n  half 
jirr  iluy  liir  thn  la«t   thi«'t< 
..•iiiK 


wii^fht  ot'  till-  I  ai'iiHs  »t  lii'.-faftrr  I 


Mwil.^    Oxiii  ol'llii.  Haiiii'at'i'aml  ti-.|  m  tli.- simi..  \va\ .  with  ik  littl 
•••'  i>r  Inni  111. .lit hs,  will  r.-.'il   tip  to  fully  7  I  \vt.  of 


1,  .    ,■        ...,  ,   .     "  ,  .       .■-... II-.,    1,111    II  .<t     II    I   III   iiiliv    (    I  Wt.   Ol 

::.;:!. I ';-;>•;  ;;'''Kl't«  ■■">._  Ih.  atlam.il  at  at.  .■atli.f  ,,..,i.„|  l.y  ^mv,„>;  li..tt.;r  fm„|  ami 

ir  wii;;lit«  may  III'  viiv  iiiiii'h  iiirri'aH»>il  l>v  ktM-iiiiiu 

lit   ...^   ..    ^..1..  :• 1        -   .      *•   . .  *       .      •       .^ 


imiiiiiciHiiii,'  till-  ittki.  rarliiT,  or  1 1 

"II  till'  aiiitiial.N  I'm  aiinihiT  yi'ar,  liiit  .i 

"It  li'.'  t-taHM  Nvh,.|,  thry  aii'"  alum  t  tlir.i-  ami  a   liaUy.ars  i.'|i|.'"'".Ma, 


liiaU.ir  iIkn  l.iicl  luiM-  l.r.-ii  It'll  h.iv  lotxiiiuv  |mi|Mm,..s,  tl 
^lall;;lllt•rt•ll  laiiif  up  to  p.'tir  l;ii  wf.  tif  lifif,  Imt  tl 


H  a  rill.'  It  ^lays  lust  to  fattiii   lli-liltmil  taftlo 

ny  iMelliMit  aiii- 


viaiN  "III  iif  a  imiiitli  nr  two  mmf 


■|'l 


m  \vtij>ht   tif  whiili  wIhmi 
rsi.  wfiv  nfiiiTally  four  uml  a  hull 


will-luiifiifti  llinhlaml  ii.v  iMUfarlv  twi»-tl 


If  piopmiion  of  liftf  to  thi>  livt<  w 


•■ij^hf  of  a  Koixl, 


iitNof  thf«i,iy;lit.     TJi.Miiiiinaldari-haril 


"iiil  altfi  Ihf  lii>t  wiiitiT^wlu'ii  thfV  n1hiiiI,|  I..<  hoiisnl)  TlifV  tl 
"itiiatuui,  hut  wlifii  thf.v  K«'t  into  kooiI  romlitiou  th.'v  Hhouhl   I 
pri-Vfiii  th(«  lo«N  t.f  ili'xh  ill  colli  wi.athtT.     N. 
jMXtfN  ill  thJH  iliHtiii't,  ami  I  m-vi<r  huw  tl 


nvi>  ill  any  Mhi'lt«T«'tl 
K'  put  iiitit  courfH  tl) 


til'  of  thitt  hriMMl  art'  u^il  for  draft pnr 


H.  Kx.  Til iO 


una  80  used  anytvlu'rw 


/)   ' 


if  III 


i  I  ii 


146 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY  FARMhNO. 


3ir.  Janics  Dnncan.  whose  lionl  at  I 


to,  gives  us  some  ftirth 


My  IIij,'blau(l  cuttle  an 
rate  tbo  jalvea  t'roiii  th 


or  inlormatioi;.     Ho  sav 


ieiimoro  lias  been  already  referred 


kept  I 


yet  ttie  finality  of  it  and  of  that  1 
Highland  oattlo  ans  never  nnd 


;Tri::::.!i!'y''^:':;'"j':";;'''"«i'"n'oseH.  id 


Alrh(ini,'h  I  ("innof  tcil  h 


111  the  llij,'hland  caft! 


!•>«•  iniicli  milk 


over;  tl 


lo  not  sopa 
niv  cows  irivo 
!  ^•'*['^"  i»  P-n-Tal  is  very  1  ne' 
liardyaud  will  livo  wli..r.;,..i 

grasses  are  „ati^;:■an;l  i^  wimj;  the  rmi'!"7'""'r''  ""  "'"  '""'*  *"  S^' V^'  -  T^ 
niaster  of  Blantyro  haa  sucS-j  ™kh.  Md^  '".?,"  """'  """•■• '  ^'^''-  The 
fact  that  they  produce  the  tiuestbe^\^Qi!'^^;l'^['^''  \T^ I*''  "  ^^•^'"  '^""w^-' 
the  western  fanners  to  ^ive  then,  a  tr  al  as  >,„  .,.?•/  •'  '"  ,''  '''  '  "•'^■''*^'«'  *>'ao  (  f 
than  the  t^horthorn  ;  for  instance  nti'.p.  V  -^  *''■■*''''*•''•■' '''''.V  """!<1 «!.»  farljen..r 
they  would  do  verv  well  hnt  wh'r  "  ,''1  ^""  '^■>'  -V"»"t-'iins  an.l  in  some  f  the  •  f 
a  n^istake  in  my  opinion'  to  iuJo    .;';;;,';  '^'7  '"''"f' "•';«"•  '■'■.>  «.ass  i't  w..    /'^^^ 

ner  as  other  cattle.    "  "'"* '"  ^I'^"  l'«'s.>sand  fed  an.l  h.n.lled  in  the  s':;^^  mau"" 

given  us  the  iollowin.  i.artieuluvC in  ^-pU-  !'^  ''^^^'^^■•"•••'  ^^  ''^^  ''••«  kindly 

topZ^^ZJ:'''  ""•"'  '^^''-««   r-"-   "Hnilk  per  cow    I  „,1  ,h  , 

straw  and  tnin  „:  I  r  '''.''"'-  '"  '''■'''''I'^ilK  Imt  ,  ,  'nV  ? '  "  "■'"^♦''■'  ''-ive  open 
and  as  toSlll^,,  .h^!  n?^  S  1""  "-  ---'"a  '  iron  't  wo^l/.hr'  '"  "'"'- 
mthe  WestHi^hhndV'  '  .V  ^;./  "''">' '\""^''l  ui  winterni  our  ,ar  .  . ,  '■••'■'''"^«'''; 
meadow  hav.  "  ''"'"■^'''•^  '"•l<^omare  houM-.l,  hnt  ,n  ^to^  v  ,  'iV ''''"''''■•V' ^^''t 
„  •  ^"">  ^^'•''''•■rtheyurof..don 

go.u,  to  act  as  the  a,e:,t  of  ili^C^l  ^  ivtV^" P '"  '"'^''-"'  '-'^^ 

,  Jl"-*  lire,.,;  i    n,ana,...d  nnd.r  ..  .....:.._    .     '  ''  '^^'  '  "'  '"•3--^ 


Vlore  selliu  'them  t(     i ,     "         •^""""  '■"f'-and  k.vnj,".  ,,7'''"- '"''"•' '--r  hree,!- 
This  Hp|,lM^s"to        J  •    "■''■7';'  l'''^l<^andKo.t!,       7,     '':.'"'""  l'""  '"  '^^o  yea  s 

witha^horrhorn;  if    ;;;;;:  '^""'"k^.  i'.iew^:::,ri''j-v'-'att:.ned. 

and  hem-  .i..vored  to  n  ,        "■■"■'""  '»  f-'""<l  <  alf  are V,f..       ,'"  ''::'"-'  "•'•  erovs^-d 

^apH,Hnpossiideto.d  ";  /r'i;;;V"V'i'r'^^''---'>''^-^»^^^^ 

avera-e  yiH.l  of  min,     i    '  '  '^"''"  '^'•""l'*  any  re'i',  ,|.  ^  l'"n«"*eH.  it  is,  .kt 

and  lood  giyen  when  Z^     '^^'"  '^''^■^  "f  the  .ni.aals  var      J  '        r,",""  l"' »  «iven 
ihecoWsmatnreatlivev^a^H,.M         ,  "*"' "'''"'i?  to  the  shelter 

Bulls  ureat  m.-.tniitv    /."••'""'  «<''«h  GdMon,.  nft. 

horns  r;  the  proportion  of  L  '"  "'  *•"'  "'•■"•I  "eL^ht    ''.'"'•.""•  l"r"ier  weighintr 

the  valley-  is  dpU  loam  '  Tf  ""  •''"'vni-  af  npi  hI  V..   ' .'"   '*'•""  «-!r.a!  the  j^h.-.r/: 

-Pio-a^J.thaton  the  higher  .ronmiV'a'^h/n;;,:.''''''^''  "-'  "'"-'"» 

'""""verin«  of  ,i,y  friable 


t  '  V  w 


iilready  rt'ferreU 


'•<■  I  <lo  not  8««pa 
iilk  my  cows  pivo 
nnal  is  very  line.' 
I  livu  \vln.rt'(>flitT 
n  Sooflijiid.  Tho 
'kt  I  :i,sli<'.H.  Tlio 
ti^iiweii  known 
advised  8(>ui(j  „^- 
"iiMdo  far  Ij.-f  ter 
'""""f'tiK.  j.lains 
lUNs  it  would  bo 

tJiereih  only  one 
i  that  is  tlio  ex- 

I,  savs,  ill  aii- 

fyfoiir  to  thirty 
'»T  and  Uitohef. 
ixt,  and  (her,,  is 
•r,  aid  t.'it'y  will 
IT  ci.id  thero  is 
•out  fotir  years 
lat  of  tin,  luilis 
r  IS  about  two- 
''•'in;;  Used  for 
'  t!ie>anifniau- 

raco,  and  wo 
^  lias  kindly 

'ho  quantity 

,'irth,  whilst  a 
■feet.     Oxen 
'i  feet.     Tho 
Tiitiire  of  tho 
«l<)r  "shii.aro 
-'attlo  arc  not 
♦T,  have  open 
"I  in  winter 
ree. years  old; 
country,  but 
i»'y  are  led  on 

»"»«>'i>,'  the 
Hid  hcforo 


'  t  for  breed- 
"  twn  years 
i''"tattened. 
■Te  er.>s.s4-d 

^V';-*f  lIiKh- 
K,  it  is,  iH'r 
•he  animal 
'Of  a  piven 
'he  Mhelter 

ail  Weight, 
r  weigh intr 

the  !?h»rt- 

'he  noil  in 
'Iry  friable 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM.  147 

"il.  l.artiv  l..inj{on  >vhin-stone  f  tran  roek-  ^  ..„  1  »i     m- 

..,.;„,  t.-nq,erature  in  mmuuh.,  is  m      .[,;-    "'''''' ^^ '■"*''''•'' '''''''''I--' on  granite      Th« 

Mth    »„   o-.en    .bed.   I.n,    i„    «<„,„.  ,.s.V«e      ;'''•■'''•'■'''>■'''••''•■<  sheltered  i:r.Mm 
"l;.. .Ives  have, he  sa.n..  ho„si    g       T  h  e  ft  1        '   "''   '"     """^•■'*-     ll.r.M.^jb  flew    .    .1 
i'l.lV  alter   the    Nf  .,r    lioii.rv        T.  '    """*''""*  of  bog   or   meiil..«-       ..       ' 

r'-.uu  „„,  y.,.r  old.  and'Vn'i  „v  Jz:::;!i:!' ;[:t'  '•''"'- "-  -t";:" ::,  ^^vr;: 
t'^L-^i'i--.;-^;--^^^^^^ 

n^hi.::;;::!!?^;;::;;-;;;;;,^::'!;;-^;;^^  ^u.  n.v.r  .....ds  t....  west 

•"""  '"How  tlion,  at  loot  in  siunn    r     t   •  ,        .'  '^  ""'''  ^''*"  '"•'^^•S 

a  "HI  hr.-d  '•..«•,  KM-wt   f  .     1  xv.  M ,'      ^'"'' "Vi-ra^-c  live  we  .rht  <;,,. 

-'  -'li  A"i  ox  ;.t  tb.:;  a;^:';U  ■:;v;:;.'!;"';;^'  '-•>'  ^''''•'  ^'  -HNhm 

:•'  "•*  •"•"  ^nostly  bred  and   not  uVl   th^      ^  ,.  ''  ''"■^•.     "'''''^-  ^^'"•'•'-  the 

^""'"al.s  ar.  ushI  for  draft  p  .r  ots  of  w hi 'I'  m'"'!'''-  ''^'""^"  «''"  ^ho 
an-l  as  to  housinff,  he  .stato.s  that  M  '  mvs  .r  '^''-  '^'''""'""^  ''^  ''"'^"-'N 
also  that  tlie  ealve.s  are  put  in  in\      ter     II  '"  ''T''  '"'"■"^''<'.  ^"k' 

ai"ltvv<.yearoM.s  winterouiteV.^  J  11     V      ''  •^"'"'  ••''';  »>"t  th..  ImlU 

sohl  when  two  yeans  old.       '"^^^1*^  t"">^'  <«>r   l»ree<Im-  are  ^t'lieraliy 

(It)  (lALLowAv  Cattle. 


if 


11^^ 


mf 


148 


CATTLE   AN'D   DAIRV    FARMING. 


iiiiifr  to  see  that  tlu-  hrced  possesses  <;rear  merits  1 
larity.     In  LSdl  Mr.  MeComl 


iionrie  its  "rrowi 


with  (lalloway  aiiiinais  bred  l)v  the  I) 


itMv.iii  both  at  Siiiithfield  and  I 


ng  popn- 


3Ir.  James  Cinininefl 


like  of  JJiieeli'iicI 


'irmiiiirhain 


I :  and  in  l.S7'> 


lani  w.iii  a  prize  with  a  heifer  hred  l.v  Air.  I 


of  Chapelton,  whieli  had  i»revioiisiv  tak.-n  ti 


'|^'J,^•lr. 


had  a  Wetter  name  in  the  ^..Hd  en  r  v/",/tv\  !^*  ''l  '"'^l''''  '■"^^''• 
ent  has  simply  beeaus.  n.ore  was  h.,J  .,;;,;  ^/''r'  '  '''  T'' 
nimt.    It,  a.hlsMr.  (iillespie,  the  bneers    I  ..;•,.  ''''l''^'-''  "'•'''• 

rains  to  maintain  the  pres  i^e  of       '     ,::k     ^  '  ';;;:7>"f'T. ad  taken 

inamncinnorelavorai:iepos?ri,.n,an:ii;':!:;^,^^^^  ;^^^ 

cattle  the  money  vah.eof  the  animals  will  rapi.llv    is  '   '"  ""'"" 

oitter  t;;^;;^;;ij::::.;;x;;^'lj:;'';:'^^  '-'•'  ■•-., ,. 

fewisolatedtinmersma/he'l^n"    I    t    t    ;^^^ 

bree.l,  and  were  hi;,d,ly  valued  as  hnur[:^n[  ' .      ;    ^'"  >  •"•'  ""  "''i 
horns  were  .sometimes  ..,.en.     Then  thT-i     ,v    .'    '  -'•'  "''''"  ■"^'"■'" 

«tone,  hut  it  is  now  n,,n-h    „.r     "        ti;  -'■  'T!^'''^   "''-^  <'"  '"  '" 

wonderfully  well  nmrbl  m1    //^  fi  /,  ,'  j,?  '    "'"  I'  """  '"">  'I'"  ".eat  is 
They  are  l-ro.l  inSeotlan,     I  It.-^l^^  ''^"^:  '"  =''"HMla,Mv. 

'"to  Ent,dand  and  sold  at  th H^  ^       /  '    "^'f-'"''''^ 
tolerable  in  ,uantitv  W     Vi^^l'^w'TT  T'  'V'T'^     ''''""  '"*''< 
lar^i-ely  the  en.stom  ,o  spav  Mttr^a  ,  1     ;  V^T  "'"''•  '"'f  ''   '• 

sfll  n.ore  j;eneral.     Ti.  J  ^alej^^^l  ?'','''''' Z''''  I"-'<-"-  was 
!lan.,  but  to  have  onlv  one-I  a  f  h'-r  ,1k      ,;     l""";'    ''*  '""  ^^i"'  tli<' 
.^edbvtl'''h:.'''    :.'.''''': '''•'' ^••i''^i>it'>fh.. 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


149 


irro wilier  |)oj)„. 

I  IJinniMi,'liain 
:  and  jn  1.S72 
V  Mr.  IJi-jr;,r, 

ill  t\w  roii,.<i 

l>n>i'(lt'rs  ;iie 
«'  iias  (|oii<>  ill 
liat  tlic  rattle 
lan  it  at  pres- 
•  lisplay  tlicir 
fn  liadtakca 
»\v  Iiav«'  hi'cii 
•liir.v  to  tlifir 


tl<'  used  for 

alfli(.n-|,  a 
y  arc  an  old 

"liiMi  small 
vii.s  (;()  to  7(1 
I  'Iio  meat  is 

almiidaiicc. 

art'  luoii^rlit 

'I'lit'  milk, 

•I".  I'lit  it   is 

•  act ice  was 
nil  witi)  tli(. 
'i:  into  f|„. 
t\vic..ad,iy 

ait'  f^ranil 
tiift  (.f  tin- 
I'opU'  to  he 
aidicr  and 
1'  not  sncli 
•■^liortlioni. 
1»  I'loin  tlif 
'  <  'allowav 
'HTcd  tlia't 

it  will  h.' 
"Iiictiuii,  it 
as  fin-  tlif 
y  ai«'  also 
lal. 

'Jozfii  cat- 
at  \i,l.  p,.,- 
it.  oftju'ir 

'>»'lo|»<  tllf 

s  and   an 
l''oiir  of 

•  had  l),'ji|i 
•'  'lianiic  r 
kt's  favor 
ti^'iiiTN  if 
lie  81jort- 
s  weight 


than  was  estiiimte«J,  uiiile  in  tlie  case  of  the  crosses  a  contrarv  return 
was  niiuh'.     The  following  are  the  details: 


r>i'scrlplion  of  animal. 


Live  weight. 


E«lim«t«  a  '  Actual  car- 
raii^iiw  cant 

weight.         Wright. 


r,..llo«aybuJ'ock SU>ni.p<»,ndt. 

I><> ;.'.■.■  .■.■.■."; Ir         7 

Gillovrav  hDift-r Ll         I 

C'ros.H  hullof  k L.  ' 

I)o •*  0 

^<> :::::::::::::::::::::::;;:::::::     ^    '2 


-. . 



Pound  1 

PouniU. 

.VI7 

GU2 

.'>30 

SCO 

557 

.'.!(P 

M9 

.VJ« 

441 

40)» 

44.'5 

4i>3 

3,(Hll 


3.  158 


Second  Report  on  rnr:  Galloway  Cattle.* 


The  Galloway  breeders  of  ICngland  and  Scotlantl 


of  the  efl'orts  which  hav(>  1 

to  depreciate  their  breeds,  or  to  insinuate  that 


are  justitiably  jealous 


►een  made  from  tune  to  time  by  rival  breeders 


uate.     1  |!ere  can  b4>  no  doubt,  however,  that  the  Gallow 


oldest  of  our  j)ure  races,  and  that  it  has  I 


th^'ir  orifjin  is  of  rwreut 
uy  is  one  of  the 


tions  to  a  particular  type,  while  it  is  Indieved  to  be 


leen  bred  for  ifany  penera- 


tliey  have  contributed  in  a 


marked  decree  to  the  format 


beyond  doubt  that 


ion  and  iniprove- 


imn,  of-  some  of  the  ..ther  leading  British  breeds.     At  all  events  it  is 
known  that  they  have  enteretl  largely  in  times  ^^one  by  intl»  the  east  c^' 


Kiifrland  breeds,  more  esi)eciallv  iiPthosed 
for  I  lie  Ucd  Polls. 

>urin-  I  he  last  century  the  (Jallowav  w 


;iii\  other  breed,  for  it  lias  I 


lar; 


istricts  which  are  now  laimmM 

IS  perhaps  U'ttcr  kiutwn  than 
•y  a;;ricul- 


..,.,    ,.  .    ^        ,    ,    »♦'•'»  very  fre.pienfly  descrilH'd  1,>  , 
Mtei.s  ot  that  period  as  a  symmetrical  beast  of  hi-h  ,,ual 
one  which  wa.s  ailapted  for  earlv  mat 


i'oii>ideral)le  beautv,  and 

r.ti.idifv  in  fattenm-  as  well  as.  or  perhaiisTK.Vter.'Vh; 


lualily  and 
urity  and 


that 


"as  then  known.     Thi 


'lay.  and  it  is  t|ie  mttre 
lii'li  they  t:ra/e  are  mnch  uitV 


•jualiiy  they  have  maintainetl  to  tl 


tu  any  other  breed 


remarkable,  inasmuch  as  the  past 


T'or  to  those  in  other  parts  of  tlu 


le  present 
uit's  upon 


ir.v  wlierc  e.|iiall.v  fam.)us  breeds  are  bred  and  fed.     At'tl 


coiin- 


I  |'\  maintain  their  position  for  rapid 


,1,1  ..  ,  '   •     ••"    •••|'"«    KH»n|i 

tlicv  have  lor  a  Ion;;   perio«|  held  a  le.idin-  pi 


rowth  and  j^ood  leedin 


le  present  time 
ami 


"laikets.  where  thev  are  not  int 


place  in  the  London  meat 


:rain  of  the  flesh  bei 


reijuently  found  at  a  verv  earl 


till 


«'l,v  marbled  with  (at.     Whetl 


n^'  extremely  delicate  and  rid 


aire 


the 


«ins>ed  with  the  lioriied  n 


I  ill  liavor  as  w»dl  as 
ror  not  tne  breed  has  at  aiiv  time  I 


vs  of  Kn-laiid  it  is  dillienlt  t 


,;  -  ""'^^  ''^'t  rontlictin^.  the  (Jalloway  bived...  e.„, 

"lH\m-  It    ami  .piot.n- th.-  a|.paientlv  absurd  results  wlie 
i;ivc  been  obtained  bv  t'le  use  on.o,-„...i  in.ll.    .  ,    .'      .^.^'"V 


"'•"  ill  <rossin-  horned  li  a.sfs  with  eiti 


c  use..!  horned  bulls,  althou^'h  it  is  fWrirottt 


ler  the  (Jail 


H»eu 

o  .s.iy.  and  the 

•  'IS  entirel\  dis- 

I  would 


It 


oway  or  the  Aberdt 


Ill  f.irw.irdit:-;  iliisH,-,>„ti.|  n-p..rt  ,.,i  (;,,|| 


lV,s„lsh:„v.:,v::  1  h,"n.   M  ;„..;  'w  ;;ri'i'  ''"'"■•  '""''Vf-'i-'-M-.nl.  \:,.  f.-i. 

^        <;..ll..wav  l.r,..-.|  of  ,.:.ul"  iv.r  . ,.':!!:":!!;',.? 'V'  I'';;'-'-.".«;;iM>l."Mnt:.l  ,..,...r,  .,„  tho 

■  '"'-"r  I.,  truuxint  <)!i  III,.  l!iti,  ...-i/.,  i'...;...  '.     '\.  •«'•■;•••»""  ill.  i  i,.|H.it    »i,i,h  1   iii.l  f|„. 


1  »li>'  IHtli  olF,!,! 


i^iic,  tlunks  tliis.i.lilitiduald, 


"urv.     Mr.  Jauit^  U 


it;»  »*iK'<i4llv  useful. 


»»«,  who  lui<(  |iri-pari.'  ti 


10 


I 


150 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


its  skin;  but  itSbXSl^S'lKZ^"'^^ 

uiff  to  improve  tlie  oinhfr  nf  f  lli  *^  breeders,  win  e  endeavor 

studiouslv  retain^  a  ee  Sin  S     •^'  *'T^\"'^«"-^  '"  tl'^ir  jmwer  lave 
considered  to  l,e  ;.l«itL'l'!'l.!l!'5J\".^"^^^  «^«k,n  wind,  they  hav.'  S 

s,  so  that  in  reality  it  is 
owaystocombine/asfar 


considered  to  be  -n-tont  with';/;^;rhanlSr  tlm  in  re  .T        - 
.,    .  ,.-.^ii)les  of  the  bree(h'rs  of  t]Lr^u  ^  '"  r<':il>t.v  it  is 

as  possible,  Ifnality  of  flesh  ^^^haT<^e^Se^^^^^ 

arkable  that  in  th{!l  ill:^tZ!^!!:h^''^'  ?^  ^J^'"*  »"'!  it  is 


one  of  the  pdnci] 

as  possible,  qnalirv  of  iiesh  wirli  -i  f„i,.,.,i  i  -;:-;"'v"  i"«-(>muiue,  as  lar 
somewhat  reniarkkble  tl  in  lis  t  ^f  ''  tf^^kness  of  skin,  ami  it  ]' 
in  the  thinnest  sidnnec  .'  a  '  ^  i>  •  \^^^^^^^^^^  ^^"^1^ '  ^'^'^  '' "^"'P  n^ 
ma  more  mellow  to  the  touol  or  f  '       tv''  t!!^^'^^'''''  ''  ""  ""' 

Sl"'/'^^  ;'^  ^'.  it  is  possible  for  t    .    t  "i  '  " /  „  l^:^J  »'«"  ♦'ndea vor  to 


^"1"';;  iK'a.rs  of  n-o,     V         '■  '"""win^'snni- 

cow  calves  in  Til'  tn       '  ^''^•»-''-''^'n\>*<ie  .,f     /.  '''';.J:\'"'>  "ere  wean.-d. 
•••  '^>Hi,  „,  severe  weather,  (he  ,::;;;''■'  "\f^^  '"'"•  «iieii  a 

''t'Jt.  ,,all  Itself  does  not  an. 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


151 


of  the  past)  to 

U'e  was  hornod 
Kled  to  keep  it 
nd  (ioc'IiiuHl  to 
and  Olio  which 
J  at  tho  present 
i»ieii)ient  stage 
or  the  Angus, 
more  vigorous, 
the  Welsh  and 
respects  (hert> 
y  as  the  West 
'Jfr  at  all  sea- 
rain,  the  brwd 
^  thickness  of 
liilo  en(h'avor- 
r  power,  have 
'.V  Iiave  justly 
i  reality  it  is 

>mbiue,  asfar 
kin,  au<l  it  is 
or,  excepting 
'♦*re  is  IK,  ani- 

>t'ndeavorto 
t  with  rather 
il<I  orsohigll 
Hio  south  of 
■t'tl  from  the 
y  are  placed 
»o«i''l  in  the 
'>  and  to  oc- 
«'ed  l)y  any 
"itroduced, 

10  r.allowav 
maintain,  in 
ways  which 
''"M'S   I, -,<)(» 
•"<  'noiiritain 
'Tojjs  eiiiti- 
in;:! Ik- fact 
at  the  (Jal- 
1  is  erected 
'iieral  rnl.- 
>i<ls,  sonic- 
<•  to  (hern 
It  is  stated 
J«  expense 
»'  to  stand 
wing  sum- 

p  markets 
«'  weaned. 
tr  when  a 
s  not  ap. 


pear  to  bse  activity  or  to  feel  the  severity  of  the  weather  as  might  be 
expected,  but  is  as  happy  and  contented,  when  tlioroughlvdry,  as  if  m 
;.  warm  stable  upon  plenty  of  stra\v.  The  hardv  consti'tutioii  of  the 
hire.!  enables  it  (and  this  is  somewhat  Strang.-)  to'withstand  thefaticue 
(.1  long  j.mrneys  to  market  towns  as  well  as  it  withstands  the  cold  of 
winter;  and  when  it  is  found  neeessiirv  to  drivi^  anv  of  the  beasts  to 
tairs,  at  distances  of  from  Km  to  l'OO  miles,  th,-v  lisuallv  arrive  in  a 
nmch  freslM'r  con.lition   than  any  other  animal  known  u,  the  cattle 

It  is  stated  above  that  Calloway  beef  is  favored  in  the  London  market 
l.y  the  butchers ;  indeed  it  may  not  be  known  that  it  is  classed  as  prime 
b.ot,  ii  term  so  well  km.wn  to  readers  of  the  London  newspai.ers,  where 
U.e  price  o  meat  is  (pioted.  It  has  repeatedly  been  proved,  not  only 
by  the  meat  salesmen  themselves,  but  by  breeders  ami  fee.l..r.s,  that  no 
hcas^  obt^ains  a  higher  price,  not  .veu  the  Aberdeen,  and  certainly  not 
the  Shorthorn  or    he  Ileretord.     In  fact  it  is  very  seldoni  that  meat  of 

W  r'ln'nu .. V  '  ^,;,'"';'^ '"=''.  '"'"•'^r^  i'specially,  reaches  the  <,uality  of  the 
best  (rall..\  .  >.  lestimonies  without  numix-r  eoiihl  i-asily  be  obtained, 
and  several  have  been  obtaine.l  by  the  (ialloway  .sodety  and  publisht" 
...their. lescriptu.not  the  breed,  in  wl.i.-h  buflu-rs  in  yarioij  par  s  of 
!.-".-ountryhavetest,ne.itothe(piaIity  and  value  ..f  the  meat.  The 
(.a  lowaysan.  generally  considere.l  t.>dress  to  ti.eextent  of  «J0  percent. 
o  their  hvewnght.  an.l  oecasionally  an  auim.l  is  toun.l  to  exeeed  th  s 
wlneh  It  will  1...  admitte.l,  is  exceptionally  good.  This  d.-peiids,  hi  ly 
..i;;...  the  system  of  the  feeder  and  on  the'managemeiit  o    t   e    ni  Ss 

llie  lol lowing  ,,uotat,on  from  the  descrij.tion  of  the  (lallowa     by   he 
editor  of  the  Herd  book,  will  be  of  some  value  in  arriving  at  a  know] 
edge  upon  this  |U)int :  ^  kiiowi- 


Ajte. 


Live 
welKht. 


n«wici 


(In-  vi-.ir  ihn'eiiiiiiillifi  ... 
1  wi)  \v:^rt^  tlirn.  riiotitliK  . , 
llirc  I'  viMis  ilircn  niiiritlm  . 
Koiir  viius    


H>UHlU. 

Pounds. 

WM 

.MO 

1,40() 

H40 

l.T'V) 

1.070 

'J.  WW 

1,  2*0 

III  live  Weight 
It.  1.SS-'  a  pedigre,'  (ialloway  steer,  two  vea 


nererse 


particularly  the  eaV.'  at  the  ("hrist 


'■-eing  considerabl 
and  do  not  care  for  tl 


^<eeIl.  and  this  is  more 
mas  (at-stoek  exhibirjoiiM,     Tj.s.  <!... 


e,  and  as  the  breeders  live  at 


10  .system  of  forcing  cattle  for  exhibit 


a  great  distance 


ion,  t\w\ 


'  ill 


iiiif^ 


162 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


f  m 


prefer  to  leave  the  {Tlori<'s  of  the  prize  ri„^.  to  the  other  Scotch  hn'orls 
such  as  the  Angus  and  the  West  lliphlatiti  Drtedg, 

As  this  breed  is  so  essentially  a  meat-making  one,  it  will  hardiv  !.».«..„ 
posed  that  as  a  milker  it  has  anv  especial  \^d.ie  imt     k« /i  «  il       ' 
although  it  does  not  give  a  largo  qu  n   ?•,  i   ghJ    mi  k  of     mf^ 
lous  quality.    Some  strains,  howeve?,  gix"  verv  mu Vh       re  L  .    M T'' 
while  there  are  those  which  make  a  mc.st  res^tal  eTanS    o^^^^^^^^^ 

profitable  to  those  who  kept  t  for  tlu^nn^^  T""^''  'T^^'^  '""'^f 

or  cheese.  *  ^"^  purpose  ot  making  either  butter 

That  the  marvelous  pr.-notencv of  Hio  r..iii,^„. ...  i        i  ■ 
of  its  purity  and  aucient  charS  we  ^^1    h      ebl".v':'  "  T  '"'''^'^'''^ 
marked  above,  just  as  when  mitol  w  h.  i  ''t''"'^«'.  a»<l.  as  w,.  re- 

calf  without  horns,  8o,lShSroffh  .         *'^  ''"'''"  '^   PhhIuccs  the 
au  entire  blackor a'black  w|  c^  h  ^b.^^^^^^  '■^''|"""'  '>^'i»^'  either 

with  blue.    This  fact  h'ads    s    fn    k     "  «     ^''"'  '"■''''  ^^■'''^^'  or  shaded 

possible  to  cross  the Gailow  V    ;rfo^^^  '^  ^^"•"•'  l»« 

penor  milking  qualifv  and  v..r         n/  ;  '"••^M"  'e,  Miorthorn  cows  of  su- 

breed,  and  as  it  is  a  InU     j  eVe  'ril  '    .'"  ''  "^''  '•'""•^'<-f''n-nc.s  of  the 

often  difficult  to  tell  a  Kt  wh    I  ^•  '    ,  ^dn^  "'at  it  is 

;--..notbeeir-i:^;--i;:vr;^^^^^^ 
^Kit;;:;^^^^  bun  ...k ....... 

seleete.1  from  one  of  the  ohl  ft  an      I .  sV  i     ^''''^''':'*-'*'^ 
When  the  produce  of  thiscn       tw     1 .  ,  J"''"'''  "'  ^'"'^  ""'»'»^'  breed, 
of  about  eighteen  months  anu  „'/  ,  K  '  T''  ^'''''^''^  "^  "'«•  =«^'t- 

edigree  (iailoway  heifers,  liaini    ,1  .,/;,'''•'  ''  ''"'''  ••*"  P'"'''  bved 
K^st-knoun  breedc.rs  of  (ia  I      nV   e^^^^^^^^ ..',".  '"'T'  •■"^ I •"'•'.•.....!  and 
0  point  out  (he  half  (iailowavs    ,„',,':  /*''  '''    ""'  •'"'^•''•'  '"=»"='i.'<T 
ie.se  experienced  .judges  pi.k  'i         '  ^' '^  '""''  ""•'•^'  '""'  ^'^"'b  <,ne  of 
be  one  ,n  every  partici.lir  res-    I, ,  '  l"^'  '""""''■^'  «"  '-b'^t'lv  did 

r",  ^-^'''.v  <'xtensi  velv  put  to  b  t    S     ,        """'•     <'""<»^vav  iu.lls  hav.- 
Ii»;ciand  especially  it  I  a    I    .:^:  ''•''''/'''''  ^Vvr>bm.  i-ows,  a,  1. 
crossing  ior  b.ef  p.up::^  \     .t;*    li! 'l!;,:;';    "^"'>  -"--Mnl  n.";;  ol' 
ow       Lv  eithermodesvnniM-tii.-  I  .    ,1  '"""  '"'"  ""  'I"'  <ialh»wav 

l>ro<l.lced  ;  th..y  |,av,.  i;,rn|  Z  .  /  ','''  ''^'^  ''"«*•  '■'■"""■-  I'^ve  be  ', 
j>;'tch.ness,  wHI  mixed.'ailo  re  ,'''''■  '  '""'  "'-*'•  ""•^"  i^  '  «'..  „ 
bbe..illy  reared  and  AmI,   ,  a    "f ''  r'''7''''-  <'-'lb'way  erosses,  w    ! 

(^d/tf?:;^':";^'V^'f  r-":'^  si;;:..  •  :lu;:';:  ;;;:-":::;:>:  .'-->•  .;.gh,s. 

-at...    „     !  „ln.,i    (,,iii,,\v;iv    ,.,.,. -;_■  —  •*-:,  in    a  r^n.M  ( lloi  li 


aiiuwav   cow    u-,..  .1    "■"••<■'»  "\  a  r^riui  (  loi  II 
^^    •"•"'^^♦'';>'""*lI,I.S(»p.,„,„|s  when   on.. 


Scotch  breeds, 

[)ossible  to  (le. 
tributcd  to  the 
•ledge  with  re- 
hard  ly  be  sup- 
ke  the  Devon, 
'i  of  a  niarvei- 
•e  than  others, 
lantityof  but- 
nerally,  it  is  a 
Dssible  to  ob- 
0  production, 
ive  estimated 
r  weeli  in  the 
at  Just  as  the 
election  con- 
lelection  and 
best  of  milk- 
prove  most 
either  butter 

an  evidence 
id.  as  \v«'  re- 
»r(Hlnces  the 
bein^reitli.i' 
te  or  shad*  1 
it  woidd  be 
cows  of  su- 
i.stics  of  the 
'«,  that  it  is 
t>iie  of  pure 
J  have  been 
the  (diserv- 
'  cross. bred 

ack  I'rince 
s,  (;arefully 
ol)le  breed. 

at  the  a^re 

pnre  b'ed 
ienced  and 
t  niana^rer 
ach  one  (if 
•losely  did 
I'nils  have 
w><,  and  in 
il  (nude  ot 

<  fallow  ay 
li.ive  lu'cij 

live  fioiii 

'ses,  when 

weiy;htN. 

>ii<»j  tliiiiri 

vhen    one 


'^i  I; 


m 


\u 


l<  I 


H  I 


V' 


4 


(rt 


3 

3 


X 

O 

X 

(J) 

-I 


< 

_J 

a. 

< 
z 


ill 


'I  ^ 

•I  ■       ! 

Wilf'  ■ 


m 
o 


I/} 


u 


.year  i 
per  <l:i 
\v«'i^'lii 
is  "  ": 
which 
cjilvnl 
tinned 
old,  ni; 
('lull 
l>rir;iii 
(ialh*\\ 

<  (ifiir: 

Mill  I    will 

|>i'i>miii<' 

i'l  III;,'!'  lit 

iliis,  till 

llU'r 

;il('lv  wii 


n< 


II 


■.\\>U-y.  I 
li'iii  mill 
;iti  Iv  wii 


lit     lIllVVI 

«itli  Mill- 
nil  ly  tlii 

liliilrtlllll 


Mr.  II 

Tlio  HI 
•  ' inliuaii 
'  iiiliiiiai 
Noil  I.  Wii 

l.riT;N.     1 

.lU.III',    llll 

ii;  piT.si 


<il:ll 


liiH  i;;i 


jMrt  III'  til 
phiiiti'il  li' 


Tlir  I 


111' 


miijriiiuH. 


T 


nv  Iil:iV 


Willi  wliil 
tail,  Siiiii 
lii'ii'tlitar.v 
l.iti',  ii  1(111 
lilai'k  ;  al.H 
iiii;  viTv  ti 
I'link.  ami 


'Nt  intili 

Ihr 
III,' 


I'llW  H  I 
Hills. 


IIIWCV 


■HI',    1 

:ii'''  lii'uvii'i 
"f  lilt-  Ida, 
Iiii-i'iIm,  aiii 


TI 


ii>  liatii 


fill'  sIllMlIlll 

llalsiil,.,!. 

'  \  If,    III'    Mlj 

'"•  Ii'MikI  ill 

nil  III'   \Mlll 


li'll  1 

'111-  lilai'k. 


Il'lll    V 


III  II 


II 


I'll' 


8 

3 


q: 

u 


i 


THE    UNITKI)    KINODOM. 

.war  iiihl  ci^^hf  mniitlis  ol.l,  sliowiiiL'  tlm  |,i.r|, 
luT  (lay  ofifs  liH'.     At  tl  '  '^ 


153 

avfraj?«*  of  2. 13  pounds 


It, 


rci^'hcl  ]'.)  cwf.  .•h|is.  'j(i  Ihs.  wlicii  tin 


IV  Miuii.«  show  iKJalloway  cross,  similarlv  hrnl 


|»oii,i.ls  wlh-i.  Hs  a^'.'  was  ivvrhr  IniiMlrnl  ami  ,., 
wli.ch  IS  r.|.n\al..Mt  to  an  avcra-.*  of  l.S{   poniuls  dail 
n.lvn  .     At  Smitl,ti..M.i„  ISS  5,  ,|h.  only  ( lallou 
turn. Ml  thf  scales  at  l,s|(;  ponni 
olil,  iMakiii;;an  avi'ra;,'i'  of  1.7.S 


;;;'•;  ::":'::':;jr"''i!^'";v'"'.'"""i'^ n,r..i«.„..,.„ ,; 


t'o  v«'ars  four  tnoiitlis  old,  tiuit 

NU'vrntorn  days, 

y  sirn-n  it  was 

ly  cross  steer  cxliihifj'd 

IVH 


('/uir(iit()i.sti<:s. ~Tl       ^ 

IJritain  have  drawn  iij*  a  standard  si 


pounds  of  daily  increa 


(Jalloway  breed,  wliiel 


';;;<>'"'nl  of  thedalloway  Cattl,.  Society  of  (;reat 
i<»\vin;;  the  ehara<'teristics  of  (ho 


»  are  as  folNjws 


' ;'  '"•■'"■'I'-li  .'i;'K-.     If,ad.  S!,.,rf  ,»iul  wi.l. 


<  «h,r:   Kl.irk,  witli  u  1 
fiin.r..,,*'  1,.,,.,  1,..^...,       »',...   "K"'-""'    'H'ii  1.    •omtmi;  toruanU  iiM.I  iii.u;.r.iy  vi-m. 


t',  Hitit  liriDiil  r<ir<'h)>u(l 


rnn-.-..f  luiiKhairs.     .W.A'.-  Mo.lrraf.- in  1 


iliT.M,  till-  (..|)  ill  1,  liii..  with  III,.  Uiwk 


H  toruanU  and  niiward.H.witli 


'■ii«t!:,  tl.'iiii  and  llliiii;,'  w.dl  mio  tli 


i>«i'.      //-.(/(/;   I)|.,'|i,  iDiiiidcd,  and 


111  a  (\'iiial.-,  and  in  a  inali>  nutnrall 


ulcly  wide  al 


^Vlllln«•|  Ileal  ;   Hliniild.T-t 


i<  hIioiiI- 
v  rising  with 


■MrV.    lM-,'a.st.  full  nil, I    ,1 


<'v,«  vc.aiNM  .sli.iiil.l,.,-  |.(.intsand  slia 


tinn  and  Hfraijjiif,  iiiiid,>r 


p  :  liaik  and 


ill  and  Nirloin,  w.dl  lili,',!;    | k 


III 


l|>  itr  lll;;||  r^liiiiildtTS 


al.ly  wide,  and 


l.'t   d 


i>vvn  til    li 


"11  lill''d  ;   Hank,  di 


"MICM,    IIDt 


nil'.  '*!iai;,'lit  ;  ril.s,  dcp  ami 


artt  <ilij,'cti(>ii 


w.dl 


Hiinin;; 


pn.niin.-nf  ;  Iiind,|iiart,rM,  Inn:;,    nio,t 


^^itll  lint-  Imn 

nil  l.v  lliiik  ;  hair,   suit   ami 

iiliji  riiiinaldc). 


(iinind,',!  Iinttucks  ar 


|>  and  full.     ThiijhH:  Jln.ad 


,T- 


ntrai>{ht,  an,!    well 


fail,  well  s,.t  ,„,  and  mnl,.rat,.|y  thick.     Sk 


v.'iy  ol.),.,.|i„nahl..)  ;  1,.^;^,  Hi,„r,  „„,,  ,,, 


•■uii, 


wavy,  with  ini>.s,sv  niid 


.Mtdlinv  ami   ni,».|,>r- 


tTcniit  (wiry  or  cnrlv  liai 


r  iM  vj'iy 


(I"»)   Wi;i..-II   ('.\TTI,K 


Mr.  Harvey,  editor  of  the  II.'rd-Hook. 


Th«  lilaik  Wrls!i  <atil 


Nays : 


iidiLiaii,  :ind   ai 


«■  ur-  nativs  ,.f  tho  , nti.-s  ..f  IVinhn.k...  C 


r  i>il, 
N.iiih 


<•  ini.n-  K'«iifrallv  kn 


ariniirflii'ii,  and 


..MuUnandI...wsia.Hll,r U.     Innn  Car.liKans? 


W 


wii  HH  IVn.hr..k.;Mhii..  nia.ks  «nh.iivi,|ed 


alfs  coast  lip  to  An;;! 


''■•••'■^'s.     \V|i,.ih.-r  til 
■UN an-,  hilt  as  1    imv 


k'aiishir.' th.y  also,.xt..n,l  ah.n«tl 


into 


I'V  Wl'li 


••-'••a.  and  ar..  tli.-n  (•..Il,.l  ih..  .Norlii'wal 


'•vcr  iinliL;,'noiis  to  Ua.lnor 


Ir 


i«  p'T.soiiaJ  iiliscrvatioii  tliat  I  Ii 


nil   intiinat.-  knowh-ijp.  ,,f  |„,(h   tl 


sliiri<  or  li 


CM  or  Annli)i«'i 


n-cniishir,.  I  „„,  ,|„t 


i.lainoi;;ans|niv  ili,.y  an^  to  h,.  io„n,l 


I'y  an-  not   now  to 


ii's,.  ,nnntiivs,  I  can  ^uv  I 


I'lri  lit  the  coiinly  ih 


in  lii<> 


l><"  loiind  in  fillicr  of  tl 


laiid'd  liy  Shoitinn- 


<•  M  a  nativ,.  iir.-.'d,  wlinli  is,  | 


Hciiiniory  ot  (iowcr  ;   lint 


ICIII. 


Ilw  1 


iK'i'd  ot'  Hlaik  caitl 


MS  anil  lliTi'lords 


low,  v,.r,  I) 


in  tl 


roiii 
In 


•o  fa.sttTU 


iiiK  rapidly  Niip- 


III  I  ijr  II  tun. 


I 


and  i" 


IH  HiniMally  siipjioscd  to  |,„  ,] 


i<  V  niav  III' 


mil  whit,-  marl 


.  I  j:        I    ,         .1  7, ■  ■'      '••f,"'^'il    III    III'   lies 

ilii.d    o  the  Wild, alt!..,,.  ChilliiiKhani  Pari 
••;-<ril'<-d  as  a  hom.d  luvcd 


M:l. 


Sonn-tiini-Ma  I 
lilary,  and  oiil 


l^J*  "II  111!'  iidd.rs  ofihi 


gcmr.illy  of  I, I. irk  <'o| 


••iCMid.'d  from  tin-  // 
li.  and  also  to  <||i<  \), 


■w  white  h.iir 


ilso  a  li-w  whit.-  hairs  at  tl 


"»  />ri- 

I'VOIIH. 

and  trt'iiiicntlv 


lie,  I 


y  coiin'M  out  oi'casionaliv 


>*  an-  mixed  up  wiili  th at,  Init  tl 


s  cousidercil  a  ^'ooil  e.ilor.      ( 


le  fiid  of  till' 

■♦  is  not  alwavH 


iv,  also  Mime  ,|iiii,.  whii...  wiih  Id.i.l. 


•sioiially  there  ar 


ii:;  virv  rar 


k.  and  ilo  not 


'rii,-  I 


lorns  should  !■■>  of 


piti  h  of  horn  for  ImiIIs  and 


■  III 

the 

'II'' li'ilis.     Tins,! 

■lie,  hoWe\.-|,  liloail 

are  heavier 


eonie  out   y,dlow   to  the  ver 


»  rn  h  yellow  ;    tl 


cow  «  narrower  and  the  pi,,],  i„or 


<<'ws.     A  hiill's  horns  shonhi  Im<  I 


ii-ldark.approa.hiiii;  a  ehor 
'"/*!i'.'."'  ''.'"■*  Htnp.'il  red  and 

lese  are  liecoill- 

Kelierally  tipped  With 

■|ere  IS  a  dltl'er- 


us,  niii/.?l,-,and  feet.  Init  tl 


lev  are 


y  end    like  ll.Tefords.        11 


eriptioii  apphe,  in  a  « 


"  iipri'-ht. 


Tl 


le  steels  and  oMMi  tak 


•  nv  and  \v,di  spread 


Old  the  hoi'i 


T  i>n  the  lia.-k 


lei'   m.Msiire  to  llleAn;;les,-y  ,Mit 


e  more  litter 


diorler  III  Ih.   I 


Tl 


U'.S«» 


'I'  Ilie  Ulai'k  lireed  •,||i,n|,l 


'•*ii-'t  -">.llo.vastlielVinl„ok7shir 


with  iiioiv  ha  r.      I'll,.  heailH 


Til 


an. I  liy  , ■.ireful  and  Jiidi.i.n 


approu.di  v.'rv  clo 


V  really  )r,„„[  animal 


viy  in  shap.'  to  ih.'  nio.lerii  fashmnahl 


e  iialiiral  i  haraei,.|  i>ti 


IS  efossiny  this  has  Niii 


e  shoulder  and  clii 


of    I  he    hie,-  I     II,;,  V,    I 


!lalsi,|,.,|.     Tl 


•\ir.  Ill 


lev    ill 


i  slack  on  the  hill 


lowever.  lie  d 


iieiiniiH  l.,'en  atlaine,!. 


rili.'d 


I  ineiinaiion  lo  h,.  hi;,'lioii  tl 


Is  nariow  mi 


In.  t, 


supposed    thai 


••■'••'■■'ll.v.le..,Mn  Iron,  i,„.i  n^^   uHimd."  1 


e  rnini 


mid  in  tl 


'■'tile  with  ih,-s.-  I 


le  i;e||el,i|||\    ,,(■   ,1 


k  I 


MS  all    III 


li'  d  I 


III' 

in  tl 


lein  vei  V  inn. 


latnr.ilih'fecf 


le  1  at  lie  oil,.,-,  ,1  „|    ,1 


ese  defeils,   liiu 


t    nitist  imt.  h 


and 


HOI,,,.  ,,(   tli,.|,,  „r,.  ,, 


s  iii.i\  also 


lie  f. 


lilack 


II 


s  as  ma  V  ! 


'••'!"'  'il''"l-Jec|  of  the  llerd-Uook 


erefoid  anil  Sli..|i 


•idly  -li.tpi-d  cattle  art  "  l\ 
lorn  districts. 


mull  V  lairs.     <  )t  her  l.r..,.ds  of 
'•lit  caivandHtt.-ntion  have  niodi- 
■*  t"  cr.'ate  Hiiili  ai,  inl. 


w  and   tar  l>.>t 


rest 


W,','U 


n 


us  iii..y  an, 


154 


cattlj:  and  daiuv  i'aumixo. 


ThoHpocinlrbiiriictorinlicsof  ilioniiickH,  which niitknthoin  h>>  vuliiiiltlt',  nro:  IFurdi- 
(hioil  of  conHfitniidii,  iipfitiKlo  for  ilairv  |>iir|iiist  s.  uml  dnojlity. 

As  n'^'.inU  h.iiilini'isof  iMiisiiiu(ii>ii,MiMiii«  iiii|Hiiiiitfi|  with  tluM'oiiitnon  iiD'thnilnf 
rfuriiij,' tlKM'iilv.sniul  th.'ir  Hiil>M'i|ii.iit  trcafiii.tit  iiikI  ih-  h.inUhi|w  lh.<v  iin<lt'rffo 
caiijiiivo  any  <l.ml)t,  on  that   poiiii.     Th.- nr.-at    wou.I.t  is  thai   ros|...<-tiil(l.>.|ookiiii{ 


fiittloran  ItoiNlnnvii  al'iiT  iiaviiii'  hccti  icaii'(| 


ill  such  a  iiiaiiiHT.     Diiriii''  (ho  ti 


wlii'ii  Iho  rmilnii.'sf  caiisi'ii  Niii'h  havoc,  that  Lli  .iNcaso  was  not  known   in  *<<niih 

Walc.M,  |Muici]ially  from  fli.>  ^jivat  oxcrlious  mail"    liv  tho  r. ty   inanisiraf.-s  atnl 

otiiiT  authoniicM  lo  pn-vcnt  ilio  transit  of  infiricl  animals.  \,ni  also    I ;ins„  ,1,, 

constiintionsof  liio. 'attic  were  ho  i;on,l  that  -  vcnon  Ih.'  frontier  of  imcctcl  .iistricts 
they  rcpclic.i  ihc  disease.     When  the  Ithicks  were  taken  inio  .omities  whero  the  riiol 
I'rpcst.  was  prevalent  Ihey  sel.loin,  ilever,  ean^lit  the  infection.     The  sanio  ii,,,,,,,,!  1  v 
al8o  existed  wlicii  the  foot-and  month  disi'ase  was  so  ^in.ral.     There  w.tc  ccrtiinlv 
some  cases  snpposed  to  haviO.een  caused  hy  the  iniponation  of  Iri.sii  eallh'  hnt.  mioo 
iiKpiiryit  will  he  foiin.l  that  those  herds  of  cows  w  hi.  h  consisted  ..f  .Short  horiiM  Avr 
shire,  and  Guernsey  were  those  that,  snlfered.  <"<  lUN.a.v  r- 

As  to  aptitn.le  for  dairy  jinrposes,  1  do  not  trust  nierelv  Id  the  roport.  of  of  hers   hnf 
havin-  lor  .ome  years  had  a  dairy  of  from  H  to  -0  cows.  I  can  N.eak  personallv     f 
he  quail  icatioi.sol  this   .reel  in  that  r,.sp,.ct.     Some  of  these  -0  were  in  every  U-ar 

account  l.ook  hIiows  the  churning  as  nndcr:  •■»"•'».     Ji.s 

From  Scptcmher ','[), ISf.-J,  to  Scptcnihor  '29,  WA ^o""','"; 

rromScptomhcri.'-.),  lS(;;i,  to  Scptcmher  •.';>   l-ill  .f  ^'l' 

trom  Scptcmher  •.';i,  18.4,  lo  Scptcmher  •,'!•,  l-iir, r.',;'-' 

iM-om  Scptcmher 'JII,  l-lio,  to  ScptcmluT -).  l-o.i  I^'''.';; 

Irom  Scptcmher -Jl).  li-M,  to  Scptcmher  •.".»,  l-(i7 ^'^''r 

II  l-'nHlVf{;omrtV.:h:i;ivej      ;'';ou'wh;"^;o       ''"i'>- •■'""•'.■•.l  ...ore  th^i  lo" 

there  is  no  chance  of  i.;? «;;!.;  r^u,  ■:;:,:;  ^;;:;i,r:'  ''"''■"'"  ^--''^'''^  ••" '— "  -.-a 
coi::;!!;^'!iz  lil^ia,:;^;' ■;:  r  x?;;:'S;.r.:\:'^^nr  "r  ^"  -■•'''>■  --  '^  "-•  -^ 

person  acjnainfcd  with  its  Inl  its      I  I,.  J''   \      '  "'!^''r    "'•':'""!'.>.n.'.l  hy  „otne 

are  01.0  ye!,r.dd  «honl     1  c  a     '  ^JCu,,  ,  Vn    h  eY^  '"f  '";'"'-  '•''•■"  '"'"^  '.'-I'T  thev 

l^nahlm.Mhc  farmer  to  rcii.rte  'he  1 ..  (•.'.:,';•  "'I?,""'-'  '"""'"'r  "'■•i''"""'.  •".>■ 
>.o  ...ilked  in  the  y;.n|  or  L  ,L  lion  e  '  .  ,  ';  '^ir  p^^T';;:'''""'  "'1  '"""">'  "' 
prcssion  loidi  the  very  picture  of  docilJv      t     ,  ^  '  V'",''>'"*  '"""'  'l"i''f  ••x- 

"7""1  •■'«  -"-■  .-ar .V.^.ot'    .t    0      ,     nV.t  a       'rrlv  .X  '"'"1  ,"""   """    •'"'  '""'''^ 

Avlicrc,  wl,,.,,  rearcil  like  the  ii  ......v,,,!.; ,.."',.:"  V  ■'-'•.  '""  '  ''•'^''  --•".   .nslan.-es 


i ''  W 


B| 

IfWKjfi 

1 

jPv 

1 

lyUi 

li 

j^^^^n 

^ 

■  I  -1 

Lay  and  iMrlev  o/  ,^    ;.  ^  ^     '^^    i!  .t'l';"''''''-,  ^\''""  i'  '^  a'-le  to  ea,  it  is  ,ivcn 

;!"...•  .i.n."or^n,in,a[wi;;;:,r\.v:,'H ,'::,'::: ;v^    n..nn. he „...„„.. ,,>^::::; 

'..•nedout  .ntoa,..wl,asture.andlh.,  :  ,.:;p  'i/'^''"  '""  ^""^^-  " ''a»  it  is.  is 
't  loses  all  Its  cainiesl,,  and  when  he  ^  ,'':'''''''' ''''!'''''  ""'  l"-I'Tly  eat, 
""•  '.-"1  was  to  take  ..nvav  the  rail'    .  t  -r  ,       ,  v  "'",  "  ■''  "''"   ''^'"-     ^^^  "«" 

""Ik  I'ToMe  monih,  „„.„  half  new;,,,  I   ,,|A|'  ,    ,;;.''^:^  "'"'>'.' v."  .t   its  own  niother's 


iiltio,  nro:  Ilunli- 

•minon  inftlimlnf 
i|M  lliKv  iiiit|(>r^n 
iK'ctitltlii.liiiikii)^ 
IHiriii^'  (li,s  titiio 
kiiiiwii   ill  Sniilli 
iii.iKisir.if.'M  aiMl 
^\•^|>    Ix'cjiiisn   fl,,, 
iiilccticl  ili'<tri(f.s 
<  wli.ro  JhiTiiiil- 
'  Naiiio  iiiiiiiiiiiit  V 
t<  w.Tf  ccitaiiily 
•■atilc.  Idit  Mpoii 
SlidrllnuiiH,  Avr- 
rt.  of  ofh(>M.  hilt, 
ik  ptTHoiiiilly  of 
ro  ill  ovtr.v  your 
iTttiiiiiiuls.     Mv 


rimmln, 

.   Si.  7'.-. 
.  2,815 


THi;    fMTKM    KF.VO 


I>OM. 


MiH,  nn  my  farm 
:t,  I  ri'.iroil  iiKiro 
<l  for  Htock  |iiir- 
.  of  Nkiiii  clu'cuo 
and  tnriinl  out 
prolit  botwcoii 
lis  lio  Hoontliat 
loro  only  1  or  -^ 
iiiiinfin');  to  14 
"iro  tliau  10  to 
>ii  li  Hiiiall  arcit 

into  a  herd  of 
allied  liy  Homo 
•nll^  aftiTtln'y 

iicciiloiitM,  llllV 
vory  <|iil.'tly  to 
and  i|uii«t  *cx- 
liat  tho  niaok 
'■"'I  11  iiiHlanr-fs 
I  I  .!<>  not  wisli 
niaiiitaiii  that, 
n;;  (he  winter, 
Vr  Hicii  a  ;;ooil 
atnlNoiiH-r  aiii- 
'iirim.>.s.cl,  and 
a  Miiiilar  Ki7t-. 
»  <■<»«  after  a 
I  at  it  is  t-'iveii 
•ntli  of  May  or 
what   it   is,  is 

I'lop,  riy    rut. 

•in.  Mv  own 
own  motliir'- 
■rw.iKNKkim- 
niaiij,'.|(  xvcif 
'  iiif roducfd. 
Ik  and  water, 
t  winter,  tiir- 
r  (dd,  Hiroiij;, 
1  or  oil  rake, 


Mr.  (Irinith  Uw 


155 


IS  MiiVN ; 


I  ui 


>;ive  mv  calxes 
II 


II  iiiouiIi'm  ui'w  milk 


ill    fiMt.    let    jl 


"'•an  lliem.  and  K'i\i>  flieiii   lor  ix i     '",  '       '    "''   ""'"'  •♦"•*   tli.>  eow       I   il,..„ 

n.«htmtoanopen.|,edandKnet|,.,Liv  a    ,.;'■'•'*'''•''  '   ''^""i  ""•'"  in  at 

'ai(  alter  Hie   Ist   of  AlMii     a«   I   lln.l      l       """'id  nian«elM   or   swe.jeM        I    i,,  v,.r    r..... 
"'"'»""">    " nilisUMI   like  """'    '""    ""•    •"""     "••-•Iv    Ml    .)„„...       Vol.    .!,;, 


Ml.  .'••Iiti  KicliiinlM  Nii\s 


.^™p:^:;^•;;■";:;::^™  L/j-^^'v "; >• „„:..„„  ,„„. 


Ml.  K'icliiinl  Thojiias  n;ivs 


''r',:'';;;':v;:'.' '•;''"■•■;■  »■  ""■' '"  "'"■  ■> '>  '""'■''  !.::■":..':'' 


:'';;:'""' '^'"o^^-'or,  Who..  ,iH. 


";;lii 
says: 

I  iieir 


""'« •'"•'-''^^■-™nyi™.;r^;;';::'^;.;!„';^:,'y;;;;^^^ 


I  i, 


Uf 


156 


CATTLE   ANI>   DAIRY   FARMING. 


i 


loam,  ot  good  dppth,  ot  ft  sort  of  iiiixod  liiiicstonc,  woll  adiqucd  for  Rrowinp  pxcel- 
leiit  crojKS  of  swedes,  iiiHiifiels,  ifec,  mikI  it  will  j{ro\v  lieiivv  eropM  of  oat.s  (Ithiek  bet- 
ter than  white)  mid  hurley.  Th(<  .yield  of  uniiii  is  only  fair  in  lindioff  |)roi)ertio8. 
Most  dorta  of  j^rasses  an^  ^rown  in  tliis  neij{lihoi'lioo(l,  hut  cover  is  not  ii  j'oitaiii  eroit'. 
The  climate  is  damp  and  eliani;eahle,  hut  extremely  mild,  the  Hjiring  often  late  and 
cold,  with  a  prevailinfij  east  wind. 

The  annual  rainfall  of  the  distriets  oecnpied  hy  tin-  Hlack  cattio  is  about  twice  the 
amonut  of  that  of  Chiswiok,  and  the  westerly  winds  are  very  Htroiij;. 

3rr.  George  F.  Bowdeii  says  : 

It  requires  a  hardy  raee  to  stand  the  exjiosiire  dnrinj;  the  winter  to  wliich  the  Ulaok 
CTttle,  witlioiit  any  shelter  except  the  lii;;h  hed^^es,  are  snh.jeet,  and  this  (|Mality  of 
hardiness  of  ccnstitntion  is  jiossessed  hy  the  Mlacks,  In  their  mils  and  ^enerol  ap- 
pearanco  they  show  the  first  approach  of  the  genial  sprinj;.  Tlien^  is  no  animal  which 
comniands  so  j,'ood  a  price  in  the  fairs  as  a  hiillock  that  has  heen  wintered  ont  in  tho 
lieldsand  shows  fair  comlition  and  a  jtood  coat.  To  those  who  wish  to  he  posses-sed 
of  a  good  herd  of  Blacks  I  wonld  say,  avoid  all  attempts  at  crossinj;— sncli  atteniuts 
have  never  yet  sncceeded— hnt  pnrchase  the  hest  pedij;ree  hnll  of  as  good  li  strain  as 
you  can  get  for  the  money.  As  to  rearing  and  feeding  for  milk,  a  few  y.'arsago  I  pur- 
chased sonn',  of  the  hest  cows  to  he  procnred  in  calf  to  noted  hulls.  l"  was  enabled  to 
have  this  rare  opportunity  hy  hemg  aci|iiainted  with  several  of  the  hest  breeders  I 
have  tned  Shorthorns,  and  I  have  had  the  hest  of  cows  procurable  for  milk  and  feed 
ing  purposes,  hut  I  prefer  the  long  horn  Hlack  cow,  wliich  gives  rich  milk,  thick  cream. 

g<MMl  a 
ilf     I 

keep  the  cow  and  calf  in  for,  say,  one  month  and  then  fVirfiVheinont "    T'ie^^Btlin.l 
the  winter  wonderfiillv  "•"        •      •"  ....  .    .  .»  '"nuti 


ing  purposes.  Out  1  preler  the  long  horn  Hlack  cow,  which  gives  rich  milk,  thick  ci 

and  makes  .)eef  not,  to  be  snrn;,8,sed,  (piite  e(|Ual  to  Scots,  and  co lands  as  ir. 

price      They  drop  better  and  hardier  calves,  and  1  have  never,  so  far,  lost  a  ca 
have  had  cows  c.ilve  about  Novemher  and  Jlcceniher.  and  all  times  of  the  yen 


the  grass 


niotlieroti 

n    ,■  ,   ..     ,  .,    .    ■ •  "Jien   thev  are  seiiarated  it  iloeN  imf 

^■e   so  niiich  the  loss  «    the  niothe.  smilk  an.l  is  better  prepared  to'g..,  j,,  ow     1  '1^ 

Othercaves  I  rear..nsk,ni-milk,  calf  n.eal.  and  a  little  ,liss;,|ved..il  cake.     I    in    that 

ev  milk  for  one  month  .s  the  best  way  to  start  a  calf     Alter  four  months  I     .^1 
give  them  chop   nce-meal,  and  li..ecd-cake,  and  continue  this  through  the   vhtV, 
all  given  out  ot  .loors      1  tin.l  ;.  ',at  for  fee.lin^   purposes  it   best  answers     ,1,  ,; 

barren  heif-rs  and  hullo,.ks  ti. ,  U.ree  years  old      If  ll„„.i„  at  t wo    .    rs  .'I     tl  ev 

wan    summering  and  wintering  in  the  si son  turnips,  haT  ri"    '''"-> '-'"^^  "'''  ""*> 

linseed-'ake.  and  then  tl  •  '  •  • 


mni  iinseed...ak^.and  then  ti.;^  ;om;onr.;::i:;:;  ar  h  v:^  ;;  ;;:r ;„  r 

the  luitcher      This  IS  my  experien.e.  having  i«|„   M'vcral  tr, icks  f  r    ,  vm  If  a    [ 


nET(;iiiN  England,  1883-'84. 


JAMKS  LONG. 


SELECT  BREEDS  OF  BRITISH  CATTLE. 

liKPOUT  iir  coysif.  i-ArKAj.-o.  ,,/■  I.I  V  n.roo/.. 

INTKom  (  Tdin    A.M)    I'M'I.ANATORT. 

IS^'lf,?  ."'*'  ''""•>'•  f*>  'H;ki.,)ul(.,ig,,  tlu.  nrript  nf  ri.rt.lar  dat.Ml    T„Iv 

Tu!'n!nSoV''""'";''''"^  '•"'*'^'*'"  ""•""•^^'"•M  1-^.s  lM...„   v.rv  u.vat 


ueces.silatod  tht-  wfit 


»i;;i'  iiiiiiiiior  ol   "b-lirrs  to 


)r  Rrowiiiff  oxoel- 
'  iiat.s  (Itlai'k  l»«t- 

MllUfr  |)r(l|UTti(<S. 

i>(  a  I'i'i'tiiiii  (Toit. 
ig  often  liitt)  and 

about  twice  the 


wliich  the  Blaok 
I  thin  (|iiiiiity  of 
1111(1  fit'iifiol  ai>- 
iii>  animal  which 
itcnd  out  in  tlio 

I   to  ll»'  jlOSH(>S.S('(l 

— Miich  nttfiin»t» 
Kood  It  Ntrain  us 
.Vfursiino  I  pnr- 
[  waHoiialiltul  to 
icst  lirt'cdcrx.     J 
r  niilk  and  fV-od- 
Ik,  thick  crcfttn, 
laiidn  HH  hocmI  a 
r,  loNt  a  calf.     I 
of  the  year.     I 
it.     T'lcy  stand 
'tinieM  I  \\m  tur- 
lor  the  butcher. 
iw  whether  this 
ired  in  thiM  way 
pared  by  hand 
iw  and  kee])in^ 
h  itn  niotlieron 
fed  it  ddcN  not 
ilM  own  living. 
«•'.     I  find  that 
iitliN  I  begin  to 
gli  the  winter, 
iiiswern  to  buy 
yearH  old  they 
I,  Indian  ineai, 
and  very  lit  for 
itr   iiiyNi'lf  and 
r  luiiii  an<l  pour 

S  LONG. 


(latcd  July 
iimI  HMiii«'.st 


v«'i-y  {,'r»'at. 
mi  tariniii;; 
f   Irllrr.s  to 


•J) 


CO 


w 


ti  t; 
H  I! 


u 


o 


TIIK    UNITKl)    KINGDOM. 


157 


5 


"""•>'  <>'"'-  i-"'.n.alin         .;/!,'',;:■''■,  ^  "'""'"V"^  "at..r,..     For 

l^nouu  sl.ipp..,-  (.fM.I.,  t  so  .<,;;!.  ;':'■''''''''  "•■'"•  ''i^'''|M>..I,;i\vHl. 
r.iilc.l  «t:itcs.  '  '••'  '"^'«'''"'K  l.iiri)(..s,.s  to  Ciii.a.Iu  au.l  tlu) 

or  rh^s^^uv  :o.;^;;^.;:;:;r;;;->,  ,;i:;-^^^^^^      <";-tti.;.  i...  as .  ..,„...... 

"".V  those  lu'st.  H.la,;t('.I  tV,,  ,  v/,  n,  .  "      ?  "'/><•<>'....  over  linv  to  so- 

=''^'  "•I''•^vs  :  Sl.ortl.on         evon     s,'     V  i  '?/'"'/  ","•"'  '^'"^''•^-    ''''"•>  are 

Tin:  siiouT-noux  (jaitlk. 

J'l";n:n:v;;;;/!;:ri;;'r^'lll-,«^:;;''^^'-"  a„„ ,  ,„ „„,,,„. 

"ii.^»lli-.a.i,l»,,Ka,.»t.s,i  iMv     .  ','.  '■""""'"  '•■'"-'li-l'  ",i„.r.s 

'"■^"Hin.IIy  vari.,!  .-olurs-tl,';;     :,';;'  ";•;"•  -I>'-.'Hli.l  tVanu.s  a,,,! 
■^^--^^^-^^^^^^^^^^^ 

.^.iM:';"-;:,u,;r:^.S/l;::'::::V-^^  ....... ., u., „:.... 

>_-h  o,„  ,a,„.,.  or  y„.|.l  ...ilU.     TlHMn^X,  ;       .  ,i, '         '"■'■';'  =  "  '•"«'-l"."l,..l  row  u  ill 

sli.mM  1...  small  ;  f|„.  |„,.asf    if     '     I'V          ^"'■'  '"  *'"^  ""'<•''  '"".     Tli,.  .Irvxl    , 
'liiii.-t..ar,.rtaii,  ,!,.«,,•.■  ilrsiiy  tli'-m  tl,  1  .i"'  '■■'■"• '  ''"•'"••'>  'Ih.  .•     |,„ 

"',"";  """I',  aii.l  xvith  nr.atrr  I..,,.',     .1,   r  .,(        ..    '  '"n""'"'  "•■'■"""'  "'•'  I'ip-  a. „ 

"tl"'  n|.|MT  parr  l.„t  tap^  i,,.- b"ov',|'f '',';','''•'''•'>  f"  >"">k.;invsn:  tl„.  ,ail  tl.U 

■1<I  a  i.ropor.,n„af..,,„a,„i,v  .-r  I,,,,    -r  ,1, .t  ll  ' .  """    l'^"  "'"•  """^  '^'-'-nnt 

;  '  !'■  «  H„  til,.  K.I..  of  milk  is  ,1...  prii,  ..    ,  |./    ,1   "'"'"«''  ""•'«'  '"""'  '"av  1.,-  vali,- 

"'"  l-n«  l.ornM,  ,|,..  S.o  /l/    J     ,'     '  7   '';;  l""I....-n..m.t..  .p.ant.ty  of  |„„t  -r  a    t  h      i  f 

"•'--;  <i;i;;:;!''^,;.!:;r  ,:;:7irnr ''^^^  "•'^"  t-'  -^"-  •"-  -pi^nv 

■'il  >i..at  rattli..  '         '  '"  ''""•'^•'•i'H'n,.*.,  ti^kc  the  to,v,no8t  rank  of 

'"'"  '■"''•'"  '"-*'  '•••'"■'  ^^'"f*'.  r..l,  and  white  an<l  re.I. 


€ 


il 


ft 


158 


f  Mr' 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FAKMINO. 


AvoruKo  size  at  ma- 
turlty. 


Age  at  maluriUn  Tliron  veara. 
«.^  o/^;?Jlt^:;';:;,,f:;i'r;^.^l;j;  <'-endoU  fn..  the  whUo  catt.e  of  Great  Britain.    lu,.™,, 
A»nml  uitrwje  jmindt  i,/  mi\k:  U:m  nonn.Is. 
MxlL  topoundi  (^  butter:  40  j.ound*  to  1  ju.uuJ  butt«r. 


■  pounds.. 


Twolhinls 

wei>:lit. 
1-'.  500 


Labor;  Little.  '         "^  ' ■ — !— . 

b™h '■"""""'-'  »'-»™""'"f  tl.o  live  .ei,.l„.,  „f  fa„o,l  caUlo  of  ,l,i, 

."■"f  ?"^ ':,;rsr:;;r'i:i;;;,!''!^';.i;;;;i:"'-; ;'  ^.  i-..- :„. ,. 

'"""''<'i'<jfiiiiimaUs.  '^  M.ui-Iitcrcd,    ,|,„.s  dffrca.si,,..-  the 

•^J,!>l'-\NJ.ad,,  wlult-attlit)        p.lt'''''^^  '"h1   Ui  l,„i  .s  a 

;i:l'-'.■'^t^at,;;nt";;.;:!l;:;,:trr^'"'^^^^ 


This  1 
in  Irel 


DKVO\   CAiTI.i 


"•-pMlnig  ,(„  ..nt.r„l„Ml„.r(l,a„lli;„  i„ 


AvoniKo  size  at  mo- 
tiirUy. 


Girth. 


Inehet. 

00  1<)  11)0 
UO  to  llll 


Height. 


Jt%ehet. 

Sfl  to  00 
5rt  til  (M 


BO  to  llu  I      M  to  6t 


t  Britain.    Iiupro^e- 


Qaantitv. 


aunds.. 


Twolhinls 
cf  Kfoss 
wci>:lit. 
1-',  5«0 


ond  milcli  cows  aro 
■  turned  out  on  the 

cattle  of  thi.s 

',021)  i)o,nitl.s: 
"ind.s;  N,,.  'u 

1^1  r>  poiilid.s; 

1  .Years  and 
l'<»tllid.sj  Nn. 

;•'  iiiiiiiIht  <.f 
■rca.si;);^-  the 

draii;;(>  fViiiit 
'd  f\  »T  .sine,. 

iiils;.}.  Ill 
'it  li  tlins*'  o{ 
t  <'a.stl(.  Iljii 
licin-rN,  iiiid 

I'i  Itull.s  at 
'«':u'li(a\.'r- 

I>I1<-||('.SS('S 

II. 

d  ;,Mavc!. 

.   tlie   incaii 


'«,  and  also 
liiui  that  in 


o 


.  r 


II 


It 


»' , 


nil 


hi- 

It  !' 


trniil  w 

;ni  iill  I 
|ilir*t  « 
*  ijiiiil  fi 
;it  li'ss 
••hire)  )i 
"  lii'll  t. 
('Ii;iii;:h 
iiixl  ni|i 

ill  fS. 

Tliosc 

llHIII     till 

Nnllli    I 

^iiiiil  mi 

Millie  til 
\^  lilrli  is 
ll.lS  Its  ( 
till'  Otiii 
^lilllCI'S    i 

iiir  its  ii| 

its     llCilll 

liiitcInT 
till'  iinisf 
Till'  lirsf 


Ih 


■S)')!/ 


I'MlMlllS 

;ili.\   itirci 
I.i|ii'lili;4-  I 
till'  .JJIW.S 
Hint.  I'llfj 

•if  (111-  r.'i 

t"U;ii(l,s   t 

■^ii^litly  CI 

""il\  ;i  slj; 

The  cnli 


Ci.n 

Hull 


ll-w  l-'ii  I  l,r,..t 
III    f.f.-ri' 

1-1  Nii\t'iii 

_^A    fill  lid   ,i| 
I'  i;.iiliins  mil 

''I'  'I    1  ()«  H   ^ii 

'-"-.     All  I 

IVuiii  tills 
^  "illlv,   Wllifh 


"'"  """;••  --•'.'In,;,  ,„  ,1...  r  in    t^r         ',;'.'*''*■',   '"'/' "''"' 

""•  i'"^  =«l'tit...i.'  t.,  t;.rti.„,  ,1.  i  •  .- V  of      ,,"■':"''  '"  ""••^'  v;.l„al,|,. 

""■  "l-^t  V.lhl;,!,!,.  p.irts     nHl  (     .  li  ;■  ;        *'  '         '•"'•.Mil-  th..  MH.st   iMTti,, 
';M"M.„  n,„.i.|.,:,l,lv  n.vvanl  tin.  V   !     .1        "'"'  ""''•'"•''  «""l...a.i, 

Mi.l.tlyn..v,.,|.nriMs.,m.<  ir.sfa, U  '  s'    '  ^'^^     '''  ''"'  '""'  """'' 


■'''"•'•"'"'•  •"■""•""••Devuui.sai.MnMnl. 


Aiiiriiali. 


Ci.n 

l<M>l 


iiiitiiinti  . 


1  « I 

.    lln 

.  (II. 


■>"■  •!'  tli'ltlir,!,,      S(i...r.     f.  ...    . 

^.''w;::::;!';  •!:;;!'"''- "'■'''■■'>-- ■-..■..........„,.„.„,„,„,„ 

'  loin  (lij^  it  rii.i,,..,,,..  ti,  ,t   .,,  , 


I'iilk,  wlii 


•  •ll    ^-iv 


^■•'^<J1^  l>oiiii(l.s  \vliol(>  niilk  li 


n-.l    l)(.v,Mis  .vi.-!.!,.,l    170 


poiiiuls 


'tH'.s..,  wiui,.    JO  ,n,s.s  l.iv.l 


It.'K 


AM  J.I.    as;,   iivna    i  \    \||\, 


lit'Vfiii.'*  vifM.-.l  ti]ii  iMPiifiriH  i.r 


iiii.K.  \\  fii.ii  .'i\,.*  :,tii 


i  iMiiimU  whol..  niiij; 


M.-W 

Milk  .......V.'V" 

CbceMirhtrlrt '.!'"'!"* 

.^'?A../«/A8u«,^,       I;,   ,„,.t,,.,. 


do 


ttitt 


1.  ar.' 

3°<)   Til    'm.i 


TI  •  ■        ' "    I"'-'""'-.      .'I'.     I,    I, (lilt    iMlMIll!-. 

p.Sn':r;;;;:,-r:'^^::;-,,;:,l:.;;;;;- -^.;.;i n„ ....  ....„.,, 


•t.-^.-KX    '•\7ri.K. 


^^_Tlns  ,.,..,,  ,.  ,.,..  „„„,  ^,,^,^^.^^^.j^  .^_  tln.c.o,„.ri....f  S,K...,  K..^ 


-VtiinuiU 


.1.7'  o/  tnnt'irih,-  T™.,,  ,„  , 

"i»'  ariniia!  vi^.i.i  ..<- 1 


A. ..,,_, 

do 

;*  to  ;- 

r.  Jo  ;>>. 

r  I.,  v 

'Htaii! 


'I-*  wholi*  inilk 


i^Utttiiv 


No.  ■'.  l.iv; 
Vf.irs  ad'l  > 
>■"•  1'.  1.1. v; 

llrt.MM>f  ofluT 

flM'  ;:rfiit«->t 
l'<l  Wl'St.  l.«t 

">'•.  ffrnliry. 
iaily  tlavev 


I  Miinii''  til. 


ij>v,-.|  it   t.' 
"  vt'iy  rap 
lniii«Ts  iiit 
^li«-  ><!iiirii 


:*  u.  ;■ 

I'i  lo  ;vi 

r  I..  ■ 


^t 


••"iitaiii- 


en 


H 


ill 


ii 


V| 


-XtSM. 


II 


t  1 


o 

I 

Z 

o 

5 
f\j 
in 

IT 
< 


(- 
< 


< 

a. 

-r 

0"! 


tt 


r- 


A. 


f  I 


*>  I 


o 


o 


oj 


in 


(- 


li. 


\    ■ 

.( 

1?: 

1  , 

llii.li 


•i    i 


I 

if 


c 

I 


'^. 


if 


l-1i 


1 

^  'i;  i. 

i:  ■'• 

;    ■ 

II     . 

If 

i    '^ 


Tl.( 
Intiri 

'lilt 
rocks, 

Tlu 

IMTiltl 


Imnl,  1 
also  ^'1 

illHl  tll( 

cclchrii 

itself  . 

«'liiniit< 

III  A 

<»r  tiM' 

llcn-fo 

orti 

I   IlilV.' 

Iii'i'it  ilin 
lioriis  an 
liiril  lint 

lirri'il,  ill 

|i«iri<ii-;  I 

ImiIcIk  IS 


If 


r 

their 
leiiial 
This 


proviii 
Colo 

1"  II.V,  ' 

mane, 

iiivariii 

iiials. 

or  two 
The  : 
Jncrt 

Stales ; 

rariiH'i-; 


Cow. 
Dull  . 
Ox.. 


Afir  at  r, 

Jivw  Inn 
A  itnxiai 
i/iU  to  i 


THE   ITNITKI)    KINO  DOM. 


ini 


Tl 


iO    ,S( 


»il  ^'cncrally  coinpiirt's  with  tlir  imilnl.viii^'  rorKs,  iiiiil  viiii 


('nun  stcrilosand  to  vcrv  slill  loan 


CM 


roe 


Tlicsnbstratnni  is  lourr  ;;ir.'n.sun(l  rocks,  rlialk,  and  lower  Kuva-i 


U) 


Tlic  h'nipriatiiic  is  ({.'V  ii 


IM'rahirea(»' 


I  snnmitT.  :\S'^  in  wintci',  and  llir  nn-an  h'lii- 


lIKKKI'nl.M)    <'A  irii; 


o 
u 

Q 

q: 

O 

li. 
u 
tr 


This  lirccd  takes  it 
bnnl,  hnt  tlieyare  to  Ite  lonnd  als(»  in  lliead 
<l  ii 


s  name  IVoni   tlie  eonniy  where  they   were    first 

joining;' eonnlies.     They  aie 

ies, 
neen's 


ilso  t,'ra/e<l  in  most  of  (he  -ireat  j,'ia/,in;r  farms  of  i  lie  midland  eoniit 
md  I  hi'iv  are  also  hreedin^  herds  in  Scot  land  and  1  reland.    'I'lie  ( ► 


'clehraled  henl  is  kepMiear   Windsor,  I'.erksl 


itsell   easily   to  the  severe  climate  of  tl 
climate  of  the  south. 


lire.     This  hrecd  adapts 


le  north,  as  well  as  the  mihU'r 


In  America  sonieare  to  l»e  loiiiid  in  raiiclies  »;,()I7  lc«>t  aliove  the  level 
ol  the  sea,  and  ii(»  better  proof  can  I.e  ^'iven  <.f  the  hardiness  of  the 
llcrclords. 

Of  this  lireed  the  Karl  of  Coventry  says: 


I  liiivc  iiliscivitl  lliiffdnl  callli-  fur  twfiit 


y  ,\iarM,  Inii  I  onjv  I'onmu 


"'"  >'-;>|-H;m,,.       Dmil.u'  tlial  |...||.hI    I  l.av  I.  ir.l  t  lirni  !»ioi..rs..|.- nr.! 

'"iiisjiiKl  otJMT  l.i(cils<ir.;iiilt>.  ami  I  mil  -^  i 


iu'iit'f<l  t'lii'iiiiii);  ii 


I'unl  I 
III 


Ml  Mat  isiicil  111'  1 1 


■  I'll,  iiiiiii 


'I  Tci  r.c.liiii;  |,iir|iosrs  that  I  liavrilis|Mis,,|  ufoili.  r  miM.s.      Tl 


|M'(lit;lri<,S||(irf - 

IK    MllU'rilllll  V    of     Illl>    llflK- 


|i«iri<ii-;  ilicv  have  I 


1^'  will  iiiil  iit'iliMiis  all  til.'  vrar  miii 


liulcln  Ts  iwdir  tliriii  t(i  ml 


s.s"i()ii^|i"i,i,.at  uli.iiit  tliciiiiliaii  tlii'SliMitlioiii,  I 


ii'iNortM.     cJImI  OcIdIht,  |HH;t.) 


ny  all'  a  lianlv 

I'licir  i|ii,ility  <if  iiicat  is  mtv  hii- 

ii'iuf  liixi  -(  |a.H.>( 


Tl 
thei 


ley  area  |)eilectly  piir*^  race  of  cattle  and    1 
•llei 


lave  been    broii;,'lit  to 
r   present    excellence    by  (he    judicious   selection    of  both  male  ;.|id 


female  animals,  and  not  by'the  introduction  ot 


his  strictly  piiic  blood  ;;ives  them  tl 
proving,'  other  breed.- 


crosses  of  other  lirecd' 
le  threat    value  Ihcv  lia\e  for  iiii 


Colo 


/•.—The  distinjjuishin;;  color  is  red  with  a  white  fa<e  cl 


lest,  and 

lite  on  the  le;,'s,  white 

ice  is 


b«  lly,  while   Hank  and  while  tin  to  tin.  tail;  \vl 

mane.  ..ml  often  whit.«  line  alon-  the  hack     The  "red  w'llhwhireV 

invanaliN',  and  the  white  predominates,  hk 

mals.     There  aie  also;riay  llerefords,  luit  tl 

or  two  breeds. 

The  dat*>  of  the  tirst  lierdbo«»k  is  ISI.' 


es,  more  or  less,  on  dillcnnt  ani- 
lese  are  now  <-oiitiiied  to  one 


t  iicred-si 


.— Tl 


le  < 


Icmand    for   exportation    principally    tor  tlM«   liiited 


States  and  ( 'anada  has  increased  the  stock  iif  the  dist 
tanners  brcedin''. 


ric|,ow  iiij;  to  more 


AiiiumU. 


Cow 

Hull 

Ox...... 


.r»t. 
..li.i. 
..do 


Afir  at  miiturily  ■  Tlitf.-  mmih 


AM>rii;i> 
Wii;;lit  lit 
lii.itunlN 


V>  lo  U 
Ifi  l<>  -.1) 
'M  U>  ■-'-• 


llu.c  Im,.,  /„,■>/  ,,urf      |.|„i„  „  »  ,.,  V  i,.|ii.,t..  ,,,1 1,1.1 
A<inualarfr,,.,,,,,,,nuU,./m,tk:    N  n..Ml...u,...i„l  liv.,  Imn.l,...!  ,„„„„|i 
J/.U  top^unU»„/l.„Urr:  Tlnil^  ,..„,„.l,  i.,  l  p.,„„.|  .,,  ,,,„,,, ,'  '"  ' 

n.  K\.  .^,1 — I! 


ii  r 


162 


C'ATTLK   AND    DAIRY    FAKMINO. 


A  ;jO()(l  vo\v  has  liccii  kiKiwn  to  .\  icld  I  I  piMiiiils  of  Itiitlcr  per  week  iif 
KHiss;  iiiitl  also  oiio  jravc  .")."»  jjouikIs  of  milk,  yicMin;;  I'.i  pounds  of  hut- 
tcr  ]U'v  (lav,  lull  this  is  of  rare  occiirroiK;*'. 


I'lixliicl. 


*•'"' .1.1  .. 


QiiHnlltv. 


1.770 

U,  fMH) 


hahnr:  r.illli'  iir  rnw. 


v,''t"l'"7;"""",'    "!"■"  .van) ritijuiiil,  .,  «iil,  ;,  ni,n.i,t  In  ,|.,v  :  ■.i.hMiin- .ml  i„  i„ui:l,  paMdir.. 

ty  I'll;,:    ll;n.  siiMw,  aixl  i..„|.i  n,  «  ii,|,i  ;   h.ii.;1i  |m.s|iii<'  in  niiiiiiik  r  ' 

y./vu(i,.,;-   II,  il,i«liuM«.iK.<„l  lw..a!i.|a  liall.v ,  ai -..  aiicliixili to  l.| I  nil  tl„.v  .,r,.  ,il,l 

htaues:  (.li.v.r,  i  vi-mans,  i,m.,„|..w,  lox-niil,  iumI  KiiiiIi-Ij  iiaimal  -liWK.s 

Tho  follo\viii.tr  is  a   icroi.l  of  |Im"  IInc  w.i-lit.s  ..f  ih,.  fatnd  ral(h>  of 
tins  hrcoil  : 


OxfiicHfi    SlfiiH  nm  f  ,,    ., 
:  .•i;aii.ln..e  I  •J'.an.lhMt     "'■if'|«('i"» 
iiv.r  J  viait.     ..Ml  :n       "*"  M'iiM 

I        ..l.ll  \.als,,l,ll  "•'"• 

nII: '- .■.■.■;.■ I.<.m..N..  2,;i!M  I,:..,  ,  ,rj, 

N...;i ;■.■■. '"    •■         -'•';'■■■  ".>':■'  I.TIU 

N...4 '" ■■"-'  I   ""I  l.i-.V. 

.I.>  ...  •J,.'l«l  l.TTh  I.K.':! 

No.  1  ox  (irpn-sonfcl  in  flic  skotrh)  is  iho  propnfv  of  Mr.  .1.  Price  aiul 
was  flic  wiMii,.,.  of  ,h,,  MiK,,,.,,,,,  ,|.allc,,,c  cup,  uliid,  has  never  Nee 

tr:u:Z^::rt''''^'''''''-     ""•-""•""'•'M--h,he.,.rkin^s 

li  .r!''l''l—V  .','"'   "''■''"'    ■"^"'    '''^^I'»''-^'""   l'.V:ii.etioii   of   tuoohlestah. 
s  c.    henisfl.c  avera.^c  price  was  Just   *;i7.-..  ineln.lin.^  <-ow ',  1   ,     * 
.   .  1  s m-klMi,'  c.alves.     .\f  one  sale  the  lea.Iin,-  ball  sol.l  iT.r  .-t.l  !t»      u 
tl>«;.»fh..r.sale  12  t  woycar  old  lieif,.rs  avera-d  .^.i:.J  each  •   the  hi  ^hes 

IW'ii*<>ll      t't\W     w.\     .     ^'1      •>.»li  MM  —     »    tH    II    ,       till        lll^||l*N| 

];;;;;;^1_<|'^^  ^^..s  -l.,._".l.      Ih.,,.  were   117  ;nii,„als  in  one  .sah'  an.ll.i  i„ 

The  soil  of  Fleref.mlshirc  is  various.  fr.)i,i  .  l;,v  lo  li-ht  smdv  v^nil 
"""'I'  <•!  which  is  of  inferior  .pialify  '  '' 

;i  h','  snlistratiin.  is  luineipally  linn  ;tone.  el.iv.  an.l  "rav.-I 
•     "'<''<''"l'«Tafnre   at  the  altitnde  of  KmMo  ::..o  fef^lMiv.'.  s,..,  |.,v,.l  i. 
Ill  siiniiner  ( (I ':  in  winier    I'l-  t;     .  ■    '";'''""'^'  sea  le\el  is 

.  Ill  uiiiMi....)    ;  tin- mean  .liiiiiiM  ti,,.  ,^,..,,.^  |,,-^ 

im:i)-i'oij,i;i)  caiiij:. 

ti.is.:haraeteri.,  H       V  n  , r"' .'r"^'"' /  '='"  ."'-  ^•"'""^^  '"'d 

whiehisnouhnrsedoin     !   ;   iT  h"'''''"'''''''''^ 


• 


[^  1 


m 
o 

u 

o 


a 

03 

c 
r 
r 


'^^(^  ' 


in 


,iM«.trf-.-  ■ii.i-iininirrinwiMfcMfca 


.Ml 


In,. 


I  : 

1 .' 


n. 


C 


THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 


163 


iJcd-Pnllcd  cattle  iiro  fomid  to  lay  on  flesh  rapidly  on  pasture  of  tho 
poorest  (inality  wlicrc  other  hreeds  woidd  re(piire  an  additional  supplv 
of  ncJK'r  food.  Tlie  dry  teniix'ratun?  of  their  native  homo  and  the  p«M)r 
pasture  seem  more  parti(!ularly  to  have  tlieir  etlect  on  the  size  of  tho 
stock. 

As  {graceful  as  the  Devon,  tlio  Red  Polled  has  tlie  additional  advan- 
ta-ieofheiiif^hondess,  ill  it.sclf  IK)  little  <;ain  where  horses  also  run  in 
the  i»asfnrcs,or  where,  tlu^stcxtk  sent  to  marktit  have  to  make  a  Ion" 
jonrney  l>y  raihviiy,  boat,  or  road.  '^ 

The  (irst  herdliook  was  issiie«l  in  ISTI. 

Til.'  color  and  description  of  the  breed,  aifreed  upon  hv  breeders  in  (he 
autumn  of  IST.'S: 

Tl..>  n.|„r  n..l    iH.t,  tl.o  ml.l.T  may  1m;  wl.il...     Tl.r  ..xt.nsi.,,.  of  ll„.  «|.ii..„f  Jl.o 

m.l.T,,;.,!  .,(    |,„  |„.  ly  l.y  tli.  „,ilk  v.M„s,  shall   not  1 1,1  ,o,lis;,Mali.V  a..  ,u    ,,    I 

•'SM'iilial.s  ot  (he  stainlard  (lfMcn|it  mii. 

/•«i»)/i.— TIhto  hIkiiiIiI  l.f  no  horns,  sln«H,  or  ahortlv.-  horns. 

The  followinff  are  the  jjoints  for  a  superior  animal  • 
r„hr.-A  deep  red  with  udder  of  the  same  e(.lor,  but  the  tip  of  the 
tail  may  be  white,  m)se  not  dark  <.r  cloudy.  ' 

Form   -  A  n.-at  head  and  throat,  a  full  eye,  a  tuft  or  crest  of  hair 

.1  .   bttle  ab.»ve  tin.  ..ye  an.l  sIm.iiI.I   t.-rmiimte  in  a  .'..nmarativelv 
»      "•<>"""en.-cat    liesummitofthelM.a,l.     in  all  oth.-r  p  »itici  lars 
I  '  t.      '.'  r  1  'i;'";"'''*  ?    '"";!.•'  "'•asuperi.,r  animal  are  taken  as  app   - 
.^  t..  K...M  <»I!...I  .,uth..    Clean,  thin,  short  l.-s ;  a  clean  throat  with 
'"'  <l<'wlap;  a  spniij^ii.K  rib,  with  lar;r<'  ..irca.Cs;'^  la,-.,  u  1.  c     I  ,  s 
<1  <-n'a.s..,|  wh..n  empty;  milk  .eins  verv  la.-e  and  ri.sin  '       ki,  t    m 
l'«illstothe..ye,a.epointsinag...„,  Ite.i: Polled  cow 


AnlnialH. 


Cow 

Hull 

(i\ 


Aw  III  iniilurilii :   ]'„ur  vcaix 
'/"'"'",'"''"■"'/""•'•  Olio  l.iiii.liv.1  v.'un. 
,V.7i.7    '"''■'"/"■ ':'"""'"  "f  ""'*■     ".-'.'"  |.-nn.l4 


••Wt. 
.ilo.  . 

do  . 


wilttlit    at 
■uuttirit>. 


13 
10 
M 


I'llMllHf. 


stint   .. 
Milk... 

Chin  HO. 


t.ithnr:   r.lllltv 

jt/tho,lo,  l„.„yin.,.  I„p„Ht,ir.> 

""""•""'"'■'""''. v..  t-niHs.  no  timothy. 


.pontiiU.. 

.....lo   .. 
...Ilo... 


(Quantity. 


1,072 

ii,r.<» 

330 


164 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


Weights  of  Devon  OATTr.K.-Tlic  followin-  aro  soino  oi'tliv  weiirhts 
of  live  cattle  of  this  breed,  us  recioided  by  .Mr.  Kuien:  "*^'^"t^^ 


No. 


4.... 


8... 

7.... 

8... 

!».... 
10.... 

II 

\2 

I.I 

14 

If) 


Agi'.      Wilnlit. 


Ymr».  I  J'oHiiilii. 

»    I     'J,  (iii:t 
i,:U4 

i,4.irt 

1,1J7 
I.'.M 

I.:i.i4 

l.."il4 

1,472 
I,  (ill) 


I.iMii;tli 

iViiiii 

point  (II 

nIkiiiIiIi  r. 


1.M1KII1.    !     <"'"'• 


« 

;i 

:i 

H 
.■I 
fi 
II 


ij 


i,;»»i7 

1.  IKJ 


rt.  Jn. 

.■>  1! 
4  !l 
4  (i 
4     II 

r<    0 

rt.  In. 

7     111 

i;    !i 

ri. 

7 
i; 

0 

;i 


Tn. 

1(1 
0 
4 

H 

7 

1          . . . 

i 

( 

r,    (1 

(1 

0 

0 

(         ■    ■ 
""i 

.... 

4  K 
4  7 
4    11 

«      7    1 

1 

n 
(i 
7 

1> 

0     lU 

Alsoaverajro  dail.v  yield  „r  uu]k  in  poniids: 


No. 


1.... 
2.. 
3.'.'.".' 
4.... 


Datt>  of  oalviiijr. 

FoiiHliralf  Aiiffusf  29  rj, 

S<;c;..ii(l<i,|cs,i,t,.,„i„.r7.._  i    '" 

1  imlcalC  Ilwfiiihcr  17..  I 

luirdcall' Jauiiary  4  ..  ' 


A 


H 

t 


4'*  . 


47 

.10 


4.1 
411 
4'.'J 


.3 


a. 


s 


4.1 

4(1 

4oi 

47J 


42 

41} 

411 

45 


40 
44 

;tit 
4;i 


;is 

40 
4--' 


40 

Another  test  j-ave  a  daily  averajre  f„r  five  monflm  ..r  -i  'ja         ^7' 

AiuMl;50,ll,i;M;,M,„n'is  '"   ''  •''' ""'"^'v,   K'.JH   im.uihI.s;   t,. 

orr;X;:f,^;:i;-^^^^  -...,(.  arise,,  n-o...  „.  ,a.., 

polled  cattliMvcre  <i."s,i  s, Vl  V.  .  t       '         "'"'  t"'...  ,n  .sncl,  fav.ir  Iliat 

''"''•i^i"S  .•iiiCiy  ii:ht,    n, ,  n  ;/„    ;';^r    '■;'  '";""^  ""•'  '"^""^  •"•  vari..„s 
•:ov.r<'dl,ydiiuviarb,.,ls  '      "  "  """'.vHay.     .Siillulk   is  nrarls 

The  tempHafmc  of  tliis  iii.i  ,.(•  r      i      i 

^Innate  is  ......1^^;;    i    '',        ",    ':;";7       •--.;!!»  d(.j^<H.s.     Tl.c 

t^onntics.  '"■'"   '"■''   "<    till"  .soiitlicrn  and  western 

Tl.isb,,,   ,''.""  ^^'^-''^"^'-^   '"'    '•"•'.':..   AN.;,  s<.ATTLE. 

ScothuHiyi^wlai'andAuinle:;/;;^^^  '","'::  "<"<heu«t«n,  counties  ..t 

"  •  "IH -n^M  he  el,,..,  nMiters,  and  it  ba«e.xi.sfed 


* 


mo  of  the  weights 


Lt 

^ 

•<1 

3     I       40 

I   I     ;iit 
>       4:1 


■■a  I     •:<) 
41)  I     ir.'j 

4-.'  ,       40 


.'l.'U)    jmillids; 
illiils. 
'II    JioiiihIs;    lo 

ri  from  the  fact 
e  itiopoitioii  (i| 

had  a  iiiark«>i| 
iitli  fa\<»r  thill 
'I'licre  is,  how- 

;  f^h«»rtness  nC 
iiolilciiifii  ami 
■cess. 

I.i;:lit  sands 
nils  til'  various 
Ihdlv   is  ii("ail\ 

lorliiucst  ami 
o  low,  iiiaisliy 

>!  in  siuiiiiicr, 

i<'}rr(>t's.     The 

and  western 


"0 

o 

r 

r 
rn 

a 

> 
z 

o 

c 

m 


ni  couiitii's  (tt' 
I  it  lias  existed 


'  ■; 

iP 

I 

f 

i 

i 

i    'i: 


1 

1 

s 
S 

1 

^ 

f 

a 

■f 

s 

f " 

i 

•M  ^ 

o 
r 
r 

m 

O 

> 
z 

o 

c 

n 
o 


f 


i 

^1 


mm 


Till-;    UNITKD    KIN(a)OM. 


165 


tiMMc  from  time  imiiu'morial,  luit  it  wjisonly  in  Mio  your  ISOS  (hat  Home 
;ittt'iiti()ii  Wii.s  };iv«'ii  to  iiii|Mt)\«>  i(. 

The  lirsi  lu-nl  ho»>k  ciiKM' out  in  ISiL',  ami  huhw  that  timo  tlio  bret'd 
liiis  ;:r(';itly  iiiijirovtMl  ami  lias  l»('<'OiiH'soiiu'\vhar  tUmoiis  rortlitM^xcvIleiit 
(luality  o(  its  lu'cf,  wlin  li,  .n-conliiiir  to  Htiiiie  adi 


II I  HTM.  s 


taiMl 


s  pre  emi- 


iK'iilly  lorward,  hotli  to  tiie  I'ariiicr  and  luitciuir,  as   iM'injf  hardy  and 
licaltliy.  t,'ootl  milkers  ixitii   in  <|nantity  and  «iiiality,  <'a.sily  (Wl,  ^'(mmI 
li(cl'i>i<iduiM'rs,('omin-,' early  to  maturity,  and  hi^ldv  i"»riz(Ml  bv  butchern 
Tlic  color  is  l>Ia«'k, 

'I'hc  (l(S('ri|>tioii  of  a  tine  type  of  a  Polled   Anjrus  is:  The  head  of 
male  slionld  not  lie  larfj*-,  but  should   be  iiandsome  and   neatly  set 


a 


on. 


he  mu/zle  should  be  line,  the  nostrils  of  oidy  nuuhuate  ien^'th   the 
eves  mild,  lar-e.  and  exiuessive ;    the  poll  hi^fh,  the  ears  of  fair  size 


livel.\,  and  well  covered   with   hair,  (he  thnnit  el 


ean,  witii  no  devel- 


oi.iiieiit  of  skill  and  llesh  beneath  the  Jaws,  which  should  notl»eheav> 
the  neck  pielty  Ion--,  clean,  and  risinj;  trom  the  head  to  the  shoulder  too 


iiitlsiniiKtnnted  by  a  moderate  "crest,"  which  contrilmtes  t< 


ippeaiaiice,  a  desirable  point  in  a  bull.     The  neck  should 


and  evenly   into  the  bodv,  with  full 


>  niaseuline 
pass  neatly 


neck  vein.     The  shoulder  blades 


slionld  lie  well  back  wards,  tit  t  in;:  iM'at  ly  into  the  body,  and  not  I 
waiillydiitsideit ;  they  should  show  no  undue  promin 


yin;;awk- 


top,  on  the  points,  iir  at  the  elbo 


eiiceon  theslioidtl 


w.     The  chest  should  be  w  id,,  and  d 


ler 


he  l.os.,iii  should  stand  well  torwanl  betwot'u  the  forele;:s,  and  und 


e«'0 


iieath  slidiild  be  w«>ll  covered  with  llesh  and  fat.     Tl 
I'll' 


P 
er 


Hand  h'vd,  with  no  lallin- olV  behind   them";  the  ribsweiu,.,, 
[MMlly  joined  to  the  crops  and  loins  ;  (he  back  level  and  broad,  (he  I 


le  crops  should  bo 
sprun;,'. 


»roa(l  and  strong:,  the  hook  boi 


avt 


es  not  too  wide,  narrower  than  in  a 


loins 


n 


la-eSlH.rt  horn;  the. |nartersloii,-,even,amlrounded;  thetail  shou'hl 

-■neneai  y  out  o    the  bu.ly,  not  too  far  nj,  the  back  a.id  not  liKle 

llie  root  than  the  line  of  the  back.  "'Knti  ai 

The  above  des.aiption  r.'fers  in.M-e  correctly  to  bulls  than  to  cows;  the 

'tb'-,olc.,Mise,dinerconshlerably  in  character;  the  head  is  much  In,  r 

'•'  'r^  <'!" •;'""'  '-leaner,  with  no  ".•rest ;"  the  shoulder  to    shar     r' 


and  milk  vessels  I 


nr;;e  and  well  deli  net! 


AiiiiimU. 


lillll  .. 
0\.... 


-l/i(if  in,ihinl,,      Til,,.,   \,.,„^ 
lh"rl„„,,l.n,l,,„r,      S,.v..|ilN   \,;im 

J/.a  ,o,,.,un.U  .,,  UlUr.  T.  ,,oun,U  u,\  ,..m„il  ,„   hull,  r. 


.  rwt 
ill. 
il.> 


Avprngn 
:  wilj-lil  itt 
I  inaturily. 


14 

IM 

ir>  til  in 


J'lixllht, 


Mi'iit. . 
Milk.. 


Lnlmr:  l,i|||i.. 


int.  r  i>aHitirii(  in  numiuer. 


Qiiautltr. 


|N>iiml*..j 

■■■■■'"■1 


1.4M 
U,WW 


\{\(] 


CATTLK    .\M>    l>\IKY    FAKMINt!. 


m 


]Vt  i fill f.— The  tollowin;;- art' sonic  III'  tlic  \vci;,^lit.s  of  fiittcd  raltlc  of  this 
Itrcfd  :  Sict'is  ii(»t  cxccctliii;;  lour  vcars  <»lil,  No.  1,  L'.'JtI.S  potiiiiis  ;  No.  li, 
L',0»M  pounds;  No.;{,  l.".»71  pomiils;  No.  4,  cow,  llirct^  yt'iirs  iiiiil  «'i^r||( 
nioiitlis,  i,S7<i  pounds;  No.  .">,  tlircc  vcars,  1.710  pounds,  ('attic  intended 
Ibrtlu^  iiondon  Cliristnias  market  arc  Uept  till  three  or  lour  .vcars  old, 
and  l.'-'.'VJ  pounds  tol,!."))!  pounds  (»h'ad  weit,dits)  arc  connnoii  \vci;i;iits. 

TImmj^  is  no  apparent  searcitv  of  stock. 

rricr. — Thca\t'ra;;c  price  reali/.ed  at  recent  sales  lias  Iuh'Ii  $IS0,  aiid 
the  hi^du'st  prico  that  has  hceu  paid  lor  a  polled  aninial  was  !i«l,;{,s,"i  jn 
1SS(»., 

The  climate  of  the  county  of  Al»erd«'cn  is  described  as  on  the  wludc 
milii,  tii(^  winters  not  hciny;  so  c(dd  nor  the  siiuiiner  so  ndid  or  so  h)n^ 
as  the  southern  counties. 

The  tcinpcratui'c  is  ^u  '  in  sumiimr,  .'{<»  in  wint«'r,  and  the  nusin  «lur- 
iuji'  the  year  l.">  '. 

Tlu^  soil  on  tlie  uplands  is  \  cry  poor  and  thin,  while  tlie  low  l,\in;: 
land  has  various  soils,  but  most  of  it  naturally  poor  and  churlish,  but 
has  by  jiulicioiis  cultivation  been  converled  into  tine  nntld.  Heaths 
and  eoaisc,  stitf  clays  arc  counnon  in  the  hij;licr  districts,  and  li;;hl  sands 
and  tine  clay  in  the  valleys. 

WELSH   CAI'I't.E. 

There  arc  two  breeds  of  cattle  in  Wales.  The  North  Wales  breed  is 
found  in  ;,Mt'atcst  |tcrfection  in  .\n;;le.sf;i  und  ("acrnaix  onshire.  The 
S(»uth  Wales  breed  is  ealled  the  "  ( 'astle  Martin  "and  the  animals  ai.' 
very  bi;,',  lari^e  bones  and  coarse,  but  tlu-y  art'  not  in  favor  in  the  iioiih 
of  the  principality.  The  first  herd  book  iur  Noith  Wales  was  pniilishid 
last  year  (]8S;5),  and  j^reat  care  and  attention  is  now  bein^  ;;i\en  to  the 
breed. 

('((/(;;•. —  IJoth  breeds  aic  black,  producing:  occasionallv  specimens  of 
dun-colored  and  red.  Characteristu-  points  rc(|uire  that  bulls  siiould 
have  white  testicles  and  the  cows  white  udders. 

Ajicat  inaliiritN.  ;>.]  years. 

liive  weijiht  (avciaj,M')  at  matin  ilv  i>.  cow,  I.Jto  1  1  cwt.,  bull,  1.".  to  IS 
cwt.,  and  the  o\  l.i  to  l,"i  cwt. 

The  h>llowiii;iare  I  he  weij^htsof  three  oxen  under  lour  vcars  of  a;,'e: 
No.  1,  I,S7(»  pounds:  No.  L',  !,',>.-.;{  pt.unds,  and  No.  .;,  L'JOS  pounds. 
Ihe  ox  whose  ithoto,i,napli  is  -iveii  herewith  wei-hs  actually  LMt.l 
poiimis  and  won  the  chief  prize,  -the  breed  .-up"  at  Smithlirld  cattle 
show.  Kith  Dccciulier,  l«s;{. 

.Milk  yield  from  a  yood  cow  is  about  l.dlMI  pounds  anniialh  ;  butter 
yield  is  alioiit  ;;(I0  poiimls  annually;  no  cheese  In  made. 

,(,',"" ■"■"'**  "^•''"Ji<'  P'i''''  lor  j;(iod  oxen  is  from  .^SS  to  !ji!KS. 

1  he  i.^le  of  An-lcsea  ,  w  here  this  breed  is  found  pure)  is'dcscribetl  as 
i»ci!i- .|uite  devoid  (.f  mountains  or  ;ih'ns,  tiat  in  the  s.»uth  and  ceiiier 
■■md  only  mo.h.rate  hills  on  tic  north.  Tli.'  .'limale  is  inihl  but  fo-ux. 
the  temperature  bell,-  .V.t  ^  Jn  summer,  lU  m  vMiitcr,  and  the  mean 
dtirni;,'  the  year  ..(»  .  The  soils  are  chielly  san.lv  loam,  a  stitf  rddisi. 
earth,  am  i,laekish  ve-eiable  mold.  Th..  M,eks  are  Cambrian,  l-..wer 
Nlurian,  i^ower  (  arboi.iferous,  limestone  ami  .shale,  jrranitc,  I'ermian 
eonylomerate,  sandstone,  and  red  marl. 

i'ni;  .iKKM-.v  <  Ari'i.K. 
the  name  ol  the  Alderney  biee.l.     The..-  are  about  ll',(MI()  caUlc  on  this 


il  riiltlcof  tlii.s 
iHliitls  ;  No.  L', 
11  rs  mill  «'i;rlii 
little  iiitfiHlftl 
Mir  .vrais  old, 
iiiioii  \V('i;;litN. 

IM'll  $IS(»,   iilMl 

was  f!<l,;{.s,"i  ill 

on  tlif  \vlioli> 
iltl  or  su  Uiug 

\u'  mean  diir- 

the  low  Ivin;; 
clinrlisli,  lint 
old.  licatlis 
mI  li;;lil  sands 


halt's  I  lived  is 
insliirc.  Tlic 
'  animals  ai<- 
I'  in  till'  iioriji 
vas  pniilislicd 
4  iiiwu  to  (he 

s|ir»'im«'iis  ol' 
hiiiis  should 


luill,  ir»  to  IS 

years  of  a;,M': 
•  Kts  pounds, 
ctuallv  LMlil 
tlilield  cattle 

lally  :   butter 

■•''IIS. 

desciilted  as 
1  and  eeiiti-r 
Id  hut  to-Aii> . 
id  the  mean 
I  stitV  ivddish  %   1 

Inian,  J.o\v«  r 
lite,  j'i'iiitian 


li  j^'oes   iilidel  ^ 

jutllu  on  this  ^'^ 


n 

r 

I 
O 

X 


'I  . 


w 


1    l> 


lii 


w 


Ji   c 
.    r 

0 

r 


n 
•Ji 
-< 

CC 

c 


)■ 


X' 


I 


*> 

')\\ 


I  pi"' 


41 


jp 


fi 


i        ! 


I       ■ 


L. 

n 

CO 

n 
■< 

o 
I-   o 


L. 

n 
3) 
CO 

-< 


I "'  i 


I , 


1^ 

WW 


I 


; 


THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


167 


siiiiill  island,  wliicli  is  only  lli  miles  lonfr  by  0  iniU'S  broad,  and,  what  ia 
„„,st  ivmaikiibic,  it  exports  ovt-ry  ytsir  above  2,000  lu'ad  of  cattle. 


Tli«'  .b'lsfy  cow  is  specially  adai)ted  for  the  (hiiiy,  yielding;  a  quality 
(if  milk  so  licli  that  no  other  can  ho  compared  to  it.  Ibit  the  specialty 
is  butter,  and  in  this  it  stands  unrivaled  for  quality  aiul  i)rolit. 

/>«.srn>^/oH.— The  liea<l  should  l)e  small,  slender,  and  len^'thy  from 
tliceve  to  nose;  the  horns  thin  and  op<'n,  not  cramp«Ml  (U-  too  curly ; 
tilt'  eye  lull  but  not  too  pntminent ;  the  ear  lengthy  and  broad  and  well 
triii^M'd  with  hair;  a  broad  mu/zle  should  be  avoided;  the  neck  slundd 
he  lonu',  Hilt.  i>n«l  narrow,  with  a  tendency  t()  rise  at  the  withers,  and 
breadth  behind  the  arm  to  allow  <»f  a  full  expansion  of  the  lun{,'s,  the 
cliest  Iteinj;  rather  deep  than  broad.  The  tlat-sided  cow  is  more  espe- 
cially to  be  chosen  as  a  milker;  the  hips  should  be  wide,  ru^'j^'cd,  and 
lii-ii,  and  the  haunches  wide  and  lar{,'e,  droopin;;  toward  the  tail ;  the 
thilrh  Ion-;  and  lean  from  hip  to  Inx-k,  the  veins  bein^^  pronunent  and 
( asMy  felt  ;  the  le},'s  slemlcr  with  Hat  bone  and  small,  Hat  feet,  the 
hiiid'er  ones  havinj,'  },'ood  width  between,  to  alVord  ro<m»  tor  the  udder; 
a  loM^'  and  thin  tail  is  a  <,qeat  point  in  brecilinj,'. 

This  is  a  ^^cneral  description  of  the  breed,  but  the  .lersey  Aj,'ricultural 
Society  have  a  stambird  «»f  points  by  which  they  .iud;4;e  an  animal. 

C'o/oV.—They  are  ^rayfawn  and  white,  yellow  lawn  and  white,  Ki'iiy- 
(Inn  and  white,  amy  and  white,  silver-gray  dun,  cream-color  fawn,  .S:c. 


Avcrmge 


Cnw 

r.iiii 
(l\ 


AiilmaU. 



..  iwt.. 

wfli:lit    nt 
maturity. 

8 

1 du . . . 

\2 

IUr«. 

I'lr  lit  iiiii'unlii:  Konr  (<i  llvi>  mmiih. 
//••Id  loii'i  hiiit  I'lin-  :   Kivr  lillllillnl  V"'Ult 
Aiiiiinit  an  r:vi,-  iiitnixih  tif  initk     Scvrii  lliiiiiH.iiiil. 
.\hU  lii/itiKmla  III  liullrr      Twi-iily  |»iiiiiiln  to  1  |MiUlitl  liUtUt'. 

Milk  III  IIiiiiIhU  11/  chii  n-  :    N<i|ll'  lllllllr. 


i 


'riMliiit. 


QiiantUv. 


Mral potiiiilM   -  T.'iO 

Milk do...  7,  OUO 

CIll'fUK I  NllUl'. 


I.iihiir     I.iiilt'  111  niiiiK. 

WwA.r/  iij  liiiMfiiLt     niiiiMnl  ,tl  iil;;lii  itiiil  l<-llii  lilt  liy  lUy. 

Kfiliiij:  (fi;tn'..  Uirill|m,  Ai'. 

Ilrniliiiii     CoillliK  IK  I' ;il  iiliiilK  lli\ti'i'll  llinlltliH 

iiriittrn:    I'll  lull,  I.turiuc,  1  liivir,  lyi'. 


I  he  iiillt»\viiij,'  are  sdiiic  of  lh(<  famous  \  idds  of  Jerseys  as  ptdtlishe«l 
b\  Ml.  1;.  i*.  I'tiwhr,  of  Southanq>toii  : 


)  K /(/ 11/  liiitttr  inr  ivnk  II' lit  II  III  full  lUiw. 

NuilitMI.  <,ltl;ilillt\ 


' •••• » U'»  0  H 

\ • ^»ia  I   w 

■' 1  Wl)  <l  :    |U 

] i!»  K  ;  II 

;! Ill  0  ■'  \'i 

S 1^  1^  1:1 

' I-  I  It 


NiiiiilM-r. 

guMiUty. 

IA)i.  ot. 

IM     II 

17    tt 

>7    0 

\i\  \i 

Itl    0 

!•  rj 

1        no 

1 

CitMttu  tval,  J'i  (Ivriitm*. 


jjf: 


; 


I!  it 


168 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY    FARMING. 


7>«rm,sr  (>/'.s/(»('A,_I{iiMl.'i|K'st  or  loot  ;iii<l  iiioutli  tliNtsuso  1ms  lu-ver 
appi'arnl  iii  the  islaiul.  Tlio  (let'ivu.sc  is  owiiij;  to  tlu^  j;ivat  iminbcr 
oxportrd  ol'Iiito  .years  to  Aiiii'rica.  wlieic  tlio  linvd  is  Iii^lily  pii/cd. 

/Vur. — From  >«i'(»0  to  some  tlioii-saiids,  acconliii<;  to  pcdi'Tct' 

Topopraplii/.—TUv  siiifacc  of  the  island  is  ('v«t.v\vIi».ic  inidii'latin.' 
Ihc  liijili  land  consists,  for  the  most  part,  of  /-ranito  rocks  ;  the  south" 
em  part,  ot  a  mass  of  schistose  rocks  incnndienf  upon  ;;iaiiite 

Taiipn-dtior.—  nw  climate  of  .l.-rsey  from    its  iiisidar  sitiiation   is 
milder  than  that  of  other  places  under  the  same  latitmle,  and  the  me  in 
temperature,  wiiich  is  o.P,  is  lii-her  than  that  of  anv  part  of  Kn-laml 
In  summer  it  is  OP,  and  in  winter  V2^.  "  " 


AYKSIIIUK  CATTLK. 


This  breed  is  found  ii 


iliis  trnvd  IS  loiind  m  Ayrshire,  Scotland  (\vhen<-e  it  derives  its  name) 
an|l  the  adjan-nt  portion  of  the  L.nvlan.ls.     It  is  an  a<imirai.le  hiee    ,  f 
'   *'''  ;-'ttUMa  her  un.ler  the  middle  si/.e,  but  hardy,  an.l  viel.lii,..  ex 
telieiit  milk  11!  lai'iie  (luantities.  " 


Jh'scriptiuii  and  voUn 
rather  Ion 


-Th 


e  improved  cow  has  the  head  small,  but 


I'niiliM  t. 


Wiiij;lil 


Ai!Mi.,lwv.n..T|„,Kl,Mti..ii..r  milk 
Ml  k  I..  |M.iiii.lH,,r  liiiitiT.... 

Ahllv  III  |HMin,U,,|  (liiisr ■"" 

i\\tl;l;;i.  wii-hl  ;,t  nj.itinitv 

l^uw 

Hull 

Ox ■;; 


ImmiikIh 

ll..  .. 

do... 

owt. 

.1..... 

ilo  .. 


a,  iKKi 
iii 
I  ■ 

In 


'//"■  "'  """"r.'y  •  Koiir  t..  liv.,  v.'ai-s 
"""''""■'  '-"■'■''  l'"r.  :  ( III.'  JMiiHttTd  \..;.r». 

ch.es..  p,.,.  ,,;','     '"'  "  '••  """  "  "'"""  -' '•'  l'<""'ds  butter  or  :.<M»  pound> 

iows;'lt.?--J';;:;r;:.;:;';;.^^  '•>,  n.terpnsin,  .armers  as   toL 

J'as  risen  in  allord  the     ^I'l,     .''';", ''^'■'*  C"' r'"'"!)  till  the    ..ass 
<kv  tiiroMoh  the  ui  ,....<!  .     "";    '""  "'•'"'  '"'^  ''vcrv-.M.d 

-.ln■yhave..^r;;:n: ,:?;,:';;;: - 

'•••••omes  ,hv  ;,„d    hot  tl...  ...u        .     .1  •      ^^  •'•'"t'Vcr  the  weatii.T 

i„  ,„,  MH.,,iin..     „     '■    ,  .  ;'^•^  ='"'  '•''';""•'"  ^'''ass  in  the  bvic  fn.m  .1 

ture^.ass ..,,,,  !.;;■•,  ■,;';;  j';r\i:;::'!:::.-.<''r;.'''''^     "■'"•"  i-- 


^'lowth  of  rlov 
Jioiind;  wlieu  tl 


larvcst  liM-v  K 


•■I',  and  afterwards  of  ti'ir 


iii  Weather  beet 


•<-ive  a  siipj.ly  of  the  second 
Mps  strewed  over  ihe  pasture 
le  yt'ar  the 


>mc.s  stormy  in  the  fall  of  tl 


THK   UNITKl)    KINGDOM. 


169 


cows  iir  U<'i»l  i"  I'x'  '»vrc  diiriii;:  Um-  nijilit,  uiid  in  ii  slioit  tiiix^  alter- 
„„,ls  l.olli  Ill-lit  ;iihI  (iii\  ;  I1m-.\  aiv  Ihrii  Ir.l  ..ii  oat  straw  aii.l  turnips; 
tlicv  ttiiitiiiiu'  to  vi«'lil  a  roiisitlrraitlr  .|iiaiititv  of  milk  lor  .mmii.'  tmn'; 
,,„'l  of  Ilii'  Hiriiii.fro|.  is  catrii  at  tlif  .-imI  of  liarvrst  ainl  lu-iniiiii.ii  ot 
uiiii.r  l(.  pn.tiiHt  llic  milk,  an. I  part  is  stoRMl  up  lor  <,Mv«'n  To...!  (luring' 
il,,.  Willi. -r;  alh-rlliis  sl.av  is  .xiiaustcj  tin'  ••  Swclish"  Inrmp  antl 
,,oi;ii..cs  ar.'  tis.'.l  aionii  willi  any  lo<l.lrr  till  tlit-  ;rras.H  can  snpi.ort  tin-, 
,„ws  t'iialV,  oals,  an.l  )».)tato«'s  arc  hoih'd  for  tlu^  rows  alter  calvm;,', 
and  ili.v  arc  -cii. •rally  f.-.l  .»n  rvc  ^'rass  dnrin;;  tlu>  latter  part  of  the 


siiriiii. 


■  /v,,r.— The  avera^'c  price  for  tr<>od  eows  is  fr.un  i^lL'li  to  A140. 

riic  cniuitv  .if  Avrsliiif  is  for  I  he  most  part  plain  oi><'ii  country, 
n,. II her  liilly  ii.ir  level,  Init  risin;:  fr.»m  the  slion-  in  ;i  ;iradnal  easy  ac- 
clivity till  it  terminates  in  ni.tuntains  <in  the  sontiieast,  and  nn>orisii 
liillsini  ea;.t.  Ill  Ixmiitlaries.  N.>  part  can  »»e  termed  level,  for  the  snr- 
lacf  alioiin.Is  with  iinnierons  swi-Us  and  ronmiisli  hills  which  facilitate 
t lie  escape. »f  moisture  and  pr.nnot.- \«'ntilali.)n. 

(7,»,„/(._K(,i-  MMtre  than  iw.ithir.ls  of  the  y«'ar  the  wind  blows  Ironi 
the  .-(.iitliwest,  and  the  rains  are  often  opi.ms  and  s.  iietimes  of  lonn 
(linatioii.  The  t.-mperalure  is  51)'' in  summer,  ."57  ^  ii.  winter,  and  tho 
mean  .liiriii.i;  the  year  17  \ 

.s„;/,s,_('hiy,  or  ar^Mllaceoiis  earth,  is  the  m.»st  comint.n.  Thisspecies 
is  so  tenaeioiis  tliat  il  .an  .ndy  he  plowed  in  a  state  of  m.iistnre,l>ut  l»y 
appli.alioii  ol  lime  ami  .>ther  niuimie  it  isconveilihh'  into  line  rich  loam, 
thuiis.iiiils  ol  acres  havin-;  lie«'n  thus  treated.  li«»am  of  alluvial  formu- 
liiiii  is  l.iiiiiil  ill  ho'iiison  the  si.les  of  ri\ers  an.l  other  low  situati.)ns. 
The  siil>slratiiiu  in  the  hitiher  parts  of  the  c.Minty  ahoun.l  in  unmixed 
granite,  while  also  is  found  breccia  whinstone,  j;re«'n.stone,  and  red 
saiitlsldiic. 

IM'oKTATI.i.N    or    IIKITISII    OATTLK   TO   TlIK    IMTKI)   STATES. 

All  ol  the  bleeds  here  treated  are  sai.l  to  have  ^'really  improved  ill 
the  I'liile.!  Siat.s,  where  lln'  ou.litioiis  of  (•limate  and  soil  luivo  been 
fav.nalile. 

I'lie  b.st  aiiiiiials  to  import  aie  the  pur«'  breeils.  and  choice  should  bo 
iiiaile  a.  (■(iitliii!,'  to  the  nee. Is  and  fan.-y  of  tlu'  importer  ami  the  tarcuia- 
staiiee.Mil  the  climate.  iV;c..  of  his  iiiw/.iu^  laii.ls. 

I'.ii  dairy  iiurp.>ses,  havinj;  re;:ai.l  to  ..(st  of  keepin^r,  the  preferent'O 
seems  to  be  fin  the  Al.h'iiu\\.  A>rshiie,  and  Welsh,  wiiih-  tlui  Short- 
lioiii  and  b'eil  Polled  e\e.-l  b.ilh  lor  milk  and  beef  pr.Mlnein;,' »|Ualilies. 
As  a  ^.•iieial  taiiii  sto.k  th.'  !)e\i>ii,  llereloid,  IVille.l,  Aberdeen  or 
Aiil;ii>.  and  Siis>ex  are  pre-eminently  a.lmire.l  for  beauty, si/.e,  and  llesh- 
liiakiii^  i|iialil  les. 

A>  In  I  lie  lie>t  methods.  Iwst  naiti's,  an.l  .ost  of  transportation,  Mr. 
l)e  la  I'lTielle  writes  as  Ibll.tws  : 

'I  Ik'  lii.ss  I  liiiiiit;!!  iiioitality,  ,iii  iin|i<ii'|;iiil  ili'in,  I  huvi-  rniiiut  <  :tii  lie  ovrrciiiih'  liy 
pmlitili;;  l>y  tin- eNix  rieiiee  nl  |ii;i<t  ic;il  nIhium  is.  M>  eNlierii'lire,  wliicli  hun  f\t<'ll(li'<l 
'  \<  r  i|i;tii.v  \«';ii>t,  li.'i.-,  |ii'i>\i'(|  tjuit  |i)'tsoiial  ami  |>i.'ii'i  nul  iiUoiil  ion  in  aiii|ily  rt>|iiiiil 
iiniii  iln>  I'ai-Mlial  ilii' loss  o|'(■a|||(•^||i|l|,(.||  l,y '111- has  nut  i-Ncfciliil  I  (mt  cent.  Many 
"liijiliifs  iHiil,  llifrer..|i'.  ilillir'iiltv  lo  iililain  miinin-  iiiMnance.  iiii<l  tlie  ruU-n  rule  liijjli 
1 1  mil  I  III!  far  I  III'  thiir  not  alteiiiiint;  aiiil  in'>iii  iiii,'  nimii  the  ilitailH  of  |iiii|M'ily  Mtull- 
liiu:  lallli-  <iti  liiiaiil  fleaimr^,  rhe:i|in«'.s>.  in  tins  j-arlii  iilar  linn;;  (al»e  im  (iiioniy. 

.\-«  toihi'  KHii.'.Miiiii-are  Nliijipcd  lid!  II  I. Hill  Inn,  Siiiiiliaiiiiiliin.  Itriistul  Clianin-l,  Livt>r- 

poiil,  ai.il  .ila.suiiW,  lilil    1   wiMlhl  (,'l\t>  tiie  |iri'lelen<e  In  I.I  ■  11  pimj,  aH  1  fiilisiili-r  it  ntliTH 

^rnater  laiilities  Cir  ^hippllll,'  ihaii  any  "tin  v  pnrt.      I  In-  fn  i;;lil  pii'  head  is  Innn  $'i'> 
!ii  ■i'i.'i,  aiMiirdin^  In  lii-sti  nation.  Init  I  ship  snnie  times  at  a  nun  li  jnvver  rate  wlu'n  therw 
a  l.ir;,'!'  niimliir  ot  animals  tn  ship,  ain'i  1  lit  k  mi  tin-  enst  el  limd  «-»i  luutt-  lui  iietlign-e 
-  '    k  III  lie  ;ili()iil  ;;(i  I  itits  Jut  tias. 


1    I 


m 


170 


CATTLK    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


WIIKUK   TO    I'l'R01[ASK   lUMTISH    CATTLK. 


The  loll( 


lio  Ibllowiiijr  may  ln'ot  iiitcn'st  to  intt'inliii;,'  piirchiisiTH  as  sliowirif,' 
llic  plact's  :iii«l  (laics  wlierc  most  of  tin-  aiiimals  of  the  it'porttMl  brct'ds 
may  lu'  seen  ami  purcliasfd  : 

West  iliyliland  and  iScotcli  i-atllc  ^M-iicially  arc  sliowii  in  larj^'o  nmii 
Iters  at  Falkirk  trysts  {or  lairs)  second  Monday  In  Scjdcmbcr  and  ()c 
tobcr,  when  from  LM ),(»(»()  to  ;!(MKHl  arc  shown;  at  .Mnir  of  Ord  lair.s, 
Inverness,  ami  all  Scotch  fairs;  also  at  Newcastle  ( >ctol)cr  fairs ;  at 
Sta^shaw,  in  the  same  ct.nnty;  at  r.rontrh  Hill,  Westmoreland;  at  the 
Norwich  markets,  and  at  liarnet  fair  on  the  lirst  week  in  Se|)tendM'r, 
and  Worthampton  An^'nst  I'd. 

(lalloways  are  met  with  at  all  the  fairs  in  sonth  and  west  of  Scotlund ; 
at  Carlisle,  Tcnrith,  Itosley  Hill  on  Whit,  Monday,  l>ron;;h  ilill,  and 
Newcastle  fairs. 

Shorthorns:  The  fairs  at  Ncw<"asile  on-Tyne,  Durham,  l)arliiii;t(iii, 
Yarm  in  Voikshire  (Uciohcr  l!t  and  L'O),  Northallerton,  Northampton, 
I'loston  in  Lincolnshire,  Stow-on  the  Wold,  ( iloncesteishire  are  lemariv 
able  in  theirseveral  districts  for  this  bieed.  Of  these  Newcastle,  Dar 
liii;4t(tn,  and  Yarm  ar(^  probably  the  best. 

Ib'refords:  The  best  shows  of  this  stock  are  at  the  fairs  in  Hereford 
shire  in  the  month  of  ()ct(dier  at  the  j^reat  market,  in  Hereford  itsch. 
October  :iO;  af  Leominsti-r  in  March  and  October  L'7 ;  at,  tlui  lairs  in 
Monmonth  and  in  lloss  ^ivM  inimbers  of  well  bri'd  animals  are  shown. 
Amon;r  the  other  fairs  those  of  Shrewsbnry,  Widvi-rhampton,  iSirmin;; 
ham,  (iioncester,  and  r.aniet  in  licit fordshire.  are  iHttcwoithy. 

Devons  are  sh(»wn  in  their  own  county  at  Sonth  Mtdtitn,  Saturday 
after  February  1.'};  Crediton,  Saturday  before  last  Wednesday  in  April: 
Sami»fordlV\cril,  the  following  Mont'hiy  ;  Mxeter,  iM-bruarv  1<»,  M:iy  V.K 
.July  L'l.  December  S;  North  Moltcm,  tliinl  Wednesday  in  Slay  and' las! 
Wednesday  in  October;  at  I'.arnet  fair,  tirst  week  in  Septemln'r;  lJou;;li 
ton^  (Ireen,  Northampton,  dune  L'l,  L'o,  and  I'd. 

Sussex  cattle  aic  rartdy  met  with  out  of  their  own  coiintv  and  it> 
iiei;.dd>orliood  (Lewis,  May  (i). 

<'lianntd  Islands:  One  of  the  best  lairs  for  this  stock  (Jersevs)  is 
Southampton,  Trinity  Monday. 

Ayrshires  are  met  with  in  abiindam-e  at  the  fails  in  the  sonthwe.stcrn 
counties  of  Scotland,  the  principal  pridtablv  bciiii:  Avr(last  l''rida\  in 
April)  for  cows,  barren  an<l  in  calf,  and  .\ou"n;:  cattle. " 

1  have  th-  honor  to  transmit  herewith  tabulated  sumniarv  of  llic 
special  points  of  iiifoiiiiatioii  called  tor  by  the  Dei.artmeiit's  f«>rni  sent 
me. 

sTi:i'iii:\  i:.  packaih), 

United  Stati;s  roNsti.ATK, 

Licit  pool,  -lanunrij  L'.S,  I,s,S5. 


hilSlTS  ilN  .Sll(»\vi||{; 

lu'  li'porlt'd  brei'ds 
own  ill  lar]L(i!  iiiini- 

H'|»t»'llll>»'f  illltl  ()(• 

^liiir  of  Old  liiiis, 

October  fairs ;  at 

tiiiorflaiid  ;  at  tlic 

I'l'k  ill  Sc|)loiiili(r, 

west  of  Srollaiid; 
Mroiiuli   Mill,  and 

iliaiii,  Darliiii^toii, 
on,  Nortliaiii|it<iii. 
I'sliirc  air  icmailv 
■;«'  Nrwi-astlc,  Dar 

fails  ill  Hereford 
ill  Hereford  it. sell. 
27  ;  at  t  liti  fairs  in  j 
niiiials  are  siiown. 
laiiiptoii,  l:iriiiiii<; 
(tcwortliy. 

Mtdtoii,  Saliirdiiv 
diiesdav  in  April ; 
hriiary  10,  May  lH, 
ly  in  .Slay  and  last 
'pfoinher;   l5oii;;li 

kvii  eoiiiity  and  il> 

stoeli   (.lerseys)  is 

llic  soiitliwesti'iii 
lyr  (last  I'"iiday  in 

I  Niiiniiiary  of  tlif 
itmeiit's  form  sent 


Tin:    UNITED    KINODOM.  171 

TahiMnI  s„m,„<n;,  of  Ihv  x,„,ml  hnah  of  Hrithh  ,,iHl,-  ,:,,o,l,:l  hjf  Comul  I'arkard. 


Milk 


Aiiniiiil     Milk 
iiviT.iiir        I"' 

\„ il  liii'iil.       |>minils!]»mii(U   |mmiihIh 

111'  of       I        «• 

milk.     lmlU<r.   «liw«c. 


(Iiisii  liiilnlii. 


lluhlUI. 


I.lvo  wrlKlit. 


l.-ow.        Hull.         «)x. 


I     Alto 
III  mil' 
i  tiirUy. 


Sliciilli"ni 

In  vdii 

Sll!*.Ht'X    

ll.nliMil    

K.d  I'cillii! 

AiiaiiHiPiAlit'rdi'i'ii 

Wrl^ll 

tli'r.«y 


ii,n<m 

(1.  (KK) 

;i,  (KM) 

»,.'>00 

ll.'J.'ll) 

It,  (iWI 
I,  (Kill 
7.  0(10 


40 


A\rsliim '     I'.t'tW 


30 
35 
•J7 
13 
•JO 

ar. 


iti 


1     Cwt.   I    ('int.    I    Otet.   \ 

VoikKliii..,  *c :16t..lM   IKIiijn  V)U>T> 

l)cM)iiBiiin< '.•  I'.'  II 

Siium'x.  M     il4t<'17    r.tii'.o    nto'.'U, 

llirilc.Kl,  A.      rjliiU    lilto20   'Mlo7i  \ 

N..iiniui»n.is.ifrnik  .{        I'J         in  1        14 

Foniiriinil  AlMriliMli  I  H  IM    l.'ili.lil 

Nollh  \V.il.H    'I3tnl4     l.-.NilH    i:i»<.l5 

IhI..  nf  .It.rwy I  *•  1  '■-'     "»"■'"• 

Avrshlr.' U  Ki  I* 


Ytari. 

i 
CI 
'i  to  4 
3 
4 
3 

•J* 
4  to  5 

4  to  ft 


•sin  r.s,  4  yeMB;  lowa  for  l)rw4lliimMir|Mii«n,  4  loUyetini. 


.N.iiiii'  111'  lini'il. 


(.'iilor. 


Dt'iiici 

Sllr*M'\ 

lien  furil  .. 

Knl  INill|t<l  . 


Kiiiiii.  n  liiti'.  11  <l  itliil 

whili',  nil. 
Kill 

ilii 


lluw  liiiii;lili>4l 

|1UII'. 


r^klHir. 


I'nMlui't. 
Miut.  Milk. 


/.f«  U,». 

s| imin    Kmiii,  «liilr.  ml  iwiil     Since  17(*0  .. .      I.itlli'     JiU  nl  tioiw      11, .'xw 

»i'l:;lil. 
Siiir<'lK„'7   ...        ili>    .  l.'.MJ  I     6,000 

]     3,  000 

iti-<i  anil  uliito    i-'rnin  urninito     l.itlin  '  1,770'    0,  .'lOO 

I       ]ii'M<hI.  I 

l;,.,l I  Olio    IhiikIumI       i1<i    ..  1.07'J     11/J50 

I      yi'ttrn.  i  I 

Aii-iMiir  AliinliTii    I  lll.uk Knim  ui.  niul.'       il"    ..'  1,456  (    0,000 

1       ihTiimI.  i  • 

Wi-Mi  1   r.liM'k.  mill  iMiiUiiim    ' ■ 4,000 

allv  iliiii  uiiil  III!.  ! 

,Iii«i.y  (iruv,    l.iHii.    .iiiil      rivi'  Imuilnil  .i   !.ittli>  750  i    7,000 

« lull-,  ami  xarH'in.  jimin.  | 

.Vvrxliilr Miitlli-.li   iliiiiilttliiU-     Oiii'    IiuiuIkmI     ,     0,000 

I      yf«i«.  i 


('li«-4vte. 

LhM. 

350to500 


33« 


fiOO 


lli.ilii.t. 


I     Mkiui    ! 

[  t(<in|M'ru- 1  8UUIIIMT.  Wiiitci. 


S4lil. 


Iiinv      1 

t!) 
51 

SO 
40 
411 
4S 

Ml 

53 
47 

0       ! 

8'  ' 
00 

6;i 
m 
(K 
57 

50 

«i 

50 

o 
37 

au 

3H 
3U 
37 

a>i 

4 'J 
37 

AllllviHl. 



l.ii.kiii. 

i 
I.iiitiii . . . 
CUypy 

llHIIII. 

siitr  i.iitii 

tiny.       1  Hiuidy,  Ac 

Yl.lksllilV / 

l(r\  (iiisliii'c 

1 

Yellow  mill  ' 
wliiitioliiy.: 
til   nt<<Mli<    naiiil. 

I'lllV   to  li^lll  HUUll. 

flaj ; 

.  till Saiiil  mill  Vi»' 

liiiiiii 

SUH^'V , 

.\..il.ilk  an.lSiiiriilk   ...' 
FiiilaiNhin.  and  .\lic  r 

ilf-ii.ilnM.. 
.N.iilli  WaliH 

A II II  Vint 

i.<iiiiii 

Jerw'V 

1       At. 

Ayrnlilli) 

AlliiviiU. 

Cl»y 

T-p 

r 

i   • 

i        i 

172  CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 

TiihiiUilid  .stimmiiiii  III'  tht  kjhuiiI  hrml-t  nj  Uriltih  catlle,  •(•€•. — Conliniit^l. 

CiiltiraiMl  anuun. 


DJHttiit. 


I.iini'->l<ini'        Sjiii|f>'"iu>.        lir.iiiiii'.      Cliiv.   <ir>ri>l,4ki'.  ' 


CM<.v.r  '  ^^*-  ^*^ 


A  . 


Viiik.tliiri' 


( inl  nil  H.iiiil.  , 

Kt'illr. 

Itivniij-liiic ..  ilii      

SiiH..  \ L'>«',r  i-'fi'iD^iiiiil.  chalk,  and  !"«>'i  Ki>ct  !!•  KH  i.». 

Ill  11  limUliiii    I,iiu<'.«iiiui' t'iikjr  ..I  Oravrl  ..  CloT»r 

>'iiii"lk.iiii|SiiHiilk ..do, 

Nuitli  W.ili  *  I,imi>itti>tip     SdoiUUmc r.r.iii.i«<    

J''""'.v (iranit«> ciovpr     Rvf.  tr.  fm, 

^''-  "ini  luifru 


'  i  . .  CloTrr     Kir 

.do  ...:  By,.,  4, 


IM. 
tk,. 


Avrsliiri' 


1)1(1  rrit  Kinil 
itlolie 


]>is»tiit. 


M'  iI'.kI  111  liiiii'iiiii; 


Fw'ding. 


Brwwlina. 


Vorkiblro 


Vimii-!.t..i  K  .11.  Iiiiii«.><l  fWrni      Kt.linlli.  iimrnins  wiiti  li.-t . .      At '.'»  vean 
Niiviiiiliir  til  Mm  li.     I'iii         iim.ih    .imI    ml  i  »ki..    ami 
Hiiil  milrliriiw.  an.  Imii^il  Ii-iliaii   iiii-al.    tin  ii   tiiriiPil 


IiiMin^liirii 

llfri'liiiilKliiiti 


.'It  niiiht   I'loifi  (It  lull!  I   til         iiitii  lia.Hliiri  .4. 
Mav. 


Nuiiilk  anil  MilUilk 


III  li.iMfiiti' f'ir.<»<.  Iiirinii^  iuiil  ml  r;»ki>.      At  I' Vf.ir« 

0|iiii  \.ir.i.H  iliiiiiii:   winUT,  II.iN    .fr.iw.  r....M  in  wiiiiiT,  '  Af.'l'v«-an 

null   :i    tiiii   nut    liv   .lav.  iiD-lr.n-H  III  Hiiiuniir. 

Siiiiiiiirr,  nut  ill  ri)iit>ti  |>,ih 

lull- 

Iti  iMHliin-  lit.i*-  i.irrutit.  IhcI  null,  tur-  '  At  2  ypam 

Fi.rlarHl.iri.  anil  AIht      In   iLvwd  loiirt.^.    St.iIUtl  ,  tira....M-n"tnriVi|.^  ntraw,  aod 
''"•"'l"i''-  in    wiuier.     Faittun..*   in  i     e«he. 

-imiiniT.  j 

'^''■'"'.^  Ilmi.^i  i|at  iiii;(it.uiilti.|luTeil     firaMn.  tiirnr.i.s   A 

l)v  ilav, 
AjTMliirii (.-ytr  i(.|Hirt  ) 


I)o. 

At  1(1  tiikdiIk 


HEREFORD  CATTLE. 

UKroUT  <iy  tii.\sl  1.   LATlIUnl',   of  lililsrol.. 

1  liavf  tlic  hoiKir  to  iiiflosc  a  i,.|,„rt  <mi  H.tcIokI  calUt-  in  an.swtT  t.« 
U»'|';»i"tii'»'iit  ciniilar  oftlic  l^^tli  . it  , Inly,  l,s.s.J. 

Tlnsc.M.siilatf  l.a.s  in  it.s  miiiKMliatr  vicimtv  thm'  Itm-ds  ..f  cattk 
vi/.  l)fV(;iis,  a  line  tiil.t'  ol\S|„„t  liorns.  ami  Ih-rclbnls 

Miavt'sd,.fto.l  the  latt.T  bi.'t'd  as  tlu.  ,.nl.i,.,.t  of  xus  irpoit,  t<.  the 
t'Xfl.i>ioii  o   tl...  utlMT  two.  lu,  tlu-  follou.n;:  it.a.so.is:  (1)  On  a.-fonnt  o! 

.•  ukU-  tt-lrlinty  aliva.ly  ..nJoy.Ml  hy  tltt-s,.  two  hivt-ds.  n.akiii>:  a  n-iM.rt 
n.mn.ssaiy:  an.l  (J)  nn  aivuiint  of  tlu-  fact  that  th.-  Hrivfortl  .strii.s  M 
j;.  of  all  Itivt...  s  m  .l...  I  nit.-.l  Kinj^.lon,.  H,,.  ..„».  ino.st  suittMl  to  thv  iM.f.l> 
ot  tilt'  stofk  of  tlif  I  nitid  Stati'.s. 

Wliil..  iniul,  of  wl.at   I  have  wnttfi.  is  iirnhnihtedlv  familiar  to  onr 

r.  !     '  •'"'■       "":'  ^''^''  l'''''  '■'■I""f  mayfontiil.uto  .stMiu-what  towanl> 


i!i!iin!i  iy(>t\  atnl  fiiar  \\\n-  a  «tiikin; 


ni|(.        1(<    .,,..1,      r      .  '.>|'<..uiu    iii.it     1  \    .(•    a  nl  HKlIi, 

poKe,    ol    t      .  ul'    ";'  "  ^"--"^''•'l   "•"••'  '  --^y  'I'^'t   thei-  are  ofteiMi 
spoKui  ol  a.s  ••uhiret.ii.,.,.,    ..r  ••  n-,l  u„h-white  facf.s  "  than  uh  H.  re 


THK    IT^tTKr)    KINGDOM. 


173 


v.— Cnnriniitxl, 


CiiltiraiMl  eniuuH. 


\t  Ifl  niouili» 


Htl«'  ill  ariswiT  to 

l»n'«'«ls  of  t-attlf, 
s. 

Ill.\    r»'|M»lt,   t<i  the 


tords.     Hut  HjTffonl  catfh'  li.ivc  not  iihvuy.s  thin  ;i.ssimiI;it«Ml  <»o  closrly 
to  a  roiiiMMHi  tvjM'.     I'll  t(»  wt'll  within  tlu'  |>n'.s4'iif  <'i'rittjrv  tlifn- wm^ 
Ittiiii  lii-tiint  v,»ri«'ti«'s  of  tlu'  hnnMl  <JitV»  riii;;  wiilcly  from  nm>  iuiuilx'r  in 
;i|i|itMr:iiif«'.  but  tlii«M*  hii\«'  siic"UIii1»mI  m>  ntiiiph'tcly  t<»  tlir  "rctl  witli 
whilf"  t.u'c  that  a  llriflonl  not  thus  inarixrd  is  as  nin'  as  a  whit*'  crow. 

Tin-  nii;.'iii  ol'  till'  l)nM'd  is  ilniihtful.  Tln'  brst  authorities  ••onsidrr  it 
al)t»ri;:iii.il :  otlii'is  riaiiii  its  importation  from  Noi  inaiidy  or  I'lamlrrs  ; 
iitlu'i>,  t;;iiii.  thinly  the  rhmat)-  in<l  <  iiiidirions  of  Ilrrftonl  County 
li.i\f  math'  wliat  lh«\v  huvt»  out  of  an  animal  that  oriiriiially  inlia  >• 
ittd  iIm- nImh'  of  Ih'VHii.  r,«>  its  oii;;iii  what  it  may.  its  <'n\  ininiiifiit 
ill  lliMt'iiiiil  County  aii<l  >iirionn<liiiu  ronnii«>s  has  rcsnltftl  in  on«- of  iho 
tiiK'st  IxM'f  priMliKMii};  lircrjis  of  raftjc  m  th«'  uorhl,  mir  is  thr  I»i«mmI  to 
he  tlfs|ii'M  il  tor  tin-  tlairy  iimhT  ronditioiis  mon"  favoral>I»-  than  air  to 
lie  iihiaiiii  i  ill  its  homi-  roiini  \ . 

Tlu' aiiil  fiitif  his'ory  of  tlu- l»r«'»tl  l>f;„'i:i-i  alMiiit  tin  srar  IsiMi.  In 
till'  year  iM'tori'  this  occiirn'd  the  lirst  ratth-  shuw  of  the  rt'h'lnat»'il 
Siiiiilifii'lii  <'hili.  .:iii|  a  llcrt'tonl  ox  was  th*-  winiMT  of  thi-  lirst  |iii/.t'; 
1  iiuiic  ;:iiifral  a<  kiniwh't|;.'iiM'nt  of  fm-ri!  iImh  than  now.  Im  rauso  at 
mat  141111-,  aiitl  imhril  u|>  to  tht*  Mar  Ix'tl,  all  lir«-«M|s  ui-ro  shown  in 
rdiiiiit'titiuii  with  each  other,  'this  <i\  was  »i  feet  7  lin-hes  hiL'h.  10  leet 
I  iliclii'^i  yiith,  ami  \vei;;he(l  l.''7(t  |miiuh1s  (ll\e  wei;;|it ,.  Ili>  >iicress 
w.is  iii.iiiitaiiieil  li\  the  lireetl  so  u.-lj  rhat  up  f"  ls.">|  the  lleielonls  an* 
ciitlited  in  Siiiitlitiehl  Chilt  reeoiiU  with  iiiK  imlreil  ami  ei;:ht>  livt* 
lui/.ts  I'm  tlieir  oxen  aiul  steers  a;:ainst  one  luimlreil  ami  ninety  for  all 
iitlicr  lirei'(l>  to;,'ether,  iiieliiilni;.'  SImm  thorns,  I  levnu^,  anil  Seoieh,  The 
miiiil  (if  prizes  won  hy  lleretoni  enws  aiitl  lieifels  is,  lu>weVer,  hv  no 
iiiraii>  >u  ;:(mm1.  I>einir  twei  'y  two  1.  ••  them  a;^ainst  one  hnmlieil  ami 
( Nveii  lor  all  other  Itieeds.  ^Ir.  Diitkliam.  in  his  interesting' ami  \al 
iiali'i'  little  work  on  tho  hreeii  eoinineiits  thus  on  this  tlisparit  \  lielweell 
the  Miccess  of  the  males  ami  teinaleH.     l\v  sjiys: 

This  i<  iiTtaihly  a  un-uf  rulliiii;  oiV  roiiipai))!  witli  tin*  i<\iu  anil  hIiti^,  :e  >.  ^'hh  T.ir 
I  til  |irr.\i'  I  III'  iiirn  itiirNi  nt'  iii>  rcii  ark  i''»|MMJiiii;  iln>  ><tinl>  of  naliiri''*  lawM  in  I  lie  ml- 
jliv:itiiiii  ill'  llio.M.jl  and  «if  till'  aila|itali<iii  of  --tiirk  to  it.  TIi«>  m  i!  nl"  tin-  rouiity  of 
llifii'roiil  liriii;:  iii'itliir  a|i|iliral>l<'  tor  ilairv  or  li-t'<liii|r  |mi!  .<iwx,  i  ihim'  «!  .>  Iiavf  iiii- 
|tn  uIimI  i!  t,,r  ,im  •»  mailf  it  tlii-ir  -tinls  to  lir«-<'il  .sl<-<i  «  and  •  i-n  »  tui  li  nlionlil,  liy  tlifir 
i|"  imr  i|ii.i|ity  and  aptittidt-  to  l.iltm,  i  oinnmud  t  In- attciitton  of  iIm' di*itant  Kra/ier. 

lletttniiMiiie  has  ,"»."it»,(HM>  acres.  Alw.tlf  lIMJ.dOO  aeres  are  ii  !i/<-.|  nei- 
llliii  lor  pasture  nor     .jrieii'ture  ;  the  !>alaiiee  isilivide.l  e.piali\,  almost, 

iMtWfiMi  these  two  pursuits.  The  sniistratnm  is  a  li- lit  red  samNtmie, 
lainl  till-  Noil  ^reiierally  is  a  d«  p  red  heavy  htam,  .sometimes  with  >ome 
hlay  ill  it.  'I  he  siirfaee  of  the  lounty  ii  hilly,  ami  aveiajres  ahoiii  i.'."»i> 
jttet  above  sea  h'Vel.      There   are  some  small   but   beaiititiil  and  terfile 

vallt'vs.  The  eiiltitre  o!  tree  friiif>,  notably  apples,  and  of  lojiv  is 
|l.iru'<ly  pursued.  |),iiiip  t'o;,'s  prevail  at  mi?p  ^ea>ons  and  help  to  ke«-p 
|tlir  '.riass  lieaiitifiilly  trieeii  all  the  \ear  lom 

•Mr.  Sdiitiiall  has  kimlly  funiislied  me  witu  tin  I  twin;;  partii  liars 
|«it  tfiii|ieiatiire.  raiiif.ill.  iS;e.,  the  lesulis  of  his  own  oliservations  .it  his 
jliniiM.  ill  lj,)s.s,  till-  .sonithern  part  of  theeoiiiit>  : 


Tt-tiiiH'ratorn. 


|-Al""liit<"  !ii>\iniiim 

>\l,.ii|u|,.  llilliiiiiuii, 

MTA.'F  !;-.:(^ir!liiiir 

Uvfr4t(.  miiiiruiiiii 

»l  i-i: , 


-I 

11 


liv.l 


.7.0 
tlfCK 

41   1 
4 


111."  "'  "'l"'-»i;'i''  ita-lml  <liii«  fxtreiu.  ly  iiii><U-r.ilt'  lifii;lil  -iii ,  on  llint>  nr  l.iiir  i|  is  ■•  lu  thf  \rni 


174 


CATTLE  AND  DAIUY  FARMFNO, 


m 


Tilt'  niiiit'.ill  aiiiiMiiilcd  in  ISS.l  to  ;il.."iL' iiu'lii's.  iM'iii;;  l.-'M  inclirs  lunn' l 
tliiiii  tlic  uvt'iii;^*'.     riicre  w«'it»  in  tliis  vi-iir  ||»7  tl;i\s  on  wliicli  rain  M\ 
Tlic  iiU'iil  licit  totti  is  tints  tlt'si  ribfd  li.v  Mr.  Diii-kliiiin  : 

Tilt'  f;i(i',  tlimat,  rlicwt,  lower  |i;irl  nfllm  liiidy  ami  !(•;;«,  tuxrllirr  with  tln'  rrrst  „r 
inane,  iiinl  llie  tip  of  llie  iiiii,  u  lieauliliilly  riear  w  liite  ;  a  Ninall  reil  h|i  i|  on  the  e\, 
iliiil  a  roninl  red  H\tnt  im  the  Ihioat,  in  the  iniilille  of  the  «  liiie,  are  (li^tiiietive  niarl!, 
wliii  li  lia\e  many  ailiiiireix.  The  lini  nx  ale  of  a  \<«llo\v  or  w  hite  waxy  iihiiearaiie' 
('rei|uiMill\  darker  ai  the  emls;  those  of  the  linll  shonM  Mprm^  out  xtraiyhlU  I'mm 
ii  lii'oad  Mat  lore  head,  w  hil-l  those  of  (he  I'ows  have  a  w  aveaiid  a  sliylif  iipTt  ard  lem! 
eiie\.  The  I  imiili  nam  e  is  at  onee  |deasaiit,  eheerlnl,  and  open,  presentiiij,' a  phu  1 1 
appiaranee,  denntin;;  a  enod  temper  and  lliat  ipiielnde  of  dispo-jtion  whieh  is  m.  ,> 

Neiilial  lo  the  siieci  ..Mfnl  ;,'ra/ini.'  of  all  r nialiiiL;  animals;    \ettheeve   m  lullaiil 

lively,  the  head  small  in  eoinpalis.m  lo  I  he  sniistam  i' of  the  It.  id  v.  The  inn/zle  w  ijif, 
and  llio.lerale|\   line  thin  el k.        I  he  ehe>l   deep  and   inil.  well  I'overed  on   til.'., lit, 1,1,. 

w  il  li  mellow  llesh  :  Keiml  t'lill  lip  from  shoiildei  point  to  throat;  and  so  IteantifulK 

''"  'li''^l Idei-hlades  Idem!  into  tin'  l.ody  ||i;it  it  is  dillienlt  to  tell  in  a  well  fed  nr 

iiial  wImiv  they  are  set  tin.  The  ehiiii' and  loin  luoad;  hips  loiii;  ami  inoderitel' 
hroad:  le^s  >trainlil  and  small,  llie  rump  lormiiii;  a  strai;;ht  line  with  th.'  I.aek  mhI 
al  ariKliI  aiiu'le   with  the  tlii^li,    w  ho  h  should    l.e  toll  of  ilesh  down   to  the  Ii,'„'l<, 

WIlhoiK  eMihelame;    twist   !,' I,   well  |i||ed   :ip  W  llh   llish  even   with   the  thi.'h         III, 

rilisshoiild  spriiiu  well  and  deep,  h-\e|  with  should. •r-i.oiiil  :  the   Hank  fiilTand  ih! 

Wllole   i.ilvass  wellalld    e\elil\    einered   with    a   lieli  inelhiw    llesli,  d  ls|  |||.r|,  i,'h  ,|,|,,   |,, 

,\i.' dm- Willi  a  itspleasin-elasti.ity  tolhe  foiieh.      The  hide  t|,ieK.  vet" Ilinv    e,! 

well  eineiid  w  llh  soft,  j;Ioss>  hair  lia\  in- a  teiidem  >  toeiiil.  "  ' 

A  <:liiii('(' :i(  fill' t'lifs  prcsfiitftliu'rt' will  slitiw  tis  itiiiiif(li;iti'lv  Imu 
fltisfly  lilt'  ;lllilii;ils  wlinsf  |.(.iH;iits  li;iVf  l.ffli  sfliTtf.l  |o  ;iffi.iii|i  im 
(Ins  iiiticj,.  iiiiswff  III  1liistlt'Sfri|.tit.n.  Tlif  liiill.  L'oint.o.  is  pt'ileei 
II.'  \v:i.s  liivil  hy  Mi.  Ciii  uiiidint'.  ..f  l,..uiiiiiist,'f,  n,  ||..|,.fni.|s|,ii-,.  i,,,,] 
WilssHJtj  It,  ISS-Jtt.  Mfssis.  i:,iil  \  .>tll;itt,  ..(•  I.;il;i\..tt,..  Intl..  uIh',,.  |„ 
III»\V   IS. 

Til.,  t.x  i.ittinv.l  ht'iv  Nv;is  1.1,'.!  I.y   .Mr.  .1.   I'riff.  .if  lVn,l,ri,|.r,,  „i 
N'lvl'mlslmv.     H,.  vv,„i  il„.  Kikin-ion  ('liallfii-t'  « 'up  ;it  llii  nnii"!,;,,,, 
Ill  I^M,  :iim1  ii,i:;iiii  in  issi'.     Tliis  pri/t'  has  n.'\  t-r  l.t'iniv  Im'.ii  \vt.n'h\in. 
•.\  lli.'s;iiii.';ii,ii,i;,|.  iiiMl,  in  i-.M'.i.mntion  t.f  his -ri'iit  f.-al,  Ih..  p.)rf,;iil  of 
lis  t.v  t.s  tt,  liMV..  (Im.  pla...'  nC  honor,  th.'  (i(lt'.,.a-..,  of  voliiinf  I  I  .,| 
thf  lit'ifionl    IIt'i-.l.|!oo|<.  Jiisf  ;ih.>iit   lo  h,.  i.s.sii,.,!.     Th,.  -.n,  nil  iiile 
IS  (<>  iHliiiif  to  I  he  h.'nl.lM.ok  only  ('Ills  of  such  :iiiiiii;ils  as  tiiir.'  lirsi  imze 
;it  w  n.ya    ;i-rit'„lt.n;,l  show.      Tlit-  tlnrt,..'nlli   voliinu..  I    in;iv  n...i,t,o„ 
■i''H',  n.n  aiiis  Ihf  naiiit's  of  I'.lil  l,n>,.,l.'rs.  oC  xshoii.   1 1  a,.'  ,.it"h,'r  in  il„ 
I  iM(.'.l  Slat.'s  or  ( •aiKi.la.     Th.'  (on,  t,','i,th  volinn...  u  In.h  is  to  Im-  ism,,  ,i 
j"  I'-I'iiiaiy  ii.'M..'ont:iiiis.  I  am  iiiloniM'tl,  a  much  lai-cr  nnnil..i m 
''■•''•■'l'i>    iiani.'s.     I   h;ntl!y  (liinl.   it   iifcc.s,s;,rv,  lint   slill   I    vcntiii..  t. 
snp's    that   no  Aiiit'ii.'an  owner  or  l.rct'.l.'r  .".C  ll..i.'ion|.s  cli-ilil..  h„ 
cndy  sh.iii  .1  t.init  to  .v-iMtr  thfin.      The  h.rtl  hook  is  nntlcr^hc  .  u,. 
..I  ..I  .s.  \    .  .  1  wi.k,  f.s,,..  o|-  Lcoii.iii.st.'r,  ;Mi.i  ;ill  lircttlcrs  of  these  ,  ai 
.  a  ..  iiiHlc,  o.lio,,,,,,.  ,     ,,i,„  ,■„,.„„.  ^„.,.,„.^,,.^   ^,,_^,  conipici.'n.'sso, 
(IK'  x\<'  k.     I  hike  plcasnif  III  a.'kiiow|t'tI;;in;r  h.-iv  the  ohlj.'alion  I  al>e 
■"...iiHl.TtoMi.   I  rwicl    lor;..ssis,aiin'  rcntl..,..!  antl    inl-nni  n  lo    '\ 
(••n.ii'ti  III  coinifct with  this  report 

shows  "7-  Vr?  !::""''>••"''"•'-'  '"'*I'<'<I'  '".v:.!  P.i/c  ^n.lllt■rsa(  I;.!.' 

',':;,;,';,";!;,'""    ""■••  ••■■^l"-''^  '''■<•  ^^  =''l   <l.at   a   pnrc.l.rctl    llt'rctonl 

.•..mhinlil'll  "'■'■';*'";""■' 1>  ••^'■'1  ••nnsi.lcn.hly  in  (lit-  yoke,  ^^\u'V.  "tin. 

;'.'."••'•'•  ^""^1  .V  "I   (In'   n.'voi,   with  the  strength  of  the  S - 

•  ne   asw.'las,no,,,„,.  ,,,,^ 

!d"  t  ;l^t! ::;;,;; '^^^^^ 

,,„,,iirin., ;  .  ""■'    '^•'•■^"••'•^"l""'^Miio;;isiiow,  iiormoii.\ 


ietpiniii;,'.so  rapi.l  a  (inn  ..\t'r,  (I 


ey  were  often  kept  until  six  or  .stv 


I'll 


in;;  I..U  inrlH'siiioro 
H  on  whicli  rain  t,li, 
kliuiii: 

^rtlicr  with  till'  rri'Ht  „r 

all  ri'il  N|i  >t  oil  III,.  ,.y 
1',  Jllr  (llNtilirtJM'  iii^ir^. 

Iiitc  Waxy  i»|i|«;ir:iiic' 
iK'  "III  '*traij,'liils  Crniii 
il  -.1  ^liulil  ii|>«iir.|  |,.||,i 
•ri,  i.i.'sfiiliiii;  !k  |i|;„,| 
|i"i^iliitii  wlijcji  i«i  ,„  ,,.. 
M'l  till'  (VK  IS  lull  „||| 
<i.v.  Till'  iim//'li<  wliiti 
I  rovi'iicl  III!  ihr  iiiiNk!,. 
Jtt  ;  ami  h,>  lnMiitilnIK 

•  I<ll  ill  a  Will  11  ,|  ;,||; 
1  limi;  ami  lmMlci,,i,.|,, 
IMC  witll  fllr  lia.  k,  ,111,1 

■«ll     lloWII     tl)    III,.     |„Mk>. 

I  Willi  III,'  lliinli.  ill, 
iIh'  Hank  full,  aii<l  iii< 
"II.  ili''liiii;iiis|iaMi.  Iiv 
lllli  k,  ,\rt   lii|.||ii\v,  .niil 

s  illlllir(li;ift'|y  liiiu 
•t<il  lo  ;irc<iiii|i,||u 
IfoilM'M.  is  pciriTl 
llcn'j'nulsliirt',  ■uu\ 

llr.   IikI,.  w  li,.],.  Il, 

'.  <>r  I'fiiiliiid^c  III 
lip  :it  liii'iiiiii^liaiii 
(iif  lici'ii  Won  (will.  .J 
(••ill,  the  portiail  of  * 
i:r,  of  voliiiiic  I  I  ,,i 
The  ;r«'iit  ral  nilr 
siis  fakr  lir.st  pn/r 
lie.  I   iiiii.v  innitiiiii 

I I  iin'  I'illicr  ill  ihr 
liifli  is  to  he  isMicl 

iiiij^cr  iiiinilMr  oi 

.slill   I    \('iit(iic  1,1 

ii'lords  t'li;:ilili'  ini 

k     is     lllllll'l'    t||t«   coil 

■<«l»r.s  (»('  flicsf  cal 

III  rniii](|ctrn,.>s  iil 
II'  olili;4atioii  I  aJMi 

•  I    inrni'iiiatioii  t-x- 

i/t'  wiiiiMT.s  at  late 

liitr   lor  a  pcilict 

nil- l»ic(|    Ilfictunl 

Vokc,  w  licrr  "tli(\ 
ijitli  of  tlic  Slioil 
'f  (fiiipcr  rt'iiiliiril 
'.V  Uclf  put  to  Ihr 
as  now,  nor  iiioii(\ 
until  six  or  .scmii 


I 
C 


i$i 


,1  ■'  i 


;         1 

■',     i 

I 

W 

f 

'i  i  I 

<■                                    1 

1 

I 


O 

o 


I 


I 


2 

C 


111! 


:; 


im  i 

I'liii' 


■Si 

l; 

r 
Z 


< 

> 


5 

"7 


Hi 


I    ! 


fm 


■  ■- 

> 

z 


u'lirs  ( 


il( 


am 


nice  ciUiscd  \r 
by  ('I  lien  res." 
lit'lft'oitlis  DO' 


;;riiziii;;'  an 


1 


to  liia/.f  111  iiH 

tlicir  piinio  at 

iiiatiirily  is  lie 

illy  tViHii   A  pi 

li<'  rah  fs  nil 

II  oil  cake. 

ir  ':lra\v  aiitl 


^u\\\ 


oil 


t'  (I 


IIM'lll 


IttI 

^iiiitl 


lali>;:iu'. 
(liicliniis 
liTcfoi'd  (■ 


ill 


If 


ar( 


lie 


u'  voiiii^cr 
nciioi'it  V  (t 


V/.i" 


liaii  <> 


oiiiiiunilv 


II 


liist  mad 

Allot licr  ic 
?«'i,<;lits  is  til 
^IX  ii|»  s(o('i\ 
rtlicr  iiiitpos 

Ml.  McDoi 
ex! 


lie  s 


tock 


In  tiiis  point 

( )vi'ifi'i'<liii;;  I 
liiii  li  III'  it,  liiiu 

[If  savs  el 


K    l'ii|i;ir;irnii 


I 


llil.'llsrun  I'llil 

llllls  111"'  NilCH  il 

Bn-  (  usi'  at  Yiii- 

liillKJ   III  li:ill 


laullii'il 


MUM 


btliiil-  III  slhi'(» 


i  Icit'lonls, 
g]ini-.  MutiiiK 

trsiiiic  and 
ail  and  In-I 
^iif\  an'  s('I( 

'#l<'lld    Wrll    V 
.\  islii res. 
r.'iior  in    s 
ii^l'actorv  I 


lot    lll|lll'lll< 


1 1^:1 


mil 


K\ 


IH'^I' 

folii  ;i  liii/f 


In: 


(Ml, 


TllF,    tlNlTEI)    KINO  POM. 


175 


176 


CATTLK   AM>   DAIHV    KAR>fIN'0. 


I 


Evidonco  ostublislu's  bovoinl  qiicstioii  lliaf  tin'  llcit'lonl  wlicii  ic. 
ni(»v('(l  to  almost  any  cliiiiatt'  docs  not  drj^ciu  rate  as  a  NccC  piodiiccr. 
Tlic  iViaaU's,  too,  of  the  luvcil  aif  toiiiul  most  satistactor.v  lor  the  dairy. 
undtM' ditU'ifiit  conditions  than  can  Itc  found  in  their  home  i-ountrics. 
IJotli  of  tiicsc  conclusion.';  arc  contrary  to  an  opinion  1  liavc  heard  maiiv 
«'Xprcss  to  tiio  clfcct  tiiat  Hcrcl'nnls  dctcrioiatc  iivvay  fiom  home     \Uu 
I  liave  ol)scived  tliat  while  sncli  an  opinion  seems  very  ycneial,  it  is 
maintained  by  those  withont  siMcial    knowledjic  of  the   hiced.  and  I 
think  it  an  inhciited  incjiidicc  u  hidi  a  little  in\'esti!^ati(»n  would  tlis 
prove  to  the  satisfactii>n  ot   the  holder-,     "nid   iifcjndiccs  die  haicT'is 
tine  and   tiite.     In    licdfordshiic  and    hoisct   licids  have  been  mail 
tained  foi'  many  years,  lifty  in  some  cases,  and  these  herds  are  fully  iiji 
to  the  standinl  of  the  homclticd  ones;  in  every  case,  that   is,  in  wliiiii 
due  care  has  been  taken  to  ;;('t  an  occasional  infusion  (>f  fresh  blood, 
In  the  wet  and  chany:cablc  climate  <d'  Cornwall  the  breed  is  establislicil 
largely  and  maintains  its  reputation.  thoii;.xh  l)c\(iiisand  Short  lioiih 
a(e  said  to  deteriorate   then'.     In   tlie  counties  near  LoiMlon.  Siiric\, 
C.nabrid^e.  and   Kent,  llcrcfords  have  done  well;  also  in    Wales  ami 
iSic'tlainl.     They  withstand  the  severe  idiiiiate  of  the   laltcr  coaiiti\ 
w  ithoiit  seemiii;;  dilliciilty,  and  will  li\  c  where  many  Short  iioriis  (muikii, 
!n  irehur.l  lliev  are  much  eslecined  anil  their  iinmbcr  is  constantly  in- 
c!easill^^     They  maintain   in  all   these  places  their  characteristics  ut 
eail\  de\  ejupmciil  and  rapid  and  even  fattenin;^. 

The  breed  seems  to  stand  the  heat  with  the  same  inditb-reiice  it  d'lts 
the  cohl.  In  .Jamaica  the  proj;eny  of  some  imported  Hereford  bnIN 
have  proved  the  most  \aliiablc  ami  useful  stock  in  the  island  ;  and  tin 
heat  of  Australia  has  not  atfected  in  the  sli;,dites|  deu'iee  the  chaiacifi 
istics  of  the  laif;-e  niimber  of  ileieluids  there.  Of  their  success  in  tin 
United  States  I  shall  speak  faitln  r  on. 

I  have  thus  far  considered  the  llereiords  niai.i!;-  as  a  butcher's  brecil. 
I  will  now  speak  of  their  (pialilicalions  for  the  '  .  ry.  In  the  shire  m 
Dorset,  one  ol  the  crack  tlairy  ilistncts  ot  I-'-ii;  la.  d  jiroiliiciiif,'  a  biittii 
much  soiipht  after.*  there  are  many  Hereford  tlan  \  herds.  Theov\i:,i 
of  the  larjicst  of  these  herds  wrote  twenty  years  since  as  follow- : 

« >iii'Ii,'r<li(rH(rfr.)rilsliav«'  Ii.th  fsttilili-lini  ii<>aih  ilurtv  v»>arN  .-iml  Mrti;irfr.>iii  tin 

l>»'iii^'"i.'f;cii<Tiiti-c|  with  us  tli.'V  ur.'  imi.li  im|ir.ivi-.l    in.l  ll.f  foul  .Uiii.-t.  ;tiv  It.-. 

mih:  very  ('oiiiiMori  in  tins  ci.inils.  In  iiriM.r  tli.ii  i!,  ,  ^»^  -,*«(  i.,i  milk  willi  uh.  wi 
H'l  iii'Nrly  KMI  costs  to  (l.tiiv  |>.m.|.1,-,  aii.l  it  I  hii.v  oi...  ot  j»..s  ..tli.i  lii.u.l  (.,  lill  ii|i  ll., 
•luiy.  tiify  iiHvays  friiiml,!,.,  ainl   «.>iil,|   raili.r  li.ivr  .mi.    ..f  uin-  own    Im-.l   licilVtv 

Oiir  >VNtiMii  iM.  wf  j.-t  (MiiT.iws  ,11  M 1,1,  |„.,    \,,..„.  liii.iiii^  tti.  Ml  Ml  laii.l  ami  uiA 

luirtln- hjiy:  tli.xalvrH  Ih-iii^' r.'aivil  l.\  li.iml  with  >kiiii  milk  aii.l  Ims I  until  Ihr.i 

mi.utlisnl.l,  wlini  w,'  taki'  tli.-in,  aii.l  uiliiw  .»  c|iiari.'i's  nn.t  olili.  .  .»  r..r  tli.'  .-.Ul  ,.: 
that  aLjc;  llii',\  aiciliiMi  turiuii  ii,|..tlic  |(!istiiii'. 

TI.e  proprietor  of  this  hcnl  iiid  writer  ui'  this  letter  was  Mr.  .lamo. 
ol  IJIaiidford,  Dorset.  His  .s«.n  writes  me  under  <l.ite  .laniiarv  11>,  I'-^l. 
that  tlie  same. syst.-m  is  still  pursued  and  that  the  Meivlords  are  as 
.yi'eat  a  success  as  ever.      He  say>  : 

My  lat.  r.ith.i  aii.l  mys.ll  hav.-  k.-pf  ami  hr.-.l  HiMvlanN  f.,!-  .lairv  rows  lor  lorC 
<-i-lil  vaisaml  liav.- always  iis,-a  tli.-  li.si  |,|.„,.|  w..  on  1,1  >{,.(.  I  lm\.-  won  a  loiiii 
.shoi-l-w'r  '"'"■''■'"■>■ '"'^^"•"'■'  •■'I'iiy  .owsaii.l  Mit,,,r,i,-":4K*iiHl  l>.'Voiw»ud 

Mr.  .billies  tint  her  says: 

lu  a.'olil.  w.t    sour  |.la-..  ||„.,v  i,  „,.|1,,„.  |,u..  ,1„.  tU-t,'thuU:  tMrilo.i     ■" 
.1  1..0I,.,  tioM  K,  il...  wmi,r.     Thr  I.Mtl.i-  tl,:ii    ,s  Ml,,.!.-   :■,  a  Mpl.-nfli-l  iiih.r  aiui 

cnlieu',''"-"  ''  •!l''"':'''"''''  '■'  ""-^  ";"•"■'  lilitl,  I.  thai   to  mv  p.Tsorial    kfiowMu--  it  . 
1.'.',.  ll'  '..'  V  ,'    .  "   ''"  ''''"''f^  I"  t'lislol  1,1  ,aii  ii-ilaiii  li!ii<  u;iM<l''S  ol   .NoruiitUfiv  4»ttV 
t.i  Dots,.,  |,„tt..,,     Ih.-ysayii  is  alMHit  I  II   ..im.- an-l  liHi-  t  h.   -  ,1,-. 


Tin:  rvrTKn  kingdom. 


177 


il  when  It', 
f  prndiict'i'. 
tUh' daily, 
I  countries. 
iK'iinl  iiiMiiy 
mint'.     Itiii 

MlClill,  it    I. 

ict'il.  and  I 
Wdiild  (lis 
i<'  liani"  IS 
Ix'cii  main 
irr  fiillv  iiji 
s,  ill  wliicii 
•c.sii  Modll.  ' 
I'staltlislifil 
>lit»it  ii(irii> 
i>n.  Smif\, 
Willi's  ami 

i'V    <'i>lllltl\ 

Ills  caiiiiipt. 
istaiitl>  ill- 
Icristics  ui 

iicc  it  does 
•lord  iiiilN 
I  ;  ami  tin 
■  fliaiaclfi 

Ifl'SS  III  till 
HT's  Id't'l'll. 

It'  >liii'('  (It 
i;;  a  liiitti'i 

'I'llC  0\\  IMI 

U>\\> : 

('.•ii'frniii  till 

M  l\\r  1(11  nil 
w  till  IIH.  Wi 
111  lili  lip  till' 
liliil  lirilVlN. 
Ill  anil  III.  k 
il  until  iliri' 
.1   III.-  1  iW   . 

Mr.  .Iaiiii>. 
i-y  l'.>,  1^-1. 
I'ds   ail'  a> 


w-i  li>r  I'l.i ' 
Won  il  111 
JlfVoliH  ;nnl 


roi«(nls  4iiiv 


Tlicro  iiro  lots  or  Fliicrntil  il.iiiii'H  ill  IIiIh  I  ruiiity.     Iti  tlic  vi;»r   H-*!    I   mildfwo  ImiIIn 
til  cnifiH  SliDil-liiiriis,  mill  I  kiimv  paiiirH  wlin  liiivc  iihshi'iI  Iji'ii't'iiriit  with  Klmrl -liorMN 


mil 


I  h 


ikvtt  I'lHiii*  liark  ii''mIii  In  tin'   Hi'i'i't'iirils. 


Mr.  White  writes  iiio  from  Wiltshire  ivs  follows: 

I  Ut'i'iia  dairy  of  iiiin'ty  inin'  lin-il  Mcn'rnnl  rows,  wliiili  liri'iil  Jia-^Iicfti  ki'pf  on  fh... 
farm  I'lir  till'  lant.  nix!  y  viafs.  ami  1  liavi'tu  all  Iiiih-h'miIi  mmmi'iI  In  oUtjiiii  t  In- niilkii'Nt 
strain  I  coiiM,  anil  I  lliink  I  liavn  now  a  licnl  of  row.s  niori-  ailapii'i)  to  <lair\   iniriioHi's 


IN 


than  aiiv  olhiT  HiTi'Cuiil  liiTil  in  this  comilix        I  hav 
Hi 


I'  inailo   I'.iir  tliais    Im-Iwi'iii    til 


n  I'liiil  anil  Shnrt-honi  as  to  |iioHt.  ami  I  ;,'ivt«  my  ilrriili'il  pii't'i'ii'iicH  to  tlit<  foriiiiT. 

The  testimony  from  these  two  herds  is  the  most  valiialde  that  coiilil 
possihly  i)e  olitaiiietl  as  to  the  tiairv  eapaliilitii's  of  the  hreed,  us  tliev 
are  the  larjresf,  and  have  heen  loni^csi  cstahlished  of  aiiv  in  existence. 


I   have  received  letters  similar    in  tenor  to    the  ai 


smaller  breeders  in  dilferent  eoiiiit 


love  from  various 


ies,  and  I  have  mM  lit'eii  alile  to  il 


IS 


eovc'r  an  instanee  where  hrecilers  or  ilairyiiii'ii  have  ehan^'t'd   \).u-\i    to 
other  iirt't'tls  after  starting'  in  with    lleretoids.     I   h.id    ho|ii'i|  to  send 


with  this  report  some  iif^iiresjrivinj;  actual  milk  ami  hiitler  |»itMliic| 


«\:c.,  Imt  I  ninst  Icavf  them  for 


I  siipplt'ineiitaiy  ivpoit.  as   I    have  al 


ready  detained  this  one  ovtr  a  month,  wailiny    for  II 
tistics,     IJiit  it  IS  not  .so  iniicli  as  milkers  that   the   I 


le  proiiiisi'i 


I  sta 


interested  in  the  hreed,  Imt  as  lieef  producer' 
ity  they  are  imlceil  lar-vly  interested  will 


th 

States  in  the  lasf  few  vcais  ha 


nitcil   .Stales  aro 

:iiid  that  in  this  capae- 

e  provt'tl  w  hen    I  sa\  that 


e  t'xtraortlinary  th'inaml  for    pedi-iee    llcrclords  from  the  liiited 
"' ->      '     .  ■  •    ^  j^ij  incrcascti    the  price  of  these  catth 


that  the  Hereford  breeder 


s  arc  looked  upon  with  envy  by  other  breetl- 


ers  tlin»ii;,dioiit  the  kiii;:(lom    as  haviii:;  "struck  a   I 
llcrclords  will  repay  a  Iar.i;e  expenditii 


)onaii/a. 


(Ions 


re  js  iinijenialile. 


<levclopment  of  tiesli.  their  activity  as  fecilcrs,  ij 


'fl 


That 

icir  trcmcn- 


lo  chan;:es  of  climate,  their  hardii 


icir  iiiseiisibilit  V 


nrc.inst  precisely  the  tpialitics  iiecdetl  fortltc  iiiipr 

erii,  'i'exas,  -.inti  "  Spanish  "  callle.  Their  bulls,  t.io,  I 
laciiltyot  impressing-  their  tpialilics  on  their  •,ret.  and 
half-breed  Hereford  uhieli  is  aiisi.hitclv  iiidisiin"ii'ishal 


s,  tlit'ir  tpiiet   ami  pfitid  tempers, 
••vi-ment  <tf  our  West- 


ami 


quality  troiii  a  pure  bred  om 


.  na\e  a  mat vcions 

icir  o;,.t.  iiiid  there  is   many  a 

•  le  in  appearance 


'''•II'   climiiialed.     Anolhcr   point.     The    II 


so  coiiipletciy  is  the  intliit 


nee  o|  the 


Jiist  where  our  NVestern  cattle  are  we 


ei»'!o 


III    IS    specially  stroni; 


csh  till  the  back.     The  back  of 


ik.  \  I/,  ill  thedevejiijmient  of  tl 


coinparetl  to  a  lable,  ami  t  lie  back  of  a '1 


I  well  lipeiied  ilerett.nl  sU'er  has  I 


could  not  sav  iiioit' 


exas  steer  toauftfm'.     NOhm 


le 
»een 


les 


Tl 


icrc  were  two  remarkable  s: 


<»nc,  [he  ilispeisal   .,f  Mr.  Pitt's   herd  at  ('had 


cs  of  llert fonls  iliirin;:  the  past 


vear 


till 
herd 


tils 


peisal  of  Mr.  Tiirm-r's  henl  at    Leen 
in  lx\J  from   four  ceh'brated  cows  td  tl 
stafeiiieiit  of  the  amounts  received  bv  .Mr.  I 


ntu'  Coiiit,  anil  the  t.tl 


M 


icr 


I-.  I'Kt  est.iblishetl  his 


»c  tiav. 


I 


iti  at  this  sale 


present  a   little 


Niniili. 


Viiliie.       AvnrHtf'' 


uUi-* 


ih 


I.'  tW<l\IMT  1,1.1   iMlflTS 
.1  tWllw  111    llM    llrif.lH 
I'J  VrHlllll;;.s 
71, nils 


Xliift\ 


fl:l.  ^.-m  iMi 
«  my.  It; 
7,  "IM  u;, 

1.  ii;i  «7 

:',  Mill  im 


u.'ii  nn 

Ins  47 
RM  -Ji 
•171  I-.' 

:i;t:  ,f.i 
(0<i  tm 


'■^  ""'•iiiiiiualsin,  ;,,^,,|  .,1 ,  i;::,,..,,  ,, 

Tke  »vera;;e  of  m.;.-,1  ..-.I.  (br  twelve  (u.,..,.,,,  ,-,M   .,.•,.,.  j   . 

lore  beem-qualU'd  jn  Knoland  ■ ■      "  •  '"i-'s^  b.is  never  b*'. 

II.  Kx.  ol 12 


in  aiiv  breetl. 


178 


CATTIJ;    AM>    I»AIin'    FAKMINO. 


ill 


m 


-Mr.  TiiniiT's  licnl  li;is  b.'cii  t'stal.Iislu'd  (or  alxMif  M'.'lifv  vo.irs  I 
rniiKllatlHT  iM'iii^i' tlic  loiimlrr.     Siiico  l.SVt  Mr. 'I  •    .    •    •• 


iiriicr  liiis  won  wifi. 


iii.lividiMls  of  Ills  herd  111  lirst  prizes.  CO  s.roiHl  prizes,  H  tl'iinl  Im-sI,! 

..•Jsp»'ciiilpn/es.     I  It'nreiv.Ml  ail  iiveratr.M.f  *;;(;!»  apien- for  his  ;iiiiiinl 
Ins  ri.ws  :;ii.l  calves  avera-:iii}:  a  little  liijr| 


Tl 


ler, 


hesetu..  herds  were  exe..pti()iially  liiu'  and  had  a  wide  ceh-hritv 
Many.,  the  annuals  went  to  the  Tiiited  States,  maUiii-,  u  itii  all  others 
••n^^i'de.l.a  totalol  l.S(l(»pnliw,ee  llerelor.ls  sent  t<»tlie  Tnited  S      ,'< 

'';;.  ;;';'";'.'^  ■'  '■^•^•>t';  i-'""^".v  i,  iss..  Ti.is  meiudes  o.eiot  ,• 

.'<•<»  Neiit  to  l.alfiiiiore  in  Jainiarv  of  tins  present  vear 

Tli«-  'PK'sti.Mi  nafnrallv  ,.o,nes'  up  now,  wlM-ther  this  deinaiHl  for  the 
••■.■lords  IS  a  faiir.v  or  a  tashion,  likel.v  to  die  out  and  h-t  down  priees 
s  woHlM  nnsiderir.;      I  have  said  fhaf  the  prin.-ipa!  demand  I  r  t  , e 

I  .''  .  Olds  „,  the  (  inted  States  was  as  1 f  makers,  luit  I  did  i...t  i „     l 

■'\'\^^''''^^^^''^'^^''^^>-^^^^^^^^^^ 

.•.      n..v  Mianv   hieeders  in  ,he  L'nKe.l  States  are  onthusiasti  e,    ,     r 

H    u.sadair.v  hned  and  .,uite  a  nninherof  wealthy  men  are     ,n    ,  . 

I  Ids.     Some, .o  so  tar  as  t,.  elaim  that    the   Merefonl   is  tho  eo        o 

' ;     '■  I  >  '••'   I  Huiv    he  Middle  horn,  .jus.  asthe  l.on-  horn  we„t  .h,„ 
St      '    M  ',1         '"-'"■■^'•""•'"  '""'-i'l'  'I-  lM.'e,|  is  iPehl  in  the  C    |," 
S  .    es  and   the  orouinj;  appienation  of   its  merits  whieh   .-vis  si 
I'-li.-'laiid  pi(.<iiide.  It  seems  to  m,.,  the  oossihilifv  nf  •.  fUil    . 
tl ar  future  or  in  faet  tor  niaii v  v    .  s  i.'  ,  '    '"■,""'"  '" 

.."V:"-;;™.;T:'S;r,t:;(,.-J:;,-';i;:;: -;;t:;l ;;;- -;;::^^^ 

now  T(.  r.xi'oiM-  iii;in:Koi{i»s. 

fl..'  lines  finn,     !,ist    1  n    N..W     ■      I       ''"'•''  "'.  "'*'  •^"'"""•'•^    i'l.V 'l.;:  ,i, 
^H.d    exnvme  V    u  !  Vu         \';'  ^  '"•'  •'-'•'>^-;'lly   'ii;;!.  between' .lerks. 

•''•'-•''''•'•'''Iv:..f:'*e    s    h  t,  ^ '■.""^/"•••'-^"'    "-.I-.tant    matter. 

--^''■•■'••'■-•'••^•isiroi'u,;:^:!:;;::;,;:;''''-^  -i... 

'•''■•  tiH-ii'ave;:!;:^;,!''';;-?.^  ""•  '••"— -^  ••• '-. :. 

,;'•'••=-'-.' --..a;::,:::;^;:^!:;;;:';;:;::;;.;';,^        •-..■ 

n;il(u;,^r„n-l„:Ml,.o,i>istiM;r„f    I, ,,,,!.. 

Nn  .11  wauMM-|„a.l  .-.m.ms,,,,.  ,„  7  ,,,    ,,„,|.. 

M-,l,n,„  w..,.,-,.M.|o..Hl  .oMsisIiMi;  o(  -  (■      '       .i;. 

'-''^■■-^...•Mi.u.i.„nii,„io.,iriH.i,i,„.;,i:!,n;M„ ••••■• 

TlH-Cn,,,  W..steniSteamsl,i|.C.         * 

>f\\    1  «ti  i^ 


ah. 

1. 


*:.  I.; 

S    'J|l 

II  m 


""P;'"y,|d\  ill- iM-f  ween  i'.rist.d  ; 


■^'■"    ^ iMl.'Mii  li.e  that  tli..i.'r.f/    -'I".';"-  "•'"••<■"  i.ristoiaii.l 

tr'mvn  ;,nin,.d.      The  k|  i     ,     '  "  '.     '"^".  '"""  •-'•  '"'  '^  ="  P">'  '"H 

'''<li'';^'-n!a,uthis   da      A':!s^-^  Malls,  ami  the,,   hills  ..t 

-''■•'fln'niaMv.a,,MMvh,,.:vM-''\  ,;''■'■'''''"''''''•'•■'•''•'•''''''>■  <.ra..M. 
'•"■•''■•""-•  was  ca.rie.l  o„  this  li,.  "'  ""'"  '""'•''•*'•  :""»  nine  H.-re- 

*l.s,M,„.h.  •      •    '   •■"''•  '•■''^"■^-   -"I-'-K;  <-a.d,;  Miekin-  ealves, 

fn.i-lus'wlflli.ll;:;:'"'- j:;;'!      •:;'";';'  ••"  >1hs  Ime  M.l,He<p,ently,  when 


TIIK    nNITKD 


tiDOM 


179 


!?:,  ii: 


•iiif  iicriiiitiM'iit 

'   ralth'ol" 

•  linittfil, 

<  ii  tidciitrs 

ptuiir  of  ii(>|iart- 


Ii»  onliM-  to  take  proper  i-.'n^  of  rn''  s  •  cattle  in  or  .m  fniiiHit,  tliero 
slioiild  l)c  oiif  mail  for  earli  tw«'lv(>  (Mil Ic.  <!oiii|,  f«'t  men  for  tlii.s  pur- 
pose «'aii  l)e  liired  in  Ilii^ilaii'l  for  iltoiif  ♦!.  "'  per  day  and  all  expens4'H 
paid,  iiieliidiii;:  a  pasn  bark  to  port  of  dep  irtiire.*  Whrn  a  .steamer 
t;ivc  a  rate  lor  ean.viiijf  i-afi  Iih  p  hs  over  and  hack  for  a  ecrtain 
uumher  of  eattletenders  indoil.     i'lie  foreman  in  ehurp^  of  the 

tenders  wonid  of  course  y,     uuiv  tlinn  )j>l.'jr»  [    r  da\    'ut  in  most  cases 
lie  is  the  American  a;,'ent  «>     !in\er,  or  is  connocted  in 
capacity  with  t lie  farm  or  (      Uii  mess  of  tlu* '  nrelia^' 
course  are  insured  to  tlioirfii,  vain    almost.in\  ai  i:i' 
liein^ilirccdin;,' animal     into  the  Uiifcd  States  fi.  * 
froni  a  veterinary  snr;;.  on    ind  ('om  the  nmsiil  jit  Ji, 
lire  invarialtly  accompany  MUili  eonsi;,'iimeut. 

ni;UF.FORi)s  IN  TIIK  1        i;d  states. 

Any  a<'couiit  of  llerefords  in  the  Tiiited  States  would  l»e  incomplete 
wiliioiit  iiMMition  ill  connection  therewith  of  the  name  r)f  Mr.  T.  L.  Miller, 
of  Meecher,  III.  lie  was  the  tirst,  or  one  of  the  tirst,  to  perceive  what  a 
lioon  to  tli(^  stock  of  the  I'liiled  States  the  almost  unknown  Hereford 
would  be,  and  Cor  years  he  has  persistently  and  eir 'iiisiastically  ad- 
vocated hnii  III  his  Live  Stock .lonriial.  In  l.s'7;{  he  iin  rfed  from  ili-re- 
lord  a  two-year  old  heifer,  Dolly  Varden,  with  a  .-all  ..<  f<M.t.  She  has 
iMoiijiht  a  live  call  every  year  since,  <»iie  of  t'ae  tirst  lieinj:  the  hull  Sue 
cess,  "hitherto  ackiiowIed;,'ed  as  tlie  best  Hereford  bull  in  the  Vuittnl 
Slates,  and  still  alive  and  active.  Dolly  Varden  and  Success  have  b,  .n 
ivpealediy  exhibited  and  never  beaten,  whilst  the  >:vt  of  Success  lia.s  in 
several  insrances  broii^rht  Al,tt(M»  per  head." 

The  Hereford  Times,  ol  October  IS,  l,S,s;{,  says: 

To  lliis  jMinhas..  ..fDully  Vanl.-n  :m.l  Ii.r  .iiir,  <oi,>l>iiir,l  will.   tl,,.  i,Hl,„„i|.,|,|„ 
.•.u.ru>  and  „..rs..v..ra„..,.  „r  Mr.  .Mm.-r.  Il„.  l.risk  .l-nan,!,  ,.r..H.,.,     i«      .a  .1 

l>ntf  M.  wlucl.  Il.nlonl  ,alll.'  arc  IhM  in  allrihiiial.!-. 

Mr.  .Miner's  neighbors  in  Illinois  are  iollowin-  his  oxampio  in  import- 
in-      leictords.      .Messrs.  (}.  Le.^^h  .V  ("o.,  of  lleecher.  111.,  have   bo  i-dlt 

'."'','  '^''- <'"'«''•»••*•'".  ••!  nnca-o,  two;  and   Mr.  .1.  V.  Farwell    also 
ol  Chica-o,  sixteen,  all  fiam  the  sam.-  herd,  ' 

A<"KNn\Vl.i;iM;Mi:NT.S. 
In  conclusion,  I  wish  to  acknowled^'elh..  extreme  courtesy  with  whi.l, 

f  *'^' '^•,    '"^  '""  -''^^''vs  easy  for  a  coiiMil   to  obtain   information 

srcpiestssoinetimes  are   met  with   .lisconrtcsv,  .sometimes      it      i! 

Mle.ei.ce;  but  in    l.is  case  only  five  letters  out  of  about  a  h.iiid  e     a    I 

h.rly.t  v..  dispatclie.1   by  ine  remained  nnanswered.     In  e  er    ea  . 

Ui.c Ii  I  ha,l  a  personal  i.ite.  view  with  llerelord  nien,  ex.-ept  one  ™^^ 

^-nii  ywas  pla<-ed  at  iiiydisposal  for.,  thoron^^I.  investi-M  io        'l  I  1  I 

'-.Hvnowledoe  espe<-ially,the  kindness,!,,  eom.e.tion  wi  I   t   is  re  o 

ol    I  iio  lias   Diickhaii,    cso     M    P  •  ,a-  «<    w    i  •  •  "u  miji  n  [udi^ 

assistant  secretary  of  the  Sn.ithtieMCI,.!,  '  '  ^■•^-  "'"•'' ••«<!., 

I.OKIN  ANDUKWS  LATHHOP, 
Unitkd  States  Consvlat!:.  Consul, 

Bristol,  January,  31,  1884. 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


A  tahle  prepared  Inj  Conmil  LathrnpyOf  Jlristol,  showhifj  the  reHpeetive  weighfR  of  the  eaitk 
exhibited  at  the  eiqhUj-aixth  annual  show  of  the  Smithfield  Club,  Vecvmbei-,  ISttl. 

STEKKS  NOT  EXCEEDING  TWO  TEAKS  OLD. 


0 

;i  I'll 
:o 
•u 


SlIRHOX. 


( 'lilt.  qr.  llm. 
12 
i:i 
11 

12 
12 
12 


STEEI'.S  ABOVE  TWO  AND  NOT  KX<;EEDrN(}  TIIKKK  VE  \I!.S  OLD. 


10 

0 

10 

18 

2 

r. 

10 

3 

10 

14 

1 

21 

17 

1 

0 

17 

»» 

2(1 

17 

3 

8 

17 

1 

4 

18 

0 

1(1 

10 

o 

20 

18 

o 

4 

18 

3 

8 

19 

0 

27 

14 

12 
12 
13 
14 

ir. 

12 
14 


4 

22 

2 

0 

10 

!) 

0 

12 


13  3  20 
ir>  0  4 

10  0  n 

18  3  24 

14  0  20 
18  (I  0 
10  0  2 


lipii-roii.ii 

liiocil. 


Cwt.  (jr.  lbs. 


Scotrh 
briioil. 


Scoti'li 
I'.ilU'd 
breed. 


(Jtnt.  qr.  llm.   Cwt.  i/r.  U)ii. 


CrosR-brcd 
cat  tll^ 


Cwt.  (/r,  llm. 
13  2  24 
II  2  14 
11 
13 


3 
0 
12  3 


12 
12 


0  21 

1  20 


12  2  0 
12  I  24 
14  0  18 


10  2 

10  3 

10  2 

13  2 
10  0 
l.l  0 
10  1 

14  2 

18  1 

19  U 


20 

8- 
20 
20 

8 
15 

4 
10 
10 
20 


10 
17 
17 
17 
18 
17 
15 
10 
17 
17 


3  5 

0  21 

1  4 

1  4 
0  22 

2  6 

3  28 
0  'M 
0  10 
0  IG 


STEEUS  ABOVE  TnUEE  AND  NOT  EXCEEDING  FOUR  VEAKS  OLD. 


17  .".  14 

18  2  10 

19  3   0 
19  1  20 
18  2  10 

17  2   0 
17  2   0 
15  3  20 
14  2   7 
14  0  18 
17  1  22 
13  2   2 

20  1   0 
18  3   2 

15  1  20 
17  3   0 

ir.  3  20 
1,1  3  14 

18  2  10 
17  0   0 
21  0  23 

19  0  22 
17  1   0 

19  1  24 

19  3  li 

20  2  20 

1 

IIEIFEllS  NOT  EXCEEDING  FOUE  YEARS  OLD. 


17  0  18 

17  0  28 

18  3  27 

18  1   .5 
10  3  12 
ifl  3  2(1 
10  1  10 
15  3  18 
15  3  20 
10  C  14 

14  0   1 
13  3  12 
12  1  20 

12  0   0 

13  0   2 

10  3  14 
14  0   8 
14  0  18 
17  3  10 

13  3   2 

14  ;)  20 

12  1  24 

13  3  22 
9  2  18 

14  1  10 

17  2  22 

11  1  a 

13  I  5 
1 3  3  1(1 

■'"* 

14  U  IH 

17  3  2(1 

13  11  lu 

.... 

1 

COWS  ABOVE  FOUll  YEARS  OLD. 


20  .1  2 

21  0   0 
19  2  12 

18  1   8 

19  1  18 
17  0   8 
10  3  14 

13  3   0 

12  1  13 
17  '   4 

13  1  10 
13  3  15 



10  0 

10  2 
15  3 
14  0 

20  0 



in 

0 

10 

21 

5 

17  2 
14  3 
13  0 

24 

4 

14 

14  0 
13  2 
11  3 
11   1 

5 
10 
12 

0 

19  3  D- 
17  2  20: 
14  2  24 
IT  3  iri 

1 

■  ■  j      

THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


181 


pptive  weifihlit  of  the  cailk 
Uih,  Vecanher,  188:i. 

iLD. 


1 

Scoti'li 
I'.iIUmI 
breed. 

Cwt.  qr.  llm. 

CrosR-breil 
caltlo. 

Owl.  </r.  Ih. 
1.1    2    L'4 
11     2     14 

11  a    22 

i:i   0    0 

12  ;t    27 
12     (1    'Jl 
12     1    'JO 

\ 

1 



-• 

VMMiS  OLD. 


in  2 

2n 

50    a     ,r, 

Hi  a 

H- 

17    0    21 

10    2 

20 

17     1      4 

,. 

i:i   2 

20 

17     1      4 

111     0 

8 

1H    0    2> 

.. 

l.l     0 

m 

17    2     8 

ifl   1 

4 

I-')    a.  28 

14    2 

10 

10    0    24 

18     I 

1(1 

17    0    IB 

1!)     0 

20 

17    0    IC 

.  .  .  . 

U  YE.AUS  OLD. 


0 
4 

1H     2 
17    0 
21     0 
11)    U 
17     1 

10 
0 

2a 

22 

19  1    24 

i»  a    s 

20  2    20 

■ 

OLD. 


14     1     10 

17     2    22 


II 

lit 

ia 

14 
17 

la 


1    fi 

1      5 

:)  111 

a  211: 

3  10  I 


19 

3 

n 

17 

*1 

20 

14 

2 

24 

17 

3 

15 

HEEEFORDSHIRE  AND  HEREFORD  CATTLE. 

REPORT  PRKPAUED   FOll   dOXSPL  OOOKEIIV.  OF   l,i:F.jy\  liY  MR.  JOIHf  KSRSLKY 
FOWLER/  I'UEHJ-J.WAL  F.IRM.  AILESIWRY. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  IIEREFOKDSHIRE. 

In  writing  an  account  of  tliis  very  valuable  and  beautiful  tribe  of 
cattle,  it  is  neces.sary  to  j^ive  a  (lescri[)ti(>n  of  the  county  which  gives 
its  name  to  the  breed,  siiui  also  of  tiio  soil  and  climate,  as  well  as  the 
general  characteristics  of  the  district,  as  this  particular  breed  of  cattle 
is  sjieoially  adapted  to  certain  localities  in  lOngland,  and,  altliough  1 
will  not  venture  to  aflirra  that  they  -vill  not  thrive  under  other  climatic 
and  geological  circumstances  than  their  own  county,  from  ni3'  own  per- 
sonal experience  I  find  that  they  are  more  adapted  for  those  districts 
wiiich  partake  more  or  less  of  the  character  of  Herefordshire. 

Tliis  county  is  situated  in  the  west  midland  district  of  ii^ngland,  ad- 
joining the  Welsh  counties,  and  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Slii-opshire, 
on  the  east  by  Worcestershire  and  (iloiuiestersliire,  on  the  south  by 
]\l()nmouthshire,  and  on  the  west  by  Kaduorshire  and  lireconshire.  It 
will,  therefore,  be  seen  that  it  has  no  sea  (toast,  but  tiie  river  Wve  run- 


ning through  the  county  gives  it  communication  with  the  sea,  through 

the  Bristol  Channel.     It  is  well  supplied  with  railway  communication, 

the  Midland  giving  it  a  direct  route  to  the  north,  and  the  Greut  West- 

\ern  to  the  soutli  and  west,  and  also  to  tlie  metropolis.    The  city  of 

iHereford  itself  is,  also,  connected  with  the  Northwestern  line,  via  Mal- 

[vern  ami  Worcester,  thus  giving  the  county  every  means  of  suj/plying 

the  various  grazing  districts  of  Knghind  with  numbers  of  excellent  store 

cattle,  as  also  for  the  dispatch  of  fat  animals  to  the  markets  of  the  great 

metropolis  and  the  teeming  iiopulations  of  the  ntany  thiiving  towns  in 

tiie  north. 

The  soil  of  the  county  is  varied,  the  larger  portion  is  a  red  clay  as 
also  strong  loam.  Around  the  town  of  Koss.  when^  some  of  the  choicest 
specimens  of  the  breed  are  found,  the  .soil  is  a  loamy  gravel  or  li-'ht 


The  acreaige  of  the  county  is  .-..{L'.Sm)  a(;res,  divided  into  or  about  the 
following  proportions:  -loout  luj 

Orchards  27,000;  woodlands,  ;{7,0()«):  and  the  remaiiid.'r  for  a-rieult- 

unlZ"         '•    ^^^'^"'-^''"^  ^''  ^"^'  last(Jovernment  relurns  thel^;  ^"ro 


Corn  cnifH 

GrtHiii  ci'o])s 

Cl()v<'r  jiikI  ndiiiiim  f;raM.'se,s. 

;  Pcrnijirifiit  iia.stiini 

Biirt)  liillow 

^0|>H 


'  Juror  ut  tbo  I'aris  Expositiou  of  ItiTfj, 


Acres. 

yt;r.,(i(ii 

11,  ^'17 


182 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


It  will  therefore  be  seen  that  the  permauout  pasture  far  exceeds  -ill 
the  other  portions  of  the  hind  put  together.    The  popuhition  in  1881 
v.asllS,U7.     Veryfewof  the  people  are  employed  in  manufactures 
but  many  find  employment  m  the  autumn  iu  hop  and  fruit  gatherin.--' 

THE   GREAT   CATTLE  FAIR   IN   HEREFORD. 

The  city  of  Hereford  is  situated  somewhere  near  the  center  of  t), 
couuty,  and  is  in  latitude  51'°  4'  north,  and  longitude  'Jo  54^  ^ygj^j     rn\*^ 
climate  is  on  the  whole  temperate.    The  city  is  small,  and  has  been  tl ,! 
seat  of  a  bishopric  from  the  earliest  times,  for  more  than  twelve  hm, 
dred  years.    The  cathedral  is  very  beaatiful,  but  does  not  rank  ano    r 
the  largest  of  the  English  fanes.    It  has  portions  of  Norman  worl    7 
It,  and  since  its  restoration  has  been  made  one  of  the  handsoniesM- , 
tenors  in  the  Kingdom.    The  city  proper  is  rather  poor,  but  some  of  f  1" 
streets  and  the  market  place  are  large  and  spacious,  and  at  fair  fi,  ,. 
their  appearance  is  very  wonderful,  every  portion  of  the  streets  ^v,, 
up  to  the  cpthedral  yard  itself,  is  crowded  with  the  "white-faced 'ho'., 
ties  "of  the  county;  while  Shropshire,  Monmouthshire,  lirecoiKshin.  .,'  i 
even  Gloucestershire  send  their  contingents.    It  is  indeed  a  reiniri 
able  sight,  being  difterent  to  anything  of  its  class  in  Eiiffland  ■•«  h 
thousands  of  cattle  brought  together  are  all  of  one  type,  deep  browirK 
reds  with  white  faces,  and  some  other  ])ortions  of  the  body  and  iii «   *■ 
tail  white.    There  is  no  interspersing  of  Shorthorns  or  other  bmti! 
an  occasional  Devon  is  seen,  but  that  seems  to  be  an  accident  ai„)  V  ' 
shouting  of  drovers,  the  bellowing  of  the  cattle,  and  the  general  I    m  .<• 
conversation  whilst  the  deals  are  made,  form  a  singular  and  verv  T. 
ing  sight.    The  great  fair  takes  place  in  the  third  week  in  October      > 
as  many  as  from  8,000  to  9,000  head  of  cattle  have  been  brouL^.f  fh,'^. 
during  that  tiiue     Some  years  ago  dealers  like  Carwandine,  |>an,i;'f 
ton,  Jones,  Knight,  and  Price  were  accustomed  to  bringson.e  hu    I.'  .^ 
and  generally  sold  them  to  the  graziers  of  the  midlaiuls  or  to  0    p.! 
dealers  who  brought  them  up  to  the  great  markets  at  iiaiiburv  AvW 
bury,  and  Northairpton,  where  there  was  always  a  readv  'sil'/  'n 
trade  now  seems  quite  changed,  and  but  few  good  animals^  ever"  ni? 
the  m-.dland  markets,  as  the  graziers  themselves  go  down  bv  r.i  V, ' 
tew  hours  and  buy  largely  of  the  breeders,  or  dealers,  who  get  toZ  jt 
on  their  own  jiremises  lots  of  from  30  to  100  for  their  selection  .i.n 
IS  only  rarely  that  men  can  be  suited  at  the  old  markets. 

HISTORY   OF   THE   HEREFORD   BREED. 

I  am  greatly  indebted  to  the  writings  of  the  late  Mr.  Dixon  a  wWI 
known  agricultural  writer,  for  much  of  the  information  cotaim  hi 
his  paper,  as  well  as  to  my  good  Iriend  Mr.  Duckham   n  eiiZ,    . 
I.ainent  for  Herefordshire,  who  was  the  editor  of  t  L  'lleSr  i    1 
Book,  and  who  has  done  as  much,  or  perhaps  more  than  any  ot  ei  n    ' 
to  bring  this  noble  race  of  cattle  prominently  before  the  im hli '  .    i  ' 
present  time,  who  has  given  me  much  valuable  inforn.  tTa    i'  V, , 
not  do  wrong  in  quo  ing  from  these  most  reliable  authoriti/'s  fo    „n   ' 
stati^ments  which  I  shall  make  in  this  paper.    I  will  als^g  ve   in  0 
personal  experience  as  a  grazier,  and  ju<lge  at  the  royt    an    U 
;;SS\.^lhSs^:;::^'  '-'  -.any  opportunities  o^lfS^t,; 


THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


the  alphabet  of  our  Enfflish  romm^  v*-  ^^^ 

Mood,  wheat,  wool,  and  water,'and^'^*^tlmH/^T^^  oxceediuff  iu  w  for 


Ricli  Bnckinghan,  ,loth  boar 


.tain  of  I.IoodVn  1  ;  we  ,  k  fn.v'  T^  l'^^  ^'^  l'«  k.oV  th  ^' .V"':'*'''*''l  't 
ana  m,  it,  as  it  walTtle  h'Sc^^  ^  ""t  the  n.uil  t^J  E'^'^  ^ 
1.C  Had  seen  it,  agreed  with  hL  i  L  H.^,f  l^""''  ««*'^"-    Mr'  T  v,  ^'^ 

would,  out  of  curiosity,  rear  it  if«  f  "^^  ""**  '^  ^vonde,,  -I.  h  /T" 
remarkably  line  animal  a,  die  u!l^  i  '*'  "'''  '"'^  »'«  ]>'oved  to  J!'''  '*'' 

■siiv  that  the  couufy  was  ,  h.^f  ^-  '"  "'^"t*^*  ^"•^''^'s.  Alanvni  >  '""'  '^'« 
an.1  it  i.s  m-orded  thit  Lord  S^fw/.'?'"'  ^J^"^"'^^  l>u  th  t',  !  /'?  '■^''k- 
liaveheen  the  reason  th  if  m  >       .    ,    *'^^''»  *'"<>"»  Flaii«l.M«     .1 .,  ■    '  '"■ 

iy.own.ieeprediat;;;;;;;^Se's^^^^^^^ 

flio  white  tace  is  the  onlv  fviJ.  1  ■  ;■  ■^'    ^^  '""'^f  "ot  ho  * ,»  «i  i       .    '^'" 
tied  liu-e  is  considered  ly  S-u.v  h/''V'"'"'^^^'  ^^'  ^''i'     reed    .f  h'"'  ^'"'^ 

i,^raz...i,  and  son,,,  of  the  best  Im  •'  *'"'*  '^"'"•' «'''  f '^^  hues'  'hi  /'  ''"' 
lif,'ht-i.rin,lle.l;  i„  fact  Ihose  of  I  " 'T'^''  '''^^^In'on  u  o ni  ,.'  '"  ^'^■♦'•' 
W'at(.,staptitu,l,>tofutte  m.H  ^''''  ''l-^^-"itmed  tyno.v  .'''''*  '""^ 
tol.1  n,o  ti/e  san.e/*'  '""^"'  "'  ^''«^"-^^««,  of  any,  an?l^^u  ^l^.^ts'!  '''' 
^^Alr.  Kytou,  o,  ,^.t„.  j,,,  ^  ^''^'^'eis  have 


184 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


when  I  propounded  the  dictum  (which,  by  the  bye,  was  not  new),  "  that 
the  male  exercised  the  external  characteristics,  and  the  internal  organ- 
ization followed  the  female,"  in  nearly  every  clasHof  animal.  Long  be- 
fore the  commencement  of  the  herd-book  the  Herefords  had  made  •' : 


reputation  and  a  name,"  by  being  continually  successful  at  the  Smith- 


all  kinds  of  cattle.    I  had  not  an  oi)portunity  of  knowing  Mr.  Westcar 
as  he  died  before  my  day,  but  I  had  been  for  many  years  on  intimate  terms 
with  his  relative  and  successor,  Mr.  JR.  KowlaniJ,  who  gave  me  msniy 
interesting  stories  of  Mr.  Westcar,  and  who  was,  undoubtedly,  thelirst 
man  to  bring  the  Herefords  to  the  front,  against  all  the  world.    Ire- 
member  Mr.  Rowland  telling  me,  whilst  standing  in  the  midst  of  the 
far  famed  Oreslow  (ireat  Ground,  and  on  the  spot,  marked  by  a  clunii) 
of  trees,  where  Mr.  Westcar's  lifeless  body  was  fouiul,  he  having  fallen 
dead  from  his  horse,  how  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  in  the  latter  partof  tlio 
last  century,  went  down  with  Mr.  Westcar  to  Hereford  in  his  carriage 
and  four  i)ost-horscs,  taking  two  d.ays  for  the  journey,  and  8topi>ing  one 
night  on  the  road  at  the  well-known  country  inn,  the  Staple  Hall  at 
Witney,  ami  accompanied  by  Lord  iJeruers,  in  another  carriage  and 
four,  with  some  ladies  and  other  members  of  their  families,  to  attend 
the  great  fair  at  Hereford,  and  where  the  duke  desired  Mr.  Westcar 
to  order  dinner  for  a  hundred  persons  at  the  principal  hotel,  and  to  in- 
vite all  the  more  celebrated  breeders  and  dealers  to  meet  him.    He  de- 
scribed the  annoyance  of  some  of  the  dealers  at  the  noblemen  beiii" 
brought  down  to  see  these  grand  bullocks,  which  they  had  only  seen  ia 
the  Creslow  pastures,  as  it  had  had  the  ettect  of  raising  the  price  of  the 
cattle  in  the  fair  at  least  £1  per  head.    After  dinner  his  grace  and 
Lord  Berners  announced  their  desire  to  have  from  ten  to  twenty  of  tlio 
best  cows  that  could  be  found  and  two  bulls,  to  bring  into  Bedford- 
shire, there  to  establish  a  herd  on  their  estates.    Lord  Berners  who 
was  a  breeder  of  Longhorns,  gave  up   the  breed  and  took  to  Jlero 
fords.    This  visit  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  with  the  continued  succm 
of  the  breed  in  the  show  yard,  at  Smithtield,  by  Mr.  Westcar  brou"^ht 
them  prominently  into  notice,  and  firmly  established  their  merits     Sir 
Brandreth  Gibbs,  the  honorary  secretary  of  the  Smithfield  0!ub  in  his 
history  of  the  club,  states  that  at  their  first  show  Mr.  WestcarV  >    ^o 
ox  measured  8  feet  11  inches  long,  Gfeet  7  inches  high,  10  feet  4  incites 
girth,  and  that  he  was  sold  for  100  guineas.    This  animal  was  bred  by 
Mr.   Tally,  of  Huntington,  and  weighed   247  stone,  dead  weight  6 


that  about  the  years  1812  or  1813  Mr.  Potter  sold  for  Mr.  Westcar  at  the 
Metropolitan  Christmas  market  fifty  Hereford  oxen  that  averaged  50 


guineas  each,  making  2,500  guineas ;  and  he  mentions  that  Mr.  SnnUiie,s 
of  Mailow,  Salop,  obtained  the  Ibllowing  extract  from  Mr.  We'stcai's 

Olll 

1110 


book  for  the  sale  of  twenty  Hereford  oxen  at  ditterent  periods  fr 
1799  to  1811,  and  which  1  can  corroborate,  as  the  same  was  shown 


by  Mr.  Eowlaud,  when  visiting  him  at  Creslow. 
to  those  which  sold  for  £0)0  and  upwards : 


The  list  was  confliied 


THE    UNITKD    KINGDOM. 


jioxentoMr  (;|,„,„„„„. 
()xt(.  Mr.C'liui.iHiiii... 
I  ox  to  Mr.  Ilarriii.rtou 

(ioX«UtoMcHHIM.(.Jil)lcU 

1  i)x  to  All-  Clidpniiu     " 
;■'•"'«" '"Mr.  J  IOIWOO.V!' 
lox  to  Mr.  iJliapimui... 
lox  toMr.  J{eyi,„|,i„..__ 

lox  toMr.  Uiblott 
do 

do ; 

1  ox  to  Mr.  CIii(u(llJr.".'.V." 


<fc  Co 


Value. 


£200 

147 

100 

630 

100 

126 

200 

100 

105 

105 

lOS 

100 

105 

Tli«  whole  20  sold  for  £2  I'^'i  nn  .... 

1  !,:ive  ul«0  8een  at  Mr.  Ledbrook's  uS'^^  "^"^^^'^  «*•  «ach. 
lowes  a  few  years  since,  wLeuSn  £.,".■?. ''"'f'^^^''^^**  ^^^^  «race  at  Put- 
«nnm.fro  the  century,  50 oxen    e  \  ,>  ^. ^1.^7"'  '^^r''  ^^"»  '»    '«  be- 
her,  lor  which  he  ha  1  been  bidjE-  r.nr   Vi     ^".'■^''"'i^attlieendof  Novo  / 
.stone,  b..t  this  would  have  „  ufe"'^,^;"  I'n<-e  was  rather  uniK^or' 
Til.  chKsH  of  anin.al  I  have    S  deS,     """-^^  '''*''~^^  «'«'•«  Perhead 
flveyear  old  worked  beasts,  and  ovrM'?  "*  T'  "«  "">»e-    Thev  were 
tli.n;  yeans  harnessed  to  fh^yole  i  i       Sti ''''  5"'  ''ud  beer,  for  Loo? 
Wovkma  „,  the  plow  is  now  co.m'.m  •  t      .  "'^'relore  attained  great  si^e 
tl.o  i.in.  of  all  the  best  farn  ers    f   ,w     ''l' '''''''''  ^"'^  ^''^^ly  nfaturitvS 
arc  not  likely  to  bt,  left  behind,    it  ;  S"n  'thi?'  ^''^  ^J^reflrd  b reX 
a  JJeietord  steer  at  a  fair  over  thre.  vL.      t  '"*-'  nowadays  to  purchas« 
tl-t.v.v-';s  a.o,  f  bought  Tlo 'o  C  uinf  ,^'^''«'' ^  ^^A^iuS  ,1g! 
8teei,s  Ml  October  at  £13  lo.y.  each     uuit!,         /j'^'^year-old  Hereford 
run  of  the  straw  yar<l,  and  3^;Z^o^^':^U '"'''•    {  ^"^^  ^J^'"'    be 
thein  out  to  grass  in  May,  and  so  Id  tL?.   "''■*i»'^«  V^i'  day,  and  turned 
ton.i:i';{  to  £24  each,g  vi  g  ,,,  si  u      '"  ^"^'"^^  and  SeptenbeJat 
profit  on  (he  animals.    The  pnV    oVth  1    ^'^''^"V''^'  '"^nure  /ind  a -ooll 
now  tlioy  <..n  scarcely  be  Imug  it  Uh^IT  t'  '^'Jf  '''^"^^^^^  ^^^^^a 
only  make  about  £-<;  or  £-7  each  w  en  c^^  ,.^^  ^-^  «««'«,  and  as  they 
enon«l.     I  once  went  to  a  Jferel  r    fU    •  f l/    .  ^'■''''^'  ^'^^-V  *!<>  "ofc  pay 
iinest  ol<l  woik.'d  beasts  J  (^verT.w  .  .  l-'>o  Jn'**^'*'"  ''»"♦'  bought  lOof  th« 
"^i/';!"'-l;'-i'"als,  an.I  when  ti;  a,f;i^';•;t•«•;'^  The.y  were  larg' 
.10  ]iot  isch.ld  saw  then.  an<l  begird  fvr,.     f  •V'^**''"''-^  ^^'^^o"  MaycS 
con,s(..,ted  on  condition  that  lie  ga^Mne     n  ■  *?  I'""  bave  then.,  and  I 
CLnstinas  dinner  the  same  vear      n»      '.  V,""*'  ***  «"«  »f  them  for  „v 
;.;«;!.;  i:^;  to  i:i7  ea<.h  at  Vi  .V^t„,   ^  ;;;;\  ',?'•  to  Me,.t.,.o,.."a;.d  so  me 
October  at  £,i.S  to  CIO  <.aeh,  but  "  'i.  , H'*'''*  ''■*'»'  otf  the  grass  in 

Am()nssttl.e,iiosti.,,te,l.r,.aV     ;,^rM    ''^^**'  ^»^'a«ts  are  r.ot  found  no  v 
of  Broughton  ,>astu.-es,  ^l^T^-^,  ;;;!;;'  '^  -as  the  lateMrXS; 

MK«^...(ul  exhibitor  of  Heref,.,(i;;Vf  •  Jlr  vV  '\^''",'"*''"'"'  -'««  "very 
.veiiivs  ho  grazed  Sussex  beasts  .«  .1  . ,'  ^^**«tcar'8  death,  but  of  l^ti 
tiom  Jlerelbnlshi.e.  M.'  ',  !ji  '  '^,  7'':  '"'^  l^^'t  ti;o  worked  a  in'-s 
•attle  say  that  the  county  s  not  bv  l""'""  ''"^"^'^  «"  HiM^^  b  "  i '« 
'f  ^'."'""'"tl  V  adapted  foy  breelin  J  .iL  '"'"'*'  '*  ^'"'•"^  ^''<izing  ,  istr  '  t 
;  'l"""^',' .t'"' vc's  s(,  well,  wl  CM  c S^."^*  ^;;'""'^' «"«!«,  a,.d  that    o cla'ss' 

"''^-'■-'•'^•yalllSmon   t  "f  ^''"^^'"^  bas  been  so 

«'vi.,^'a  slight  sketch  of  th  s  f^      "f ''''*'''  **'  ^  '""«t  be  j,ardone(  for 

5S "  '^  r  r"^"'  at  (;.;!".,;;!^'  ^"  4:;:;-';5  district.  ^'Th  "1!:; 


Iff 


k^ff  If' 


186 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FAHMINO. 


tary  of  the  Thames,  and  on  the  other  two  suhis  by  a  Jarge  double  ox- 
fence,  with  larfje    '      "  ..«•     i-         ■     , 
cat  ' 
500 
and 

the  field  in  May  ad  by  the  time  they  have  v.alked  aroiind  the  in-' 
closnre  tiicy  come  out  tit  for  the  but<'lier.     Tlie  oid  mansion  had  for- 


the  eye  wanck'is  over  tlie  far -famed  vale  of  Ayh'M*bury,  tiie  old  town 
the  "  ^E^relsbireg  "  of  the  Saxons,  standing  in  the  midst  tlie  rich  i)ast- 
ures  of  Whitechurch ;  Quarrendon,  with  its  mined  chapel  of  the  fifteenth 
century;  and  Fleet  Marston,  in  which  jjarish  is  I'ntlowes,  formerly  men- 
tione«l  as  the  rival  of  Creslow  as  a  feeding  i>astare,  and  a  rare  tract  of 
grass  latid  stretching  away  for  more  than  15  miles  along  the  valley  of 
the  Thames.  ^ 


)ging 
was  won  bv  the  Herefords 


Charles  Arbuthnot,  which 

Mr.  Duckham  says  that  from  the  establishment  of  the  Smithfleld  Clid> 
in  171M)  to  1851  all  the  different  breeds  and  cross-breeds  were  shown 
together,  but  since  that  time  they  have  been  exhibited  in  distinct  cla>\s('s 
And.  as  far  as  can  be  learned,  during  the  time  they  were  shown  to<''«>t|i('i' 
the  Hereford  oxen  and  steers  won  18;>  prizes;  the  Shorthorns  w"-  the 
J>(nons,  44;  the  Scotch,  4;$;  the  Sussex,  1) ;  the  Longlionis,  4,'  and  the 
crossbreeds.  8 ;  thus  showing  that  the  whole  of  the  prizes  won  by  all  the 
other  breeds  and  crosses  in  the  Jvingdom  were  lOo,  or  only  5  ili  excess 
of  the  number  registered  by  the  Herefords  alone. 

Mr.  Discau  says  that  during  fifty-three  years  to  1851  the  vShorfhon.s 
by  their  females  made  up  considerably  to  the  total  of  the  Jlerefonk 
as  they  numbered  174  jtrizes  to  the  Herefords  207.  ' 

It  is  interesting  to  know  how  flie  Herefords  liave'ref4iined  their  foniior 


And  he  averred  that  up  to  seventeen  months  old  he  had  ha("  onlv  m 
ordinary  calf  and  stock  treatment.  It  will  therefore  be  seen  tint  I'li ' 
breed  is  not  only  not  deteriorating  but  is  likely  to  maintain  its  i.ositi, ,, 


against  all  competitors. 


THE  HEREFOUDS  AS  DAIRY  CATTLE. 


Ji: 


Having  said  so  much  of  the  fi'eding  qualities  of  these  animals  I  Miii.f 
now  allude  to  their  milking  ])roperties.    (ienerally  they  are  not  vm 

sidered  such  good '' fiirpails'^is  their  rivals  the  Shorth<)nis  or  A  rysliir's 
nor  such  butter  producers  as  the  Channel  Islands  breeds  vei  UwW 
butter-making  qualities  are  of  a  high  order.     I  quote  from  Mr  I),,,. 
ham,  who  says  Mr.  Kead,  of  Klkstone,  linds  the  Herefords  retain  liu-ir 
general  aj)titude  to  fatten,  and  that  iii  the  teum  they  are  excellent  in 


THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 
fliafc  the.v  have  boeri  lined  foni,..- 
farm,  and  that  he  niin^M  i.;^   """"y  Purposes  for  near ?irfl«f„ 

Iph'c'iI  to  (III  uptim    ,  "SJ;?"'''"'  »""'  «■"'  if  "w  Im,v«  ,!,.      J '"'  """■''■ 

I  rciirinv  cn.lvf.M  r...  ..I.;- .       ...  '       i^ 


I'  only  5  in  excess 


I  was  ju.l-e  of  c  ttle  r.  »>ettor  for  the  ilairy  thaVs  ?/ S      ^^"^^'ry  to 
and  Jenseys.  ^'  "^'^^'"^  '^"  ^•om„et.torH,eveu  SudJufATyshTre^ 

The    Iciefords  liavi.  provml  ii.„.      . 


11 


188 


CATTLE   AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Tlio  hretiders  put  tlieir  IkmUhs  to  the  bull  at  from  (njjliteeii  inonthH 
old  to  two  ymi'H,  hiuI  tlie  calvt's  fjenenilly  run  by  the  «i<lo  of  tlu'ir  daum 
for  several  mouths.     Tlie  covvn  arc  put  to  tlie  bull  at  a  certain  time  8o 
that  tlicy  msiy  (jenerally  come  due  to  calve  in  the  early  spriufj,  ami  to 
meet  the  gra«s;  iilthou«h  Nomo  others  like  the  cows  to  calve  about 
October  and  November,  housing?  the  calves,  and  keepinjf  them  on  with 
a  little  milk  ami  cake,  so  as  to  be  strong  by  the  suuimer.     Some  breed- 
ers think  that  by  letting  the  calves  suck  the  mothers  it  prevents  their 
coming  into  season  for  the  bull  as  early  as  if  they  were  weaned  at  once 
but  from  iujpiiries  I  have  made  I  find  but  little  ditt'erence  in  it.     Thi.s 
is  contrary  to  my  own  and  some  oth<'r  breeders' practice,  as  I  have  found 
the  cow  lies  barren,  I'specially  Shorthorns,  for  some  months  after  calv- 
ing if  the  calf  lies  night  and  day  with  the  dam.    Several  Heretbrd- 
shire  breeders  are  in  the  habit  of  giving  their  cidves,  at  a  very  early 
age,  good  old  beans,  which  shoid<l  bo  given  whole,  and  in  a  few  day's 
they  begin  to  orack  them  after  rolling  them  about  in  their  mouths  and 
secreting  that  frothy  saliva  which  seems  to  be  so  condusive  to  a  calf's 
well  doing.     I  have  tried  the  phiii  and  can  sj)eak  highly  of  the  practice 
no  food  can  be  better,  as  beans  are  i)eculiarly  fitted  ior  foi ming  bone 
and  muscle. 


best  grass  lands  are  most  calculated  for  their  flesh  deveh)pnient  md 
when  tied  up,  liberally  fed,  and  well  cared  for,  they  can  hold  tlieir  own 
in  the  show  yard  against  any  breed  in  the  country.    As  dairy  cat  tie 
the  Short-horns  beat  them,  but,  taking  all  things 'into  consideration 
England  way  well  bo  proud  of  her  white  faced  Jlerefords.  ' 

JOHN  IvEKSLEY  FOWLEit. 
Peebendal  Faum,  neau  Ayleshuky, 

January  7,  1884. 


COMPARATIVE  MERITS  OF  BRITISH  CATTLE. 


HEPOIiT  rilEPAliKI)   Folt    roysVh    DOVIiJCin:    DF   hEEns    Itr    Vlt     Ji>sruit    ,  ,„ 

SUOKTIIOKNS. 

In  submitting  a  re|M>rt  of  the  nuMits  and  propensities  of  our  vuioiis 
British  breeds  of  cattle,  I  will  commence  my  remarks  by  givin.'  i  i.iioV 
sketch  of  the  mo<lerii  hist(uy  of  the  Shorthorn,  or  Durham  eatle-s, 
termed  from  the  piireiit  stock  inhabiting  the  county  of  Dnrhiim—wliirl. 

have  special  claims  uimiii  the  attention  of  both  home  and  foreiLMi  bi I 

ers  inasmuch  as  it  has  the  power  of  more  easily  a<lapting  itself  to.  I 
soils,  climates,  and  circumstances  than  any  other  animal  of  the  bovi',,,. 
breed,  and  contributes  agieater  weight  of  prime  t)eef,  butter,  and  cliccs  ■ 
toour  markets, diiecily  and  b\  tlieir  induentialcrosses,  than  half  adt./.'- . 
of  the  other  established  breeds  j.ut  together.  Thocombii.ation  of  tliei 
milking  and  feeding  proi)erties  fully  entitles  them  to  the  premieishi.,,  f 
the  gen.'.fal  purpose  cattle.  If  we  tiike  London  and  other  great  ip  i  's 
m  a  critenou  of  the  milking  qualities,  wehaveabuudaut  iiroofs  of 'their 


jh'ooIh  ol"  tlioir 


I  THE   UNITED   KINGDOM.  jg 

I  excellent  properties,  as  at  Iea8t ')()  ,.nr  „     . 

form  tl.e  (loul>lo  .luty  „f  m  Ik,  j  „  d  foTr*'  **''^  Shorthorns,  whteh  per 
dry  lire  fit  tor  Hhiuffhter.  The  r? "e  Si" ^'  «'™»'tu,.oon«  y  n„r^  vhen 
iMKlerffono  durinjr  tlm  hUo  e,mm«f  ii  *""^"f '""^'"ff  test  wliieh  thev  h  v 

,I..i.  dairy  «hoNv,  in  October  hist     ,rm  n  fl   '  '^"'V' 1««'^  and  in  the  Lo 
I  vhm'H  thr  nr«t  and  seeon.l  priSJer^tri   mn.  ''"n ''•     ^'  ^*>^»^  <> '  th^so 

horns:  and  as  an  a.Jditiou.I  proof  of  7  ""'^^^^ 

f.)n.-<'.rs  two  years  and  eiifht  n.on  1.!  «  i  ''^  ^'/f''"'"''nN' s,„,orioHfv  /h! 
""  ••/'"■r  I,ree,lH,  a^^es,  wi'ii'h"?,  f,*',  '^  J;;-;";  f 'orthorn  he' t£  S' V^^ 
iMM.  I. coveled  einunpion  ,,?ize  a"   he  fV.       ll  ''"^r*''".^  "'i"'**''!  o  f  th 

|Miii<ipeM.au(  leaveno.hmbtastou emToT,^^^^^^^^^^^ 

f-    '  ''"  ""f  ''""<  that  the  n,ostZS  ,  r  ,?' r  '"^y"'^'  '»*"'^"  ^^^^ 
Uovus  are  no  nniversa  iy  linown  nsVI;!.;         '"^"IXTties  of  tlio  pure  i^luul 

wh<Ksefasr..sImvebeencCKS  '^^^<^i^>rii^\^ 

inu  ,  al.o\ ..  all.  I,,,,^  "muvstral  line  u  fi.n.  ^  ^.'^/f  :»"tive  ap,,earanoes 
...a  ,s  worth  their  notice.  Now  /.ay^/  ,;:''';'';  'l'  tLoir  ijes  no  ani-' 
iiefrlc'tcd  the  earefnl  eultivutioi  •  i  ;•  "^  "NtcijiHf^  breeders  hnv« 
tlH".  ''lfofretherin8o,„oof  he  r  It  :  7  ''••?'"''t">".s,  and  o  I  or Sd 
pnHoedin^s  have  had  a  'Ian  a^  Sh  !  .;;'"'^^''."*^'•'^^  l»''t'«'.Ks  ?  .VJ 
.tiinresa,.,  not  wanting  y^UvP^^a^^^^Z  ^''1' '''«♦'•>  ^'C-n-rally.  '„ 
oiil.v  virfne  to  be  Htn<lied,  whih> ,  n   .LV  ,  *-''  *^^'^  '''^v*'  l^'^'n  held  as  ti  « 

nary  dairy  cows  and  possessed  ij i-.'  f  ..  f-l  '^''"''"'orns  were  evtriordi 
tl.o...d.  the  ^Mrat  <l«rnm,d  foTsln  w    Z.  '/.'^'V'^*'^  '"'''^en  when  dJv"  n  ' 
;^"''  ";<";";"'<'l<-..lMvation  (.t^heso  .n  Z^^^^^     ^T  '^»"'<^^vhat  intcifS 
I..rn  slightly  ia.paire.I,  this  o  ly  0^^-^' '1""'' ^'^'"'^^^ 
<;<'","f<"<l  <lany  eupabilities  of  sn  ieicS  f.  ^r    I'"   'r*'*'*''*'  '"'^^e  no     u* 
tlH-r  sj-rions  attention.     iUvsides,      \  o'   /^l;":/  "•"'"•■^''^H'-e  to  oecnp^ 
iicrt-  Mood,  which  would   inenr  th,'  '? '^'*  "'""'<!  «'ntail  an  infusion  .if 
noissears,  who  rni-^ht  (leelar     C  i.v.H ''*''"*'""'  «'"  '^  ^'Mq„     of"'".,  * 
Con,  the  w..I|.d..ti„ed  paper  1    o         'r  df "  'V  ""I'ar.lonable  departmn 
s.v<.Iy  pnwti.-ed  by  ,/,„,,  of     m       on  i/*^^  '*^"  '""•^'•"'ff  ««  ex      , 

.a-.Ne,  have  paid  too  little  attention   oTS  ""'■"'■t""Httly  for    |"o 

all  nauid  jjeneral  purpose  cow  o  ,  il?  I  I  '^''^:'^^'^  "f  naturo.  The  b  «? 
Shorthorns,  which  are  stillTo  be  Ih,  1  •'''"^'•'  ^'■"'"  f''«  ^hl  Teesw  ^r 
l.u.ks  or  ,1.0  river  Tees,  in  tile  X  h  rvK!;?  ""'"^^  i'-I.tbUi^  he 
stock  of  our,nost  re/ined  breeds  of  Sh  rth  '  ^'r^'^n^heparenf 
siil.stan.e,  constitntior.,  and  ud(  ,./».!•  '"'I'"'  '""'  «f'"  retains  1.; 
.  isfin^^nished.  Fron,  tins  n  uS  tio  uT  1"''  ^''^  ^"■♦'^"''  '''^«  o  "  be  ,? 
W=.sora„  nals  can  be  nUsedS^;,^^  ;,';-';;-;«^!oeti..ns,  asl;;^^ 

I  lie  jiossession  of  so  many  wortliv  .V.        V-  ^"'^'  <""'o  inn  stances 
for  .'X|.ortntion,  and  I  lau)w  of  ,    V. tl  ''T'"'''  '^-^  «'l«nirably  a<  mt  Vhon.      " 

nials  of  this  breed  are  inost  ^n  pre  siie  s,?'  ''"•'7'^-  '^'^'^  "•-'>'•  nni-" 
'■''■"Mdenst.cs  on  the  pro-env  i  Vrm.nV  ?  V '"'  "'"'  ^^'""P  their  own 
"";;;;. sth,,uishedabr;,a,rth':n'at^^ 

^^«"--M>.  Charles  hasthecS^'^rS;/^-;^ 


!   f] 


^9^  CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 

8uf": "'"  ^*''''  ^^^"  '"*  '"""'^  "'"*'  **"*'**  '*^  """''°"  '''"•  "'«  following  ro. 

17  cnws ■*"      *■ 

II  iiiiiia .'".*.'."''..'!".!"..*.".!!!.'*!!'!!; ?,'^^'*  " 

7  hull  (iilvfH  iiiulor  twoivo  niontliM.*.'*.'.'.'.".''' *'i!J|i  ,** 

71ieilir<;;ilvos <«»7  ir> 

SMa  18 

Total -— 

tt,H«4  II 

Since  tlion  h  doMoen<lant  of  a  calfHoM  at  tlih  Halo  (Yonnc  I)h<'Im>h».\ 

lias  realized  n.oio  money  than  tlie  whole  herd  was  hoiJi  for.    One  two 

IhII  nn?  ^^r^'""*  «"'!»'«r  '"*''■•'  '■••••'I'H'ntly  paid  for  me,nl,.ns  ot'  hat 
tribe  or  family,  of  whieh  there  is  a  t?oodly  number  in  Knirland  at  h« 
present  time  aiul  whieh  are  still  lieM  in  hiKh  estimation 

The  influonco  of  u  good  sire  is  shown  by  the  followinir'stateinent  •  A 
remarkable  anini..!  terme.l  the  Durham  ox  was  got  by  one  of  tl h  bi.lfs 
Hold  at  the  above  sale  out  of  a  eommon  eow.  The  ox  was  sob  fr 
public  exhibition,  from  which  circumstance  their  sprung  n,a%re  ! 
Hire  to  possess  ami  improve  the  Shorthorns  in  .listant  quarters  Te 
ox,  after  being  exhibited  for  several  years,  was  slaughtered  after  tw 
months  Illness,  which  reduced  it«  Hesh  eonsi<lerablv,  but  its  deal  wei  X/ 
o  meat,  without  tallow  or  otlal,  was  2,;{L>L'  pounds.  Many  |  Ifr^i^^ 
stances  of  great  weignt  can  be  recorded,  viz, :  ^  '" 

Live  weight  of  steorHunil'T  four  yeara  old P'mmU 

Live  weiffhtof  heinirmiii.ier  foiii  voiirH  old  ....'  "' .^•'<"'-' 

Live  weight  of  cows »,04!t 

Avitrage  dimd  weight;  '■i,X>2 

or  ni(ihirc-d  ox  when  fed  in  the  orditmry  way  for  market  ....  ,.^ 

Of  Leifer  when  led  in  the  ordinary  wav  lor  market  VT 

Otcow  when  led  in  the  ordinary  way  ior  market '.'.'.'.'.'.'. u 

Annual  average  weight 

Weight  to  1  pound  of  butter..!. !!"..'.' ^' '*•*<» 

AV'eight  to  1  pound  of  cheeHo '~M 

10 

.S;,,7. -Alluvial  and  light  loam  in  EaHt  Riding;  in  We8t  Ridinc  brown  ,.|«„ 
Clmate.—Mi'nu  tempiratnre,  41P.4.  """"fe,  urown  rlay. 

Color.— Red,  while,  and  roan. 


I, 


HKREFORDS. 

nerefords  are  an  old  established  breed  of  high  renown  whoso  fnnn 
In^  gone  to   he  antipodes  as  ,,os.sessing  many  highlvn.eJi  or     's  .J 
erties  the  imncpal  of  which  is  its  fattening  p  <»pensities  and  11   b  mi 
iyot  beef.     A  hardy  strong  constitHUioiisJems  to    eA-     .     .f  X ! 
fam  ly,  as  no  signs  of  delicacy  or  degeneracy  evr-r  ap,  ear  in  tl,  '    r    l 
1  hose  chanujtenstics  commend  them  to  the  notice  of  home  -4  Vi .  :  ,,,  i 
breeders  abroad.    For  several  years  past  there  has  \u    u  m  .  is  .  tn 
cure  the  best  specimens  on  offer  for  Jxport,  and  s  L   I    ,.;  i  dj  o    it 
animals  have  recently  been  consigned  to  onteri.risinLr     r    !l  m^^ 
1 10  Atlantic.    The  chief  merit  ot"  the  Ile.v    r    V^  y^-ir  ^^^     ^^  "^T" 
tions ;  they  have  little  pretension  to  the  supp         ,  .«  d     ^      ll     l','  f 
as  a  rule  run  with  their  mothers,  whose  parental  1,  ten  in  mm' 
are  heavily  taxed,  but  this  defect  is  «><^cupvi  "r  thoattenf  o  n  .^  .       ' 
breeders,  and  it  can  be  removed  in  time  h^  tar::^^^^^^^^^ 
observance  in  mating  them.    Thov  iiiliub it  lar-e  traotK  of  i  .../i .   '     ' 
surrounded  by  the  v!^elsh  hills-land  which  is  we  1^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
its  true  character  to  full  perfection.    The  breed  h^  oDg  b^a  a«c    L ,' 
the  best  m  the  west  of  England.    The  uniform  charaotef  hw  Cm^a 


-wnwiiwiiiiiiitmwiggi 


'-'-;'!'  /," ;  -xsa^Aij,*  j&SL^.i*aM 


a. 


ith  Mie  following  ro- 

£  «. 

s.Hoa  !) 

!:,:wi  V 

■ tm  ir> 

SMa  18 

tt,H«4  II 

lo  (YontiK  HiKihoHH) 
mM  for.  Ono,  two, 
for  rncriilMUH  of  that 
•  in  KiiKliind  at  th« 
atioo. 

wiiij,'  Htatt'inont :  A 
l>.y  ono  of  tho  ImiIIh 
le  ox  wiiM  HoI<l  for 
rutiff  np  a  ffieat  tlv- 
imt  qiiarttTH.  Tho 
n;,'hf«'r('(l  after  two 
hnt  its  (lead  weiffht 
».    Many  other  in- 

'J,'.il'i 

2, 04!( 

!i,  itta 

!h*0 

m) 

two 

8,(XH» 

ai 

10 

tig,  brown  clay. 


iiown,  whose  faino 
inoritorious  prop, 
ies  ami  hif>h(piii|. 
(^rviuli^  I  he  wIkiIo 
!'ar  ill  ihcir  ranks, 
loiiie  },'razierN  and 
Ix'en  a  nish  to  se- 
^  hniidredM  ol'/inc 
If  Ineech'rs  acidss 
H'ir  hn-f  prodnc. 
tiiy.     The  calves, 
\m  ill  many  cases 
tteiition  of  many 
i!tioii8  and  ))ro|ie'r 
of  land  j)artia!ly 
ii!atedtodeve'o|» 
ag  been  ascribed 
ier  has  become  a 


2,486 
2,ia7 


T"E  rrmTFD  kingdom.  j^^ 

slamju'd  standard  and  in  nniv<^.N  iii^r  „  i 

answera.lmirahly  in  Australia,  / '  PiVjT'' V*^*^®^' '"'^  '«  f<"""l  to 

States.    They  are  very  qnict  a  ,1  eonS    '*''  ^""',"'»'  "'»»  the  Un  ttu" 
sea  vo.va,ro  well   wilhout'  fulli.l^'U-     f  .mldiM;;;;'"'';'.""';  «^"""  «  '!>"« 
MM.-lv  occurs  Ml  transit.    The  orim,,  ot\  ',?         r '  .^*""^''  ">*  <»ifllcnlty 
"I  M.o  county,  from  which  select^    ,"1  '    V'''^  "''''''' ^■'■"'"  ^^«  «»"e 
now  s  amis  owes  all  its  re,,utati  ,    To^^  ,";;;''f'  ""«»  tJ'o  breed  as  i? 
part o(  last (UMitury  a  Mr.  Tc.mpkins  st-ted  u  «'  <  ''a"««^«-     In  the  latter 
ulfin.;.(clvexercise<l  K'reat  inlli  .Mice  on  Vh^^^^^^     T^T'l  "^  ''fwdin^  which 
S./c,  a.laplalion  to  (he  dairy,  an  1    he      1  '""''"^^'''•'^  l""tof  l-j^.gl 
pioperfies  stiulie.l  I,y  the  I  n"     rs     'P^  '"'"''^  "^  '•^»"^'-  ^^ere  the    If 
Mr.  Tompkins  which  hrnl   an     xtrao.  In /'"'''" '^'"  '"^•>  the  1.  an  Is  of 
"""'"'i''  ""•'*"""  ''=^  n.taine      heX^  *«  l>ec>omo  fat 

liiorc  white  on,  he  named  I'iL'e.nii.   '•?'''''''*-'•     *^"0  '»f  them,  w   J 
face,  he  <-alIcd  Motth^     Mr  T,  mni  ;.         "'T'"' ''  '"'"•'  red  with  "otto 
fl...exis,M.,  hrced  of  the  conntv  'a  ;?  ^o  ''I't;'."'^  "-oliid'l   m 
kinds  n.m  other  Muariers,  and  alfh  ,th     ,  ' ' ,.  ?f  ^'''■"  '''"»  <li««itnilar 
I"  M.c  last  n.ntnry,  the  Hereford  breed  wLia    '■/''•''"'  'commenced 

(or  Nvl,..:h  It  IS  now  so  Jnstly  esteemer  "'"  ^'^^mbh,  properties 

Live  wcn'lil,  o(   roiir-V((iir... Ill  /...,.. "■/!." ■'. V""«l,0 

,,i;:' >""  •'-  -.4  !".•":'.?  "*  «'"""'i"i.i  H>.<.w,  i)ocV,;nV.;;-i^.f (;;„v,- -^ 

Milk,  annual  averai'o  V'>"tti,  a 

''    !.',;ia!) 

.SV»7.-I).M'p.r<-(Hoani  ami  ,.j„v  li   I  »  ,  •'•'^<' 

(;/;m„/..--M,.ar.  t<M,.|H.|aM,ro,  4!>o  7  ^"'' "'"'  l"'"™--  n«<»r  the  WelNl,  h,!]. 

f»W.— Ii.'.|,  with  whito  face  rtiiilwl.w^    .      ,    . 
1)1^1  V.  '"  ^^'"'^«  "♦'•"'ik  .own  hark  ai.,!  «  i 

^ ' "'^'"'■'■■■■' '--'.  »i. r,.,„„„ „„„   "• """ " ""»"" °'» ■■" "•» 

DKVONS. 
The  Devon  is  an  old  and  well  1  r 
sfandiiiii  (iisl  in  thecalalo;r„e„f  Mien,',!!''     '"'T''  '*"*'   '«  J'onored  with 
where  it  has  been  known  T«,  ol    .       i      "''V''^ '=''  '''itlleshowi^ 
»"<""l  bi  fh.^  ^'rcitest  piirit    an  I,        '''-''"''"^ ''*>•'"'«•     They  ar     „  ,  ?' 
»''<'i'•'•<•"•'^vand  a  p,  rt'X 'of  Zm/.rl''?'"''  '"  ^''^  ''»rtS/ Tm  ?    r 
and  ffi-a.^fnl  in  appearanc      nd  li     rr  r'''''''     '^''^'^  are  xvry  e      ,  J 

'^'''^•''■''-^•-•<~somewh..twnf       •  ''"  "'""•^'•'' ^'^ 

|>0H<'s,  iUKi  fheir  improvement  is  si  ^  .i  *'"^',"'  '^'^^  <''>r  ^'eneral  i.nr 
■ri' "'""''  '!'•".  ••"v.iriably  in  fa  or  o?;';,'"'*"'*'''  ''-V  hLow^^Ci  ,i  !  :: 
"I'oil't  ii'cadniiiablvadaMled  ti.r  n.  •  ''  ''""M'act  animals  whi/.... 
;v.!i  and  produce  .u  ..Xt  n  v  on'"  r'T^''^^'  ^^"^'^  tli^ y^^^!; 
(^.H  many  o  their  anient  adiS^^;.'  o  ,'  ^-"^  '''•^^' ^'^""H>t  snr,  ass 
^'ivateiwci-htinarrivin-at  mi    ,'?/•.  *     "'ii"'<ain)  some  anin, ,  1    e 

anuiot  eagerly  sought  anerh"'ni:;'i;r'r^  TheS  i'^'j^;;' 

llincare  cases  in  uhi,.|i  .rrcal  w  ■  J  f     .  " '''•^^'"'''''^ '» <>tln'r  on-irter^^ 
■'"""■I'S  !•"'(   this  is  not -i  .  1  .      .  "''^''  ''''^'^  been  attainey/i     •      "* 

tlK'nclieHt  ,.arts  of  Devonshi  e       ,     1  '"'  l""«. North  Devoiis  Tn'ot 
and  vuned,  lu  «ouao  part«  billy'  „  rune  •^r''"'^'^"^'    ^''^^  ««"  i«    'gi 


r 

I 


It 


192 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY   Fj^EMINO. 


In  the  iicber  alluvial  plains  and  near  the  coast  a  heavier  and  coarser 
class  of  Devons  are  kept,  for  which  no  special  attention  is  paid  to  ped- 
igree or  refinement.  Some  sjdendid  steers  of  this  (as  well  as  the  North 
Devon)  class  reach  the  London  market,  where  they  soon  change  hands 
at  remunerative  prices. 

North  Devon  is  a  breeding  and  grazing  district,  calves  are  mostly 
reared  with  the  cows,  atul  often  a  greater  number  of  calves  are  seen  iii 
the  field  thsin  cows.  The  yearling  heifers  run  out  through  f  he  winter, 
only  receiving  a  little  assistance  during  a  storm.  The  yearling  steers 
being  on  their  way  to  the  butcher,  are  kept  in  yards  and  receive  a 
nioderr  te  allowance  of  straw  and  turnips  during  the  winter  months  and 
have  liberal  treatment  until  ready  for  the  butcher  at  three  and  'fom 
years  old. 

The  quantity  and  quality  of  Mr.  Sk  nner's  cow  Myrtle,  during  the 
trials  at  the  JiOndon  show,  was  a  great  suri)ris(5  to  all  who  were  not 
thoroughly  acquainted  the  full  capacity  of  the  Devons.     The  cow  Wiis 
milked  at  8.30  a.  m.,  and  again  at  7..'}0  p.  ni.,  when  the  result  was  •'(; 
pounds  of  milk  whicl;  gave  M.Tfl  percentage,  .3.28  of  fat;  total  award 
87.80.    Age  of  cow,  four  and  one-half  years.     She  calved  on  July  4 
and  was  tested  on  October  3,  1883.     The  solids,  which  are  in  excess  ot 
the  Jersey,  is  a  great  achievcMnent,  and  an  event  worthy  of  notice  in 
agriculture,  together  'vith  the  extraordinary  weights  attained  by  some 
highly  forced  aniiuals.     This  cow  Myrtle  gave  oO  ikmuuIs  of  niWk  )„.r 
day  for  a  considerable  period  after  calving  (second  (?alf),  and  niiil'ed 
for  over  a  year  at  her  first  calf.     The  journey  to  London  and  other  ex- 
citing  causes,  which  are  unavoidable  in  a  show-yard  career,  would  (O 
some  extent  tend  to  reduce  the  quantity  of  milk. 

The  largest  Devons  and  many  of  the  best  milkers  are  seldom  seen  in 
the  show  yard,  as  prizes,  as  bel'ore  stated,  generally  go  to  the  iriost  svin 
metrical.    The  late  Mr.  Skinner,  father  of  the  present  Mr.  Skinner  ev. 


Mr.  Skinner  has  recently  sold  a  bullock  under  three  years  old   wi.j.Wi 
ing  (dead  weight)  halfa  ton.     The  to,,  average  w<'ight'for  well  fed  stens 
three  to  four  years  old,  is  720  j>onnds,  dead  weight;  some  reach  1  ooii 
pounds  with  extra  attention  ;  but  720  i)OMnds  may  siifely  be  taken  'is  i 
fair  average  for  fully-matured  Devon  steers,  although  8(»0  pounds  is  ,i,,'( 
unfrequently  reached  by  choice  beasts.     Cows,  when  fat,  will  aveiio,. 
800  pounds  at  six  to  seven  years.     JUdls  oiten  weigh,  when  very  In 
a  tv*n  (live  weight).     A  selected  dairy  of  cows  will  ayei'ag<>  liom  .-.oo'id 
OOC  gallons  of  milk  a  year,  many  giving  up  to  700  gallons,  and    Kio 
pounds  of  butter.    These  ar"  exceptional  cases.     A  prevailin..  ,  iisiom 
m  Devonshire  is  to  let  cows  to  dairymen  for  the  season,  XI.J  eaeh  l,,.,,,,, 
about  the  average  paid,  " 

Live  weight:  riMimk 

Foil r-year  old  ox,  at  Stnitbiidd  hIiow     l).>cniilior,   lK'):t  (nlliil.  W  i.oiimis  f„ 

tlio  N<,'or«') '  I,    . 

WeiL^ht  of  bcifer,  at  JSuii«lilioia  hIiow' V).Vi'M'iirM"i"'iH8:J!".' ,'nt 

VVei«lit  of  cow ''' 

Milk: '-'•" 

AuTiual  aM>raf;o ,, 

To  pouiul  of  bnttt'i- ...!.......! ."..". ''IH! 

To  pound  of  cliceso .!...!.!!.'.!.! n 

C'.'jw/e.— Mean  tonineratnre,  M^. 

OoSfrpr^"  '"*'^'  ""'^  ^"""^''  •"<tubli«ho<l  by  soleetionn  from  cxi.f  ing  breed  of  tLo 


o. 


a  heavier  and  coarser 
antiou  is  paid  to  ped- 
(nswoll  as  the  North 
ly  soou  clianye  liainls 


I'liiinilH. 

Hill,  i-i  ik.imkIn  til 
],%!< 

\,{m 

MUM 

ll.'flO 

iSi 

it 

I  f'xiofing  breed  of  tLo 


THE   UNITED  KINGDOM. 


193 


J  Ills  luoed  Jijis  loll'.-  riuluui 
u'i^cUihm  into  imuu:?l  Cl  L'lT'^''^  ^''^'  '""'^^  val„a>h.  , 

'"""  "-0  ancient  onh'^-  ^i^T  '''''"'-''^  ^^^^^^^^  ","'"  ^^'^'s*- 

(ifoua.v,  and  Aberle.^^'ffi''   '"  ^J^'-^'^^Ictined  RJ'"  ^'/^'U^'Ctured. 

n.Ior,  except  bJacdc,  aSt4  a  d  "i  ""I^venient  1  as  ^^  *  f  .M  '^fy  "^ 
Hsc.    TJiey  are  no;M,ei„/i^^^^^^^  '^  ''^  "ow  hj ,  i-''"  ^''''''^''^  of 

umns.    The  settin^^  on  of^/r     f  •  '"  ^^'^^  I'reederls  in'    T}  """""ff 
removal  of  this  <u"fcct  wiJI  i      '^ ''^ '' •'''"^actoris  in  i  ,    i    *"!'^'''nuire- 

liivcls  <(,i,.si.sts  in  the  exceJh    f    ' "/• '^ '""1  Hi^hhin     Jsl.     *"'  ''*"^*'"'- 

<'1«"  '•  ^''■atorpro,,oni  nS'L  ^^''^  ''  ^"J<^  the  n uVt  i  \  •  li  '"^''' I'^"''" 

sl.ilir.,1  care  l.av.VSc'a'e'- th  !  "^'^■'•>'  ""^'''or.itht    !'''''."'"  ''^'^''>"« 
A,non,^s,  tliose  who  an'  no  '  £  "  ''Tl^  *"''«'ard  to      "'"^'"  ^'''^'^''''^  ^•'•^1. 
an  idea  exists  that  thov  .i.... .  i       ./""y'''A'<'onversaiif  ,.  .vi  *i 

'•V'-,  it  iK.s  been  so  «Teativ  in  "•'^  ""'^''  ^^«'-  tin  eas        v  """'.'■'"ff 

iiicst  Hss,K.nass,,ni.M.n   :  ,       '."^^';1  '"  tliat  lespc-t  th  f  iV      *"''  ''""'■ 
he.t  sjurhnens  bc.-o  1      .""/p  '"•^"•'^  and  i      , ,     :      i'^'V^'^-  al- 


sdoii-  many  have  hvvu  ih]  f...  h    V      ""'  '■•'^<'  'oi'  voiiiHr  i     ;Vi      *  -^  '"'• 
""■>  ''"v<'  '.^di.,Ml  /ion   i'V    >  V/.'^''"f»''"'  s  at  thirty     '^nHfr'"'*'  '^'> 

plovers  lia.s  bcrn  ihr  tU'v,  L,.      \  I""7><'m'.s.     'i'|„.  ,,.,,•;,".'"•''>•  'f  Has 
"I  lliis  resiK'ct,  bat  \vi(j,  .,   i;       '''/""'  "ou"  tli.v  aiv    u.       >,    V  ^"^''^' 

"'H  as  tlii'(ialIonav,are  in/ii   ;   r    '"'  '^  ^''''  >"ars  ,  .        t  f  ''♦'»^<>""nH- 

tliis  l.ive.1  is  ..xc.n.lin  '  r"-  ""<''  also  in  I,4,n  ,  L  '''.•''^•'  ""^"V 
..owes„|.li.sI,H|  ,;.!■"'  '/yr'^;?-^-  ^I<Me  th  ;,.  ^^••"l';'"«l  itself 
MNvoim.,eshav,.iMV.|'issn' I      '     ""''•'  ^'*'''l-    o  .I-  ''T'   '•'''I-s  are 

''-•"!'^  ■iiH-berd-b.oh  ii;;.:''j3^"'":'i  i.!':!<»  b;,;^;^'^!'"'''*'^^^^'^ 


i'=ai;'inn,.|,.st.,nieN|„„,| 


Fovmottli,.  brrnlu. is. Mr.  ii 


lO 


''■.'.'^•"'•'llMxd 


II,  !■ 


SO"|ctv   ,'i 

or 


'nn((d  in  j.soo 


i: 


'•"''^^■''<-aj;z;vM,!::'it'''i';*{':'''^ti 


"<''M)yiM,,,u,,,^; 


iin- 


ombie. 


194  CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 

Tillilonr,  whoso  reinarkable  show-yard  uchicveincnts,  both  in  fat  and 
breeding  stock,  liave  been  iiislniiiKMitiil   in  brinsinp:  their  true  merits 
before  the  jmbli(;.    The  deservedly  hi{j;Ii  reputation  Uie  Aberdeens  liave 
fjained  is  mainly  due  tot  he  indeiatif^able  exertions  in  (lie  promotion  of  the 
breed  by  that  i)()[)ular  breeder,  wliosejiidfjinent  js  enlilled  to  tiie  iii^liest 
respeel.     In  Mv.  MeCombic's  early  days  he  laid  a  fii-ni  fonndation   to 
which  the  most  not^>d  animals  of  the  i)re.sent  day  are  (jlosely  allied.   Vfe 
purchased  the  mother  of  the  Prides  for  tlie  sum  of  £VJ  KKv.  in  1S44,  juid 
at  tlie  disi»ersi()n  of  liis  lierd,  in  ISSO  10  I'rides  averaj;ed  each  over  £80 
!(»«.     One  Pride,  the  lifth  in  descent  fnun  the  £VJ  l(»,v.  animal,  realized 
the  handsoino  sum  of  £2Si{  10s.     At  the  j)resent  day  they  are  most  val 
nable  and  itojjuhir;  their  oidy  real  rivals  are  the  Ericas,  of  Ballindallocli 
McCombie's  show- yard  honors  are  unparalleled  in  i'arni-sto(di  history 
I  lirndy  believe  theiH)  is  sufficient  scope  for  judicious  selections  to  ho 
made  from  the  (Jalloway  ranks  to  obtain  as  {^leat  results  as  those 
achieved  by  those  popular  in}provers  of  the  Aberdeens.    The  (laliowav.s 
are  by  no  means  pushed  to  the  extent  of  substance  and  lelinenientto 
wJiich  they  are  capable  of  developing-.    Mr.  iMcCombie's  su(  cess  in  buil<l 
ing:  the  fan)ily  of  the  Prides  was  in  a  very  jjreat  measnn^  due  to  his 
great  judgment  and  care  in  the  selection  of  bulls.    The  di(ferene(>  il,. 
tweeu  the  two  breeds  is,  as  might  be  expected,  frnm  ilitferent  <!ircuiii 
stances.    The  (ialloway  has  a  thicker  skin,  a  stronger  and  l)etter  eoit 
of  Jiair,  and  more  shagg:y  appearance  than  the  Aberdeen.     Admirers  of 
each  breed  claim  superiority,  and  on  this  jioint  considerable  diirereiic,. 
of  opinion  exists. 

The  Aberdeen  answers  adnn'rably  to  the  indulgence  it  receives  idiI 
the  Galloways  do  well  on  more  humble  fare;'  meritorious  aiiima'l.s  oi 
both  breeds  have  appeared  i)i  the  show  rin,g,  and,  from  a  butcher's  hoim 
of  view,  neither  breed  has  to  yield  to  any  other. 

Live  woif^ht: 

Foiir-jear-(i)il  ox,  at  Smitlilicid  bIiow,  Dm-nibcir,  18K5  (otra!  H,  iioiiikIs  to  ''""'"''' 
tho  score)  '  '  ^j,,_ 

Cow  or  lioiler  (oll'iil,  H  i)oumI.s  to  the  score) ?"'''; 

Do.atl  weifjbt :  ''**"'" 

FuUy^natured  ox  (avcnifr(s)  ordinarily  I'cd  for  market 

Milk :  ^  '"J 

Annual  averaj;o 

To  pound  of  butter .''....!!!..'.' ' ","" 

To  pound  of  clieese '-'^ 

10 

Soil. — Clay,  loam,  and  peat. 
Climate— Mpmi  temperature,  47'^  8'. 
Color. — All  black. 

GALLOWAYS. 


against  a  1  breed.,  winch  hon<.rs  we.e  substantiated   wh.-n  ,1,,. 

This  breed  has  been  distinguished  for  hanliness  an<l  feedi ,,,■,,,., 

for  niany  generations.     Their  line  .|nalities  air  no  longer  hid  n  , k- 
bushel.    Iheir  reputation  has  spn.id  far  and  wide.,  aiMfa  gre ',t         , 
creasing' demand  has  sprung  up,  both  for  home  inark,.t  an.U>xn„r     I  . 
ing  horiiless  and  very  <locile  tin-y  are  admirably  adapted  for    „rd  f,   . 
iHg,  railway  .and  .Hhii>  transit.  '  ynnmn 


-IING. 

Jinents,  both  in  fat  and 
nffinp:  tlu'ir  true  merits 
(i(>n  Uie  Abonleeiis  have 
IN  in  (lie  promotion  of  the 
isenlilled  to  (lie  iii^hest 
i<l  a  firm  lonndation,  to 
y  are  (jlosel.v  allied,    ITe 
of  £113  KKv.  in  1«44,  and 
averajied  each  over  £80 
■A'J  10,v.  animal,  realized 
,  day  tliey  are  most  val 
Hrieas,  of  Baliindallocli. 
I  in  l'arni-.sto(di  iiistory. 
lieious  seleetionn  to  be 
txiv.it  results  as  those 
rdeeiis,    Tlie  (Jalloway.s 
Sance  and  letinement  to 
Miibie'ssuieessin  buil<l. 
'at  measun^  due  to  lijs 
lis.     Tlie  dift'erene(^  be. 
,  frnm  ililferent  <!ircuiii- 
ronger  and  Ix-tter  coat 
.berdeen.     Adnjirersof 
eonsiderabl"  ditfenMico 

licence  it  reeeivcs,  aijij 
meritorious  animals  of 
,  from  a  butcher's  poiiii 

(odal  H,  poiiiKls  to 
V-K< 

i,t^-<;; 

7aj 

•\'M 

■ '-ii 

10 


ee  file  ra.i^e  for  .yoaii- 
ilvets,  llie  daily  |)r(i)h 
iiiid   the   pole  axe  bs 
•ers  (Jicy  laiik  aiiinii;' 
eld  at   Poiss.v  in  is;,{ 
>rfor  theltesi  Uwhwi 
t  lilted    wiien  drcssd, 
nd  feeding;-  proiHilie^ 
o  !o!i;,'er  liid  iiii(ier;i 
e,  and  a  j^Meat  and  in- 
ilietaiid  exjiort.    lie-  i 
iliipted  for  yard  feed-  I 


.        ^'"^   ^^^"'^^^   KINGDOM. 

Tlioy  are  reared  m,on  thin   r.    ,  ^95 

mate,  especially  in  wiuft.,.  '    \  '^^^'^y}  inferior  J-mJ    • 

.suits.  J^otwithstandii.' t  ,^?;\'Mvl'o  '^ro  en^S  •„  ?^'''''''f  *°  ^»»^''-«- ' 
.Iielter  beyon.l  about  fcee'?;  ''*^'  "'«  orclSv  br^T^"'^"''''  P'""- 
('»">"  ^vith  a  thick,  blaci™i  '''''''*'^«»io»th"E  '"» 

NfroiiS'  lneI]o^v  hides  to  r^Jr^*?''''^o«f  of  iowr   lull,  '"*"^^  '»*'«  Provided 
I.^ndsinps  they  may^^P^«/««t  the  model  c^^^^^^^^^^  «illcy  hair^K 

V-nUu,  period  in  tho^^S^'^^^-^^  «^"^«' "'S^^^^  """> 

/iniiiy  years  and  is  found  to^o^*   Z'"*^  Practice  h-i'^^^f   '  ^^racorres- 
joinm;..- counties  where  arti«;^  7?.''''^  ^^«»  in  AbLK  'u^.*"'  established 
winter  food  oou.istttSnforlT^'''''  ''^  aC,SSf  J,«.  «"^U    '^^ 
c.m  beproiitablyp,od„ced    "^^  ^^^^^v  mul  turnips  o„J£,"''"«*''J-    The 
It  IS  t(dly  believed  that  Vi.o  r.  ,.  ^^'*^'<'  <'iev 

liivo  a  tliird  more  mi  k   »w7*^^  ^'alloway  can  irain  .. 
'nvorable  circumstSs     Ij;  l>^«Portio4 

l..ircliased:  Heifers,  at  tivo, ml  T"^  ''^  which  Seet^l^"'"^  "'"'«'' "'orj 

"HMit.    By  careful  c  u'.C^""^  «'^«e«  ^^^^m  Simf  o  -o*^^^     ^^"•^J' 

restored,  aiid  I  have  the  .mi?,     -i"^  S^G^reral  nnlkin^    overrules  jnd^r. 

(oiy  to  state  that  theGS^T^^^^'i^^^in'mS  fa'n  170 

l.reod  that  eoutributes  to  f^''^V^'«^'"<•e«  the  iK^t'?  ^■u^''  ^'ntterfac 

uliici.  supports  the  remit  ^^„/^i"ry,  and  is    •  '^  .  !V''^ -^"  'n.y  other 


i:;;i.i  tharcoXb^Sr^'^^^lVlum/nle"^^    ^'l^    ^.  .ac 

uliici.  supports  the  remark  tia/t^^'  ""^^  '''  v^^Jt  "d  J.  "^"  ''">«"'«' 
iKiiy  disease;  therefore  f;>t, 7*^  *.''®""^»l>"«t  eorisf,f„H  "'  nnautity 

Tlio  ''^"^'''i^  «Poken  of  i  f  rhe  sS;^'^^      ^'^e  e^  iert^^^^"  '^'^'^  ''^^  onlt 
.111(1  fonder,  which  nrnnilV-      ^'^^^^iith  centurv  -il  i.  • 

alter  the  umon  of  tl7e  two  rV^  "'^  """^  theiri^ood  fee  M.V     '^^"  ^''"  P'-^^«('nt 

"'•'.V years  the  trade  has  beero';  "'"•'  *''^  "P^a.   s     'S,!:';'''^'!''^-^  «oon 

Tlieone,--,,revaiIinff  praS  ^""^  >"^  "ow  nis    ''''IV''"*'''  '""' 

tiiHi.'d,  iiiid  the  heifers  -mf;^   ^  spaying-  the  he  f  M-i  i      7  *''•"'  *ver. 

i...tiu«  hn..d  by  seleetio^'^"  ^'  "'^^^  f'^^orable  o  ,  ll^r K;.^^^,^/''  '"eet 
llie  (,aIioMay  cattle  possess  ai.  fi       .  ^      ""'''■'*^'- 

(•oiistitiitcs  a  breed  vet  h.^         "  ^''*^'  character  -mrJ  ,. . 

MI.1  iniisel,.  are  fb^m  ^f'^'^^''^''  '^"A^^'iord  ,^  ti^i^^/'i;:^*;^-    .^ot  ^  " 

'"'i-nals  answcM-  aclmir  d. A  i  "  n'  ^"V"  ''''"vineed  .f  '  '    "'^"'-V  ^^''^Mlers 
"'='I'f'''  <■<"•  <'<Mintries  w    ;l ! r  ''j'''*'^  tn^atment   •    ,1  T'""-    'A^''<'se 

li..lily  salisfacton-  'fe^oS  ;^^^^^^  i-  P'^ntiful     V    t    T'"''*^*  '""'^^  'H' 
'ON'itm's.  ''^^onnts  of  the  j.ro^M-ess  n,a,  :  .  •   '}''"''y^  reeeive.l 

At  the  Sniifluield  show  Hi  ^        ''"   '"  ^"''^''/^'n 

i";'WlMra,som^  breed     'r/*'"' *''«'  «eoteh  J>Mn.- 

""'--  '"an  theVi;,,;,;';-'^"'^  -nder  ^  u^:;:^  ^^^^^;^^^l 


Aniimil,lV,T;,;,r,,   w.icrlit 

'"'I i"i<'l  I'liHcr.    

'"  '  1 1  of  <'In>(.,S(,.  _  _■_' ■ ■  _ 

«--f..>inn,  day  and  Han.h' 

•  '  '■Wk.     {;n,.  „f  ii 


■  "larkiit 


I'oiiiiils. 
700 

■  .'t.oco 
u 


•"  '"«'»I.K.«(I!ri(i«i,  , 


H((.,1h 


fl 

i 

1 

!■ 

:  1 

fl 

i  A 

mv 

196 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


i 


i 


NORFOLK  POLLS. 

They  are  red  iii  color  and  liave  iij;iired  at  tlie  Koyal  Agricultural 
Society's  niectiiigs  Cor  iitauy  years,  and  have  juained  many  prizes  iu  tlu- 
'-S8  *''i'or  otlier'e.stablislied  l)reeds,"  and  were  awarded  the  dignity  of 
^  iial  prize  at  the  royal  show  held  at  IJattersea  in  ISCIli.  Since  then 
the  V  have  been  gaining  approbation,  giving  evidence,  as  they  do,  of  good 
milking  properties,  as  well  as  size  and  symmetry,  and  carrying  a  good 
proportion  of  lean  meat  to  the  fat.  Considerable  attention  has  been 
i)aid  to  the  improvement  of  this  breed,  and  it  is  becoming  more  noted 
for  dairy  productions.  The  soil,  climate,  and  treatment  are  favorable 
to  their  cultivation  and  develoinnent  of  all  their  essential  properties. 
They  are  the  general  dairy  breed  of  their  county,  which  is  more  a  grain 
and  grazing  district  than  dairy. 

The  soil  is  alluvial,  loam  and  sand,  fertde,  with  a  mild  climate.  Tlu-y 
are  an  old  breed,  with  short  legs  and  thick  bodies,  supposed  to  be  de- 
scended from  the  (iallowaj,  with  native  admixture. 

Live  wei"bt ;  Pomids 

Foiir-yoar  old  ox  at  Sniitlificld  uliow,  Docciubor,  1883  (ollal,  H  pomuls  to 

tlio  Bcore) ~',  (il:i 

Cow  or  heifor I,;i81 

Duad  Avoiglit : 

Ox  fed  in  tlio  ordinary  way 700 

Cow  or  heifer  fed  in  the  ordinary  way 040 

Coloi    -All  red. 

Climate— Mean  temperature,  41)°. 5. 

WEST    UKtIILANDER. 

This  wihl  and  herce  looking  mountain  ranger,  with  its  long,  shaggy 
hair  and  grac-fully  set  long  horns,  is  a  general  favorite  with  every  gnl 
zier  in  the  Kingdom,  of  which  it  may  be  said  "it  never  lost  a  frit'nd  op 
made  an  enemy."    The  great  demand  and  keen  competition  for  thcso 
really  hardy  aiid  picturescpie  ariimals  lor  grazing  in  all  j)arts  of  Eng. 
land   leaves  a  very  sinall  margin  ior  i)rolit.     They  are  si)ecial  favotitivi 
with  many  noblemen,  an(t  are  sele(;ted  for  the  profitable  adornment  of 
their  ]»arks.    .Many  are  slaughtered  for  the  use  of  the  castle  or  niaiision, 
the  beef  being  of  tli(>  choicest  quality,  and  they  harmonize  well  witli  (hj 
deer,  and  are  the  ornament  of  the  parks  through  all  seasons,  us  Iiousc 
protection  is  unkiH>\' '   to  lliem  unless  on  special  occasions,  where  sliow- 
yard  honors  rule  tli(  ambition,    I  have  seen  them  in  their  native  lioincs 
imd  again  seen  the  same  animals  shown  in  our  southern  markets  hcioiv 
tiie  railways  were  taken  advantage  of,  fresh  and  vigorous  after  a  drive 
of  over  ()0()  miles.   Their  inexhaustible  staying  powers  are  specially  dc 
sirable  to  beef  j)r()du('ers  in  distant  (rountries  where  railway  accoiniiHi 
dation  is  not  available.     They  mature  at  four  years  old  ;  they  aretjiiick 
graziers,  and  j)r()duce  the  highest  quality  of  beef.     They  average  he 
tween  4<S0  iK)un(!s  and  <)<)()  |)oun(ls  (lead  weight,  according  to  k('c|),  i\.(;, 
but  can  be  brought  to  much  greater  weight  by  artiliidal  food  and  ticiu' 
ment.    They  have  been  bred  in  vast  numbers  in  the  bleak  and  roinaiitic 
isles  and  highlands  of  Western  S(,'otland  from  time  immemorial  and  still 
retain  their  high  reputation  to  the  fullest  extent  for  all  the  above  pio]) 
cities.    The  grazier  may  'lot  realize  a  very  great  i)rolit  for  the  oiithiy, 
as  the  never  tailing  demand  keeps  up  the  juice,  but  prolit  is  very  (rr 
tain  as  there  is  always  a  corresponding  demand  when  fat,  and  tliW  re 
(juire  \ery  little  attention,  being  grass  fed  ;  and  they  are  tree  IVoiiiiii! 
ments.     in  their  mountain  hosnes  they  are  of  a  wihl  natures  but  sooii 


'r"''  TmTm>  KrwnoM. 


Koyiil  AgHcultuml 
(I  many  prizes  in  tlu' 
iirtlcd  the  (lij,'iiity  of 
in  KS(!li.  Sinco  then 
T,  Jis  they  do,  ol"  good 
ind  carrying  ii  good 

attention  lias  been 
jcoining  more  noted 
tment  are  favorable 
essential  properties, 
ivhicli  is  more  a  grain 

r  niild  climjite.    Tlu'v 
supposed  to  be  de- 


H'al,  H  pouiuls  to 


ith  its  long,  shaggy 
orite  with  every  gni 
ever  lost  a  liit'iKl  or 
nnpetition  lor  tlicsc 
in  all  j)arts  ol'  Eng. 
:ire  si)eeial  favotitrs 
itable  adornment  of 
le  eastle  or  niaii.sioii. 
monize  well  wjtli  d,^. 
ill  seasons,  as  liousc 
i-asions,  w  here . show- 
n  their  native  lioiiics 
hern  market  shcioiv 
gorous  after  a  drive 
ers  are  specially  dc. 
i^  railway  aecoiniiHi. 
olil  ;  they  aiV(iiiick 
They  average  he 
Mjrding  to  !iec|),v\.(;, 
li(;ial  food  and  trcai- 
■  bleak  and  roinaiitic 
mnicmorial  and  .still 
rail  the  above  i)i()|( 
rolif  for  tile  oiithiy, 
I  ]»rolit  is  very  ccr 
en  fat,  and  tiiW  re 
ey  ai'e  free  Inuiiiiil 

i<i    iilltUit',  iMit  .SOUii 


Argylesh.re  is  the  stronghold  ofo.."  '"J^'''"ff  '»'>'l  fee  di„;  r^'*  /.""^ 
(inc.!  to  that  ecnnty,  bnfc  ('xtend,?^.?-  ^''^  '""eod  is  S  1/  '''''''''•^•'^• 
ing,  where  scareelyMny  o£?S^  ol^l^l^^^^^^i^i^SZ' 
Livo  wnviit :  ''"  ^'^^tlo  can  exist.  »"iroand. 

Fully  iiififiircd  ox,  jif,  SiiiiHif  i 

ponn.lHtolhoscoro) '  '''"•"■' "'"""nbor,  1«83  foffiil    i„      .,  ^""'"I"- 

^;<>^y  or  Iioifcr  at  SinitlKicM  Vlin,',  "fT ^        '  '"^^  ♦'"i"  « 

I>ii'l  wci-Iit:  ""^'^'  ''''"^v,  Dficombcr,  18«{ ' o  090 

Fully  niatiirod  faverii'ro'»  af/,„,.     ,  T  Alir 


Jfill, 


Fully  iiiatiirod  favernffo)  sfooi- ,.  I 

iroi'Hs  w„o„  fo„  for  n7S£r„' ;^;i;;';«;'l  /■-  --kot  on  «ra«,s 

Aiiiiii.'il  averajfo 

To  1  poiiiid  of  bnttoV  .* 

Ti)  1  pound  of  clieeso..." .'.'.'         

Soil.-lAt^ht  loam,  (day,  and  o-mnu 
( ohr.-lloi],  black,  and  diiii.  ' 


'JHE  STTSSKx, 


(100 

r/^o 

2.-'''00-:?,  000 

25> 

9 


198 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


l;;T.'S»te a;;il"o,";irem'ei;Sof ^  bree,l»rs  ..n.l  to soU and  clima... 

I'ounds, 
'-'''' wtny-xc.r  old  ox  at  S„,it,l,iu>l.l,  18«5  (oflal  over  8  pounds  to  the  8coro).     2,^.11 

VVoi^'litoC  hcifor  (Smitliiielil,  1S8.5) '.'.'.'.'..'.     ii'sj;, 

Wei^Iit  i>f  cow,  iiiiy  aj;*' * ~' 

Dead  irciyht :  ^„i  <v>i.  vmrTfAt,  84(1 

Fully  uiiituiv.!  ox,  ordinary,  fed  for  market ^-ijj 

lIcKer,  (yd  ibr  luarkot ""."""::""[:""::] 8(iu 

Cow,  led  for  market 

Milk:                               ,                                                          4,000 

Annual  average .,^ 

To  1  pound  of  butter |         ■" ' ^ 

To  1  i)ouu<l  of  clieeHc. 

.%(•?.— Clay,  loam,  sandy. 
C7/Hia/<'.— Mean  temperature  f.O^. 
Co/or.— All  red. 

WELSH  CATTLE  OR  RUNTS. 


poaiance  of  those  shajjfry  inliabiters  ot 
;M-ve  rich  milk,  and  are  exteiulinfj  tlieir  luni  .s,  but  they  arc  not  likely 
To  sunersede  the  line  existing  breeds  or  modify  the  c.uracter  o  many 
Iv  Jmixtnrc.  They  would  an.swer  well  for  export  where  hardihood  is 
vfVv  essential  and  refinement  not  of  importance.  They  are  natives.)! 
tleiiillv  country,  where  their  food  is  the  rough  herbage  tvt  the  mountain. 
where  the  cattle  are  in  a  corresponding  degree;  small,  but  coarse  and 
robust,  and  somewhat  slow  at  arriving  at  maturit>'.  ,,.,.,, 

Jn  the  vale,  where  better  natural  and  artihcial  food  is  plentilul,  tliey 
inike  a  "-reater  size  and  answer  well  to  treatment.  It  may  have  hen 
•1  sutlicient  length  of  .ino  distinct  and  uniform  to  constitute  a  well 
dehued  breed,  and  a  good  butcher  beast,  but  wanting  in  stylo  and 
grandeur. 

...  rduiMii. 

''^'(H- four-year  old  ox  at  SmithlU'Id  December,  IH-^:! -J,*^ 

Cow  or  iieifer  (offal  !)  pounds  to  t lie  score) -,-.'ll 

Dead  wei<;lit :  , 

Average  of  fully  matured  ox,  ordinary  leedin^r >*>* 

M'l'*/        ,,„.„,..„„.  Mm, 

Annual  averaj^e •  ^ 

'I'o  1  prniiid  butter '' I 

To  1  pound  of  cheese ''  ' 

.Soi7.— .Slaty  clay. 

f  Viwri/f.— Mean  temperature,  i9°S>. 

I'olor.—XW  black,  with  stnui^'  horns. 

An  old  breed.     The  iuijjroveusent  n!!.i"d.iii  date 


arc  tolerably  ffood 
liar  dairies.  Their 
(I  to  improve  tlieiu 
iiulicioua  uttentioii 
tlicy  are  capable  of 
1  become  valuable 
likely  to  bo  mohied 
to  soil  and  climate. 

I'onnds. 
8  to  tho  score),    'i.lill 

1,H!II) 

!.>,24r) 

84(1 

7-J(l 

8(IU 

4,000 

^4 

11 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 
THE  LONOiroBN. 


199 


^^^^i^^s^cS^^  posit.n.  amo„,  our 

was  liberally  distributed  ovTLuiCJvlT^T'  ^n"^'«^'  <'ountiess  ad 
on   1.0  wane  and  their  reputation  \v,wr'  f'''-    ^''^^ ''^vc  louj/'lo 

Some  spirited  eftbrts  have  been  nuid«  fn  ' 

'"»;••  and  ardeut  adn.irors  o^' this  one^l^?'  ^?''  J>a«t  by  ontorprisi.Mr 
l»nb!ic  notice  and  patronage  .7.  i  ^"^^•*'"»<^<1  l>reed  to  restore  f  ■  m  Im 
vi.lnal  specimens  al-e  Zni^l  forward  Sn'  '^  "'^'*  «''"'«  «>"'•'<  « 

AfTMcuItural  Society  of  E^l/ind  ni/l  r.  "^'''''•'^ meetings  The  uZ 
Droed  by  oiYering  prizes  loSem  and  n^'l^'^'T ■'\''''''  «"^"u  4,  ?i  I 
an  average  share  of  attentio  SSnivoMM^'f  <'ertaH.ly  attract  more  il  , 
|)onderons  horns  and  peculiar  .ml  n^    ^  farmers  and  Night-seers     T 

11.0  back,a  broaderonion  S^SV  S  '"'"''        '"'  ''^^^ ^-^^ 

white  center  pieces,  and  clothed  wiM^l    1  "^?'^'''''-V<>r"iixed  brow.,  •  m 

attractive.  They  ^ivo  very  rich''  ,nk'm,1-"«'  '^'"Z'  ^^'''t^^'"  ^''o'  '' o  V 
cows.  They  attain  co..siderab  o  Wh'  w/"'"'r.l>' '^^^''^^  ^'^>«<l  <lai.T 
takes  at  least  four  years.  The  WfToT  .^^'*^"  ^"".v  matured  whici. 
.l.str.buted,  and  i«  wrappei  i^^fh  ckT^l  "'','V"!'i  ^'""^''  '>"t . u  e ve  . i  ' 
strong,  hardy  constitut  on,  an  ^UhnuJ  "'?^''  "''^-  '^''ev  posses"  -t 
tobcl.opedthosoenergetkjS^^ 

...  the,r  eflbrts  to  reinstate  £m?  -dl  h '  "'*  •  ^'"'^"^  '"'•.>•  ^«  ■^■uLissi  , 
i-HHl.hcationsand  improvemoirt"  asw     r   w     ^T''''  ^''"^'^'•^'  "'i^''  'S"c 
:m.i  ...ore  extensive  pat.-o.,nge  '*'"''^'*  '^  "'^''f ''•>'  '>f  publi,  „or  -e 

Many  of  Mr.  Bake  wel  I's  fni  .««,„ 

"-"y  .>.;rinR  KulS,  /S  rSoSr  o!  "'•'!• ";""  ' '■■-•  "■•-•I 'T  <■..„ 

I'^tiiirriiiLilwwl  ...II •   -""nllnei.,        I  )rii>  r>t   >  1...   i-  .•'   '  "" 


"'"i'lly  h.nng  bulls  from  Mr.  Bakeweu'    n.       . '^^"'^■'■"  -'>'''o..- 

.Iisti.igu.shed  adhei-ents  was  M,  wi  ^^""  ''*  ^'^''  oa.Iii.st  and  m  ", 
^"I'l  otr  i.,  the  year  IToVu^en  tliw  S'  "''""  ^^-^^"''^  "•h<,se  i  e   l     ^i 

i"  -  'ive  years  ol<l,  was 'sold  for  i'of";:^  -*'•"<'  ••'ali.e!      i^' 

iJl..,  £27J,  i.I2().  and  £lon  ^„„'...  ""A"','"'  •^-''•»-     I' our  cows  realized 


'  '  ^-i-",  and  ^ij)5j  respectiv.^ly. 

Av..n.«.Mioadwci«iu^;:;:;:^',;'-       

.Mini.'  "        '""■'•"--"-•-... 

.\iimi;il  yit'Id 

To  imiind  of  hiuf('>r •" 

To  |i()iiii(l  ()reli(.(.H,,  _]■  _■ 

.VW.-D.V,,  loam  on  lime.sfono. 
( '"'""'■— M.^•lr.  tciiij.,-r.i(,ur(-,  41»u.fi. 


I'OIIIH.S 

800 


pHrt,  u,„i„i,„,„^  ,,-„,-;  «r^;;S;r;;!.;;";^i;'';;U''iK 


11 


200 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    I'ARMINO. 


i  '* 


liglit,  rocky,  witli  i)(K>r'  IitMhii'rt'.     Tlio  narrow  valleys  Iiavo  sweeter  food 
Towards  tlu^  sea  tlicrc  an^  j^icat;  Ix-Its  di  harrcii  sand.     The  climate  is 
moist  and  tlie  district  «ieatly  ercposed  to  (continued  viiids  and  liiimid 
vapors  from  the  Atlantic.     TIumv  aic  a  U^w  tracts  of  useful  laii<l    but 
througbout  the  fertility  is  vciy  moderate.     The  Ayrshires  at  one 'time 
were  used  in  our  London  dairies,  but  have  been  relinquished  in  favor  of 
the  Yorkshire  or  Teeswater  Sliortliorn.     They  <lid   not  come  to   lie 
weight  aud  condition  after  failing'  to  be  i)rotita*ble  for  milk,  and,  theie- 
fore,  are  supplanted  by  animals  better  adapted  to  the  system  of  miikiu"' 
aud  feedin,'jf  simultaneously.     AIfli()ii;;h  tiie  Ayrshiresare  very  valuabl?' 
dairy  stock  in  their  native  homes,  and  it  is  not  sal  isfa(!torilv  settled  as  to 
whether  they  do  not  pay  best  on   medium  and  poor  herbage,  in  sonc 
cases  it  has  been  found  that  when  transported  to  genial  soil  and  (ilimatc 
they  begin  to  lay  on  llesh  and  do  not  incirease  in  milk  in  a  corresjxtndin,. 
degree.    Although  of  hmg  standing,  it  was  late  in  being  i)rominentlv 
brought  before  the  public  as  a  detined  breed,  and  the  high  (jualities  pes 
sessed   thereby   are  due  to  the  adniixture  of  Teeswater  and  .Jeisey 
blood  which  has  been  introduced  to  their  country.     The  great  similarilv 
existing  betweuu  the  Jersey  breed  and  the  Ayrshire  is  in  the  color  of 
skin,  horns,  and  dairy  properties.    The  general  resend)lan<'(^  of  form  is 
so  great  that  a. Jersey  cow  might  easily  bo   mistaken  for  an  Ayrshire 


red  aud  white.  \V'hen  dry  they  feed  well.  Their  greatest  drawback's 
want  of  substance  for  general  i)uri)oses,  but  there  is  no  just  reason  win- 
this  breed  cannot  be  greatly  imi)roved  and  all  defeiits  removed. 

Doiul  woiglit  of  tiiiitiir(!(l  licifer  or  cow  fwl  in  (he  ordinary  way  Tor  iu'i»kut  rn. 

Milk:  Annual  avcnijifMvcif^'Iit, '         '               •       ■-.  .,  xi 

'I'o  1  i.onndofhntt.'r ."!!".'"!.""! !'.'! 

To  1  pound  ol'cJK'cso " ']'_ ^'• 

Soil, — Loaui,  rla.\    indHimd. 
Climaic. — Mean  icnipcratnrc,  4rt'^.8. 
f.'o/or.— Din,<;y  )i'(l  and   .vliitc. 
An  old  esiilhlislied  dairy  \m'M  of  TeeHWiUcr  and  .lersoy  laixtnrc. 

TIIE  .TIJUSEV. 


)e  ihxi^  to  the  new  infusion.     It  would  take  n.any  generaticns 
ol  carelul  c^dture  to  permanently  unite  and  estal)lisli  tliose  e.s' 
properties  m  such  a  deg.e,.  as  to  commend  them  to  the  publi,;  asm,  j' 
sii>Io  hoel  and  bntt.Mina.-hines.     They  an-  more  fitted  for  aniatc'ur  f    ,, 
ers  and  opulent  tamdies,  than  for  onlinary  <Iairy  iM.rposes,as  whenf  ,   ■ 
have  don«  n.dk.ng  there  is  little  to  carry   to  the     eserve  ft  ', 


'nri-:  imrKn  ictNODOM. 


ni5sUMl5_ANALYTlCAL   COMPAIMSONS. 


Meat  producers. — As  to  tuo  nrolitil  I 

mix  <■  flit;...  (offrout  rtvspocf.    Em-^n  •  ,  1^^^^ 

this  II.  (I.o.r  ('.v(vs  is  tho  oi.lv  hrocul  w  in  ;  '  J  "^  "•''  liivorito  breed  m.d 

lii'iid.s  not  so  ...iich  upon  what  flm  m..;..  „  ,  '"*^«<">r  aiid  feeder  do 

In,.    Tlie  Ile,eford  It  i.dVe^  i^.^l';'''",^'^  !"f «  ««.^vl,ut  it  costs  mk^-" 
Sl„,.tii...i.,  I.ut  ri.e  val.io  of  u  IrecMl  *s  im?  f  n  .      P:'"'""'"  ''^'^^r  thai,  the 
it  yields  hetwee.,  buying  an.l  sS  .  '  Zt  tu  •':'^'^»-'!"'^<I  I'.V  the  pro 
h,re.lo..  .,.<!  fecHler  eo,,iointlv  Iro  .r'it^'^-  If,/'  f  J'''^'^'. '^  yiehls  to  the 
(.biectK.i.s  raised  a-ai..st  the  Devons  is  %  i  1  A.  i    '  ''^'"''/-V-     'J''"'  Siva. 
Xo«-,  (l.erc  a.e  ...ai.y  specimens  of  the  J)evo    Vl^''f' ''/^'"""utive  siz(.. 
jjioat  w(.|-l.(s.    Mr.  Hancock,  of  Hales  Ind-.r^''-^^''^^  '"^^'•^  '^«'>'e<l 
wei-i.t  was  ..early  L',7SS  pounds      ml  wS^^  IS7;{  whose  live 

hoer.    This  a..in,aMvaslinNea  sol     /„S,^^^  ^'780  pounds  oV 

A  well-knoH-n  l.reede.-,  Mr.  i  fatwa v  h  p  "  V'"'",  '''^'"'^^'^  *^»  the  far.,, 
wliirl.  ^vei«h.Ml  1,700  ponnds  de,ul  wei:;  Z"'.?;''"'''^'  '^^  ^lio  J)evon  breed 
yidnal  animals  which  have  reac-hed  exn'io.-di,  .'  ''"'•  '."''">'  ^"«er  indi- 
iMi..],.,  s  <.ha„ipion  ox  weighed  a  iv V-  r's  S  ''*''"^-  ^^'''  S^"n>U'l 
of  hoel  wei-himr  L.loo  pon^.ds      vVfr  u   '*>"''•«,  and  ^rjivo  a  carcass 

leave  «Teat  hopes  of  further  devel  n  m  wirfn  ^  ''""'!''''  '^^''^'^^  ^vc-i^hts 
Althm.,1.  these  are  extre.ae  cas  v ,  ^  v  J,  "  ^';^;;  "'  ^''^^  ^'^""eral  lu?e,l. 
t",  fliiy  ..lay  snllice  to  hold  (.at  .*re- t  m  p  i  "^  "'"^^^^^ 
to  .nakc  *^<-l<rti(»„spossessin.r„uaTit  ,  ,  .""''•-V",'^""^'  «>  <».  be-inner 
>v'..ove  theXo.tl.  Denn.s  fron.' Thli'L^tl.;  . '  ::V»=l»''l'ti<'.s  ..ahMdaFe,!  to 
ilai.TiM'opo.tiVs  ...ay  not  rank  with  (he  l7s  l.  I  1!'""'-^'  '""■'"'''■^-  Th.-ir 
••"'•v  to  dairy  pnMl,.cti.)ns  that  .dve  ev,  rv  L  •''  ''"'■"'•"•^  *'"i'  <«""<1- 

l'n.v...iH...t  in  (hat  important  b,au<.h  l)v  im  i    o,  T'^T'''^-''^  ^'•"'  «''''"  *'"■ 
ticut..i("iii.  ' -^  .J"<ii<;ious  selections  and  careful 

Tlicv.Tyliest  i>eeC.produ,.i„,r.i„i,,,.,,  ■  ,  ^^^..  ^ 
tlH'  Srotdi  J'<  Mies  a,..l  the  p...^^     •  d  s   oh  "^''"^^  'f,  ^'''^  <''o«s  between 
cn.ssi„,  is  ..xtcsively  pmctic.e       n  s^  ' !  Il"  '"v  "     '*^'"^  ^^-^^.m,,  of 
IlK"  Ah,.|d.e.,sIii,.o  beef,  so  hi-hly       i/o  l   in  r^'"*'^-^'  I'^'''  <'*'"»■    of 

(•i<.ssh,4u(r,i(lu.se(wobreeds\rVif  «.''•'  ^^"'"J""  ">arket,  is  • 

liivcd  under  three  yeai-s  of  a-e  wis  (  7^ T.  .  i  '^'"^  "^^eers  of  l»oii,.,i 
<-i=.ssotSlH„(hnnissl.ow  1.7!  1  o  1  T,l  ','''■';  'T^  ^''*^  <-orrespo.,di,  !' 
J'jli-  :..  tlnee  yea.s  in  the  l^i^U^^ll^^'^^  -"!  ''• ''....ntly 
ilO.iiiMl  some  choice  s,>ecii.,eiis  hi.riJ  •'  ^market  Iron,  .i;l>.-»  (, 

tniK-ushed  to,-  .nilkin.  ,;,  the  s!'., o  ^ e'  vc"'rV    'I  ,'/'''  ^''''^^  ''^^^^  «'^ 

"•-"«-,  .tuouhlb,,  one  of  the  n,ost 


202 


CATTLK   AND    DAIRY    FARMINO. 


v.ii 


viiliiablo  of  our  British  Imu'ds.    Tlio  riso  in  tiiis  brood  lias  williii,  fl,„ 
past  Um  yoars  boe^ii  r<!tnari{ablo.     Ooo.l  lucra;,'!^  <-()\vs  will  hiin.r  (•,., 
£li()Ui£ir>,  whilobottor-brod  lUmilcsaiid  uioiv  popalar  wiil  roalizHVo  ! 
£iA)  to  £100  on  ail  avcrafro  ;  sonio  fasliionablo  tribes  ran"in"  from  n' 
to  £270.    Tl.o  avorai;.,  of  Mr.  Adamson'.  salo  in  ISSI  was^.s  (1,1  w 
1'  ilteoM  cows  roalizod  ovor  £17  oacdi ;  10  lioifcrs  avcra^od  Cll  ■  ')  ciiv 
ovor  £20  each  ;  L'  bulls  avora-od  £1 IM.     Tlio  .'{(>  anirn'ils  avi.ra.'i.d'  rv 
1 1.V.  oacli.  "^  "' 

London  (hiiri/ tests.— Tlw  rosult  of  tlio  London  dairy  sciontilic  |,.sf 
may  show  tiio<iualilioation.s  of  individual  specimens,  biit  |  do  i„)f  (|,ii,| 
that  a  reliablo  annual  avora^ro,  oitlicr  of  woijjlit  of  milk,  proportion    i 
mdk  to  biittor,aiid  millc  (o'-Iicosc,  cliaractcristicof  aiiv  brood  isrocor,!,,, 
In  fact  I  do  not  think  such  a  slatomont  possible  to  bo  mado  as  <•<>(  i 
soil,  climato,  and  other  (Micuiiistancos.mako  ^noat  variations,  oVoli  will 
the  same  animals,     Ilowovor  carofiilly  an  oxporimont  in  siuih  vm><l 
conducted  it  ran  only  apjily  individually,  and  is  open  to  criticism  •in'i 
objections,  and  is  not  calculated  tosatisfactorilv  solve  thocpiostion  n'l 
reliable  information.     The  nearest  approximation  to  the  ronuireiiKM  I" 
will  be  gathered  from  general  milking  properties,  where  niiimto  deti  I* 
which  cannot  have  a  general  application  must  be  taken  into  oonsi(l<>i  . 
tion.  '      '*'■ 

In  a  very  extensive  milking  dairy  in  Yorkshire,  where  every  denni 
ment  is  condiuited  on  the  best  and  most  economical  principles  tint  'v 
perienco  can  suggest,  daily  roiiords  of  jiroductions,  &c.,  show  tint '■» 
gallons,  or  20  pounds  of  milk  per  diem,  through  the  year  can  he,,!," 
tamed  from  the  selected  dairy  Shorthorns,  inclusive  of  a  few  Avrsiii  • 
and  Jerseys,  and  a  couple  of  (Jalloway  and  Shorthorn  crosses 

At  the  <!-iiry  show  li.'hl  in  London",  (Jetober  ;{,  l.SS;{,  the  foliowin.^  i. 
the  analyses  of  milk,  with  oilier  data,  on  wiiitdi  tlu^  awards  of  urh!^ 
were  made,  which  rosulls  only  go  to  proves  the  foregone  conclusion  ." 
to  the  best  dairy  catth^  in  the  Jh-itish  Isles,  the  (^hampionshin  V.iii,,, 
to  the  Shorthorus,  as  did  also  the  second  honor :  '^ 


Brood. 


Sliorllinin 

Do 

Sliort-JKini  ainl  Diildi 

(iiicmm'v 

.liTscy 

J)cvoii 

A.vr.Mliiio 


1 

-      , ,  _ 

A;,'!'. 

D.nto  of 

DavH 

I'criM'nt- 

calviti;:. 

milk. 

iijri" 

1 

(>r  Hiiiitu. 

I'k.mds. 

Lin.  OJ. 

7     !» 

May   IL' 

.M 

rj.  ltd 

1      .1    0 

Sent.  '.'7 

47 

ll.-.'ll 

7 

.Iiilv   10 

OJ    4 

12.  Ij 

7    2 

Apr.     H 

IH     K 

II, -.T. 

n   4 

An;;.    f> 

;i(i    1 

11.  L'l 

4    .1 

July    4 

'M     H 

1 1.  75 

4    0 

1 

Oct.     ;t 

■M    4 

11.  18 

Per    ' 

•Tilt.  Of 

fat.      , 


'I'otal 
^iwaid. 


.'1.  k:, 
4.71 
'.'.  K(( 
.1.  .M 
.■..  14 

r..  ij 


/'••rreiilanf. 

K.  a:, 
HI.  .-.ii 
nr.  .-.(I 
II.  s; 

;ii.M 


H 


WciffhfH  In/  breeds.— ]u  imrsuaiKic  of  the  capabilities  of  the  reeo..|,i/,,i 
breeds,  I  wdl  give  their  live  weights  when  at  the  highest  .-.tite  of  im 
fection  which  skillful  treatment  can  bring  them  to,  and  by  wliicli  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  combined  properties  of  milking  and  grazin-Mlo  luit 
exist  in  all  renowned  breeds,  although  the  winner  of  ihe  ehaiiiimii, 
dairy  jirize  on  the  3d  of  October  is  of  the  same  breed  as  tliat  ujii,!, 
carried  the  tirst  jirize  in  the  same  hall  in  December,  IS.S,}  a.s  best  In 
(u>w  in  her  class,  and  weighing  2,:io2  jumiids,  the  luMviost  oV  all  Ih,,,'!, 
exhibits,  and,  what  is  nion^  worthy  of  remark,  another  Shorthorn  liei'nr 
a  little  ovor  two  years  old  obtained  the  champion  prize  a"aiii.s(  ill 
breeds,  weight,  or  sex  ;  her  liv(^  weight  being  li,OP.>  iioiinds 


<1  lias  williiii  tli(> 
s  will  hi  ill','  (roiii 
!•  will  n'iiliz(.  fVoii, 
iUiiinn  Iroiii  jci-o 
I  was  ;iH  follows. 
('(1XJ7;  OciiUvs 
iKs  avfiiiKi'd  .ji:.-)(J 

■y  noiontiliir  icsts 
It  I  <1<)  not  fiiiiii^ 
Ik,  inoporiioi,  ,,1 
hvvaI  i.srccoidci 
H!  made,  as  o(„„i 

Itl()ll8,  CVt'll  will, 

ill  siirli  cases  i>^ 
to  ciiti(!isiii  and 
»o<|iU'stioii  iip„|, 
lie  requirciiiciK.s 
■0  iiiiiuih*  details 
I  into  (jonsideia. 

ro  every  depart- 
moiplestliatex. 
a.,  show  that  2 
^'ear  can  he  oh. 
a  few  Ayrshire 
roases. 

tlio  followiiijif  jj, 
ivards  of  prizes 
!<•  eoncihisioii  as 
(ionsliip  lallirii' 


TnE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


'rt>iil.  of         I  fill 
I     fat.     I     "Wiiiil. 


.'1.  k:, 

•1.71 
'J.  Xit 

:..  14  ' 
.\  •.'«  I 
r..  12  ' 


''rffiilaiif. 
Ki.  Ij 
!!.'.  (i:, 
Ul.  .-il) 

«r.  .-lU 

711.  M 


the  r('(!ojiiiiz,.(l 
<t  state  of  |)(.|'. 
id  hy  wliich  it 
uraziiif^do  iKit 
the  eliainpioii 
as  that  ujiicii 
.S;{,  as  he.st  lilt 
t  ol'  all  leiiialc 
lortlioiii  lieiCcr 
/.('  a,:;aiiisl  nlj 
Is. 


203 


The  roMowin;;  tiiblo  shows  tlio  Ijvo  wekrlif-  i^^•  *,„..    <•  *,     , 
,„als  in  ."iuh  eluss,  l,„t  ..ot,  n.^M^sarl  v  S  \  1*^/ "^  "'^^  ^*''*^'^^^ 
iastainrs  the  prizes  wont  to  tl.c/lSmM\ul;a,;T       """''  "'  '"  '"'"'y 


Brticd, 


l„-\ 


WreUmU 


.Sliiirtliorrm 


SiinHCX 

Ilpd-ripllid... 
Hiiotcli  I'oUoa  . 


Bteera 

Dut 

over 

2  yoarii). 

Out. 

'/»• 

lb. 

lU 

•> 

10 

10 

I 

H 

M 

0 

22 

lU 

a 

IH 

1,1 

ri 

4 

j:i 

1 

14 

1!) 

3 

2:. 

Ill 

» 

ifi 

1 

20 

u 

1 

::::;:::;:::i 

Stoorii  (not 

ovrr 
3  yeai'H). 


I J  1  22 

17  0  24 

lU  I     4 

in  0  27 

IH  .1     H 

17  3  24 

10  0    fl 

17  ;i    0 

in  1  20 

10  1     2 

18  no 


Stflcra (not 

ov(>r 

I  Jimrh) 


Ou>t.  nr.  lb. 

17  J  n 

17  2    H 

IH  2    II 

17  ;)  14 

lu  :i 

10  1  20 

20  1  t 
IH  3  2 
17  2  4 
14  »    0 

21  0  23 
10  0  22 


Oiot.  or.  lb. 

14  I    4 

13  3  13 

IH  3  37 

17  0  20 

IK  I     0 

I(>  3  12 

17  3    2 

10  J  26 


Owt.  nr. 

lb. 

17 

1 

4 

13 

3  ir> 

20 

3 

S 

21 

" 

10 

n 

13 

20 

0 

ft 

10 

2 

e 

17    3  22 
U    1  10 


.A.. 


Uitflilanileig  (any  ago) :  10  cwt.  1  qr.  i  l|,. ,  17  „„»  0  „,„   .^  ,,        ,", '  ^ 

I'J  lliH.  ,  '  '  "  ""''•  2  qw-  18  Iba. ,  14  cwt.  5  lbs. ,  and  13  owt  "  nr. 

VVeW.  ox«n  (any  ago) :  22  cwt.  1  nr.  n  lb,..  „„,,  ,„  «^t.  g  ^„  ^  ,^^  "^'-  "  1"- 


iMirinslaneo,  there  is  the^n     n^  i^  ^:;^    '    !     ,o  l' '" 
is  not  .•haraeteristic  of  the  broe,       Th  7  s,    eh    ''''"''  '*''':"'  '^''''*''' 
llunt.s.    Tlu.  pnro  Devon  is  a  s    ,11      (nm  T  ocenrs  in  Welsh 

l'i"'i<.v,  i'i.'<iiun.  milker,  of  rich  .n  , lit v     T        V     ?"'•[  •""'""'''  "^"  """ 

i  he  Shorthorn,  jrreat  size,  ;rood 


!j(i()(l  j^razer;  interior  in  miiii  yip],^ 


204 


t  V  . 
Mir 


•I 


CATTLK    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 
OONCLTTDINO  nKflOMMKNDATIONS. 


Hofnn'  coiKihidiiif;.  if,  may  wot  Ixi  «l('(Mn(><I  iiioxpodiorit  to  iiitrodiu'o  u 
few  ciualil'.viii};  icniiuks  tliat  may  not  prodiico  any  ilctractinff  irifln«Mic,i' 
but  have  a  tcmlcMury  to  cstablisli  ronlidcnco  in  my  nxporionco  and  Imin' 
l»Io  rnth'avors  to  jrivo  a  collect  and  iinbiaHed  d/^sciription  of  tli(!  eapn. 
Itilitios  of  the  varions  breeiLs  of  catthi  referred  to  in  tliis  report.     Fop 
many  years  I  liad  the  entire  management  of  the  extensive  and  (b'.stin- 
«nisiied  Iierd  of  Siiorthorns  bdonfjing  to  tlio  hito  Earl  of  Ducio,  (JIoii 
cest«'r.shire,  as  well  as  the  llerefords,  Seot«,  and  Jcr8(\VK,  whicih  wtMc* 
lcej)t  more  as  exi>erimental  auxiliaries  thari  for  the  pormauent  establish- 
ment of  the  breeds.     I  established  a  considerable  herd  of  selected  Short- 
horn cattle  for  Napoleon  III,  and  idthongh  thoy  were  located  in  the  two 
extreme  temperatures,  they  answered  admirably,  and  Just  as  thv'w  in. 
IhicmuMvas  befjiiinin^'  to  be  f(!lt  in  France  their  fnrtlier  develoinnent 
and  nsefnlness  were  suddenly  cut  short  by  the  unfortunate  I-'raiico- 
I'rnssian  war.     I  als(»  formed,  ami  for  many  years  sni)erintended   tlui 
well-known  herd  of  Shorthorns  belon^in^'  to  Colonel  tiunter,  in  addj. 
tion  to  (Jalloways  and  other  smaller  herds  of  different  breedKS,  and  have 
acted  on  nearly  three  hundred  occasions  as  judj^o  oi  stock  at  n|,'ricidt- 
ural  societies  in  the  United  Kinjidom.    My  remarks,  therefore, as  far  as 
possible,  are  founded  on  facts  obtained  by  lonjj  experience,  and  I  am 
actnatecl  by  no  motiv<!  or  interest  beyond  a  desire  to  submit  this  replut 
with  as  much  truth  and  as  few  errors  as  my  abilities  will  allow. 

I  have  for  forty  years  n'wou  my  undivided  attention  to  bree<l'in{,'  and 
feeding,'  <,f  nearly  every  description  and  breed,  during  which  tim'e  1 
have  shipped  to  all  (piarters  where  IJritish   breeds  are  to  be  found 
and  have  had  more  than  ordinary  opportunities  afforded  of  acquirin"- a 
thorough  practical  knowledge  of  the  trne  merits  of  the  various  breeds 
I  have  always  found  the  Shorthorn,  Hereford,  Devon,  and  Sijotcrh  i'ol. 
lies  answer  admirably  when  exported  to  Australia,  Xew  Zealand  South 
America,  the  irnited  States,  and  C'anada.     I  entertain  a  very  hi "Ii 
opinion  of  the  Sussex  cattle  for  exportation.     There  are  nniny  (»flu.|. 
English  breeds,  but  I  think  I  have  named  the  aniujals  best  adaph'd  loi 
other  climates.     The  Norfolk  I'ollies  answer  well  with  liberal  keep  imt 
cannot  rough  it  with  the  Scots.     The  Highlanders,  on  account  of  I'jn.ji 
wildness,  have  not  often  been  tried,  but  they  can  easily  be  subdued  and 
brought  to  be  very  genth;. 

The  full  details  of  \hv  properties  of  our  best  IJritish  breeds  of  cadi,, 
are  embodied  in  the  sej)arate  reports  under  the  different  heads,  wliidi 
facts  strongly  suj)i)ort  my  conlident  recommendation  of  the  Ibllowin" 
breeds  as  the  best  adapted  for  exportation  to  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  viz,  Sh(uthorns,  llerefo/ds,   Devons,  (iailoways,  Aberdeen-; 
and  Sussex.     These  animals  possess  strong,  robust  constitutions  -n  ,' 
other  essential  properties  abundantly  lit  them   to  fully  maintain 'tli,!' 
reputation  when  suitably  located,  and  every  breed  nained  is  (tapaliu-  ui 
further  development  under  circumstances  more  favoral)le  to  their  varied 
habits.     The  Scotch  I'ollies  can  stand  severe  cliunites  with  inferior  food 
and  the  heavier  cattle^  will  freely  respond  to  the  rich  fare  (»f  the  plijn. " 
Where  milk  and  butter  are  made  s[)ecialties  the  J.mscv  and   Vvrshiiv 
ar- invaluable.     The  West  llighlamler,  if  once  h.cated  in  the  United 
States,  would  gain   <iu>>(:-   -'leri*  theelimat*!  did   not  neeessititc  (l,,. 
winter  housing.    The  '  ...Mtjorns  ..re  veiy  ungainly,  both  by  i.ui    „,d 
ship,  owingto  llndr  p;  i!.;er-,ii(i  iiorus. 


iiMit  to  iiitrodiuifl  u 
itiactiiiff  irifliuMici', 
porioiico  iiiid  Imiii. 
|)tion  of  tli(!  ('iipii. 
I  thi8  report.     Fop 
;oii8iv«  uiid  (liNtiii- 
rl  of  Diirici,  (Jlon 
rscwK,  whicili  wtM« 
'itiivuont  oHfubliNi,. 
1  of  fielc(!ti'(l  Short- 
located  ill  the  two 
I  jiiHt  UN  tlu'ir  ill. 
'tluT  do voIoimuMif, 
brtuniito  I-'riuico 
nperintonded,  tlm 
I  tiimtor,  ill  iuldi- 

breeds,  and  have 
stock  at  a«:riciii(. 
herofore,  as  far  as 
crience,  and  I  am 
ubmit  this  report 
will  allow. 
I  to  breediiif,'  and 
Uji  which  tiiii,.  I 
are  to  be  fouiid, 
ed  of  ac(]iiiriiinii 
0  various  breeds, 
,  and  S(!()tcli  Pol. 
w  Zealand,  Soiuli 
ain  a  very  liif,'Ii 

are  many  other 
l)est  adaph'd  lor 
liberal  keep.  Imt 

account  of  IJieji 
■be  subdued  and 


="i«l  n  :i'<'",  ,C  ;  Vi'v  hea.l ;  insurance  from!  Ho  r>  n^  ,  '  /"«'»*l'"g  'ood 
tlu-  sea.son  ot  (he  year  and  vessel  enu  oved  Tl  '  l'*"'  "r*'*»"'^'  to 
atr<!Ml  .ip..n  then,  is  r.-uhued  by  tlu>  n.ffi^^^^  '"''  '"^"'  to 

.H)S|.:i.H  F.AV  l^M:LKNm;'^!STtTl' 
Hoi  Til  .Mmj'oim).  CniTV'i.x-  -..,  A Veterinary  Stirnenn. 


HolTII    .MlM'OUI),   COITNTV   OK   YoijK 


^ 


JERSEY  CATTLE. 

Tilt'  lneed  of  hornetl  cattle  in  tlir  l«lii.,i  i  .     i 
III  .ii^".v  .vsp<rts  ren.arkald...     Tin!  in;M;n^"'T '"•?•'  '^""^^•"'  '"'"l  '« 
,sizr;in.ldeli,.,tefranMM,fih,.;,Hi,    ,  "         :'^J'*'*'''^ 

"'^"''•""•"  ""'  '"ill-  Tin-  Hrst  n^s,  ,  v  ,  .//'^,  ^/^  '  ""*  «>'  t'.e  butter 
''.V  ""'  i'='l'i(  <'!■  Ixvedinir  in  an<l  in  •  j  iVi  '  '  '''^'  'ave  been  producwl 
siul.  an  e.vtent  that  each  islan  l.as  s  o  'T  !  ,"^'r""';\lr"  ^''"Tie,!  to 
I'li^'jl  '-"  -^'^y  t'onsi<leration  whate  e  Wh     ?'  >'  '''^"'^  '"'^•^'  "o^'  '»^^ 

liiiif'l  "itli  (he  lUiK^liee  of  tef  heriii..-  the  ■•..,.         ^''*\«;""^^  t=*in«0  com- 

•"'"'"'' '""'  '''*'  •'''■""^f  "my  be  s  in,      / ;         '"'^V::'^''  ^•'"•'■»"«  kinds 

!ii"f!"s  m|«o      aui,,,.,.^!,  ,.  •'  "  '^"""'^''t  to  a'connt  fort  n./wi .,..~ 

•      •     '^'tltOt!-}j  Very  snndl.  nninv  ..r  » "  .::;•  •'"'"  .i^^-' "■ 


I,  numy  of  the  cows 


urc  renuukablc 


Hill 


1: 


a.  i 


If 


■ttr 


ml 


206 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


for  Kyininotry,  jiiid  tlicy  liiroly  show  vicious  teniDcr     Tliov  i,,,.. ..  « 
curvecl  tapca-  ]»orn  a  sleudcr  L.e,  a  fi„o  Jlun'/u      ilee   ]  L'l^nn    "o? 
the  (lifloreut  island  breeds  tlie  Alderucy  is  tlie  smillesf  n  ml      .«['  i  . 
eato,  and  (he  Jersey  is  so.uewhat  ]ar,4,  bu    no    ven  <li    le  "^  ^S 
Guernsey  (.i  tie  are  hir^-er  boned,  taller,  And  stouter  iii  a      e^^^^^^^^^^^      ^n 
have  a  less  iine  coat.     The  color  of  the  coat  is  verv  var    n.i  "Sn  ''(', 
uioniy  reu,  red  an.l  white,  gray  and  white,  or  crean,    o     S   b    "f  h     " 
are  good  beasts  of  black,  and  black  and  white  color  wi      a  li  "v  • 
.own  the  ba(=k.     All  the  cattle  are  yellow  round  tie  eves    uuf wi  hf " 
the  ears,  and  this  peculiar  tendeucj'  it  has  been      vail    m^^^^^^^ 
accompanied  by  a  similar  color  of  the  butter  made  fr<  i    fhe  ,    ,'  Ik    '  f 
ot  their  lat  when  killed.     The  (ianse  of  Ihis  peculiar   vtnir.  vV'' 
an  obiect  of  much  unlearned  and  h-arned  spJc^allo"  ^  H  i^ev  .S  S 
the  milk  ,s  no    the  only  secretion  of  a  yellow  ,;olor,  for  in  a.l  li  ion  t,     * , 
eyes  and  ears  being  tinted,  it  is  one  of  the  peculiarities  (.f   I    ^st  i  ' 
nials  that  (here  is  a  yellow  tinge  at  the  root  of  the  (ail      I    h  s  l,:     ' 
.saggesinl  that  the  color  is  derived  from  bile,  but  vel       ne.     in,' 
essential  character  of  that  secretion.     Its  pi'operties  to  be  bit/, 

carbonized,  and  to  i,erform  certain  functions  in  the  a     n>      econ        ' 

bl"    PuM  ;VAl'''''i'''-  ""''  '''^  ^'^•^■*"'''  ^  *^""'»^  i.s.vellowiu',s  'v  tSi 
bile.     Lilt  (hat  the  coloring  matter  of  the  milk  and  tissues  of  tl.<.' 

i.el  is  amis  cow  may  also  be  the  coloring  ma((er  .>f  the  bile  is  .,,*'" 

esis  which  no  physiologist  would  condemn,  so  is  the'  ,1  ,'  'ri'u       m       ''" 

near  vicuty  of  (lie  sea  may  supply  an  er.^ss  of  ^^Mlauul  '.'.:; 

that  the  practu-eot  closely  tethering,  by  lin.i(in..(I,eain,,.int,)t(x^^^^^^^^ 
ma.y  engender  a  tendency  (o  some(hing  akin  (o  l.iie    f  ,    .  it       T' 

bo  m  excess.  The  largeyi<.|d  of  milk  lYom  the  is  a  d  .  s  a  ,  ^  '  '' 
ness  ot  the  rmlk  for  butter  an,  well  known.  J-:xtreme  ^.ses  'l  ■  V 
fi-om  K;  to  17  pounds  per  week  of  bu((er  have  b.-en  a(  e  Iron,  ,  i',' 
of  one  cow.     The  cattle  are  fed  in  (he  ordinarv  wa  a         .'n  '''''' 

tia.es  r  <lay.     Each  cow  re.]uir..s  about  1  'I  Kng  isl/anis  ol        .  7 

and  IS  le.l  during  winter,  from  the  beginning  of  Nc  ve  .' .  T  on  an  i""  ' 
wnrze  ,  turn;ps,  parsnips,  and  hay.  (Jood  Jheese  can  be  ma  o  f^  i  Tf;'- 
nnik,  l«   ►  It  IS  not  manufactured  for  sale.  '  "'^ 

'  THOMAS  KKNOIJF, 
United  States  Consular  Agenov,  Comular  A,jcnt. 

Jersey,  Felmumj  1>0,  18S5. 


I'rodiutH  of  Jcrxri/  atttk  ' 
irmln.^uir  in  r„„.sii|.,r  A;,'ri,t  l;.ii.,iir,.,  ,,.,„„  I, 


m 


•TI.C  Jor.,.y  j»„K,!  i,  K.  ,,,r  cunt,  heavier  thau  .1...  l.;„«l,.,.  p.,„n.l.  " 


I 


THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


207 


vnitrr.    IM  8iuMin.>r  t!>..,v  .u.,  iVlT        |  /     /O'''''''"  "*''^'^1<'«  with  ko,„1  sti-i«-  li<f 

.-.,■•  M,  „n.«;r  (li.^y  ,no  Co,!,,,,  l,,,v    ♦„•;.:?!.';.  ^_^^^^'rod  lu  tL.,  liel.Ks  f o  rvo-.M-.««  ...  . 

1.  .•111.1 „■•.>'•'**"  **"" 


CATTLE  IN  COENWALL. 

In  iiii.swcr  to  Dt'partincnt  (iirciil-ir   r  i> 
s|)'  fiul  ii«c"i.t8,  wlio  wore  wimdnca  nm  J ul^  .    .  ''i''*''  ^hat  I  einnloved 
iornnt.o,.  as  to  breeding  ^■^m.X^^t^ ^^'V^^}' ^<^  V^^S ^ 
iiistMiia's,  they  liavo  bwn   •ilhi,r..fi..    ''"*'"  "'^i  ,  ovccitf  in  f,.r. 

Ti,,v  „,,;,«  ,i;„t  there,  oxi.  t  o  f  ,f„7;,"''7r«»''''  "■  tS  oS,  r 

,vai.(  oi  ,„IIi  R,„t  ,lat,.  ,„  .■iMbui'f      "''■;:'  ""  "'"  "Ul'ject  or  t 


l.v  geiioialieiuarlcs,  m  the  form  of  a  leilor  "  ^'"''  ^''''^"''^'•»  ^>nt 

ilOWAKD  FOX 

United  States  Con.sulate,  cJnml 

Plymouth,  July  i>5,  18«4 


hrml:  .^liiirniorii. 


'ISO  «'.\(c|)t  i„ 


•'/'••  -'orl  lUncc,  farmer,  to  .,/,.   Cock. 


1  have  I 
*iirv  tlial  I II 

laud  nil  till' 


'  "1"  ""'  ••''•''•  '"  (ill  u  ,;„'.,.  !';','.'■'•,''.''    '""•'")  .v«'n  .,.„f  n,o   .v.„|  ,  ' 

' '/''  ■' ''-  '"  tho  aiimunl  ni'  m,  i    .  "''  '■''^'-  '^  «"-"i  '-'l  -l'  (ioni;i      ...  m  "  ,V''> 


208 


C'ATTLK    AND    DAIRY    FAKJIING. 


1     !      I 


i  I. 


lifl 


milk,  uikI  Mii!  most  .iiid  IxsL  Imllcr,  acconliinr  i,,  ||„,  ...in.    ,„,,  ,  ,,      j 

l.iitrlR.r  wi(l>  i„oW.  uvi-ht  wlu'ti  (i„i.;i.,'.i.  "  "  "   '  '^'  ^""'  """'''  '^""'"  ">  U,,' 

1  CUM  only  refer  to  our  own  coiuitv.     'J'lie  eliiii-ile  vnii-'  k,,  ,...    i  . 

lu.le  (hat  we  .uu.sl,  .tu.l.v  our  own  i.arli..MhMV;;Mi      .],•■',; '  /"'  ""',"^""<'  .^1, 
an.l  I  i.n.sinne  ir,  wo„l,l  he  .1...  .sa.iie  in  Anu.ric  /.     «)  o      m  n  s  u  .'".1'''"?' ,','' '^'''■1'. 

n.-rth  oi  onr  eoiu.ly  heeunse  if  is  ho  hh.;,!.  and  .:ol,|      The    ■    ov  es    r '      'J   '  "■'     '"  "'" 

come  (hin  ami  j-oor,  h,u  here  in  l\u-  .sooll M,e  hes  ,        i      ,  ■    '1,'  I    T      '1    ^'l'^'  '"- 

•h.  very  well.     J!,i(,  1   helieve  Ih,.  Drv.ns  ami  II.mv  onis     ,       'l   .  ■""''  ''"V 

lbe.lin^  ]mr,K..e.,  l.avinj,  less  h„„..  and  nJre  l!:;      '  ^ii  1   .        ,  k"    '''V''''''''''  '''' 

Vmi.v.     Theycanhearth..  nvMU..Mt  chanj-e-s  of  w<.    I  '     u'    e         tu  ?l'sr''n '''"''^^ 

They  ,.,re  not  .so  Jax  in  their  howcN,  and  .lonol  r ire.s,  nine     ,0    s   e   '         ,'T''''''''^' 

«lu,nhltlmd.tholn,lloeksor(.n-nwall,.ud,hor.'un./r;;iron  ' 

year,  withonteorn  en- .irtiUciai  food,  hnl  ..feonr.se  the  millsin-e   u  .  .iT,,'  '"'  I"-'' 

tho  co.st  of  lahor  would  he  more.  '  """""i^m^  «  "".s  i.a.Mimre.     Thfii 

I  am,  iVe., 

JOEL  UOWii^ 


CATTLE  IN  SCOTLAND. 

i;i:i'(>ia'  m-  voysui.  wells,  of  nuyDEi:. 


Cattle-  Co.npan.v,  wlii.I.  ],as  a  It.^nl  orjr>,iHm  1.  'uC^lmui  /'''/;' '""' 

lo;-y  Lulls      Mr.  BatcLy  is  a  m.o;„.i^;r;;;;;i;!, 'i    "  ,    '^^/^;;r  •;•'"  ^'^"• 
HHi  a;^TK-Mlti,raI  matters,  and  an-onlin-Iv  lie  has  In-, n,       T,''"'" 
m-mat,o,,u.lativc  fc.'Mlu.  l,..s,  animals  n>Vx,.o,tu^^ 
th.  I...r(.lia.s,nopn,r  <.rti.oanimals."a,Ml  -t  ,.■  host  nu-ans   n        "*''' 


i.uMli(h-m.(   I>ree.lsof^^,Uleintliisdi.str^i  ;   .:    ,,  ';^    •\'^'''''- 
Mi:irth(,ni.s,  Ayrshire,  West  Iliolih,nd   -ind   M   •     <     11  '  '^"-'' 

'••""<l  ir.  the  parks,  rnuhleme       ,       ll         rh/""    •'"'■^''^^^  "'"  -  ''' 

^'-^-•-->...".iou.>te<ny..,;^;it:rt',:;:i;;;,::'^:;lt'';- 


ING. 


k,hr.{    I   tllillk;n.|(,»s  IiivimI 

>.U,  ami  would  cdiiu^  Id  t|„. 

'■;  f^"  "iiicli  ;u,  liio  saiiic  jild 
liaM)n".'(l  \v(M)(ijr|,(,  („|.,,, 
"J'-^vvill  not-(l„;,r,  all  in  tl,' 


r  linwclsarc  no  hi\  (i,,,^. 
li  iiii.sl  .sli,.l|, .,■,.,!  I:, II, I,', 

'",''  " "•>l  |ir<>tital.'l(."i; 

'■'  ^><-^l  •■Ills,  iiIKi  l.riiH'  I,,,,,' 

'■^■'V'-''"^'"i-.'Mi-.rri,;:;:: 

lIlclMH)r.sllcll;H„,„|   lu.Ml        i 


)| 


HI 


.foKL  ].'()\vi:. 


'Djci:. 


J^;«ttI..,"JlKive  to  slate 
,  and  inocurcd  ;,il  tb 

'•''  '»iw(ls,i,n,l  oivi,,, 
•H'l«'mi(l  t()(.,„n,.v' 
^•|s()rlitli«n,,,p,,,;  ' 

"I'olm  Ciistl,.,  Ki„ea,. 
;•  dead  and  livtMVfi-lit 
^';;.V,  esq.,  iii,.,„ln.i.  ,,t 

<*ti<;inann('r,„w„i,,. 
"  '"-V/";'"  -M  Ai.clil,,: 

'Colorado.  11,,,,,^ 
i>llod  An,!4ii.s;i,i,Ui;ii. 

'l.'v.urdi,,,.,  uitlM!." 
'•Mh!  Liiitcd  Sjiit,.,' 


tiiicansofi,,,,,,;,.!,,,, 

>.at(.s    '      ToTl„.,„;,s 

■'"•I  "fl"i's  laiiMMr. 
";^\tlH'.  I'ollnlAius 

"•   I-<'r«ll,SO||   ||;|s  |„.|.|| 

'"■*'■"    iJiitaiii  ;iiK| 

v^a.v.soii  a-riciil(|||..,| 

<>'  Aiiiciicaii  slock 

;,'II,S(.;,((1,..      11,,,,,,^ 

/Olly-liVl.    \, ,;,,.,,   ;,|,,| 
tUc    III    Sc,,(!;||„|, 

'  ',!'<'  I'nilcd  Aii;,',is. 
^•■'illoua.v.  A  \n\ 
"I  dciscvs  arc  ;,i  |,',. 
'•■^  iiiciitioii.Ml,  uiiir 
'"<•  ill  lliis  (lis!ii,.( 


THE    UNITKI)    KINGDOM. 
THE   POLLED  AI3ERDKEN   Oi.   ANGUS  I3REEI,. 


209 


•  1-.,-^ 


T!io /iinners  of  Al)(!rd('eiisLire  it  i-    f  f    i   i 
prove  this  breed  uiul  to  iiiako  its'l)o,.f' f^S^^  '•  '^\°  ^^0"«  'nueli  to  im 
Tlie  ...ni.ber  of  tJiis  breed  of    vt  ^  i    A W  wVV  -^^^^  "''""'«™  '"^ikets" 
(l.an  in  aJJ  the  rest  of  Scotlan.l  am   that  d  iS^^^^^    \'  '^''}  ^«  ^^  greater 
ol'/anu.i  tlio  largest  li.nnber  of  ,,i[zes  au4rded  t^^f^u.^'^  '^"  ^°'^»  ^Lat 
.r  Iciin  H,  tins  breed,  viz,  the  Jato  Mr.  WmiuXo(^^^^         "'''^»  ^'or  ox- 
In  Aberdeeiisliirc  tliere  are  many  celehr^^a  t^^^T"^'^'  ^^ '-^^"lyfour. 
Among  tlio  j)ronnnen tones  may  bo  inenS,.  i  fe^'^ders  of  this  stock 
(e. side,  (.f  J<\,rbes,  who onns an  cxtons  v    w i"^  ^^f"  ?'  ^^"^^^n,  of  Wa-' 
Uim  liead  of  ti.esc  cattle  to  thluSd  ^Zt'^^''^^^^^        «ent  uear  v 
.rnt  years.     It  has  just  been  l>ublk"v  .s  Uif^^^^  within  S 

tliat  tins  o(.„tlenian  has  been  offered -imi  ,1      !&  ®*^«*«'»  newspaners 
ior  the  inivilege  of  „ickin^r .,,  CiXcTl\(f^^^^  ^om  AmeS 

this  bree<].     The  ibllowing.    ithoc^nt     '  j^^^^^        ^''^  valuable  herd  o 
Irom  .Mr.  \\  ilken's  herd.         '^^'^'^raphs  .show  specimens  of  the  breed 

'J'iiisbreedrunlisasoneofthehi'diPv^f-  if..  ^  *, 
(hieing  (kittle  in  Scotland, and  are  (-"^i  led  ^^^^^^^         l^'""  l"«liest,  of  beef  i,ro 
they  are  without  horns  (poll  .      a  a\'.,i?",^^^  tK 

icnitoiy  ealle<l  Angus,  v^l.ich  li^^^n^'   ^  bS^  o^^?^  iV^^^  ^^ert  b    m^ 
embracing  the  Strathmoro  Vallev  -ii  f  <.v?.r  i'^  ""^  *''^  <^rampian  Ui  . 
erdeen.    These  ancient  cattle  ren/ai  el  in  h'*^'"^'  ^i^'^^  i' early  toTb' 
almost  nnn.emorial  until  conipaSlvdy   ^em  ^iS'^'^f  ^^^^  ^'^'^  ^^^^o 
milly  of  a  1  colors  and  shapes.    J„  the  veai   Jfioi  i,    ^'''^'  '^'^''^  ^'rigM"- 
\\atsoii,  of  Jveillor,  nearCoupar  Anit,,>;  tl    ^^^'^  ^I'e  hito  Mr.  Jfnoj, 
i.yhisaneesters  /or  hundreds  of  vcnfs  b<      ''^^'i  ^'*^'''  ^''^'I  l>een  oxv  " 
px'veinent  in  the  "^eat-producinVcapacit^^^^^^^^^    ^"  ^'^'  t"  ^'"'^•^t  som     i 
wereerowned  with  remarkable  suc'es       M    tI"  ''^"'^''  '""^  l^i'S  el  or  s 
hented  a  heit    of  cattle  fro...  I,  .^4•  /i*       "' -^^^o^^iiw  J-'enMison -.1.  ;  • 
cattle  wore  called)  lul^V^l^^^,^^;;^  ^^^^  ''  ^^^^^^^(^VuZ 
ehange  of  sires,  only  ( he  calf  from  the  Ip.I  ,       ««^'.'erati„ns  without    iVu- 
III  my,)  .Mr.  I.Vrgnson  ptirchas  •    .     .e'^^^^^^^^^  r.-tained  as  a  bu  I 

years  s„b.e,,„ently  some  more  n  ".  ^^  ';:'/^'"»  ^^^-  ^Vats<,n.  ,  In 
mncli  Miperiov  to  those  h,,>  lec.'ive,  IVo,,'  J  ■  iV''"'  Z""'  ''"'''■"^'  tl'e  so 
"H'Hrd  l.reeding-  the  Keillor catta  ''   'h'''''  '"  *"""^'<liatelv  cor^ 

tl.;;-.m;iing  of  lN.|,.d  Angus  Jaitl"^'^^^^^^ 

ealied  the  '-in  and  n,  ''  ij,,,,  of  breedi,,  .   r  ^'*'  "<'<>I'ted  what  is 

rarely  going  outside  of  his  own  st  .  I    r  "^  .    '.  "'"'''  ^l'""     liiifv  v    ...1 
system  that  h,.  attributes  his Vu^'l^J^,^'!:    ';-'' /'oo'l,  and  it  ^1^.';    ^ 
,   I  visited  this  gentleman's  f  •ri    '^i  I', ''•''*'''''•, 
'"■'""""'"•"I  '•••'■file  valh>y  of  S!  at  ;    ,  .,^'';V!''*:''''y'Hit''ate,l  ,u   ,]„> 
litlaeies.  for  which  ho  pays  a  yea  'b    ^     of"  ^s    '"""    '^""'  •'^""  ''-i^' 
oth,sn.ntalhoisa(^H..texpens,^o/       u  i.^iV  '"addifi,; 

tai  ID,  iKiyiiig  servants'  wag^.j,,  ^^.,.    ,';  ,,'/'''' '*'''^'''^»''-S  -stock  ino|n>^ 

^"'''-""^  '"■inlorniedmo  tlia    h  or,:  |  ,      ^.'i'?  """'^  ''^^^^''-'aisinj  m'^,  ^ 
"«'"'■'  Aii^'iis  eatlle,  consisting-  of  ..',,,        > ,      ,"*  '■''''•^'  <'"e  l«'di-re  ,1 


iii;iiii(ler  eahcs  and  yearlings,     n,.  stat.'.;r,i  "."."■"'.  "  '■"^^■^'  '"hI  the  re 


fors;j(lo,.aeli.  w  ......  ........  , 

'n"'l-'<""'<'l'olle.lAn..us<...H,    •  -  — 'b  v^anada, 

v(;iy]ii-h|,eieentageof,I,>ad  n.ea  Vn 'iV  '^^'!l'*'^•ior  kind:  it  gnves  ■. 

11.  I..\.  al 11  -'      ""O  .     Ihey  arc  ImrUy  and 


1  M 

I 

II 

i!i 


210 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


rifjforoiiN,  iiiul  can  iuliipt  tlicinselves  to  most  all('IiiMif..«      nm.„.. 

mouths.     Tl.euv(Ma,<,^(Mvoi-litof  2.^voal^..I,l  st"  ^ rs  sul",  „    i     ,n/   '"  V' 
(  ca.l  wd^bt,  aiHl  will  brin^^  in  U{o- iicotch  ami  Kw^h^',.^^^ 
^IM  to  $200  each.     Thoy  an,  nuUc  jmrticlarly    Wst  n«n  sh  'V  '  s^^ 
])r()([ucora  than  lor  b.-iii-  suitable,  for  tho  dairy   I  ciu-.-      K  r^  V,  ,"' 

L.ltletou,  Kirrieiuuir,  and  several  others  ]iave  paid  .'-re'.M  Hm  !'!    ' !''' 
tho^brecliu,^  of  rolled  Angus,  and  have  now  elil^Lll  ZTonu^;, 

The  bull  shown  in  litlio-ra])h  No.  1  is  J>riuce  of  the  L'eulin   bn.,l  i 
Mr.  Fovgnson  at  Kinochtry,  now  the  property  of  Mr.  don       .\    '     .  ''!. 
.aveuwood,  Bantf,  Scotland.     This  bull  wlule  in  the  p     sess h    '  ,' ill" 
breeder  gauied  u  tirst  prize  at  the  Highland  Soeietv'sshou-  .f    -        ^' 
ISSO,  as  a  tuo-year-old   and  the  firsfc"pri/e  at  tl  e  iiuu   s  .  *i  t  >''?  '" 
at  Glasgow  in  3^>S2,  besides  a  nund.^r  oC  champhu    pH^  1  " ;;  ^^ 
.shows.     At(Jlasgow,at  the  age  of  four  years  and  fo  u  eeV  1  n      "'' 
weighed  1>.(;00  pounds,  with  a  heart  girth  of  S  ieet  r,  in  •  es      Si  ;    '  "' 
passed  into  I\Ir.  I raunay's  possession  he  has  gained  otiier  ■n.'?,.         ',' 
champion  plates.     IJe  has  been  spoken  of  as  one  ,>t  1 1  ■   be        'oi,''' 
Angus  bulls  whicii  has  been  seen  for  years.  ' ''""' 

TUB   POLLED  GALLOWAY  HUEED. 

This  breed  is  black  and  jmlled  like  the  Angus,  but  in  disncsiti,..       , 
mat unng  properties  it  more  resembles  the  West 'iJighlamIe,      ''''''  ""' 

lie  (.al  oways;^  may  be  described  as  the  cattle  of  the  Souther.,  in  i 
rScotlan',1''      '      '''  '"-'''^""^  ^'^""^  "^•'^•'I'.^-  *!'^  m.rth,>n.  i;    '  ''"'' 


hm 
of 


hhnuh 


The  following  interesting  rep.ut  on  Polled  (iailowav  caitl,.  w.s  , 

ot  the  (Jalloway  Hoeiety  ol" Great  l!ri(';,ii, 


pared  for  me  by  the  council 


llJ<'pottproimreil  by  Hum 


POLLED  GALLOWAY   BREED. 

cn,,f,I..Oa,Iow.yO,,,.,SoH..,,.,M;,...,,n,n,:nn,..^ 


Thin   l.r,r(t  ..!•  jmiIIcI  ...Itl..  f,M,k    ils  naiiir    iVnin  i1m'  i.io\  in,,.  „(   rvi 
l'nn..„ally  K,,.  in  (;all..way  and  i  .„n,fn..s^i;!;;:;  J  s^Sl  '^i^tl'l^!;;; 


I>i<'imI  ar,!  iinuci.iauy  Kcptin  (;all..wav  aii.l  itiiiiifi 
iK'ilaiKl,  tliciiiosf  iKirtlnvcsicily  cDiiMtviir  ]■; 


lost  ill  tiii^  mist  <if 


flu 


i)icr,l,,n!iiii,|n.attk'.     Iiimicliatclv  all 
iiiKl  iiii  cxtiMisivo  ,l,.|iiaii(l  tspraii--  ii|>  fVoni  thi.  H,.iitiica.st,Tn 


til,' 


i;;l'!=;;:;!'l!:i?';iV:"':''i-"r".H;:;:i  „,:;;;-;--- -;;;,:-; 


lioviiicstock,  iii\vlii(litlicyw,Mvveiv,sii,c.'ssriil 
iiDt  witli  cros.si  • ' 


iiiil  call;,.!.  Ili.ri 
ii"i"i'  "lKii-laii,|  aiiiiSn 
<'l>U||<i,.M,,f  i:„;;laii,l 


III  iiii 


ni(- 

II 11- 


inivc  ijicir 


ol   lioth  sexes,  aiMll.v  rr,.,liii..   anil  i.iiiri",.i,„i,t      'n  „  ""   '"'M  aini  liaii,|s„i,H>i 

the  i,rcs..nt  cJntury  has  1.....,.^,  "a      "     tu  Z  tu  1       .^'ir  "?';"', '"'""■''  ''"""^ 


iiiiiifos.     TlK^y  iirc  inij. 
tiuv,  at  Cioui  24   („  o*. 

•sisal><)utl,(MH)i)()ui)("i.s 
lOii^li.sh  iiiiiilvM't.s  Jioiii 
(Ustiii^ruislu'd  as  I)(.,,f 
111^' only  fairly  nood  ;,,s 
>'  ill  tlio  iioillieast  ,,(• 


tiK'  L'ealin,  hvvil  l.y 
i>  r.  .loliu  Ilannav,  or 
tlic  lUKssessioii  oi"  tin. 
t.v'sxliow  at  lu'lsojii 
''  saiiu^  society's  show 
>'<>"  l>nz('s  ill  „iii„„. 
ul  loiirtccii  (lavs,  !,(, 

•'  iiiclu'N.  i^un-ii  li,. 
'il  other  i)iiz,..s  ;„„| 
^  of  the   JM'st   h,)|,,,| 


lit  in  <liNp(isiti„„;,,„| 

i.y!ilaii(lt'r. 

(he  Soiitiici'ii  IlJM|| 

loithm.   fJ;-MMi7,Is 


l;ntaii,C„iC„„,„i\v,|i,,„f 


I'''  <•!  (i.ill(Mv;iv,  u!ii|.|| 
''•'ll^^'«'«'>l  ll.T(l,s„ri||is 
.^'■"iNiiid  hkI  iiiCiiiii 
."'  of  lli<'(;al|„vv;n,si^ 
'•'iiiii'.v  ucll  iMion,,,,! 
'''•     1  I'oiii  t  jiiji'  iiiiiii,. 

'"    IIK'lllidllr.l  li\   NOIIIC 
'""    '<    It  Ilill-llhllV 

^  ■'>;-■,",  Kiciv  is  iHijiiiii. 

ItllllllcNS  IllTl'd  1||,.,(  jl 
ll.'lS  tilCSIII.-lllcsl  (|ac|. 
;i.S   ir  111)1    c-ill;,.!'  ||,;|,| 

"1'  Kli^^l.iiid  ;iiiilScij(. 
illKicsnC  i:ii.;;l;ui.lllir 
'>rtH  ((I  iiiijinivc  ilicii' 
•Ml  \v;isl,n,ii;^liliili(iiil 
'"••^l  •■lllil  li;iii(|s(iii|i',( 
llH'iiI  cIli'Mrd  illirui;,' 
I'  I'V'  til!'  .suiiii'  liiriiii-, 
1^  111'    I.HIII.I  Kl'Nc.vi,  ;||J(j 


Bh 

1 

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1 

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ill. 

y  -• 

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Alllll 
llICI' 

ri'iili 
is  wi 
III 
mil' 
(il'Cii 

llui't 

lowji 
live 

IIMlll 


tins 

ail'  ii 


wiiv; 


IMII 


•MIh 

icr. 

('i:ili' 


ihal 
an  in 
lie  ol 
iiiili'i 

Illrsi 

v>liic 
liavi: 
lies. 
iIk  ii 
I'olN 
\VI 
111'  III 

Willi 

(.a 


111  (  r< 

li:(i(|r 
i-.  I'll 
raiiv 


(iair 


ol|i,'l 

iiaiii 

i;o: 

A'^iii 

I'liiii] 


lice 


111!'. 


lli'lH 


Till-;    ILNITKK    KIN(il)(»S!. 


211 


iiol 


liy  iitti'iiii  '11  to  <li''l  !iinl  ^ii'iicral  iiiiinii;4i'riiiiit.     'I'Im'  (iailowiiyt,  a.s  u  lnri'il,  ciui- 
lnV  cliiini  lc>  aiiv  (•ii|icri(iril.v  as  inilUir.i.     'I'licir  niilK  Ih  licli  in  (|iiality,  Imi(,  tlio 


i;mlitv  flit-y  ^'ivi'  is  not  lar^i 


lldwcvt  T,  the  mi  IK  in;;  I'aciilly  iiiiin  in  Honii- k|  |•aill^ 


1  iiiiiivKluals  dl' lliiiii  arn  cxrcllfnt  dairy  cow.s.     It  is  mainly  asa  liiil|iiiiilniinj; 

(1  111, 1 1  (ialli>«a\.s  havi'  made  a  iiaiiic  lor  llii"!isil\  cs.     The  i|iialil>  nlHnMr  1 i'  is 

l;ir  t(i  that  tiftlii-  AIm  riiii'ii,  An;;iis,  and  West,  IIi;;liland.     'Ihc  I t'ui  tlnsr  tlirt'i' 

liicfds  ranks  as  "  i>riiin' Scots"  in  tin"  Sniilliliidd  anil  oilier  Iradiii;,'  r>iiti>-li  Cat  markrtN, 

ri'iili/iii 
is  \v< 


mil 

Iii'cri 

^lliii 


H  tlii'iv  thi'  lii;;ln'st  iiinent  rates.     Its  snperiin  ity  arises  Cioin  tlie  tail  llial 


1!  nialldeil,  the  I'at  lieili;;  well  interiiiili;,'le(I  with  the  lean. 
In  rc.-.pect  ofi)rii|iiirlion  id'  dead  to  live  \\eij;lit  (ialiuways  Ijll   nnn^nailv  well,  ma- 
in led  aiiiiiials  eft  he  lured  beilifj  estimated  liy  expei  ienied  Initi  luis  to  diess  npuard> 
,i|'(iii  percent,  ot'their  live  \veii;lil.     (iallow.ays  aiiive  at  niatniity  v.hen  iVom  t.vo  in 
lie  years  olaiie,  accordin;^  to  tho  way  they  are  kept  w  Inn  ymiii;;.     A  well-led  (i.il 
jiiay  111'  estimated  to  \vei;j;li  when  two  years  and  nine  innnths  nld  l.tidil  |inn;;ds 


111 
loway 


live  W( 


i;iht,  and  1,(100  pounds  dead  weiL-ihl.     Alaiiy   wei;ih   more,  lint    niherv  le.iied 
miller  ailvcr.se  eireiinistaiiees  are  less.     No  eat  He  in  Mrit.aiii  are  li.irdiei  than  the  d'al 
liiways  except  the  AVest  IIi';lilaiiders,  and  tlio  ditt'erencn  lieiwcen  these  two  hreeiU  in 
this  I'e.speit  is  very  sli;;ht.     In  all  inijirovemenls  of  the   lined  the   retention  otlhis 
lit  characteristic  of  them  has  lieen  Niiccessriilly  kept  in  vieu.      While   I  heir  skill 


•lliiw  to  the  touch   it    is  iiioderalidv  thicl. 


M 


th 


iirecd,  com 


li;iir,  wi 


k, 


i-sy  nndeiciiat,  which  has  ahvavn  I 


a  tliii 

nets  to  and  is  svniptomatic  of"  the 


orcover  t!ie  profnsinn  of  Inie.;,  siifl 


cell  cliaraclerist i(!  < 


if  this 


ir  fxcepiional  hardiness.     'I'lKitJallo 


lysare  kept  on  the  low-l.\  inj;  tarm.s,  wliert^  mixed  farmin;;,  ).;rain-;;ri>uin 


and  cat  - 


lie  hrceiliiii;  and  leedin^  aie  ]iiaeticcd,  and  also  on  the  intermediate  hill  ;,'ia/iii.i^s  li 
lueeii  llie  lii-li  iiiniiiilaiiis  and  the  lower  valleys.  Many  heids  are  lucated  inhill- 
l\iiiL;  disl  1 11  Is  ^\  here  1  he  climate  is  so  hcveie  and  <old  tli.it  the  ^^rowtli  of  the  cereals 
i>i)iil  iittei.'pli  d.  A  lai.i;e  iinmlier  of  yonii^;  (Jalloways  are  wintered  in  the  open  ,iii, 
••  llie  sky  and  the  hills  and  t  he  ^'len,"  ,••«  has  lieeii  .said,  liein;;  their  only  winter  slid' 
Id.  This  .syslciii  is  piiiMied  not  rroin  scarcity  of  lionse  aceommoilat  ion  Inn  of  delili 
eiale  cliiiiec,  it  heine  fiMind  Iiy  cxiierieiice  liial  from  their  liardy  naliire  and  luin;; 
led  to  cxpiisnie  they  are  not  only  Ilhle  to  Mt.iiid   the  severitii.s  of  the  climate,  Iiii7 


iini 


ili.il  Ihev  tlin\c  III 


•tter.'iiid  make  more  pioijress  dnriiii;  'he  sncccedin^'  summer  and 
.luiaiiin  when  wint'  red  In  the  open  air  than  under  cover.  It  is  a  valued  charaelii  is 
lie  111'  the  (ialliiways  that  they  thrive  well  w  hen  kept  upon  [iiior  and  scant  v  Lire,  and 
iiiilrcil  lliey  have  loii^  |iroved  thcniselvesahle  tost.and  adv( 


Ihrsc 


ise  clicunctances,  \v 


helh 


iii.si^  troiii  soil  or  climat •  hoth.     They  are  remarkalily  iinprc>«i\e  ji.s  a  lined, 


>lnili  is  no  donlit  due   to  the  len,y;lh  of  timc-at  least   nearly  iwoientnr 


111', 
ihii 


e  lieiii  hreil  from  animals  of  the  same  type  and  possessed  o|  fhe  sanieclnuact 


icN  -l|ic\ 


Alii 


ill  rcspeci  of  color,  aliseiice  of  jioins,  and  •general  out 


CI  I  , 

ine  and  svinmcli  \ , 


V  iill>piiiiy;  fnun  cows  of  ollnr  Im'cdM  so  very  closely  n'seiiiMe  the  hlai  k  (iail 


I'elN  that  it  is  not  easy  to  distin;,'nisli  a  pine  from  (he  cross-ltred 
n  the  (iailoway  Inill  is  put  |i>  liorm  d  cows  of  any  lirei-d  I 


iiwav 


animal 


il  il 


piiiiliic(>  are  found  to  he  Idack  and  hornless,  and   in  siampinu'  then  oil 


uilli  tluir  i|iialities  otherwise  Hie  prepotency  ot  the  (ia  I  low  ays  is  \ 


roin  'Xi  to  Inu  per  i  iiii. 
•  prill- 


Cal 


lia\('  Ioli;c  II 


iiillsnl   lliis  lircei 


I  I 


cell  in  ;;nat  lavor  tor  erossiii;;  with  otl 


erv  marl 

lis 


ami  III 


lave  lieeii  Very  oxleii.sjvely  ]iiit  to  hoth  .s^horl-hoi  ns  and  A 


llnu'laiid  especially  it  has  Iieeii  a  f.ivorile  a 


ml 


iifcniNMiii;  fur  hcelinirposi's  to  use  the  , Sinn  l-linrn  Inill  on  t  hefJall 


y  r  ■ 

ii;;lilvr.nccc-,sfiil  mode 


i\\a\  cow.    l!\  either 


iiiiHlesyiiiiiieiiical.aitleofl.ireefraniisan'pnidnced.      Ihev  are  liaidy  and  their 
is  lice  Inini  |iatchincss,   well  mixed  and  superior.     These  (iall 
I  .Illy  and  reach  very  heavy  wfij^difs.     A  (lalli  way  cattl 


ir  meal 

owa\    (  rosses  mat  in  i 

ociety  exists,  its  two  main 


Cal 


iiilsheili;;   (I)   to   lliailllaill   imilnpaueil  Hie  piKJIy  of  the  hleed  of  ealtle  I 


illiiway  cattle,  ;ind  topnnnoli-  the  Ineediii'' of  t 


IMvserse,  .-iiiil  pulili>h   in  .-.   (iailoway  henl-liook  tlieped 


ese  callle,  and  {■^)  I 


uiowii  as 
II  collict,  Mrifv, 


111 


i) 


'  iisejiil  iiiliirniatioii 


iiiifiies,  .'Scotland, 


ardlll;'  them. 


I 


i;;recso|   tin 


lid 


calH 


and 


aid 


ai!i|ilartiis  of  this  sm  iet\  an 


lliilli  111  tlie-i  animals  (  \os.  l.>  and  11 
A'.;iicil!liiial  Sueiety  Siiow  of  ,'<ciit  land. 
t'uiiuiii.nliaiii  'lailiieach,  of  I), 


It  li.:spiil(lisln'il  ei:,'Iit  issues  of  the  llerd-Uook 


>1  aio  first  pri 


winners  at    the  I  liijhl.iiid  and 


!ttie.  Si  otland. 


are  the  [mipcrly  of  and  hn-d  hy  .Mr.  .laim 


Tin:    AVIfsaiUK   A.s    DAIIiV   CATTLK. 

I  liiivf  Imi'ii  .sii|i|,ii,.,l  with  till'  lollowiii},'  iuroniiatit 

lived  : 


>n  rt'L'iinliiiiv  this 


.  lie 
oiiulllv 


Avrshiiv  is  ciiiphatically  the  Scotc-Ii  Waiiv  hrccd,  ami  a  tl 
thnlty  dairy  cuw.  aiid  iuu>  tliit  v.i!!  fatten  rat>idlv  whi'ii  *! 


Iliie  fuil, 


ullii! 

I1"IH  l.eilii,  to  whii  h  tl 


all  liielit  cnnceriiinu;  tllelri 


1  was  mil  piddi-hed  for  Hie  reason  thai  a  similar  stutement 


lor 
hy, 


haracteri stii'M of  tlnit  Iailoway  luced. 


le  leader  IS  relerrei 


appears  in  the  rcporl 


oi.> 

^  1  4b> 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


lias  Ifw  e«iuals.     TlHMirijiiii  ut  this  hretnl  is  »liffii-iilt  totnieo;  iid  par 
licnlar  men  seom  to  have  .stoo«l  out  eonspiei:i)U.s  tVi»m  their  tVUnws  u» 
linediT-'  or  imnrovfts.     The  chief  exieUeiiee  of  the  bn-ttl  is  siipjMo.,! 
to  have  arisen  from  the  peculiar  eircumstanees  of  diinat*',  soil,  ami  .<:: 
uaiion  of  several  of  the  western  counties  of  S.oll.iinl.     The  farmeis  i:. 
these  districts  noted  the  i>oints  that  indicateil  '^ixnl  milkers,  and.  as  » 
coiisctiuence.  tiie  best  milking'  ctuvs  were  ptit  to  L'OtMl  bulls,  and  in  th;> 
wav  a  very  superior  dairy  breed  has  Itceii  establisheil  in  the  wi'<t  of 
Scotland,  and  spread  rapitlly  ovt-r  most  other  parts  of  the  country.    N„ 
liii'cd  of  c;'ttle  in  Scotland  will  produce  an  jijual  quantity  of  milk,  but- 
ler, ami  cheese  to  the  Ayrshire.     Many  cows,  when  i.\  their  U'st  «:i>ij. 
.litioM  and  well  fed,  v.dl  yield  ■'.  v'.'Hoiis  per  ilay  for  three  months,  and 
produce  a  total  of  from  .'hm»  to  7t«t  jrallons  [kt  cow  per  year ;  (MX)  jrallun* 
perciiw  f(»r  the  year  has  been  c..»nsidered  an  avera;r»'  on  jrood  f.snuv 
The  proportion  of  milk  to  butter  and  cheo^'.  the  standanl  reco^.Mi'Zi-''. 
in  Ayrshire,  is  about  (in  im|K-rial  llritish  jiallons)  Jh  ;;ailons  of  m!::>  ■ 
1  pound  of  butter.  an«l  1  -gallon  of  milk  to  1  jiound  of  cheesi-.     The  a..  ; 
aue  wci^'ht  of  a  ;iallon  of  milk  is  lo  pounds  s  ounces,  and  tin-  folhnvi!;.' 
tij:uri's  siiow  the  result  of  a  milking  comi)etition  ;st  A\r  oti  tii--  _•-.-• 
and  L'Tth  »lays  of  April,  16<il : 


IVame  of  owner. 


A.  WiN,.n 
I    li.!i.lri. 
W.  li.  i,l  ... 
i:    Wailari 
W.  I;.  i.l    . . 

l:  \v.ii:...-.. 


fire.ilt-»t  milk- 

toar 

I.ft   o:t. 

IJ^  ..-J 

•>     IJ 

:t    3i 

:.•«     •' 

:»    j 

;5     T 

.0     H 

:>    '.i 

-■'    *| 

»   r. 

.7  ^ 

-0      > 

.J  *} 

In  the  above  competition  the  s^realest  yiehl  at  a  sin;;ie  niilkin-  ' 
r.uiier  tner  '!  jrallons,  which  pHMluce^l  at  the  rate  of  l.~»  {MiuntLsof  b.r" 
per  week. 

Uein^'  a  com|)etition,  and  thf   cows  hi;:hly  f»Ml,  the  nturna  atlbul  : 
fair  criterion  of  the  onlinary  milkini:  cap.icity  of  an  .\>rsliire  cow.     i  ■. 
distinct  clas>es  of  «'o\vs  njii;l;l  be  selected  Iroin  ainoi-;,'  tii<'  A.\rslii;e>— 
Imtter  and  ehee.se  makers.     Many  cows,  however,  contbine  Iwth  li:- 
butter  and  cheese  making,'  faculties  in  ;i  ri'tnarkable  dei^rw.     Cotnpaii 
witli  tin-  I'olled  Aiiuus  and  Shorthorn,  the  Ayrshire  is  a  sm;:ll  i  lev: 
but  it  is  said  that  when  cro.ssed  with  a  bull  of  either  of  the  two  biei<; 
n!e[iti<»ned,  the  produce  is  an  animal  admirably  ad.ipfeit  lor  matuiii.. 
early  .nu\  fiitteninj:  rapidly.     Tiie  color  of  Ayrshires  is  ;,'eii«Tally  of  rv 
an<l  white  in  spots:  sumetinus  wiiite  and  lilack.  or  retl  or  !)ro\vn.  a:  >. 
the  horns  atv  line  and  twisted  upwards.     The  face  loii^.  uitli  a  ir, i  ' 
yet  docile  expression. 

Tiie  li;;ure  of  the  body.enl.ir;:inj;  from  the  fon    t^i  tlie  iiimi  quart'  > 
bioail  ircrc--.-^  t  'le  loins :  the  back  >trai;:ht ;  the  tail  line,  loii;^,  and  bu-b 
at  the  extremity:  the  udder  white  :uid  capaciou.s,  comin;,'  well  forwan; 
on  tiic  belly  :  the  teats  of  middle  siz*'.  >et  eipially  and  wide  apart  fi":. 
e.icli  other:  milk  veins  prominent  and  fully  devrjoped. 

inr.  \vi:sT  higiii.ands. 

This  hardy  lueed  of  cattle  mav  Im*  stated  to  octm;  y  as  its  h<iii:.    ■ 
whole  of  the  West  and  MihlN'  Uijhlamls  of  Scothuui  and  tlie  \V«-:i. 
Islands.     No  cattle  art*  [»o>s.vssed  of  more  distinctive  and  stroii-i. 


It  to  tr;ico;  no  par 

)tii  their  tVllovv<i  u« 

brv«*«l  is  !<iip[»..>»ii 

iinat*',  Hiil,  atnl  si: 

1(1.     The  l'.irmeis  iu 

1  tuilkers  ainl.  ;».h  i 

il  bulls,  ami  ill  th.^ 

lu-il  ill  the  West  i  • 

»f  the  couiitrv.     N"„ 

aiitity  of  milk,  iir 

ill  their  Ih's:  (,1, 

three  nioiith",  .inti 

ryear;  MM>  jrallun. 

i;:e  on   t;«H"Ml  r,!:in>. 

fandanl  reeo^jiiizfi 

I  ;;allons  of  nnlk  :■■ 

eiiee.Si'.     The  avtr 

<,  atnl  the  follti'.vju.' 

it  .\\r  <<ll   tlie  I'tkh 


Areraze 

of 

W. ' 

loor 

milkiiu 

». 

Zt* 

<  :i 

/ 

-.'1 

^ 

;» 

3 

■ 

» 

n 

. 

2S 

H 

rt 

Si 

;■» 

»'J 

.>iii;;le 

mi 

Ikiii.. 

v.. 

1~>  jMUMnlsof  li 

.;tt. 

I'-  retiirna  atlnnl  i  • 
V*  rshire  eow.     f  v\ 
U]X  tin'  A.\  i.-hiwv— 
eomhine  iMjtii  li^ 
ijeiiree.     Cnmpa.i 
e  is  a  sm;:ll  i  le^i 
r  ol  the  I  v.o  Itn  t<. 
.ipfetl  lur  iiiatiiii:  . 
>  is  ;,'eii»'raliy  <'t  n- 
retl  (ir  hrusvii.  1: 
loii.u'.  u  itli  a  ii\i ! 

tlie  iiUMi  <iii.irti:- 
lie.  ]tHi-^,  iiml  bu-1;'. 
oiiiin;;  well  fur«.ir, 
ii<l  wide  apart  tri>:. 
.e.l. 


1;  y  as  Its  htitiH    ' 
i<l  ami  X\w.  Wesie;: 
itive  juid  stron;.;!.' 


I 


I '. 


i  ti 


li  1% 


f -ft 


I 

r 
> 


V 


^^K  1»     I'l 

III 

IHF  ^  B^^B 

ff 


tr 


i^ 


.0       li 


m 


1 


l^iii 


If = ^  '«-f 


;< 


C 
i 

I 


t'/ 


I 


c 
I 


f 


■r 


^  ^fi 


* 


' 


% 


1 


5 
e 

5 


■  I     '.'     IS  ! 


i      V 


f    H 


ft 

ijS 

::l 


V:i 


U 


m. 


•/ 


■ 


TlIK    irN'ITKI)    KINTSDOM. 


213 


;iiii'k('<l  ffiiliiros  tliiui  this  hrn'tl.  'I'lu'ir  liinlis  Jirc  slioit.  hut  inus- 
iihir;  clicsts  wide  and  (lt'<'|» ;  rili>i  well  drvcloitcd  iuid  l';nrly  niched  ; 
Imcks  stnii^dd  ;  nock  and  dc\vl;ip  soiiicwiiat  coarse  in  llic  hull;  lu)iiis(»i 
uirat  lcnj,Mli.s|trcadin;:'  and  lipped  with  hlacU  :  colors  vaiinns— hrindlc, 
(lull,  cirain.  red,  and  hlack.  Tlicy  .yive  t)id,v  a  small  (iiianlify  of  milk, 
;iii(l  iwv  very  «'<'\^'  •"  jnrivinf;  al  maturity,  not  hecomin;;  ripe  uidil  the 
,!;;('  (iT  livc/or  six  years.  Their  heeC  is  of  a  very  superior  (pialily  and 
llM'ir  hides  make  the  best  ot'leatlier. 


SHORTHORNS   IN  SCOTLAND. 

Sliorthoriis,  as  their  nam(>  denotes,  have  short  horns, and  in  color  they 
v;iry  Itdin  ])nre  white  t(»  a  deep  or  rich  red.  The  most  popular  color  lor 
these  animals  in  Scotland  is  a  mixture  of  the  two,  lorniin;^  a  deej)  or 
liu'lil  roan,  sometimes  called  strawberry,  llecked,  or  hazel. 

Slidilliorns  are  as  .synimetiical  as  the  I'olled  An;;us,  and  ^row  ahout 
tlic  same  weight.  Tlx'y  are  hardy  and  arrives  at  matniity  early  ;  hut, 
likctlie  Polled  Aiif^us,  tlM>y  are  principally  noted  as  hcef'cattle.  l-'or  the 
dairy  tliey  are  not  e(]ual  to  .some  othei-  hicccls  in  Scotlaml.  The  tirst 
imiirovers  of  Short horiiN  were  the  brothers  Charles  and  Robert  Collin^i, 
who  commenced  improviii};  these  <'attle  nearly  a  century  aju:o;  also  Mr. 
]!ates,  ."\Ir.  I'.ooth,  and  «(thers,  all  in  the  northern  counties  ol   lOnglaiid. 


<>Fl'Sl'UrN(}   OP   IMPOHTEl)   CATTLH. 
The  Depaitmental  <'ireidar  says: 

If  is  fiii'thrr  l)i'li«'\  til  that  t  ho  iiiiimrtcd  lirrcdH,  wlit'ii  snit.i'ily  lucutt'd  iiiul  tii,-iiiai;f<l, 
|iripilii(('  ill  tlicir  new  hnincs  (ilVspriiii:;  MiiiMTior  in  dial  )iiii(1mi  *'<l  l)y  the  saiiii>  liiri'«l« 
III  tlii'ir<iri;^iniil  hollies,  uiiil  IIkiI<  (he  NiiixTinrity  in  iiioic  maikcil  in  tlnir  siiccriMliii!.; 
tlj.iii  III  I  he  lirst  yciiiTatioiirt. 

i'lir  iiistanri',  tlic  iiniKiilcd  lin  eds  nl'  .*»h<)rHi(>i  ii'j.  .Jitscvm,  and  llolstfins  air  .su)ii-rii)r 
ill  llic  l'iiit"d  Statc.i  to  till*  Nuiiio  liirrds  in  l'.iiro|ti':  .•ind  it  is  i  lionijlit  tliat  tlio  Haiin' 
result  would  I'oilow  the  iiiiiioitatioii  of  the  Noiiiian.  ISriftan.s.  I'ltinish,  and  Chailrvoi 
liiiiijs.  as  wrll  asotlicis  not  cnmiitTatt'd.  'I'o  what  ixtriif  is  this  rtsiilt  rcali/cd  in 
iiilur  (diiiitrii's  * 

111  answer  to  this  it  has  to  h«>  stated  that,  as  Scotland  does  not  im 
port  cattle  to  any  appreciable  extent  for  breeding  i>iiipos»'s,  little  ex 
lii'iii'iice  can  lie  (jiioted  on  the  point  in  (|uestion.     A  few  Shorthorns 
liavc  bt'cii  importcil  t'loin  the  I'nueil  States  which  were  de.scemled  from 
stock  originally  sent  from  this  country. 

The  lirccdiiig  Slioiihorns  imported  from  the  I  iiited  States  by  Konl 
Itiiiiiiiore  and  other  noblemen  were  <d'  considerably  larg«M'  size  than 
aiiiinals  of  the  same  lineage  reared  in  r.rit.ain.     The  ancestors  of  Short 
horns   had   been    in    the    I'nited  Statt  s    tor   .several    generations  and 
tiie  sii|icii(Mity  of  their  otlspriiig  imported  to  Ihitaiii  over  I'.ritisli  bred 
stock  ul'  the  .same  breed  was  most  marked!     This  would  lead  to  the  in 
fcreiire  that  cattle  grow  to  a  larger  size  in  the  I'nitcd  States  than  in 
r.ritaiii.  the  more  especially  as   the   henls  of  these   noblemen  whtj  im 
lioried  the  cattle  from  the  Inited  States  contained  many  of  the  largest 
and  hestted  animals  of  the  bleed  in  the  country. 

iti;sr  ■\ti;Tii(»i)s  m-  i:\i>(»irrATiuN   lo  im;  rNiri'.i)  .>^tati;s. 


into 


Scotland  is  well  supplied  with  railroads,  and  the  cattle  can  l»e  put 
to  >jM(iiit  (rucks  and  conveyed  quickly  to  (llas-ow,  lavcrjiool,  or 
l.oiMhiii.  where  there  are  facilities  of  the  best  order  for  .sliipiiient,  and 
iiiosi  smtahie  and  convenieiil  aceommod.iii<in  for  animals  on  board  the 
lar-e  Atlantic  liners  which  .sail  iVoiu  these  i>orts. 


'HI 


I  I    13 


o 


214 


CATTLK    ANP    I>\11IY    rARMlNf) 


TU'.s'i'  Koiri'.s  oi'  i;\i'(>in'.  am»  «n»sr  i'iikk'Koi'. 


W'V  niil   to  (ihis^ow.  Mvitimh)!,  m-  I.kjkIoh,  tlii'iirt'  pt'i-  Miitnl 


»lc  (ir 
sp('('iiill>  littcd  lip  lust  tcaiiii'is  to  the  liiilcd  St;itc.s.  'I'lic  "llnoii^li 
fn'i^ilil"  of  cilllc  iVoiii  most  |iiii'ts  of  Si'otliiiul  to  the  riiiitil  Stutcsis 
;il)ont  !i<-(i  iuM'lifad  iVoiii  tlic  rxlicnit'  m  >■  tlic.-jsf  of  Srotlainl.  Alici.li en, 
llaiilV,  Of  I'ttcrlicad,  al'oiit  >'L.'7.o(l. 

rm;  luisr  score  n  cviii,!,  ro  kxi'i.im'. 

Tlic  most  siiitaltic  aiiiiiials  lo  rxport    lo  tin'   I'liitctl  Stal<  >  (Ifpcinl, 
on  tilt' cliiiiatif  coiiditioiis  of  tlic  States  to  wliicli  they  aic  scut.     .\, 

the 

ianl\. 


Iiccf  prodiicors  tlic  Polled  AiiiTUs,  Sliori lionis,  Wi    t  lli;L:lilaiid.  and 
Polled  ( lallowiiy  ;ire  llie  li"st    loexpnit    Iroiii  this  dislrirt.     'I'lw  \\ 
IIij;Idaii<l(M's  heef  is  ('(nisideied  ilic  licsl,  and  tliev  an-  (In-  most  I 
Ikmmu' altle  to  stand  naieli  cNposmc  and  tlieicfore  best  adapted  lor  tuld 
and  mon  at  a  i  nous  I  list  I  jets,  hein;;'  aide  to  li\c  on  eoarx-  and  se.uit  v  loml 
'llicv  are,  liov.cve;,  small,  and  do  not  aiiive  at    tn;:(uiity  till  tin 
foni' years  nlil.     'rhc  i'olled  Antrns  rank  next  mr  snpeiioi  lieef.  and 
nearly  as  liaidy  as  the  \\ Cst  I  Highlanders,  ai:d  are  ninch   1; 


ee  III' 


\\i 


ir.LTer  in  m/c 


;111\M\ 


and  come   to  laatiiriiy  at   the  aye  of  from   twenty-eiijhf   lo  t| 
months.     'I'hey  are  piim  ipally  bred  an  1  raised  in  the  n  titlieast  of 
laml.  and  are  ludieved  l(»  lie  very  suilalde  for  I  he  noil  hern  pari  ol 
I'liited  Stales  and  western  lanehes.     'I'lie  Shorthorns  are  very  h 
and  come  to  matniily  at  alioiit  the  .same  a^^e  as  i'olled  An.i;iis.  Iiaf  i 
licef  is  of  a  coarser  tpiality. 

The  Polled   dall.'uay  ycry  much    resembles   iiieWest    I  li.i,ddaiid.  ... 
Ihoii^h  iari;er,  ami  <-omes  t.t  niatnrit\  earlier,      i  he  Aberdeciiishiic  i;i',iii 
•ers.  lor  beef.  pK  fei  a  eross  between  a  Shorlhorii  l)nll  and  a  Polled  .\ii' 


ICll 


:il 


cow,  as 


cro.-ses  of  t  iiis  origin  ai  i  ive  ipiickly  at  matnrily,  are  of  mi„„| 


and  pn  diice  beef  of  line  (pial 


II- 


.S|/l', 


ll\ 


.Vs  miliiers  the  A\isliire>  are  iimloiibledlv  the  best  to  take  I 


conntrv, 


roil!  Ill' 


n  liCIlASIMI    IMJK'K.S   OF    AM  MAI. 


A\  i".if.''f  I  Mill'  I 'mini  An^i;-.  I'Mll  I 
lil:ic'Iv    I'njli'tl  (i;illi>\v;i\M 


ij.Ml   I. 


M.iirtliiini's 


A\  i-iiiii 


jnii 
I','.. 


W.ist   Ili-lll.MI 

All.  Ill  ciiiii 


I. -I' 


>r.  <|i  jiiNiiU  1)11  i|ll.'llil\ 


\ery  .-iipcrior  5epciiiieiis.)f  all  of  the  breeds  mentioned  have  lepr,!' 
ediy  been  sold  for  exportation  to  the  I'nited  Stall's  at  considei.il.l 
liiudier  prices  than  the  averaue  triveii,  but  to  obtain  .id 
of  tlM>  seVi'ial  bleeds  ill  this  disliiet  tlicax 


•quale  s|)celllir 


craL'csmeiitioiied  would  I 


I.Ui' 


lii'. 


to  be  ^iv.-n,  althon-h  salert  at  less  prices  liaveoccaNii.iinJIv  been  iii;i.l 
I'or  cNpen.ses  for  attendance  and  food  ni  nuttr.  .-?(;.■_'.■■.  lor  looil  I 
and  oil  <'ak-e,.iind  ^l.-Jojier  head  tbr  iiltciidanee— b.ta'l,  .'?7. .".(»— is  coa>itl 
ercd  siillicieiii.  ;iiid  with  a  ;;(io(|  nnmbcr  of  cattle  on  board  the  l'.l;il 
expense  would  be  about  ACL'.*..  Sonieexperientu'd  I'nited  States  tniil.i- 
in  thor<«ii;:libred  cattle  are  snjipo.sed  to  make  ><:\.'jr,  ci.vrr  the  tnlil 
chur;:cs  under  this  iiead. 


CATTLK   STAi'lSTIf.s   ol'   SCO'II.A.NI). 

The  total  n;niib<'!-i»!'cait!e  iii  Srutlaiid  for  tin-  x.-.ir  l.s.s;»  was  l.niU. 
Th(^  percentage  of  tin-  several  breeds  is  not 


tics,  but  probably  lliec;it!le     fnck  of  this  di.strici 


iiiowii  from  any    si.ii. 


IS  I'omposed  I 


parts  of  cross  breeds  and  .in.-  pail  nf  t!ie  several  pure  breed 


i!'  Ilili 


TIIK    HNITKI)    KFN(}r)OM 


21i 


S(i||(    >   (|C|M||(K 

V  aic  si'iil.  A 
.'liliiiiil.  iitiil  III, 
•ict.  Til."  \\.>t 
In-,  most  li;iitl\. 
•liiltft'd  lor  (Miii! 
lllil  SCllllV   lo.iil, 

ify  till  ihici'  Ml 

or  lll't'l'.  illKJ  ,;|r 

li  l;ir,L:cr  in  m/j 
lit  to  tliiii\  si\ 
rt  Insist  (ifSjiii 

•  •III  part  (iT  \lv 
ai'c  very  liiruc 
,ii;,nis.  Iiiif  tiicii 

'     lli,-llhilii!.;il 

•  U'CIi.nIiiic  i;ii|ii 
il  Polled  Aii^'iiv 
il't'  tit'  ;^'ii(ii|  M/c, 

I  takt'  IriMi!  ilr- 


riii-  |MT»'('ii 

>(l  IIIT  CClll. 


t,i"«'  l»r«'il   lortlK-  dairy  ub'Hit  L'O;  lor  the  lnit(!lnT,  about 


()l'lilU'\('..lss 


fncik  i"  Scotland  hu.Hdt'j;r»'ii.s»'d.     iMscasc  importt"*!  troin 


lime  l(>  time  II 


I  live  stock,  cai 


iHiiiyr  faiiiHM-s  toctsist;  IVoin  Iirccdin^'  cattle 


,is  lit  a 
Aimtlici-  cause 


real  extent  lt<'cn  the  cause  of  this  decrease 


iim-  tlie!ii  leai 


■|(M 


is  to  1m'  found  ill  the  imjirovcineiit  ol  the  cattle,  niaU 
Iv  for  the  butcher  earli«'r.     And  a  third  cause  is  th<'  in- 


I  |ti»|iiilatiuii  and  wa^i'"^.  i»n<l '"••"•"''''I"*'"*  '"'"i'"'''*'  ''''Kaiid  for 
liiitchcr  meat,  which  tor  iiiaiiy  years  Iiun  been  suhl  for  hi^li  prices  in  the 

Scutcli  ;iii(l  i;iii,'lish  niarUcis. 

IMI'ORTS    \N1)    KM'nIJTS   t»l     MF.AT   AM)   CATTLE. 

Tile  stock  of  cattle  in  Scotland  is  not  nearly  equal  to  tho  ronsuinptive 

lc!n:Ulii. 

ihc  >to(  1;  as  shown  is  not  sullit  icnt  for  hinne demand,  e\<'eptinj;  ped- 

Iffy I  s»ock.  which  isexporti'd  to  tliorniltHl  States, Canada,  Australia, 

New  Zeal, Hid,  West  indies,  .iiid  the  contiiu'iit  <»f  I'.uropc. 

The  l,iniieis  wlh)  in  <'(inse(picnce  nf  imported  disease  have  ceased  I  in 
a  iiieiiMiic),  as  already  mentioned,  to  Ineed  cattle,  mostly  ;,'et  their  Hii\*- 
lilies  of  leediii^'cattle  iVdiii  Ireland,  u  here  a  ;;ood  many  are  bred  and 
nut  many  t'atteiicd. 

Some  (Mttle  Iroin  the  liiitcd  States  and  Canada  have  alsi»  been  I'.it- 
teiieil  ill  Scotland,  ind  then- seems  to  i>e  n.  n-asoi  why  this  latter  triwU« 
:iii;,fht  not  be(>xlen(led  to  the  advantage  of  all  coneerne«l.  Hut  if  the 
Seiiteii  lariiicrs  bied  and  t  1  cattle  to  the  utmost  of  their  abili!  .  iie 
Mijiply  of  fat  catth  would  .sdll  not  l>e  nearly  ci.iial  to  the  consumpiive 
liemand.  The  continent  of  Kiirope,  I  nited  Stales  and  <'anada  supply 
a  liii'ie  pmpnrlinii  (lithe  beef  consumed  in  Se  Mthmd  and  tlieie  is  ev«'ry 
leiMiii  111  expect  that  the  I'-iitish  thnnand  for  beef  Iroin  these  countries 
u  lit  ennliiiiic  to  increase. 


Tin;    XATt'RE   OF    THE   I'TOUT   BllMM.IE.S. 


ed  ll,l\e  Ie|.t'af- 
it  cii|isidei,iM;. 
|ll;i|e  spceiliiiiiv 
ncd  witiili!  Ii.ni' 
illy  been  m;iiir. 
;."»  lor  looil    li;i,\ 

7..)0 — is  COII^Ill 

board  the  l"i;il 
I  States  trmlei- 
;"o\er  the    tiil.il 


'i  was  t.niU.W:. 
■otii  aii\  sl.il;- 
iipiised  ii!  ihiii 
reeds. 


I'loiii  the  continent  of  Mnropi'  the  lu-ef  is  mostiv  in  its  live  state: 
tiiim  the  I'liiled  Slates  about  li  ilt  the  amount  dfai;  .iiid  the  other  halt 
live.     A  l,ir;jc  t|uantity  ottiniieil  or  canned  meat  is  al.si*  imported  fi'  m 


t  liirai:i)  ami  elsewhere  in  ilie   rnited  State 


s.     .Some  ear;;oes  ol  tro     n 


miittiiii  have  come  iiom  Aiisiralia  and   New   Zealanil  w  liicli   appeai 
have  lieen  a  --iieeess.     This  trade  is  likelv  to  increase. 


IMI'OI.'IS    lUoM    Till,    I  NITED   STATES. 


A  i.ii-f  iiiiiiiliet  III  live  cattle,  li 
meat  en  lie  iii.in  the  liiited  States. 


U        ea 


in  refriir<'ratois,  an 


iiii;  la.sr  mi'.an.<  <»!■•  in('i:i:asin(;  the  exivik'ts  of  ameuu"a> 


'  nmeil 


V  I 


ll  tile  I'liited  States   Covenimeiit    would   tal, 


V  measures  to  evtermi 


iiale  pleiiro  piieiimoiiia  and  to  suppre>N  ny  contai^ioiis  tlisea.scs  when 
tlii\  app.'ar,  the  IJiitish  Croveriuneiit  would  then  ailmit  fre.ly  the  im 
|"iitaiiiiii  otf.it  and  store  cattle,  greatly  to  the  advantap' of  rnited 
M  lies  piudiK-ers  and  (if  Ibitisli  farmers  a-d  .  «iisumers.  'flie  Hritisli 
1  li  Mieis  wdiild  |)i(i|it  uicatly  by  haviiiL;  a  supply  of  jjoihI  -je  s|(M'k 
li'Mii  the  Western  plains,  and  fat  sl.iri;  would  fetcli  a  bettei-  i        e  if  tlies 


mill  l< 


e  moved  from  the  ports  of  landiiij;  to  inland  market.' 


ij 


11 


ilfi 


21G 


cattm;  and  daii.'v  fa  h  mi  mi. 


THE   TIEST   MEANS  Ol'  INCKf.  NSFN*;    lili;    KMMtl.'TS  (»1'  AMKUICAN  DAii;^ 

is  to  scnil  the  licst  articles  |mo|iciI>  |(iickc<l,  (|iijcKly  iiml  caicriiHy  ( 

vi'.Vi'd,  and  tlic.v  will  then  not  (tiii.v  enniMiaiid  I  In-  lii;,'liest    |ui<t'  in  tin, 
market  hut  the  deinantl  will  also  increase. 

wiLKAi:i>  15.  WKi.r-s, 

Consul. 
Tnitki)  statfs  Consi  r.ATE, 


Sptrial  Kttilixliiii  vouiiriiinij  ihi  pyoihul'i  of  Ihr  sirrnil  hnriU  of  lallli  in  Si.illniitl. 


Aiiiiiiiil      Milli  III      Milk  III         l.i>«' wi  i-lil.  Wrichl 

Niim.nll),,.,.,!        iiv'Tu^.i     I  iii.iinil      1  iiM.iiiii  .\u'>M.I      III  III.  at        ... 

■||  iiiilK.      liiiHir.       dill'*.     I'lin     Hull      <u.  iimlinitv. 


IllltllllVi  i|      I'llllril 

AnirnH. 
Sliiiitliiiiii.'* 


AyrMliiiii 

WcHt  nik'liluml.... 
I'ollcd  liitlUiway... 


t.  iwn 

4,  L'llll 


II,  IKM) 
•J.  fKM) 

%  ritio 


IM. 


•-'I 


•J  I 


10     l.'.'iHi   i,;,vi   l,:.iMi 
it)|  ii,:iiio  i,.s7.-.  i.coo 


)v.. 


10| 

III 
It) 


Nanii)  of  liroi  il. 


IliMi  it|iti.iii 


H.".()  i,'.>r.o  1,050 

!XM»   i,;i,v>   t,  I.V) 
■i.tmii  i,.',oo  ii.noi) 


!lii«  Iniij;  liri  (1 

JIIIK'. 


t.hl. 

I,  lOII      lllll.  1.. 

l.l'il     I!iil,wliili., 

I  ".III.  mill 

lilllHIl 
'i-'lll        VilliiMl, 

HMi  li„. 

!HM)      iilj,;,. 


Orj;jill  dl'  liii'i>i| 


ImproviMl  I'dlUd  A-.i.MiK  I."n:r.l.nv..lr..|..  will,.,  ,. veil, !  N)v,.iir« Ilu-li    Waimm     n,.,    „, 

anil.Uiii.lilr.il  i,nilpli:m.j  inuvn.     1|„  ,  .u im. 

inaU.tli..  .•>,..  w.Mv  \\-;.lk,T.  K,T„i.im 

^'•°^"""-"'' >■■"""••'    "•"?■  r    '■""'"'      ■•    '"■•     •  •I-Uim'^wmI-   l;ii|.,.rl   IV, 

Ancii^.  only   liuu.r.  ll.it',  Mi    11 li,  iiml  .Mr. 

"^■^^  "■"''''■'"   |Si.il.s.riiiti,iiii>l  AM-liiii-    I-|i.iiiiiiii.'iiii  N..t'Viin«  II 

,.•    .  ,.■   1.      ,  .'"  '■'■P'""'  I    Tii.iiiiirial. 

^^'""""■"''•^"''  Sl.i«i:.vl,am.il.I,Ml    anil  ,1,,    NiUiv.,  caltl.,  ..f  S,  nlUiiil 

I,    ,,,   ,,  H.inaiv  nia.li'. 

r.dlf.M.allDWiiv (Ill    .  ■i,iv,...p«  !•  ,.      r    en       •     .. 

I  walil,  lliHt  liniiiiiMi 


Nanio  oj'  brteil. 


ilitli.MUol  lidiHint'.  I'.'idiiij;. 


ItiT.'.liim. 


Ilaii.llint'  li'i>il 
III  I.-.. 


Iilipr..v...n'i,lliilA,„„,  ,.      IloiiH...!  in    V.iv..,,,.      l-a^^r..   era,,,,,,     |„,„,  ir,,,.:-,     Two  ,„.„  „l  f..v 


Short  liornH 
A.vrKhlr.'  ... 


liiT,       |)ii cniliii,  jiuimijii    •iiiniim 

Jaiiiiarv        l.li.  ami      nliaw     in 

riiar-.    M,irili.an.|  wiiiti-r;    o.ca 

Apiil.      Castniiil  HioiialU  (ill  I  akf 

iliiiiiiC  ii'iiiMiuiii;;  a.lil.il,' 

lllliIllllS. 

lI.iiMiil    ►i,i,il,ii-    I,,  (lr,-,,s,  l,ay,    tiir- 

till'  I'oll.  il  An::ii,  nips,  jmil'    n  i  1 

•■'•" 

Iloii.«i(l  lont'ir  l!i:.n  <iiaH.<,   hay,  tin 
nllirr  liii cl.- 


ii.iililli.'. 


.■a.  Il  pi-r  viiir 
am  r<'i| ,,  nnl 
lor  111, rill  iiiiui 

blTlllL'  IJll 


Do. 


•  lo 


$7  M)    p.T      l.i:li| 
|»  r  aiiiiiiiM 


West  Ilighlan.l j  S.lili,i„  l„ii,.,  ,| 


Polled  Gallonny. 


iiipx.  ai'iii  (.i  1 . 

<•  a  k  (  :    111  II  1  h 

•  iiiikiil   riiiiil    II, 

tli.>  »l,  a  pi.   11 1'  ! 

Ill  an,  licaiiH,  aii.l  . 

nii-.il.  j 

•  iin.sM  ill  lln'wiim-  j   Kioiii  I'i   In     j^XM     per    Ik: 

!ii!t:    ,»!a=i„».  :      ;!y,:,n.  pir  auiitini 

ally    hi  I  aw   ami 

turnips  in  win 

t'l. 
••  «'" |...  do D„. 


AMKUICAN  HAii;, 


ifilttf  ill  Si,ttliiiiil. 


nil;    INITF.I)    KIN<J1»()M. 


2\ 


.!//i'//(/i' ;    In    Sriitlillill    ik  Iii^'ll     il'l'l    aiimisl     rniM  jiiiinii-i    liil;;"'    nf    lii'iii'.hliim    |i,ii 
I'rii:!!  till'  NNW.  lo  M«<l',.     'I'n  flu'  ••ant  "I"  iIuh  'idKi'  nl'  lii'^li   'iitMiinl   iln-  i.iiiiiiill   i  ■ 

iiIIIliMlllllVi'lv  Nlllllll.  Illld  lllf  riitlliltfH  of  all  lli><lllrts  hot  I'M  i'ri||||>;  ..I  II  li'>'|  ai'iix  r 
I'll  MM  iili' ill  S  iili'l  Miiili'.l  liir  till'  Niirri'MHtiil  I  iilll\  atiill  III'  ii'IimIh.  To  t  Iii'  ui-^I  iiT 
till'  iiil;^''  ill''  iiiiiilall  it  Ip'Uvv  iiiiil  (In-  i  liin  ilr  umi'^t.  uimI  llirvrfitii'  I'lilv  aila|iii  il  tn 

ill ,inii'4  lit  Mirli  Htdi'K  i\H  W'rsl  lli^jlilatiil  it  I'olli  iI  (iallmvav  latllr. 

l/,iiH  h  iijii  f'lliin  :  'I'iu'  iiicaii  |i'in|Mralnri<  nl' .laiinarx ,  llir  i'hIiIi'mI    iiiihiiIi,  i^  ;;'.)■ 
iti  ihi' iMHl  ami  ;'7     iiitlii'  t  a-.t.     'I'lic  iiii'uii  ti  iii|ii'ial  iiii' i>t' .liilv.  Ilii' w  ai  iiii"-)  timiitli, 
i>  alioiit  'il  '     W'lii'al  mill  liarli'V  arr  siiltiiii'iiIlN  i'i|ii'!it'il.  ikltlii)ii;;li  lln'  iiiraii  triii|ii'i 
all  ivi'lMiily  anil  .\ii,nii.-l  falls  as  low  as  Mi  , 

Siiiiiwir:  SiitiiiiH'rs  liavi' Im'i'Ii  liail  in  Scnllaiiil  fur  tin'  last   ni-vi  ti    yi-ars,  '^tiuTallv 
mill  iiinl  wi't,  w  itii  imicli  want  of  huh.     TIh'  iiiiiinssiiin  niiTiiit  is  dial  Ilir  h.iimhih  in 
Sriiilaiiilaii'  mil  as  !,'i'<i<l  as  I'lirmiTlN. 
Hiiilii-:  (iiiii'iallN  raw  ainl  niii'ii    in  Srittln'iil,  Inil    tnr  sitiiii'  \iai(  v.  ry   wrl,  willi 

lllill'tVlKt. 

Soil:  All  "I"  Mil' i'l'iir  varii'l  ii':i  111' soil  :iliii\i'  iiii'iitiniii'il  as  wril  as  ntlins  |iiivail  In 
."■I  (illiMil.     A'^ririiitiual  hiiivi'v  atiil   siirlari' iiniii;iiii'4  nf  I  his  (iinntrv  has  linn  hitli 
Mil  llllir  otmlii'il      A  iiy  a|i|irii\iniatiiin,  i  lici  I'l'iiii',  nl   flu*  irlal  isc  |iiii)Hirl  imis  nt   I  In' 
various    iiisrri|il  inii'i  nl'  smls  wmihl,  i!   i;   l!ii>il.;lil.  |iailaki'    l.ili;ilv"l    ihi-    i  lialai  Irr 
III  riiliji'rlillr. 

S:ih->lriiliiiii  :  Till' iim!rrl\  iii^  iinks   in  I  his  ilisi  i  ii  i  iiri' I'arliiiiiir.rnii-i.  Itaj",  uhl  ml, 
ami  aihiviiiiii. 

r,illirii1iil  iji-iU'ii'- .   Chni'i      I'm-   I  •<-' 1,  l.'ni.it'M  urri's.      I,'\i     -imhs,  A  i' :    I'nr   I-":;, 
I, fill. n:!','  Iirl-r^. 


W. 


SCOTCH  BREEDING  CATTLE  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


()liHiil  111  hiii'il 


itivii  cattlti  of  Sii.tiiml 


llaiiilliii;,'  iiriiil 


V!  rmrr  i:\i'<tssii.  iiuxm.-d 

As  a  iiM'jiiis  iiriihJiiiiiiiit,'  tlic  Most  iclialilc  iiilontiiilinii  n';:in(liii;;- llic 
liiiiils  of  Sciilcli   liirrtliiiu  rattle   wliicli  an'   lil,i'I>    In    lu' nf  ii-^i'  In  tin' 
sliii'k  linrdcis  (il    thi'  I  iiilt'd  Stairs,  I  uppliid  to  William  MaclNniaM, 
(■M|.,  «'(litni' of  till'  Noifli  liiitisli  A;4'ii<'Mltiiii.s|.  aixl  lit«  has  kiii<ll.v  sup 
plii'il  inc  with  iniicli  dl'  tlic  iiiati'iial  Ihiit  f.iviiis  Ihi-  )'a>is  of  this  ii-p.iif. 

Ml.  MacDiuiaM  pulili.sht'il   in  llic  North'  Kritisli  A;.;iiriilliuist  i;ii  tili 
tiiiialoii  llif  Miltjcct  which  ;:ivt's  so  liilly  and  clj-aily  (lie  iiit'oinialioii 
ilcsirni  as  to  hrt't'ds  of  cat  lie  pcculiai- lo  Scotland    tlial    I  adopt   it   as 
|i!iit  of  my  icport  and  ^ivc  il  hclow  witliont  any  mattiial  addition: 

i:i>rroi:i  \i,  vnosx  ■Viir,  Noin-ii  kuitish  AtiiMcri/nriiKsr. 

It  isdiilii  nil  to  aiiswi  1  tin'  ijiniiis  of  tln>  .  in  nlar  ililiiiiti'ly  or  aii'iirati'Iv.  TIhto 
M  a  hu  ic  of  data,  lull  a]i|Mo\iiiiatioi):^  ran  ami  will  Im  j;ivi'ii. 

At  (iiirr  it  iiia\  hi'  mm  I'd. d  that  w  itii  daiiyiii;;  in  tlin  I'onl'ront  t  IiiTo  is  onlv  oiu' 
I'iriii  iiativior  Srotlaml  wiiiili  .an  lii<  a  j^nat  ol.jr,  t  to  llii' AniiTiraii.  Thai,  of 
'11I1I-.S.',  i.s  thr  hraiilifiil  Ayr.sliiii',  whos..  miikiii^c  propiTtii's  luo  siroiiil  to  lhosi>  of  no 
t  lli'i-raciuluii  |in>li.ii.vihMlo|iid,aiMh\ho>,-rattt'iiiin:.|iialitiis,  whi'niliy,  .'iir  astoii 

iMiiiifT      11,  ||„.  lull  ii„\v  ofiailk  a  n.wcaiinof  j,'i  t  fat  ;   l.iit  whi'ii  an  Avrsliir.*  Iktc ^ 

yialdsh.' 1^  m>(    dililiiill  lofatd'ii.      I'hi.s  laiim.f   ln^  ^al.l  wit  h    so   imi.  h   |orii>  of  th.< 

lu.il  .lain  hiv.ils.     All  Ayrshiri' st.'.r  is  a  kindlv  l.'i'il.T,  and  Imt rs  p.oil  hrrf    if 

vMl  k.pt  ihroii-lioiit,  at  thirty  to  lhirty-si\  niontliM.  with  a  Iiv.>  v.'i^'lit  of  fnmi  I  i'khi 
111  I. -'111.  i„HiiidH.  Th.'  hr.'i'il,  hoA.'v.r,  lioin-  in  Mi.h  a  |.rononni'.'.l  niaimi'i  a  dairv 
•'iH',  Ihr  imnihi'iiil  |Min«  AyiMiiivoMii  is  not  lai-.' ;  nor  dois  tii.-  I. red  ilaini  to  rank 
iii'^jli  as  lir.'l-mal.i'i-s,  iIioiikIi  nu'al  of  jiri'tty  k»'-i'1  -inalilN  i»«'asilv  |.ro.imTil  hy  V\r- 
-lur..,  ,.v,.|,  allir  tli.'.v  hav  hi-rv.'il  Ih.ir  turn-  at  tho  pail.  h'.'coiilN  of  inilkim"'  t.sts 
will  .Vv  r...  I  iv.s  should  hatisty  Aim'ri.ans  that,  ki'i'pin-  in  vi.-w  llu'ir  l.-ndi'iiry  to  lay 
"I  ii'-a  whi'iiihy,  Ihrri'  IS  no  hr.T.I  pii.f,.ral.I,'  to  it  whi'iv  dairyin.'  is  thoiiain  ohjiri 
iiiil  li'W,  It  any,  mo  jio.id.  "  ' 

'"!■„.  awns-e  annual  yield  iif  milk  p.r  .  ..w  oflho  Ayr.shiro  bri-t'tl  is  inlly  con  ^Mllons. 


(t| 


irs.',  Noiiio  aniiiial.s  iirodiiro  far  nioro  thtui  that,'  Imt  oth 


era  are  lewt.     Tho  return 


if 


til 


m 


¥ 


^i  i^ 


!  il 


218 


CATTI.K    AND    DAIRY    FAKMINf; 


1 
I 

ftV 

1 

cum 

Al«. 
any 

Nidi 

"tIi. 


rusit' \voulil  hr  i]mlc  inir  Lraiidiis  jicr  iiiw  aiimiaiiy.  i>im  wiicii  mhi  comic  in  ||„ 
(liicfidii  (if  liccf  Iliis  luci'd  stauils  second  to  none.  Indeed,  il"  early  nialinilv  is 
diined  willi  the  ipiality  of  tlic  meat,  il  is  |i!olial)ly  not  too  innch  to  say  that  tli. 
nleen-Aiiijiis  has  no  c(|ual  as  a  lintch.i's  lieast  ainoii^  th((  pnro  liiecdH  in  tins  or 
■  conntiy.  Thi'y  "dip"  rcniaikaldy  widl  ;  that  is  to  Fay,  I  hey  ju'ciuiiuhile  acnii- 
rahh'  c|naiitity  of  I'at  anil  lallow  iniernaliv .  'I'lnn  I  lie  weall  ii  ami  tt'xtiirt-  of  lloli 
are  sn|ierh. 

The  \vci;;ht  at  'natality  \  a!  ics  a  irood  ijeui.  ricked  Intlls  or  o\i'n  I'attciifd  hanl  lei 
exhilntion  scah' c.ci  asioinilly  as  innch  as  ',',7iMi  iionnds,  and  we  have  seen  Ccniali  ^  nf 
•he  hrced  e\i  ceil  ",',(tllil  Jioniids.  A  eood  aMla^e  live  \vei;illt  lor  cows  of  the  hrcni.  ,i, 
tlieyf,'oto  the  Imtclur,  is  tVoni  I.'JUU  to  l.li'i'  iioniiils.  linjls  generally  lan^c  (iniii 
l.lliKMo  l.-cii  )ionniN'.  ttxen  not  intended  lor  coniiiet  it  ion  in  the  sliow-yard.  hut  li!i 
crallv  led  Itiron^ihont,  \^  ill  j^o  to  i  he  Ini teller  at  the  aj;e  ol'  i  hii  ly  to  thirty-six  niniiilis 

:..'i.:....  1' I   rn.i  <,.    I  TO    I.         '11 <   ...I 1'  <  I...    \  1..  i.l .'    t 


jiroliahly  tlie  hardiest  in  Itiitain. 

Till'  West  lli^ihlain!  Iirced  is  coin  pa  rat  iv>ly  iinkno\Mi  in  America.  A  lew  specniu  n- 
however,  have  lately  hccii  sent  out,  and  we  lio]ie  inore  will  I'ollow.  Itcin^  Iniiiinl 
•iiid  soiiietiines  IK  i\ous,  or  vicious  even,  they  ale  not  so  easily  haiidled  a4  the  I'mIIh 
hiceds  or  as  the  Shoilliorns,  lint  their  niii  ivalcd  hardiness  and  rare  iniality  ol  l!i -I 
would  he  of  Ki  vice  on  the  American  ranch.  'I'heir  heel  is  of  the  richest  iiiid  im - 
jialatahle  natiiie,  and  their  slmpcs  and  charai  ler  are  jMand  and  iiroiionncei!  lln;. 
woiihl,  hy  Judicious  matin;;,  rediue  the  ••  d.iyli'^lit  "  and  tone  down  the  "limlici  ' . 

file     'I'e  V  •!  II   1  If    Wi'kt  f   Til    VI  rii.t  ii>  J  \l  .>•,.■..  i'    4  I .. .     1 1  ;  ..1. )  . .  ...  1 •• 1. .  , 


|i,iiaiiioie  Hill  111  e,  u  Mil  1  neir  snajics  a  nil  cnarai  ler  are  j'tanii  and  iiroiionnceii      i  in  y 
would,  hy  Judicious  matin;;,  rediue  the  ••  d.iyli'^lit  "  and  tone  down  the  "liinlici  '  .1 
the  Texan  or  XVestirn  varieties.     Many  of  the  jl  if^hlaixlcis  arc  never  iindi  r  i  <■.''. 
Miinnicr  nor  w  iiit( f,  and  llie  death-rate  'is  antonishinKly  small.     The  West  lli;.'lil:i!i':' ■ 
will  not  milk,  inatnri  ,norwci;;li  with  tin-  ."^cotch  rolhd.     The  milk,  liowi  vci ,  liimij' 
short  in  i|iiantity,  is  helicvid  to  he  the  richest  of  its  kind  in  \\\f  Kinudom  :  ili»  I-: 
has  the  lincst  of  ihivois,  and  is  heantifiilly  mi\cd.     They  are  not  usually  inatiioii ! 
.'ihoiit  four  viars  old,  Imt  their  lipenin;;  pro|ierties  have  not  hi  en  Inlly  itnlcd,     II' 
are   fed  on   more  s(  aiity  li.rlia^;e  than   any  other  !!riti>h    hn  id  ot   cattle     II  W 
lli^'hlaiideis  were  led  ucncroiisly  iroiii  raiflioud   ilicy   wiiiilil,  as  ,i   nih  ,  1ic]mii.i- 
ripe  at  the  a;;e  t.f  three  ye.irs,  il'iiol  hi  fore. 

si'i;(TAi.  siAi  i,-<ri(  s  r(iN(Ki;MN(;  scokii  nuiii.its. 

'I'lif   {'(.Oluw  111;:  iiitMiiiiatinn   Is  .siippli,  (i   to  ;i>>ist   iii  |ii(i|i(ily   ji.i.ili' 
lllidcr  sitiiil.i  •  rdiiditidiis  111  Ihr    I    nilcil    Slntrs  .siidi    )iiiri;;ii  aiiiin.il^  i- 


m 


t,  and    uf  rlirrs(> 


llli;    IMTI'.D    KlNCnoNf. 


21') 


liii\('  |U(i\t'(l  liy  Inii;;-  cNiMTiciici'  to  liavf  lirni  prolitahlr  in  tlicir  iiativc 

lidiiics: 


•\'"""'     M:1U„I     M,1K,„I  '•i^"«--l" 

N.""""|>'""'         ,;,ii',',H.'.r  i;",',';;'',"''  i";;""'"'  „u.tMii.N.,  ,  .,. 

n.ilK.         '""•'■'•       ''"""•■     (•»«      Hull.     .K.  i.MlH..I.\ 


.N^c.it 


Wc'i-lil 
(if  lui'iit  al 


I'.ijlril  AlMfllrl'll  All^UM 

I'liji.il  (;;llli>\va^ 

WrsI  lliulil.liicl 

AM.luiv 


coo 


«;.(«- 


(i.llU.  I,l,s.  l.l.x.  I.hi 

...     I,:iiii|  I,  Too  I, (■ml 

..  I.'J.'ll  I.IIVI  I,  .V.u 

.       \,  !>',!)  1,400  I,  .'.'lO 

:i  i          iji  iioit  1.  i.'io  \ji'A) 


'.•00 

:i  x.'io 

»  T-.'o 

::  (L'o 


N.iini-i'l    lilnil. 


(•,.!., I. 


I)i  Ml  l|>li.Ml, 


llHIL'    lili'il 
]iilli'. 


I'li^MI      (if 
1,1,  ..,1 


l'..||,(l  AlM-il.'i  11  Aii-ii-; 


I'ril,.!  iLilliiway. 


Wr^l    l(ii;lll;lllll  , 


Avi-liin 


r.I.iiK      .  LiiMudiip  IiihIv  on  Hlii'lt  li  ;;h:      Nfutlvaciii        T  li  r      n  I  i| 

tll(-  llncsliil  IkmI:  liih  IIihIi  |iii>.  S.  i.|i  Ii   hI 

nil  Niiiall  lioiM' ;   i.'lii.'t.'iv  ciial  :  lie 

111  -t  III  111  1  I  inMiliK  ri-,  ami 
lairly  liaiih. 

ilo '   I.oiii;    liaiii'ij.    ilcip     friiiKil,      Uvcrariii       Smti  li  iai('< 

i        Ur.lllliV  111 --liril.-ilriiliij  Imiiii'.         Iiii\ 

VrlN     ll.lliK  :      Hllitalih'      liil 
,       winti'i  ill;;  diit.iAiili'. 
niarV,   ml.      I.iiiii;  Ihhii.h.   Imii:  liair   ••IkhI      'I'lnii' im.hh-      ( lli-iiiif 

(lull.       Vll-  ]i'J.f,     lll('|>     liln.     tIKill     'III'  lllilM  il 

liiw,  liiiii  liiic       «iiiiii'«  lial       iiairi>« 

i       illnl.  I'laiiii'.  cnat    liiputli,    haul- 

I  ii'nl    r.rltisli   lurcil,    nliitrr  ' 

niit'<iili'. 
I'.l.irU     anil      Sliiiil       ii|wtaiii|lii^        linriM.      Km  ciiiiin        riinilalii 
uiiiliMi'il         .'^liaip  IiiimI  i|iiaiii'i-<,   ImimiI         timiM. 
ami  u  liiti'.         ?ili!<.      niniMitli     hInJii;     IiikI 
liiinilliil.  (laii  \  liniil  in   Srollaiiil.   il' 

lail  in  (!tra(  llriliiiii. 


N'aiiii'  III  lin  1  il 


I.aliiii-. 


rniiliii  t 
Mnil.  Milk. 


t-li. 


I'liiii  il  .Alii  nil  1 II  Aiiiriis  .        (tiHiil.. Tlio  lim  Ht  u'laini'il         llirli    rair. 

I'l    ^  il  llalln'vas l"alf  ..  Km  •  Unit  lii  li  ll.iVin      t  lnml  ijiiililv        ..  I  Imul  ipi.ilil  \ 

Wi  ..t  Ili^hlaiiil lulrai  ta!>li>         I  im -l  llavi.i-     Un  )i  Imt  niiiall    .    .  ViUf. 

Avrnliiio Scnnu>ly  imt'il      I  ui  iiiiality dii  at  in  iiiimlitv  i  UwmV 

anil  111'  r.iii  i|ii.il 

i'.'  ■ 

N'oTK.— Aiilniairt  lallrniil   liaiil  {rntii  vmilli  I'nr  ivliiliilimi  nl'  llic  I'nlli-il  ami  W.-t  Ilit-lilaml  Im-iiU 
iiriiviMaiiii  r  a  I  nialiii  it\  than  i-<  Imlii  aiiilalwuiv  ami  alt  i  in  ;,'ri  itrr  wnijIilK,  lint  tin-  r-iliniali  ■•  un.  n 

iirnaliiiMt  iivi  ni^i'.     Cnw.t  t'lil  mi  lii:ui  iiiiiil  m   nlln- r  iiiii  i  il  I I  »nll  U'*  •'  l-n  :!<"  iilni  iih  ill  null- .  Inil 

t' r,  aiiil  rlii'isii  iliaii  llin  alxivr. 

In  Mipiilrinciit  III  ihr  rtircLroiiii;   talMiliii'  iiiattfi',  I   siihidiii  I'liitlni   in 
tiiiiiiatidii  iflali\(<  to  llif   I'lillfd  Callow. i>  ami   .\,\  rsliin- cat  tic  w  liiili. 
may  he  ilcciiicd  u!'  interest. 


^M 


<  ll.M.'Arri'.Klsi  ICS   of    A    •|Y1M('\I.    ilM.I.OWAV. 

I  Miintc  linin  a  |taiiiii|il('t  puMislictl  l.y  tlii'  llrv,  .loliii  ( lillfspic,  M.  A., 
"Iii'ii  ol'  Ihi- <;,ill()\vay  llcnl  i'.nulc  (ii'dnMl  llritaiii  (tt)  ulioiii  I  am  in 
'l''l'l'  li  liir  iitlifi'  intoiajatinii  tMiilaiiitMi  in  tlii.s  n-pdrt),  as  tollnw.s: 

■^titUiioiil  III'  til,  I  lintmtfriiitk-a  of  ttt^piml  niilmn!  of  the  llnUowoii  hirtd. 
Il'iawn  np  !i..  (itn  i-niiml)  r-f  (h,- J}:l!!rtWaV  Socirty  f.f  UfKIt  lifitrtUi.  \-{U  April.  \P^',.\ 

'■•lor:  Hliii'k,  with  ,i  lucwmsli  tin-,'. 

Iliiiit:  Shmt  aiiii  wiij..,  with  lima. I  t'l.nlii'.ul  .iml  wiilr  iKisliiin;   witliniit  lln>  Hlii,'lit- 


<'*'l  hyiiiptoiiis  111'  hririw  III 


Miiri, 


i\  11) 


■m 

4  Sol 


220 


ICi/f :  L:iii 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FARMI\(J 


;('  and  iiroiiiinciit. 


I.'iir :  Moderate  in  liM);;tli  and   liroad.  point  iui,'  f. 


of  lonu;  hair 

AVcA-;  Moderal 
line  with  tli(>  1 


irtardH  and  nnward 


H.  with  f 


tMI"|. 


<'  in  ii'nt;!!i,  clean,  a 


ml  I 


l!oi>V.— D 


)aeK  in  a  tenia. 


illini;  well  into  tin-  should. ts  ;   ih,.  toi 

ii-ili>  II  .1  f  ■•  I'..  1 1 .'  ..:..:..  >  ...:*i.  I 


and  in  a  male  iiatiii 


atclv  wide  aho 


I'l-p.  i.inndeil,  and  sviiiinetrieal 


Illy  iisiii:,'  with  a^'( 


'  Hi  ,'i 


SliDiihlrrH  :   I 


eoaise  siioiiiiier  |(oints  ami  .sliarp  or  Iiij,rh  slioiilil, 


ine  and  stiaiirlil. 


al)lc.     Urnisl :  Tiill   ;nid   dei'p.      i;,!,-!,-   and 
.s[>rniii,'.     Loin  and  ^irlitiir.   \V<dl  tilled.      /I,, 


I's  ail'  oil 


mil  :    Mrai^'iit.      i;ih^  .-   D,.,.|,  ;,iid 


11111,1,. 

|e,|i,„ 


-,0111;,    tiloile 


inics  :  Net    pi-oininent.      Ilmd 


V   wide,  and   well    tilled.      I'ltiid  :   Deep    imd    lull.'    77, 


straij^lit,  and  well  let  down  to  hoik  :  i-oiiiided  hnt'oel. 


Short  and  clean,  with  liii(>  li 
Mellow  and  inodei'ately  (hick 
Hair:  Sol't    and  wavy,  will 
tionalil 


s  are  \  ery  oliiect 


'//(' 


'innii, 


l>ri>:i,|, 


lonaliii 


sk, 


Jiiil :  Well  Net  on  and    ni,>der,it(dv    tlii 
1   mossy   nndero.it  ;   wiry  or  <iirly   hair  is  verv  ol 


i|l'C. 


CnARAOTF.UISTIC    I'OINT.'^   (»K    AVKSHIIfK    CAT'IL 


TIio  socoiul  iutiflc  is)|uot<'(l  fioiii  flic  ivpoif  oi   ___ 

'■'•'*'  A^'ii<'iilfiif;il  SDcii'ty  ;i|>i)<>iiit('.l  t(>  ivvisi' fli, /points  inil 


Avi.sl 

CXO'llciiC'  ill  til.'  A.visliiiv  Invvii  <">f  cilllr,  ii.s  ioilow.s; 


I    COIIMllittct'    (if  ili,> 

it'iitiii'' 


I'loposid  rutii)  nral<  of  j 


(1)  Hi'ad  Hhort.  I'orehead 


aru'e,  eyes  (nil  .-nid  liv. 


lOillln 


wide,  nose  line  bet 


'  ni,   ill  .lijrsliirr  catflr. 


weeu  t  h  ■  mil// 


and 


l'iiliii< 


{~')  Ne(dv  inoderjitelv 


ely,  horns  wid,'  set  011,  incliniii;,'  upward 


eyes,  niil//li 


der.  I 
1 


m;,'.  and  straiu'ht  lioni  ll 


10  he. id  Id  the  top  ut'  tl 


lead,  am 


ree  Ironi  loiise  sliin  on   the  inder  side,  line  at   it 


(:')  Forc(|iiailei 
d 


leiil 


H'jiin;i  SMilllletrieiills    ti 


Shonlder 


wards  the  Hhonldei 


le    shniil 

■*  ,jiineti,.ii  with  til,' 


deep  (oinsnre  eonstitni  ion,  InisKet  uml  w  I 


s  slopiiej.  \N  ithers  (me,  chest  Miliieieiillv  1 


firadnally  iiicrca 


(1)  r>aek  short    and  straielii,  spin,'  wi 
short  ribs  arched,  the  1 


i'lii  in  depth  iind  width  li.ickward 


lole  fiire  (|Ilurters  liulit.  tl 


y  liroad  ,•111,1 


le  c(i\\ 


dciiiii 


{.">)  Hind  iiii,ir(ers  hnii;. 


lody  deep  :it    the  il.uil. 


'I.  ispeciall>    ill    ih 


e    siimilder 


overlaid  v,  ilh  (at  ;   fi 


liroad,  am 


1   St 


iai"lit  ;  III 


fV(  1  w  ith  (In 


((>)  I'diler  capa 


■k 


hones  wi.le  ,ipart.  ami 
-hs  deep  and  liro.id  :   tail  hm.-,  slender,  and  set 


1(1 


liol 


the   liod.\,  tin 
ahont  miller  ,in< 


cioiisand  no!  lleshy.  hinder  part  lucid  ;ind   I 


le  neatly  li'vel  and   cNtend 

doineii  well  <h\  eloped.     The  te,its  (V 


111    len;,'th,  cpial   in   thiikness,  th.'  tliiik 
Icliu'lh,  hamiiii'.;  | 


irmly  attached  t. 
Ill;;  Weil  tuiward.  milk  vein. 
mi  ■-'  to  'Ji  iiicli 


(7)  L 


lie  c(|ii,il  to  :iliiint  one  tliii 
lie-halted   the  hreadtl 


lerpeiKiniilarly  :    their  dista 


ness   l.ein.^  ill  pn, port  ion  to  (h, 


d  (it  the  length  (d  the  v 


lice  ap.u-t  ol  till   sidt.%  shdilld 


and 


iiridHs  f(i  alidiil 


(H)  SkinsoCi  ;ind  ida>t 


ort  III  pro|ioi(ion  losizc,  ihe  lioms  (inc.  1 1 


(ll)  (.'olor  red,  vi  any  shade,  ) 


l>lie,  and   covered  with  sidt,  eh 


1. 


irown  or  whili 


le  .joints  linn.. 
•*i\  woollv  h.iir. 


(10)   Averaiie  I 


iif;  distinclly  delined.     I'.rindl 


or  a  III  if  I II  IT  of  t 


( 1 1 )  ( 


ive  weiMht,  in  (nil  milk,  al t  |i 


e  or  idaek  and  w  hit 


lesc,  each  e, 


o'li.'ral  appearance,  im  liidiii'r  ^(vl 


n 


cwl 


0  i^i  not  in  I'avm- 


.ind  movement 


I'errcctioii 


111 


Imi 


JOHN  l.dlfNi;  >TK\\  AIM' (,,..•  ( 


Kl.l.l, 


A(  tl 


If  aniin.il  -reneral  ineeiin'^of  UP h  I'd 


and  ordered  (0  he  prii!(edand  c7rciila( 


'Miary,  I--I.  (| 


inn;  III)-  nf    liimmith 


ilio\  e  repiii  I  w  as  adi>|'li 


l(ed  amoiiijsl  (h,.   niemliei  s  ,iii,|  ,,t  h,  r 

lAMK.s;  .M.  .MIIMK-ii: 


Sun  Ufi/. 


MKTlIuD.s   or    IlOl'.si.NO    scoT.If    (ATTl.K. 

.■nlit;!,^?-:*-:,;';:''""-''''''"''^''- '■•■■  «Mii.,„„.„.,iaii>,.„v. 

/''>ll<'ff(inlloini!i.~{\iiiyAu<r\ii  siimiinT.     WJnicr.M!  !!..-•  i- 


alM 


IMiiMil.v  111  tniii tviird,' 


'y  !!l  Opt'll  Mil. 


I'OllllilOII    II 


ol  III  .SWfCl 


sioiiallv  f\- 


lllli'llsc  llll 


iiioiiii(:iiii(i 


iiioiin'tcf  \> 


f 


"■I'lVfi'  llli)\ 


r 


rm;  uniteu  kingdom. 


221 


ll(.,7  Hiiilil((iiil.—i  >iitsitl»'  tliroiiiiii  stMMiiicraml  winter.     Siiiiplit-d  with 
li;i\  iiiiil  s(i;ii('  tii!iii|)s  tliiiiii;,;'  si'Vi-ic  sii'iu-  stirriii  or  li-osl. 
,l(//v////(.— <  ir.iziiij;  ill  smiiiiHT.     !'i<i)t  iiiitstly  jti  Ityt'i's  (lni'iii;;'  wiiitcif, 

wjli'i  run  >  (i!i:  iii  r.\n'V  wcitlu'!'. 


ii;i;i)r's(i  scnrcii  <'.\'i'ri.i'. 

Tlii'ic  IS  very  lilllc  (mUc  or  piin'li.iscil  loud  fctl  jo  niiy  ut  (lie  hri't'tis, 
(•\(<'|»tiii,u  III,-  ;iiii!ii;hs  iiilcinlcil  I'd;'  cxliibitiuii,  iiv  diinii;;-  llic  last  I'cw 
iiKiiillis  (iT  |ti('|»arati<»ii  tor  I  lie  Itiitflicr. 

It'atlicr  iiioic  extra  I't'cdiiiL',  is  sii]t|>ii('(l  to  the  Altcnlccii  Aii;:iis  tliaiito 
llic  (Pilar  lucnls,  especially  in  tin   eiise  ul'  liij^lihred  pt'(li;;i»"e  st(»eUs. 


iu:i;i;i)iN(i  storcn  ''\iii,i;. 

Ill  iheseleet  pi-di^^Mce  lu'id  bidls  am  kept  in  the  Iioiise,  and  tin*  t'einales 
;uv  liniiiulit  !•)  tlieiii  a1  llie  disei'el'^oi!  nf'tiie  owners,  liaviiij;  serapulotis 
ifi^iird  III  (he  relalionsliip  and  eorresiinndiiif,' I'ealnies  of  the  ;<niinalfs. 

Ill  jiviieral  eoiniiiercial  stoijUs,  (»r  hreeilinj,'  for  the  iuitelier,  it  in  (HiJU^ 
niiiiiiiiiii  ill  the  case  of  (iallouay,  lli^^hland,  or  Ayrshire  «'atfle,  to  al- 
low ;i  liiiU  to  ^raze  re<;iilaily  in  a  park  with  twenty  to  thirty  teinales. 

lIAMH.INc;   riioDfcis. 

As  n^jiirds  dairy  produce,  that  •.hi;;  .i,  d  from  the  (lalloways  and  Ayr- 
sliiics  !sl,ir.L;ely  made  info  cheese,  the  ii'inainder  hein^-  chieily  disjtosed 
(if  ill  sweet  milk  to  the  laii;!'  towns  li\  rail  and  milkvarts. 

The  I'olled  Aii;,Misand  I li.Lrliland  inmost  eases  foster  their  owiieahes 
and  siipi»iy  milk  for  the  necessities  of  ihe  \  arions  holdin;,'s. 

A  .^' real  many  of  the  Avrshire  <•(»w.^' calves  an^  sent  uf  onee  to  the 
butcher,  while  others  are  fattened  at  Ihe  at,'eof  a  month  or  two  as  veal, 
iiiit  tlic  calves  of  the  other  three  hiceds  are,  as  a  rule,  liroii;;ht  lo  ma- 
tiiiily  at  the  vaiions  a.;,'es  indieatt'd  in  tlie  fore!,'oin;:  tiihle. 

roi'diiU.M'lIV    ol-   SCorLAM). 

\\  illi  1.  Icrciice  to  the  (picstioiisof  aliunde  and  temperature  indicated 
(III  Hie  M'lieilule  accompan\in-  the  >Mtt  le  circular,  I  mav  Inietly  state 
tliat  Scotland  has  lieeii  aptly  deliecd  as  >•  a  ;,'ieat  plateim.  deepiv  cut 
into  valleys  and  haviim  mount  iiiis  rism;;  to  -J^m)  m' .lidoo,  and  oi'ca 
Miinally  even  i.nitn,  feci  of  elevat ion."  The  elmmte  is  o.xee(M|in','lv  vii 
liahlc.  From  its  insular  position,  hov\ever,  the  cold  in  winter  is'^not  so 
inlciiM' mil' the  heat  ii.  summer  so -ireat  a-:  in  ciirrespoinlin^j' latitudes 
111  the  liiiled  Slates  or  on  the  e(tiiiineiil  of  I'airopc. 

'Ihe  tciiiperalnre,  except    in  n ilaiids  in  the  interior  and   tiie  more 

iiKMiiitanmiis  districts,  seldom   iv.eains  lonjx  at   the  Iree/in- p,,iiit,  noi' 
111  any  parr  of  the  coiiniry  does  II  ojieii   rise  to  an  inteiisiiv  inconimod 
iiij,'liic  ialnn-  of  the  tield.     'I'lie  ordinarv  j^Mvatesf   lan'M-of  the  ther« 
iiinnictcr  is  between  .S^-■>  ami  H\  '  • 

Wliilcjhe  avera-e   temperature   -enerally  mav  Ite  held  to  ran-e  he 
tv.rcii  I..  >  and  17%  if  is  noieu<.iiliy  lliil    if  does  not  descend  as  theoli- 
Mivcr  innves  mirthwaid,  or   to  i,',,.   \icmii\  .-r  inio  I  !ie  inti-rior  ..f  the 
lii;:lilaii(|s. 

'IIk' iiie:;ii  teiiipeialnre  of  Scoiland.  noted  at  liflvlive  stations  alti- 
I'Klc  J.-i.  icci.  (Iniin::  the  >car  iSS.i.  was  i:,  >!(',  and'th-'  mean  tempera- 

•'■'*;  "1  i'"''i!y>»f  IMinimiuh,  x\i!h  an  ullitnde  of  I'llo  irci.tor  i|,c  same 
lit^^iiud.  was  KP!)'. 


i 


'if  ■ 


III 


w  '-  ■'    ^ 


.    i 


it,  y. 


222  CATTLi;    AND    1)A!K'V    lAKMiNti. 

As  to  tlic  propoitioiis  ill  wliic'i  tlu'  \;iii(iiis  s  hIs  nw  (lisliiliiiicj 
tlir()u;ili(>iit  Srotlaiitl,  i  liiid  it  >I,iIr(l  in  a  work  ol'  icr.Tfiicc  wliicii,  ,,] 
Ihoujili  ]»iil)lislic(l  some  vtMi's  a^o.  is.«.till  x.iliiahic  i;i  maiiv  ii's|i|.iis ';is 
ail  aiitlioriry,  tliat — 

Iin;;li.<!i  .i. :, . 

I'lu'  Ilia  Ills  aim  mil  I  In |   ^,;i)  i,|, 

i; it'll  rlay.s '.!»;' I'-ii 

(;-'\A>liy  wills i;,|'  .|., 

('(>nl  or  iiitciior  cl:i\s .",|o  ■■: 

I  III  pill  veil  iiinssy  sdils H  |  |"„ 

Alluvial  I'aii^li  nr  curse  land ;;.i|,'  j,',, 

Sandy  smls .„. Vi'.l  TTI 

'I'otal  ciiltivalcd  la  ml,  iirnlialily  , .-,  ,,)•;  i^, 

'I'olal  iiiu.iiliivatcd  land l:!/.'i'n'.'.> 

'i'lital  ana _    l~.',Ml  n.. 

or  L'!>,(I(M»  s(iuari'  miles.     ()['  tliis  aiva  alniii!   I.niin  si|i;;irf  milfs  licl. in- 
to tilt'  islands. 

Acconliii^f  to  the  ;!,i:ii('iiltiiral  ictiiiiis  n'ri'ii!!\  pulilislifd.  I  imd  ili,,i 
tin' r-nitivated  an-a  of  Sc;)|laiid  is  now  csiiiiiatid  lo  lie  alidiii  I.suo.okii 
acres. 

iJefiardiii;;- tlie  (|iustiiiiis  ot'  sml  and  siilisiiaiinii  and  their  ciiiidiu' 
lelatioi!  to  tlie  e:!ttle,  and  t  lie  iialiiral  leediii^^  idddiiets  of  a  disti  iri.  1 
v\onld  take  tiie  district  of  Alierdeeiisiiiif  and  I'.aullsliire  as  ilic  li.'s; 
tyjio  in  Scotland.  Tlie  cattle  fiuni  tliat  part  of  Scdtl.in  I  coinniaiid  tin 
lii-hest  price  in  tlie  l.ond.m  markets,  partly  due  to  tlie  lueed  and  p;iiii\ 
to  the  mUiiial  feedinij;  facilities  pos.sessed.  '  More  than  oii"  half  of  t!,i 
area  is  occupied  by  f^ranite,  ;;enerally  in  a  ilecomposed  state.  Tli:^ 
deromposed  ^raiilte,  heiiiu  rich  in  alkalies  (potash  and  soda),  from  tin 
ilecoiiiposition  of  the  feldspars  and  mii'a,  forms  a  soil  to  which  oiil\  ,. 
prop(Ution  of  pho.sphate  lequiies  to  lie  added  a-;  an  artillcial  maiiiiii 
to  raise  the  lie.sr  turnip  crop  in  Scotlan<l.  The  lii.^di  feediiiL;-  poweis,. 
tiiese  turnips,  alon;:  witli  the  natura!  clover  ihal  j,M'ows  lie'ely  all  ow: 
the  shire,  eiialile  the  Alicrdcen.-liire  farmers  lo  tiiiii  out  the  iie>i  fni 
cattle  in  the  market. 

i:\pttKi    AM)  i'i;!(  i:s  ui-  scmku  cvrii.i:. 

In  reply  to  llie  memiuand.i  aceompaiiMiiu  cattle  uiciilar  I  lia\!    , 
state  as  follows  ; 

'i'he  licst    method   ol   c\poil  ili.ni    |,.thc  I   niled   Stale,-,  is   l)\   lemiin 
eattlecarryiii;.;  steamers. 

The  hestanimals  toe\po:!  are  l'.>lled  An-iis.  I'.illed  (lallov.as .  SlmiF 
horns,  and  Ilenlords. 

'Hie  best   routes  of  export   .Mid  eosi  theniii'air   fn.m  Loniioii.  I   :^ 
pool,  and  (ilasyow,  on  an  avfiaje  (  i  ;t'17  lo  ^L'l. 

The  Murchasiii^' prices  ol   i  he    inimals  .ire.  foi  -ood  class  \eailni'«. 
rolled  .Mierdeeii  or  An-iis,  CUi  .-<l  Id  to  cr.tt  (.fL'i;;.;;.i).    r.ut'indiM.r 
Miecimeiis  of  the  choicer  pedi'„';...i  .\  hn  .!,e!i  .u   .\ii"iisha\c  i.ii' 
•\-cr .-.()(»  guineas  (Mj..-,,-,i.!»l;.     1  ;ailo\\  a \  >.  jJj.M.il _•!.(;(?,  to  XKJ  (•*!'■•(."  ■ 
whde  choice  pedi-rced  specimens  <.f  the  (;allo\\.i\   i.ieed   liav«'  liKi  v,;- 
lelchcd  Ion- prices.     West  Highland.  C lo  (ji<7;5) 'li.  ,CJ(»  (*!t7  < ',       \v 
shiiv,  jClM)  (.■j!)7.;j,;)  to  jCi'.'.  ..iT.M.Cti). 

The  estimated  expense  joi   attendance  and  food  >  ii  mutr  is  al-mr  li 
(^i.Nf*!  a  head,  if  ten  or  more  -o. 

IiI.SJ'i;i)il    I KiN    (If   SCiiKlI    rAlll.K. 

ThroimhoMi  S.otli;.dShoi!iioiii>are  more  -eiierallv  d.istnl.iit.  u  i: 
an\  ot  the  lour  distm.l  hri'eds  peculiar  to  the  country,  luii  thcM  !  n 


fill  l^t  m 

^'j 

ti  iprf 

.. 

I 


1' 

'■  ■  ^Ri 

iir 

■li  r 

'  H^H^H  hji  ^H 

1 1 1 

■Hil 

^J^B 

PBII 

Fp^H 

^B  I 

MM 

''^^m 


1  ' 

■ 

1 ,' 

ii 

I 

^ 

II 

,4aii 

i' 


11 


1^ 


m, 


\Sk 


rovrr  ill"'  u'l'i 
alines  m;i.\  I 
S|iiliii;i  ;Uiil 
ic  iiurlliwi- 
liiiiii>.  till-  I 
till'  iioI'IIh':! 
i\irlli|  III  ll 


A  I  mill    I."l 
•  lltulll   >."»  pel 


Willi  ivsi 
Niaif  tliMl  ; 
.iiiiic,  iss;;.  I 

Tills  IS  ;i  sii: 
l)ir  irtiii'in't 


•  •  •    •  *  •  » 


i--:t. 


NrVilllli'l 

;:l;iiiil  ami  > 
l^*i.l  lliaii  ill 


Mii.i:liiiiil 
ciltlc.     Till- 

I'iDlll   till' 

,ill\  (if  t'.i-  1 
ilrliarUatioii 

I'niiii  Irrl 
iiiiiiiiii'rs  (if 

Sjiaiii  ami 
iMlllr  wi'fUl 

Till'  miilii 

Arckl\. 

iJiissia  :  J 
(  aiiaila  : 
III  i:>,IMM)  lin 

m 

III  acriii'il; 
ivriTifil  to, 

rial    illll'lls, 

I'"!  Mil  Aiai: 
ill  rn  I : 

,!'•  I'.iill 
■-•  .  Cm 
.:<  ('..vv 

I'm  I  i:l>  (JAl.t.1 


nil.  I  Mil      KiN«i;    M. 


rovrr 


till' '-rri'iiiMl  llit'.\  hfliiM.:  ((iiiii>i<  i'|ii«ii'l\      T'  I"  {i,illii\v;i\  s  mitl  A; 


, lines  iii;i.\   l»i' s;iitl  liMnniplif  ily  ciurr  I  In-  soul  liu  est  ul    Sn>l|,iii(l  lluiii 
Siiiliii^i  uiiil  niiiiil>,iiit>ii  I  4i<'n.      i;      N\  <•,!  Ili;:lil;tiiil  catlK' tuTiipy 


ill'  iiui'lliWi'sti'i  II  ctiihtllf 
Ii(iril>.   Ilif    linillit'iisli  ■ 
the  iiurlliciisloni   J'lMi 

(.\|(l|il    lO  tilt'  SiMltlltM. 


ilii    "tillcil  A  lii'idcfii  Aii;4ns  Willi  S'loil 

.lii'.^.      Slini  IJiiil'liN   ;ilr  liiurc    iillliiil  i  >i;s   in 

II   llu'   I'ollt'd  Al)t'i«l'<n  (listiict)  imkI   liir\ 
iiiiiitics. 


KKHI'.Di 


DAIIM 


Aliiiiil  !.">  |ifr 


III 


(•I  It i li'  ill  S/iii '   III 


I'M  I  Im'iI.ui  \  .HmI 


.iJKiiil  >.">  pri'  ('fill    lur  I  lu'  Imiiln-r. 


MMllHK"    t)l 


\l 


IN    S(  (III  AM). 


Willi  ii's|ictt  |(»  iiicrtMsc  (»r  ilcntMSf  ol  slock  in  liii-- cuiiiiIia  .  1  iimy 
stale  tliit  aeriii'diii;;  In  t lie  Imard  dfliatlt'  reliiriis,  eolieelcil  «mi  .Mil 
.liliie.  JSS;;.  Ihr  immltei'  of  (Mttic  of  all  ULlfs  in  Si-iillaiid  was  I,nitt,;!l7. 
Tliis  is  a  slight  iin  reasc  <iii  tlic  li;,Mir»'s  lor  issj.  hut  Ifss  than  I  lie  1111111- 


lief 


III  111  tied  lor  IsTl',  as  thus  shown 


I- 


!.  i-.'ii..".!>:t 

l,i''.i-'..:i'r 
l.tl-i.'.Ml! 


l":i I  «"»I.:II7 

Nevei  Ilieless,  llieie  was  a  sliijhl    Jlieiea-M' di,iin>j   .saiiic    Unit     in    V.w 
■j.\M\d  anil  \\'ales,  niakiii;.;   llu-  total   roidie.i;   Itiilain   lallni    iimif    in 
IS'^.I  tiiaii  ill  ISTl'. 


iMi'iiKis  <ii'  rvi'i'i.i:  IN  lit  <;ki:\i    iikmiain. 

I'.iiLrlaiid  and  Seotlaml  arc  lar;;cly  ilcpciidciil  on  101111411  supplies  ol 
e.illle.     'riie  needed  supplies  arc  ohlaiiicd  lliiis  : 

I'loiii  llic  I'liiled  Slates:   l,ai;,'c  nmnltcr.'i  wedxlv  ol  l.il  c.ililc,  ;4ciici 
,i!l\  III'  r.e  hot  (piality.     These  have  to  lie  s|aii;;iil»'red  at    I  he   port  ol 
lirliai  Ualioii  :  alsoa\c'iy  lai  ye  ipiantity  oT  killed  meal. 

I'miii  Ireland  :  IN  avy  weekly  supplier  olli  I.  and,  111  I  lie  .>caMMi,  lar,L;e 
iiiniihers  of  .slore  ealllc. 

Spain  and  I'orln.ual:  Almiit  I'.'i.uiiK  lo  .id.noii  head  oi'  ;:ood  class  Lit 
iMtlle  weekly. 

'I'lic  iioilliein  I  .inntrics  oi'  I'lnropi-;  <iio>s  nnailicr  al»i»iit   o,(MIO  caitlc 

■Arekl>. 

Kiissia  :   A  coiisidciaMc  and  iiicrea^ui;^  trade  in  de.id  meal. 

Ciinad.i  :  (iros.s  nniultir  alioiit  liH.dui)  e.d  I  le.  of  uhich  'irohalilN  |l),llllO 
to  1.1. (HMI  lioiiLjIit   h.\    lainicis  to  Iced. 

rniMKMT.^  i»i'  i;r,i'i:i;sr,Nr\ nvi;  sioicii  i  viii.i;. 

Ill  aiionlance  with  reipiireincnt  cxpics.scd  tii  liie  incinoranda  above 
nreiied  lo,  I  have  .seemed  portraits  of  repre^eiil. it  ivc  cat  I  le  of  the  sc\- 
It. 1 1  hreeds,  and  send  lliciii  iieiewitli.     'I'lic  list  of  portraits  is  as  tolhuvs  : 

l'"n  I  h  Aiaiair.r.N  m:  ANta-i  i  l>v  HiMT  ui'  (iicl;^c•  ,1.  \\  ,ilK'  1.  imi  .  I'<'i  tlithrii,  Alitr- 


1 )  I'.iill.     .->!!  .M:iiin,  ,•  I  i:;Uh. 


C.iw  , 


hiiMi  \.> ,,  I 


I'lii. 


I'xw.      S\liil.   M'.  (.:mI   <if    I  iil\  (iiMi   >:!. -.'iM  .1 


Ill)    :ii'l     Ik 


nil-   I  ;lll    ."^ 


il-jih 


hi  S\  li 


i>  t!Ai.l.ow.\Y  ^hy  I'avu!  ul  l.'rv.  .I..I11.  ( ;illf-,|.ii  ,  \|    1 1  ,  \! 


.1,   l> 


null  H'~i ) : 


i    ., 


.  K.. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1  = 


I.I 


1^  i^ 


1.25 


1.4 


2.5 

I— 

1.6 


Fhol  ^ 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


/. 


& 


w 


224 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMINO. 


(4)  J{ii)l.     lliirdt'ii  (U')!),  Ironi  oil  iiaiiiiiii^  by  (joiidiiy  ^^tl•(■l,  iiiiiiiuil  piiiuUT  to 

tlio  IIi<j;lil;iii(l  Jiiid  Auricultui'iil  Hocit-.ty). 
(f))  Cow.     Clar;i(i;!7r)).  ' 
(ti)  lloifer.       Lalla  liooUli  (~>M2). 
VVE8T  liiGHLANU  (by  favor  (if.Idhi   ]\'ol)(Tt,s<>ii,  «'S(i.,  Oh!  Hhiir,  Jilcir  Atliolc) : 

(7)  Hull.     Pliotofiraplii'd  tVoiii  oiio  <il'tli(>  DiiUi)  oC  Atlioln'n  licid. 

(8)  Cow.     J'JiotDuraplit'd  from  oiu:  ot'tlio  Duke  of  AtliolcAs  liovd. 
AYiiSiiiUE  (by  favor  of  James  McJIiirtrie,  tsc],  Ayr.) : 

(D^'Iinil.    I5aroii  0'J5iu;klyiro  (2-^l)  at  four  years. 
(10)*Co\v.     Jh'i^^lit  Smile  (l;!07)  at  ff.tir  years. 

Those  portraits  arc  not  uiiiforin  and  do  not  indicate  the  size  of  each 
animal  relatively  to  the  others,  but  I  believe  tlie  relative  size  of  each 
animal  can  be  estimated  by  reference  to  the  tabular  matter  in  t  his  re- 
port. 

Besides  the  {gentlemen  vhorn  I  have  iiamod  as  having  aided  nie  with 
materials  for  this  rei)ort,  1  am  indebted  for  much  of  the  infoiinatioii 
contained  in  it  to  Messrs.  John  Swan  &  Sons,  the  eminent  cattle  af>ent.s 
of  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow. 

J.  A.  ld':ONAl{D, 
Coimd- General  (lately  Vimaulat  Leith). 

United  States  Consulate-General, 

Calcutta,  July  18,  1881. 


CATTLE  IN  IRELAND. 


llKVOr.T  lir  COXSC'L  I'JATI',  of  QCEtJXSTOWX. 

ravages  of  the  foot  and  mouth  disease. 

Since  receiving  cattle  circular  many  letters  of  in<|uiiy  addres.sed  lo 
persons  presumed  to  have  the  best  and  fullest  knowleilge  upon  the  siuh- 
Ject  of  breeding  cattle  in  my  district  have  been  written,  the  answers  id 
which  have  been  few  and  far  between  as  well  as  mcagei'.  The  follow 
ing  statement  is  made  up  of  information  thus  received  supjilemenfrd 
by  personal  immiries  which  I  have  caused  to  be  maile: 

During  the  past  year  several  districts  in  Ireland  have  sulVered  vcrv 
severely^  owing  to  the  introduction  of  foot  and  mouth  disease  Irom  Kuj;- 
laiul.  With  a  view  to  checking  its  spread  and  ultimately  *' stami)iii;i 
out"  the  <lisease,  very  stringent  restrictions  were  phu'cd  upon  tin'  cattle 
trade  of  the  entire  islaiul  by  the  veterinary  dei>artnieut  of  the  i)rivy 
council.  Fairs  and  markets  were  prolubited  in  many  ])arts  of  Jrchuid, 
and  several  of  the  most  important  shipping  ports  were  closed  against 
exporters.  In  order  to  secure  open  ports  in  Knglaiid  and  Scotland  for 
Irish  cattle  it  became  necessary  to  have  cordoi*^  drawn  around  tlu^  uii 
infected  districts  in  Ireland,  and  no  cattle  were  permitted  to  be  shii)ii('il 
from  districts  outside  those  embiaced  by  these  ctudons.  Even  vixttk 
inside  the  cordons  could  only  lie  shipped  on  the  production  of  a  certili- 
cate  from  the  clerks  of  thejjoor  law  unions,  who  had  nu^ansat  hand  lor 
satisfying  themselves  that  no  infe(!ted  cattle  wen>  permitted  to  leave 
Irish  ports.  By  this  arrangement,  and  owing  to  these  very  crushiiij,' 
restrictions,  the  important  stock-luceding  province  of  (Jonnaught  was 
for  a  time  completely  suppressed,  all  sales  of  cattle  being  prohibited  ex- 
cept by  special  license  of  t!u',  lord  lieutenant,  or  else  by  means  of  an  aii- 
plication  to  the  clerk  of  the  local  autliority  or  a  justice  of  the  peace. 

*  For  portrait s  of  Ayr.sl'iro  cattle  nee  rei)ort  of  Conisiil  Wells,  of  IJiuidcc. 


I'd,  iiiiiiiiiil  itiiiutfi'  to 


Jilcir  Atholc): 
H  lu'i'd. 
'h  1u;V(1. 


tC  tllO  si/A!  of  ViUih 

utivo  KJZO  of  oiicli 
iiuittiT  ill  this  re- 

'n\g  aided  me  with 
if  tlie  infmiiiiitioii 
iiicnt  cattle  Ji^i>eMt.s 

-EONAKD, 
Vomul  at  Lclth). 


VA', 


SEASi;. 


liiiiy  addressed  lo 
'di^e  upon  the  siitli- 
k'li,  the  answers  u> 
aj^er.  The  ibllow- 
ved  supi»leiiH'iite«l 
e : 
have  sutVeied  very 

disease  from  Eiij;- 
mately  "  stampiiiu 
i;e(l  upon  the  cattle 
inent  of  the  i)riv,v 
y  ])arts  of  Jrehnid, 
I'eie  closed  afiaiiist 
d  and  Scotland  foi' 
wii  around  tia^  lui 
itted  to  be  shipped 
Ions.  Even  (tattle 
luction  of  a  certili- 

means  at  hand  lor 
l)ermitted  to  leave 
hese  very  ernsliiiij; 
of  (Jonnaujiht  was 
ein{^  prohibited  ex- 
i)y  means  of  an  ap- 
iticc  of  the  peace. 

■lis,  of  IJuudee. 


o 
-    > 

^  r 
r 
O 

i  => 

■   r 
»    r 

I 
> 

O 

'    m 

z 


in 


r 
> 
H 
m 


(T) 
> 
.  r 
:  r 
»    O 

I    ^ 

< 

O 

o 


o 

r 
t    > 

t    > 


> 

o 


rmmmmmmm 
p  1  if  i 


> 

r 
o 

> 

< 


o 


ii' 


J! 


5:     :i: 


• 


• 


n 


O 
I 
r 
> 

z 
a 

03 
C 

r 
r 


/ 


01 


:r 
o 


■:  I 
;  r 
:   > 


I  o 


THK    I'NITKI)    KlNOnoM.  0'>r. 

NoMnl.r  III..'  llii.sl,„s..M.r  |.H-,m.  1,,.,-n  i..s,„.,|  i„  livhiml,  aiul  tlMM-m-ct 

n.m,  ..I  (he  n.t.n.  r.m.m.v  .n:..v  lu-  hM\h'Iv<1  In,,,,  tho  (nrt,  llii.f  it     , 
(fiiltlc  liiir  licld  lit  liciiiiKJ  fiilvcs  p  iicc.     The  fiiir  ivtl.ti.,!  «..  iu  .1    V 

[null,  1H.M u. iiaiiiiusi..., ,.ih,  J,.i.,. in nhJa ::;.,',:  ,',^'1^,, ;';•;;;• 

l.n;.s  o(  ,stod.    „,.n|<.,s  from   tlu"  ..tli.T  ti.m;  p.<.vi,,,:rs,  4.  Afimi    "' 
;;;;;';'o   iM.f.  lu.v.  a  very  <Ia„n.M,.KMlcct  on  (lie  ...tiro  c.ittle  tr ,     '«    ' . 


THK  CATTLE  TUADK   OK  lURLANI). 


Tl 


10  Ciittlo  tiiidcM.C  Iivliuid  is  imdoiibtiMlly  its  -ivit 
ishiiij,'  iiidiisliy,  siiipas.siii^r.,,s  jt  docs  by  scvorahiiill 


;r  anmmllyn.o  v,;,y  i,,,p,,,.,ai.t  and    piosp,.|on.s   lii,,.,,  (Vail 


nor(|i(>ni  proxincc,  (Ulster).     I 


t'st  and  most  (lour- 

ioHsoC  pounds stor- 

<'  of  tln^ 


or  scvriMl  years  past  liisli  «lo.;k-l,n...d 


Imveheen  reeeivin^r  f,,,,,,    |.:„j.l„nd  i.nd  W-otlai'id  in  exel 


ers 


slociv  nil  annual  avei 


closed  liave  not  yet  been  mad 
prove!  the  most,  depressiim- 01 


i^e  of  >i7;{,()0(»,(>(»().     The  rel 


laiiKo  for  live 
nriiN  for  the  year  Just 


leiilized  it  is  not  expiefcd  will 


the  year  ISM'  tl 

fat,  cattle,  'i;;o,()()(»  "stores"  ('lea 

oni  total  of  71J  1,777.     Jinriii},'  i.sJs'j'n.Vt 
beei 


I'oiitbiiMl,  is  anticipated  that  ihev'will 
■-'(•(Hd,  and  on  a  roiioh  estiinate  (he  sum 

In 


1  n 


exceed  i;s,()(M»,()(l(»  or  .Cl(),0()O,(»()n 


.(■re  Ny,.rc  .-xported  (Vom  Ireland  (oOreat  i!ri(ain  jm. 
n  eiittle),:ind  of  odier  descrii»ti 


<  i  I 


'\|»or(ed,o\viii;;'  (o  the  icstrietions  al 


inore  than  halt  this  number  I 


>ove  referred  (< 


ptions;i,0()0. 


ia\-e 


<•'"  «;niic  twelve  months  the  export  of  -  store''  cat  1 1 
JMi,i;iaiid  was  prohibited  alto^-ether,  and  ft 


lM)r  i 


onr 


the  1 

;nish  the  ca((le  (rad 


<'stiic(ioiisof  a  general  charact 


erwei(.  so  j^iraf  as  to  almost  ext 


adopted  i)y  the  veterinary  depart mcn(,  I 
e(]c(;(  ;    the  spread   of  (Ik^  d 


ivenow  been  "s(ami»ed  Old  "o( 


i(»0( 


som 


results  arc  beinj,'-  ri'a(i/ed  the  rest 


e  (roiii   Ireland  tc 
»r  seven  months  of  (he  year 

in- 

jons 

esircd 

s  rava;,^es 

lese 


<;  "'  ■^"1""'  portions  of  tiM'  island.     The  precant 


,  however,  arci  ha\  in;,'  (he  d 


iscase  has  been  (the.-k*..!,  and  it 


edistricts.     In  proportion  as  t| 


iIk'ii^Ii  a  considerabl 


e  III 


rictions  arc  beiiij'  ici 


noved;  but, 


'P'ovcmcnt  has  taken  place,  the  cattle  trad 


lie  coniiiry  is  still  very  much  crij.pled,  and  if 
ore  It  recovers  (he  serious  clurk  which  it  has 
I  with  (his  part  of  tlu    subject 


will  (ake  some  (ime  I 
las  siis(ained. 


eof 


In  connectioi 

(ssT.;:  r;/;;::;!^*'"  i"'""'^'  '.'-i"'--  ^vS  ^KVi^biWi';;! 


b^s;{at  IJallinasloe  ( 

iz 

ill 

(■•."'!»!>.7(;),  and' as  1 


lii.     Jn  JeS7l'  (list  el 


!«'»•(  'Mvill  be  of  interest  to 
d  in  lS7L'and 


•■<!  CL'I  10.V.  (* II !>."")  ncrlic'K  V^-^V''''"  ('"?"'  ""''•••In    real 

'.V   (.'ir'lO'n  le,  l.rr'  ,         bs-.>th<^.samr  class  bion-ht  C"" 

;.':' '-'-"V  '"     '"'•"'•  ^\'"'i'  li'«t  .Near  thrse  .i.iof;.»i..M<  c.ii  ,..  e' A  .-T 


ow 


se  fpiotations  fell  to  .CL'O  IO,v 


In  I,S7l;  liist  class  heifers  sold  at  X'J 


•  s  j:VA  (.•iiO.J.L't;)  ,,er  head  (or  f.mrdicl 


•  ss  animal 


i:-'(.isl()7.0U);  the<pio(a 


:(»(*!)7.;j3),and  las(  year  (hey  bron-lil 


M)ns  for  foiirdi. class  animals  1 


>eiiiyi;i4(.f(js.|;;). 


CATTLK  CENSUS  OP  IRELAND 


were  in  Leinster  l,(l(i(;  r,(»"  im.niM'l  .^  -V  0         ."m     *  ^'"'^  "•""'"'••  thviv 

-l,iilil;i..(N>n,ian^l     i^lj-^i  ;^^^^^^^^ 

i'lnvase  ;5S,4 1 1.  '>->)•'•'-, "a.ioase  W.hirr,  and  m  Murister  I,;L'7,17;{, 

J.l:;"in  eacirc;;;;::,;.  ;;rly-^;;!|!  .^;;-  >'-  --l-r  ami  description  of 
n.  Kx.  rA~i^   ^>»""stci  (,n  which  prov.uw  this  consulate  has 


226 


CATTLE    AND    L»AIKY    FARMING. 


its  jurisai(!tioii)  duriuf?  the  years  18S2  luid  1SS.'5,  Of  tlio  dltVcieiit  breeds 
coiiij)iised  in  Ibis  letmii  it^s  impossible  to  give  tlio  proportions,  tlioufjjli 
cuttle  of  mixed  breeds  largely  predominate. 

GKNEBAL   INFORMATION   CONCERNING   oATTLE   IN  IRELAND. 

I  reiurn  herewith  the  i)T'inted  form  which  accompanied  eircidar  o> 
July  IS,  1883,  with  the  blanks  filled  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to 
obtain  the  reqnisite  data.  Dr.  William  K.  Sullivan,  president  of  the 
Queen's  College,  Cork,  who  is  consitlered  the  tirst  authority  on  the  sub 
ject  of  in<]uiry  iu  South(?rn  Ireland,  and  to  whom  1  am  indebted  for  the 
principal  topographical  and  scientific  facts  (including  the  list  of  grasses), 
remarks  in  sending  the  same  to  me: 

Our  farnieivs  arc  80  littJc  accuHtoined  to  Huch  immorical  iiud  accurate  (totalis  that  I 
aHBurc  voii  it  is  very  ditlicnlt  to  };ivo  such  iiiforiuation.  Tho  (Ictails  about  tho  bn^'ds 
of  catt'lo  Lavo  booii  given  by  Mr.  James  IJyrnc,  J.  l*.,Wattsto\vii  Castle,  Shaiibally- 
iiiore  Co'inty  Cork,  one  of  the  most  experieiicwt  atjricnltnrisls  in  Ibe  county,  and  on,, 
too  who  had'tljo  advanta'ju  of  scientilic  trai.iinj;.  The  information  about  tho  -(eoloiry 
conhi.  ius  you  will  at  once  sec,  1)0  only  general,  and  I  have  accordingly  written  it 
across  the  columns. 

Mr.  llichard  J.  ]\Iaxwell  Gumbleton,  J.  P.,  Glanatore,  Tallow,  County 
Waterford.  -i  suc(;essful  breeder  and  exporter  of  Shorthorns  in  South- 
ern  Irelaiu.,  has  been  kind  enough  to  furnish  some  expressions  of  oi)iii- 
ion  as  well  as  information  on  various  points  referred  to  in  your  instnn;. 
tions.  Mr.  Gumbleton  states  that  the  best  metliod  of  exporting  cattle 
from  the  south  of  Ireland  to  the  United  States  is  by  shipping  tliom 
from  the  i)orts  of  Cork  or  Waterford  via  F^iiverpool  to  any  port  of  om 
(!0untry.  There  are,  ho  says,  very  valuable  herds  of  Shorthorns  in 
Ireland,  and  tht;  bulls  from  these  herds  he  has  no  doubt  would  pay  well 
for  exportation  to  the  United  States.  Tho  only  other  breed  peculiarly 
good,  .Mr.  Gumbleton  says,  are  the  Kerry  cattle,  which  are  very  jiretty 
(small  in  size  and  l)lack)  and  very  good  milkers.  Tlui  Shorthorns  in 
Ireland  are  altogether  bred  for  dairy  purposes,  the  mixed  breeds  bcin^r 
reserved  more  for  the  butcher.  Latterly  the  breeding  of  stock  in  the 
soutli  of  Ireland  is  on  the  increase,  and  the  supply  is  very  nnicli  in  ex 
cess  of  the  home  demand  ;  in  fact  the  stock-breeders  of  Ireland  live  In 
exportingvasr  numbers  of  cattle  every  year  to  EnglandandScotland.  It 
would,  therefoie,  in  Mr.  Gumbleton's  opinion,  be  highly  undesirable  lo 
export  cattle  from  the  Unit^'d  States  to  Ireland  for  dairy  uses  or  for  the 
purpose  of  the  butcher;  in  fact,  sending  cattle  to  Ireland  would  be 
somewJiat  like  "sending  coals  to  Newcastle."  His  experience  is  tii;ii 
cattle,  as  a  rule,  if  circf.mstances  be  favorable,  greatly  improve  liy  ex 
l)ortatiou,  and  he  would  willingly  use  an  American-bred  bull,  if  well 
bred,  and  think  the  fact  of  his  coming  from  America  a  good  reeom 
mendatiim.  He  doubts  if  the  imi>orted  Sluuthorns  in  the  United  Slaies 
are  superior  to  the  best  herds  in  England  and  Ireland,  and  lie  slron^'ly 
susj>ects  there  are  a  greater  number  of  lirst-class  Shorthorns  in  Kn-iaiid 
an<l  Ireland  than  there  are  in  the  United  States.  He  believes,  however, 
that  most  Ireeders  wouhl  be  glad  to  have  a  cliaiig<'  (»f  blood,  provided 
the  animals  were  well  bred,  and  he  considers  such  a  change  would  Im 
attended  with  satisfactory  results  to  all  concerned. 

Mr.  Ivichard  Wood,  Aherlow,  (bounty  (,'ork,  an  extensive  and  success- 
ful  cattle  breeder  and  exjjorter,  has  in  rei)ly  to  (iuesti(ms  given  the  lol 
lowing  information  in  connection  v/ith  the  cattle  trad(! : 

The  best  animals  W)  export  tothe  I'niteil  States  are  .Short  liorns.  and  l'edit,nve  SIkiiI 
horns  can  be  liad  a<H  low  as  Ct<»,  and  as  high  as  CLil-l).  <>i'  mure,  eaeli.  Iveir  caltli' 
aro  aNo  very  good,  and  these -lie  attraetiiii,'  more  atlenlion   (ban  tlievilid   lnr rly. 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


227 


„^un'A  U>  (lif  .;a«.^  with  wndi  llu.y  -.m-.  u.Miia-c.l.  Tlicy  iiro  imrU.uiliirly  .suited  t.» 
„m,mt;.i,,<MMd,sUMM.s  wlud.  w..,.|.l  nol  |,n.|MTlv  (....l' Hlu.nli.Mns.  c;,„„l  K,.,.rv.s 
,.|,n  l.c  lia.l  lor  .L^n  ,..„.l.,  I,.-  Urni.  „.,.,n,s  of  ..xpmtin.^r  c.-itllo  IVoa,  the  ,so,.ll.  of  I.v- 
|;„„l-,vouI.  |.  v^a  .lie  jk.Hho  Cork  or  Watrrfonl  to  Liverpool,  and  tl.ei.ee  I. v  tiie 
.s,.M„,..rsol  l,eNi,tio,>„l  ,,,„,  to  (!,„  U,.|te,l  StatrH.  The  sl'e,„„er,s  of  I  he  Natioi.al 
.„„.  b.M.-MI.e  iMl-rsI  iiii.l  ,steilm.^st,a.•(,  I.e.st  ii.lil|.le.l  for  tl.r  purpose.  As  K.  fodder 
liny,  oat.s,  hiMM,  iuid  souk,  cmUo  would  form  v.'ry  -oeil  food  Co.-  tji.'  vo  u'-e  The  hiii.' 
,,lv  ot  ea'de...  (he  so.dl,  of  IrH,,..-!  is  very  ...,.eh  in  exeessof  tl...  h..i...7de,...i,.d,  J.l 
tlH,  surplus  htock  are  exported  to  the  ...idl.ind  counties  of  EuKlaiid  and  .Seotliii.d. 

The  rate  for  tnnispoitatioii  ofciattle  iVoiii  Cork  to  Livorimol  by  local 
sd'aiii-nvs,  IS  about  $L'.(i()  per  lic.ad,  iusiiijiiu^ci  extra. 

It  iiiity  prove  iiiterestiiij,'  to  ii.le  that  tlie  total  acrea^^e  of  the  province 
:.f  IMiiiister  »s  ,j,!);54,<!S2,  whicli  dariiifr  the  year.s  LSSJ  and  1883  was 
iitili/L'«l  as  indicated  in  the  inclosed  statement. 

JOUN  J.  PIATT, 

Comtil. 

(JNITEI)  yrATKS  <k)N>SULATE, 

(/iiacufilot'^n,  April  3,  1884. 


liiliini  nlii/n 


III;/  III.,-  iiiimhrr  and  ilr.-^iriiilioii  of  call  I,:  hi  ,a,-h  loiiiili/  in  in,  invriiiw  c/'  Mnii- 
ulir  iliiiiiii/ llir  iitai^i  lr',fi2  unit  iK-i.), 


Cnk- 

IHSL'  .... 

1.-+.;! .... 

I'SK'.!  . . . . 

IhSli  .... 
I  lull': 

1HS'_'  .... 

ISWI 

l.iiiicrick  : 

lSi^2  .... 

Ih.-.'i  .... 
'ri|i|iiT:il'V  : 

Ir-Xi!... 

iHs:i 

W'lUiifmd: 
|Hr'_' 

is.s;i 


lolal: 

IKSU  ... 

lii('ii';iHe  ill 
DicriMNe  in 


(;iiiililii.s. 


isx:i 
lH,s: 


Our  yi'jr    ' 
Mildx'dw.s       oUlitiul     !     "Ill  iiii'l        I'iKlei- 1.1.0 
:  Mini.  T  two  I       ,\eai'. 
i  uars. 


ii|iwiiriltt. 


177,  (>21 
175,  HOU 

KKt, -.!!» 
101,, SJI 

r>l, CM 

'tl,  o:iJ 

96,  315 
!I5,8.')5  , 

HI.  OSII   . 
K.'),  ()7ti 

II.CK.i 
•ID,  !».'>M  : 


41, '.'78 
»8,UUI 

2I,7L'.'i  I 

L'(»,  7,"i!t 

;i:),w)r. 

L'H,  (i,)4 
•J),  1K4  ' 

2;t,  ;iHu 

r.i,  i!i!i 
.">•;,  "iu4 

I 

l.'l,  (IHJ  I 
I :!,;-.(!)  I 


r.!),  070 

(iii,  ir.i 

l"..,44l»  ] 

:!l,  W)  i 
;i7,  i;.-.7  1 

L"!,  1 87  ' 
I'.'., 'lOr.  '■ 

4!',  M-l 

r>\  7  IS 

ih,  Till   , 
ID.  !l!.ll  I 


ioi,;io<)  i 

lt)!),K4.^  i 

.ii.r.ii  I 

',«,  ,174  I 

I 

14,  i;ui  I 
.'•.!•,  s:.4 

(id,  SHi 

o:i,(<r.7 


:;4,  •J4() 


I 


•Jt:>:i 


8,707  I. 


l.->,  IU7 


;ii,ii!t7 


I'dtiii. 


:iKl,  'JS4 

'i'M,  -.m 

L'OO,  '.'O. 
•-'O.s,  07.'5 

ir.o,  151) 

104,0,"jiJ 

•-'1 1.1,  840 
'-'11,044 

I'lL',  708 
•S)'i,  \K> 

!»(!,  840 
ll,S7i:i 


.'■).1l,8'.'r.  [         ISCi,  17:i  ,         -.'18,  IIIO  .-ill-J.  wi.',  I       1  "Mt  (l"i| 

•'■|.'>l,.''>72  I       i77,4(.o  '       -j:!;;,.;!!;!         :fi;i,K.iL' i      l,';i;;7|  i7;i 


;I8,444 


lh;iih  ,,/•  ,„///,■  /;,  //,,  .s„»//,  „/■  liiliinil. 


Nmiiii'  III' I. n,., I 


I  lli'i^^lit  III  iiialiir. 

Aiiiiuiil  :ivi'i         Milk  III  ity. 

IlLll'    plllllllls        !■     Illlllsilt' 

III'   Mlllli.  Illllll'l'  I 

I'liw.  i  Kill!.  I   Ox.   ■     Ciuv. 


I.IVl-  Wciillll. 


Hull,    i    Ox. 


Sliiiitliiilii 

KiMT.V    ^ 

'''■^''■1 i  '.(imi  III  ijiiin 

l.iMiiiJck  Diiiry .  H,  IKHI  in  !.,  r.OO 


:i,  4.-.0  I 
4,iinii  t,>  .1.1100 


J.hs.        III.         III.    \     III. 


fiO  .')•.' 

M  I       58 


.14 


( 'ml. 


:w  j     50  j     «o  I     r.4  !    o  ii.  i4 

!        4H  :        .10 


Ciol.       I      Cut. 

1.1  to  'j;i  I  I'j  to  L'o 


0  ' 
12  I 


7 
15 


228 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 

l!ieid»  ofcaUlv  in  the  Houlh  of  Irelaiid-Cowtuuwl. 


Nume  of  brteil. 


ApiMit 

niiiMii- 

il.V. 


Woi-lit  111' 

IIIIMt   Ut 

luatiiiit.y. 


I 


Sliortborn 

Korry 

TH'xUir 

Liuicrick  Dairy 


Yrj. 


Cwt. 

a  to  0 


Oii^cili  of  liritil. 


Ui'd  iinil 
runn. 


Small  bn'ed ;  goml 
lor  fattening;  not 
somilk.vasKoiiy. 


Miilill(i-si7.fil;l">rii'* 
Idiisii!!' tlian  lliosi! 
ol'tlinSliOithtiniH; 
Kooduiilkors. 


'I'iiiiKiiii- 
inrino- 
I'ial. 


I  111  port  oil  11(1111 
YoikHliiio  jiikI 
Diirhaiii. 

AboiJ'riiial. 


CiosH  botwucii  Kii. 
ly  and  Divaii; 
orifiiiiatcd  h\-  .J 
mail  naiiicd  1)(<\ 

tlT. 

(llosM  bl^lW(<('ll 
Sliorllioin  aiiil 
ancient  dairv 
hiOcd  of  tlic  (lis. 
trict. 


♦  ,,.„      (<„,.i-   M  f.ovilir  •  LiiiuTifk.  I'.'-J ';  W"*'''"'""'' ■''^•''^-    The  iiii;!ii 
U.S"n/;ZorSo:;;;.  h ';■;:  hali-  ^rl-laml  van.,  no...  ..^o.a  480  ...  tl.0  i-.tcio..  „.  5. 

i  ,  '  iSa  s,  -..Jail.  ...•mntai..  ln..rst,mo.  In  maay  ,.a.^(s..t  '  ■'\V';""  '^'"^^ '1" 
1  ,'lvi.  L  .  'k  in  .M,vo.v.l  will.  .l.Mx.-its  urK.av..l  aiul  sa.l.l;  Hay  .•all-'.l  l.>  I.mI,  .^r,„|„. 
sVs  ' '.Vi  •  "  ..■s,.!ti-K  i.i  l.a.t  f.a„.  i.„  actio,,.  TI,.'so  .^lavls  ,•..  .vs  p,„„l  ,„  fr,,,„ 
n,o.s,..c  .  .1,  ■  s,.  Macc.it  .',..k,  that  is,  an-  "  li.a-Kto.,..  jx.avcls ''  ...  tho  I.„.,.h  u,,..  ,l,v 
lric.8   =m(l  sau.ls.n.ic  a„.l  slat,-  ,^M-avls,  .-layH,  a..l  .sa...l.s  ...  tl,.".  S.M..aa..  a„a  Drv,.,,,;,,, 

'"o/S'/iv,/.,?  ,„■,/..<. s.-TI,c  f.,lIawi„-a.-.-tl,-  ki„.ls  „f«-.-as,s.'s  sow,,  ii.  Iayi>,tr .lou,  l„„i 
r       .    •.  .      .    ,  ,,-,sl„n'-   Toa  Livialis,  I'oiml.is,  ,„ca(low  -lass  ;   I'oa  l..a  Iclsis,  si,„ ,. 

;...r.  [^vUvta.l  -Mass:  Alo|.i.M..>.s  |„al,M,sis,  .„ra.low  lox-ta.  -.ass  'I,1.„,m  ,„a. 
[:i;',;nm,o,!  I'll'^I^Jail  ^vJ;  Av.M,J  .lav.so-.s.  y-llow  oa.  ;  I'Vstu.a  lohacca,  a  u- 
lii.tv  of  risi„ca  iiiali-,,sis,  i,,i'ailow  Icsci.f..  .      ,         ,  .  r  i- 

I  O  ,,..,.  I-  -.1  -lover  a,..l  I. alia.,  rye  a.v  j^.own  io.>  l.ay,  1.-.,  a.v  <„Mo..  s,„hn«  „, 
oal-lyHl..i..i.  White  .lov...'  ks  g.M.r.ally  sow.,  w.tl.  xhr  ;,niss  s.-o.ls  lor  ,.c„nann,t 
liastnri'.] 

Total  acrmiie  of  Munnler  wul  nlilUalion  of  .■mmc  danrnj  the  ,./<»»•«  l-H^  <unt  Issn. 


Ytur. 


ih-Hi 

IH-^ii 


I  'liital   I'X- 
!  fiiit  II, lib',' 
I   ci'i'iiM,  in- 
rinding' 
nicaddw 
a.idcliivi-,'. 


W'dods 
I'alliiw.     and  plaiila 
.luus. 


l,21fi,  M4 
I,'jr>  170 


liici-aan  in  \<rK\.. 
l)i'iro«(fo  in  1^«3 


34,  'J2t 


n,2)(«,  in? 

:i,  'js;!,  i.'iH 


4,  STR 
4,  ii:u 


i!i,<ir. 

110,0111 


ISoU  and    i 
niaiHli  ami 

bani'ii     !  >■'  ,  I 
.    ninnnlain     '"';';,';" 
laiid,  walci.         ''"''' 

I'oadH. 
I'ciii'cs,  iVc. 


i,:i'.>4.i'.'H   »  . 
i,;rj;(,'ji:i  ;  >  •'••'■"•'"- 


^5,  -.'ni 


4r.H 


4'J4 


isn 


TnK    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


229 


Oriiliii  <)l'  liritil. 


Im  ixiit  I' (1  liiiiii 
VoikHliiro  ami 
Diiiliiuii. 

A1i(>i'j<!iinil, 


Cross  between  Ker- 
ry 1111(1  Divdii. 
originated  l)y  d 
iniiii  named  i)^•x- 
ter. 

CroHS  between 
Sliorlborn  niiil 
iiiieieiit  (lairv 
hioeil  of  llie  il;,. 
trict. 


nl.'lH.ti".  Tliciiiei!,, 
ill  llic  iiitiMidr  U>i>i- 

liiriiiii  and  Divoiiiim 
tilt!  j;ri'iit  cat  lie  di^. 
i'sIoik;.  Most,  di'  111,. 
'tlii^  '•oiiiilry  liie  im. 
[•alli'd  liy  lii.sli  j;ei)!ii. 

(■()l'M'S|l()Illl     in   iriv;|| 

ill  t!l(»  lillicstdiie  ilis. 
Iiii'iaii  and  DcviiniMn 

1  in  lay intr  down  lumi 
'Oil  iiralciisis,  siiiniiili. 
[■t  y  <d'  l'"»'sliica  Dviiiii, 
nil  iicft'iinc,  |ieriiiiH,i| 
Cy iiii.siinis  erislalii, 
•jraHs ;  riilcinii  pii,. 
est  ni;a  loliaceii,  a  va- 

arc  cut  lor  soijinti;  in 
sci'ds   I'of  pi'iiiiaiii'iit 


urn  HHi  ((;/(/  IsKt. 


R»K  mill   I 
iiiiiihIi  unit  I 
barren      t  ,  i 

,i!  nicMuiiain  I'"':';/;" 

land,  waler,        ''""' 

roiidti,      i 
I'eneeM,  &e.  '■ 


\,:V'i,  I'.'S     (    . 


:i;;i,M 


l.Ti 


BUTTER  INDUSTRY  OF  IRELAND. 

ItKPOIiT  r.Y  COSSVlj  VI ATT,  OF  OOIUC. 

Ill  my  report  on  the  credit  iind  trade  system  in  the  south  of  Ireland 
piihlishod  m  No.  43  of  Consular  Iteports,  1  mentioned  the  butter  trade 
lis  file  principal  one  identified  with  Cork. 

it  lias  more  tlian  once,  siixio  [  forwarded  that  report,  0(!curred  to  mo 
tliat  a  special  report  on  the  butter  industry  and  trade  in  Squthern  Iro- 
iiiiul  would  not  only  bo  interestinfr  to  our  iieaple  at  large,  but  uiiffht 
ailbrd  some  sugrgestions  whereby  our  many  countrymen  interested  in 
dairy  farming,  as  well  as  those  dealing  in  dairy  products,  would  be 
liencfited. 

Accordingly,  as  giving  full  information  regarding  the  butter  indus- 
try in  Ireland,  and  especially  in  the  south  of  Ireland,  as  well  as  discuss- 
ing Ihe  relative  condition  of  this  local  industry  as  compared  with  the 
same  iiidiistiy  in  other  countries,  stating  the  drawbacks  under  which  it 
labors,  and  suggesting  the  projjcr  steps  to  betaken  for  their  removal 
and  for  the  improvement  of  this  .-itaple  industry  of  Southern  Ireland,  I 
inclosi^  acopy  of  the  evidence  given  last  June,  i)efore  a  special  commit- 
tee of  the  r.ritish  House  of  Commons,  by  William  J.  Lane,  esq.,  of  (]ork. 
Mr.  Lane  has  contributed  directly  to  one  or  two  reports  which  I  have 
lieietofore  made  on  trade  between  the  United  States  and  Ireland,  &e. 
lie  is  a  gentleman  of  great  intelligence  and  enterprise,  himself  a  butter 
iiierchantoflarge  ex])erieiice,  oneof  the  principal  promoters  of  the  Cork 
i:\hibition  of  lS.So,  and  likely  to  be  widely  known  henceforth  in  the 
politics  of  Southern  Ireland,  being  one  of  the  newly  chosen  members  of 
Parliament  of  the  Nationalist  party  from  the  coiiiitv  of  Cork.     To  Mr. 
Lane's  statement,  which  relates  to,  illustrates,  an<rdiscusses  the  dairy 
and  butter  industry  at  large,  I  add  a  report  on  the  butter  trade  of  Cork, 
explaining  the  advantages  of  the  climate  and  soil  in  Munster  for  the 
production  of  butter,  i.resenting  various  interesting  statistics  in  con- 
nection with  the  local  butter  manufacture  and  trade,  describing  ihe 
customs  and  methods  ot  the  Cork  Hutter  lOxchange,  giving  tlio  price  of 
iMitter  tor  a  long  series  tf  years,  cS:c.,  sjiecially  prejiared  and  furnished 
lor  my  use  by  T.  J.  Clanchy,  esq.,  another  prominent  butter  merchant 
ol  the  city,  who  is  mentioned  in  lAIr,  Franc's  statement,  and  who  is  par- 
ticularly identified  with  the  trade  in  canned  butter.     Mr.  (^lanchy  has 
obtained  gold  and  other  medals  at  the  Paiis,  Calcutta,  and  I\relbourne 
hxlubilions,  during  recent  years,  over  all  <'oinpetitors,  for  his  hermeti- 
cally sealed  canned  butler,  and  contrilmted  to  the  consular  exhibit  from 
tins  district  last  year  at  New  Orleans  a  full  disi)lav  of  his  goods,  which 
1  tmnk  must  have  attracted  the  attention  of  such  visitors  as  were  inter- 
ested in  the  dairy  jirodncts  of  the  I  ■  iiited  States. 

In  (lonnecfion  with  the  siihjcttt  of  canned  butter,  it  may  bo  well  to 
dirc(!t  the  attention  of  those  in  our  (rountrv  so  interested  to  the  opi)or- 
tiinity  which,  I  am  told,  exists  lor  a  large  development  of  American 
enterprise  witii  respect  to  fliis  class  of  butler. 

Within  seven  or  eight  years  France,  (i.-rmany,  and  Denmark  have, 
by  the  a(h)i)tion  of  the  system  (.f  packing  butter  in  hermetically  setiled 
cans,  each  contiiining  1,  L>, .'{,  7,  1 1,  or  L't  potinds  of  butter,  secured  the 
entire,  or  abtmt  theentue,  trade  of  supi.liing  ihe  ships  of  the  world,  i 
iM'lieve  that  the  American  creamery  butter  is  eminently  suitable  for  this 
particular  branch  ot  the  export  butter  trade.    If  this  butter  wore  packed 


I; 


230 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FAIIMINO. 


pi 
hi 


m 


u 


m 


and  soalcMl  in  cans  siniiliir  to  those  oxliibited  by  Mr.Olancliy,  which  pro- 
servo  the  butter  fmsli  and  sweet  for  a  long  period  in  any  chmate,  im- 
mediately  on  being  made  at  lln^  «'reaineries,  notlung,  so  far  as  I  can  see, 
is  to  prevent  its  use  in  supplying  tiie  immense  foreign  shippnig  tra(h' 

of  our  country.  .         .      i.  ,        -4^1   *i 

Whereas  all  vessels  going  from  Europe  to  Ameru;a  take  witli  tbeni  a 
supply  for  the  double  voyage,  it  would  be  quite  practicable,  if  this  enter- 
prise were  introduced  in  the  United  States,  to  secure  the  entire  business 
for  American  exporters.  In  my  oi)iiiion  our  countrymen  would  be  able 
to  compete  most  successfully  with  European  countries  for  this  trade, 
inasmuch  as  all  dairy  i)roducts  can  be  raised  so  uiu(!li  (iheaper  in  the 
UiiitedStatesthanatthissideof  the  Atlantic. 

For  the  large  passenger  steamships  the  finest  butter  is  utilized,  and 
■xlso  for  export  to  countries  where  the  eonsuming  population  re(i>iiiv, 
and  can  aiford  to  pay  f(U'  it,  such  as  India,  Japan,  China,  Austxalia,  tli.^ 
South  American  countries,  and  those  bordering  upon  the  Meditena- 

For  merchant  shipping,  and  for  the  lower  or  poorer  (dasses  ol  (bo 
Dopulation  in  the  above  named  countries,  a  second  and  third  (lualityof 
butter  is  good  enough,  and  it  is  for  the  inferior  <iualities  the  United 
States  it  would  appear  from  the  i)ublished  market  reports,  re(piiie  a 
oreater  outlet  than  for  the  products  of  the  best  dairies,  inasmuch  as  tlio 
\merican  markets  arc  constantly  glutted  with  unsalable  surplus  stodc 
of  lower  grade  butter,  chi(dly  owing  to  the  inroads  which  the  iiiipiovt'd 
nrinufacture  of  butterine  has  made  uiion  the  markets  hitherto  availalde 
for  the  consumption  oi'  (dieap  genuine  luitter.  Since  merchant  vessels 
use  ehiedy  butter  <d"  the  third  (piality,  it  will  be  seen  that  a  market  for 
lir"'0  nuaiitities  of  this  <  lass  of  butter  might  be  found  if  the  caiiiiinfr 
sysUMU  were  adopted  for  the  supply  now  lurnished  for  the  most  part  by 

riuropean  exporters.  ,  .  ,   .  ,  1     4^    1  <-i  • 

Within  a  few  years  i)ast  two  Irish  houses  have  adojited  tins  system 
of  tinning  butter,  and  tlndr  eiforts  have  been  crowned  with  great  sue 
cess,  although  their  combined  shii»ments  are  so  small  that  it  does  not 
contradict  my  general  statement  that  I^'rance,  (Wrinany,  and  J)eiiiiiark 
monopolize  the  trade.  The  two  Irish  houses  referred  to  are  those  of 
Messrs.  Clear  and  Sons,  and  INlr.  Claiudiy,  who  furnishes  the  aceoiii- 
i)anving  interesting  report.  Tiie  latter  shipper,  at  mucli  troiilde  and 
expeii-  avchis  fellow  tradesmen  in  the  United  States  an  oppoitu 
nity  ol  inspecting  for  themselves  the  way  in  whi(di  the  tinned  butter 
trade  in  Ireland  is  worked,  by  the  exhibit  at  New  Orleans  already  men 

tioned.  ^         ,   .      ,  ,,  ,    , 

In  my  report  on  the  credit  and  trade  system,  I  ex|dained  the  inetliod 

by  which  transactions  are  regulated  between  the  producers  and  tlie 

biitter  brokers  in  ('oik  market. 

It  may  be  worth  while  to  (piote  that  portion  of  said  report ;  it  is  as 

follows  : 

111  (lio  lioiriiiiiinji  of  lli<*  year  llii»  imttcr  limkcr.H  of  ('oil<  iiiurlvot  advanoo  loans tc 
♦  lie  i'liiiiciHto  till-  iTiiioiiiit  oVtwo-tliinlsoftlK!  valiio  olllicir  linlt.T  i)ro(lii(!o  fur  tlic 
Y<"ir  •!(  rati'sofintcn'st  vavvinu;  from  <".  to  Id  ii.T  cut.  With  this  iiioiH'y  Hi''  linmii 
i.jiyH  lii.srciit,  l.iiys  slocli  ai'id  s.M'ds;  arcor.liiii;  lis  ii<^  iiiaki'.s  Jus  butt.T  iM>  hcimIs  ii 
to  tli(i  lirokcrto  nay  nil  liisdi'lit.  ,       ,,       ,         ,      ,  ,      ,■• 

Tlic  liiokiTH  hoirow  tli.'  imoim'v  ho  atlvainit-d  from  local  banks,  at.  a  IcsHcr  lalnil  m 
t.Tost  tliaii  tli.'.v  clnr-.'.  Wli.n  llwy  receive  the  l.iitter  from  tli(<  farmers  llic.v  kcII  il 
to  tiie  exiiiirtev's  tor  (>r"!i!i«t  (•••itli,  and  the  exporters  ship  to  Kliglisli  mercliaiiln,  j;iv- 
iii;f  one  and  two  iiiontlis'  ereilit  for  the  payineiit. 

The  export  of  butter  is  a  ditferent  bramdi  of  the  trade  condiict(>d  hy 
a  dilVerent  set  of  merchants,  who,  on  receiving  their  orders  IVom  their 


THE    1  NITED    KINGDOM. 


231 


foreign  (;orresi)oii(lcuts,  go  to  tlio  Coric  JJiitter  Exchaiigd  flaily  ami  buy 
tlio  1h;uj(1k  tlioy  require  at  tlie  oi)en  coin[)etitiou  which  takes  phice,  as  ex- 
plained by  Mr.  Ohinehy,  at  1 1  a,  in.  eacli  (hi.v  ;  and  tliey  resell  to  tlieir  cus- 
tojners  at  a  lixed  reguhition  eonnnission  of  2s.  (Ul.  (or  (!0 cents)  jier  hundred- 
weight over  the  })ublished  Cork  market  i)rice  of  that  <hite.  This  conunis- 
sio!i  indudes  l)uying,  selecting,  (Girting,  coo]K'ring,  and  shipping.  Out 
of  this  (!onjinission  tliey  allow  buyers  a  diseouuE  of  two  months  at  T)  per 
cent.  (/.  c,  'M.  ])er  pound  sterling,  or  4  cents  per  !?4.87)  for  protnpt  cash 
l»ayments,  or  they  draw  n,  bill  on  ilio  ]»urchaser  at  two  months  after  date 
for  the  net  amount  of  the  invoice.  IJidike  thc^  American  shii)pers  they 
give  the  butter  to  tbo  buyer  l)efore  they  receive  either  cash  or  bill,  anil 
IV(!quently  they  have  to  regret  this  system  of  trading,  as  theiriiustomers 
often  become  baidvrujtts  and  completely  evade  ])ayment  for  the  goods 
purchased.  Having  observed  the  system  liere  and  in  the  United  States, 
1  am  inclined  to  belicn'e  that  the  latter  is  the  better  and  safer,  since  it  re- 
(]uires  the  drafts  to  be  paid  by  the  consignees  before  they  obtain  posses- 
sion of  the  bills  of  lading,  and  consequently  before  tliey  get  possession 
of  the  goods. 

JOHN  J.  IMATT, 

,    Consul. 
Unitkb  Stacks  ('onhulate, 

Cork,  (Moher'M,  1885. 


THE   BUTTER   TRADE   OF   CORK.* 

TI)0  Htai)lo  proiliii't  of  lU(«  South  oC  froljiiKl  Ih  liutt(!r.  TIki  pidvinct'  of  MiimhIit,  of 
\vlii(^h  Cork  is  tluMliicr  city,  in  ossfiiti;iliy  ini(l  bclVji-c  nil  oIImt  tliiii;j-i  ;i  Inil  icr  pro- 
(Iikmhh;  ('(miitry,  Coi' \vlii(  Ii  il  imis^ics.scm  a  I'oinaikahlo  coiiiliiiiiit  ion  oC  nal  iiiai  advan- 
fa^cs  not  to  lii>  CoiiikI  lojicllicr  clscwlicrc.  TIk^  <'.s,sfiitial  coiKlilions  lor  iiiakin;^  jrooii 
lull  tor,  ait' :  (1)  A  mild,  ciinahlo  cliinati',  not  too  liot  in  miiiiinrr  ami  not  loo  cold  In 
wiiitor.  ('J)  A  Hnllicii'iit  lainfall  to  iiroinolc  an  alnindant  <;ro\vlli  of  ;;rasH.  (:()  A 
i^ood  linn  soil,  not  ovcr-ritdi.  I'inc  iniltoi'  <  ainiol  lie  made  In  an  cxci'^-iiscly  liol  (di- 
iiiatc,  and  (d' conrsc  Nnow  and  IVost,  liiat  cover  and  hinil  up  Ihc  paslnns  I'oi- a  consid- 
craldc  ])ait  (d'  the  ycai',  render  its  prixhiciion  in  ipiani  ity  impossible. 

OrasH  led  linttcr  will  always  he  (lie  hesi,  and  the  country  where  I  he  cut  t  le.  can  hi- 
rally  jirass-fed  in  the  open  air  for  the  lonj-i'st-  period  ofihe  year  is  thai  in  w  Idtdi  most 
linttcr  of<ro(Ml  ipialily  can  he  )irodii((>d. 

The  climate  of  Minister  is  rciuh.red  sin>jnlarly  even  in  its  tc^nipcraf  ure  liy  i(s;;c(i 
j^Maiiliieal  jiosition.  Its  coast  line  extends  over  nearly  ihe  whole  southern  end  and  a 
lar<;e  portion  of  the  wi^slcrn  side  (d'  Ihe  islaiut,  rei:ei\  in'i;  the  lirst  intliienci' of  I  he  ^icil 
warm  (iccan  current,  th(<  (lull'  Stivam,  w  hich  acts  as  .■in  niii.ill/.er  of  teiiiiieial  ;7re,  a 
sortof  {{ovcrnor,  iirevcntin;;  the  winter  from  hcin.t;  too  cold  an<l  the  sii miner  lidm 
lieiiit;  t<M>  hot.  'I'he  warm  vapors  llo.atin.^r  oyer  She  land  in  winter  raise  tin'  temper- 
ature, and  hy  forminj;  clouds  and  rain  in  the  summer  prevent  <'xeessive  hea!. 

The  winters  are  miu'li  inildrr  than  in  other  (ountries  ot  the  same  latitude.  Occa- 
sionally a  \\  inter  jiasses  without  snthcient  ice  Id  '^\\v  even  one  day's  skatiiiij. 

The  ininfall  is  very  ei(>;it,  and  comhined  with  the  mihliiess  ot' t  he  seasons~(anses  an 
ahiindaiit  Kiowtli  of  ^jniss  for  ii  larj^c  |)arl  ot  the  year.  A  f^ri-at  jndportion  of  the 
jiastiircs  are  on  iindnl.at  inf;  ni)lamls,  the  conliL^iuation  (d'  whieh  lends  il.stdf  to  rapid 
irrii;iition,  the  water  riiniiini;  otf  the  slo|>e  and  icaviiiLr  Ihe  ^Mounds  siiHicii-ntK  niolsl 
without  morass  or  N|)on;;iness. 

The  ])astiires  in  those  upland  districts  are  not  over-iicli,  hut  ^'ood,  sound,  IViahle 
soil,  prodiieint;  sweet,  crisp  lierlia.uc,  t!ic  hiitfer  made  from  which  possesses  ;;re,it 
keeping  inopcrlics  and  a  jteciiliariy  <Ir!i,.ht  fill  ftrme,  the  true  hiilter  tiavtn-,  s.Mleiir 
lothose^who  know  and  caw  apprecia.'  :  the  ;ihseiiee  id"  wliiidi  is  to  he  notieeil  in 
iiianyof  the  continental  hut  ter.s,  and  in  Ho<ie  Irish  Iml  ters  made  <di  verv  rich  lowland 
paslnres. 

II  is  found  that  the  oxciwh  of  f:!i  er<.l!  mad.e  olf  dee;-,  virh  soil  n>akt's  them  more 
iwhh>  to  I  urn  rancid,  and  rcdiices  their  keepinfr  <pi;,|it  i(VH,  and  thatrMch  Inittcrs,  how- 

'  This  report  was  pivp.-ired  hy  Mr.  T.  .J.  Clancliy,  a  Cork  hnttcr  merchant. 


232 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRV  FAnMrNO 


mcr  ijood  llicy  may  lio  for  iinnifiliafc  usp,  arc  not  no  Hiiitalili'  lor  i)rr>(  rviii;;'  or  Coi'  ex. 
)ii)rl,  to  liot  cliiiiatc.s  as  tho  liiitliu'  from   tin- wcll-ilr.iiiKi  i  iijilaiiil   tlistiii'lH  and  di,. 

Ii<ilili'i' lull  g 1  hoiIm  wliicli  pit'vail  to  a  very  1uik<'  ''Xlci.f  in  Miiimlcr.     Hm'ii  I'loin 

the  riclicst  liiiiilsof  MiiMHicr,  silcii  an  tlic  culiUiratdd  (ioldcn  Vi'iu,  a  wcll-dcliiicd  licli 
of  land  wliicli  inim  liii(in;j:h  the  proviiuM'  and  wliicli  is  idnsidcnd  U>  Im  almost,  uii- 
ur|iaM(iC'<l  in  the  world  tor  its  line  <inalily,  tlic  noil  and  cliiiiati'  an'  so  t'avor,ild(>  ilmt 

pos- 


*lio  liiiltcr,  a1tlioii"ii  iicrliaps  more  snilaldc  for  liiirli-class  mild-iiiri'  niaUii,  stil 


SCSSCS   CO 


nsidcrali 


icping  i»o\vrrH  wlii'li  pi'opi'rly   prcsi  rv<'d,  all  lioii;;li   not    lo   t 


Mamo  di'^ti'ci!  as  the  proiliu'i^  of  the  lij^htcr  pasliiics. 


1' 


Tlio  foUowin^'  is  I  lie  ii'tiirn  of  acioaj^o  under  i^rass  mcailow  and  clover  in  the  four 
loviiices  of  Ireland  in  liSSI: 


Leiii»it\r. 

MllIIHtlM' 

Ulsli 


(;i)iiiiaiii;lit. 


Piovinci's. 


Total  fill-  all  Iiplautl. 


Acres  iimlcr 

Illr.liliJU- 

aiiil   cIdvit. 


ri04,  007 

cm,  (i«7 

4l)li,  79J 
•Mt,  542 


A  (TOM  niulcr 
mass. 


•2,  CS4,  ;:i'j 

;i,  iiiCi,  44.') 

'A  am, -41* 

'±  U.'.'i,  4Ki 


],»UL',7;i(l 


Total 
noros  uiiilci 

IlH'ilddW, 

.-ilovcr,  and 
grUHH, 


-',«0(1,(IC' 


10,  iMO-Sim 


1'.',  ;io!),o:;ti 


Tlio  total  (iiiantily  of  aiahle  land  in  Mtmsti'i-  in  1H."4  was  '1.7^0,811)  acrcH,  of  wliidi 


3,885, II'*',  oi-  l'^  ])cr  cent.,  was  niidei'  iiaslnif,  Iiesides  w  liich  a  lai 


iioitoition  of  il 


ai'alde  liiinl  was  devoted  to  ere,  win  j;  roots  and  fodder  lor  I  he  uinler  feed!  iij;  oI'nIi 
Snitahilily  of  soil  and  cliin.ile  would  not,  from  tlii'  Inii  ter  prodneers'  jioint  oi'  view,  \iv 
of  mii(di  use  withoul  ii  supply  of  mile  1 1  cow  s,  and  in  this  respeci  I  he  proxinee  (d'Miin. 
Kic.r  is  well  pros  ided.  Aeeoiilin;;  to  the  annnal  ( Jovernmeiit  reluriis  of  li\c-slo(K  loi- 
IH'"-."),  the  nnmher  of  milch  cov,-s  in  e.-ich  ol'l  he  foni'  jirovinces  of  Ireland  is  rel  iiriicd  as 
follows: 


Leinster 
Mniislcr 


lllsl 
ConnaN";Iifc 


cr 


i!::8,(;::t; 

l!l(i,,>^Tl 

i;'..-,  :ii)i; 


Total  fr)r  Ireland I,  117,. 1-1 


From  which  il  aiijicars  that  Miinslcr  has 


I  lian  one-l  hiid    if  (he  mil 


Indaiid, 
The  r(dMi'irs  of  li 


stiicU  in  I'.nehind  ^'ln■   the  ve.'ir   If^.^l  show   ihal    the 


•  •h  cows  III 


niiiiihi'r  III 


milch  cows  in   that  coiinliy  was    1.7I.),',;/.' ,  and  in   Seolland    KiS./l'i.  so  lli.u  Mimsli 
conlains  very  nearly  one-l  hi  rd  as  nianv  niilcii  cou  s  as  the  whole  of  la  i;;  la  ml  and  cm 


si<li'i'ahlv 


more 


I  hail  all  Scol  hind. 


Takiii'i'  the  rclnin  of  livesi 


oeiv  in  ii'i'laiid  ami  in  o 


foil 


tlic^r  liiuopean  connlries,  I  liud  llic 


owin  i  lo  lie  Ihe  resiill 


iiiihcr  of  lirr  utiul,-  and  iiD/iiilalioii  in  Ihr  J'i>lliiii'hiii  coinilrifx. 


S^ii^f 


Dato. 


1.S83 

iss:i 

1880 
ISi-O 

IK7:t 


.'oiiiilricH. 


friciit  Eiitniu 

lieliinil  , 

l{cl!.'iinii 

I''i:iini', 


(ii'Miimiy ' 

Uiillaiiil 


r,ivo  Htock, 


ri,  0(52,  770 

4,(10(1,  OL'l 

l.:iK'j,  Ki.'i 

1 1. 4  jii,  •.':;( 

l"i,  770,  7(12 
l,4.i4,4u« 


I'l  pIlllliiiM. 


\  17I,k::(I 

r.,  ri:;ii,ir,i 
::?,  :;:■!.  isi; 
I'l,  •.■;;!.  iKii 

I.III.IIMI 


I'rom  this  il  apjicars  that  while  (.'real  Itrllaiii  has  oniy 'JO  hcid  of  live  stml.  In  i 


1(1(1  inhahitanls;   Itcli 


France,  :>();  (icrnianv. 


and    Holland 


In 


has  7;i  held  of  live  stock  lo  eiieh  H")  peoph',  and  in  the  iirovince  of  Mmisier  I  he  iiii 


i' 


sit  ion  of  !i  ve.  Hidi'k  ( 


1  population  is  even  <>;rcafcr,  the  live  sti 


llein^' 


;i.l7iiii,i.l 


the  pop;!  la  I  ion  I,:i;il,l  l.'i,  or  over  KID  live  slock  to  each  Kid  in  ha  hi  I  ants. 


Ill  Ireland  cattle  have  to  :i 


real  cMi'liI  rephiced  human  liein;L's. 


Il 


le  popnl.'it  iiiM  111 


Ireland  ill  1811  wa.s  8,17."),124,  while  in  ls-1  it  was  reduced  lo  ."i,  I71,8;!(i,  a  shrinkage  ol' 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


233 


oviT  :J,llil<l,Oil(i,    Till*  ciiMilil-ions  that  liiwn  liroii^t'if'  iiltoiif,  thia  reiiKvrkiiblo  chi 


world,  iiri'  wi'i 


cr  in  tho  Tour 


crcH, 

of  wliicli 

liolt 

on  (it'ilic 

<liii^ 

(•I'nIocI,. 

lit  0 

'view,  1],. 

\iii(' 

'  of  Mill). 

livr 

-•slDcli  I'm- 

is  ri'liiriird  as 

w:!H,(;::t; 

•M!  •,.-■:,- 

I'.Ki,,":! 

... 

i;i-,  iiiiii 

lios,  I  liiid  ihc. 


n 

1 

p 

'-".>,  710,  (>1  J 
."'.  I7I,k::(; 

(> 

"7,  :;:■:.  isi; 

4.'i,  •_■;;),  mil 

i.lii.i 

storlv  to  ('.iili 

d   :'.:.,   In  land 

llsllT  till'  |ilil 

1. 

:i!;i.t:iiaii.l 

TiKilii'ariiii;,  liowi^viM 
I  hey  kIiow  tliiit  Irrlaiid 
at  homo  to  (•oiisiiiiio  it, 


"'Kfi,  a 

IS  iiii|>itiiill('lo(i  111  jiiiiico  or  war,  in  iiiiy  (Munitiy  in  tiio  liiHtoiy  of  tli(> 
woitiiy  of  t  lint  li()il;,'lit  I'll  I  study  orHl.iti^siiiiin  iui(lc(;onoiiiiNts.  VViicLiicr 
this  result  istlKMiiitcoiiKofstati'  pcdicy  in  I  hi'  pas'  or  ol' tho  accid(Mitsot';r('o;;iii|)lii(;al 
(!iiviroimii 'Ills,  laws,  iiiiil  social  HyMli'iii,  it  f(|iially  Mi.n-;L;fsts(iol(l,siiiil  li'scekdjriitcd  linos 
wliicii,  hy  MilMiitnt,iiig  "  livi)  stock"  tor  "  woaltli,"'  apply  to  it  with  ninarkahio  apti- 
tiidc: 

111  fureR  t\w  liuiil,  to  liiiHti'iiinu  ilt-i  a  |)rry, 
Wliuro  etock  iiuiainmluti  >>  ami  iiicii  (Ifciiy. 

r,  of  thcso  lijjiiiv:!  on  l!ii«  (|ii(!staon  of  tint  ImitiT  supply,  is  th.it 
hasa  hir^'or  propnrlioii  of  its  Icittcr  tooxport.  and  loss  poopio 
llian  any  otluir  count ly,  an  additi(uial  proof  of  tho  greufc  im- 
|iorlanco  of  ihc,  Irish  Imttisr  iniliistry  to  coniincrcc. 

'I'litM'ity  (d"('()rk,  tlnwaiiital  of  tho  proviiic.i^,  i-i  llm  natural  (uithit  for  tho  fxraatcr 
piiilioii  of  I  ho  hiiltcr  produced  in  Mnnslcr,  owiiij;  to  its  central  p.isition,  its  unrivaled 
liarhor  ol'C,»ueiMistown,  and  its  direi't  c,:)iiiiiinnication  hy  roads  ami  railways,  wliich 
lap  ilio  inincipal  hutt-cr-proihiciii'.;- districts.  A  hut  tor  I'narket  has  heiui  lieid  in  (;ork 
for  a  very  hni;.;  I  iine,  and  in  17()1)  it  was  placed  under  I  ho  nianai^einent  of  a  comniii  tt!o 
of  tho  piiiiei|>al  iiii'i'idiants,  under  wlioin  it  rcunaiiied  for  onii  hiinih-  d  and  fourteen 
years,  iiulil  tlu!  pinwiuit  yi^ar,  wlien  a  special  act  of  I'arliauient  was  passed,  transfor- 
iiiy;  its  luaiia^'ciiiciit  to  n  liody  of  triislci^s,  with  power  to  make  by-laws  foi'  its  rcii- 
lati(Hi. 

Tho  (piantity  of  butter  which  passes  tinoue;li  this  market  isenornious.  In  the  lirst 
year,  17t'i!>,  of  the  n!cord,  lor>,:i(n)  i>acka;ies  passe.il  t!iroiiy[li  the  market,  and  I  hi' annual 
ipiantity  lias  since  largely  increased,  heiiiL?  now  ciuisiderahly  more  than  three  times 
as  much, 

'I'lie  lart^ust  quantity  received  in  anyone  year  was  in  ImTH,  when  .i:!4,'2:{9  (irkiiiH 
passed  tliroiie;h  theniarkcf. 

The  Cork  Imlter  market  is  held  every  day.  Sunday  and  .'i  few  )i()lidiiy8  o.'ccepted, 
and  the  sales  on  a  sin;;!o  day  liavo  been  as  lari;e  as  :!, .-'()(»  tirkins  of  about  75  poiimls 
net,  which,  when  inices  winidiiL;!),  would  he  value  for  about  ,,'j  I'^OCO  sti'rliiij;(S;),S,:{lW,) 
All  the  letter  has  to  be  cleared  away  wilhiii  the  day  to  iiiaki'  room  for  anot  lier  lar^e 
quantity  coming  by  road  and  rail  for  the  iie\l  day's  market.  The  syslcin  of  sclliiT"- 
butter  ill  the  (Jork  mailii't  is  peculiar  to  I  his  market.  At  a  quarter  before  1 L  a.  m.7 
buyers  and  sellers  assemble  around  a  table,  and  at  Ihelirsl  stroke,  of  II  all  bnyiiii^mnst 
be  cone  lulled,  and  tiie  whole  quant  ity  of  bill  ler,  frequently  some  thousands  i)f  liTkins, 
iiaHchaii.!;ed  hands.  To  the  ni.iiiiti.iled  tiie  buy  in;;  and  seiliiif;- at  this  table  appears  ti'> 
he  a.  ]i(!rfect  Itabel,  which  can  only  be  unde:slood  by  the  brokers  and  exporters,  who 
kcc|)  up  a  perfect  cross-tiro  of  oilers  and  bids  until  tiie  si  roke  of  the  clock  at  11,  when 
suddenly  ;ill  the  noi.se  ceases,  buyiiiL;  and  sellinj!;  ;ire  over  for  the  d;iy,  anil  the  buyers 
proceed  to  carl  away  their  purchases.  The  llrkiu  butter  is  inspected  and  classilied 
by  sworn  jud;fcs,  ,inil  jill  the  b.iriiains  ;il  tlie  table  aie  made  I'or  the  various  qualities 
of  butter  HO  classilied.  Tliis  applies  only  to  I  he  ollicially  classilied  butler,  but  there 
is  now  also,  .sinco  the  p,'issin>j;  of  the  recent  act  of  rarliament,  an  open  market,  where 
butter  is  bou;ilit  and  soM  on  t  he  Jud;;uieiit, of  the  buyers  and  sellers  I  heiiise Ives,  willi- 
oiit  an.\  oflicial  ela.ssilieation. 

Tiiere  is  anotlier  branch  of  tho  trade  which  is  of  f^reat  importance— tliat  of  pre- 
served luilicr  ill  lieruieticallycloscd  cans,  lip  to  very  recently  t  hero  were  certain 
restrictions  pl.iccd  on  this  br.inch  of  the  trade  in  the  interest,  of  the  dealers  in  tir- 
kins, and,  all  IioiimIi  Irish  bill  ler,  from  its  ^reat  keepiiiii  properties,  is,  perhaps,  the 
luosi  suiiable  of  any  in  the  world  for  preserving;,  this  important  branch  of  the  trade 
was  allowed  to  ^o  into  (he  hands  of  the  Danish  and  French  packers,  who  had  .several 
yens' slartof  the  Irish  tiniiedbiit  ler  i)rese,rvers,  and  ^'ot  poss:'ssio:i  of  the  various 
foiei,!;u  markels.  It  is  !rr..i  ifyini,' to  b;*  able  to  state,  however,  that  within  the  last  few 
years,  since  the  Paris  fix  nihil  ion  of  is?.-!,  tho  Irish  canned-hut  ter  trade  has  eroatly  ex- 
tended, and  has  bei'u  particularly  active  in  the  last  two  years. 

In  isrn  the  writer  of  this  paper  exhibited  Irish  butter'  ineserveil  by  a  spoelal  pro- 
ee^'s  atthe  Citiicinirs,  oiicn  to  all  nations,  held  in  the  Paris  Hxhibii  ion,  and  jfiiiued  the 
only  j^old  uiwdal  thereat  for  preserve  butter.  As  a,  fiirtlier  testof  ils  keeping  prop- 
erlies,  he  sent  his  lu'cscrved  bi'ttcrto  tho  Mellioiirne  i;xliibitioi  of  18^1),  ainl  after 
crossmu'  llie  tropics  on  the  voya,i,'e  out,  it  jj.tiiied  t  he  hi^'hest  awanl,  the  silver  niediil 
;iiid  lirst  order  of  merit,  lie  has  since  ^Mined  a  silver  medal  at  Calcutta,  and  his  jjre- 
.served  Irish  butter  is  iiow(18<>)<>"  exiiibition  in  tho  (btvernment  section  of  tho 
World's  ICxposiiion  at  New  Orleans. 

The  reports  from  very  remote  parts  of  the  world,  where  it  has  been  sent,  .Java, 
the  .sijiail-,  Settleiiieiits,  (,;iiiii,i.  Iiidi.'i.  S,)iil h  America,,  A fric.i.,  and  other  tropica!  am! 
lraiis-tro|)ic;ilcoiiiitiies,  are  most  enconra'.,'iii^,  and  t  here  is  everv  indication  that  Irish 
preserved  butter  is  r,ipidlv  uMiniu;.;'  lavor  ,ill  over  the  world. 

The  following  tables  will  ,s|io,v  ilie  lliicliial  ions  in  tho  prices  of  the  lirnvst  Imtter  for 
forty  years,  ending  in  l.-.-l: 


234 


CATTJ.K    Airi)    DAIRY    I'AUMINCJ. 


Tabhn  (prepared  hi/  Ike  writer)  nlmwinii  the  aurrai/e  prkr,  of  Hie  I'iihhI  biiltef  each  iiwiitli^ 
i/cnr,  and  ten  neiirn,  and  the  rimi  in  prieen  /ran  Hie  lowent  to  Hie  hinhest  pnee  mehn-ur, 
for  the  forty  yearn  endiiuj  in  \>^\. 

[In  shillings  per  cwt.] 
INll  to  IN5I. 


Sl'llHIIII. 


1841 

1H42-' 

iK4:i- 

IH44- 

isin- 

IHKi- 
1H47- 
1H4H- 
IHIU- 

isno- 


'42 . 

4;i. 

'4«. 

'4r) 

'4(i . 
47. 
4H. 

-A  . 


AvorHgo.. 


■c 

>i 

B. 

rt 

<) 

"^ 

111 

ion 

74 

no 

81 

80 

m 

70 

1(11 

!)l) 

iW 

ill) 

in:. 

id:! 

luo 

i>4 

Srt 

80 

8H 

84 

!I4 

m 

a 

a 


80 
8U 

7:t 
7.) 
77 
74 
88 
8.) 
«.'> 
0.'i 


77 


a 

1-5 


80 
81 

7;! 
71 
8;i 

84 

85 
82 
(>(> 
(ili 


78 


i    i! 


3 


a, 


■  — 



no 

84 

75 

80 

70 

0!) 

71 

70 

811 

01 

8r> 

o;i 

87 

02 

8! 

78 

0.-1 

08 

(il» 

71» 

78 

81 

80 

80 
72 
81 

!i:i 

0.1 
01 
70 

72 
81 


8;i 


ii 
a 

> 

o 


00 

78 
7)> 
01 
01 
80 
88 
7:. 
71 
78 


8:1 


^ 

i- 

i- 

I 

a 

g 

V 

Ss 

.a 

l_ 

s 
•^ 

A 
^ 

?5 

its 

80 

80 

f.'i 

*) 

00 

:ll 

78 

82 

811 

88 

81 

l(i 

7:1 

75 

77 

74 

78 

17 

00 

01 

'01 

100 

84 

20 

80 

88 

01 

0« 

80 

■.'1 

02 

00 

0.1 

102 

00 

2H 

DO 

01 

08 

luo 

u;i 

IS 

70 

70 

70 

72 

80 

::i; 

7:t 

74 

78 

78 

7:1 

'j;t 

70 

80 

80 

8!) 

80 

21 

82 

84 

80 

87 

84 

21 

IMJil  10  IMil. 


P 


1851-'r.2  . . . 

I8ri2-'5;i .  . 

1853-'.'>4... 
1 851-55... 
1855-50  . . . 
18.50-'57  . . . 
1857-' 58  .  . . 
1858-'59  . . . 
1850-'(i0  . . . 
18B0-'01  . .  - 

Average 


80 

HO 

08 

70 

7:1 

75 

80 

77 

(10 

on 

72 

78 

101 

J  02 

81 

00 

»;t 

05 

..j  111 

101 

02 

»2 

00 

00 

.  .1  120 

lU 

1(10 

\)H 

00 

Kll 

11(1 

1:01 

100 

1(15 

107 

100 

..   120 

114 

100 

\m 

|II8 

114 

..   122 

112 

00 

101 

104 

105 

. .   120 

112 

102 

lOI) 

too 

110 

..   128 
..   114 

122 

107 

100 

105 

100 

loO 

02 

01 

00 

00 

70 

70 

0(!  I 

08  _ 
100  . 
114  I 

no 

105 
115 
111 


102 


80 
80 
08 
08 
112 

no 

no 

105 

117 

114 


io;i 


77 

78 

80 

80 

77 

00  1 

05 

01 

04 

82 

101 

107 

10V 

107 

OH 

102 

104 

105 

107 

111(1 

112 

114 

118 

122 

loo 

120 

121 

122 

122 

llK 

105 

114 

118 

120 

112 

108 

120 

128 

120 

112 

120 

121 

127 

1:10 

115 

115 

110 

112 

11:1 

HI! 

105 

KiO 

111 

112 

101 

in 

2li 
•Jfi 
l!l 
21 

:!,■) 
■J(i 


IMil    to   l*«7l. 


1801 -'02. 
IH02-'0;i  . 
18(i:(-'04 
1804-05  . 
1K05-'U0  . 
i80(;-d7  . 
lH(i7-C.'<  . 
1808-00. 
1800-70  . 
1870-71  . 


AviTii;;t> 


11:1 
127 
120 
lit 
127 
1:12 
122 
128 

i:to 
1:10 


12: 


111 

10:1 

Kll 
101 
100 
110 

10s 

100 
105 
108 


107 


05 

no' 

07 

0:1 

1)^ 

01 

88 

87 

0:1 

04 

105 

112 

102 

no 

117 

111 

ii;i 

114 

lilO 

0!) 

07 

102 

100 

121 

KCl 

101 

III 

111 

117 

125 

luo 

!o:i 

108 

102 

n8 
101 

118 
120 
111 
102 
127 

no 

1:10 

11:1 


io;t 

lll(l 

KKI 
118 
1:10 
115 
lOli 

i:to 
12  i 
i:>o 

no 


105 

110 

11:1 

Kit 

105 

115 

III 

III 

117 

Il7 

1:12 

121 

120 

1:10 

1:14 

112 

lit 

120 

105 

l"7 

115 

1:11 

i;m 

145 

128 

1:11 

i:)5 

i;io 

i:i8 

140 

121 


no 

118 

117 
121 

11(5 

I. (I 

120 
144 

i;i:i 

148 


120  i     128 


110 

ion 

21 

no 

IIIO 

::i 

117 

101! 

;i:i 

121 

115 

'A* 

1:10 

12:1 

:ii 

120 

ll.'^ 

21 

121 

IIIO 

•J-'i 

i:i8 

12(i 

4:1 

]'lO 

150 

1:10 

12 

l!8 

no 

:r.' 

iHrt  10  i»»Ni. 


1871- 

72 

1872- 

7:1 

187;i- 

74 

1874- 

70  ■ . . - . 

187.5- 

70 

l.H'O- 

77 

1877- 

78 

I87.S-70 1 

1870- 

•80 

I.^HO- 

•81 

Av(^ii»so 


1 
147  1 

120 

i:to  1 

110 

142  1 

120 

1.54 

121 

145  ' 

110 

150  , 

1:10 

112  ' 

no 

117  i 

115 

127  1 

10:! 

148 

112 

14 1 


114 


no 


118 

117 

118 

lit 

111 

115 

115 

114 

no 

12:1 

r2o 

111 

120 

rjo 

no 

124 

1^27 

i;i5 

no 

117 

115 

lot 

101 

100 

87 

70 

78 

112 

115 

1'24 

117 


121 
122 
120 
140 
Till 
140 
120 

n:i 

105 
1:1:1 

12m 


1-20 

1.10 

i;i2 

i;!5 

125 

121 

120 

i:\!< 

1:15 

i:;o 

145 

151 

Iff 

1.50 

15:1 

155 

i:)8 

110 

145 

110 

1.50 

ito 

151 

|.'.8 

l'2:i 

121 

1:10 

1:12 

115 

no 

1-20 

1'28 

120 

|V8 

i:!o 

140 

.  i:iu 

1:10 

lt:( 

14:1 

l:i.( 

i.;:i 

140 

14:1 

Tlir,    IT.NITl;!)    KIN(JI)OM. 


235 


ttir  null  /«()«///, 
t  pncv  mrh/ii'dr, 


ii 

2s 

3 

i^ 

n 

t,  a 

r^ 

< 

K 

iV) 

IM) 

■W 

8H 

XI 

III 

H 

78 

n 

KID 

84 

I'D 

'.Hi 

Hi) 

■-'1 

102 

110 

2H 

lOII 

u;i 

is 

12 

8l) 

::i; 

'X 

7;t 

'j;i 

8!) 

8U 

•Ji 

87 

84 

i;i 

80 
!)t 
107 
107 
12-' 

I'.'O 

I2li 

no 
li:: 


77 
82 
98 
I  III) 
10!) 
llK 
112 
112 

nr. 
ii:; 

101 


2i; 
■Jii 
III 

21 




IK! 

ion 

1I!< 

Klli 

117 

loi; 

121 

iifi 

i:iii 

12:1 

120 

ll.s 

121 

KM) 

i:iH 

I2(i 

!'[% 

)<>■> 

mo 

i:m 

li8 

111! 

i.r. 

128 

:iii 

no 

i2ri 

211 

ir-r. 

1:1:. 

'12 

l.V) 

Ill 

:;i 

1     KiO 

i;tr) 

11 

1     l.'iO 

IM 

:i4 

!    no 

120 

2'i 

1:1:1 

120 

■111 

1     117 

I  in 

i;:) 

ii:i 

1:1:1 

:ii 

iii;  i   1:11 


I'lM  Ihc  live  yi'Mi.s  wliicli  liiivc  |i;isM'il  iiT  tlic  cunciit  (l(!(!;i(ln,  iii'iccH  liiivc  lii'cii  liiildo 
liiuiT  iiiid  llii'  iiMiiliMicy  scciiiM  to  ill'  Hi  ill  lower  |(rici<H. 

'III.' |iiv,si!i(  y.ir  IS  liic  rli<';i|ii'sl  lor  ;i  Ion;;  limo  buck,  tlio  hutlcv  market  fcolin" 
(lie  elieel  of  llie  <,ne;it  (li'])iessi()ii  in  ]iri(M's  lis  Heviifdly  US  olhor  cIuhnoh  of  fariiKirM'- 
|ii'o(ln  ■!'. 

Fur  (lie  tell  yeiir.s  eiiiliii;;  .I;iMii;ir.v  I,  HHj,  a.  liKle  over  l.OdO.'Mii)  (irkiim  of  Imtter 
pMssed  lliioii;;li  llic>  Cork  market,  or  Jill  averaj;e  of  11111,(1(10  lirkiii.s  a  year,  wliieh,  If 
valued  at  CI  lUf.  ($I7.(»;!)  |ier  (irkiii,  woiilil  i;ive  an  aiiiiiial  toial'of  .C  l,1(>(»,0(H» 
(,»;(i,^l:!,l(l'l)  as  the  yearly  v  aliie  of  (||,i  butter  sold  in  tlmCork  Imller  marktti  diirinj' 
liiesi'  two  yearH. 

I'.  .1.  CLANCIIY. 


THE  BUTTER  INDUSTRY  OF  IRELAND: 


I  llvidciice  111'  Williniii  .1.  I.aii 


lii'l'ii 


I'liiiiiiiilli 


lliiUHe  (iI'diiiiiniiiiH.I 


To  discuss  the  (|iieHlioii  of  tlie  Irish  Imtter  industry  from  eitlK-i'  (he  farmer's  or 
triiiiei's  iioiiit  of  view  would  Im<  an  inexeiiHalilo  mistaken  Its  nalioiial  imiiortaneo 
eoiilil  hardly  lie  overestimated.  The  iiiaiinl'iK'tiire  of  Imtter  is  the  Htiiple  industry  of  Irc- 
l;ind,  and  any  close  stiid(Mit  of  what  is  e<iin<;dn  in  otlier coimirrics  iimst  reeo^ni/e  that, 
Ihc  fntiirc  ai^iiciiltiiral  iirosperily  of  Ireland  lar;.jely  depends  on  thi<  full  development 
of  its  dairy  iiidnstiii's.  While  JJrilisli  fr((^-tiadi^  legislation  continues  it  would  ]m< 
NJ  111  ply  impiissilile  for  Ireland  to  compete,  as  a  <frain-)irodnciny;  country,  with  the  ever- 
incie.lsin^  wheat  areas  of  (laiiada,  United  Stales,  liiiHsia,  India,  M'^yiit,  and  Aiistraii.a. 

The  ap|iro:uiii;ite  iiiiiiilicidf  call  le  in  tlie  I'niled  .Stales  is  .M,(l(lii,'iiilll,  and  the  possil 
Me  increase  may  lii' est  im.ited  liy  th-i  fact  that  lln^  pasliira;;e  l.inils  west  ol'the  Missis- 
sip]ii  cM-ced  7>(l,(ill(MM)i»  acres.  V.mU  yi'ar  the  cat  I  le-raisinj;  ind'istry  of  t  lie  United 
;-;iales  makes  a  vast  stride,  and  year  l>y  year  t  Ik^  dcveloimient  <if  the  American  lail- 
way-sysleins  and  the  coin  pet  it  ion  of  oeeaii-earryiii<;  li  11  is  en  allies  the  siirphis  prod  nee 
ol  America  to  he  landed  on  our  shores  at  prices  with  which  Irish  farmers  cannot  com- 
pete. 

'I'he  ilirciitciicd  compel  i  I  ion  of  Anstr.ilia  and  .South  America  in  the  meal  markets  of 
(Ircat  r.ritaiii,  hy  m.aiis  of  rel'.i^ciator  t  rans|iortation,  should  not  lie  minimized  or 
Ignored  as  ;iiio(licr  source  o(  (laii;;cr  to  the  Irish  c.itlle  trade.  Tlieso  facts  jiistitV  the 
.issiimpi  ion  that  li  ish  farmers  caiinol,  in  the  fntiire,  look  forward  eit  her  to  I  he  laisin" 
111'  ;,fraiii  or  cattle  as  a  reiminerat  i\  c  cmidoyment.  li.irley  and  oats,  of  course,  niav  VeT, 
lie  iv^^.irded  as  payinn'  crops,  lint,  like  ;ill  otiiers,  they  .also  are  menaced  in  various 
ways,  liy  clilnaleand  the  nalniiMil'  its  soil  inland  is  specially  .ida  (it  ed  to  the  manii- 
lactiire  of  liiilter,  and   its  <.veo;;;r.iiiliic.il  position  certainly  i^ivi-s  it,  <rrc,it   advantai;es 

lor  Ihc  s| ly  miirketiiiir  ,,f  iis  produce,  as  compared  with  tho  ol  her  countries  riv-^il- 

iiii;  il  in  I  he  Iintter  t  rade  of  I'.n^'land. 

Aildressiii';  the  lvoy;il  Itiildiii  Society  in  Decemlier,  Ism,  I'rotessor  Sheldon  valued 
that  veal's  make  of  Iri.sh  Imtter  at  C'1,1S1,s1h,  1  have  no  hesil.ation  in  sayin.i-  that 
liy  ]iioper  de\el(ipnient  the  Init ter  jirodnee  of  Irel.ind  i  (iiild  lie  raised  to  I'lii  ininnal 
\,ilne  of  over  fjlv.',<i'i'i,i"">,  with  even  I  he  s.iiiie  iinnilier  of  cows.  This  is  not  didicnii, 
to  calcnlale.  Willi  the  present  very  inferior  Ineed  of  d.iiry  eat  lie  in  Ireland,  the  avei- 
a;^e  annn.il  prodiiet  ion  of  milk  per  cow  may  lie  put  down'at  'l;iO  <;alloiis.  It,  reonires 
:!.<  gallons  of  (he  milk  yielded  liy  these  cows  to  produce  1  iionnd  of  Imt  ter  li\  the  oidi- 

nary  methods  of  settiii;,' and  (diiiriiiii!,'.     This  eives.a  retiirn  of  l:i:!  | nds  of  Imtter 

per  cow.  The  cows  on  the  Mniisler  model  school  farm  i^ive  :in  averse  animal  vield 
of  ti'.HI  ;;;illons  of  milk,  whiidi,  liy  the  use  of  the  sep.ir.itor,  produced  an  avera"-e  vii  Id 
ot-,'7(i  pounds  of  Imtter  per  cow.  Air.  Ii'ich.ird  liartcr,  of  St.  Aniie'.s,  IU;irnev,"attains 
an  average  of -J-J.-^  pounds  of  Initler  per  cow  111  his  im|trovcd  dairy.  T.ikiiii,' a'l'ar  lo'wi-r 
staiidanl  Ih.in  Mr.  I!,irter's  of  what  ini;;ht  lie  achieved  liy  an  improved  hived  of  dairy 
cows,  ;ind  an  improvcll  method  of  maiiiit'acliire,  I  do  iio('(hink  a  yield  of  -Jiri  pounds 
of  liiilter  per  cow  would  he  ;iii  impossilile  achie\emcnt,  which  would  lie  .an  increase 
of  two- 1  hi  ids  on  i!iec|uautity  iindeat  present.  To  est  iunni.  the  increased  price  which 
"(iiild  1 ta.iicd  lor  Irish  Inilter  mannl'actiircd  on   tlie  most   improvcil  eontiiKnilai 


systems  at  one-third  of  its  prcsenl  value  needs  no  ti;,'iires  to  support  the  assumption 

Should   the  accuracy  of  the  alinve  lie;nres  lie.iuesli d,  which  is  ((iiile  iio.ssilile    lie' 

c.nise  Ihere  are  no  sl.and.ird  records  of  the  produce  of  (hi^  .ayerai,'e  dairy  cow  of  the 
Irish  fanner,  I  can  fall  lnudi  on  the  wide  room  Ihere  is  to  support  a  vast'ly-inerejised 
liuiiil.er  of  dairy  cows  in  [ivhniil,  1.1  su.si.iin  my  Micorytli.it  The  Imller  produce  of  the 
.oimtrycan  lie  raised  to  an  annual  v.iliieof  C  l'J,(iiMI,(tlMI.  This  sum  would  niy  two- 
lliiids  of  the  present  rental  of  IielamI,  ami   if  (he  dairy  resoiirc-s  of  Irelai'id  wero 


23G 


CATTLE   AND    1)AIKY    FAUMtNO. 


in 


iloviilopc*!  to  tlioir  full  ciiimtiity,  tlu)  wliolt*  jimsout  roiitivl  hIii>iiI<1  I)o  \m\i\  liy  t\w  bu(  Ur 
|nii(lii(!«  uloiio.     This  hIiowh  tl'ui  grwit  luitiimiil  iiiij)(>r(iiiii;i)  of  Mm  Irisli  Imttcr  imlim- 

It,  would  bo  vt;ry  dillii'.uit  to  convey  to  tlio  minds ol"  jmrHoiiMoiitsldn  tiin  Iiinli  butter 
triido  th«i  very  low  level  to  which  liiMh  butler  has  liilleu  in  tlio  uiiirkets  of  (jreal 
Itritiiin.     rerl'iiiiis  its  position  couhl  not  be  better  illnstrutetl  tlian  by  Htiitl!i)j;   tlmi 
in  Dublin,  the  Ciipital  of  Ireland,  the  re(|uirementH  of  the  coiiHuiniu};  public  ureal 
iiKist;  entirely  catered  for  with  DaniBli  butter  and  Dutch    butterlnc.      One  lino  ,,1 
steauuirs  from  Hotterdaui  huH  bronnht  no  less  than  fourteen  thoiiHand   paelva;j;es  i.C 
biitleriuo   to  Dublin  since  the  1st  of  .Fannary,  and  very  Iarf;e  (luautiiics  manufan 
urcdin  other  countries  have  l)eeu  broujLjht  by  other  routes,  the  exact  amount  of  whiili 
could  not  bo  ascertained.     When  this  is  possible  at  a  time  when, the  produce  of  Irish 
dairies  was  bcin-^  sold  at  Tx*.  (ir/.  per  imiind,  and  the  best  at  '.>(/.,*  no  surprihe  need  be 
e\presse<l  at  the  exclusion  of  Irish  butter  from  l^imdon,  Manchester,  FJverpoid,  Ac. 
As  a  matterof  fact  Irish  butter  can  only  bo  sold  now  with  very  jjieat  dilliciilly  in  a  ri\» 
of  the  mannfactnrinjj;  districts  of  Kn^jhiud,  ami  the  area  (rf  its  coiisuniptioii  is  bccoin 
in;;  more  limifiMl  every  year,     its  competition  now  is  rather  with  t  he  prodmi' of  I  hr. 
but teriiio  factories  than  with  the  butter  shipped  trom  France,  I  )enmai  k,  (icrmaii\ , 
and  Sweden.     Untterino  has  realized  a  higher  price  in  the  Kn^'lish  and  Dublin  mar 
Kets  for  theiiast  twelve  nioiiths  than  secondary  fr|;id,.,s  of  Irish  but  er.  and  llii<  bull, 
of  Irish  butter,  unfortunately,  is  of  Hc(!ondary  (inality.     'I'ho  price  rcali/cd  tor  Irish 
butter  is  8iiiii)ly  ruinous  for  the  Irish  farmers,  and  with  a  continnanre  of  theexiMllun 
Nvstem  of  Irish' dairy in;j;,  the  prospect  is  most  dislK-arteuin;;.     It  simply  means  a;;ii 
cultural  ruin,  and  a<;ricultural  ruin  means  nalional  bankruptcy  for  Ireland.     I  have 
iiK'asnred  and  do  not  shirk  the  responsibility  of  this  statcnuuit.     The  Kooiier  it  isr.i'. 
o;,'ni/,ed  bv  evtu-y  ono  interested  in  the  w<'lfiire  of  this  country  llc^  better. 

"riiat  there  is  no  natural  imiiedimeiit  to  Irish  biitlcr  excelling'  the  produce  of  all 
other  countries  is  clearly  ostablislicd  by  Mr.  T.  .1.  (.'laiichy,  of  l.'ork,  bavin;;  obtaiinil 
the  ;;(dd  medal  at  the  Varis  Exhibition  of  l.'-'TH,  and  mi  dais  at  the  exhibitions  i,f 
(Jalculta  and  Melbourne,  frmu  all  c(unpt  litors,  with  the  butler  of  selected  Irish 
dairies,  and,  also,  by  theexlreme  hi;;li  prices  comm.indi'd  on  the  Iiondon  market  r,ir 
the  bill  I  (^r  of  oiK!  or  two  I'aclories  established  in  Ireland,  on  the  eoniineiital  s,\sti'iii, 
by  the  b'ev.  l^aiion  lia;;of.  What,  then,  it  will  be  asked,  has  caused  tli((  decline  m' 
tiie  Irish  butter  trade  i  I  do  not  hcsil.ilc  to  place  the  res|MMisil)ility  for  it,  (ui  the  iico;- 
Icct  of  our  (jfovcrnmcnt  to  juDvide  for  I  he  education  of  our  farniers,  as  has  been  done 
bv  the  (Jovcrnmeutsot'all  1  hose  count  lies  which  have  excelled  us  in  the  man  n  fact  in  ,> 
oi' butter  for  the  last  thirty  years.  Willi  pateru.il  soliciiinle  ihi  y  spared  noelii.rls  to 
biin;;  ediicatHUi  on  dairy-farmiii;;  within  tlu;  leach  (d'  their  aH;ruuli  oral  popiilal  imis. 
The  success  of  their  ell'orts  is  evidenced  by  the  jirospcrity  of  their  dairy  iiidiislries, 
as  also  by  the  sad  ])light  of  the  Irish  dairy  farmer,  who  has  been  left  unassisted  aiiil 

iiueilucaled  in  tho  keen  competition  forced  on  him  by  his  European  and  A riiau 

rivals. 

The  mill  which  is  now  impending;  over  tiie  dairy  farmers  of  Ireland,  and  the  e;eii- 
eral  a;;ricult  iiral  de])rcssi(Ui  of  this  country,  is  rebuke,  siiliicieiit  for  I  he  apathy  and 
ne^lee?  the  (Jovernment  that  undertakes  to  lule  us  have  exhiliiti'd  towards  Irelaiiil's 
best  iiiterosts.  The  Ciovcruments  of  the  United  Stales,  Fiance,  (Jermaiiy,  Denniaik, 
and  Sweden  have  all  recoeiiizcd  their  res]ioUNibility  of  inacl  ically  ediiialin;;  their 
aijricultural  subjects,  and  have  sjyared  neither  money  nor  t  ioul)le  in  eliicient  ly  ilis- 
ih.ir^iint;  that  duty.  The  (iovi'iiiment  of  Ireland  has  dune  nolhin;;  for  the  Irish 
farmeisr  The  farniers  of  Ireland  had  .'i  far  stroii;;cr  claim  on  the  (Jovernment  than 
those  of  any  of  the  countries  above  named,  liecaiise,  owiii;;  to  Jiast  IJritish  le;;isla- 
tlon,  they  were  denied  education,  and,  owin;;  to  tho  Irish  land-laws,  they  have  liren 
alwa.NS  kept  ou  the  border  of  poverty.  They  were  thus  luevented  from  doiii;;  fur 
themselves  what  was  done  for  thts  educated  and  prosiierous  fanners  of  other  coiiiil  lies 
by  their  resjiectivt!  Governments.  I  do  not  want  to  inlrodiiee  pnliiics,  niinecessaiily, 
into  this  statement,  but  it  is  impossible  to  exclude  tin?  attitude  of  ( he  (Joverniiiiiii 
of  Irclantl  trom  the  discussion  of  a  (|uestiiiii  which  so  very  lar;;('ly  l)in;j;es  on  the 
measures  that  have  been  adopted  by  the  (iovernments  of  those  cuuntries  which  have 
so  successfully  driven  Irish  butter  out  of  the  markets  of  (ireat  Kritain.  Witlioiil  Ihe 
assistance  and  education  ^iven  l)y  the  continental  (ioviriinients  their  dairy  I'aniiiis 
could  never  have  beaten  Irish  butter  out  of  the  markets.  Up  to  the  time  these  (Inv- 
ernmeiits  niado  dairy  interests  a  state  care,  Irish  butter,  throiiKh  force  of  the  siiperl- 
ority  it  derived  fron'i  tho  natural  advanta^'c  of  soil  and  climaie,  was  lii;,'hly  pri/.eil 
not  alono  in  Fn;;land  but  in  every  country  iienetr.ited  liy  IJritish  commerce.  Year 
by  year,  as  education  improved  the  make  of  butter  in  ol  her  eoiiul  lies,  the  preslieenf 
Irish  sank  lower  and  lower  until  it  has  c(uii(>  to  that  point  beyond  whidi  it  caniinl 
j;o  without  extinction. 

Situated,  then,  as  they  are,  throui^h  no  t'aull  ol  tlu  ir  own,  the  Irish  dairy  farmers  are 
III  lerly  ilii.'ible  tohel])  themsidves  in  I  liis  uneven  s(  rn;;y;le  wit  h  thi>  state-si'!>poited  eoni- 
petitionof  oth(;r  coiiiilries.     Their  ignorance  of  even  what  is  causing  the  depreciation 


THK    TNITKI)    KINGDOM. 


237 


of  rliPir  proiluwi  (an  is  ovlilonccfl  liy  Uio  (•oin|»liiiiit'<  in  tlir  Irisli  |irrMsii>,'iiiimt  (lie  IiIhIi 
liiiM<riiii'n')i.'iiits),:in(ltlirir  lit  I  iri  liability  tliriiiiKli  w.'iiil  i>l'rii|iitiil  t<i)iiovl<l<M'ltlii'riiii 
jiii|(Mi\c(l  lured  ol'iliiiiy  MtocU  111-  tli(«]ii'()|icr  ii|i|ilimicoH  loriiiniicrii  dniryiiij^,  iiiai<<i  mi 
iiiiiis><iMf<'tl  fllorl  ti>  iii^iiiiliiiii  tilt)  Hlriij^ult)  for  t'xi«t('iic,(5  ii  t<iiii|iln  \vaHl«  of  (•ii('r;{y.  In 
i.flii'i'  couiitiicH  tin'  irNidciit.  iioliilily  iiixl  (gentry  laij^cly  iiid  the  hcIu'Iih'h  of  <ii)vorii- 
in(  III  cdiitMtioii  l>y  iiiiiintuitiiii)^  liii-;:{t(  model  diiirieM  on  their  cMtute,  wliere  (ioverii- 
iiic'iil  teiiilieiM  iiistriiet  tlio  loliillitry,  liy  priietieiil  djiiiy  o.siteriiiieiitH,  and  liy  tliii  Hllll^ 
ol  calveHolf  Ihi'so  farms,  tho  lireiul  of  tlio  licsf  dairy  stock  is  disMeminated  amongst 
the  smaller  dairymen.  Ity  having  the  center  of  attraction  In  London,  Irish  noldemeii 
and  lain"  landed  iiroprit^tors  live  out  of  tho  conntry,  and  evern  this  sii|i|demental  as- 
Hwlance  and  ediietilion  which  is  given  on  larger  estates  on  tlio  (/'ontinent  isdeiiied  to 
the  Irish  farmer.  Hesides  tho  liirgo  ondowinents  given  l>y  overy  State  in  the  Union 
for  a/jrieiiltnial  c(dlegns,  tho  American  (lovernmeni,  spent  !t?17r>,71(t.2(i  last  year  in  cir- 
culating; knowledge  in  agricultural  miittors  amongst  tho  wealthy  fiirmcrH  of  tho  United 
Slates. 

What  has  lieeii  done,  and  is  boing  «l(>no  by  Enroj)f'iin  stattm  to  j)romote  seionlille, 
da  ly-Lirming  has  been  so  often  placed  before  tho  public  of  late  that  I  need  not  ro- 
caiiitiilale  it  hero.  A  lefereneo  to  the  United  Stales  consular  reports  will  n'waril  the 
iii(|iiisitivo  on  the  jioiiit.  I  hav()  said  enoiigli  to  prove  that  it  is  the  paramount  duty 
of  I  he  state  (iovernment  to  (U)me  to  the  assistance  of  the  Irish  dairy  lariners,  ajul  to 
do  Hii  (|iiickly  if  they  iH'n  I"  bo  saved  from  annihilation,  and  Ireland  from  overwhelm- 
in;;  disaster,  tho  Govi^rnmcnt  must  fully  recognize  that  they  alone,  by  iieglet'ting  tln^ir 
olivloiis  duty,  are  rcsponsihlo  for  the  existing  crisis,  and  half  measures  cd'  assistance, 
oi  l'eel)l(<  ("xpcrinients  will  lie  of  no  avail.  I  am  iiotr  concerned  wilh  the  general  iigri- 
(•iilliiral  re(|uin!inents  of  lielaiid,  and  must  therefore  only  conline  myself  tosiudi  jiarts 
of  a  gc:icral  agricultural  improvement  scheme  as  1  think  imp(>ratively  nec'essary  for 
I  lilt  )iniper  development  of  the  mail  ii  fact  lire  of  Irish  butter.  In  t\w  United  States  ihe 
|)eparliiieiit  of  Agriculture  ut  Wasliiiiglon  looks  after  the  inteiestsof  agricullureover 
(■heir  wliolii  t(a'ri(o<!'y  ;  it  is  presided  over  by  a  ininister,  a.ssisted  by  a  sciciitillt;  Mtalf, 
Knell  separate  State,  there,  has  its  own  agricnll  iiral  colleges  and  I'ariiis. 

1  do  not  think  wo  need  go  farther  for  a  model  of  what  is  wanted  ifi  lieland.  Wo 
waiiti  a  department  of  agricnlturc)  in  Dublin,  whose  duty  {hilir  aim)  should  be  to 
direct  a  system  of  dairy  schools  and  farnis  in  ('very  county  tt)  train  teachers  for  tlio.se 
schools;  io  collect  and  disseminate"  iiifoiiiiati<Mi  on  every  siib.jcct  coniieclcd  with  iIk^ 
most  iiiipi'oved  sy.steinsin  other  conn  tries;  to  import  and  experiment  on  t  he  ImnI  breed 
of  dairy  cattle,  and  distribnt4)  them  on  the  slate  dairy  farms  of  the  counties  for  which 
each  brei'd  was  best  adapted,  to  jirovidi^  Govern  men  t  loans  to  farmers  I'or  the  erect  ion 
ofdaiiy  and  cow  lionses,  ajid  in  every  other  way  to  iiromoto  the  f,'eueral  dairy  indus- 
try of  ilie  whole  conutry.  'I'liere  sluiiild  be  a  (iovernment  dairy  college  in  «n'ery 
comity,  and,  to  t'lillill  its  mission  ]iroperly,  a.  farm  of  dimensions  proportionate  to  the 
iiiinilier  of  piipiLs,  who,  from  the  agiiciiltural  ])opula.t  ion,  mlglit  be  expected  t<i  attend, 
Klioiild  be  allaclied  to  each.  The  scab!  of  fees  charged  should  be  within  t  he  reaidi  of 
small  rarmei's,  and  scholarships  ought  to  be  awarded  at  an  eiit  ranee  examinat  ion,  to 
imiiice  intcii  ling  pniiils  to  sliidy  elementaiy  sulijccts  connecte.l  with  dairying.  In 
Fiime  oi'tlie  huge  agricnll  oral  colleges  on  the  Continent,  the  (io\eriinient  contributes 
a  grant  for  each  dairy  maid  eiinivaleiit  to  lht<  ditVereiice  between  thi<  value  of  her 
work  and  lier  exiien.v  on  the  establishment ;  she  ]iays  nothing  for  her  ediicat  ion.  in 
the  Swedish  cn|  leges  t  he  cost  of  Ilia  i  III  a  ill  I  ng  a  dairy  maid  for  a  year  is  £  If',  her  work 
is  valued  at  ,l_'7.  .■iiiil  the  (ioveinment  coiitrilmtes  .C 1 1.  The  produce  of  the  dairy 
leaves  the  esi ablishiiieiit  a  |iiijIIi.  Ill  such  colleges  the  au;ricnli iiral  male  pupils  pay 
high  tecs.  On  thesii  Irish  coiiiil\  I'aiiiis  ;i  herd  ol'  pedigree  bulls  and  cow.s  slionbl  be 
maililaiiied.  the  Ibrnier  shoiihl  he  a\  .lilable  to  t  lie  t'Miniej's  of  the  <lisli'ict  on  pa\  meiit 
ofa  fee.  and  Ihe  lal  ler  (of  diDeieiil  breeds)  slioiild  be  expel  iineiiled  with  Io  lest  their 
niilk  and  biiller  [uodiieiiig  i  apacit  ies  <  ii  tliedillereiit  kinds  of  pasturage  in  each 
coiinly. 

'flic  iiiiportance  aitailicd  to  this  point  on  the  Coiilineiit  may  he  gatlu'rcd  from  the 
fact  llial  I  licri"  are  dilieieiit  stalls  of  (Jo\  ernmeiit  professors  employe. I  for  ei^ht  or  ten 
years  ((iiiseciilively  exaliiiiiing  with  iIk'iiiosI  aeciirati^  scieiililiir  |irecision  (even  by 
analysis  of  t  lie  skimmed  milk  and  buttermilk  )  t  he  iiroilnee  of  all  the  various  breeds 
of  dairy  stock  on  cNciy  dillereiil  section,  so  as  to  decide  by  what  aitiiieial  foods  the 
pasture  gr.'iziiig  should  he  sii))plenieiited  on  each  farm  to  niaintain  a  iii;i\iiiiiiin  butter 
pioiliiee.  The  same  siieiil ilie  precision  informs  the  l.irnier  of  each  district  at  what 
tempiial  lire  the  dairy-house,  the  cow-honse,  the  cellar,  and  even  the  dnnk  of  the 
caltle  iiiiist  be  maintained  lor  every  week  of  the  year;  in  the  same  way  he  is  guided 
as  to  coniparativi"  adv.intages  of  th((  dry  tub,  water,  ice,  and  separator  system  i 
olitainiiig  hi.s  cream,  and  even  to  the  iMlect  which  I  lie  dilVerence  liiiweeii  'J,. KM)  ai 
',',r>(itl  levolntions  per  minute  of  the  separator  will  c.inse  on  the  (|iiality  (d'  the  j'reaiii, 
1  digres-ed  to  show  by  what  means  iliii  peilo'tioi:  iil  dairy  larmiiig  has  been  acconi- 
]ilished  on  t  he  ( 'oiitiiielit . 

'I'lie  total  .ilisence  of  wliM  may  be  called  any  high-milking  slock  in  Ireland  is  one 
of  tiic  gravest  features  of  the  sitnation,     Kveii  amongst  those  who  go  in  for  keeping 


2d8 


CATTLE    AND    DAIIiY    I'AKMlNd. 


v«iy  liinlieliWM  «!iitU<t  ill  Ii<-liniil,  llio  ^rfnttiHt  iiKciition  Iiiim  Imch  |iiii<l  li>  llir  Htiiiiiis 
(hut  iiiimIiico  iii(»h(,  li.'of,  iit  tin- oxpfiiw'  of  tlio  losH  of  (lio  milk.  In  ollici  i  oiiiihirM 
tlioy  lined  (luiry  Htock  for  milk  Urst  mid  littif  uflciwiirdM.  Tiny  foimidfr  II.  |>a\H 
Mifiii  bettor  to)(iili»  liiuli  ii^tuiii  of  ImlU'r  for  moiiuj  yiarN  mid  Ioni-  iv  lilllo  on  tint  hhIh 
of  tlio  <i>w.  In  a  vtiry  ffw  yours  ivhiiiiiII  lu'iil  of  a^ood  Mlriiin  of  inilkcrH  on  iiioli  (ifty- 
criiment  farm  would  diMMtininato  wood  milKiiin  iilood  tlironjjii  tlio  wliolo  dairy  NtoiK 
of  Ireland.  At  prownt,  tlni  ni-ncral  riiii  of  farnurH  iiovcr  know  what  kind  of  Mtock 
Mit'ir  dairy  cowHare  cUrivid  from  ;  they  Imy  Hi'in  on  climiw,  in  fairw  and  murk<^t>t. 
Homo  idea  of  what  may  he  done  in  the  way  of  hreedin^r  for  milk  may  he  n'lHiercil 
from  the  fact  that  in  Anieriea  i>arlicnhii-  utraiiiH  of  JerHey  eowH  yield  from  UO  to  Kill 
poiindMof  ItiiMer  jiermonlh,  and  there  are  unthentieuL.Hl  iceordM  oi"  (miwm  yiohliiij^  UK, 
(onndH  of  lintfer  per  nionlh  for  a  HeaMon.  Of  I'oiune  theMo  eatlle  are  only  laney 
Ln'edH  hut  it  shown  what  iiiinlit  •'«  <loiie  on  Government  farms.  The  partieiilars  (if 
these  records  ean  hefiiund  in  (he  llreeders' Gazette  of  America.  It  is  niineeessiiry  Inr 
me  here  to  state  what  should  he  the  trainiiiK  Kivcn  in  siieh  ilaiiy  schools  lo  |iii|iils. 
There  should  he  a  seed-testiiif,'  station  attached  ttnacli,  as  one  id"  I  he  greatest  dniw- 
haeks  to  small  dairy  farmers  in  Ireland  is  the  wrelehed  class  of  seeds  im|uised  on  him 
l.y  nnscrunnlous  dealers.  I  am  informed  l>y  practical  farmers  of  jjreut  e.vperien.n 
that  it  isiiwinj,'  to  the  delttterions  ailnlterations  of  jjrass  seeds  that  the  inereaHid 
ah'ortiiii;  of  cows  is  mainly  ilue.  This  source  of  loss  to  the  Irish  dairy  farmer  is  in- 
ereasiiiK  yearafter  year.  It  is  heinn anxiously  invest ij,'iited  by  the  American Gijveni- 
ment  anil  dill'erenl"  authorities  aserilm  its  spread  to  dill'erent  causes.  It  illiisirate.i 
(•h«  neeessitv  of  having  a  veterinary  as  well  as  a  seed  departmi^nt  "in  each  kIjimiI. 
Kacli  of  theisiteonnty  estahlishmenlsshonhl  he  jirovided  with  a  tr.ivelinn  dairy,  mid 
its  working;,  illusiialed  hy  a  competent  lecturer,  should  lie  e.vhihited  at  the  \■.^r^^^. 
fairs  and  «rther  centers  where  the  a«ri(iillural  community  could  he  instructed.  A 
moiiel  dairy  and  perniaiient  exhihition  of  improved  appliaiiees  iimkIiI  with  very  ^jreut 
•idvnita"cs  bt»  cHtahlished  at  the  Cork  IJntter  Market,  wln'ie  hundreds  ol  fariiier:, 
ioiiidseeit  in  openition  every  day.  Dairy  edu<'ation  must  be  broiiKht  within  rearb 
of  the  farming  masses,  poor  us  well  as  rich.  1  think  elementary  education  on  diiiiy 
farmiii"  shoiihl  form  part  of  t he  natitmal  school  system.  (Joviuiinient  should  mii|i- 
pleiiH^iit,  the  funds  of  a>{ri(iiltural  si)ci<!ties  to  enable  them  to  otVer  attractive  \nT/xs 
for  successful  dairying.  Without  proju'r  dairy  and  cow  liniise  accummodatioii  im 
amount  of  cdiicatio'n  w(»nl(l  eiialile  the  Irish  fanm^r  to  produce  >,'ood  luitter.  They 
iin^  practically  withoiitone  or  the  other  at  present,  that  is,  as  these  hiiildiiiKtj  are  un- 
derslood  in  diiiry  countries,  on  the  Continent  and  iiiAiiierici.  Milk,  cream  and  lint- 
(er  are  most  snseeptible  of  taint  from  any  kind  of  bad  odors  or  impure  air.  The  iiK.st 
freoneiit  complaint  af^aiiist  Hcconilary  Irish  butter  is  its  peaty  or  smoky  llavor.  Thin 
is  fontracted  by  luiviii^'  the  milk  H(^t,  and  the  butter  made  in  the  ordinary  dwelliiiii 
rooms  of  siiiali  farmers.  Iiiii>nrit  ies  also  attach  to  the  milk,  owiii^;  to  the  lihliy 
condition  id"  the  cow  from  bad  Htablin;,'.  Thereforti  a  model  well-drained  cowjiiiii.,!' 
IS  of  asmiich  importance  as  a  model  dairy.  Lounson  favorable  terms  should  bi'Mivcn 
to  the  farmers  to  ere<t  those  building's,  and  I  think  it  would  lie  well  if  the  (liivcrn 
ment  prepared  model  jilaiis  for  e.-ieli  class  of  bnildiiifr,  and  insisted  on  their  bein^'  all 
eonstnictedaecordiii;;  to  tlios(!  plans.  The  cost  eoiild  be  lixed  liy  scale,  in  propoiiidi, 
to  tint  number  of  cows   lo  be  provided  for.     The  expense  of  obtaiiiin;;   such  lii;,iis 

should  also  be  refr. dated  by  a  low  lixed  scale.     In  askiii^c  .s iicli  assistance  Iroin  iln' 

Government  for  Irish  dairy  farmers,  I  do  not  ask   for  more  for  thc'iii   than   liiis  birn 
done  by  ol  her  (iovernmeiits,  and  I  do  not  see  why  these  county  farms  should  not,  lie, 
at  least,  sell-siipportiii;,'.     N'o  sclniiie  of  improved  dairyinj;  will<iuite  enable  I  he  hisli 
farmer  to  eoiniiete  favorably  without  extension  of  the  present  nii'.ins  of  t  ran  sport, i- 
t'ion.     Ireland  iiiiist  be  opened    up  by  either  tramways  or  linlit  railways,  and  until 
some  cheaper  Jind  (|uieker  means  of  beiii;;  able  to  construct  thtiUi   llniii  exists  al  pns 
ent  is  iirovided  by  legislation,  limitiii;,'  and  rcdiieiii^'  the  pov  i  r -f  firtions  oppusi 
tioii,  thisdevelopn'ient  will  hr  of  very  s|.i\.  ^jiowlli.    If  the  (Jovenuiieiii  lei  ).j;iiizc  Ihi' 
.St  roiV'  claim  the  Irish  dairy  farmers  have  on  them,  and  even  at  tliv  eh"  -  nth  Ikum 
undertake  to  provide  the  .•issist;iiiec  I  ask    for,  then  there  is  si  '     n   ilo  n;i  ai  to  hipc 
for  a  speedy  revival  of  the  Irish  buttertrade  ami  the  prosperity  of  tlie  country.     With 
iiropermaiiufactiire  Irish  butter  must  lead  the  market,  on  account  of  its  naturaisii 
periority  and  tl.ivor.     Of  course  a  ,u;rcat  deal  will  h.ive  to  be  done  by  all  who  have  In 
handle  the  improved  make  of  butter,  so  as  to  put  it  in  t.ie  markets  in  the  inost  ;il 
tractive  shaiic.     The  packa;;cs  must  he>;reatly  improved--l  would  recommciiil  white 
pack.'ij,'^  ■',  of  .'16  pounils,  as  most  likely  to  b(^  received  favorably.     They  should  be  ,•*(. 
ihapel  Irtct.'.  "  .-^011  hi  not  be  rolled;  this  would  save  the  butter  from  threat  abuse,  t\ui\ 
kcei>  th'   !'.i  •V;»j.;c'8  oh    11.     I  see  no  reason  why  our  butler   iiackaj^es  shoiihl  iini  lie 
iiuide<if  1    1 '  i.    wVi  ;>  ^'rowH  in  Ireland  most  abundantly,  and,  which,  consciincntly, 
would '..^•.  I",  than  imiiorted  oak. 

There  i,-  ;,n  oi.ieciion  In  if  on  lie:  ;;roliiid  th:i!   butter  dc-K  u"!    IccrS!  ^u  •.veil  1!!  I>;.i!i 

as  in  oak  i  .isks  for  a  leii;;tlicncd  period.     In  the  future  th<-ie  will  be  no  iMTessiiy  to 
keep  butter  any  timi'  in  casks,  and  |irc,jndi(:es  of  this  ki^id  should  not  be  periniitcd 


TUK    lINirKD    KINGDOM. 


239 


(o  iiiliTlwi  with  till'  iitili/ulion  of  thJH  imtivo  timlMir,  which  In  now  luuiiliuully  worth - 
IcNH  wlitJii  ^rown  in  iiiiaiitity.     Tim  iiumt  Hcioiititlc  liuttor-iinHliiciiiK  coiiniruiM,  llcii- 
iiiiuk,  Hwiilt!!!,  (Inriimiiy,  uiiil  Aiiiriieii,  iisi>  nothing  luit  \hva  .    ■■)iekii>,'<'.H,  whilo  wo  in 
IriliiiHl,  tlii'oiiKh  <iur  iKnoiiinci',  Mcnil  fnmi  ,/i;riO,(ioo  to  jC1<I0,(I0(»,  unnnitlly,  out  of  tiio 
iroiiiitiy  lor  iiiiporlod  onli.     In  tliJH  connection,  1  cannot  omit  iilorrinK  to  tiio  very  liiid 
tniiiiMint  wliich  liiuli  liuttcr  rcirivcsfnnn  botli  our  niilwiiy  iinilHtciiinNlii|M'oni|mnifM. 
Tiny  liauiiic  it  roii>;lily,  \vlii<li,  ot  courHx,  injuicH  llio  i|Uiility,  and  ncitln'r  on  tintir 
|i!iitroiiiiH,  wIiuiIh,  trnckH,  or  ntfii'  mim.  do  tluiy  iniilio  uny  Hpcitiiil  provision,  in  Iho 
siniplo  iiuitlirol"  clciinliniiNM,  for  th.   proper  Iriumportation'or  IriHli  hotter.     Tim  eon- 
Mec|ueneo  i.s  that  very  often  ii.  sldpper  is  not  iihio  to  roco>j;ni/.e  in  tln>  hcgrinied  euHkM 
ilelivered  in  London  or  Manehester  the  (dean  packaKeH  Hhipped  at  Cork  or  Watcrl'oril. 
In  lliiM  matter  a  ^ri'iit  inJuNliee  is  done  to  Irish  hiitter.     In  the  local  rales  from  pro- 
diieer  to  market,  and  in  tint  Kenoral  rates  from  Irish  markets  to  tiio  KiiKlish  centers, 
Irisji  lititter  is  very  heavily  handicajfped  l>y  execssivo  charj^es.     Itiitterlne  is  hrouKht 
Iroiri  Holland  to  Dnhlin  at  less  money  than  Cork  hotter  conid  ho  delivered  in  Duhlin. 
Itiiiler  is  hroii>,'ht  from  New  York  to  Liverpool  at  less  nioiH\v  than  from  (Jork  to  tlm 
name  port.     It  costs -l-.'w.  iUi.  jiir  ton  to  send  Cork  hntier  via  Dnhlin  to  Hrailford,  and 
|)iiiiislilintterisl)r(mj{htlromCopcnlniK«i>  via  Ilidl,  Bradford,  and  Liverjiool  to  Dnhlin 
at  :.'.i«.  per  ton.    The  Iri.sli  carrying?  companies  are  doiiiK  their  hest  to  kill  the  Irish 
hiitter  trade.     I  wish  a  (h'pnfation  of  their  tralllc  nninagers  w<Mdd  visit  ^'rane<^  and 
llollurid  to  SCO  the  delicate  handlinjn  which  hatter  reecuves  from  the  carryin;,' com- 
panies there,  antl  the  scrupulous  cleaidiness  of  the  triuiks  and  Nteanicrs  specially  ri^- 
servcd  fur  hut  ter  tralllc.     What  is  wanted  in  Irish  hiitter  is  cleanliness  in  niaki>,  jtaidi- 
in;;,  and  transportation,  close  f,M'aiii,  and  line  texture,  total  excliisicni  of  water,  freedom 
froiii  oNcisalting,  evi'ii  qiialiiy,  even  color,  ami  iinifoiiuity  of  wi-inld.     I  cannot  «on- 
cliide  this  paper  without  referring  t<i  the  InitteriiU)  trailc.     It  would  he  cdiildish  to 
say  that  hccaiise  hntterine  iiile'rleres  with  the  sale  of  hiitter  therefore  it  oii^jht  he 
Mi'pitres.sed.     When  uianufactiiied   from  wholesome  iiiHndiciitH  and  sold  under  its 
proper  d(  si;;iialion  it  is  as  Icj^itiniate  an  article  of  food  as  any  other.     Itiit  when  the 
Ir.'ide  is  eoiidiictcd  as  it  now  is,  most  dishonestly,  it  ceases  to'liavo  any  elaiiii  to  e<Mi- 
siilcrate  tiejitment.     In  this  week's  issue  of  The  (iiocer,  ono  of  tlie  lar^^est  whoh-sale 
liiiiises  ill  London  advertises  to  sell  it  as  tiiicst  Irish  lirkins  and  line  Irish  lirkiiis; 
,1  Dutch  tirm  oilers,  hy  circular,  to  make  it  so  as  to  iniitati^  any  well-know  n  hiitter  — 
Irisli  lirkins  and  Irisli  roll  heiiij,'  specially  mentimieil.     Kviry  week's  police  olhco 
reports  contain  records  of  lines  imposed  lorselliii;^  hntterine  as  hiitlcr.     In  Duhlin 
last  week  several  linns  were  lined  .CIO  lor  selling;  Diittdi  hntterine  as  Irish  iidl  hiitter. 
I  have  no  hesitation  in  sayiii;;  that  I  helii^ve  niiieteen-t  weiitieths  of  t'.^  hntterine  sold 
ill  (ireat  Hritain  is  consumed  as  hiitter.     Irre])arahle  dama>;o  has  heen  (hnie  to  the 
<lairy  iiitenists  id'  these  coiintries  hy  iliis  nefarious  iradiii^,  and  railiameut  should 
intervene  to  put  a  stop  to  it.    This  (jiimjiound  has  no  (laiiii  to  the  uaiiio  hiiltcrine; 
il  is  adopted  to  di^ccive  the  piihlic.     'lliis  iianio  should  he  proliii)ited.     Let  these  com- 
pounds of  fathiMallcd  iiiai),'arine  or  oleoiiiar{,'ariiie.     If,  as  they  claim,  the  niaiiiifaet- 
iiicrs  depend  on  its  inninsie  merits  to  scli  it,  they  need  not  fear  adopt in<;  its  true  dcsij;- 
iialion.     K\cry  jiackanc^  imported  into  the  country  should  have  either  of  those  naincs 
liraiidcd  on  il-  in  letters  luie  inch  loiiji,  and  also  Iho  name  ov  the  manufacturer  or  his 
li.ide-iiiark.     I'.veiy  iKieka^e  issuing  from  a  ISritish  factory  should  eoinply  with  the 
same  coiidilions.     Lvery  shopkee|ier  seliiii}^  any  <|iiantity  of  theso  compounds  should 
lie  hound  hy  law  to  mention  the  name  <d'  the  coin)ionnd  to  the  purchaser.     If  thesis 
conditions  heenrinced.  with  I  ho  same  penalties  as  they  (or  si  mi  liar  provisions)  are  en- 
lorced  in  other  countries,  no  injustice  will  he  dono  to'  honest  traders,  and  a  «;real  act 
of  Justice  will  he  done  to  dairy  farmers,  who  have  quite  en(uijj;h  to  face  iiiUie  ki  iii 
competition  of  honest  rivalry.     The  <?.\isliuf>'  powers  id' dealiii;^  with  this  ji;i^'aiitie 
swindlinjj  ar(^  utterly  inadeiiinite.     Unless  from  tho.se  who  are  interested  in  niaintain- 
iiij;  fraud.  I  don't  see  where  any  opposition  could  he  ji;iven  to  legislation  in  this  direc- 
tion. 


i 


FRANCE. 


CATTLE  BREEDS  OF  FRANCE  AND  THEIR  PRODUCTS. 

KEVORl'  Iir  CONSUL  WILLIAMS,  OF  ROUEy. 
IJVTRODUCTORY. 

Ill  c(>iiii>li;iiico  with  tlie  itMiiu'st  of  llio  D('])artmoiit  of  Slate  to  cxniiii'io 
■111(1  icpoit  iipnii  tlie  siibjccl  inentioiied  in  the  eattle  cireiihir  aihhosscd 
to  tiie  coiisuLs  of  the  United  states  1  liuve  eateuorieally  answered  Hi,. 
(luestions  therein  propounded  (see  «tateiiieiit  atehvse  of  report;  and  will 
attempt  to  render  the  work  more  eomplete  and  praeti(;;il  bysucii  descriii- 
lions  illustratiims,  and  inim-matlon  m*  1  have  been  able  (>  obtaiii  IVom 
jierso'iial  observation  of  lie  ditt'erent  In-eeds  of  cattle  in  their  origiiml 
homes  and  from  other  reliable  sources.  .     .    ,.     . 

This  consulate  embraces  a  iar^e  iwrtiom  oi  the  ancient  district  of 
Normandy,  is  situated  in  the  northwest  portion  of  l'^ranc(>,  and  well 
adapted  by  its  fertilitv  and  abundant  supply  of  water  lor  -^ra/.iiif;-  pur- 
poses  and  has  Ion f?  been  distiiijiuished  lor  the  peculiar  and  marked 
type  of  its  cattle  and  horses,  and  affords  a  wide  held  tor  (he  slndv  (if 
the  races  of  (;attle  indi}j[enous  to  J^'rance ;  while  its  contij-nit.v  to  (aeut 
Britain  on  the  one  side,  and  ]5el{«iiim,  Holland,  and  (iermaiiy  on  the 
other  renders  jiicat  caution  necessary  lo  discriminate  betwe(ii  the 
(ni"iiial  and  mixed  breeds.  We  reserve  the  title  of  distinct  breed  to  ;i 
number  of  individual  animals  prescntinj;  uniform  characteristics,  shapes, 
and  adaptabilities,  and  capable  of  traiismittinj-'  and  i)eii)eluatiii<.  this 
type  in  their  pro-ieny.     'J'here  must  be  this  (ixity  to  constitute  a  race 

DISTINCT   FRENCH  I5UEEDS  OF   CAT'I'LE. 

France  api)ears  to  have  a  substantial  claim  to  eijihteen  distinct  breeds 
of  cattle,  of  which  I  append  a  list,  adopting-  the  French  nomeiiclaliiiv; 

(1)  Flamande,  (H)  N(Uiiiaii(le,  (.'J)  I'.relonlie,  (I)  Parthenaise,  (a)  Char- 
olaise,  (0)  Limousine,  (7)  Maiutelle,  (S)  Comtoisis  (*•))  Femeluie,  (10)  llivs- 
sane,  (11)  de  Salers,  (12)  (laronnaise,  (i;5)  IJazadaise,  (II)  Laiidaisc, 
( J5)  (;asc(mne,  (10)  Baietone,  (17)  r.(.aniai.e,  (bs)  d  AI;;ciie. 

Altli<»uj;h  many  other  varieties  (»f  cattle  aie  bmnd  in  Iraiice  lliaii 
tli()se enumerated' above,  1  cannot  view  them  otherwise  than  as  traeealile 
to  the  forejioinj;  jiarcnt  stock,  or  the  issue  (»f  import('(l  animals,  wiucli 
will  receive  passing,'  notice  in  coiisiderinji-  the  cattle  of  France. 

The  description  of  a  iirced  is  not  easy  to  outline,  but  I  will  endeavor 
to  sketch  the  chief  characteristics  of  a  j,noup  of  which  the  individual 
specimens  present  various  traits. 

FLEMISH   CATTLE. 

Oriqin  —The  orif,'in  of  this  breed  is  not  precisely  known.  It  is  piob 
able  that  this  race  orij^inatcd  on  the  shores  of  the  North  Sea  wlieiicc 
came  the  breeds  of  Ikdlaiid,  vSclik'swij,',  llolstem,  and  dntlaiid,  all  rt;. 


RODTICTS. 


Slati'.  tocxniiiiiio 
(uiliir  addiosscd 

lly  iuisweicd  Hu. 

'report;  and  will 
bysucli  (l('s{'ri]»- 

io  (->  obtaiu  IVoiii 
in  (heir  origiiml 

H'Mnit  (listnct  of 
i''raii(!(',  and  well 


lor 


ixnv/AW' 


pur- 


liar  and  inaiiicd 
t'oi'  (lie  slud.v  III' 
iitijiiiit.v  to  (I'roiit 
(ieriiiaiiy  on  the 
ato  l)i't\ve(n  the 
istiiK^t-  l)ivcd  toil 
itonstics,  sliapcs, 
)ori)i',tiiatinj:;-  this 
ioustitute  a  race 


Ml  <li.stiii('thrc('(lf< 
i!li  i!oni<'nclatint'; 
u'liaiso,  (.-))  (liar- 
iiu'liiic,  (10)  lln's 
L',  (It)   Liindaise, 


loric, 


III 


in  i'^ranco  l!i; 
tiian  as  traccalih' 
(i  animals,  wiijch 

Fiance. 

t  I  will  endeavor 
di  tiie  individual 


own. 


It  is  |)i 


oh- 


»rtli   Sea,  wliciici' 
il  Jiithind,  all  w- 


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Sllli 


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\nv 
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low 


the 

IKII 

llci 


FllANCE. 


241 


iiiiiikiihlo  (or  tlu'ir  milking  qnulitios.  Tlio  center  of  production  and 
icurin^oC  the  best  specimens  of  tiio  breed  '<Fliunan<lo"  is  in  the  de- 
part iiieiits  of  tin',  nortii  of  Fnince,  in  the  ri<'ii  pastures  of  Borgucs, 
Diuikirk,  C!iissei,  IJailieul,  Ihizebrouek,  and  Lilh'. 

We  meet  with  less  numerous  herds,  nuu-e  or- less  distinct  and  pure, 
ill  IJoiilonniiis  (termed  Uoulonnaiso),  in  Artois  (Artesienue),  in  tho  de- 
piU'tiiK-iits  of  the  SoiMMie,  ()ise,  and  Aisne  (there  tcirnied  "Picarde"), 
uiioii  the  borders  of  tho  Sambro  (Maroillaise),  and  about  Bordeaux 
(Boideiaise),  The  iJretonne  breed  has  contributed  its  share  to  tho 
|iro(lii(;tioii  of  the  latter  variety  of  this  race. 

Ill  its  original  homo  there  are  two  varieties  of  this  breed,  tbat  of  the 
region  of  Hergues  and  that  of  Cassel. 

'fhe  vai'iety  of  Bergues,  or  Bergnenarde,  has  slightly  greater  length 
of  liorns,  is  tliicker  set,  and  is  adai)ted  to  iiittening  and  yielding  milk. 
It  is  carefnliy  maintained  for  both  pur[toses.  The  animals  reared  alxmt 
Cassel  are  (iiier  and  more  sought  for,  being  preferable  to  those  of  Ber- 
giics  fur  dairy  pnri)oses. 

JhsaiptioiL—nm  Fiamande  breed  is  essentially  valuable  for  the 
dairy,  and  incidentally  only  for  (bod,  and  is  not  ada]>ted  to  work,  and 
is  destined  to  predominate  in  the  dairies  of  the  northeast  of  France. 
I  will  therefore  more  i)arlicularly  describe  some  ol  the  peculiar  features 
of  the  cow  of  tliis  breed. 

The  head  of  a  good  cow  is  line,  of  conical  form,  rather  long;  the 
nape  of  the  neck  tiiinly  covered  with  hair;  the  horns  wide  apart,  lino 
throughout,  i)r()jecting  forward  and  <l()wiiward,  and  in  such  a  manner 
that  ill  some  animals  they  bend  back  i-ud  loneh  tlie  forehead;  they  arc 
small,  white  or  yellow,  with  black  tijs;  the  ear  is  blunt,  moderately 
large,  and  covered  with  tine  hair  ;  the  eyes  projeciting  and  black,  with  a 
mild  expression;  the  forehead  long,  and  ordinarily  narrow,  terminates 
in  a  snout  slightly  protruding,  of  black  or  iiiixed'color ;  tlie  neck  long 
and  thin;  the  brisket  is  prominent  and  well  hung;  the  withers,  well 
developed  in  the  best  ty|>es  of  Jiergues,  are  small  in  "ordiiiarv  specimens ; 
tho  line  of  the  back  is  straight,  with  a  slight  depression  "at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  back  with  the  loins,  <lue  to  the  separation  of  the  vertebra 

greater  strength  of  s|»iiie  and  loins  would  be  desirable;  tlie  hips,  often 
protruding,  measiiK^  between  one  another  from  L't  to  2(;  inches;  the 
buttocks  ai'e  equally  i)rominent  and  wide  apart;  the  base  of  the  tail  is 
low,  sometimes  a  little  raised  by  the  protrusion  of  the  sacrum,  of  which 
(lie  line  is  not  sullictiently  grounded  with  that  of  the  coccygeal  bones; 
the  tail  is  line  and  long,  terminating  in  a  thin  tnil  of  hair";  the  chest  is 
narrow  and  eonliiied,  and  the  ribs  rather  (hit  (tke  cattle  raised  in 
Beigues  and  Cassel  have  a  tendency  t'»  lose  these  defects);  the  belly  is 
of  moderate  size,  but  ample  towards  the  tiaiiks  and  mammary  region, 
of  which  the  loii,,s  are  well  developed  and  occasionally  forked  ;  the  bag 
large,  round,  olleii  of  a  brown  or  sjiotted  color,  aiid  well  hung;  tlie 
Icats  are  of  moderate  size,  covered  with  iiiie  skin  ami  soft  hair;  the 
slioiilders  lather  (lat  and  moderately  muscular;  tin;  hoofs  black;  h'gs 
liiil  and  the  buttocks  sometimes  depressed;  the  coat  r«'ddish  brown, 
ordinarily  of  deeper  tint  towards  the  head,  and  sometimes  there  ai>- 
peais  on  the  Hanks,  on  the  head,  and  especially  on  the  cheek,  white  or 
siteck.cd  sj.ots.awd  these  are  (•onsidcred  signs'of  juire  blood.  Many  of 
(his  lireed  are  found  in  i'landers  <»f  bright-red  color  or  <leei»  bro'wn, 
olhcis  roan,  but  the  reddish  brown  is  <onsidered  the  tyi>e  of  the  race. 
Ihe  trails  sought  for  by  the  breeders  of  this  race  in  the  cow  are  tliose 
winch  would  indiciite  an  aptitude  lor  milking,  without  an  inclination 
lor  latteiiing;  a  certain  harmony  of  furiit,  a  litlh-  gaunt  rather  than  too 
il.  Ex.  51 K; 


242 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


mu(;li  rounded ;  a  bou.v,  wall  developed  frame,  giving  size  to  the  body ; 
tlie  bind  quarters  relatively  more  developed  tliau  the  fore  quarters ;  tlic 
tlauks  large  and  deep,  joined  to  a  good-sized  and  weliniung  bag,  terini- 
nating  in  regular  teats,  with  skin  supple  and  soft,  rather  than  too  hue; 
a  head  with  little  flesh;-  a  lively  and  at  the  same  time  soft  expression  oi 
the  eye ;  in  short,  all  of  the  well-known  characteristics  which  present 
a  feminine  aspect  to  the  eye  of  an  expert. 

Milking  qualities.— TlxGve  are  Flamand  cows  yielding  'da  to  40  quarts 
of  milk  per  day.  This  yield  is  quite  exceptional ;  is  only  attauied  at  tlie 
expense  of  the  richness  of  the  milk,  or  to  the  great  injury  of  the  race 
itself.  In  the  Flamand  country  the  average  yield  of  a  good  cow  is 
about  2,040  quarts  per  year,  or  10  quarts  a  day  duriug  the  season  of 
pasturage  for  two  hundred  and  ten  days,  and  G  quarts  per  day  during 
the  season  of  winter,  and  remaining  dry  for  two  months. 

Weight.— The  weight  of  such  a  cow  is  about  1,000  to  1,200  pounds; 
size  at  the  withers,  53  inches;  at  the  croup,  55  inches  ;  the  length  from 
the  nape  of  the  neck  to  the  withers  is  5  feet  3  inches ;  from  the  withers 
to  the  level  of  the  joint  of  the  buttocks,  4  feet  9  inches  ;  the  head,  i>.7 
inches ;  the  circumference  of  the  body  behind  the  shoulders,  0  Jeet  3 
inches  ;  the  size  of  the  haunches,  2  feet  3  inches,  and  the  height  about 
2  feet  0  inches  from  the  ground.  ,.  ,  .    , 

Flamande  hull.— Tha  best  breeders  select  the  bulls  of  this  breed  f loin 
those  contrasting  with  the  cows  and  supplyii'g  the  deliciencies  of  tln' 
cow,  but  with  a  feminine  api>earance,  not  disiegarding  tlu^  signs  of  a 
vigorous  constitution.  Thus,  the  preference  is  given  to  bulls  wUh  ;i  low- 
hung  bodv  ;  tail,  loins,  and  thighs  muscular.  Experience  has  demon 
stiated  '  lie  success  of  this  method  of  improving  the  species. 

Itwiii  be  noted  that  in  this  description  of  a  race  reared  lor  its  lacteiil 
quail  lies  are  certainly  found  many  features  whicli  would  commeml  it  to 
the  butcher,  and  this  view  is  corroborated  by  the  lact  tliat  these  ani- 
mals are  highly  prized  by  the  consumer.  A  glance  at  the  bull  of  tiiis 
breed  corroborates  this  fact  and  indicates  clearly  tlu;  adaptability  of  tk 
race  for  fattening  purposes.  The  color  of  the  coat  is  of  a  deei)er  tint 
than  that  of  the  female;  the  head  sizable:  snout  line,  neck  moderately 
full ;  throat  and  dorsal  muscles  sufficiently  supplied  ;  shoulders  ratlar 
suiall;  the  body  raised  and  slightly  pointed;  delects  winch  yield  togodd 

treatment. 

The  weight  and  measurement  of  a  bull  of  this  race  aged  t  hirty  iiioiitlis, 
raised  in  the  department  of  the  north,  I  herewith  sulijoin  witli  cut. 

The  Flamand  ox  is  exceptional,  the  females  being  universally  numh 
the  few  oxen  are  raised  with  a  view  of  exhiL)itiiig  at  the  agrieuUiUiil 

fairs.  ,     ,  . 

The  Flamand  ox  hsis  been  utilized  at  the  beetroot  sugar  iiiaiHiliicl 
ories  of  the  north,  and  if  not  subjected  to  severe  labor,  they  fatten  read- 
ily on  the  refuse  of  these  factories. 

BREEDS   OE   SU15-FLAMAJNUS. 

In  traveling  on  one  side  from  Dunkirk  to  Boulogne,  Mont reuil,  ami 
Abbeville,  and  on  the  other  toward  Arras,  by  the  wny  of  Saint  Unicr. 
we  lind  modilications  in  the  racie  Flamande.  in  the  former  place  IIk' 
name  of  "  Boulonnaise"  is  given  to  tiie  subrace  and  that  of  '•Ailrs 
ienne"to  that  in  the  ancient  imtvince  of  Artois,  nlthoiigli  llicsc  iwn 
subraces  are  frequently  confouiid»'il  with  the  inol  her  race.  Tlic  siihran 
"l}oiilonnaise"isof  siiiallcrsi/.e  and  less  weight,  itsshaiu"  more  sleiidci 
and  angular,  while  tlui  bellv  and  Hanks  are  moie  luUy  (Ifvcloptil,  the 


size  to  the  body ; 
ovo  quiuters;  tlic 
:huiig  bag,  terini- 
ler  tbiiu  too  lint'; 
soft  expressiou  of 
ics  which  present 

ig  '6~i  to  40  quarts 
ly  attained  at  the 
ujiiry  of  the  rucc 
of  a  good  cow  is 
ug  the  season  of 
ts  i)er  day  duiiu^f 
:hs. 

to  1,200  pounds; 
;  tlie  length  from 

from  the  withers 
les  ;  the  head,  i).7 
houlders,  0  j'eet  '6 

the  height  about 

jf  this  breed  from 
leliciencies  of  tlii' 
ig  l\w  signs  of  a 
c)  bulls  with  iilow- 
•ieuce  has  demon 
s[)ecies. 

Lred  for  its  lacteal 
lid  coinniend  it  to 
ict  that  these  aiii- 
It  the  bull  of  tliis 
idaptability  of  tlif 
s  of  a  deei)er  tint 
',  neck  iiKMlerately 
;  shoulders  ratlier 
liich  yield  togodd 

;('d  thirty  iiioiitlis, 
l)joiu  witli  ciif. 
iniversally  raised; 
it  the  agricultural 

t  sugar  iiiaiHiracl- 
r,  they  fatten  read- 


ne,  Montreuil,  ami 
ay  of  Saint  Uiiicr, 
c  former  place  tlic 
id  that  of  '-Aiti s 
Ithougli  llicsf  iuii 
ra<!e.  Tlii'Siihiari 
;hapc  more  slendii 
dly  dcAclopeii,  till' 


i 


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is 


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0 
z 


'tfjii'  frffU- 


FRANCE. 


243 


croiip  iiiid  lo  .8  liirgo  and  loiui,  tlii^  uddrr  largo,  indicating  good  inillc- 
iiiM,  I  lie  liai  f(inally  rod  or  roddi-sli  brown,  and  tlio  body  noaror  tlio 
jri„iiii(I.  Tiio  (]nality  of  tlio  pastiinigo  and  llio  oaro  have  great  ettoot 
upon  ll)(!  sliapo  and  .size  of  (lu!  diirercnt  Kpocios, 

The  cattle  Itnyors  give  tlio  name  of  "  Moiirnaisionne  "  totlie  "  Doulon- 
iiiiiso"  raised  abont  Desvros,  Sanier,  Ilueqm  iters,  and  I'mgen,  nniall 
(listriclH  I'oiMierly  known  nnder  the  name  of  "  IJonriuii.s."  Under  tliiH 
lii'iul  is  fonnd  the  '•  Nam pon noise,"  the  variety  "Eonlonnaise"  oftlic 
iurondissement  of  Montrenil  as  well  an  of  the  valley  of  Authie,  derived 
lioin  Mani)ont,  a  village  situated  at  some  distance  from  the  mouth  of 
tills  river.  Toward  JJouIogne,  Manpiise,  and  Calais,  the  race  is  larger 
and  becomes  identified  with  the  pure  Flainand. 

The  subiace  Artesieune,  more  generally  wholly  conJined  to  pastur- 
ii^re,  which  often  becomes  scanty,  is  less  developed  than  the  cows  of 
Uvrgues,  and  even  of  Saint  Omer,  is  more  slender  and  smaller,  but  its 
constitution  is  less  lymphatic.  The  breeder  of  these  excellent  cattle  is 
)clii(!tant  to  cross  them  with  any  other,  and  fears  to  impair  their  milking 
(luallties,  which  have  not  been  improved  by  crossing  with  the  Durham, 
and  their  adaptation  to  fattening  is  unnecessary  to  develop.  It  is  said 
that  heifers  of  this  breed  occasionally  become  so  fat  as  to  remain  sterile. 

This  nice  includes  about  one  million  or  njore,  which  number  is  increas- 
ing, eonstitnting  about  one-twelfth  of  the  entire  cattle  of  France,  and 
of  this  number  four-lifths  are  found  in  the  eight  departments  of  France, 
beginning  at  the  north  and  comiirising  the  adjoining  districts.  The 
price  of  these  cattle  range  from  $130  to  $175,  according  to  age,  weight, 
iVi^;  some  animals  bring  $2(J0,  and  even  more.  Bulls  of  this  breed  are  in 
constant  demand  from  Holland  and  Belgium. 


THE  NORMANDY  BREED. 

The  origin  of  the  Norman  breed  seems  unknown,  in  fact  has  never 
been  traced.  It  is  considered  that  the  nature  of  the  soil  has  produced 
the  breed.  It  seems  to  have  changed  very  little  in  the  last  century  and 
is  very  remarkable.  The  center  of  production  of  this  Hue  breed  is  com- 
prised in  the  departments  of  Euro,  Manehe,  Calvados,  and  Orne. 

DLSTINCTIVE  CHARACTERISTICS  OF   THE   NORMANDY  BREED. 

The  distinctive  character  of  this  breed  is  an  unprepossessing  bonv 

fnniio,  loiigiind  heavy  head,  largo  snout,  a  largo  mouth,  such  as  isfounJl 

111  aiiiiiiiils  of  large  ai)petite;  sleek  horns,  often  short  and  twisted  for- 

wiiid  towards  the  forehead  ;  body  long,  backbone  presenting  bony  pro- 

tiilu'iiiiices  and  depressions  in  the  cows  advanced  in  ago;  neck  rehi- 

tivclystrong;  shoulders  muscular;  breast  rather  deep, often  contracted ; 

belly  large;  Hank  large  and  hollow;  hips  ordinaiily  slightlv  spread  by 

icoipiilence;  croup  small ;  rump  slightly  develojjod";  hind  jiart  narrow, 

■'  iMit  with  well-developed  and  well-formed  bag,  and  ordinarily  the  si-ns 

[of good  milking;  limbs  short;  skin  tiiick  and  hard,  showing  signs  of 

I  slow  gn>wth  ;  coat  variable  as  to  color,  brown,  roan,  and  red,  or  i)iebal(l ; 

never  lails  to  present  brown  streaks  scattered  over  the  surface  of  the 

i  body.    This  has  given  rise  to  the  term  "  brindled." 

VARIETIES  OF  THE  NORMANDY  BREED. 

This  breed  has  varieties  more  or  loss  distinct.  In  Contentiu  and 
ll.cssni  which  extends  from  Oherbonrg  and  Lisienx,  comprising  Va- 
llognes,  Caieutan,  and  Isigny,  a  country  which  is  celebrated  for  its  but- 


244 


CATTI.K   AND   DAIRY    FAKMINO. 


;i 


il;;;;:t;;;i'"i;:';;.'-  ■  i-"  !:-■ "'- 1-"-"-  ^^  "■'"""■  ■■"  '■""■" 

might  1h'  iiiiiu'cessiirily  coiiIuschI. 

TlIK  MILKING  QUALITIES  OF  TUE  NOUMANDY  15UEE1). 
no  cl.i.n  is  made  for  this  broeil,  an.l  (.spe.-iall.y  those*  cliMio.ninaU.l 

.c!oiUti;:;'M;uuK.v..-ethcm.tn^^ 

"'^'  '1"^'.'"  *'"•  „u  .  H  miTru  .  thov  have,  lu'i-n  known  to  inocluc.  ;l(l 
"ir;';'  ''^rh.'     '■  •     ■  or      ill  i^  ahom  ;5,<K.O  qna.ts  i>cM-  year, ,. 

.piarts.  1'"''^^^'''",^.;;,";^',.  ihi.  Khunaml  race.  Unloilnnati'ly  it  isii 
,,,.„a  the  ■^''''^^' f ,/  f  *  .,  en  t  t  .o.lnetion  .>f  n.ilk  is  na  i„. 
nu-t  well  leeo-ni/ed  >>  '''  ''•^' ^"^  '^ /.'I'-iitv  of  nui.ishin-  butter,  ami 
verse  proportion  )<; 't^^;::''';;:  j^^  , :'    i  ^    m^  of  the  Norn-luuly 

i,  ,„s  been  ->='V';  J  '•     i  on    Is   ^^     ut  er  (    kih.^ran.),  while  it  is  ealcu- 

iMre.l  j.nu  nee.l   i''    V;.'*         tVof  u    k  would  sulliee  ordinarily  to  n.iik,. 

ated  that  tro.M  -'.>  to  Ji  (piaits  ot  '','''','   ^^,  ,,  ,,„^„,,^_  ■..  ...^  „,....,„ 


I,,,,l  t,„(,  ,Vo,n  lio  t;> -' ;i;|'":f ;;:  ^ii^ii^iriiiiowi)  .luarts,  if  the  creiij 

ti^-uk  r'beau:.';oiAne.Vii. '  ;--i^  -^^  1^^  '•'--  '^ ''-  "-■■ 

^''•n^t'::t"a'f;uted.5.u..hl.^^^^^ 

^'•^'^r'^tl:lt^;;^'  :;;;v;;s  .^^'  i^^^  '•':  -*  ^'-/)^' 

exeeptionable  unlk.  ^^^^^^  ^^^,^^,^,,^_ 


Tl...  batter  of  Munv  is  undeniably  as  -ood  us  the  w.uld  i.ro.lum. 
sn.alladistriet.     ii^ue  ei,  this  is  not     s  m  h.itter  of  Isi. 


on 
sn 


fair  butter  elsewhere. 

THE  NOmiANDY   AS  MJUT  (BATTLE. 
The  ra.-e  N<u-M,ande  furnishes  many  of  the  '^'''^^-t  'un.nals  loM^^ 


(•iimrlvsiUI*^  lor  i  < 
klu'ii  it  islouiid  ill 
I'liris  iiiiuki't  iin^ 
,''  li()u«'Vtr,  to  iill 
Kii'scs,"  "Auficroii 
xplaiii,  iis  bii.yi'is 


•Y  nuEEi). 

Iiosti  (U'liominatiil 
the  \vorl»l.  How- 
^  iidiiiiniblc  milk- 
i(iy  wliiili  j,'iv(',  .M 

own   lO  l)10(lU(!(!  ")() 

iiaits  i>L'i'  your,  w 
libit miiitt'ly  it  i.sii 
n  of  mill;  is  nil  in- 
isliinj;  butter,  and 
of  tlu'  Normaiuly 
),  while  it  is  calcii 
ordinarily  to  iiiiiki' 
larts,  if  tho  cri'iim 
puirts  if  the  crt'iim 

[\  iibovo  fifiuros,  us 
I  till'!  iiatnro  of  tins 
iinistanci's,  siudi  as 
It  is  adiiiittt'd  In 
11;  do  not  ^'ivc  tlm 
I'lf,  th(^  varioty  Co 
;  1  iilo,  and  ))r<.Mliim 
ly  iiqiiaiitity  of  mi- 


lie  world  iirodiicts. 
iHiiy  is  iiimiKill.vniii 
I'  t'v«'ii  -7  <iii;irls  |u'r 
I  be  filbiildiis  t(irsn 
all  the  bntlcrcalkil 
the  butter  ol'  lsij;iiy 
if  patriotism,  lor wc 
the  iloUaiiilcrssiiv 
leir  admirable  nins 

',  ami  proc  fds  imiii 
•;.  and  skill  and  raic 

often  fiirnisliesoiily 


jri'st  animals  lor  i 
in;;   1,!»70    kilo);Ta!iis| 
iof  ucL  meat  iunll:'J! 


o 

c 

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I 

In 

IN 

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lo 
In 
In 
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In 


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r 
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3) 
2 
> 

z 
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n 
o 

X 


m 


:''^;fJOTft...y|.Ms 


o 

c 

33 
I 
> 

2 

(/) 

n 

I 

i 

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o 

33 

> 

z 
o 
m 

■a 

X 
N 

n 
o 


13 

r 
m 


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1       i 

!   1 

1 

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1  - 

1 

i 

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t 

11 

1 

■  i 

M 

1 

L  1^ 

■i 

FRANCE. 


245 


kilojjrams  (275  poinidts)  of  int.  Aiiotlior  of  these  inonstrons  ammala 
weii^lied  4,185  pounds,  and  measured  2>"  45''"',  or  8  feet,  at  tlio  withers, 
mid  2"'  97""',  or  9  feet  U  inches,  from  the  head  to  the  base  of  the  tail. 

Their  comparative  aptitude  for  work  is  very  sligfht,  a  small  pair  of 
Gascon,  Bandois,  or  de  Salers  oxen  would  soon  tire  out  these  huge  Co- 
leiitines. 

The  meat  of  this  breed  is  highly  esteemed  in  regard  to  quality,  but 
the  small  proportion  of  net  weight  of  meat  and  the  great  proportion  of 
hoiK*  (of  make  weight)  is  <|nite  striking.  Many  attempts  have  been 
made  to  overcome  this  diflicidty  Avithout  interiering  with  the  extraor- 
dinary milking  qualities  of  the  breed,  but  with  very  indilferent  success, 
and  the  breeders  rest  content  with  the  oxen  which'  they  have,  knowing 
that  in  the  best  dairy  races  the  ox  is  secondary. 

THE  DURIIAM-SOIIWlTZNOiilMANn. 

There  seems  no  good  reason  why  the  cross  of  the  typ^<le  Schwitz, 
which  has  been  fre(iuently  tried,  siiould  improve  the'l)reed.  In  the 
()l)iMion  ol"  Norman  bleeders  (he  v.wx^  Coteiitine  is  tiie  best  for  milk  to 
i»e  found  in  I'iiirope,  the  ra(!e  S(!witz  could  not  improve  it  in  that  re- 
spect, and  it  is  not  woikUuI'uI  in  iis  jnoduct  of  meat. 

Tluj  half-breed  has  been  again  ciossed  with  the  Durham,  and  given 
rise  to  a  new  race,  termed  the  "Durham  Schwitz-Normand." 

Many  rather  remarkable  specimens  of  this  type  have  been  exhibited. 
Tiieircliaia<'.ters  were  thos(M)f  the  Durham,  with  less  fineness  of  bone 
and  skin.  This  new  race  seems  lo  liav<',  no  advantage  over  the  cross- 
breed of  the  DiiriiaiM  and  Normand.  The  amelioration  of  the  vaco, 
Norinaiide,  in  vi(>\vof  its  chief  aptitude,  can  ..nly  be  obtained  by  seh-c- 
tion. 

TlIK   JJRITTANY   UIIEET). 

Tiie  race  Ibctonne  occui)ies  nearly  exclusively  the  live  departments 
wliii^h  are  comprised  in  the  ancient  inovincc  of  liretagiie,  consisting  of 
tli(^  (IcparlnientsOotes-dn  Nord,  l''iiiist«'ie,  Morl»ihan,  lioire  Inferieure, 
llleet-Vdaine.  I'.retagne  i)osKe.sses  only  one  race  of  cattle,  the  race 
Kretonne— strange  coinitidence  in  France,  whert^  each  ])rovince  num- 
bers many  breeds  among  its  stcxik  of  cattle.  Tiiis  breed.,  is  very  nu- 
merous and  containsabout  1,5(U>,0()0  head  of  cattle,  or  about  one-eighth 
of  all  the  cattle  of  France. 

It  luvscnls  varied  develo])ments  according  to  the  fertility  and  culti- 
vation of  tiie  soil  where  it  is  found,  but  everywhere  is  foiUKl  sonu!  type 
that  indicates  its  origin  from  the  de|)ar(ineiit  of  Morbihan 

'     s  a. 


0//////(,— Various  origins  are  given  to  the  race,  su(!h  as  that  it  i 


degradation  of  the  race  Ilollandaisc  ;  (hat  it 


came  (ioni  the  Indies,  on 


accuniit  of  its  similarity  (o  (he  milch  cows  in  tiie  neighborhood  of  P>oi 
(leaiiN,  whicli  are  supposed  (o  have  had  such  an  origin,  i\;c.  The  best 
authorities,  iiowever,  agree  that  (he  race  IJordelaise,  as  (his  race  is 
termed  in  the  ncighboihood  of  IJordeanx,  and  which  resemble  the  Hol- 


land 


iiise  race,  is  nothing  but    tlie  race   liretomie    i 


means  of  more  abundant  and  substantial  food. 


noK!  developed  by 


Ch 


<ir<irtir!.stirs.~T]\v  ancient  race  I'.ietoniie  is  pie  black  or  black  in 
colnr.  Tiic  cow  may  l»e  described  as  having  a  iilack  sium',  sometimes 
mottled,  rarely  v.liile,  whiic  (he  incmiiiaiie  whieh  stiiroiiiids  (li(>  tongue 
is  always  white,  wliich  is  distinguishing  mark.  Taken  altoge(her7lio 
iiiiimalsof  ihis  i>i('ed  wcaild  be  classt  d  as  follows:  Thick' set,  often 
iniind  measuring  at   the  withers  (Vom  ;!  jeet  2  inches  tu  ;{  feet  Vt  inches; 


246 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


five  hriL'ht  •  bead  short,  line,  and  small ;  l.orn.s  ordi.mrily  tine  and  wliit,, 
Stbeteie  black  at 'the  oxtre.nities,  varying,  bowcvcr,  and  an> 
^in^,^black  or  yellow,  or  entirely  black  tlu-onghouNw^^ 
type  of  borns  i^g-atly  osUvmumI  ;^  u-^a^^ 

S^^SS'^^mpa^nSb  its  beiV^.  and  ;;;!::;in,rt  and  s,naU  ne<^  an.i 
mtle  ears  the  bcLl  perfectly  detaebe.l ;  little  or  no  dewlap  is  n..  ..■..,. 
lie  tTe  witlu'is  and  back  a.e  ....  tbe  san.e  line;  some  iiave  these  parts 
ri'ebUtlu^  are  often  projecting;  above  all,  the  n.amnulh.ry  vTins 
Sln^ai     flexible,  and  no  French  race  presents  n.oro  n.arked  typo 


of  good  milkers. 


OARE   OV  CATTLE   IN  BRITTANY. 


This  rice  is  .so  nei-lected  in  its  home  that  it  mijibt  be  almost  sai.l  to 
provide  tbritself;    The  bnlls  are  few  and  young  and  the  cows  ar. 

'" tI^c  S.^'l^^mtespecial  care  ;  dnring  the  winter  they  have  son.. 

h-iv  or  stra^  g he"  them  in  the  n.orning,  before  they  are  sent  out  npou 

\^Ln.lt.n  so  obtain  the  complement  of  their  rations;  while  ex- 

uieagei  pas  u  cs  J^  ol^^tan    n  t  ^^  ^^^^^^^^^^^  sustenauc". 

i;i;';eserve  ml"  t  is  iS  this  cause  that  the  breed  is  in  such  a  loan 
!:^/uimon  .ht  it  is  proof  positive  that  its  nat.ve  qualities  must  bo 

^•^:^Stf J  ^.Snl^erlm^ugl;  ^nuly^htl^  usually  betbi.  Le 

Sout ^1?  m  e  £  Sth  of  llnie.  At  the  ag.>  of  iive  to  six  years  tins  l.an 
.iDout  tilt  '^'  ""i^'^''^  ,,  ,     ejideavors  for  about  two  months  to  put 

f -""in  Z^V^  then  he'ms  e  o  \  le  hands  of  a  tburtli,  ami  not  un- 
ft";  ,d  y'  o'a  Mh  bl^r'he  is  ready  ibr  his  hist  trip  which  is  to  tl. 
1-iir      It  would  be  diflieult  to  push  division  ot  labor  larthei 

^•^';;  the^  home  it  is  rare  to.^-l  ;|;- ; 'l^  ^ISd  obslJ^':  !on  si!:;: 

^d  ^olSy  kttene.1.     ^''^'-eigMc.'^tlH;  cow  o    this  breed  ,s  hon. 
;j3()  to  440  pounds,  and  an  ox  liom  T)..!)  to  ,  H)  pounds. 
THE  BRITTANY  COW  AS  A  MILKER. 

The  avera-e  (luantitv  of  milk  is  fiom  1,400  liters  to  1  S'J."^  liters  (1  54L' 
to  1  P>S  ,  uar  s)  thatVs  to  say,  an  av.'iage  of  fn.m  4  to  .  liters  (t-^ 
to  ^-'-'^'l"'"  '^  '  (>„,,si,ier  ,  ,r  the  size  of  the  animal,  its  usmil  scaut\ 
X.?:^rJtb;<:^nsil:;"da:'v;^od  return  Tlu^ianners<d;M,....;.^ 
when  asked  whether  their  <..ws  are  good,  re,.lN,  '  ^,V;  * '  ;^.>^  , ,, 
po  nds,  that  one  (>  pounds,  and  the  other  7  ix.unds  '  Ihej  iiu.ui  tii.it 
such  a  cow  gives  such  an  amount  of  butter  per  week. 

IMPROVEMENT  OF   THE  BRITTANY  BREED. 

The -ittempt  has  been  made  to  iminove  this  breed  by  crossing  witi, 
latter  case  resulted  oiiiy  m  prodiieiiig  .i  less  «iui«  \  i!< ' ,       - 


ly  tiiio,  iind  wliito 
lowcvcr,  iviui  arc 
lilt,  wliic.h  Uittn' 
leiif^tli  aii«l  wizo, 
1  tho  8lionl(U'i'  to 
idsiiKiU  nock  iiiid 
owlap  is  noticf;) 
liiivci  llicsc  ]taits 
iiainniilliiry  veins 
1010  luarked  tyi)o 


lu>,  almost  said  to 
iid  tlu",  cowft  aiv 

*r  tlioy  have  .some 
aro  stMit  out  upon 
•atioiis;  wliilo  ox- 
iioufjh  sustouaueii 
I  is  in  such  a  loan 
jualitios  must  \w, 

usually  before  Le 
in  untillieisaliont 
vho  works  liiui  for 
six  years  thislciin 
;\vo  niontlis  to  i)Ut 
burtli,  and  not  un 
ij),  which  is  to  tlio 
artlier. 

(;ondit  ion,  but  this 
observation  shows 
they  <'an  be  readily 
this  breed  is  tVoiii 


3  1,825  liters  (1,512 

4  tor.  liters  (4,=',;  Id 
lal,  its  nsualsciiiily 
riners  <»f  Morbihiiii, 
■'This  one  jj;ivcs  4 
"  They  mean  tli;it 
k. 

lEED. 

h\  by  crossiii}?  willi 

•  ease  was  {iO'"1) '"' 

without  an  oquiilly 

the  proibu^t  in  tlic 

ce,  of  a  little  hia'fV 

id  the  amolionitiiiii 
ultural  amelioMilmii 


m 

3) 

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IMlANCf'.. 


247 


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()i  tin- liiiid.  li  is  iiicdiilcstiiM*^  Mint  (1hi  race  lirt'toiiiio  is  tlio  most  (juipt 
and  liiinl.v  ol'  all  kiiuwii  nnu's,  can  citiiti'iit  itself  on  K-ss  while  >;iviii{^  a 
relatively  lii;,'li  letiirii.  If  is  calenlaled  that  a.  cow  ot  this  breed  will 
<;ive  a  pound  of  iiiilli  ii<;h  In  bntter  lor  each  pound  of  hay  eonsniiied; 
Iheic  is  no  olliei'  wliieh  will  yield  a  Kke  (piantity  with  less  than  IVoni 
two  to  three  tiuu-s  the  (jnantily  of  (bod.  Ayain,  W(^  nuist  consider  that 
this  rich  milk  is  prodnct'd  under  circnmstiuicos  where  others  would 
starve.  It  has  been  jnstly  styled  the  " raco  IJretomie,"  useful  totlio  rich 
inid  the  i>rovid(Uic(^  of  the  jioor. 

Tin;  PAllTIIENAISR  liUEED. 

The,  name,  of  "  racu^  Parthenaise"  is  applied  to  desifjiiate  tliedinerent 
varieties  of  ii  ])erfeclly  homojjeneouH  breed  found  upon  the  shores  of 
the  ocean  from  the  month  of  llio  Loire  to  that  of  the  (linmde. 

These  varietii's  assunn^  ditlerent  names  in  diflerent  localities,  and 
present  tnodifications  ])ecidiar  to  tlie  nature  of  tho  soil,  treatment,  and 
other  economical  conditions,  without  altering  tho  general  character- 
istics of  the  race. 

in  the  Loire  Inferienre  they  are  (tailed  "race  Nanlaise;'"  in  Toitou, 
"nice  roirevine;"  in  the  neigid)orhood  of  Cholet,  "Ch;>letiiise;"  "  Ven- 
dccnnc"  in  the  Vi'iide  ;  "(latinaise"  or  "  IJocngo"  in  the  eo(nitry  known 
under  the  name  of  (Jatine  or  I'.octage  ;  and,  lastly,  "Maraicthiiie"  on  (he 
.shores  of  the  ocean  and  tho  marshes  of  Saintonge.  IJut  (In^  parent 
slock  is  that  raised  in  r>ocage,  an  extension  of  tho  granite  reef  which 
('onus  the  t,vi't'ater  ])art  of  the  jieninsular  of  liretagne,  extending  along 
liocage  and  the  most  wooded  parts  of  the  west. 

niARAOTEUrSTKlS   OF  TIIF.   I'AinilEN.irSE   IHIEED. 

The  breed  of  I'arthenay  has  a.  large  and  (lat  forehead,  shor(  head,  the 
chanfrein  straight  and  snout  large;  th(^  lioins  are  long  and  tapeiing, 
white  at  the  base  and  black  at  (ho  oxtremities;  (he  ne<'k  is  short  ami 
innscidar.  the  dewlap  of  moderat(^  size,  a  little  (hick;  shoulders  long  and 
ninscular;  widiers  long  and  low;  chest  deej);  ribs  often  (iat  and  low; 
line  of  (he  ba(;k  straight;  h-ins  large;  haunches  wide  a|)art;  croup 
horizontal  and  well  inrnished  with  muscles;  tail  deep  set;  thighs  well 
muscled  and  straight;  foini  nearly  ii  wiuaro  with  the  projection  of  the 
liiimu'hcs ;  limbs  are  short  but  strong,  at  the  joints  large,  but  veiy 
slrai^ilit.  Til','  aniaials  of  this  breed  are  heavy,  slow,  but  tenacious, 
rolinst,  and  good  workeis.  The  ordinary  size  varies  from  ~>  feet  0  inches 
to  .')!'('(•(  II  inclies.  When  fattened  they  I'oadily  attain  1,1(10  pounds, 
live  weij^Iit.  Tlnir  skin  is  nearly  as  lim^  and  soft  as  that  of  the  litthi 
nice  i{rol(.:i!ie,  and  indicates  their  a])tirmle  for  fattening.  The  oidy 
(dlor  admitted  for  these  animals  is  yellowish  brown,  slighly  varied,  as 
it  is  sometimes  j)aler,  and  again  approaclu's  (daret  (loloi-.  The  young 
animals  at  birth  are  brown,  whic^h  changes  as  they  dovolop  into  a  lighter 
lint. 

Till',    I'ARTIIENATSE   AS   MILKERS   AND   MEAT   <'ATTI/E. 


P 


The  cattle  of  this  breed,  under  (he  names  of  "Choledns,"  '-Xaidais," 
>n-  "Parthenais,"  contribute  hugely  to  the  supply  of  (he  city  of  Paris, 
iiiid  vary  in  weight,  a(!cording  (o  age,  &.c.,  frtim   l,7.~t(>  (o  L',!';")**  pounds. 

The  race  is  not  |)re(roci()Us,  but  at  the  abattoirs  of  Paris  butchers  (old 
me  that  they  preferred  them  to  tho  more  piecocious  breeds.     The  cow.s 


-% 


248 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


;iinp 


III 


of  this  breed  are  smaller  in  size.  Tlio.  rows  in  somo  parts  are  coiisijiiK.d 
entirely  to  (lio  duties  of  maternity,  suul  the  least  ivossiblc  amount  lor 
the  useof  the,  household  is  aloiio  taken  from  it.  There  are  found,  how- 
ever  amoni^  them  some  good  milkers,  notably  of  the  variety  Maraiehiijo. 
The  net  returns  of  the  produefc  of  meat  are  more  than  average ;  tlic 
quality  is  fine,  and  the  capacity  for  work  constitute  thus  race  amontj 
the  first  rank  of  the  French  breads. 

TUE  CnAEOLAISE  BKEED. 

The  race  Charolaise  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant races  of  France,  It  is  precocious,  vigorous  in  wovk  snid  excellnit 
for  meat  The  cow  has  never  been  remarkabh^  lor  its  nuHung  qualities. 
The  name  given  to  this  breed  of  "  Oharolais"  or  "  Nivernais-Cniarohiis'' 
is  identified  with  the  name  of  the  pla(!C  of  its  origin,  and  '•  Niveiiiius" 
peroetuates  the  name  of  the  department  where  this  race  today  has  its 
center  of  development,  and  where  the  linisbing  touches  Lave  been  put 

"^The' Charolais  has  b(!en  termed  the  Durham  of  the  French  race,  mid 
it  has  in  a  less  develcH^ed  degree  the  i)iominent  characteristics  ot  that 
breed,  so  that  a  description  of  t  liar  well-known  breed  would  answer  ioi 
thisone  The  same  lightness  of  head,  line  skin,large  haunches,  sti  :u<;bt 
line  of  back, and  short  legs  are  found  in  t!:e  oiio  as  m  the  other.  1  n  1  he 
Durham  however,  the  bones  are  small,  the  legs  are  slim,  and  the  ani- 
mal is  totally  unfit  for  work,  while  the  Charolais,  of  firmer  hones  and 
strong  legs, 'is  well  fitted  for  the  work.  The  Charolais,  is  at  the  saino 
lime  suitable  for  work  and  valuable  for  the  butc  ler.  liiially,  tho 
Durham  demands  abundant  and  substantial  nourishment  aiid  pcnim 
iient  stabling,  while  the  Charolais,  in  contrast,  is  far  moiv  hard.v.  bvcs 
aiKl  (lirivesupon  herbage,  and  is  only  stabled  during  Ihe  most,  i.iclcniciit 
portion  of  the  season.  Nevertheless  there  exists  an  allin.ty  bctwHMi 
these  two  races  which  assures  success  in  ciossing  them,  but  only  in  in- 
creased precocity  in  fattening.  ,     ^  .,        .   -  .,    •         , , 

The  breeding  with  Ilerefovds  proved  a  failure,  iiiinring  their  (pialitics 
for  work,  and  rendering  them  morr  exacting  in  cpiality  and  quantity 
of  food,  and  on  the  whole  less  robust.  A  constitution  of  resisting  c<.iitii- 
.vi„us  diseases  is  peculiar  to  this  breed.  The  cows  fatten  more  readily 
than  the  oxen.  These  tnittle  are  brought  into  this  region  in  large  miin- 
bers  to  fit  for  the  butcher. 

THE   LITVIOTTSINE  llREl'.D. 

■  Those  who  have  examined  the  race  Limousine  in  Limousin  attest  tiic 
wonderful  change  that  intelligently  directed  care  has  cllected  in  llio 
iunelioration  of  this  breed.  At  the  recent  (air  at  Pans,  where  I  cnniilHl 
17  cattle  of  this  breed  among  a,  total  of  .'WL',  they  compared  lavori.bly 
with  any  on  exhibition,  and  the  butchers  said  that  the  net  ivtnnis  ot 
meat  were  very  large,  being  from  (!«  to  O'J  per  cent. 

The  ll.nousines  of  the  mountains  are,  on  the  contrary,  ol  sinall  size. 
1.  udv  and  vield  at  the  abattoirs  only  moderate  returns.  It  is  said  m 
the  cattle,  as  of  the  inhabitants,  tiiat  d.-stiny  imp<ds  tlxMn  to  emigiiitc 
Immigration  has  caused  I  he  improvement.  The  Limousin  ox  has  a  v.l.nv 
eoatri.aler  on  the  inuev  side  of  the  limbs;  large  ye!  ow  herns  win. 
.lese.ribe  a  semi<'ircle;  large,  bright,  mild  eyes;  moderale-si/ed  li  . 
the  neck  well  pr.iportion<"d  to  the  rest  of  the  body,  he  dewlaps  i;t!li!^ 
mnrly  tothegi-cuud;  hannehes  well  formed;  hank  low;  thigiis  rouii.l; 


tsare  cousij^iicd 
dblc  amount  Ibr 
are  foutul,  how- 
i(>ty  Maraichiiic 
in  averago;  tlic 
bliis  race  ainoii}; 


the  most  impor- 
■k,  and  oxrcllciit 
lilUing  qualities, 
rnaistniai'olais" 
ind  "  Niv'cniais" 
30  today  lias  its 
;8  Lave  Imhm)  put 

?reucli  race,  and 
Bteristics  of  that 
vould  answer  ibv 
innclios,  strai<;bt 
lio  other.  In  the 
lini,  and  the  aui- 
rmer  hones  and 
H,  is  at  tlic  same 
T.  Finally,  tho 
nent  aiid  imtuki 
nore  liardv,  lives 
le  most-  iiicleiiieiit 
adiuity  hetweeii 
n,  hut  only  in  in- 

ng  their  (pialities 
ity  and  qnantity 
»i"  resistinj;'eoiitii- 
ton  more  readil.v 
ioji  in  lari:(^  niiiii- 


mousin  attest  tiic 
lis  cUected  in  llic 
;,\vlioro  I  ctsniilHl 
ni>ared  lavorabiy 
he  net,  retains  of 

iry,  ol'  small  size. 
rns.  It  is  said  di 
them  to  eiiii;;iiit(', 
-;iii  ox  has  a  velio"' 
Uo'.v  I'.isn'.s.  which 
ilorale-si/etl  iieiitl. 
1)0  <lewla|»s  l;t!lL!!^- 
)\v;  Ihigiisroiiiidi 


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FRANCE. 


249 


« 

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(V/./.. 


sl.in  hir^ro;  pod  f,„,f;  ^roo.l  ffaif,  a..,!  ...hv  inovc.nonf.     Tlmv  dooilifv 

try.     Ho  r(..riv,.,s  bHU-r a  ,  r om      r'^^^^^^^      V  ?•  ""■ 

nnMlevoloiunl;  tlK'anin.al^r    vsM.lthi^^^^^^^^^ 

•iooiliry  oC  ti.(>  (.x<.n.     TIh>v  m    sSn  str  Un    1       w^?' n  'T'"'"'^  *''^^ 

,.;t.<lK>Ku.aU.stn.tnnNVonUl.;',n;;;;^^^ 

oiittl..,   t.s  nof  .jnnsnal  to  s,-,.  a  <.„!  clraAvn  by  thro.   <  •  f  ,  r  m  i  s  of 

oxen  wliic.licoiild  lie  moved  l)y  oiio  pair.  ' 

Tlie  cows  work  in  tiioir  lioiiios  in  (Iir>  innmif.Mnu   ,...  i  ■  < 

nptl.o  Ii^l.t  soil  upon  wl.iolnMorl  1  \.v  "  ^Z^I  m^'  "s  1?  ^"V 
anK„  eratc  milkor,  not  oqual  to  .Imsc.:.!"  Uu' h  vc  t/sln.^  ,  ^n;:^ 
111-  liic  iin},dd)onn->-  mounlains.     Some  aftcniDts  !■  vVl       .  .     V  '?' 

(Jascon.  Tiic  n-suit  of  tl.o  ionner  was  i  .o^,  K  !  .'  V  '"'"''.  '""' 
n.  work,  and  with  tho  <>tlK.rs  IkJc^^  o.hm  of  ,f  "^  h^  i mTull'V'"' 
ofjiicat  value  to  the  jmre  breed.  «lo<,ilit  \  w  |ju:ii   is 

rilK  MANOELLK  llIiKET). 


A  sliortcut  was  discovered  to  u(ili/e   thi^  i-.-  .  i.,.  -i       i      •        • 

i:r  ^z. '"""  '"'•■■ « '^  -  -Iv^t;,:;^,;:;;::;:-!;;;-,  ■:,-;' 

.:.r';;;::"pr:!:;^ri;;:,';t^^::;;;'S;;;:;r-!,:;;7i;^ 

'•■suits  an<i  .lire e      1  , '     't,.';'''V   '''•''*'■''''''  ""•'  ^^"''  ■^"•'''   ''='PI>V 
nuny  years  :,,les,.  ''' "'   '•'■"•'•'  '="^""   '•>•  I'-se  ealtle  l' u- 

'".  "on,  <„.  „.  .  .  p,,  ,,,„.^  ,,,,„,,,^  ,..,,,,,  ..  ,^,^^  ^^^  .,^1^^^^  pnuudsrat'  three 


AND   DAIRY    FARMING. 

j't'siTH  ten  iiioiillis  of  a}i»\    Tlic  I)niliiiiii-Mjm('»>iinx  must  luMMHisidcnd 
one  of  tUe  most  Viiliuihli^  bict'ds  wliicU  FraiKH'  possoases  lor  food. 

THE  OOMTOISR  BRKED. 

Amotijj  tlio  many  mixed  races  of  the  noi'theust  of  France  is  roiind  u 
fixed  and  mimeroiis  breed  nanietl  the  "race  ('omtoise."  These  have 
tliree  didereiit  varieties,  known  as  "Tonraelie,"  "  Fenu^lin*',''  and  '•  r.ivs. 
sane."  They  ocrcnpy  tlie  niounlaiiioiis  parts  of  the  east  of  I''iinice,  Irom 
tiie  Vosfics  to  the  Alps,  the  vaUeys  of  the  basin  of  the  Saone,  and  the 
department  of  Ain. 

Tlie  variety  Touraclie  tends  to  disajtpear.  Its  continual  mixtiiiv 
with  the  Swiss  races  serves  daily  to  eUaco  the  tyjui  more  and  iiiorc, 
The  proprietors  of  the  ri(!h  j)astiira}xes  of  the  Jura  have  lou},'  been  in 
theiiabitof  h>aning  to  the  Swiss  4,()()0  to  5,000  cows  for  the  siiiiiiii,.| 
season,  at  810 per  head.  This  jierioilittal  emi<,'ration  has  been  the  niciuis 
of  infusing'  mucli  Swiss  blood  into  the  i)ure  breed.  This  renders  ilii. 
study  of  this  variety  useless,  in  the  local  fairs  the  three  vuiicties  an 
classed  toj^ethei' as  Condoise,  alihonj^h,  for  reasons  sliown  above,  tin. 
Toura<die  is  fast  disai)peariny;  the .  IJressaiu^  is  formed  of  vaiialil, 
elements;  the  Femelino  alone  prescmts  a  satisfactory  type  of  a  vaw.. 

THE  FEMELINE  UllKED. 

The  race  Feineline  has  a  li^ht  brown  coat,  head  small  and  iiaiiow, 
eyes  set  near  the  horns,  solt  and  mild  air,  fine  horns,  slim  neck,  small 
eiirs,  sin.dl  dewlap,  line  lind)s,  the  ribs  well  rounded,  bones  sulliciciilh 
liniit,  skin  Ihin  and  loose  at  the;  shoukb'r,  which  indiiiates  an  apliiiidi 
f()r  fattcninji-.  The  Fenieline  ox  is  docile,  (piick  in  his  movements,  lia, 
a  fair  ajttness  for  fattening',  and  is  a  favorite  with  the  butchers. 

T!ie  liusl)andinan  keejjs  his  oxen  till  si-ven  or  ei{.jht  years  ulii;i'. 
then  jjutstliem  in  t!ie  stables  for  three  or  four  months,  and  partiiiilv 
fattens  them  by  feedinji'  tiiem  with  the  after-grass,  ])otatoes.  and  tiniiii^, 
rook«'d  and  mixed  with  rye  flour,  maize,  and  even  with  wheat  of  in 
ferior  quality,  diluted  in  watet :  lu^  also  gives  them  some  rapesecil 
cakes.  Jle  then  s<'lls  them  to  drovers,  who  sfipply  Lyons,  Cote  d'O], 
and  even  Paii-^.  The  tiguresofthe.se  aiuiual  sales  are  IVom  .s,(i(ioiii 
10,00()  animals,  at  an  average  i»rice  of  about  $80  pei'  head.  Tliin 
weight  is  from  Ot!0  to  S80  })ounds,  and  t'le  perc«Mitag(^  of  mt  iih>;ii 
«)ften  rises  to  V**K  Although  a  good  breed  an<l  superior  in  milking  qiiali 
ties  t(»  the  riiarolaise,  the  iatter  scaicidy  giving  enough  to  sustain 
its  calf,  the  ov  Femeline  <;antiot  be  compared  to  the  (Jharolaise,  witii  itr 
without  the  J)urham  mixture,  for  in  the  J)urham-Ciiarolaise  it  is  dilli 
cult  to  ascertain  where  the  blood  of  the  Durham  begins  and  that  oftlir 
(Jharolais  ends. 

The  variety  IJressane  is  a  coarse  specimen  of  the  race  Coiiitoisc; 
lias  its  merits  as  an  ex<!(d!cnt  aninnd  for  work,  an <1  wh(>n  evi'ii  (|iiifi' 
ohl,  befon;  it  is  fattened,  is  still  sought  for  by  the  butchers,  its  ticsli 
being  very  savory  and  esteemed  in  the  market  of  Lyons. 

In  the  annu;*!  exliibilioiis  of  France  this  variety  liressane  lias  often 
tak<'n  th(^  piizes,  and  I  herewith  insert  a  cut  of  one  of  these  jirizi' 
animals, 

THE   SAI.IOUS    lUJEKl). 

The  race  <le  Salers  is  one  of  tln^  oldest  in  I'lam'c.  It  lias  al\vay'< 
been  hsdd  in  good  reimt*-.  'V\-\^  lirn-i  pri-s^-nt-i  Mu'  thro**,  (inaliiif-ati^!"' 
desiieil,  but  s<ddom  uidled  in  the  sam<!  animal — aptness  for  work  ami 


0 

0 

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0 

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must  ho  coiisidcnii 
essHos  lor  food. 


F  Frmic.c-  is  (ouikI  ;i 
oisi'."     TlioNc  have 

TlM^lilH','' 1111(1  ^']\\vs. 

'iiHtof  Friiiici",  lioiii 
the  Saoiio,  mikI  tlic 

contiiniiil  mixture 
po  inoro  and  mon.. 
a  )iav(!  loll},'  been  in 
iWH  for  tlio  siiiiiiiii.| 
liaslu't'ii  tliciiiciiiis 
.  This  riMKh-rs  tin. 
i  tliive  vaiictios  ai,. 
s  sliowii  above,  till. 
fornu'd  of  vaiialilc 
ry  type  ol'  a  race. 


small  and  narrow, 
•IIS,  slini  nock,  small 
d,  hones  sniliciciilly 
idieates  :in  Jipliimli. 
his  moveiiients,  ha,, 
he.  bntclicrs. 

<'if:jht  years  uf  a^e. 
)nths,  and  paitially 
>tat(U's.  and  tnri)i|K, 
ill  with  w  heat  of  in 
HMU  some  ra])es(>iM 
y  Lyons,  Cute  d'Oi, 
\s  arc  iVoin  .s,(i(ioin 
K)  pel'  head.  Tlicii 
'nta,!;:e  of  net  meal 
ior  in  inill>in,ij:(iii;ili 

enonj^h  to  sustain 
'  Cliarolaise,  witii  ur 
Uliarolaise  it  is  dilli- 
};iiis  and  tliat  oftlu' 

the  race  Coiiitoisc: 
id  -whon  even  ()iiirc 
*  butchers,  its  ticsli 

jVOIIS. 

r.ressane  lias  oltiii 
one  ol'  these,  jirizi' 


lice.     It  has  ahvavs 
three  ijiialiiif-ati'Mi'' 
ptness  lor  work  ami 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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jfattciiiii};  j 

lund  docile. 

Isize:  live  m 
red,  wiflioii 
lionis,  onli 
towiinl  tlio 

[neck;  dewl 
limbs  iiiusci 

lii.s  to  iiisun 
Jiorse;  his  I 
(iorived  froi 

I  midst  of  the 
Although 

jnf  these  cat! 
for  ;v<)i'lc,  an 
to  Paris.    '1 

J  At  tlic  rece 

I  as  usual,  wa! 

I  at  the  ape  o; 
The  heifer 

I  being  reserv 

lajfain,  are  sc 


,    A  dairy  in 

j  however  I'roi 

lurage  is  reqi 

I  contain  800  a< 

I  into  cheese— 

I  farms,  and  o 

Nuniuier.    11 

I  then  the  cow 

I  This  devour(» 

j  urajre  of  the 

I  They  tiay  a  ii 

I  iiumbei'  of  cc 

j  A  tliree-year- 

lof  two  years 

iiead.    The  yi 

nation  is  adnii 

j  Tlie  area  per 

I  thick  and  ricl 

j  more  i)er  head 

I  head  for  the  f 

jainsarecaref 

jspread  thecat 

I  certain  portioi 

I  the  pasture  is 

I'lry  place  for  1 

portions  of  th 

Itotliecows,  w 

I   The  cows  as( 

I  would  require 

|l"'ii(|.vi  upon  ho 

jthe  usual  time 


PRANCE. 


261 


[fattoiiin;r  joined  to  good  niilkinir  nimiijios     l{o«i.i»u   u  •    •  .  „• 
and  .Iodic.    BrieflydescribedJtM    mL 

size;  live  Meiglit,  1,7/50  to  L',25U  noui    s  •   1  u   kT Jv  L   •    ^''  ^  ^''''^  ^  ^"«''*^« 
rclovitl.ont  Npotn;'  tine,  m/pple^S    Jo      \S  t /e' r^''^^''""^ 
llionis,  ordinarily  white,  wide  apart  n  lonli,  „  ,1        ,   ^'^^'  '""ff.  slim 
toward  the  end;  short  bead/rarge  foVe  S"  g.X'^^^^^         backwanis 
neck ;  dewlap  is  moderate :  shothlers  "tr(^^^w!  ,mi  .i     /^  «>7^;  good-sizcd 
]i,„b;niU8cnlar,  fairly  strong;  are  1  ^  vrcLn^s^^^^^^^^     ''?",  developed ; 
Lis  to  insure  a  brisk  gait;  the  Sam  i«  ff^'r^V      ""^^^^^ 
Lrso;  his  body  is  thfck-set  aSd  hi    be  Iv  we?  d^^^^^^^^^^     ''tf''^^  "'^^  '' 
derived  from  the  little  city  of  Salers  d  stri^f  if  m    ^®  ''  ■  ^''«  "'^'"e  is 
.Midst  of  the  mountains  of"  Canlal      '  ""^  faunae,  situated  in  the 


lasusual,  was  well  represented:  "Manyof  thesecJtJtnJ?.  h'*""  *^?  ^".'^''«' 
at  the  ape  of  iive  years  often  runrnnrfn  m  ?000  to  '^  7     '.*'"'''^,  ''''^''^' 
Tlio  heifers,  as remnrkprV  n,n  o^m  Z^. 7. '   „"'...     ^P.t''^^'^'  pounds. 


The  heifers,  as  remarked,  are  sold  t^Uhe  sonH.  of  t.v'„      ?«'""!«• 

-!  '^-'i  s  ^^-.^'-  -pe.r  jt^r!;^  lrZ:^^:^y 


Ibciiig-  reserved  lo  re])iaco  tlie  super„„.„.„ 
jagain,  are  sold  in  pairs  for  working  cows. 

DAIRYING  ON  THE  CANTAL  MOUNTAINS. 

,  A  dairy  in  this  part  of  France  consists  of  ahnnf  '^k  «^ 
however  from  20  to  100  cows  each.  A  veSlinlmn^^l  i?  ''*''^^'  '^'''^^y'"? 
urage  is  required  for  this  dairy.  TtseTomSZnn  ?r"  ''"'  '"'''■ 
.outaiu  800 acres  or  n.oro  and  pasture  s^S  Ses^  Th«  ?n T^"" ^'^'T 
into  cbeese-at  home  in  the  snrinjr  and  f.  «  .i  1.  ^  ™'''^  ^«  """!« 
farn.s,and  on  the  moun  afus^wK,  the  cows  In  •  .r""' T"  ^^^  ""^ 
Munmer.  The  mountain  is  utilize  as  i  n  S„rT  '"/'''^''^  *'"""^'  ^'''^ 
tlK-n  the  cws  descend  to  the  rm  and  '  i^^e  m  ,n  T..  f 'Z^. '"'  P^*^*^''''^' ' 
Tl,is  devomed,  they  go  into  winter  qmr^^^^^ 

luafreoi  the  mountains  is  gauged  l.v  the  nnrnhnn  «f  i  /  •.^'''' I*''***" 
They  say  a  mountain  of  40,  50,  or  1  0  h  ^d  tn  «v  "^  ^'?u^  '^  ''^"  '■'^«<'- 
..nn,bor  of  cows  or  their  oquiv  dtit  on  b?  kent  d  rS'  l^'^^  .*''•"  «i'""^ 
A  three.year-old  ox  or  cow  or  2  year  inis  represent  oS  .f"^'""  •*""'"• 
of  two  years  old  represent  a  head rrinaio  and  ^^^^^^  threeaninuds 
iitad.  The  young  calves  with  the  cow  ^.,«  «...  ^?^K  represent  two 
tation  is  admitted  and  has  1  etine  oii  of  fl  uT-"^"^-  ^'^  ^«""'"- 
Tlie  area  per  head  upon  the  min  •  b  s  of  l.V  "^ '"  ''''^^  ^"^  disinnv. 
thick  and  rich,  is  U  ic  -s-  n  SpS,  ?;^'«i'«'.  where  the  herbage  is 
more  per  head    T he  ( o^t  oV/^^^^^^  70"»-»^^s  2^  acres  and  ev(m 

^ead  ibr  the  seasoiK    ^Inv^^^^^^l!^^;^^  *«  ^«  1'-' 
\ms  are  carefnllv  tended  and  -rrp  ^r  .flV!V         ^.  ""'^'^'  ^''^^^  monnt- 
■spiead  the  cattle  droTmiffsli^f^^^^^^^  as  well  as  possible.    They 

certain  portion  each^^an  t  tf;''^'^  rT  d5n\?.''''--""'^'  T^  «'««*^  '^ 
the  pasture  is  never  too  closely  Id  mf:>ri?^^f  '^^"n>loyed,  and 
<lryi)Iaco  for  rest  at  i.ijrhtfml  tuL  ..u  ^'^^^^«',«en  lead  the  cows  to  a 
Portions  of  the  iS  mTwd  Irh^^^  tnxu-y  few  duys. 

totheeows,  whid.  Se^dlJ^^X';^   U^!^  Ses  e^ch^'  '''"'  ^^"'^^ 

I"'ndH  npon  how  nnu-irS  is  .t  H,??       "^i'.e'rtiuie  of  dei)artur,.  d(.. 


"i 


252 


CATTLE  AND  DAlUY  PAUMTNO. 


nnd  Nonniiiidcs  cowh,  wlii<rli  give  2,500  <nuirtH  of  inilU  p«T  .year,  lliohw  i 
of  tli»i  SiihTH  is  lilted  us  ii  ••"odcnitc!  iiiilUur;  but  tliis  iiirciioiity  (|(„.^1 
not  apply  to  tlie  wIjoIo  race,  for  in  AnviTfjiie,  as  in  Normandy,  aiitl'in  tin. 
north,  wo  find  (rows  whi(!li  ^ivc  .'{,000  (piart.s. 

The  uvora{;o  of  tlic  dairii-.s  of  Auvcrjiiio  is  at  1,500  quarts,  or  (Iihv. 
about,  per  head.    This  is  Uvss  than  with  tho  two  Ix^foro-nicntioncd  ram, 
hilt  tho  ditteriMice  is  e(iually  jjrt'at  in  the  consumption  of  food.     Iii(1(hm{| 
in  Cantal  the  annual  food  of  a  crow  <;onsist8  of  grass  in  pastnnr  fctn.j. 
months  of  the  year,  and  1«  or  20  pounds  of  hay  for  the  rest  of  \\n\  VmvA 
while  in  Norman<ly  and  (he  north  the  eows  are  always  gorfjtMl  to  rt'iilc' 
tion  with  a  variety  of  food,atid  at  aeostof  three  times  tiiat  of  (liiuunvsi 
of  (!aiital,  so  that  for  the  same  amount  of  food  tiie<row  of  Saicrs  fjivi^j 
a  jfreater  return  of  milk.     The  milk  of  the  cow  of  Salers  is  Ncry  riclJ 
and  well  adapted  to  makinj,'  cheese. 

CANTAL  CHKESE. 

Cheese-uiakinp:  is  general  and  well  managed  in  the  mountains  of  An 
vergne.  This  cheese  is  known  throughonl  Fianeo  as  "Cantal  ciiccsc; 
its  manufacture  is  so  8im])lethat  1  havt*  ventured  to  insert  it. 

The  milk  is  (curdled  by  pressure  in  large  vats,  without  skiiiiiniii:-.! 
The  curd  is  then  strained  through  a  straining  bagof  white  bo]tiii,i,M'I(iti 
kjieaded,  salted,  and  pressed.    Tho  whey,  still  containingsoinci/articlcsl 
of  butter  and  cheese,  is  mixed  with  milk,  which  causes  t  lie  cream  toiisi., 
From  this  butter  is  churned.     The  cheesy  particles  remaining  ai'tor  (lio| 
churning  are  utilized  for  making  a  common  cheese,  consmned  in  i 
locality.     The  whey  remainijig  after  the  last  jnocess,  not  being  coiisidl 
ered  too  rich,  is  given  to  the  hogs.     A  Salers  cow  i»roiiuces  IVoin  ,Sii)| 
12  quarts  of  milk  per  day,  while  an  occasional  one  is  lound  giviiij;:',! 
<|uarts.     About  11,000,0(K)  pounds  of  cheese  are  annuaJiy  made  in  lliis 
region,  an  average  of  about  llOpounds  ])er  cow.     The  best  diiiiiostmii 
out '140  pounds  per  head,  inlerior  ones  220  jxtunds.     In  (he  siirins  it| 
requires  1,000  to  1,100  quarts  of  milk  for  100  kilograms  (220  poiinil 
cheese,  but  as  the  season  advani^es  the  riclnu^ss  of  (he  milk  in  clKcst'j 
increases,     in  the  fall  it  again  re(piires  000  quarts  of  milk  I'nr  100  kilo 
grams  (220  pounds)  of  cheese.     An  average  for  the  year  would  be  ali(iiit| 
the  lattt'r  figure.     Thissanie  n)ilk  produces  besides  from  l'>.\  to  IS  poinid,' 
of  butter.     This  cheese  is  sold  to  tho  merchants  at  about  10  cents  iiirl 
jtound.     This  inice  corres])onds  to  about  <>,1  cents  ])er  (|uart  f(»iii 
In  Nornumdy  and  the  north  themilk  of  which  the  butter  is  niade;;ivt's| 
only  a  returii  of  about  4  cents  per  (juart. 

This  ditference  of  price  j)robably  indicates  the  ditl'cnnce  in  tlu'niial 
ity  of  the  milk  of  the  two  breeds.  This  <;heese  is  mostly  <M)iisiinitdii 
LiuHuisin  and  the  south  of  I'raiice,  and,  fliough  not  sought  for  I»,v  tlif 
ei)icures,  is  palatable  and  nourishing.  It  is  claimed  that  tlie  "  lacidi 
Salers"  is  less  important  in  a  dairy  point  of  view  than  in  tiunisliiiig| 
working  cattle  aiid  food. 

THE  SALERS  CROSS-BREEDS. 

The  cross-breeding  has  been  tried  with  the  English  races  of  Dnrlii 
Devon,  tlu^  Scottdi  breed  of  West  Highland,  ajid  the  Swiss  raees.  Tliol 
^inimalsof  the  cross-breed  of  the  Durlianj  artheiateexliiliition  at  i'iiiinj 
indicated  a  slightly  greater  ]>recocity,  but  the  genera!  venliet  ortlii«i 
w!io  have  carcrally  examined  the  subject  is  that  the  crossing  lias  iiotj 
ameliorated  the  race,  and  that  this  can  oidy  be  edectcd  hy  a  enicli 
selection  of  breeding  animals  taken  from  the  admirable  viwr.  irsell, 


laec,  sinc( 


ifr.voiir,  lllO(■ow 
ill^»'l•iol•ity  (|(„.J 
liiiidy,  and  iii|||J 

liKirtH,  or  tii,,,.,.. 
inciitioiM'd  ram, 
d'fbod.  Iii(I(.(m{ 
piistiin^  rorci^jiil 
rest  or  ilKUiiii.' 
K<)rK(Ml  to  r('|)|(. 
tliiitof  (luuunvs 
•'  of  Salcrs  fjivcs 
drrw  is  \('rv  nV 


loiintiiiiisof  All 
'Ciiidal  clictw. 

1801't,  it. 

;lioiit  iskiinmiiiL'. 
iit(^l>oltiii,;;cI(ifii,| 
iKMoiiK^imrticlcsI 
luM-rcaiii  toiise, 
iiaiiiiiif,Md't(>i'llie| 
coiismiiod  \]\\k> 
lot  beiiir;'  coiisid- 
oduccs  tioiii  ,S|i)| 
loiiiid  },nviiij;:'.l| 
illy  iiiadi)  ill  tin's 
Ix'st  dailies tiini 
III  dm  sjaiiij;  it 
s  (liliO  pomiils.dl' 
0  mi  Hi  ill  cliirst' 
iiiilU  I'm' 1(10  kiln. 
ii'\V()iildl)e;ili(iiit| 
ili\i  tolSpoiiiiil,' 
unit  .10  cents  ]icrj 
•  (|iiait  form 
Um'  is  iiiii(l(';;ivt'S| 

ciice  in  tiicfjiiiil 
■itly  coiisiiiiicdii 
:)llj;lil  i'or  b.VtIif 
lat  tilt'  "  riici'di 
an  ill  I'liniisliiiij;! 


acos  ol"  Diirliii 

Wiss  I'iKH'S.     'i 

hiliitioiiat  i'iimi 
verdict  crtlii'*! 
croissiiii;'  liasiioti 
ted  hy  a  c;in'li 
'  race  itself. 


FIJANCE. 
UACE  1)'AU11UA<J. 


253 


I 


AlllHtnjili  I  liiiv*^  not  HO  classidod  if.  It 


,  It  .seems  proper  that  Mie  r 


(I'Aiihiiic,  liaviiij-tJicdxcdeliaracteiistieNoradistiiiet  1 
lu.JMhltor  to  tli(^  race  de  Saier.s  and  hearing;  a  reisemhj 
■  Diild  not  l)e  conroiinded  with  it.     One  «)t'  ti 


iiee 


tics  nt'tlii.s  breed  (roiiKJst.s  in  it.s  short  I 


•iK!e,aiidaltlioii};li 

Mice  to  that  race, 

most  marked  [>eoiiliari- 


,,,.        ,  I  .        ...        ,  ---1-1-7 '■|'i>'i>wimi 

thick  liody,  eharaeterisde,  iiowever,  of  all  thc^  animals  of  th 


eK.s,oiit  of  proportion  to  itslon^- 


l,,'l  except  ill?;  the  human  race.     The  race  d'Aubrac  1 


IS  re(.?ion,  not 

lUH  a  Kood  head,  lair 

lorns,  gracefully  turuod  and 


size,  tlu'  Knoiit  lon^'  and  lar^'e,  slronjj  h 
twisted  and  of  inoderahi  len^-th. 

Tiic  d'Aiibra(5  (m)\v   has  a,  handsome  velvety  coat  and  liexiblo  skin 
thcciicst  lar«e,  the  back  tiat,  the  bones  of  tli'e.  haiinel 
ilij;litly  prominent.    The  color  of  the  coat  i 


H's  rounded  and 


s  rarely  simple,  but  mixed 


i:er, 


«itli  clouded  tints.     The  ordinary  colors  are  fawn,  hare  tint  or  badL^ 
and  soot  bhudv,  mi.xed  with  black  and  j«»iiv.  . 

Tiicoxofthis  breed  attains  its  f>rowth    very  slowly      This 
.siiipiisiii^,  coiisidcuinj;  how  those  animals intemied  exclusively  („.  „,)ik 

'"  '•'■'^l'"''';  "I*-  ...^;!'J. !,'.''''  \y"|'t  or]»mM)eity  does  not  apply  to  all  of  tho 

"      «"t' •'••iiiarkable  jtrecocity, 


IIS  18  not 
y  for  work 


nice,  siiKu  .some  maj;iii(iceii(  Aiibiae  cattle  eviii 


To  obtain  this  condition  the  animal  must  be  well  i'ad  from  tho  time  that 


it  is  weaned 


DAIRYING  JN  AVIOYliON. 


Tlic  cow  of  Aubra<-,  like  those  of  most  of  the  southern  breeds  is 
smaller  than  tli.^  male.  It  is  not  a  Hieat  milker,  uiuler  favorable  cir- 
eiiiiistaiiccs-ivin-;'  but  J)  or  10  quarts  of  niHk  |)er  day.  The  cheese 
iiiakiiijj  i.s  nevertheless  e.vteiisively  carried  on  in  these  mountainous 
legions,  ihe  chees(Ms  deemed  superior  to  that  of  Jlolland,  but  will 
not  keei>  so  loiif^',  as  the  whey  is  more  carefully  removed  Irom  the  latter 

The  .same  cstablKshment  of  mountain  dairies  as  found  in  «alers  exists 
in  Aveyroii.    Mach  dairy  of  one  linmlred  cows  has  a  head  of  the  cheese 
lioiise,  to  wlioiii  .«L'4  is  paid  ;  a  boy  especially  in  char-e  of  the  calves 
lit  ■Kill  imce;  three  henlsmen,  at  $10  each,  which  makes  a  total  of  *,S1 
wa-cs  tor  a  herd  of  one  hundred  cows.     The  waf,a's  are  paid  at  (he  end 
ot  the  sea.soii  ,,.,(  of  the  produ<!t.     These  emi.Ioyes  are  fed  on  milk,  ryo 
luead,  and  .salt  bacon  ;  this  iood  is  estimated  at  $2S.    The  canital  cf 
an  e.stahlishinent  of  this  kind  is  about  *-'(»(),  besides  shiftini;  fences  f(n 
iiielo.siii-tiie  cattle  at  ni-ht,  and  ,Iairy  utensils  and   cheese  on  haii 
which  never  excc.-d  *I(H).     The  aNera;,a,  yield  of  an  Aubrac  cow  in  HO 
lioiiiids  cheese  and  7  pounds  butter. 

THE   AUJJUAO   MKAT-OX. 

The  hatcher's  stall  i.s  the  end  of  t  he  ox  of  Anbra.-,  as  of  all  the  rest  of 
He  oxen  in  the  world,  but  as  a  working  animal  he  ^ivcs  a  «0(n1  m-o  it 

S:!:;:  his'Shii^ir''"  '"^ ""  '^"^'^^  ''^"  "'^  '-^'^^  '^^^ 

TUK  AUIJRAC  CUOSS-BllEEUS. 

With  this  race,  as  with  that  of  tho  Balers,  the  crossiiiif  with  other 
l"ml,s  has  not  improved  it,  excej.t  in  regarc    to  precoc  tv  and  'is  fh« 

t-ittit}  at  tlie  expense  ot  diminishing  his  usefulness  as  a  worker. 


264 


CATTLK   AND    DAIRY    I'AUMINO. 
THE  OAllONNW  HUKEI). 


Tlioriu'c  A;,'tuiin'NO,  or  Garoniiiiisc,  is  round  in  dm  viilh-y  o(  llm  (', 
ronno,  iM'tWft  n  Toulouso  aiul  iJonli'iuix,  an  extent  ofalmlit  (>()  Icai'iii! 

This  in  onc^  of  Hm  lineMl,  huKe-st,  and  Htroii^'e.st  brecMiH  ()r  Krancc^nM 
well  utlaptetl  to  tlio  jjortioii  ot  the  country  which  it  occui>iea.  '' 

OHAUAOTERIHTICS  OP  THE  OARONNAISE. 


TJio  oxen  oftliiH  breed  nieaisure  Ti  feet  8  iiiche.s  at  the  witliers  i 
oven  nions  and  weifth  l.',.'i()0  i)ounds,  wliiie  th«<«!o\v.s  only  nica.sure  I  tVe 
incihes  an.l  \vei},'h  770  pounds.    Tliis  ra(!e  is  not  faultless,  boii,,,  ,.,„|u 


>  and 
foot  .1 1 

<>red  asli;,vin«:  the  l)risk()t  contracted  beliind  the  shoul(k'rs 'nM* Zrli 
h)njf  and  pointed  towards  tiic  ^loinul,  and  tiie  back  hollow.    This  litter 
is,  however,  partiidly  overcome  in  some  animals. 


FEEDING  IN  THE  GAUONNE. 

The  animals  of  the  hij,'h  hind  are  fed  with  a  certain  |tar.sinionv  wliili. 
a  nuxh'l  style  of  food  is  provided  for  those  in  the  valleys.  A  (•onstim 
siKtcession  of  artilicial  for.iRe,  fresh  and  };rcen,  is  alforded  from  I'vi, 
Marith  to  the  1.1th  of  ^'ovember.  From  tlie  loth  of  .March  to  tlits  Ijil 
o(  Apiil  green  rye  is  fed  and  mixed  with  cut  sti-aw.  This  f,aiiin  smi 
III  October  on  a  well  manured  soil,  fiii.iishes  at  the  end  of  wintcraiKmr 
ishiu},'  and  healthy  lood.  From  the  IfUh  of  April  to  (he  Isl  of  Miv 
beloie  the  blossom iii;i;-,  barley  sown  in  ]Sovend»er  and  later  is  fed.  Fmii 
(lie  1st  of  May  to  the  loth  of  June  these  grasses  are  replaced  by  dry 
foddei';  r<'d  clover,  green  and  dry,  constitutes  a  portion  of  their  food 

l''roin  the  lath  of  August,  for  the  clover,  a  mixture  of  vetches  and o its 
sown  at  intervals,  allords  refreshing  nourishment  during  the  extmmlv 
heated  season.  Towards  the  middle  of  August  the  corn  fodder  is 
ready  and  lasts  till  the  middle  of  Noveniber.  The  <rorn  is  sown  in  tlie 
s;)riiig  upon  the  same  ground  from  which  the  rye  and  barley  had  lurn 
(!Ut  111  the  spring.  lOleven-lorl  ieths  of  an  acre  sown  in  corn  will  siiijpoit 
two  cows  for  two  months.  This  crop  is  valued  at  )j<;{  to  .*;U0  Tliu 
leaves  and  seeds  of  millet  are  utilized.  These  are  carefully  gatlicred 
ami  if  the  other  fodder  is  sutli(!ient,  are  not  drawn  npoirtill  winter 
J)urinc-  the  (bur  months  of  winter  the  main  dependence  is  upon  red 
clover,  the  Holland  clover  straw,  and  hay  ;  but  few  roots  are  cultivated 
in  this  part  of  France  for  fodder. 

THE  OAltONNAlS  OX. 

The  (laroiinais  ox,  of  large  and  S(tlid  build,  is  not  only  used  before  tlie 
carts  of  tin?  country,  but  can  be  seen  at  IJordeaux  slowly  trailing  lieavih 
ladeii  caits  for  tli<>  loading  and  discharge  of  vessels. 

In  the  way  of  lattening  and  early  maturity  the  ox  merits  attention. 
At  the  recent  Paris  exhibition  many  could  be  seen  which  were  precocious 
and  of  good  size,  giving  good  returns  of  meat  in  regard  to  niiulity  and 
(piantity. 

THE  GAKONNAIS  CKOSS-KREEDS. 

A  single  crossbreed  Garonriais,  being  Limousin-Garonnais,  was  ex- 
hibited and  ai)peaied  well.  There  appears  no  good  reason  why  these 
races,  both  remarkable  for  working  and  meat,  should  not  assiniihite 
readily.    The  bcstacc,reditedo{»iiiioii  is  that  the  Durham  lacoisdescemled 


viilh'y  (i(   llio  (1;,. 
•fiiboiif,  (!()|,.a;r|„„ 
ecMlH  (>r  Fraricf,  ami  I 
i)ccuiiie8. 

USK. 

Ht    tllO  Witlu'IH,iUl(l 

Illy  moii.siiic  Uootsl 

tIt'.SN,  iK'ill;,'  coii.sid. 

loiildiTH,  tho  lioriisl 
lollow.    Tliia  latter 


M  I'ill'.sini..iiy,wlii|i, 
ll»'.V«.  A  coiiNtiiiit 
illoidcil  iioiii  I'ltli 
.Miucli  to  tlio  I'lili 

Tliis  };riiiii,.s(n\ii 
h1  of  winter  ii  Hour- 
to  (lio   Istof  JIiiv, 
later  is  fed.  Fi„iii 
«'  rcpliiccd  by  dry 
ioM  oC  tlR'ir  food. 
)f  vet(Mi('s  1111(1  oats, 
rinj^f  tlKM'xtmiu'ly 
lie  corn  fodder  is 
orii  is  sown  in  tiie 
id  barley  had  lurn 
II  corn  will  snmmt 
*.'{  to  .*.•{."»().    The 
iarefidly  (,Mtlii'red, 

upon  till  winter. 
deuce  is  upon  red 
jots  are  cultivated 


Illy  usedlteforetlie 
ly  traiiinf,'licavil\ 

merits  attention. 
di  were  jirecoi'ioiis 
iird  to  quality  and 


raronnais,  was  ex- 
reason  why  these 
dd  not  assiniiliite 
1  racoisdosceuded 


I) 

f  ■ 
> 

m 
o 

CO 


Ul 


I'roiii  tilt', . 
liice  (j.in 
However 
lace,  whU 
with  succi 
and  the  1 
without  ii 


Tlie  luin 
(riiroiiiie  ii 
iiiimbcr  of 
proved  fro. 


On  iippn 
;iiid  Bayou 
low  wheel.' 
ic(M)<^iiize  \\ 

The  head 
licad-^^cnir  i 
li'oni  the  « 
covers  ehijsi 
oilier  iiisec 
lii'0])er  and 
the  beasts  v 
ii  .societv  Ibi 

This  raee 

liazas,  in  th 

about  JJazas 

and  Dux,  w 

laces,    the 

races  liave  ii 

tolon^  jonn 

alonfT  iliese  ( 

it,    Tlie  <)x-( 

■striki's  tlieni 

words,  speec 

ins  whieh  tJi 

Farmers  a ! 

lu'aisc's  of  ti 

and  [Sah'rs  i, 

woiiccd  \-ei'y 

liazadais  do, 

^mih  tlie  eo\ 

li'mse  of  the  I 

I'll' in  rnnnin, 

'"'i''',viM^'  Iiea\ 

'■itstonied  to  j. 

ve'uic'iit,  eooiK 

I'lttons  easdy, 

'i'licre  lia\  (! 

liiivo  liucM  ma- 


FRANCE. 


255 


1 

e 

■« 

i 

5 

k' 

If 

^ 

»-,'./ 

^•^' 

*"/ 


Iroiii  dm  Jfolliiiid  breed,  biif  sniiiA -.lo.- 

.ace  (Juro.naise,  a  lar«^  u.S  ot^^lliH.'"^'*^^  "^^^  '^  ^'-^'^^  ^o'"  tlie 
Mouever  tins  „k,v  be, 'there  is  soM.e  Ion  S  t^^^i.^L^*^^^  *"  l^"«la.uh 
race,  ML.eli  doe.  not  equal  tluit  <.f  the  S  rln"  -^  A""  l'^>^*^««'^y  of  the 
with  success  to  improve  this  race  'lu.^rltli'  ""^  ^'^^^  «""ns  attended 
and  the  l>ui  ^am-MLueeaux,  tc^rh'a  "u^e  tr  IS  ^^''^^'^^^^  Garonnais 
without  impairing  their  working  capaeity.  "  '"  ''^^""^'^  «f  ^"^at, 

CENSUS   OP  THE   GARONNAIS. 

Tlie  njiinbor  of  this  breed  ocfimvin^  *i 

Garonne  i;S  font  400,000  ]K>ads?;ffiveM't(S^^^^^^^  ?"«-^  «f  t^« 
iiimioer  ol  tliese  animals  is  intuisV, "  l;,!  ti  •  '  ^'^'^''^'^''^^^  ^«u<1^  The 
proved  from  year  to  year.       '" '"^-^^'^^  «" ^  tlieir  condition  sensibly  im 

THE   BAZAUAISE   BREED. 

On  apprf)aching  the  railway  station  ..^  r 
iin.l  Bayonne,  we  invariably  sc^e  in  tl^ si',  n.n^  .""'''';, ^'.'^^'«^^*'»  Bordeaux 
low  wheels,  laden  with  pine  ^v(  od    anidnwri^^^  ^""•^**'  ^^'^'^ 

r..(:osnize  with  dilliculty,  on  account  of  th.    '  l?^n  ?  "'""'''''"  "''^'^I'  ^e 

The  head,  quite  hiri,M.,  appears  hr-ern,       ''"  trapping;,,  as  oxen. 
li.a.l.^ear  n.ade  of  «l.eo  , Jl/in' whTdfe  .     X  nr^^  '''  «"*'^"^«  ^f 

IVo.ii  the  snn  in  that  warm  latitude  V  . m•^'  p  ''/-'J^  '""^  '^'''-^'l^'^  it 
.cver.s(:l...sely  and  protects  the  uninial  ...■■n' L  h  i  /*'  <''»'irse  cloth 
utiH'r  ...sects.  This  enrious  clothing  a,  fit  nv,S.^''  ^'  '^'■^"  "'"' 
l'.oi.er  a.id  just  aj)preciation  of  the  T.ih-  it  .iT,'^  'v'^*^  '^^'"'w^  the 
ll.e  beasts  which  .serve  and  feed  then  T  w' .'!'  ^*  *''^'  ^^'^'"'^'s  toward 
a  socxety  for  the  jnotection  of  animals  *  "^  ""  ot'casion  there  for 

This  race  derives  its  name  from  ih-tt  ,.r  «i        i 
liazas,  i.i  the  extremity  of  the  S,-ut; ...  t  ^'!.M'l**'™i"«-  little  city  of 
about  Bazas  is  morefe.'tile  than  t  .  t  i    A  ^  v*  <''«  Gironde.     The  soi 
••nn\  Dux,  which  .'xplalns  th^^  iS:^^^^';;;^:^^''^'^^/''^^'^"^  ^'^-^^^^^^^^^ 
laces,    the  race  Bazadaise  a.       th'^ru-e   ,  .'m  ?  *'"  ^^  "^'?l'l>oring 
races  have  many  points  of  r.'sendila: .  e      The*  v!n  "''    "  !'""'«^'  *''«»« 
to  lo.ig  journeys  over  fKived  roads,  alt'u'he     to  i.<  '      ''  *''^'"  ^^"'>'"itted 
along  these  dusty  loads  under  a  burnin:    s  ,    .  'f  ?  '''"■^''-     ^^^""^  *"*' 
ir.    'ilio  ..x-.lnver  takes  the  best  ,  ,sii  To  ?.     '  •''    .''•'"''  "I»  ^^^1'  »'"ler 
.^fikcs  tlie.,,.    Tiic.y  n^arch  alon...'    J,' '  1.^  ;'   ^V''    "«  ^'^ttle,  and  never 
words  speeches,  ami  even  plea^nt  ^es  «    /    'f  '  ^^^""^■*^^'^^  them   by 
in;^,uh.ch  tJ.o  ox  r«.double«  his  efforts  J"»'t'eular  song,  on  hear- 

larmeis  and  butchers  at  Bordeaux  an,]  r'...; 
l"'a>scs  of  this  bree<I.  The  suS.rifv  ./''';/''''  ""•i"i"'o'««  in  their 
""<!  Halers  is  attrib..table  t.rthe  f  it^  l.t  n  """,""■  "'^^  ^^'-''-ousi'; 
;V''i^7'.very  lightly,  or  about  Zml L  to  •  v  f"''./'''""''''^  ''''''  "«"=»"y 
l':ii';ulais  does  not  only  ag-icu  ur  «/  *  *'""  ^''^'i' f^^^'',  while  the 
,^""th  the  cows  are  wori  ecln  on  h  n  ^'""""'^'•^'ial  work.  At  tl 
l";»:e«tthe  Landes  is  small  hZl'Zlr  ^•''"  ^'  ^''*'  <"''""''«-  T  e 
;  J  "!  n-'ni.ig  about  the  c<mnfey  l^'^  ^:;;Sf''l"^  ';^:'y,  indetatil^ 

"-^  '--  -.le  in  their  ume;!:;i;;,;.';;  ^,^-^|;-'-  ^^'"'''  ^'-t  «<.-ides 


> 


256 


CATTLE    AND    DAIKY    FAKMINO. 


TlIK   LANDAISE   IIUEKB. 

I  have  tsiiiil  Hint  the  race  IJazaduiso  is  often  eon  founded  with  the 
race  Laiidaise,  It  is  often  crossed  thns,  but  without  any  advantaifo 
and  tendiufi'  to  attenuate  tlie  proportions  of  the  animal.  The  raceLaii' 
daise,  liliy  tlui  I>aza(hiise,  is  found  in  the  dei>artnientof  tlie  Landes  and 
is  also  subjected  to  lianl  work.  Ayrieulturo  is  rude  in  that  depiutnuMit 
The  animals  subsist  upon  scanty,  hard  jjrass.  During  the  winter  tl)(' 
working  (!attlc  are  fed  upon  hay,  tlie  others  upon  wheat,  straw  uik' 
corn-stalks.  On  many  farms  the  cattle  are  fed  by  hand.  Many  wickets 
are  placed  in  the  wall  of  the  house  which  opens  upon  the;  court  siii'- 
rounded  by  sheds  and  stalls,  where  the  animal  is  free.  By  these  wickets 
the  members  of  the  family  in  turn  give  mouthful  after  mouthful  of  food 
to  the  animals,  and  witli  wonderful  jjatience  and  economy  plnce  every 
mouthful  of  food  in  the  very  gullet  of  the  animal,  thus  prevoiited  fioin 
rejecting  it.  They  are  often  teiiipte«l  by  the  sight  of  a  green  leaf  or 
some  appetizing  hay  tea,  or  a  bit  of  turnip,  but  these  ai)pearaii(',es'iue 
often  deceitful,  an  1  the  poor  beast  is  only  offered  some  dry  straw  whicii 
had  been  untouched  in  his  rack  and  shouhl  have  served  for  a  bed. 

This  metiiod  of  taking  care  of  an  animal  takes  much  time,  and  malu.s 
a  great  inroad  into  the  night  of  the  workman,  whose  entire  day  is  taken 
up  in  the  fiehls;  but  it  is  astonishing  witii  how  little  feed'of^the  most 
ordinary  kind,  the  animals  subjected  to  heavy  and  incessant  labor  ciiii 
be  kept  in  good  condition.        ; 

The  cows,  much  smaller  than  the  oxen,  are  subjected  to  hard  work 
while  they  nourish  their  c  lives  without  receiving"  any  additional  uour- 
Ishment  themselves. 

LANDAISE  BULL  RACES. 

The  agility  of  these  animals  is  extraordinary  ;  they  take  a  trot  witli- 
out  being  blown.  They  aic  often  sent  on  loiig  routes  and  make  40  to 
50  miles  in  twenty-four  hours,  and  in  making  these  distances  tlieydo 
not  stop  for  rest.  At  the  fairs  in  the  Landes  the  agility  of  these  ani- 
mals is  often  exhibited ;  the  bulls  rarely  (igure  in  these  games.altlioii'di 
th(\v  are  termed  "bull  races."  The  oxen  a;id  (tows  ordinarily  take  iiait 
in  these  gaim-s.  These  are  less  exciting  than  bull  lights,  but  tliej-reat- 
est  enthusiasm  is  evinced  by  the  crowd,  and  the  same  agility  and  an- 
(hicity  on  the  rt  oi  the  actors,  who  evince  a  curious  knowlecljie  of  the 
ways  of  the  animal,  to  whom  they  openly  oppose  themselves  without  any 
other  defense  than  the  rapidity  of  getting  out  of  his  way.  The  skilllii'l 
athlete,  with  a  cigarette  in  his  mouth,  makes  a.  slight  movement  wlicii 
the  bull  advances  towards  him  with  his  head  lowered  ;  tlu^  horns  j^nizc 
his  breast,  but  he  has  (dosely  calculated  the  distance.  As  the  inliiWatcd 
animal  rushes  u]>on  him,  with  his  head  lowered  to  strike  him,  lie  coolly 
jdaces  a  foot  between  his  horns,  and,  aided  by  the  upward  movement  lil 
tlie  animal's  liead,  safely  springs  behind  him.  This  is  not  always  a;' 
complished  without  aixident,  but  iirecaution  in  the  way  of  curds  usually 
prevent  any  unpleasant  episodes. 

THE  LANDALSE  AS  A  MEAT  CATTLE. 


Th(;  race  Laudaise  has  an  established  re>putation  at  the  aniiiial  lairs 
of  fat  cattle  in  I'^ranee.  ITpou  a  hardy  race,  badly  fed  in  its  home,  as 
ale  the  Landais,  increased  food  works  wonders;  if  (o  this  is  added  i 
selection  of  breeding  animals  you  are  s.irc^  to  arrive  at  the  utmost  rcl 
ative  perfection  of  th<'  race.     This  race,  while  strongly  framed  for  work, 


h1<h1  with  the 
".V  adviuitajro, 

The  race  Laii- 
Hi  riiiiKles,  and 
It  (IcpartiiRMit. 
tlio  winter  tljo 
fit,  straw,  uik; 

Many  wickets 
tilt!  court,  sur- 
■tlit'so  wickets 
)U(iit'ul  <»flbo(l 
ii.V  I)l.'ico  every 
'I'ovoiitcd  Croi'ii 

given  Iciii;  (,!■ 
M't-'arances  uie 
'.V  straw  wliicii 
lor  a  bed. 
"«-',  and  iiiaiics 
'■^•lay  is  taken 
il,'  of  the  most 
sant  lal»or  can 

to  liard  work, 
Iditional  uour- 


Hi  a  trot  witli- 
lid  make  45  to 
ances  tlieydo 
>'  of  tliese  ani- 
iiiK's.altlioiigli 
irily  take  part 
lint  tliej^reat- 
ifjility  and  an- 
iwlediieoftlic 
-'s  wi t lion t  any 
The  skillfiil 
ivenieiit  when 
i'  horns  {^razc 
the  inriiriatcd 
iiini,  he  coolly 

niovenieiit  of 
lot  always  a;' 

cords  usually 


z 

> 

In 

03 

c 

r 
r 


['  annual  hurs 
I  its  home,  as 
lis  is  a(hU'(i  ;t 
ic  utmost  rei- 
ned for  work, 


Tl 


m 


o 


f''V 

^ 

'/■    ';• 

0 

U  ,  /, 

u 

^' 

1^- 

2 

mL 

< 

0 

?^^' 


■ 

Hi 

Ia 

^^ 

I 

3 


CD 

U 
2 
Z 
0 
h 
UJ 

< 

c 


' 


U) 


■  H 

■ 

mi  K^^^^i 

II 

1 

'im 

m 

LJ 


'I'll 


has  a  <"iitll.  boi 
Ibouy  structure 
[tliat  it'  these  an 

,i»e  return  gooi 


All  iigivo  tbii 
jliroiiiineiit  foiitu 
IfoiuKl  in  tliO(U'j) 
Jtiviitioii  of  the  li 
Itiiooustaiit  proo 
Itirch',  and  tliat  i 
jiuv  twelve  to  fif'f 
ll)ri.olier, 

Cohiparcd  wit 
Itwitsin  coiunioii 
J  more  vigorous,  si 
lis  more  i)roco(  iou 
\U>  the  lig'ht  oil 
Jloiij;'  journeys,  \vi 
jiiiv  laoK.  in  niiiiiL 
Jivdrk.  They  are  ] 
Italves. 

in  that  part  of ; 
[(Ii'iiiand  for  biittwi 
niiic'h  are  found  ii 
|i»  the  eastern  lini, 
There  are  nuniei 
liii;'  inider  the  lieac 
^tiidyiiig-  the  Fren( 


•Vlthoiigli  it  is  ad 
Jiiaise,"' "  JBaretonc 
lliiit  it  would  sinipl 
Tvreiiees"  or  races 
ni-'ivase  iu  size  wht 

"  «'s,  but  there  a 
flit  they  are  more  o 
aiiiy  after  their  da 


I  The  race  of  Algi 
mm  send  yearly  a 
pterior  of  France,'  a 
J  The  coat  is  genen; 
pore  or  less  mottled, 
¥  i  feet  0  inches.    1 

frgeriu  the  richer  V 
nlmmctcristics p, 

hthoiit  being  cx-acth 
F's  large  and  co'h 
P""'  tliich  and  rou 
11.  Kx.r.l I 


FRANCE, 


257 


,li;isa  <"iitll.  bony  .sti'n(;taiv  diiMlif,;,,  ■■,,■ 

!..^-.sn;,.cture  beJon.s  to  id  racJ     itlwlilij'!?;";/;^^^!^-     Tins  po.uliar 

tlintit  tliese  aiimials  urn  well  r,.,i  (Vom  ti    ;,  ,  •  l'^^  ''*-'*'"  'ItMiionstratea- 

,„e return  good  i,rotit  for  tUvhiroZ't^o't'^'^  ^^'^  "^  ''''  ^''''-ly 
I  1 '".,  lo.  the  solf,  i)urpo,e  of  food. 

THE  GASCON  BREED. 
All  agroo  tbat  the  race  G'iscoun(»  is 

:oinimMit  features  are  briskness  and  Sw-nl^''  '^^';'l*t«l  to  work.  J t « 
foiuul  in  the  department  of  Gers  -  v  ,.  /  '  '''"^'^'-  ^^  '«  Principal  v 
tiv:,tion  of  the  hills  is  dimcult  and  aT>i  Z^^Vr""^'"^^ '  ''-'''''  ^hi  clli'- 
to  ooustaiit  proot.  Its  faults  are  th()se  of  ^  r  ^•^''''''■^'  '^^^  here  put 
tnrly,  and  that  of  the  hardest  Idn  t  le  ox^  f'  ^'''^"  "1*  ^^^  ^«»-I^'  tn, 
j;v  t^lvo  to  hlteen  .ears  old,  and  then  ^^^^  ^^^^  V:^g^ 

('i)hipared  with  the  races  Bayi  1   ' 
twits  in  common.     Tlie  racte  Gascon ne'i^'I'ln,  ^^''O",'""^'^  '^  h'i«  I'lanv 
more  vigorous,  stiff  at  work,  lil  e  the   oin>      7  T^  "'"^'^^  ^'"'"^J,  b^ 
is  more  i)roco<  ions.     The  race  ii^l  lu^    ■   ^"^^ivates.     The  GaroniVd^P 
,,     1.0  light    oil  tlnttitdw^dls'^lpt   'nirr*^''^ 
I  oi„.  journey.,  which  it  bears  astol  J  .hrcJu.  ''^u^  '^"  ^^  the  fatzgue  of 
iirr  more  in  number  than  the  oven   .,    i   ?*        ,^  ^^'''^^  of  this  breed 

fc,  ""■' """■ "--'  »™-i"  a'Siu*::;;;-^  -  ^-s  ™| 

l!)  that  part  of  France  thev  cook  xxni-u  ^-i 
fchmuKl  for  butt.r.    Those  Mdmw«f,^.''.'M\"'/  ^'^t'  '"^^^  there  is  little 
|Meh  are  Ibund  in  great  nn^Z^U^  ^^^l^  ^'^^^j"'*^  ^^^^oUZ 
|o  the  eastern  Imuts  of  the  IJiscayan  countn  '  '""^  *'*""  Bordeaux 

Jlx  the'En?  AiS:^i;;;r^;;ir '  '^f f'"^^-  -t^-aiv  those  com 

It..yiug  the  French  races  l^,;,!':;!;  !£rS';;o^?^;^,;;;terest  tS 


CATTLE   OF   THE   PYRENEES. 


•Uthough  it  is  admitted  tint  flm,... ... 

fciiaise,-'  -  Baretone,"  ''  Lanciaise  V  n'  Z;  '';'"'^'7;»-*<^ties,  known  as  '^  Bas- 
I'at.t  would  sin.p!:(y  nnittert    /uc  ^t  >  .^^^S  ""IV"'"^'^*^'^  ^^«  ^^o^X 
|neuees"or  races  of  the  Pyrenees      Like    S    /^'^  ^'''''"  '^^  '''^^<^^  *les 
;?;!? /:rT  "'^'''"  ^^^'^^'^  to  te^i  e  p  ^^if  'i^";«»»tain  races,  these 
ilkei*,  but  there  are  ound  excetiti,.,,.  iJ  ,^  '"'^'  ""t  very  ..reit 

N  they  are  Uiore  or  less  uu  t-ornJooru ''."''' '"'^  ^''''' ''  tUir  avera  e 
f  "ly  alter  their  days  for  labor  !lre  Z^  '''''^''''''  ^"^^  ^''"^  be  fattelfed' 

ALGERIAN  CATTLE. 

BBi:^^^P'^^  ^"^  -«tock. 

pt  lorot  Irance,  a  brief  sket.-h  of  thhr  wt  »  •   ,?''"*^'^'  •'i«  ^vell  as  the 
1  I^iicoat  IS  generally  brown  or  n.u  vn  «"  "'^''^  ""t  bo  out  of  place 
N  or  less  mottled,  seMom  clear     ft  J  '•  '\7"«tin.es  drab  or  cheit  ut" 
I i leet  0  inches.    Th,.  sn.    1  u      "•      ,   """t''  ^'"••n''S  from  .'}  feetqinV.     ' 
^riu  the  richer  ianc'r""  """"^'"  '"'''  ^-^"<l  *"  the  InoH^.lidns'l';.^ 

f  ;p;?;S.;^!;'';:;:;-:^^- ;-^  ;  head  wants  iineness 

t      i">T  ""^'  *'"''"'»^'''  their   li'vcti ,      M  ''"'^'V  '""^  "'■"^'.^'  >ittac  ed : 
h-     -It-"  ••"-<■;  witherj;;;^!  '-i;--^;  -'icnvular;  bo./^ 


h\.  .-,1 


-H- .H..  .;i!-:^^  ;--•-;;.  ..0,^ 


258 


JATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


size;  (lewlai*  prouiiiieut ;  flank  short;  skiu  smootli,  but  rather  tbicl- 
than  fine ;  step  light  and  aspect  lively ;  very  tractable  and  of  good  dj.' 
poaitio-:.    On  the  whole,  this  description  pictures  an  animal  witbont 
many  faults.    The  ox  is  a  good  worker,  tough,  energetic,  and  oul v nf.d 
size  and  weight.  ■• 

Care  and  handling.— It  is  said  of  them  that  they  live  and  thriv 
where  European  1>reeds  would  languish  and  die,  submitted  to  tlie  mm 
fare.  ^^' 

In  the  spring  they  have  abundant  feed,  but  during  the  rest  ofilii 
year  they  live  upon  dry  herbage,  sunburnt  or  injured  by  the  heiv 
dust,  while  for  drink  they  only  have  an  insufficient  quantity  of  brackisi, 
water.  Such  is  tlie  carelessness  of  the  Arabs  that  they  fail  to  proviili! 
forage  for  the  winter,  althon  xh  the  snow  sometimes  covers  the  eartli 
for  fifteen  consecutive  days.  They  do  not  attempt  to  protect  the  cattle 
from  the  cold  of  winter  or  from  the  excessive  heat  of  sammer  and'  the 
cattle,  submitted  to  all  the  vicissitudes  of  a  variable  climate  like  tliat  of 
Algiers,  endure  a  deprivation  of  food  more  or  less  complete  for  iiin,. 
months  of  the  year.  It  is  not  astonishing,  therefore,  that  the  mortiliri 
of  these  cattle  is  great. 

The  Algerian  coio  as  a  milker.— The  Algerian  cow  is  a  poor  milker' 
gives  scarcely  milk  enough  to  nourish  her  calf,  which  the  Arab  woman 
tries  to  take  from  her  for  the  household.  Only  one  of  the  four  teats  is 
allowed  for  the  calf.  If  this  cow  is  a  poor  milker,  as  an  offset  its  milk 
is  rich.  The  Arabs  drink  it  fresh  or  sour,  and  make  butter  and  cheese 
by  a  barbarous  process,  a  description  of  which  would  not  be  instructive 
This  race  has  been  crossed  with  the  Schwitz,  a  native  of  the  center  of 
Switzerland,  with  happy  results,  adding  to  the  size  aud  improving  tlie 
milking  qualities.  Submitted  to  a  good  liberal  regimen  they  Lave  ex- 
cited attention  and  admiration,  and  have  yielded  as  high  as  09  per  cent 
net  meat.    In  1878  42,250  Algerian  cattle  were  imported  into  Frauce. 

MISCELLANEOUS  BREEDS. 


This  article  might  be  extended  to  an  indefinite  length  if  uttemp* 
were  made  to  include  many  of  other  breeds  and  subbreeds,  such  as  the 
race  Tareutaise;  the  breed  of  the  Black  Mountain,  termed  "racede 
la  Montague  noir ; "  the  race  du  Gevaudau,  found  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  of  small  size,  but  said  to  be  as  old  as  poverty.     I  have  en 
deavored  to  call  attention  tt  the  more  pron:  inent  breeds  of  cattle  as 
seen  in  their  homes,  and  describing  their  surroundings,  solely  in  the 
hope  of  guiding  the  intelligent  breeder  in  his  search  for  the  type  oi cat 
tie  best  adapted  to  the  locality  aud  the  ends  which  he  proposes  toae 
complish  by  importing  the  same. 

STATISTICS   OF  LA  VILETTE,   THE  PARIS  ABATTOIR. 

All  of  the  large  cities  of  France  are  supplied  with  abattoirs,  or 
slaughter-houses.  The  celebrated  La  Vilette,  of  Paris,  combines  the 
advantages  of  a  cattle  market  with  a  slaughter-house;  lias  iimijle  aC' 
comn)()dati(ms  for  housing  5,000  or  0,000  head  of  cattle,  besides  calves 
and  slieei).  About  5,000  head  of  oxen  are  slauglitered  liere  weekly,  iu 
addition  to  the  other  aninials.  Upwards  of  1,000  men  are  euiplnyed 
here,  and  the  streets  are  paved. 

There  are  O-l  large  buildiuijs.  some  for  the  doomed  cattle  aud  others 
used  as  slaughter-houses.  Fountaiut  and  taidis  ii bound.  These  build- 
ings cover  about  07  acres,  and  the  whole  presents  the  appearance  of  a 


good  (lis. 


i 

li^^l 

I'SHI 

If;; 

rrWW  *!, 

i 

C 

u 

rear. 


1873 . . 

1871 . . 

i«:5. 


FRANCE. 


minii 
aiiiui: 
and  tht; 


^^'  259 

the  rt'uiaiii.U'r  is  i.fiiiv-.-i   M  "'1"V'^  *^*  '"<^«it  leaches  tbeeonsnm«P 


-ni...^  „r,,,,.i^;;;; -;;;;; -t^tl;eeo.su,ne. 


a,er.„e  ™„U,  „,-3.0  k„„g„™«  (Tr,?ouL!XK?SI|^' -."^^^e 

Beiurns  of  products. 


Hide,  avera^ve  weif;lit  4«  kilograms,  at  1  frano 

Snet,  -Jo  kilograms,  at  fh>  rentimes 

Refuse 


Ti)rai. 


Hxpeimes. 


Francs. 
.   ASM 

■  :i!3.oo 

.    Id.OO 

.  eo.oo 


Octroi,  at  I-.'  francs  per  100  kilo"Tams 
13_riii);iii«  from  the  market  to  the  abattoiV 
u  muuj^  ot  the  tripes  . . 
Labor '.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. 

.^iiiulry  expenses  (food,  material, '&c".)'.'..'.' ' 


Total  .. 
Balance. 


Or  about  10  francs  per  100  kilo-rams 

Ihhs  proves  tliaC  au  ox  bou-ljt  in  tLe  luarkef  for  l  rn  ^ 
sjram  per  poiintl  about  14  cents)  costs  in  thnoi!    ••^^*  ^''•'^''*-^  I'^i'  ki 
kilogram  (per  pound  about  13  cents)  ^''''"^"'  ^•^♦*  ^''"'"•^'^  1 


The  variation  in  the  p 


kilo- 
Its).  ""  """"  "'H'*;s  per 

tiuencethe  priee  oFtiiTni^'^iM^^Se^Ibo,^"?  '""^  "i*^^'^  "''  '^««  in- 
ail  exact  and  general  wa  v  the  returns  of  t  hi?,  ' /'^''''^^  demonstrate  in 
labor  and  management   '  ^''''  Products  and  the  cost  of  the 

they  Lave  reached.  '  '"*^  '''^  ^'*'^^^'  ''•"*!  tl»*^  degree 

The  returns  at  Paris  are  srreater  -i*  ih^  ir. 
excrement.  ^^tatei,  as  the  journey  rids  the  intestines  of 

ittion,  Ironi  M  t„  .55  |,i.r  ,,.ut  •    ,.  If  f,"  .,'  '"'  5;'"l''  ">  "rdiuarv  oou- 
»..d,  0„  ,„  M  ,«.,.  .,,.„',  ^  ,„■;,;;  i,l'i'f  Ji;\l;™;':-,Jo  .,.  per  eeu,; ,  ,„, 


varies  ac- 
free  of  fatness 


Jnimah  slmxjhtcred  In  the  ahatto 


I» 

ir  pnieral  at  Paris. 


Vear.      Oxi'ii,      Calvos. 


Lambs.    ,     Total.      '     Year. 


Oxen.    !  Calves.      Lambs. 


1873 . . 
1871 . . 
\i-,3. 
187li.. 

1877.. 


16«,  .ITK 

I8i).:i3:i 
ill  I,  .-.(u 

lA't,  190 


120,  698 

iiis,  ;)«o 

ICJ,;)79 
Ifi'^,  943 
177,  4fJ0 


1,  o.io  ei.-i 
1. 140,  rm 

1.  2,'W,  4S'.> 
1,2":,7LM 

I.  :'So,  4S0 


1.  3?2, 17.-) 
l,44r>,4(ill 
l.iiiKM94 
1.04I,L':t4 

1,C41,;)S0 


1S78. 
IH79 
IKSO. 
1881  . 
l«8l' . 


1R9,  499 
108,  .073 
-18.  (W) 

-'.11'.  (i:'i 

L';i9,  '.'114 


■»8 


183. 
18;),  777 

I8r.,  91  :i 
10:',  781 
198.  473 


I,  431,  .537 
1.  4ii9,  129 

i,.';:ti,4ti2 

1,573,50.) 
1,  8U3,  123 


Total. 


1.786.8,34 
1.791.479 
' .  93(1,  455 
1.098,005 
•.  040,  780 


-W,^4J.  '"'  •  ^Aen,  cJ4.i  ( ,s ;  calves,  .31 ,070  : 


the  im- 

He  and 
himbs. 


i 


260 


CATTLE    ANJJ    DAIRY    FARMING. 


This  gives  the  following  total  of  animals  slaughtered  in  Paris  i.,  i««<, 
Oxen,  273,382;  calves,  230,443 ;  lambs,  1,800,90(5.  "'  ^^^-  ' 

OCTROI   TAXES. 

The  octroi,  or  municipal  tax,  is  levied  iu  all  cities  and  villao-p«  „„ 
every  article  of  food  and  drink.    Every  person  who  ^its  a  fl  <i^?" 
thus  becomes  a  tax-payer.  ^"*'  *'»'"ks 

GRADING  MEAT  IN  LILLE,   PARIS,  AND  LONDON. 

nf^^nf '?P'"^°^  appreciation  of  the  various  cuts  of  meat  in  the  in.rU. 
of  Lille,  Paris,  and  London  is  astonishing.    The  stock  bree.wfo^^' 
eres  ed  and  should  familiarize  themselvel  with  this  qiVS  't^n'/!,  '"" 
may  know  what  portions  of  the  body  they  should  std  e  to  a'evS 
the  judicious  choice  of  breeding  animals.    In  the  same  anhn^i  h^/  ^^ 

'art  of  the  auimal 
ibjoiued  cut,  >:o. 

44  cents  per  pound',  while  the  portionsl37lI,amri5  "c^TcelfbHn^'i.u 
to  14  cents  per  pound.  This  distinction  is  not  made  in  S  thp  I  " 
but  IS  destined  to  become  general  in  all  largo  ceXs  of  rli^.n  > 
The  accompanying  cuts  and  tables  give  a^clSUa  of"  ?S  "S  "i 
grading  beef  in  Lille,  Paris,  and  Loudon  :  ^^"^  ''''''^'  *" 

3Iode  of  dividinff  an  ox  in  the  aha/loir.t  at  lUnU. 


Qaality. 


I  ... 


ir 


■■\ 


ITI 


Number 

of 
pieces.    - 


10 
11 
12 
V-i 
14 
15 


Names  nf  {ueces. 


\Vi'i{.'lit  111' 

I'acii  iiicocoi 

a  lilt 

Ndllllilll  (K. 

"■ei;;liiiii; 

4.57  kiliisrams 

uoti  1.01)7.3(1 

I)uiiu(b). 


Veiny  piece I'ounOi. 

Diteli  bone .' 44.li!i 

I  Thick  Hank "iJIl 

i  Siiloin    41. (!i 

I  Fillet     WW lUi.'',; 

;  Bii!tock 15.4. 

!  3a.(i; 

t  I'otal  of  lirst  qualitv 

;ii3i'.-. 

Slioulilei -blades ==u;;^:^- 

Eudorueck " 151.3:' 

Rilj.s         n.i'j 

,  [id.jii 

Total  (if  .second  quality ~7 

-('4.  .'4 

Chuck ==-.-.= 

Neck i  1:' 

llrisket 77. 10 

Leu  and  shin .'.'." l''''.  )4 

Cheek 'ull 

Innersirloin --"^ 

Kidneys --•"! 

•ill') 

Total  of  third  quaUty ~^ 

Total  of  the  three  qualities "^^"^Tml^! 


f   '<■ 


Paris  ill  1882 


^'illages  upon 
s  and  drinks 


'N. 

the  markets 
seders  are  in. 
»",  tliat  tliev 
)  *levelo]>  In 
uial  the  inar- 
f  the  auiiiial 
ued  cut,  >:o. 

at  Paris  at 
*ly  bring  lL>i 
"  the  cities 
onsumptioii, 
the  mode  of 


\Vi'i{.'lit  III' 

I'ach  jiicccoi 

II  lilt 

^'||IlllllIl  ()\. 

"ei:;liiiii; 
■»■■:  kilu^iams 
liii  11,(1117.511 


I'ounili. 
44.  m 
66.11 
44.09 

I5.4.i 
3J.  11; 


313  1;, 


131, 3-.' 


:'(i),  ,'4 


77.  Ill 

Iti.i,  :)4 
.Ull 

•1-1. 114 
2:'.  Ill 

3;i.  w 
4:':).  91 

l,0(l7.5i) 


<S) 


u 


CI 


t  5 


LI 


n 


^  s 


LI 


■l 

1 

•  i 

1 

< 

21 


U 


I 


1-2 


^  1 


SI 
11 


sn 


5.  "f 


s:  5 


PRANCE. 

^^"''- '"'"""'">!>  ""orin  the  ahunotr, 


*  at  Lillt. 


261 


Quiility. 


n,  ..,' 


Niiiulirr  I 
Jiloci'H. 


NanioH  of  piece*. 


1  I  nii.t 

81  Kump 

8    Kll.«':.. 

<   ■'^j  I  loin  .....■;;;; 

8,   Veins  piiov 

0  I  'I'liick  Hunk  ...i.'.*';|| 

I  T"'"1<'C  first  quality 

7j  (!lln,l  ril.M  Hirl„i„ 

9  I  I'/m.rall,.,!  ■•Vi.i  ■'.'.::]][[ 

10  '  SI Iiler.. 

11  ('||M,I<....      

I-'      Fiillil; 

'■■I     Hilskct 

M     Krck ; 

l^     I'<'«ati(l  Mliin,  \r' '."."'.'.■.' 

1  ''"tal  ..f  rliini  ,|nallf.v 
I            '^'"•^''"l'l"tl,r,.,.,,„ali,i,H 


'^!o<f(o/(li,'i,lh,„,nioj-i„ 


,     WrlBl.t  of 
cucli  |i(,.,.„  f,f 

I  l^lftniaml  ox, 

(«»H  kil.,ur,rii» 

"•^t(l.»Wi.70 

poaiia»). 


IX  (K) 
To.  r4 
77. 1(1 

<ii.  7a 

.'(.-).  27 
fi7.  ;t2 

■nroi 

oiToo 

SB.  51; 

4H,  nil 

I'UO.  01' 
"liTToo 

Of!.  i;j 
r,H.  a., 

»L'.  fl() 

5:.'.  01 

115.  0!) 

r,  oooTtii 


""'  ^-oxrion  hutchvr.Btalh. 


,  N'llllllliT 

Qllillity.  ,„ 

Jiirci'S. 


.1 


II.. 


Ill 
IV. 


Kiiniis  ()(' picoi's, 


^\  "'iclit  of 

'•"'•ll    IMlCf  of 
II  'Isrl'ls 

"'  ii;:c',  oidi- 

"i'l.V  rpLilitv, 

\  ,    "■.•l;;|,i„j,' 

(  l.i':i-i"iiin(i.s, 
K'i«li.sli 

I  KiluKiaiiia). 


!<ii'oin 

liiiiiili..         

)'i'i'ii.i,„ii,'.  .■;:.•; 

lilltlorli 

'•''"•<•  lili.s ....'."".' 

■''f't.ilonirstyiialifv.... 

V  V,i„.v  ,,j,.t.e,  aii,i  thick  Hank 

Mc.iiso  l„itt..ck 

•""MluiiliH  .  

J^lionlilei  ..  ...'.'.''.' 

Total  of  .sen,„,i,,„,,,|,^. 

'I'liiii  (lank  .. 

Unick..         

liiiskft 

C1»,I  ..     

•Vctk...;' 

/.-•■irandsliiu  ■.'.■; 

Cluck 

'''otal  of  fiiir,,  ,„„,  ,. 


Potindt. 


144 

''2 

32 

II'.' 

112 


58 

24 

120 

48 

248 

~72 
44 
64 

40 
48 
44 


262 


nil 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


FOOD   CONSUMPTION   IN  FRANCE, 


I  give  below  a  table  of  the  ordiuary  annual  oousumptiou  of  food  iu 
the  principal  cities  of  France,  per  capita;  also  a  table  of  the  import^ 
and  exports  of  cattle  and  their  products  in  France  for  the  last  tln-ci 
years : 


'te 


Citif 


Bread. 


Kilos. 
164 
175 


Paris.. 

Lyons ^,^ 

ilarseilles i       244 

Bordeaux ;        Kir, 

Lille  ' 


^'antes  ... 
Toulouse. 
Ronon 


21!t 
207 
177 
183 


"Wine. 

Fresh 

Literg. 

224 
230 

im 

210  ' 

Kiloi. 

Tl 

.-;•■>  1 

49 

162  i 
176  ' 

49  '■ 


This  table  demonstrates  that  the  people  of  Paris  consume  in  aveia'c 
the  most  wine  and  the  least  bread,  and  those  of  Lyons  the  most  vviiu. 
The  inhabitants  of  Eouen  and  Lille  consume  the  smallest  qnantitv  m 
wine,  owing  to  the  absence  of  vineyards  and  the  great  consumption  ot 
cider  iu  the  former  and  of  beer  in  the  latter  place.  The  annual  con- 
sumption of  beer  in  Lille  is  213  liters  and  of  cider  124  liters  in  averaoc, 

DIPOET  AND  EXPORT  OF  ANIMALS  FOR  FOOD. 

The  import  and  export  of  animals  for  food  and  their  products  lui 
France  during  the  last  three  years : 


Import 


Description. 


Export. 


1882. 


1881. 


18*0. 


1882. 


18.*1. 


im. 


Oxen head.. 

Cow.s do 

Fre.sh  meat kilograms.. 

Cheese do 

Butter do 


77, 866 

50, 133 

CO,  285 

10,  056, 038 

0,341,010 


54, 133 

44, 003 

67,  451 

15,  638,  940 

7,  271,  593 

68,  384 
65,  431 
75, 185 

15,  790,4e8 
7,  045,  036 

39.  9(18 

29,  355 

9,  lfi2 

4,  430,  ,'■,34 

38,  360, 621) 


27, 531 

30, 455 

8,4].') 

4,  (i7fl,  .^57 

3u,  879,  lis 


.\472 
4,207,2,1: 
31,0(;i,521 


MEAT  PRICES  IN  FRANCE. 

We  have  seen  that  the  average  ])rice  of  good  marketable  beef  on  foot 
at  Paris  is  about  32  cents  per  pound,  28  cents  for  second  class,  and  L'4 
cents  for  third  class,  while  at  liouen  tl;3  prices  are  3G  cents,  33  cents, 
and  30  cents  for  the  .same ;  the  latter  prices  prevail  at  Lille.  Tlieie 
seems  no  reason  why  this  discrimination  should  exist  to  the  prejudia 
of  the  latter  cities,  except  that  no  per.son  ever  thinks  of  underselliup 
his  neighbor  here,  and  it  would  be  torture  to  any  vender  to  discover 
that  he  had  not  obtained  the  highest  possible  price. 

THE  FOOD  DEFICIT   OF  FRANCE:   WHENCE  IMPORTED. 

From  these  tables  can  be  seen  that  France  does  not  pioduco  its  own 
meat  r^nd  dairy  products,  and  never  can.  Fram.'e  is  very  fir  fn-in  fnr 
nishing  a  good  nourishing  regimen.  The  average  (!onsuiiiptii»ii  ol  iiieiu 
among  the  rural  populatioji  is  about  ."»7  pounds  per  head;  in  mral  dis- 


Stall  fcvdin 
near  su,uar-lio 
work.s,  (listilh 
form  tlie  ]»Wn( 

ranna(:e()U8 
accessory  Tl 
fattening-.  It 
food  tiiat  the  ^ 
iiig"  purposes. 

AtjiresciitF 
7,987,r)()(»  tons 
pul{t  of  hoots  a 
iuR  cattle. 
Pusture  fexh 

SCTiljilijr  ♦!;,,  i;.. 

different  hroelli 
in  ^'oniiandy, 


FRANCE. 


L'iirj  Belgium  furuisbed  5,000 
'"""'!S^«  f  ■  o^en  and  thon- 

"■ ;  - -"  —  fuuLSimas  or  cows.    Tbe'Un1Vp,l  5foT^*'  ^®°^  ^^"^^ 

tinio,ha(l  sent  only  G59  oxen.     Many  Amerk-an  S  ,     «^®^1' "P*^  t^^^t 

through  Belsiuni  into  France,  owing  to  Tm'iSr  ^  •  >•  ^"i^  *^^*^  ^^-^ 
l.v  the  Belgian  lines.  In  regard  t"  the  ?mo.  nf  nT  h'-^'  ^^^  shipping 
formation  can  be  furiiished  byconsuKsof  Cnnh  ,.  Z^-"  ^'"'^^^  ^^^'  ^"^ 
ooinunuiication  with  the  United  States  ^      '  '"  ''"^"^^^  «^6am 

A  delicieney  of  the  home  sunnlv  nf  moo  f         ,.•■,, 
Govenuuent  has  been  called  u^Io  play  XXl^Vlwl""^'  ^''  '^^ 
come  responsible  for  unfruitfil  ^^rJonl 'ukuI^^^^^^^^^ 
problem  of  rendering  a  high  price  to  the  fir  wv  fi.^'  ^^  ^^'^^^^  the 

while  furnishing  cheap  bread  t(    the     U,o  er  ^'  '"'''*  f  °^^  ff^^"«' 

i.K.re  n.telligent  of  the  population  nfluenced  in  s.  [??i  ""'"^''  ^^^  ^^^^ 
by  private  merests,  consider  the  pulK.irumntio  n  •  f^'T'  P^.'^'^^^'^' 
and  uicapable  of  extension,  and  that  incre  sed^,^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^■''''\  "'  ^^^^^^^d 
.sarj  to  supj)lv  the  home  demand.  Tlev  ti  M^l^.f "  '"'/  '^  '^^""^^  "e^es- 
pnrtatiou  of  foreign  food  is  direc  h-  hostiir/n  S  '"'f  ^"^"^  t'^'^t  theim- 
producer,  and,  relatively,  cmtaHs  labor  the  nghts  of  the  French 

the  .supply,  the  ordinary  in<'rcaso  of  T>om,H  im.  -. .  ""'''^'  **'  ^''^rease 

-d  that  h,  cheapening  the  neS^IS^' b  "  hev  il  erf  T'^f  '"''^^^^■' 
and  l.hysical  vigor  of  the  w<u'kman,  and  e/i  Id  >  Vi"L  ''''  ^'"'^  '"^^'''^ 

apply  tho  (bllnviK.-  to  other  wants  T hi  ,'  i  *"  **!"^  ''onsumer  to 
iiiliicts  cruel  suflerings  everwkv  npon^  e  ^n'J'  '?''^''^  ^^^'^y^  and 
atlords  no  rehef  to  the  farmer.  '"-vnulacturmg  distri.^ts  and 

OATTLE-FEEDINa   IX  FRANCE. 

nof;tf^S:;:^-h;;l!L.£t!;;-,;^^^^^  l;^;;.^^-  i-  eattle-sheds 

attening.  It  is  diOicult  t/.  fo  m  un  MeW ,  ''  ''"""""''  l"'^«''  "'  t'»e 
f')o.l  that  the  sugar  works  and  s  '  ler  .  '  ^'^^'"«^'"»"»"S  quantities  of 
'"8'  purposes.  '"-t  Hem,.-,  ol   beet-root  aUbrd  for  fiuteu- 

At  i»resent  1 'ranee  Drodnr-e*  A-io  (u\n  ^ 

«"''M  l.m.cl«  m..,„i.,„  „        ,    1  .• ,,'        "  '''-■^•ni.l.o.,  oC  niau.v  o|-  ,1,„ 


2G4 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


of  Normaiidy  can  be  considered  tlie 


••ASt 


Coiiite,  and  N'endce.    Those 
for  fattening  purposes. 

Nievre  and  Ciiarolais  rank  second.  TLe  rental  of  these  nisf„,.„ 
vanes.  In  Normandy  there  are  three  chisses  or  qualities.  Th  '  hW 
valued  at  820  per  acre ;  it  is  estimated  that  six-tenths  of  an  acre  o  H,!' 
laud  will  fatten  an  ox  of  1,200  or  1,300  pounds,  live  weight.  The  spL,? 
class  pastures  rent  at  $21  per  acre,  which  is  considered  snlhcionf  ?' 
fatten  an  ox  ot  1  100  pounds,  live  weight.  The  third  quality  rensf! 
$19  per  acre,  and  three-fourths  of  an  acre  is  considered  suilioiW  Z 
fattening  an  ox  of  900  pounds.  '""  lent  foi 

FATTENING  CATTLE   IN  FRANCE. 

Tlie  gTaziers  of  Normandy  buy  at  the  cattle  fairs  of  Bretagne  4„im, 
Maine   Berry,  Manche,  Touraiue,  Poitou,  and  Santongo,  t™^^^^^^^^ 
last  of  April,  thin  cattle  of  the  Breton,  Normand,  Paftheim     s^w 
Mance  le,  and  mixed  J)urha,n  breeds.     These  cattle  are      r  ed  int  2 
third-class  pastures  at  first,  where  they  rest  and  refresh  tl.e . "elm 
When  improvement  m  their  condition  is  observed  they  i)ass  ^  i 
sively  into  the  second  and  first  class  pastures.    One-fourth  are  ren  h-  S 
sale  in  three  months  or  in  the  month  of  August;  one-half  leW\ t 
pastures  for  the  market  one  month  later;  the  last  are  sent  fonv-L 
October.    The  fattening,  therefore,  takes  about  foul  nu  ".uIT  "  J  -  I 
fat  animal  sold  is  replaced  by  a  thin  one.     When  the  f.    d  is  too  s  2 
for  cattle  sheep  take  tlieir  place,  at  the  rate  of  two  lu^ad^fo  "■   " 
cattle.    The  pasture  ,s  thus  occupied  from  the  1st  of  Ma^  unt'l   1  e  L 
of  November.     Milking  cows  are  pastured  the  same  h-ngth  of  i    e    i  S 
are  stab  ed  for  the  rest  of  Uw  year,  au<l  fed  on  hav,  caiTc.ts  cZ,;!, 
IKilp  of  beets,  or  l.ewers'  grains  ;  to  this  is  added,' 1*1,  th/neighSS 
of  Lille,  to  cows   11  full  n.ilk,  a  mash  of  pulverized  beans  ofS  Z 
Carrots,  parsnips  rich  m  sugar,  beet-root,  potatoes,  artittl.okes,  t  uu  is 
and  rutabagas  constitute  the  winter  food  of  the  cattle.     Verv  litV  '  1   ,' 
18  fed.  -^  'Hilt  i.ram 

COST  OF  FATTENING  CATTLE  IN  FRANCE  AND  IN  THE    I'NITED  STATES. 

The  French  calculate  that  it  costs  .*;37  per  head  to  fatten  eattk  in 
France,  and  only  82.40  to  82.7.-.  in  the  United  States. 

IIOM-   'JO   PURCHA.SE   CATTLE   IN   FRANCE. 

The  requirements  and  deficiencies  „f  this  market  in  regnrd  to  meat 

are  pident.     A  practical  man  lookingover  the  grouinl  co.ild  de  Z 

the  best  inanner  of  importing  them,  and,  as  remarked,  1  am  informed 

hat  Belgium  at Ords  the  cheapest  entry,  and  iC  the  caltle  are  suS 

I?ecunhu'y  pro^^^^    pastures  of  that  country  i:,..  heuelit  u-,.ul,I  result  in 

With  a  view  of  answering  the  interrogatories  continued  in  tlierattle 
circular,  I  Inive  endeavored  to  assist  in  this  effort  to  increase  aiKlainolio- 
rate  the  native  l.ree.ls  of  cattle,  wi.ieji  is  justly  considered  one  of  rlic 
nio.st  imporiant  elements  in  the  general  agricullunil  |.rosiM.rit\  ol  a 
country.  In  endeav(U'ing  t„  describe  th<'  vnrious  breeds  (»f  eiittle'toiiiul 
in  1- ranee,  and  delineating  the  especial  value  of  these  breeds  in  siirii  a 
manner  thai  the  An.eriean  breeder  could  d-tennine  the  advantages,  if 
any,  wiueji  would  tolUm  their  introdiietion,  I  wniil.l  nierelv  fiirtlici  add 
that  the  only  knowledge  absolutely  esseiitiiil  to  one  desirous  of  liiiviiig 


cattle  in  tl 
l)al)leof  se 
cbase  i's  la 
t'orliecouh 
aud  weekl; 
are  exposei 
If  igiioni 
he  asks  it, 

THE  SUI'J 

1  uiihesit 
till'  intolli<i 
as  {rood  an 
tliose  snital 


United 


Xaiui 


Fliimande 

Nnniiaiidc  ... 

I^rKiin.110 

De.Salcrs 

Limoufino ... 
f'harolaisi*  .. 
Parllh-naitio.. 
llanccllo 


Kaiuc 


Flaiiianilc... 
Noiinaiide . . 

BrctDiiuo 

I'i'Salors... 
I.iiiKinsiuo . . 
I'liarnliiise... 
''.ntlieiiaisi'. 
Miiiioelle.... 


FRANCE. 


It'i't'd  the  b,.,st 

liesc  pastures 
•  The  first  ij 
in  acre  of  this 

The  second. 

sniacient  to 
ilit.v  rents  for 
sufficient  foi 


265 


he 


cattle  in  this  market  is  that  lip  sbnnhi  i-..^„  „i    ^  , 

paDleof  selecting  the  I.est1^,,eci,tus  ^^  ^^  7^^"^^  ^«d  be  ca- 

diase  i'.s  Jarso  a  number  as    e  w  Z'l  wiH.  .        "^^    .^  ^^'^7''  «*^"^^^  l>»r- 

forl.ecouhlavail  himself  of  ho  Sswii''.^'"^*''?,^'''^^  ''^tJ«  trouble, 

and  Meekly  iu  all  V'Artsof  FrLZ  ^.^^^^ 

are  exposed  to  sale  and  dmnge  ha.'uli  thousands  of  cattle 

If  ijinorant  of  the  laneuao'e   lie  pon  r«o/i;i,.  c    ^ 

.asks  it,  his  consul  wiS  A^'ct  rS^l^^lil  ^  JiSKf^;]^'  '' 

THE  SUITABILITY  OP  FRENCH  CATTLE  FOR  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

I  unhesitatingly  state,  as  the  result  of  mv  sfmlv  nf  fi.i.      ,  •    .     , 
the  intellioent  stock  breeder  can  nowhere  betfl^  ffo' "'t^''^*^^^ 
as  frood  and  great  a  varietv  of  breeds  of^n?flefrn       ?•  ?'*'"^''  ^°d 
those  suitable  to  the  various  requirements  of  Ihe  UniTed'st'aU'  '''''' 

CHAS.  P.  WILLIAMS, 

,-  o  ^  Consul. 

iNiTED  States  Consulate. 

Eonen,  Minj  22.'lSS4. 


Special  utatisti,^  );;,ard},uj  French  cattle. 


Xanii'  of  breid. 


Fliimande 

XnnimiKlc 

I^rcriiiLiio  

DeSnIcrs 

Mmmisinc 

('hariiini!-!'  ... 
Piirllicnaiso. .. 
ilancelle 


"riein  of  luepi]. 


^orfll  of  France. 
Xoniirtiidv. . .     . 

Britt.iiiy. 

Snli'iM.  [ ]   ' 

LiiiMui.-^in 
Saoiioiiiiil  Loiio  . 

La  VpiidOe 

Maine  and  Loiiiv 


At:,,  iif      ■^yciBbt 

uiatuiitv.    "*  '"''"*' 
net. 


Color. 


cars. 

Poviiiln. 

3 

1,  10(1 

0 

'.',  4»M1 

0 

524 

5 

1,  370 

5 

(195 

71  ■'5 

nis 

T40 

Ked  and  Iirowu. 
Rrindlo. 
I-i^'litred. 
Uiiclit  red. 
Yellow. 
I^iL'lit  yellow. 
I'ale  red. 
Lis'it  red. 


k'aiiie  of  lined. 


Annual 
milk 
yield. 


Ftowind,. •      *?/*; 

Nonniimle •"•         .7'  " 

Ii.'Salois  '•'■"•^' 

i.inimisiuo. ...'.■.■.■.■.';.'.■;;;;; '••'*'''  l 

I'liarnlaisp ...'.'.'.'.".'.' 1 

I'.utlieiiaisc 

Miiiioelle I 


Milk  to 

)iowni|,s 

of  Imtter. 


Qln 


11 


Size  at  maturity. 

'  'ow. 

()\. 

Ft.  In. 
4      6 

1-t.  In. 

"'3'".V 

7    11) 

4  0 

'4'  "7' 

5  0 


Pounds.    PoundH. 

MOO  i,8uo 

I  4,200 

480  770 

'  2,200 

1,030 

)!,"lO 

1.100 

1.100 


266 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


DIVISION  OF  LAND  AND  CATTLE  BREEDING  IN  FRANCE. 

REPOUT  BT  YlCE-COysVL  MARXIX,  OF  :iIAJiSEJ\uLES. 
OLD-TIME  CATTLE-BKEEDING  IN  FRANCE. 

rjiitil  a  comparatively  recont  date  the  French  peasaut  api.eiii.>.l . 
attach  no  vahie  to  cattle  beyond  that  arising  from  their  produc  •  i     . 
or  in  milk.    Every  animal  that  was  born  was  either  exj  voted  lo    , 
ice  and  toil  in  its  peculiar  capacity  for  the  whole  term  t)f  its  actixv^K^ 
and  Avas  seldom  turned  over  to  the  batcher  before  he  had  re'icli  V  i 
age  ot  ten  years  or  more,  or  be  slaushtered  for  consumption  as  soo',,  II; 
weaned  and  before  its  keeping  would  become  an  expense  to  it^  ov,Zv 

Hence  the  favor  that  veal  still  finds  in  France  as  au  article  oH  li 
and  probably  also  the  great  natural  fault  of  the  generalitv  of  F,  ,1' 
breeds  VIZ,  slow  maturity.  .'"^'uiicij 

Under  these  circumstances  the  farmer  who,  partly  on  account  of  tl,. 
julviHiced  age  of  the  animal  and  partly  through  the  collusion  o    I 
butchers,  could  not  even  obtain  the  price  originally  paid  for  his  oltlt 
ha(l  come  to  look  upon  it  as  a  sort  of  necessary  evil,  and  made  no  e }  n 
breedr"''''''  ''''  ''''''"  ^*'  i"'^i"tain  the  integrity  of  the  original  FmS 

INSTITUTION  OF  CATTLE  SHOWS  IN  FRANCE. 

In  1854  the  Government,  perceiving  the  danger  of  this  disposition  of 
French  farmers,  mstitut.Ml  annual  shows  in  the  several  re-ions  oil 
country,  where  prizes  were  awarded  to  the  best  specimens^of  a-  i - 
nral  produce,  and  especially  of  cattle,  with  particular  attention  to   , 
provement  m  the  direction  of  meat  product  and  early  maturity     At  Z 
same  time  tl.e  growing  welfare  of  the  people  brought  about  fi  marl  a" 
increase  in  the  consumption  of  meat,  naturally  attended  bv  an  ad v 
m  i)rice8,  "       «iiii.n]u 

The  farmer  was  not  long  in  finding  out  that  he  could  realize  a  nnifir 
in  the  sale  of  his  stock  if  it  was  brought  to  the  market  in  a  fair  ml 
tion,  and  perceived  the  advantage  of  renewing  it  oftener,  and  at  th^ 
same  time  made  some  etibrt  stowards  improving  its  <iualities  and  uieiul. 
lug  Its  faults. 

CATTLE  CENSUS  OF  FRANCE. 

As  to  quantity  there  does  not  seem  to  have  been  decided  t>ro-ivs. 
made  in  the  last  fifty  years.  As  far  back  as  18;i7,  a  census  Inade  in 
that  year  fixed  the  number  of  horned  cattle  at  9,93G,o3S.  In  ISCO  afar 
the  annexation  of  Savoy  and  Xice,  it  was  estimated  to  be  sonu!  12,000  Odd  • 
m  Ibib,  after  the  loss  of  the  rich  provinces  of  Alsace  and  Loiraiu  it 
was  reduced  to  11,351,220;  and  the  returns  for  1880,  the  last  nubjislittl 
give  an  aggregate  of  11,440,253. 

That  this  num  ber  is  not  sufficient  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  population 
IS  shown  by  the  amount  of  importation  of  neat  cattle  in  the  same  voar 
1880,  which  was  no  less  than  196,508  licads  and  exceeded  tlio  exporta- 
tion by  137,207.  " 

,„^"J?^1^^®  difference  fell  to  74,277  heads,  but  in  1882  it  a^aiii  rose  to 
10*,o<  1.  Theimportation  of  butcher's  meat  is  also  large,  and  amouuted 
tor  the  three  years  above  named,  respectively,  to  8.51S,.500,  5.74r>,l(iO, 
and  0,028,5<I0  kilograms.  '  '      '         ' 

niVISIiiX    (iF   LAND    TN   FRAXf'F. 

That  the   breeding  of  cattle  docs  nor  keep  i>a(.'e  with  tbc  iiKneasiiig 
consumption  of  meat,  nor  find  suflicicnt  encoiu-ageinent  in  tlioconse- 


Agncultiiial  liriHlui: 

Wheat... 

Otlici-  f;niiii 
Lryiimiiiuu.s  pla 

Potatden  

Ueots 

Colz.i  

All  Dilior  (iilliin 

Pastun.  land  and  moi 
OivlianU 

J""!"!  land  ami  Voivs' 
V  iiii'vaiil.'t 

^eKiliiaiidisaikt  miil 
Tntal 


FRANCE. 


267 


FRANCE. 


apiteiiKHl  ro 
tluce  in  labor 
e(l^)(l().s^.l.^- 
ts  actiw  life, 

reacliod  rlic' 
3U  as  soon  as 
oit.'<  owner. 
tide  of  lood. 
ty  of  Fiviicli 

iiomit  of  the 
lusion  of  liie 
or  bis  cattle, 
ade  no  effort 
final  Freiieli 


rjaent  a.lvanoo  of  priro.s,  can  only  be  explained  by  the  extreme  division 
(if  land  property  m  thus  country.  "im»mmi 

It  originated  at  the  time  of  the  French  llevolution,  when  ail  the  es, 
tatos  belonKiufT  to  the  nobdity  (nearly  the  whole  territory)  were  confls- 
Hited  and  8old  at  auction.  Then  the  succession  law  embodied  in  tbe 
French  civd  code  aggregated  the  eftects  of  this  tirst  parceling  ,  •  hi 
territory.  '■  *' 

It  provi(les  that  each  heir  can  claim  to  receive  his  share  of  the  inher- 
itance  in  kind,  and  t^iat  the  share  allotted  to  each  should  contain 
tml     '^'"'^''^"'"""  ''*  *^'^  constituent  parts  of  the  estate,  real  and  per- 

It  is  easy  to  imagine  to  what  extent  the  working  of  this  law  has  di- 
vi.led  landed  property  m  Franco  since  the  beginning  of  this  century 

Again  the  French  peasant  allows  the  great  desire,  inherent  to  ins 
imture,  of  ONvning  the  ground  that  he  cultivates  to  allure  him  into  jmr 
.hasinft-  small  lots  at  rates  which  large  land  owners  could  not  obtain  for 
their  whole  property.  The  latter  finding  that  they  can  by  selling  their 
laud  ])iecemeal  r,3idizo  prolits  from  20  to  30  per  cent,  larger,  do  not  lies- 
itatc  ro  disi)o.se  of  it  in  that  way. 

The  consequence  iias  been,  that  while  real  estate  at  one  time  acquired 
almost  imaedible  value  (from  $2.00  to  81,000  ]>er  acre,  and  for  some  ex 
ceptionally  i)roductive  land  as  much  as  $1,(500),  nearlv  all  the  soil  li«\ 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  peasantry,  who  excel  at  n-Jping f^m  the 
earth  all  that  industry  can  achieve,  but  who  too  often  lack  the  means 
ot  cairying  on  agriculture  on  a  large  scale.  It  is  estimated  that  from 
,;j  to  90  percent,  of  the  cultivated  land  of  France  beloniis  to  wliif  is 
called  "petite  (mlture,"  that  is,  to  that  .lass  of  farmers  who  work  their 
own  land  with  no  other  help  than  that  of  their  children 

At  the  same  time  those  who  do  not  own  land  in  their  own  ri-ht  or 
have  none  to  exjiect  by  inheritance,  flock  to  the  cities  where  th?v  find 
better  remuneration  l(n'  their  work  and  thus  contribute,  to-ethei- wit 
the  necessities  of  the  military  service  in  this  country,  in  n  a  ling  ^a^^^ 
of  help  one  ot  the  most  serious  grievances  of  French  agriculture 

For  this  reason  we  see  that  almost  all  the  productive  land  "of  the 
couu try  is  (lev«>te.l  to  such  culture  as  may  be  expected  to  give  he  best 
results  nnder  the  smallest  outlav.  i      >-t  i  lu  ^ne  rut.  best 

A  scliediile  of  the  share  oeeni'.ie.l  by  each  important  branch  of  t 
culture  may  here  be  of  interest:  'lautn  or  a< 


rn- 


Aralil..  lanil. 


AcriN. 


Projxii' 

tiontd 

total 

snrfiico. 


AgnciiltiMal  Irioilui'ts: 

Wheat... 

Other  t;raiii       . .   , . 
Li'iiiimiiiuuM  plants 

Potatden  

Ueot.s ."; 

Colz.i 

All  Dilu'r  cull  iin^     . 


Pasture  land  and  incadinvH 

OivliiinlH 

J""!"!  land  ami  IbrestH  .'.   " 

viiievaiil.'t 

Uei 


Per  cf tit. 


iicisaiktiilliei'uiiinod 


iidive  land. 


T"tal. 


17, 1171,  v:o 
in,  !M(i,  ;j.-,o 
4,  !I70,  ,i,")ij 
M,  3:;l>,  ,543  ' 
1,174,  8l),-J  ' 
:!ii:i. '.MH  ' 
Hi,  4."iO.  .;il 

6:t,  L'S.S,  91)1  j 
il',:)78,  ();io  ! 

I,. 'i JO,  ,575  i 
li),  r.!»4,  20H  I 

r>,  XK,  4!'i;i  ; 


rj."!,  liJ4,4Hi! 


50.  4". 
9.  8« 
I.'Jl 

1,Y  (11 
4,  L',5 

18.  0'.' 

100.111) 


268 


CATTLK    AND    DAIRY    FARMIXO. 
DIVISION   OF  CATTLE   IN   FIJANCK. 


This  i)eculiar  division  of  land  ami  cidru 
"  'division  of  the  cattle-raising  industry 


lar  d 


ire  in  France  lias  led  to 


it   Nlllli. 


anunal  is  strong  enough  if  is  taken  to  on.      '  tiw>  .  '^'^^''t^  .yom,. 

are  held  in  all  parts  ot"  the  coui  trv  U  rm<  J  '"•"i<™".s  fairs  t!,, 
tensive,  will  hny  the  calf  an  s,  omi^  ;}  •  '  ,''"^'''  -'''^"'•''  ''^  >'ot  .v 
work  which  he  i^qnh-<S  md  afW  a  few  ,  on/hs'wf  'T  '''  ^^'^  ''^  ' 
^a  in  his  hands,  he'wil/  t^ke  it  S^"!"' ''  ^J^!"^!'  Ill  ^f  ^""^  "- 
t,  and  buy  another  voun-er  nnin.nT  ^*'.;':;;;  ''^'^  '^  "f  'i  .^m.iil 

.m!ej)rosi)ectofi,i.o,j 


grow 


profit,  and  buy  another  younger  aniniaTw 
tor  the  luture 


In  this  wise,  the  stock  is  bought  and  «nl/l  *.  .,i  *• 

into  the  hands  of  an  ''eng  Sem  "u'lro  „^  l''i^.^'> 

bny  from  fanners  cattle  vl,    he  brh.^s  t  ,  s^JLf  'f ''"'  '*"'^i"^'-^'^ " 

"fat,"  and  finally  sells  to  the  butchei  ^  ''^atiafactory  condition  .„ 

saJSt^iirSi  u:i^!:^^':^dr^^^^        "=-  -e. 

exactly  the  number  and  inu.ortanee  f'e  1  't'/  '"'*  V  '''^t^™'"^' 
are  n,ost  nun.erous  in  the  .untlie  a  i  Eastern  mrf^';;"'?'  ''"''^  ^'^^'^ 
milk  IS  a  common  diet;  in  the  S()ntl    ulwln     •    ^  of  Iraiioe  mW 

largely,  the  breeds  sho^  a  gi^'^e  a  htu  iT  b  >  fh  f  ^'^^''^^^  ^^•"^*''  h.t 
eastern  region,  where  neif ifer  mill-  !/•  i  ,h  •  '•''^*''''  '^"''  '»  the  soutli- 
is  no  special  b'ree.l,  nnlZ'.^u^'^f^^'^^;' :^'^  f'^'  /'^"''^'nl,  C 

In  the  seven  departnumts  S  H  .  f^^  i«  extremely  limited, 

only  number  110  » 18  1  !,    ^r   ^ss  f h.         """"''"'  .•^'''^^''^'  "'*>"^  cattle 
and  it  is,  so  to.,;.nCil^i:v^a'Zlr^^^^ 
of  r  ranee  or  from  Italy,  Sardinia,  and  Al  -e.",         ''^ttle-ra,,s„,.  ^..t^ 

br^;;;:i^^;;ti!  ^iizil:!^:^:::!':;^^^^:^^^^  ^^*r '^-  '^•'-  ^"^ 

in  the  following  description  <.f  th    n    st  i  nno  t'  n     'V'^  ''""' 

recourse  to  ofiicial  statistics  as  to  i  m^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^''if'  ''rve.l.s  ll,,,] 

Marquis  de  Dampierre  and  M.  .1.  Magn"t  l^  the  iev^i'rbn^d"**"'  '"^ 

CATTLE  CENSUS  OF  FRANCF 

.statement  to  give  the     umfc,  of   ..^f ;     /  f*^  ^'''^  J*'^'"  '"  ^^'^  'o"'"^'"? 

region  of  France  wh  cl"ii  permit  a    omi^  ''e  T^'  '^'^'"^''^^ 

portance  :  permit  a  comparison  of  their  relative  im. 


District, 


Proportion  to 
area  of  district. 


Number  of  cattle  in  1S80, 


Area. 


I  Arable  ;  Pnstnre  j  Oxen  nn.I       ,, 

I   'and.         land.  bulls.  Cows, 


Yearliug.s,      Total, 


„    ^  I      Acres. 

gastem ;    10,  OU;i,000 


Nonliorn 

Western 

Central 

Son  til  western. 

Southern  

Soutlicastern  . 

Total 


■-'-', »:'(!,  107 
19,  !IS!»,  L'4:! 

l»,45,'-.,yii; 
1«,  472,  04")  ! 
12,  Mli.OH  ! 
I7,(iLV  17'.  ' 


Pr.ct.  j 

54  I 
70  ] 

as  ^ 

57  I 

34  j 

2S  : 


.'Sr 


Pr. 


ct. 
13 
12 

r^ 

10 
9 


^50, 

L'on, 

!tll7, 

■■ill, 

441, 
1,V), 
110, 


042 

L'3u 
L'lO 

oil 
H.ii 

8«!» 


l.KtS,  010 

27,-1,411 

i,oii>,  oir, 

i.M*.  oi;o 

1.7f;^-f,  ilL',"i 

492,  i;!7 

1, 120,  777  ' 

,'uo  .';7,-' 

•■>0-',  .■|4I 

1-1,5,  44j 

:tS|,  IK". 

t^.^,  1  !.■) 

.'i7f',  ir.it 

y.K  !-:i\ 

125. 494,  490 


•The 


!H'.S(>  iiiteic.siin;r,l,,s;,ri,,,j,)„sof] 
somooi  tlio  otlKT  iv,,ons  Cnm,  Vv.uw, 


...  :i. 492, 7:tit 
ri'iii'li  <>,ittle 


7,11,1, 
jirooii 


ri    1, 
littt'd 


«ii. 


I,7fi!l,523 
2,u4(i,  ,511 
.'),  I8S,272 
l,7.M,9,)S 
1,  18.'..  040 
ii:'5.  Kil 
54>.  ,'<!lf 

ii.4i(;,  •-•51 


10.' 
1.-9 
92 


l>eiii^:fhllv  pnveied  bv 


FRANCE. 


PHYSICAL   FEATUUKS   OF   FIJANCE   «Y 


269 


W,  '03 

I,,i 

(i,.'jll 

111.' 

8, 272 

J.-J 

l,93S 

ft:' 

.'.  040 

-■) 

•..  Kil 

+> 

^.  S!lf 

■'- 

;,  •.'.'ij 

cnvered  bv 

DISTUICTS. 


I^t''^criptionof:N'ortheastern  and  IJastcm  France*     Tl,»  ..     m 
and  eastern  ivyioiis  are  ttvnerallv  uumut^nu!,  ~~   .     .""I't'H'asteru 

pasture  lan.l.  ^Un,.ro,luttive  lam       "  !;' !     ^l^.^XV'^  '^"^ 

advanced  tJian  in  most  of  the  otlier  rl-nW  '^'88 

portantandpn^hice  tlic  celebrated  wines  of   M,!,,..'  ^■"'^>''V*''^  '»■<'  ''"- 
Kyo  is  more  in^portant  than  wlieat/a    In  /.?;''^'''^ ''''''  Buro,,,,,, 
;,qown.  '         * '"'^'^  •^"*'  '^^"JP  'lie  also  hir-ely 

Xearly  all  liie  «e(doj,'ieal  formations  can  be  fonn,l  i..  ti.- 
region,  the  primary  and  omnitic  in  the  Alps        f    I    '     "'*^"";'»'i<>h« 
range  and  in  the  greater  j.ortion  i.f    lu'reSm,   ih        ''.'*^  ^     tlie  Jura 
Champagne  districtahe  triassi.  an  I  p. 'n.iuf';;':.^.^^ 
raceous  i.i  the  ireanjolais  and  31orva  /   ro  vi  ^ef.nS  S  '^P'^'^^^^y- 
that  part  of  Alsace  tliat  was  h'ft  to  France  iilluvm.u  in 

The  climate  is  more  extreme  tlian  in  any  other  n.,r<-  ,.f  t^ 
mean  summer  temi)eratiav  is  d^o    tlr  t  of  «,    /  '   -f^o"^  l^nuice;  the 

amounts  to  1'0.1>L' inches  per  annum'    The  ,^  i.^   /''  ^^'    '    "'"  ^'"»^^^" 
year,  and  frost  7(t.  "^^^  '-""^^  ^^''^'^  'i^erugo  137  iu  the 

The  prevailing  winds  blow  from  the  northcist  •in.l  «m,fi 

Description  of  yorthern  lVrt«c'e.t-The  no rt  ^M-.f       ^^^^^^^^fst. 
.uost  fertile,  and  best  cultivated  ;esion  of  Fnl'.ce  ^'^^""  *'  '''"  "'^^^^t' 

Ihe  land,  which  is  nowhere  in  the  reiriou  a,hsnliiV^i„  ... 
'^"ly  brf  en  by  low  and  cultivated  hillk"  The  prox^^^^  ^^ 

lor  all  the  produce  of  the  region  a  certain    .fir.lS  ,,^"^  ^"«'"'<^8 
there  is  scarcely  a  branch  of  ligriculturo  that  is  ,.  ^fM         i*'""'^^'  ^"'^^ 

There,  too,  lau.led  property  has  bSter  ?eS.  1 1     .^  • 

aleut  in  France,  and  permitted  of  the  v  iln  ,hi  1  'l'«i»tegratiou  prev- 
ohiues.  In  brief,  eve  y  produce  of  thc^lr;M^h  %  *^^  ^Sncultural  ma- 
l.rolitably  grown'in  the  nort  errre^t.  See  t  ?V'  "f^^"«'^'ely  and 
•variiKT  clinuite-the  olive,  orange  and  iVa^^^^^^^  tew  that  require  a 
ro  be  found  in  some  parts  of  the  reS  ''""*'  vines  are 

Ubelongseutirely  to  thomioceueformitim.    i,,....     • 
tertiary.    The  climate  is  tempeS  bv    K^^^^^  «'"» 

.ree  from  intense  cold  and  heat  Th^'  ^^^^0^?''  f''^  '^  *^'*l"'^".v 
'J30;  and  that  of  winter  40o.  t  ,>  ...id  ■"  d  l.m  ''^  ^^^'"I'^'^'^t^i-e  i^^ 
.pastures,  which  acquire  V^^^^^;;:^^::^^^^ 

.iss  wi;^:i;^i;.i^^t?"' '"  ^•""^'  ^'^^-^  ^^^-  ^-thwest 

rta.„ortl„.,.„  .^i"  ti    n  ,cfcl      u",!  "?:  f  «.•"'•  '""«''  "lite  to 

....raise  »„oco.«f„||,  „,,,|,i,„.  ,;,^,"^|,4'*,^:,';;"'»  """  "'»*».  au.l  .au- 

i.bo  to  tl„.  tontui  '■'  "'"  '''''"■■'I'"""  g.vc.  of  tl,„  lattor  „,',' ul" 

I^e^i'>'il>iioH  of  Central  Frfi»f<,>  i     tk  .         i.     , 


•    ! 


Hinlfl 


270 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


Through  excessive  wood-clearing  the  plain  region  has  become  niarsLv 
unproductive,  and  unwholesome.  '     ' 

The  soil  is  generally  sandy,  with  an  im])ervious  clay  substratum,  \vii,.,v, 
no  vegetation  is  seen  but  heatlns  and  broom.  In  marly  parts  some  T\■^ 
and  a  much  larger  quantity  of  buckwheat  is  grown.  '^ 

Tlie  "Plateau  Central,"  of  granitic  and  volcanic  formation,  erabnices 
some  fertile  valleys,that  of  Limagne  among  others,  remarkablo  h'v  jts 
rich  loam  soil,  but  1  he  vegetable  earth,  which  is  most  common,  has  hwm 
formed  by  the  <lisintegration  of  feldspathic  rocks,  is  light,  and  tit  diilv  h- 
woodland  and  meadows.  '     ' 

Greenswards,  consisting  chielly  of  an  herb  called  "  Mardus  strict  i " 
are  found  on  the  highest  summits  of  the  table  land.     Under  those  rir 
cumstances  the  region  naturally  devote<l  itself  to  the  cattle-r.iisin..  ji, 
dustry,  and  the  "  Plateau  Central"  supplies  nearly  all  the  ditreictit  mm 
of  I'^rance  with  large  (juantities  of  much  esteemed  sto(!k. 

The  climate,  although  colder,  owing  to  the  altitude,  is  not  excessively 
so,  and  can  comi)are  favorably  with  many  other  i)arts  of  France. 

Description  of  iSouthiceHtern  France*— Tim  south  western  region  wliich 
is  inclosed  between  the  ranges  of  the  Cevennes  and  the  Pyu^ncesat  the 
east  and  south,  is  entirely  comi)osed  of  plains  and  valleys,  witii  the  ex- 
ception of  t'e  lamlen,  a  wide  sandy  expanse,  resting  on  a  i>n(ldiiio,st()ii'e 
substratuu);  the  region  is  fertile  and  in  advanced  stage  of  (^ultme  that 
embraces  all  the  agricultural  productions  of  France  excei)t  the  olive 
and  orange. 

The  vineyards  cover  nearly  2,0(K),000  acres,  and  produce  the  well- 
known  Bordeaux  wines  and  a  good  deal  of  inferior  brandy.  The  eiilt- 
ure  of  Indian  corn  comes  next  in  importance,  and  is  especially  extensive 
in  the  poorer  district,  where  the  peasant  uses  it  for  food  for  himself  ami 
his  cattle,  and  as  flour,  fuel,  and  bedding.  The  natural  i)astin<>  hmd  is 
also  plentiful,  and  sown  meadows  give  a  good  supply  of  liicern,  aud 
particularly  clover,  the  use  of  which  has  grown  to  form  an  iiiipoitaiit 
branch  of  trade.  The  geological  formation  is  entirely  of  the  tertiarv 
order  iu  the  plains,  and  in  the  Cevennes  aud  Pyrenees  partakes  of 
<liffereut  formations,  the  granitic  and  Jurassic  lued'ominant. 

The  climate  is  moderate,  the  mean  temperature  being  09°  iu  suinuier 
and  41°  in  winter;  the  rainfall  averages  23  inches,  distributed  iu  130 
rainy  days  in  the  year.     Frost  is  seldom  seen  for  more  than  35  days. 

Descriptio7i  of  Southern  and  Southeastern  France.— Tln'  southern'  aud 
southeastern  regions  are  quite  ditt'erent  in  every  resi)ect  from  all  the 
other  regions  of  France. 

The  climate,  produce,  culture,  and  general  asi)ect  are  eutn-ely  peculiar 
to  the  region.  Wood  and  pasture  lands  are  scarce,  the  calcareons  hills 
and  mountains,  stripi)ed  of  the  last  vestig*;  of  a  tree,  are  barren  and 
grow  nothing  but  shrubbery  and  aromatic  herbs,  on  which  constautiv 
brows(.'  numerous  herds  of  starveling  sheep  that  are  led  liom  one  hiil 
to  another  aud  lay  waste  all  those  parts  of  the  country  tlu'ougli  which 
they  travel. 

Three-fifths  of  the  region  are  utterly  sterile  and  deserted.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  two  other  fifths  are  remarkably  pnxluctive  and  tinned 
to  culture  which  cannot  be  attemi)te<l  in  any  other  i)ortion  of  France. 
The  olive,  orange,  mulberry  trees  thrive  admirably  ;  the  vine  is  exten- 
sively cultivated  and  ])roduces  immense  <]uantities  of  wine,  which,  al- 
though of  inferior  quality,  brings  an  important  revenue  to  the  counfiy, 
In  some  part  flowers  grow  iu  the  oi)en  air  at  all  times  of  tlie  year,  aud 

*The  breeds  of  cattle  raised  in  Southwestern  France  are  the  Garoiiuaise,  llie  Baza- 
dais,  the  Gascon,  the  Bonlelais,  and  the  Pyrenees. 


FRANCE. 


coiiio  luarsbv, 


271 


give  rise  to  iiunieious  fUcr.  ,nos  lor  tJjc  i.ivpi.ration  ..t  essential  oils  anrt 
perlumery,  aud  to  aii  luiportant  production  of  hoiiev  '^*  ^'^''^  '^°^ 

The  drought  is  nearly  penuancut,  and  is  broken  onlV  by  floods  of  riin 
which  are  more  injurious  than  beneficial,  as  thev  freouemlv  occ-ision 
llfe'earth"'  ^"""^^^'^'^""^  ^""^  ^^^^>'  '^^^^^v  a  ,^ood  deal  of  pr^S  us  ve'S- 

In  the  Valley  of  the  Rhone  the  rainv  davs  nnW  nnr^.u^^  ♦• 
13.;  in  the  year,  aud  53  ou  the  McUtSc'Sff,  S't  l',rrS  n 

winter  temperature  is  35°.  J^n  tUe  interior  the  mean 

The  prevalent  winds  are  the  northwest  nr  mistral   o^u       i    ., 
wind,  and  the  southeast  or  rainy  Sd  '  '^  ''''^'^  ^"'^  ^'''^^''^ 

OAMARGUE   CATTLE. 

The  only  original  cattle  breed  of  the  rf^oin,,  ia  ti.^  n„ 
Its  only  interest  lies  in  the  fact  tlSt  Olives  h"-  semi  wtlT^^iSn-r '''•^• 
thoCamargue,  a  marshy  delta  of  the  ri^rer  Rhine     I?^.?^  '*,?''•"' 
and  measures  about  4  feet  4  inches;  its  coloi  L  a^uei  il  t  fiS^^    "'"^ 
tna^rejl;  the  head  is  elongated;  hel^orul  ^^e"^^]^^^ 

When  the  young  calves  are  born  thev  are  fastiMie.I  to  ...ni-^f.        i  • 
,,,e  grouu.  ..„.,  have  .„  wait  „.,«.  >^i^ .o^ll^Z^^^lf^^:^ 

^^XZ^:^""""""  '"«  •''«''  --'P'  '"'■  l...ll-Hsh.s,a,„,  i, 

At  the  present  day  there  are  not  more  flin.  ->w..i,t^  i  .     i     i  , 
ing  in  Camargue.    All  the  other  catirftmn    in  th     ''""^^^■^:'^  .^^^'^^l  liv- 
from  other  parts  of  France,  or  Al^lSJ,  ludlnJi.'!;;;.!!!;;^  "  ^"^l^^^^^d 


FRENCH  mPORTS   AND   EXPORTS 


OF  CATTLE. 


To  close  this  report  and  give  an  idei  of  tin.  ...ttin  f...  i 
in  France,  I  have  appended  the  hi  In  i   l  i^i     ,       ^'  ''^^ ''"  ^am^Hlou 
and  expor'tation  of  LltlJe  for  tt  ;^ari8&  ''^  '^'  ""l>««^^tion 


IMPOETS 


Countiiis. 


Imported  from— 

Italy 

Alij'eri.a 

Bel;:inni "'_ 

Switzerlaud..'.." 
Gcrmanv.. 

Hoiiaud.. ...:;;; 

Spain 

Other  countries!. 

Totiil 


Oxen.     C(i\v.i.      ]5|,i].,,.    


Vearli 


Male.    FoiiLilo.  Calves. 


17,719 

57,(158 

18,7;)0 

311 

H,192 

'4,1?40 

L'li,  14,'i 
5.  074 
.■f,7S5 
3,  (148 

1,IG5 

2,  (i7:i 
!)I!G 

tf72 

"iViLVi 

4()() 

1,300 

228 

28tl 

;;<ii 

— 

■  'II.  I'K 

•JiU 

I.74n 

1(17 
4  2T!I 

121 

^:l. 'jjn 

»,  'J.ta 



. — — _ 

21,127 

24,290 
6,083 
3,  3S2 

"m 

743 
Mi,  814 


272 


i  flii 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 

KXIMIUTS. 


Yi'arliLgB. 
t.''>"'i"i«"''  Oxiti.     Ccnv«.     HullH.  _^ 

Expoits  tci—  '  1  ■ 

g",'^'.'""' 21,(104 ...  ;  ,  ,„ 

«'''!fl""'-- 11,{I.-^J       !l.S(l,-|  847  rVii  in'        ''I'* 

N""" ..        H  •■:•'  niVr  *=     ^'S"' 

•  'fnimn.v ,,7,),",    „:  'j    ••;•,■,;•■      l01)9 

OtluTcoMiUrien i.-jm        •7;.;,  l';;  lu        '.jf^     't'I" 

'^'""' 'I«^!J''^^^^T^^~T~^r^~7i;i7"~:;;i 

J.  S.  MARTIN,  Ju., 
United  States  Consulate,  t^'t'f.6'o«««/. 

MarHcilles,  February  5,  1885. 


CATTLE  RAISING  IN  THE  SOUTHWEST  OF  FRANCE.* 

BEPOET  BY  COXSUL  ItOOSEYELT,  OF  BORDEJiVX. 

lu  the  departments  of  Fi'unce  forminy  the  cousular  district  of  Em 
deaux  there  are  live  principal   breeds  of  cattle,  viz,  the  Garouuiii  ' 
Bazadais,  Bordelais,  Landais,  and  Limousin.  ' 

ORIGIN   OF   TUE   BREEDS. 

^rtrortHa(«.— Native  of  tlie  country  throuyli  which  the  Garoniio  liivfi 
tlows ;  the  most  abundant  breed  of  the  Southwest  of  France  •  has  ilwivs 
been  known  in  the  coujitry,  and  has  not  been  crossed.         '        '      ' 

i?flcflr?« /.v.— Issued  from  the  Pyrenean  breed  and  imported,  at  tiie  hv 
gmmng  ot  the  sixteenth  century,  into  the  environs  of  the  town  of  Bizis • 
has  a  ftreat  resemblance  to  tlie  Garonnais,  and  has  never  been  cro'ssd' 
is  considered  one  of  the  oldest  breeds  of  France. 

Bordelais.— A  cross-breed  of  Brittany  and  Dutch  ;  was  iiui)ortea  intd 
the  ocahty  at  a  remote  period  ;  is  preserved  from  deeeneration  bv  tlit 
constant  renewal  of  the  blood. 

ZrtHrfa/i'.— Issued  from  the  I'yrenean  breed,  and  raised  oulv  in  tlie 
department  of  the  lnn(h>i  (moorlands) ;  has  underjione  the  cham'cs  iiat 
urally  due  to  the  dilierence  of  climate  and  soil,  and  has  become  iulapted 
to  the  country,  where,  under  the  local  inliuences,  it  has  almost  become 
a  new  breed ;  has  not  been  crossed. 

Zi»io?/sm.— Raised  especially  in  the  environs  of  the  town  of  Limoges; 
seems  original  to  the  country ;  has  not  been  crossed. 

DESCRIPTIONS   AND   GENERAL   CONSIDERATIONS. 

DcHcripthm  of  the  6Vo7)rtH«/,v.— Butt"  color,  sometimes  darker  about  the 
head,  hoof,  and  tail;  bull,  o  feet  4  inches;  cow,  5  feet  tall,  without  being 

*N()TE  nv  Consul  KuosKVKLT.— This  rt'iKirr  isconipiled  from  iiiCnrmiitiim  (kriveil 
Irom  tho  iiiiiiiicipiil  vo^ciiiuirv  .suiki'dh  in  (•liar-;e of  the  .sl:iuulit.'i--limitie  of  tlincity 
01  Bordeaux,  iNL  Marcel  C(nirrt'j^cloiijriic,  nni' of  ttif  inoHt  onmiciit.  •.•iirtlu-lireeder^of 
this  tlepartiiient,  and  also  .secretary  of  the  Soeietv  of  Ayriciiltuie  of  tiio  Giromle ;  from 
tho  manager  of  tho  General  Milk  Company  of  Bordeaux,  tlio  nmnicijial  records,  the 
newspapera  of  this  locality,  and  from  the  most  reliable  autlors. 


Fl 


.         ■      s    ■ 


FBANCE. 


273 


"higli  ubove  ground;"  very  thick  Iw.nou  o.wi    * 

den,  loHK  body,  well  «u,,port<.d    1^^^^^^^  '""^«5  "nek  mius- 

wtl.cM- thick  neck,foro(  uuif(u«  ,,on/b    Lv  »    I  f  "•"■.''"^«»'««t.  flat  ribs, 
ndlu.r  Hut  tl.iffhs;  tl.ick  ski,,,  t   ik  lb  t  I.U  L  ,  ST'  ^'"'V  '''"'^  «"«« 
ally  downwind.  '  ""^  "^'^"'*  ^""t  '"rward  and  geuer- 

This  11,10  brt't'il  lbr,n8  tlio  wealfb  nf  fh«  h^..*i 
it  given  itsw(.,k  and  mt'at  Tr  ,n.  d^^^^^^ 

and  iu»<-li,  bnt  with  a  slow  i,aee  '  *"'  ""*^  ^""^'^^  '^  works  well 

^n.  ox  take.  th.h  easily;  the  cow  hardly  has  u.ilk  enough  to  feed  her 

JnfiL/?:i23;tfifS-;;;;!ircSf  i^        ^«  -^^ « beast  of 

tin.,  by  a  IJrittany  cow  used  as  ussista  I  nL  e  rM'.!..''''  ""*'  '^^  "•^'  «""'« 
ing,i.,..o.;i,lves),  then  Ue receives  a  nteinnun^^^^^^^^^^^  ^'T^'  '"  *"^'«''- 
be  is  uoaned.  Ue  is  then  sent  grazing  a  davi,  tV" ,",'"','"''' "''''  ^''^» 
mrivs  besides  green  or  dry  forays  a  "cor  llnL^n  M  ''^'''^  "^  "'«''*'  l^*^ 
the  (Met  lie  will  follow  up  to  his  last  d!.v  ivi^  ^J'  ^^  i^*Mmm.  Such  is 
lie  is  .asfated  and  begins  tcVl^iroken 'to  lll'vo^'^'^r^  """"^''^  «'<>» 
timt  of  two  years  and  a  I.alf,  la. ^J, , ,do^^^^  .•""'  ^l^nt  age  to 

lanii;  tV(),„  two  and  a  half  to  five  or  six  vTri  ^M  ?  •''  ^'^'^^  '^"'"'^  «*'  "•« 
wo.1<s  of  agriculture,  then  Htabled  fo  be  foUe,^  '  tT  '';^*;f'  ^•'"'  *'«"^«^'' 
in  February  and  ia  finished  at  the  end  of  W..  ?''«^«"euing  begins 
ceives  at  first  radishes  and  turnips^  w  eh  af^^'i'  Z  *"',•  ^'  '*^  «"''»"'  ^e- 
luirpk.  clover  and  corn  fodder:  toTha  [,t.  ff»rf  ^''''*'  V}^'  «f'a«^'  then 

Hour,  and  rape  or  linseed  cake;  luri,^  alUl  oTiSf^'nf"! '  ^^  ^'•""'  ^'«^"' 
is  not  allowed  to  go  out.  ^  ^  ""'®  ^^  fattening  the  ox 

A  calf  three  and  a  half  or  tbunnnnfiiu  /j-,  ;       1 1  ^ 
$18  to  $30.  "^  "'*'"^''''  "*'l '«  ««»*l  for  the  stall  at  from 

If  the  calf  is  intended  to  ho  k«n<-  f/».. ,.«...«  i  .. 
when  nine  ,nonths  old  a,  d  up  RS  tim«  J^""'!?"'  ''*^  *«  ^^'^""^^•J  '>uly 
special  food  of  n,eal  o'r  floi.ry  substa,  ces^  he  I'  h '"^  """"^^^  '^^'^'^l^^  " 
iug  the  day  and  stabled  at  uight  when  te/,  ll}'^""  '^"^.  ^''«^"'«  ^I'"'" 
be  sol<l  for  $G0  or  $70;  he  begi  ,«  to  8erv«\vh«n  i^'  '"*'""''"  '^'^^  ''*'  "'" v 
when  he  reaches  the  age  of  thirtv,..o,rth7,lT"  "^^**'"  ^"""^hs  old,  and 
i..K:  1.0  is  then  fattened  w  t  oi, t  bS   ;^i^  ^««  ''^a^y  for  cWer- 

at  the  price  of  7  cents  pe,^  he  pomuf  •^"^S^ ^*''  '"'^l  ««'d  to  the  butcher 
teen  .nonths old;  tlu^y  Jto^u^^^^^^^^  when  fif- 

i"  ilic  stable  wh;>re  th^v  are    ept  at    S    '  tbi.  ,1?;'  '""^  '''''''^*' "  ^'«tion 
ry  iorage  acconling  to  the  sea so^"'  ^'*"'  ''""*^*'^*«  «*"f?^'ee.i 


«ho  pays  about  7  ce,Lp7r,!vii,otnl;r"''^  *'"^  ^^*^'^  ^^  ^^«  ^^''tcie;,' 

tened  he  weighs  fton.    1,;«  fto      i(  0^     ,   ^^  \T-  ^'!?  ^'^^'^  ""^^  ^'^t- 
bntcluT  at  from  $150  to  $  1 75     ,,,1  v  "iff""  ^^^  ''^  t^^'"  «»''tl  to  the 

mjneat.    When  ^pccial^MUtS"  ^^^^t^lulJ^f  ^'^  ^'?  ^^^^^^^ 
-VOO  pounds,  at  about  four  years  of 'iJp      utl\    ,    *^  ""^  '^*''^'^'^  "1>  to 

A  pair  of  working  oxen,  from  f„'r^.uwi  I   "f  \', ''»»  »  «"«  grain. 
are  .sol.l  at  from  $i>0o  to  $300  *^  """^-'''^'^  ^"  ^^'e  years  ohl, 

lO,0(Jl';^;Li:rS'lW  iV  mil!!"  h,"  e^rtdoad  (two-wheeled  cart)  of 

rateonly  three  tinfes  a  week     The  w^J! '^  *^''^''  ^"^  ^*"  ^^'^  "t  tha 
hour.    Tj.arn^HM.,^       »veeK.     me  workiUff  nace  is.  alw^Mf  n  ..,;.         "^ 

H.  Ex.  51 18 


274  CATTLE  AND  DAIEY  FARMING. 

Meat  prodmt  of  Garonmis  cattle.— The  following  is  the  producf  nf  u 
young  oxen  wluch  had  received  premiums  at  a  cattle  show:  '^ 

No.  1,  three  years  and  ten  months  old : 

Live  weight  at  the  slaugbtor-house 

Weight  of  the  four  qaartere...  Pounds..  1,14^ 

WeTgSoHSaw  **'  *''  fourqnarterslo-th^YiVe  weightV.V.V.VpeVti::  eiS 

wTghf of  fh^Ikif  * "' ""  '^^^^'^o\i^'^^^te^-^y.::--:":^^::  i^ 

Proportionate  weight  of  the  skin  to  the  fouVqnarVei;\\\V::;;;:  "■*  Ber''r«nf'-  Jf^ 

No.  2,  three  years  and  eleven  months  old :  Percent..  lS-96 

Live  weight  at  the  slaughter-house 

Weight  of  the  four  quarters pounds..  2,17G 

We?ght*S?£^e  a'w*  "'  '""^  ''^"^  «l-rier-sWth;-lVve  weYght  V;.V;.VpeV tt::  KS 

mgBSS^S"*.?:  *''  tallow  io-ihe^;{;{a;^::::::::::::pP»-j«-;  ^ 

Proportionate  weight  of  the  skin  to  the  fou'r  quarters' ! '2Tnl^t ' '  ,  J^^*^ 

Garonnatj  crossbreeds.— An  author  says  that  this  breed  desprvp^  f. 
name  of  "Shorthorn  of  the  South,"  having  the  same  forraud  bear^! 
and  the  same  propensity  to  fatten  when  younff.    It  is  suiH.oQPri  7  1  ^ 
cross-breed  of  Garonu  li;  and  Dutch.    AccSing  to  reSEhln^^^' 

arge  numbers  of  Gar.uuaiH  were  exported  to  E^fgland  L  ^h^  tjtS 
and  fifteenth  centuries,  when  the  South  of  France  was  occiip  ed  b!  ?ff 
English.  This  breed  has  never  been  crossed  by  any  tbreTg,  blood*  ^ 
18  left  to  Itself  for  reproduction,  the  raisers  h/rdly  tok  ng  any  cL 
secure  good  bul  s.  The  cattle-breeders  say  that  this  breed  should  n 
be  crossed  in  its  native  country,  because  that  would  make  i  Ce  Z 
qualities  which  reuder  it  particularly  adapted  to  the  locality  A  1  nm 
ings  hitherto  tried  have  proved  complete  failures.  This  i)ret(  rpnrf 
sents  about  two-thirds  of  the  cattle  in  the  department  ^ 

Garonnaise  grazing  country.— The  altitude  of  the  country  is  about  '>5() 
feet  above  sea-level.    The  mean  temperature  is  56o  F.-in  suuC  7"»o 
in  winter,  .43o     The  soil  belongs  to  the  secondary  and  tert1a?^7eri  "ds' 

The  agricultural  soil  is  composed  of—  I'tuout,. 

Limestone ..f"!"' 

Rich  compost ""^'  '^^ 

Gravel.... IMV.lW.^ll" ^^'^ 

Stony  ground ,1'*"^ 

Sandy  ground !!.".'!.".'.".." .''II ix';""' 

Heathy  ground ■.''.'.......'.[".'. ro'^-f! 

The  soil  of  the  plain  and  great  valleys  is  very  fertile.    The  plain  of 
the  Garonne,  of  proverbial  fertility,  lies  on  alluvial  ground  12  feet  deep 
The  culture  of  the  ground  is  triennial ;  first  year,  wheat  and  cereals  of 
spring  and  autumn  growth ;  second  year,  green  forage ;  third  rear 
hemp,  tobacco,  rape,  and  linseed.  ^     ' 


THE  BAZADAIS  CATTLE. 

Description.— B-Aiyitle  dark  gray ;  nose,  anus,  and  inner  part  of  thighs 
white;  eyes  encircled  with  white  hair;  some  of  cows  are  light  gray. 
Bull  4  feet  8  inches,  cow  4  feet  4  inches  high.  The  animal  is  compact, 
''close  to  the  ground,"  with  thin,  dense  bones ;  powerful  muscles  ended 
by  strong  sinews;  harmonious  and  wonderfully  balanced  body;  loins 
very  well  attached.  The  anininl  is  built  for  fatisrue  av.'.]  i^ndnranw  with 
broad  and  neat  articulations;  liind  quarters  broad,  well  ido,' with 
thick  flesh  and  muscles  from  rump  to  knee;  h)or8  hard  and  of  a  good 
quality ;  head  short,  broad  at  the  forehead;  horns  well  attached;  neck 


3  product  of  tMo 
low: 


--•pounds..  1,14^ 
•••---do....  y4^ 
■  .percent..  6'^-9i 
.-■pounds..  iiQ 
--percent..  12-83 
-•-pounds..      107 

•  •percent..  lS-96 

•  --pounds..  2,17G 

do....  i,3fi6 

--percent..  68-78 
-.-pounds..     160 

•  -percent..  13-iy 

•  -■pounds..  130 
••percent..  lO-flo 

3d  deserves  the 
[•ID  aud  bearing 
ipposed  to  be  a 
ible  documents 
the  fourteentJi 
ecupied  bv  the 
sign  blood.  It 
Qg  any  care  to 
eed  should  not 
lake  it  Jose  the 
ty.  All  cross- 
is  breed  repre- 

ry  i8  about  250 
1  summer,  12°; 
rtiary  periods. 

Acres. 

13!>,750 

3a,800 

i,:co 

18,!)00 

27,500 

12,350 

The  plain  of 

1 12  feet  deep, 

and  cereals  of 

;  third  year, 


[)art  of  thighs 
e  light  gray. 
il  is  compact, 
luscles  ended 
body;  loins 
liininw,  with 
I  ide,  with 
iiu  of  a  good 
ached;  neck 


short;  ri' 

attached  j 

liair.    Be: 

nently  fit 

prodigioui 

(lust  wliic 

With  al 

for  the  I'l 

freqiieutlj 

butchery, 

gives  mon 

more  than 

The  ox  t 

The  cow 

Ba:!adaii 

is  treated  ( 

ally  kept  ii 

begins  to  I 

plowing  au 

coinpauiou 

,sbo!  t  dista 

bard  work 

fatigue. 

Weight  a 

10,000  poui 

that  rate  oi 

per  liour.   ' 

small  ratioi 

half  to  five 

One-third 

loa(l:>,  ouo-fi 

rest  are  em 

This  latter  i 

whilst  those 

or  seventh  j 

aates  at  the 

on  preen  for 

be  is  fed  on 

A  Uazada; 

I  900  to  1,000 

I  to  1,L'00  pom 

per  pound  lii 

The  cows  V 

$I.S  to  $30  a 

raised  expres 

weighs  about 

III  the  sout 

of  the  bovine 

TheBazadh 

a  known  fact 

bei'diiie  small 

'  compact,  thic 

tlie  same  infli 

I  '^oiiy  system  ( 

Mliatofthoux 

tlJat  the  Baza 


FRANCE. 


275 


short;  ribs  ronud;  stands  remarkably  nlnmh  «»  i,  i 
attached;  skin  rather  thick,  of  a  St  tS,«  ^  i'^  ^""^^'^  ^'-"'^  ^<^» 
liair.  Being  energetic  and  havin-a  miiVk  nS  T/ ^  somewhat  rough 
nently  fit  for  work.  Yoked  to  enormous  two  S^pil'^ ''"''""'"'  ""'^  '^^'■ 
prodigious  loads  under  a  scorchh'sT  s"n  and  S.'f  ^«^t«'.  ^h^y  carry 
dust  which  renders  their  work  very  ,,  liuAiT      ^^^^^^"^^^  ^'^h  a  sandy 

With  ail  thoqualitiesofa  beast  of  burden  rhpPo,,i  •  •  , 
for  the  Imtchery  and,  though  weighS  less  thfn  M?«T ''  ^l^o  frood 
frequently  rewarded  at  the  fat-cattle  shnwf  ff  "  '^^  ^aronnais,  is 
butchery,  being  in  general  fiitter  than  the  G^nnn'^-  "  ^l^^I^'^^'^  f^v  the 
gives  more  of  the  choice  cutsTaS  yields  oT^f' '  '^^  ^««^  '«  better, 
more  than  60  per  cent,  of  the  ii?e  weight      ^  ''''®^^^®  ^^  "«^t- 

The  ox  takes  flesh  much  more  easily  than  thflfnffwn  .   , 

The  cow  hardly  has  enough  milk  to  feed  W  r^H"      ^''''''''°'''*'  ^'^^'^' 
Baiiadais  calves.— If  the  calf  is  intendefl  tn  «,oil      i       .    -. 
is  treated  exactly  as  the  Garouuais  •  «o^^V?L'^^^^^  ^^^'.^  *^f  ^"^den  he 
ally  kept  in  the  stable.    He  is  castrated  wW?  f  "^  ^''^^'""^^  ^"*  ^ener- 
begins  to  be  broken  in  three  montKt^^^^^^  'nonths  old,  and 

plowing  and  harrowings.  When  three  SnJ^if  i^*""  "^'^^  ^"""^  ''g^it 
ioinpaniou  to  a  two-wheeled  cart  and  cSs  *J  r^nV '  ^^H'^  with  a 
sboit  distances  only.     When  four  and  nS     ^'^^0  pounds,  but  for 

bard  work  till  the  age  of  sixTseven*  it hS^^^^  ""^^  ^""'^  »«e^^  f«r 
tatigne.  '^"'  "^'^^^^^  showing  any  sign  of  great 

Weight  and  value  of  Basadais  oxen.— A  nairnf  rto^^.i  • 
10,000  pounds  weight  for  12J  to  13  miles  fn  onf  finf  1^'f  ""^^^  ^*°  P"'^ 
tbat  rate  only  three  times  in  a  week  tL  wnrH..  ^  ^'  ^"-^  ^^°  ^^^^^  ^t 
per  hour.  The  working  animaHs  fed  on  bra?  dry  ? i  r"*"  ''.^^°*  ^  '""*^« 
small  ration  of  oats.  A  pair  of  working  SS  '^'  ^i^*"^  sometimes  a 
half  to  five  years  old  are  sold  from  $2oo^to1'S  ^  ''''^"  ^'^"'  ^^"^^  ^"'l  '^ 

One-third  of  the  Bazadais  workiiTrov;^.  nr . '  i  ^ 
load.,  oDo-flfth  are  sold  for  tCySa^.K  .fZfn^  for  carting  heavy 
rest  are  employed  for  agricuItura^purpoJes  hf  lhe'«''  i^^^terno,  the 
TbLs  lat  er  portion  is  fattened  when  frc  m  four  m  •  h^if^'"''-'^^'"  '*^«'''"- 
wbilst  those  belonging  to  heayv  works  are  fn/S  i  ^  ^'i.^*^^  y^^^""  o'^i 
or  seventh  year  of  thdr  age  K SS^hl  '^'^  only  from  the  sixth 
uates  at  the  end  of  February.  Fronf May  t>  oS'k  '"  ^ay  and  termi- 
on  sreeu  forage,  corn  fodder,  vetch  and  n.m.^.^'"''  ^^'V''"^^^ '«  f«l 
k  i.  fed  on  hay;  bran,  con'  meS.'r/^^  1,  ^l^K  '"'"^  ^^*«^^^ 

A  Uazadais  ox  at  the  age  of  maturity  /fi^/w.f-         ^• 
900  to  1,000 pounds:  uftefbeinffSe  H/if^K"^  six  years)  weighs  from 

to  U'OO  pounds,  and  is  then  sold  to  tl^but^L'tth;'.'^;^'^  ^."»  ^'^«» 
per  pound  live  weight.  ouccuei  at  the  rate  of  12  cents 

nmd  expressly  to  be  lattened  on  re^e  W  ?/  ^'?f  "^'  V'^^^^*^'    When 
weighs  about  2,000  pounds       '       '^'"'^^'"S  ^^^  *"»  ff^owth,  the  animal 
hi  the  southwest  of  Fraiu-ft  Mia  p..,.,  i  • 

of  tbe  bovine  species  aJuUr  i^ltSft'lTE"''  '^'^"'  '"'«-^^'"» 
The  Bazadais  as  a  honcmaUna  animal     7"-^'!"^^J,^^- 

;'  Iniown  fact  that  in  the  runtiy  Srl^^     f "^,^'^'  ""^»^or  n.entions  as 

bec.nie  snmll  and  slender,  with  small  (••.th^^'VV^?  'i"'«^'  ^''^'  'worses 
'  71-act,  thick,  and  long    in  othrtc  4s  fn  H  ^'^^'-^'t^^oxen  become 

tliesameinflueur.es  n,w)^.^;^  ","  l^*-  °^s,  in  the  same  country,  muw 
,  73-  system  of  (he  iiorse  is  reduced  to  tb^'«'^"n'^  ''•^'  ^"«  ^^^^<^ 
\    at  of  the  cxen  takes  a  g?eat  deyelonit^^f^^  I'roportions,  whe'reas 

^'-  ^'^  ^-dais  oxen  L..  '^^Sf^Ji^^:^^  .^- 


27€ 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARmNG. 


similate  the  calcareous  salts  contained  in  the  pastures.  If  the  Eazadai^ 
ox  is  really  endowed  with  the  faculty  of  "  easily  making"  boues,  it  would 
be  a  useful  importation  into  countries  the  soil  of  which  is  too  poor  in 
calcareous  salts  to  properly  feed  beasts  of  burden ;  and,  ou  the  other 
band,  if  it  was  imported  into  countries  the  soil  of  which  would  supnlv 
abundant  calcareous  salts,  the  frame  might  be,  in  the  course  of  time 
developed  to  a  great  size  and  power.  ' 

The  Bazadais  grazing  grounds. — The  altitude  of  the  country  in  which 
that  breed  is  raised  is  270  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  ig  com- 
posed of  flat  grounds,  with  little  valleys,  where  spring  many  calcareous 
waters.  The  mean  temperature  is  62°  F. — in  summer,  69°;  in  winter 
43°.  The  soil  belongs  to  thi  superior  miocene  formation,  characterized 
by  the  shell- marls,  containing  all  the  rarieties  of  cerites  with  yelloiv 
conchiferous  sands  and  yellow  or  gray  clay,  often  characterized  by  the 
Ostrea  undata  and  Ostrea  firispata.  The  ground  is  undulated  and  varied 
On  the  same  farm  clay,  sand,  gravel,  limestone,  &c.,  are  met  with.  The 
underground  is  as  varied  as  the  arable  ground ;  it  is  composed  of  clay 
flint,  stone,  and  limestone,  but  is  not  deep. 

'  The  culture  is  biennial — first  year  wheat  and  rye,  second  year  corn 
potatoes,  beet-root,  and  spring  forage ;  besides  every  farm  has  aboiit 
one-third  of  its  extent  in  artificial  meadows. 

THE  BORDELAIS  CATTLE. 

Description. — Black  and  white  (piebald).  Bull,  4  feet  6  iucbes-  cow 
4  feet  2  inches  high.  Hind  quarters  developed  as  compared  to  the  fore 
quarters;  thin  limbs;  small  bones;  angular  forms  ;  pelvis  very  wide; 
neck  thin  and  almost  fleshless ;  head  fine ;  horns  thin,  black,  bent  for 
ward, and  often  rough;  udder  expanded  without  being  de^-'iy;  milk- 
abundant. 

Qualities  of  the  Gironde  Bordelais. — This  breed  was  imported  into  the 
Gironde  many  years  ago,  for  dairy  purposes  solely,  being  the  result  of 
crossing  l)etween  the  breeds  of  Brittany  and  Holland ;  it  was  and  is  still 
maintained  by  constant  importations  of  Dutch  bulls.  It  can  hardly  bo 
called  a  breed,  as  it  does  not  reproduce  itself  exactly.  It  is  compara- 
tively scarce,  being  used  only  for  the  dairy.  Of  the  Brittany  cow,  from 
which  it  origintites,  cut  22,  gives  a  pretty  correct  idea  of  it.  The  female 
only  is  known  and  described,  as  the  young  males  are  sold  for  the  stall. 
The  bulls  and  cows  when  too  old  to  breed  are  sent  to  the  slaughter 
houses,  but  the  meat  is  of  inferior  quality.  The  weight  of  the  cow  is 
about  500  pounds  when  at  maturity,  4  years  old ;  it  is  then  sold  at  from 
$80  to  $100.  The  price  of  the  bull  is  $80;  after  two  years'  service  he  is 
sold  to  the  butcher. 

The  Bordelais  as  milkers. — This  is  the  only  breed  which  provides  the 
department  of  the  Gironde  with  milk.  After  calving  the  cows  give  4i 
gallons  of  milk  a  day  for  one  month.  Afterwards  it  gradually  goes  dowii 
to  2  gallons.  The  average  quantity  given  by  one  of  these  cows  amounts 
to  about  050  gallons  per  annum,  with  a  proportion  of  2.90  per  cent,  of 
butter  and  3.35  per  cent,  of  dry  caseine. 

The  Bordelais  not  suitable  for  exportation. — The  Bordelais  couliiiot 
be  profitably  exported— (1)  because  it  degenerates  if  not  renewed  by 
frequent  crossing;  (2)  because  as  a  milker  it  is  not  so  good  as  the 
i»Iorraandy  cow. 

The  grazing-grotinds  of  the  Bordelais. — The  alticude  of  the  country  is 
about  150  leet  above  sea-level. 

It  is  generally  composed  of  flat  and  undulating  ground.  The  arable 
soil  is  composed  of  clay,  pebble,  limestone,  and  sand.    The  mean  tern- 


ra 

.  ■ '.  ' 

0 

0 

.i  f'f.; 

n 

■J'i 

r 
> 

■J) 

i 

PI 

;|| 

n 

0 

11 

'■^i 

-i 

'■'ff. 

f  the  Bazadais 
►oues,  it  would 
is  too  poor  in 
,  ou  the  other 
would  supplv 
ourse  of  time, 

^Qtry  ill  which 
sa.  It  is  com- 
-ny  calcareous 
9°;  in  winter, 
characterized 
!S  with  yelloiv 
terized  by  the 
edaud  varied, 
etwitb.  The 
posed  of  clay, 

nd  year  corn, 
rm  has  about 


inches;  cow, 
ed  to  the  fore 
is  very  wide ; 
ack,  bent  for- 

tlef-'jy;  milk 

orted  into  the 
:  the  result  of 
'as  and  is  still 
3an  hardly  bo 
;t  is  compara- 
iiiy  cow,  from 
.  The  female 
for  the  stall. 
he  slaughter- 
of  the  cow  is 
I  sold  at  from 
'  service  he  is 

provides  the 

cows  give  U 

llygoesdowu 

!ows  amounts 

D  per  cent,  of 

ais  coulJiiot 
fc  renewed  by 
good  as  the 

be  country  is 

The  arable 
le  mean  tern- 


u 


m 


perature  is 
to  the  Tert 
Feedhtf/  c 
are  left  in 
ffben  stabl 
bay,  coarse 
Those  kept 
When  the  ji 
daily  shelle 
ing  vegetab 
them.  Tha 
the  milk. 


It  may  be 
ofexperime 
ments  have 

To  propel 
ounces  of  La 
the  live  anii 
(lay  one-thir 
stances,  he  v 
in  the  food. 
of  3^  per  ce: 
ensues  that 
productive  fo 
milk,  or  iuc 
mother's  woi 
of  forage  gi 
weighs  one-t 
calving,  the 
weight.    Afl 


DescriptioT 
extremities, 
with  bay.  T 
the  bull  bein 
small  or  ratb 
teresting  to  o 
animal  is  sm 
thin  horns,  d 
noted  for  its 
Devon  breed, 
animal  is  ke] 
little  forage, 
is  equally  en( 
whilst  feedin, 
breath ;  oxen 
i'l  to  50  miles 

A  pair  of  L 
years  old,  are 
may  reach  th 
breed  is  not  o] 

The  grazing 
160  feet  above 


FBANCK. 


277 


perature  is  57°  F.— in  summor,  69©  •  in  winter  43©     t».«  .«ii  i   i 

to  the  Tertiary  period.  '    ""'""^r,  w".     1  lie  soil  belongs 

Feedhifl  and  housing  Bordelais  eojrs.—Tbe  cowh  of  f !.«  r«.,i  i  •  . 
are  left  in  the  fields  day  and  uiffht  us  lon^  L  ?!.  ^m^'^®'*"^  ^""^e*^ 
when  stabled  (in  cold  o?  8Uo"yy  weiUherruffiv  .1  r  T"^^*"'  ^'"'"'*^«5 
bay,  coarse  calibage,  and  any  kiml  of  irln  fooX  ?h«/"^  ^"l  second-crop 
Those  kept  by  ric\  'people  Im^^'^i^ti^on?  of'S^  ^addeY  to  tt' «^'^^- 
When  the  pea  season  sets  in,  very  large  qnantities  of  tw  t      f  .^^''''®- 

EXPERIMENTAL  CATTLE-FEEDING  IN  PRANCE. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  note  the  following  remarks  bpinn-  f  h«  .  ,. 
of  experiments  made  by  a  breeder  of  dairv  Jv. Irl  om  '  u^  ^^^  ^^^^^^ 
i^ents  Lave  not  been  made  on  locafbreedf         '  ^'^^''"^^  ""''^  «^P«"- 

To  properly  keep  cattle  in  France  requires  everv  riiv  i  ««  ,  ,, 
oiuicesof  hay,  or  the  equivalent  of  it  for  Z-hi nn^r.  \  ^  P^-"?^  ^^ 
the  live  animal.  An  an  mal,  t^be  compTetel?  Ri?«fl??°'^'  -^^'^^^  ^^ 
(lay  one-thirtieth  of  his  weight.  LsSS.nf  nnl  h  •  *!•  'T^-"'^^"  ^^^''^ 
stances,  he  wants  four-thirtifths  of  wTefor  fn^M.fWr'  ' '^  i "  '''^  ?"**• 
Id  the  food.  If,  to  be  completely  satisfied  ^^nw l^f  '"^""^  contained 
of  3i  per  cent,  of  its  weight,  a"d  ff  l|  are  locZIlTl'^^  ''?^^^.  ^^^^^ 
ensues  that  the  half  of  the  v^tioxiViZ^naZfZl  h  «"*!\«'"  ^'^6.  it 
productive  food.  Each  pound  of  proclS  v«  wi  ^^'^  *'^''*'^  ''''^'^  >« 
milk,  or  iilcreases  by  iiearly  1  oE  t^^wSt^ort^^^  !)-^'""^°^ 
mother's  womb,-  and  for  the  animals  which  arIbe1ntf/t^?n  i^'fa  '"  "'« 
of  forage  give  1  pound  of  increa.se  in  wSt":f,ff!"';riv'^ 
weighs  one-tenth  of  its  mother's  weight.  During  Vha  flrlf  '?.  ^"/^^ 
calving,  the  cow  gives  a  weight  of  mUk  Si  s!  '1  ^''f  \- ?''' 
weight.    Afterwards  the  milk  diminishes  SaHy  "  ^''  ''°^-  "*  '^«'' 

THE  LANDAIS  CATTLE. 

Description.— Buff  color,  with  a  lighter  hno  nmnnri  fi,., 
extremities.    In  some  animals  that  Slor  L  dTrker  «mi  !J^  T^  ^'''}  ^^^ 
^vith  bay.    This  breed  is  much  smallei  thai,  anv  rS  f."?,f '"^t^^^es  tinted 
the  bull  being  onlv  4  feet  4  incheV  nml  fV„^   ^i^*;^^^^^®™®"f'«ned 
small  or  rather  mean  vartfy  of  U^  great  ^wTat  ^f  ^  -^'^^     \'  ''  ^ 
teresting  to  others  than  the  inhabit-nifrnf  m.^     ?®'^°  ^•^"^'^'»  ^^^^b'  in- 
animal  is  small,  compacrwST^^^^^^^^^  The 
thin  horns,  dea  1  white  witTb]St1ns?I?«.'\''"'^  Quick,  with  long 
noted  for  its  endurance;  it    Sean?  nervous  b^^T^^^^  ^« 
Devon  breed,  have  a  peculiar  char  rter  omi  5.;     ^•v'''^^.*^°^*^  o^  the 
animal  is  kept  in  gooKSion   in  s.^te  of  V.^r?  V'  ^^ift^ess.    The 
little  forage,  and  that  of-ZwoSt  kin        Th  ^    ^  P  o^"'gs,  with  very 
is  equally  enduring,  an  1  wiEf  tit'    -T^*,' ^ow,  though  not  strong, 
wbilSt  feeding  her^aif    The  au"'^'  ^-'^"^      ^^'orks  very  hard,  even 
breath;  oxen  uuaccustomel  fn f1.«^    .  i"^*"^^  very  well  without  losing 
i'  to  50  miles  ?n  mie  ck^n^^^^^               ^^^«  ^««"  ^^"0^"  to  travel  frorS 

yefrs'Iw  tld  in^^^^^^^  ^^^i"-'  ^o- and  a  half  to  five 

my  reach  the  weight  "JToSo^n^o'n.iJ'  ''^    S'«"^;.^«^"e<l.  tbe  ox 
"rued  IS  not  of  sufficient  value  to  export  ''*'  quahties  this 

mtSt?.^^^l^^^^^-^^e  altitude  Of  the  country  is 


278 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Flat  and  barren  ground  (moorlands). 
72°;  mean  temperature  in  winter,  44°. 


Mean  temperature  iu  sumiuur 


THE  LIMOUSIN   CATTLE. 

Description. — Bnfl'  color,  with  a  paler  hue  at  the  inner  part  o.  the 
limbs;  large  soft  eyes,  surrouiidcd,  as  well  as  the  muzzle,  by  a  whitish 
circle.    Smaller  than  the  Garonnais,  but  larger  than  the  liazadais  thus 
giving  an  average  height  of  about  4  feet  G  inches  for  the  cow  and  5 
feet  for  the  bull.    There  is  a  great  variety  in  the  size  of  the  aniniils 
owing  to  the  places  where  they  are  raised.    They  have  a  softer  skin  imi 
are  much  finer  and  less  bony  than  the  Garonnais.  Body  rather  lolu" 
withers  high  and  not  muscular;  hind  quarters  narrow;  sliort  neck' 
thi(!k  head;  horns  pale,  with  brownish  tips,  llattened  towards  tho  base 
not  always  well  bent,  tnuned  forward  and  often  downward.    Tlie  cow 
is  small,  delicately  shaped,  and  would  be  remarkably  fine  if  not  over. 
worked.    She  has  round  ribs  and  well-made  hips;  is  very  spirited  and 
works  much  more  quickly  than  the  ox,  which  goes  slowly  and  lazjlv 
The  cow  gives  scarcely  any  milk.    The  cause  of  this  difference  is  thit 
the  cow  is  the  exclusive  product  of  the  locality,  which  is  poor,  whereas 
the  male  calves  and  young  oxen  are  the  objects  of  an  active  trade  and 
are  bought  by  persons  who  take  them  into  richer  countries,  where'thev 
are  fed  i)reparatory  for  work  and  the  slaughterhouse.    The  diftereno'e 
in  the  diet  makes  the  difference  in  the  size.    The  Limousin  makes  flesli 
more  rapidly  than  the  Garonnais,  and  the  quality  of  the  meat  is  superior 

A  pair  of  working  oxen  bring  from  $240  to  $280.  When  speciallv 
fattened  a  Limousin  ox  will  weigh  about  2,200  pounds.  ' 

Grazing  (/rounds  of  the  Limousin.— The  altitude  of  the  couuir'- '« 
300  feet  above  sea-level.  ^  " 

Highest  temperature  in  summer  9()0;  lowest  temperature  in  winter 
lOo.  Soil  of  the  primitive  period,  formed  bv  the  desegrcation  of 
granitic,  gneissoid,  porphyric,  and  feldspathic  "stones.  " 

The  arable  ground  is  clayish,  gravelly,  or  sandy,  without  a  suflicient 
thickne.sd,  which  causes  many  large  plains  to  bo  covered  with  Leatb 
The  substratum  is  clayish  or  loamy,  rather  i)ermeable. 

The  cultivation  is  biennial.  First  year,  fallow,  black  wheat,  radislj 
and  potatoes;  second  year,  rye  or  wheat.  ' 

The  soil  is  undulating,  the  climate  damp  and  cold,  and  liable  to  great 
variations  of  temperature. 

Besides  the  above  principal  breeds,  this  district  contains  a  few  other 
of  lesser  importance  which  never  come  on  the  market  of  Bordeaux,  and 
which,  for  that  reason,  are  not  known. 

HOW  TO  EXPORT  CATTLE   FROM  BORDEAUX   TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  best  and  only  method  of  direct  exportation  to  the  United  States 
from  Bordeaux  is  by  the  Bordeaux  Steamship  Company,  which  makes 
regular  monthly  voyages.  The  conditions  of  t  he  company,  submitted  to 
the  emigration  laws,  are  the  following : 

(1)  Only  ten  head  of  cattle  can  be  carried  at  a  time. 

(2)  The  animals  will  be  placed  on  deck. 

(3)  The  freight  for  each  animal  will  be  $80,  including  shipping,  land- 
ing, attendance  on  board  during  the  passage,  and  jicconiniodatiou. 

(4)  The  food  will  be  i)rovi(led  by  tlie  shipoer.  The  daily  food  n  • 
quired  for  an  animal  on  board  is  10  pounds  of  hay  aud  8  pounds  of 
bran.    The  wholesale  price  of  hay  is  about  80  cents  per  100  pounds, 


iv 


re  HI  wiuter, 
gre^'ation  of 


TED  STATEB. 


.  ,   '•■V 


I 


D 
r 
> 

m 


I 


FRANC  K. 


279 


bran  $1.00  per  100  pounds.    Countinir  flftApn  Aar-^  r»«..    i  i      ..  ,  . 
pin,  to  that  of  landing,  both  inclu"ivo%S?nimTwoZ/^^^^^^^^ 

111  pounds  of  hoy,  X  15=  tr>0 

d  |)c)uu(l»  of  bran  X  15  a.  lao • 

'  

Tliis  u.ldiHl  to  tl.o  freiffht  makes  a  total  «,f  $83.12  per  hoad  Til 
iiiicesof  fnepht  of  the  Bordeanx  SteainMliinr/»mr.r,l„t  I'wi  imui.  ino 
Inimals  (.arofully  attended  to,  utt  oTreiL  toKZi^i'^'t-  *"  ^*^'^""« 
hv  American  ships  would  be  muol.Xaper.  ^  "'  "'^'^"^^ 

rmi^cn  breeds  suitable  for  export  to  the  united  states 
Among  the  breeds  hereinbefore  mentioned  onlv  two  m.vi.f  ..    i 
be  worth  inM.ortinff  into  the  United  States  "the  Ga.C.nais'°a?d  BSir 
Tiic  lormer,  on  account  of  itss  zoand  powerful  fruno.  h.^i  Af 
count  of  its  energy  as  a  beast  of  Wurlon  of    s  vi'^     in  i  'f"«^' <>"  "c- 
ont«  wonderful  power  of  .tssimilatinT&S     Thilos   .frSof .?''  '^f 
of  choice  Garonnais  would  bo  about  «300  fj.f^r.;'       ,'^'i^'?"!*'® 
Bazadais  about  $260.  *'^'^'  ^^''^  ""^  ''  ^0"1»I«  «f  «lioico 

export  op  AMERICAN  BEEP  OATTLE  TO  BORDEAUX. 

It  would  not  be  advisable  to  import  any  breediuLr  iinim.^?u  i«f  *i  • 
district,  because  all  the  crossings  l.ither  o  tr  ed  w Ub  th?fnli  i*"  *^'' 
Lav.  proved  complete  failures,  and  eonsenuentlvTh«  o.ttt  ^  ^''^^''^^ 
.ot  inclined  to  try  new  experiments  Tu'ey  were  s^MnclZwh"" 
would  choose  bulls  belonging  to  breeds  know^in  France  and  ?^oV  S,? 
ciiase  animals  of  a  breed  unknown  to  them.  '  ^  ^  "^" 

Iflbe  importa'ion  of  breeding  animals  is  not  likMiir  t .  ^i. 
result,  the  importation  of  live  stock  inti  BordeauJ  for^.L  ^2  f  "'* 
Avould,  on  the  contrary,  meet  the  reouiremeuts  nf  /{.«  .      .    *  ^"'^^^ry 
probabilities  are  that' the  i..troducuTZuch  4  n. .  lif^^'  •  "-^  ^^^ 
good  condition,  would  be  a  profitable  speculation  '       '^'"^'"^  '" 

In  order  to  elucidate  the  matter,  so  as  to  Dring  the  question  within 
tbe  comprehension  of  any  person  concerned,  I  shall  fi^st  exnbuT.  H  . 
manner  in  which  the  city  of  Bordeaux  is  supplied  with  meat^  the  ni^ 
acted  by  the  commissioners,  who  are  the  intermtr  l.tnc,  w'  ^^^ 
producers  and  the  butchers,'their  Bystenmtic  remova  oHive^^^^^^^^^^ 
the  market  in  order  to  raise  the  prices,  &c     Thi«  will  ill  •      .'" 

S;Kr^  Of  the  newspape?Xa  vtiJlT^:^^^^^^^^^^ 

siomr  in  there,  ready  at  hand ;  he  examines  ih«^^m         i"'"""  .''»»J"«8s.    The  coniinis- 
trk.8to  hint  that  tlio  butchore  ar^  we"    nrov^^^^  it  after  his  omi  fashion, 

itc;  ho  advances  to  the  deXr  a  r<^^^a  >'' «mn  „f  '  *•""  '"*''.''*"^  ^"'^  a^^'J  overBtooked 
value  of  the  cattle;  but  oK^to  cSsoonrnnfl '""??'  ''^?"*  threo-fourlhs  of  the 
th..  settlement  of  the  sale,    he'  me  Thanrrefer«  t  Tfl  ^'^  ""V^.  *""  ""^  «ft««»  ^'ayVfo? 
gives  up  the  cattle  to  the  co„.n.E'e"r:Uo1Z/mikrthe  SstVflf "«  ^""«'  '^"'^ 

The  same  article  mentions  the  punishment  whiph  th^  «^       •    • 
.*t  „p^„  the  dealers  wL„  „„  „?e  ptr«fflca;tSZiri" 

«t'M4;b;rj„\7ertf  Mr  01a»"'  """""'  '".•=''  """"'^  «'  De- 


280 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


¥     ::1 


r  h 


the  butchers,  to  whom  they  sell  the  same  cattle  on  a  credit  of  seven  or  eleven  rlnvo 
they,  besides,  are  merchants,  buying  and  selling  for  their  own  account,  and  riil' 
being  holders  of  nearly  all  the  cattle  intended  for  the  supply  of  our  city's  mnrf' 
they  can,  owing  to  their  small  number,  maintain  the  prices  at  a  high  flcure  jl" 
contended,  and  the  fact  is  verified  by  two  members  of  the  municipal  counrii,^r 
raise  and  sell  cattle,  that  the  commissioners  of  Bordeaux  pay  for  cattle  a  /o.cn-  ,»• !.! 
than  that  paid  by  the  commissioners  who  supply  the  markets  "f  Paris  whiln  if  ■ 
well-known  fact  that  beef  is  cheaper  in  Paris  than  in  Bordeaux.  '  * 

Consulting  the  records  of  the  municipal  council  I  read  in  the  rennrtnf 
the  sitting  of  November  12, 1880,  the  following  statements  corrobomf 
mg  the  preceding  one : 

Correspondents  and  at  the  same  time  bankers  of  producers  and  of  the  bntri».r. 
and  being,  besides,  merchants,  they  centralize  the  cattle,  deliver  to  the  market  oi.Ivti,!; 
number  required  to  maintain  the  highest  prices,  and  by  the  influence  which  tl  Anv 
ercise  on  the  butchers  by  advancing  them  money  they  paralyze  the  sprinc  otcilZ' 
tition,  which  IS  necessary  to  reduce  prices  to  their  real  level.  '  toupe- 

At  the  sitting  of  the  municipal  council  of  February  12,  1880  our  of 
the  members,  M.  Min-Barabraham,  read  reliable  documents  showinir 
that  the  commissioners  paid  their  own  price  for  the  live  cattle  and  that 
owing  to  their  then  scarcity  of  forage,  the  owners  were  obliged  to  upt 
rid  of  their  cattle  at  unremunerative  i)rices,  and  after  having  ouotcrl 
the  report  of  a  special  commission  named  by  the  muuicipalitvto  iiivH'« 
tigate  the  matter,  the  report  showed  that  meat  in  the  city  ot  Bordcanv 
was  dearer  than  in  Paris  or  any  other  large  citv  of  France     He  fouiul 
that  the  price  of  meat  was  always  increasing,  "even  in  the  vearH  wlieu 
the  price  of  cattle  had  obviously  gone  down  on  account  of  bad  foriw 
harvests."    M.  Min-Barabraham  mentioned  that  as  far  back  as  1870 
he  called  the  attention  of  the  council  to  the  high  price  of  beef-  that  a 
commission  was  then  ordered  to  inquire  into  the  causes  of  such  dear 
ness  and  try  to  remedy  it ;  that  in  1874  attention  was  directed  to  tlie 
const&nt  and  unreasonable  increase  of  prices,  when  the  mayor  annoiuted 
a  new  special  commission  to  investigate  the  former,  and  also  to  find 
the  means  of  admitting  free  competition.    This  commission  however 
did  not  prevent  the  continual  increase  of  prices.    The  honorable  coun' 
cilor  then  said  : 

When  one  of  the  branches  of  trade,  that  which  serves  the  public  alimentation  isin 
the  hands  of  eight  or  ten  commissioners,  who  are  at  the  same  time  speculators  and 
merchants,  who  can  at  their  will  cause  a  rise  by  allowing  on  the  market  only  tLe  cat- 
tle that  they  wish ;  who  hold  in  their  power  a  majority  of  the  butchers  by  tliH  weeklv 
credits  which  they  (the  commissioners)  grant  them,  I  say  that  this  is  no  loneeilibertT 
it  IS  monopoly.  ''  '' 

The  last  word  seems  to  be  the  alarm-cry  uttered  by  everybody  in  Bor- 
deaus  for  the  last  twelve  years. 

On  the  12th  of  November,  1880,  Mr.  Olagnier,  a  municipal  councilor, 
presented  a  petition  by  which  4,500  inhabitants,  in  presence  of  the  exces- 
sive prices  reached  by  the  butchers'  meat  in  town,  claimed  the reestab- 
ment  of  taxed  prices ;  and  another  member  of  the  council  mentioned 
that  for  the  last  twenty  years  the  priceof  meat  had  more  than  doubled. 

The  consequences  to  be  drawn  from  all  the  preceding  is  that  the  com- 
missioners monopolize  the  cattle  trade  at  Bordeaux  ;  that  they  admit 
to  the  Liarket  only  the  small  number  of  animals  required  to  niaintaiu 
the  highest  i)rices;  that  the  cattle-raisers,  merchants,  and  butchers  are 
at  their  mercy ;  that  the  municipality  have  for  years  been  constantly 
in  search  oftheniean.s  of  chocking  the  monopoly;  that  the  public  is 
deprived  of  the  most  necessary  article  of  food  on  account  of  the  small 
quantity  of  meat  sent  to  the  stalls,  and  especially  of  high  prices  de- 
manded for  it. 


COST   OF   INa 


FSANCE. 


281 


In  presence  of  such  a  state  of  tbiugs,  my  opinion  is  tlmt  ihf.  i^ 
portation  of  Iu-b  stock  from  the  United  'staisToulS  prove  a  pay  W 
speculation,  as  it  would  meet  the  most  urmnt  wnnta  ^f  i  J;      V  PP'^^^^ 
■il.OOO  inhabitants,  consuming  ySirly22%0  ox^n    ^^.^P°P">«tion  of 

was  destroyed,,  and  if  meat  befaL  iliLS  ^ 

amount  would  increase  50  per  cent.  ^uoupei,  ruis 

COST   OF   INTRODUCING,    STABLING,  AND    FEEDING    CATTLE  IN  BOB 

DEAUX. 

The  cost  of  introduction,  stabling,  keeping  &f'    nf  tim  ,m«^„«.„^ 
^IZ^f  '''  ''  ^'^^^  ^^"^^^  '^  thaf  oT'th^etr'  sL'e\Vt7e?utu\";; 

Customs  dues,  per  head,  $3.89,  if  imported  direct.  Town  dues  48+ 
cents  per  10 )  pounds'  weight.  All  animals  intended  to  be  slaughtered 
must  be  sent  to  the  official  pens,  where  it  costs  for  oxen  29  cents  per 
bead  and  for  cows  19  cents  per  bead  for  the  first  twenty-foSr  hours 
00.1,  lit  er,  and  attendance  not  ncluded.  If  the  owner  or  purolS 
does  not  piwide  food,  it  er,  and  attendance,  these  are  givtS7IoZ 
by  the  establishment  at  the  following  rates :  Nino  pounds  of  havSf 
a  (lay's  ration),  10  cents ;  litter,  2  cents ;  attendance  and  water  Tcen?s 
Itbe  animals  remain  more  than  twenty-four  hours  in  tKeus  the 
charges  for  each  succeeding  day  are  the  following:  Stabling  oxen  «? 
cows,  4  cents  per  head ;  food  (eighteen  pounds  of  hay  1  ufr  and 
euaance),2<  cents     When  sold,  it  costs  77  cents  per  head  for  s  luX 

ISS  er''  '  '''^'  "'  ^^  '^'  ^^P«"««  °f  the  b„Sr 


ead .  food  (eighteen  pounds  o*f  hay  1   ter  and  at 
When  sold,  it  costs  77  cents  per  hea^  for  s  aughtel' 
tter  charge  is  at  the  expense  of  the  buSr  or 

■  If,  instead  oflive  stock,  the  importations  consisted  of  fresh  me'it  nrp 
served  m  ice  the  expenses  would  be  as  follows :  ^ 


Customs  dues 

Town  dues 


Total . 


Per  100 
pounds. 

.  $0  29 


CATTLE  CENSUS  OF  THE  BORDEAUX  CONSULAR  DISTRICT. 


1  2ai 


hii'riz:'  ""™^''  "^ '"''''  *"  '^'^  consular  district  amounts  to  GoG,000 


Oxen  and  Imlls 

Cows 

Calves : 



With  the  following-  proportion  of  the  different  breeds  • 

(jai'onnais 

Bazadais '. ...". 

Bordolais ....".... 

Limousin 

Pyrenean  of  variouVbre'eds!.".'.".".* 

Landais 


Total . 


157, 500 
330, 900 
167,  (JOO 


190, 000 

32, 000 

6,000 

149, 100 

238, 900 

40,000 


650,  OOO 


United  States  Consulate, 

Bordeaux, ,  i883. 


GEO.  W.  ROOSEVELT, 

Consul. 


282  CATTLE   AND  DAIRY   FARMING. 

NOBMANDY  CATTLE. 

BSPOETST  CONSVL  OLOYER,  OF  HAVRE. 
•WORKING  CATTLE  IN  FRANCE. 

In  some  portions  of  France  oxen  are  still  extensively  employed  in 
various  kinds  of  work,  and  particularly  on  the  farm.  Many  persons 
contend  that  for  such  uses,  and  in  certain  localities,  they  can  perform  a 
given  amount  of  work  at  less  expense  than  horses.  To  mo  this  seems 
improbable.  Still  there  may  be  some  kinds  of  rough  ground  where  oxeu 
can  be  very  advantageously  employed.  They  walk  more  slowly  than 
horses,  and  are  more  even  in  their  gait,  so  that  in  "  new  ground,"  or  iu 
stony  lands,  they  may  be  very  desirable.  But  it  is  not  necessary  to  pur- 
sue this  branch  of  the  subject  further,  inasmuch  as  cattle,  in  the  United 
Staces,  are  esteemed  chiefly  on  account  of  their  qualities  for  the  dairy 
or  the  butcher.  The  cow  that  produces  the  largest  amount  of  milk  and 
butter — other  things  being  equal— is  the  best  cow,  and  the  bullock  that 
furnishes  tl  c  most  beef  of  good  quality,  in  the  shortest  time,  is  the 
best  ox. 

It  is  not  my  purpose  to  attempt  a  full  description  of  all  the  various 
breeds  of  cattle  in  France,  but  to  give  as  complete  information  as  I  cau 
in  regard  to  the  races  in  the  northern  part  of  the  country,  and  particu- 
larly those  in  Normandy. 

NORMANDY,  ITS  SITHATlON,  SOIL,  CLIMATE,  ETC. 

This  province  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  English  Channel,  and 
lies  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Seine.  It  is  composed  of  five  depart- 
ments, viz :  Seine  Inf6rieure,  chief  cities  liouen  and  Havre ;  Euro,  chief 
city  Evreux;  Calvados,  chief  city  Caen;  Manche,  chief  city  St.  Lo; 
< ,  rne,  chief  city  Alen9on.  Although  Norzuandy  is  situated  between  the 
490  and  60°  north  latitude,  the  climate  is  temperate.  The  mercury 
rarely  rises  above  75°  in  summer,  and  ice  is  not  often  formed  to  exceed 
half  an  inch  in  thickness  in  winter.  Snow  scarcely  ever  falls  to  any 
considerable  depth,  and  generally  disappears  iu  a  few  hours  at  most. 
Such  a  climate  is  well  adapted  to  the  raising  of  cattle.  In  parts  of  the 
province  some  kinds  of  grasses  remain  green  the  year  through.  The 
surface  of  the  country  is  rather  uneven,  being  intersected  by  niauy 
streams,  which  flow  into  the  channel.  Still  much  of  the  "upland" is 
of  good  quality,  while  the  bottom  land  is  wonderfully  productive. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  Normandy  is  a  very  fertile  country,  but  all  portions 
of  the  province  are  not  equally  favorable  for  cattle  raising.  The  depart- 
ments of  Calvados  and  the  Manche,  which  lie  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Seine,  are  very  remarkable  for  their  fine  cattle,  and  especially  for  hut- 
ter-prodncing  cows.  In  these  departments  are  to  be  found  the  purest 
Norman  types. 

CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  NORMAN  BREED. 

Of  the  Norman  race  there  are  two  varieties  which  are  particularly 
distinguished,  viz,  the  Cotentin  and  the  Augeronne,  the  former  being 
the  more  highly  esteemed.  The  following  are  some  of  the  peculiar 
characteristics  of  this  race :  Size  large  and  often  not  very  handsome, 


PLATE    122 


luployed  in 
luy  person.s 
a  perform  a 
tbis  seems 
where  oxeu 
ilowly  than 
)uud,"  or  iu 
sary  to  pur- 
I  the  United 
)r  the  dairy 
of  milk  and 
bullock  that 
time,  is  the 

the  various 
;ion  as  I  can 
md  particu- 


hannel,  and 
five  depart- 
Euro,  chief 
nty  St.Lo; 
between  the 
he  mercury 
'd  to  exceed 
falls  to  any 
irs  at  most, 
parts  of  the 
•ough.  The 
id  by  many 
up-Iand"is 
ictive. 
;  all  portions 
The  depart- 
;  side  of  the 
ally  for  but- 
:1  the  purest 


particularly 
ormer  being 
he  peculirti' 
•  handsou)c, 


•  ^v.  sSiia?: 


.>»w 


Julius  PienA  Co/tith 


NORMAN     COW 


//<« 


Plate    123 


Julius  fiitmrt  I  'o  i,{t.h 


HOLLAND    COW 


0 
0 
M 
71 
2 
H 

2 

n 


Hi 

■ 

1 

'.gg-T 


largo  bo: 
criinipl<)( 
them  arc 
will  aid  i 
anco.  1 1 
to  bo  fou 

THE  nob; 

Tlio  vei 
Lisierix,  v 
«u,v,  cows 
cow.s  coul 
ciossed  W] 
«'i>  of  goo 
tljiugs  cor 
Jerseys  or 


P'obabl.^ 
good  buttei 
ifgion  oxpc 
ot  Lsigny  a 
also  sends  i 


We  alwaj 
excellent.  [ 
Ntrango  to  ai 
too  much  sal 


■:  I' 

'^      i 


^  n  ordinal 
while  in  somi 
ill  the  same  ii 

I  think  it  v 
Jiice  40  pouni 
Paris  JO  cent- 

The  aoconji 
oral  characte] 
possibly  give. 

Thisra  ,■  is 
proves  the  ap 
believe,  that  f< 
by  the  admixti 

However,  th 
decrease  the  qi 
Dmijani-Nornii 
than  20  quarts 

FEE] 

.  Jii  summer  th 
i^  red  clover. 
^^^^i<%  but  they 
graze  to  the  en 
I  "•itbiii  reach  the 


FRANCE. 


283 


oon 
largo  bones,  uit).  Uea.I  rathor  heavv    -,i  i 

cni/npl(,d  and  wJ.ito  as  ivory.  The v* are  o^'^'^'^  '"^"^^  *'irge,  Uorns 
them  uro  what  we  would  call  '<brindin  »  ^  ,?^"^  «olor«.  but  mrn?  «? 
will  aid  in  fonning  u  j„st  estimate  of  thoTfl  ^  '°^'^^*^"  a "ut^^^^.^f 
auco  In  my  judgment,  there  are  fe  v  bo  Lr  '°  """.^  fe'*^"«ral  alou? 
to  bo  found  .n  any  country  than  thir^otntTn  XL'^  '""•^  ^'"nC'e's 

THE  NOBMAN  CATTLE  PREFERABLE  TO  THE  JPU 
The  very  best  cows  of  this  breerl  u.    .    ,  ''^  ^i-DERNEYs. 

Lisienx,  where  the.^  are  som.S  Sled  -^  ^«"»<l>t,veen  Caen  and 

say,  oows  of  the  (-ountrv     I  ;n„  ,.pL  •  ■   "    ^«o/te*  rfe  »««*  "  f Y^^  •    . 

cows  could  be  imported!  int"  hf  Sed  s't^^  ^"'"'^  ^^  ^S.-^au 
crossed  wi  h  certa  ,.  Ame:  ,nan  breed"      TlfM;^*""  ""^'  advantage'    .S 
ei>  ot  good  disposition,  and  their  milt'  i-  i    .T  '?  '"««t  excelleirt  „.  ib 
tbmgs  considered,  they  are  cer  L    i  . '^*'*'^''  »»^«'"Jant  and  r.ci  '   i  n 
Jerseys  or  Alderneys.'  ^e^^rnly  to  be  preferred  to  the  j!;^,,^" 

NORMANDY  BUTTER. 
Pfobably  no  other  country  ill  t) 
good  butter  than  the  department  of  nT'  f  ^'^"^  «'2«,  produces  m. 
.egion  export  to  Paris  larg,,  qS°*^,t^L?  .f^f  ^'-     ®'°^»  viUai   ,/'  J^ 
oi  Is.gny  alone  s.^n.ls  nearly  Otn^  (So  J  ^'"5^*^^  '^nn»ally^^The  fnw  ' 
also  sends  3,000,0UO  pounds.^  ^''^'^^O^OOO  pounds  every  yei^.    Qon^Zy 

l^BESH   vs.  SALTED  BUTTER 

We  alway    have  th     Calvados  hnffo. 

i*  11  ordinary  Xorman  cow  will  u-i  v.  o  k 
while  in  some  cases  extra  fine  onS  L  ive  bin V^ "'"'*'  ^^^  ""'k  per  day 
lu  the  same  length  of  time.  '^^  ^'^"^  ^"owu  to  give  3G  onSfj 

I  think  it  will  be  safe  to  siv  f  i,..f  ^  ^^^ 

Jiice  40  pounds  of  butter  per  month  \f'''''^^Se  i  otentin  oow  wiJJ  n. 

Msn,     i»  sometimes  , Tossed  wi«,  „     ,.  «  "P"o«  I  .„„,,, 

FEEDING  AND  HOUSING  PAT    r^ 

, .  '»"».«r  ttese  mileheows  Zf  '"  ''"'"'"^"• 

««"  -^  .ae,  „e  So;.e.Si:;T„„-- -^.  "-1^"'.    ■- JH^ 

i  Ills  process  requires 


ll 


m 


I 


J- 


284 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FAUMIXO. 


a  little  more  care  than  wo  are  accnstomed  to,  biit  it  is  very  important  to 
economize  in  every  yrny  in  a  country  where  hind  is  so  valuable.  In 
winter  they  an?  fed  on  hay,  beets,  turnips,  carrots,  cabbage,  &c.  A 
good  WW  is  worth  about  $75. 

NOBMAN  BEEF  OATTLB. 

The  Norman  race  is  esteemed  for  the  bovchcrie,  but  I  am  sure  tl)'.t  it 
is  greatly  improve<l  by  crossing  with  the  Durham  stock. 

The  half  bree<l8  mature  more  rapidly,  are  larger,  and  of  better  form 
than  the  iiure  Norman.  Bullocks  for  the  market  are  chiefly  fattened 
in  the  summer  on  the  excellent  j)asture8  which  abound  in  this  province 
and  especially  in  Calvados  and  the  Manche.  This  part  of  France  pro- 
duces abundance  of  beef  for  home  consumption,  and  bullocks  have  bpcD 
sometimes  exix)rted,  principally  to  England. 

The  upland  has  a  clayey,  marly  soil,  and  is  well  adapted  to  the  vari- 
ous grasses.  In  the  hilly  regions  we  And  abundance  of  flint,  but  the 
soil  is  quite  productive. 

VAI.UE  OP  BEEF  AND  BEEF  CATTLE  IN  NORMANDY. 

A  good  bullock  on  foot  is  worth  about  $130.  Fine  specimens  will 
sometimes  sell  for  $200  or  more ;  but  such  animals  are  not  often  sold  in 
this  market.  Beef  cattle  are  worth  about  10  cents  per  pound,  on  foot. 
This  with  the  addition  of  octroi  and  other  taxes,  wf  (course  makes  our 
sirloin  steaks  rather  high  priced.  For  choice  cuts  from  extra  line  bul- 
locks  we  sometimes  i)ay  from  36  to  40  cents  per  pound.  Good  beef  can 
be  had,  however,  at  from  24  to  30  cents  per  pound. 


i. 


m 


=  r 


FRENCH  VS.  AMERICAN  BUTCHERS  AND  BUTCHER  SHOPS, 

The  French  butchers  handle  their  meats  with  the  greatest  possible 
care.  I  think  our  American  dealers  might  learn  something  from  the 
French  in  this  regard.  As  a  rule  they  are  more  careful  in  their  selec- 
tions of  animals  for  the  boucheric,  and  the  result  is  that  the  beef  is  more 
uniformly  good.  Their  shops  are  perfect  models  of  neatness,  and  always 
as  clean  as  they  can  possibly  be  made  ;  cleanliness  is  next  to  godliness.' 
especially  in  the  dairy  and  the  butcher  shop.  The  French  butchers 
allow  their  meats  to  hang  much  longer  before  cutting  than  our  Ameri- 
can butchers.  I  note  this  custom  from  the  fact  that  I  think  it  greatly  im- 
proves the  texture  of  the  meat.  Our  American  housekeepers  ought  to 
be  a  little  more  sparing  in  the  use  of  salt.  A  new  steak,  well  salted 
before  broiling,  is  almost  sure  to  be  tough. 

FRENCH  VEAL. 

It  is  not  the  custom  in  France  to  slaughter  very  young  calves.  They 
are  rarely  killed  before  they  are  three  or  four  months  old,  and  luauy  of 
these  weigh  from  140  to  200  pounds  net.  Vcau  is  always  to  bo  found 
in  the  markets,  and  is  greatly  esteemed  by  the  French  people. 

IMPORTATION  OF  AMERICAN  CATTLE  INTO  HAVRE. 

Very  few,  if  any,  American  cattle  have  been  imported  into  this  part 
of  France.    The  chief  diflBculty  in  regard  to  the  business  is  cost  of 


FRANCE. 


y  iraportiint  to 

valuable.    In 

)bage,  &c.    A 


ni  sure  tb'.t  it 

of  better  form 
tJiefly  fattened 
this  province, 
)f  France  pro- 
cks  have  bpcQ 

ed  to  the  vari- 
flint,  but  the 


LNDY. 

pecimens  will 
>t  often  sold  in 
ound,  on  foot. 
'se  makes  our 
extra  line  bul- 
3-ooil  beef  can 


I  SHOPS, 

atest  possible 
liing  from  the 
in  their  selec- 
le  beef  is  more 
ss,  and  always 
;  to  godliness,' 
inch  butchers 
m  our  Ameri- 
:  it  greatlyim- 
spers  ought  to 
k,  well  salted 


286 


tran«portation.  Can  this  olwtacle  bo  removed?  J«  H. 
would  eeeni  that  iwwerful  and  swift  HUmnZZ  ..  •  ..  ^"^  question.  It 
tra.lo  ought  to  be  able  to  carry  K  c a  t  rHt  m.  T''*"^^""""^^^^  ^or  ^^ 
a  proHt  for  the  dealer.  A  Calvados  b  ill  wi  t^  .'•  '''**'  *"*  *''*»'''  ^^'ave 
worth  in  this  market  about  $145  A  lS'Ji"n'*^?'"«^.^^<''^ '•"••a*'«,  is 
wotdd  probably  be  worth  about  $(10     Th  V?.?.?    ',"  G^Jveston,  Tex' 

$85  for  transiKirtation,  shrinkage,  prints  &r  '*'"''®  *  "'»''«'"  of 

This  does  not  appear  sunicieiitfo  i.,<i;.  •     ,. 

rcceivoB  largo  part  of  lier  beof  cattle  drel"f^™.,^  ""if".  '^"™lw  must 

m  Imre  an  unllmilcl  qimutit,  „f  the  «rv"il,  V  '^?'""'  ^""*»- 
ami  a  large  portlou  of  It  ought  lo  /I  r,l    L  ,™i  i*      r'  '"  "'"  ""rW, 
liuuBr,v  .nilllonsoa  tliis  »l,lo  of  the  AtiniTtic  "  "'°"""'  "f  "'« 

.l,e  Or™t  Wo,t  to  any  of  tho  FrenS?  .^t^!"  ttTo'  truo"  JlK^" 

BXPOaTATtON  O.  »OBMAN  CATTLE  T„  THE  UN.TED  STATES.    ' 
So  far  as  exportation-?  from  this  cnnntrv  f^  * i     rr  . 
cerned,  it  is  not  probable  that  tlH:^'"v^S  ever"b«  v'^'  ^^'^'''  ^'^  ««»• 

br^:^  eiS§  {hraSlS:.;;;'^.^''^  "-  -'ous  French 
useful  n.  comparing  the  <«itf-entracrs%';"iif,,^r;/;?;,r  J*--^^  '''''  '^ 

JOUN  B.  GLOVER, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

^     Havre,  November,  1883. 


CATTLE  PEODUCTS  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  THE  MAENE. 

JiSPOHT  BT  COSSCL  FHISBIE,  OF  HBSl^S. 

for  the  use  and  ben elitif  the  sr,  iT  ^  *""  ''4^V''*^  ^o  cattle  breed  L 
^,  bnmediately  on  receipt  I^S  cix^S"'?  u2^'  ^"'^^^'  Stat '^""^' 
the  subject  presented,  with  the  lone  t  l/  F  «h  ^n".  ''^  |"^'«sf  iffatiou  of 
report  of  «ouu.  interest  and  benS  ?.»  I  .  !;  ' '"  *^  ^"  "'^'^  ^^  prepare  a 
brooders  of  the  country  but  i ,  ti  i.  r  iJepartiuent  and  to  the  stock 
Leon  successfnl,  from  tVomct  tint  the  II!..?''^?^  '^^^  ^''^^^  ^  ^'-^'e  not 
^s"^  a  report  does  not  exist  in  this  dLs'rSc        '''  '"'  ^^  ^^'"^^^  ^*^  '""ke 

^^^f  ;^?^uSt£^^J^S;^^^^^  -il  is  .„,  ,.,, 

of  to  vine  and  the  n.amStu/e  o?ifs  '1!!''^^'^  "^«  the  cultim  on' 
woolen  goods,  which  leave  lUt^e  rim.  f*'""^.^.'  '^'"^  ^'^^  "'anufacture  o  f 
profitable  nature.  "'^  ^^^^'^  ^"^  other  enterprises  of  a  less 


r» 


{ 


I'd 


•i  > 


286 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


..' ' 


from  Paris  and  other  places  at  a  distance.  Butter  for  table  use  is 
brought  from  Normandy  and  other  places,  while  the  little  which  is  made 
in  this  vicinity  is  fit  only  for  cooking  purposes. 

Milk  is  largely  brought  to  this  market  by  rail  from  out-lying  districts 
that  which  is  produced  in  the  vicinity  of  Eheiras  being  of  an  inferior 
quality. 

JOHN  L.  FRISBIE, 

Consul. 
United  States  Consulate, 

JttheimH,  France,  October  18,  1883. 


CATTLE  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  NICE. 


liEPORT  BY  yiCECONSVL  VIAL. 


n  the  dis- 


'  Nice.    Neither  beeves  nor  bulls  are  bred  or  fed  in  this  part  of 
i ;  cows  alone  receive  the  best  care  in  the  dairy  for  milk  purposet* 
ich  as  the  milk  is  the  chief  food  of  a  great  manv  ^breio-nprvj  i>c,m 


The  ordinary  breed,  Taurus,  is  the  single  one  to  be  found 
trict  of 
France ; 

inasmuch  as  tUe  milk  is  the  chief  food  of  a  great  many  foreigners  com- 
ing here  during  the  winter.    The  beeves  arriving  iii  this  town  from 
Piedmont  (Italy)  are  all  reserved  for  the  butcher.    The  best  cow  the 
preferred,  is  called  "  Bergamase."    This  name  refers  to  the  town  from 
which  it  is  drawn,  viz,  Bergamus  (Italy).     It  is  a  very  stark  cow  tliiok- 
set,  dark  chestnut,  line-haired,  4  feet  high,  always  hollow-backed,  with 
two  large  veins  near  l  he  paps,  one  on  eacli  flank;  giving  an  averago'dailv 
quantity  of  3  or  4gallous  of  excellent  milk.   When  wanting  cows,  the  milk- 
men of  Nice  get  the  Bergamases  from  Lombardy  (Mouza,  Milan,  Berga- 
mus), and  they  choose  them  in  the  third  year  of  their  age,  having  jnst  h^iit 
their  llrst  calf  or  being  still  in  calf.    As  Nice  is  surrounded  by  iiills  aiid 
as  there  are  no  large  plains  or  meadows  the  i)low  is  quite  useless,  and 
consequently  no  labor  is  required  from  oxen  or  cows.    The  best  I'jiilk 
men  estimate  that  there  are  from  2,000  to  2,500  cows  in  the  district  of 
Nice.     When  bought  in  Lombardy  a  cow  costs  $80  to  $90,  but  its  trans 
portation  to  Nice  raises  this  cost  to  $85  or  $95.     Cows  are  couvcyod 
hither  by  railway  express,  in  wagons  containing  si^wni  or  eight.    Six 
gallons  of  water  and  18  pounds  hay  are  their  daily  food  in  a  journey  of 
eighteen  hours.    The  same  ratio  of  food  would  be^sufQcieut  for  ilic  pas- 
Siige  across  the  Atlantic,  i)rovided  they  be  kei)t  in  approi)riato  stalls,  (i 
feet  wide,  0  feet  high,  and  9  feet  long.     The  daily  food  of  a  dairy  cow 
is  estimated  at  44  cents. 

No  exportation  takes  place  from  Nice ;  the  cattle  crossing  ov(!r  this 
country  is  directed  to  a  few  small  towns  of  the  departmentof  the  Alpcs 
Maritimes.  They  are  generally  driven  on  toot,  unless  long  distances 
require  railway  express.  From  time  to  time  Nice  receives  beeves  for 
butchery  either  from  Sardinia  or  from  Algeria  (Africa;,  but  in  small  qiian 
tity  and  only  when  the  importations  from  Italy  become  very  scarce, 
Such  animals  give,  however,  but  a  middling  quality  of  meat  which  can 
hardly  be  sold  on  the  market,  where  the  Piedmont  cattle  meat  is  always 
preferred. 


A.  VIAL, 

Vice-Consul 


VMTETi  States  Consulate,  Nice,  October  Hi,  1883. 


THE  TTV 

Switzerlai 
exported,  in 
sesses  two  d 
said  to  be,  in 
they  are  eqn 
spectively : 

(1)  Tli'eSp 
the  Simme,  i 
by  the  name c 
Thepiiucipal 
Schwarzvieh. 
similarly  to  t 
of  yellow  or  j 

(2)  TkeBn 
Schwyz,  from 
.ai'oatost  piiri 
distril)ated  tl 
Switzerland,  ; 
kept  in  the  hi, 
so  tiiat  this  bi 
tie  of  this  com 

As  to  the  aj 
tie  were  lirsfc 
their  presence 
lace  of  people, 
prehistoric  lali 
lieculiartotlic 
tliat  tlie  Spott< 
i'lally  irom  the 
Bernese  animal 
origin,  the  esse 
Switzerland  hai 
treatment  audi 
t'i'M  period  of  in 
poitant  breeds 

SM 

By  reason  ( (ft 
liinhvaliu'sof  if, 
I'rland  is  hnuhu 
iiiijioited  for  un 
ttittle  wliiob  (!!-4. 
"'"i  lireeditiM-  ,,ii 
V«'i;000liorn!'(| 


SWITZERLAND. 


287 


SWITZERLAND. 


SWISS  CATIIE. 


...^.  t  ..u  uioiii,i.L  cum  iiooio  breeds  of  cattle  p-ipI  «V  T  •  V*'""'^"*-''^.  l>os- 
said  to  be,  in  respect  to  certain  esseutial  nuaIiHi'^"^''^^^'^  '"'"^y  l>e  fairlv 
they  arc  equaled,  bj  auj  other  bovine  rMefnp"'P^''''^''^i°<leed 
spectively:  «  ^<ices  in  Europe.    They  are  re 

(l)  T/ie  Spotted  race  {Flockvieh)   whif.j,  1.0    •.       •  ' 

the  Siinine,  the  Saane,  and  the  Kau  or  i,   r     ;^  *''"i^'"'  *"  the  valleys  of 

bythe«ameof"Berneks,>otted,''or'SuVS^ 

The  pnuc.paloff-shootor  subsidiary  breed  ot-^'^^^^^ 

bchwarzvich,"  tVoiu  the  adjacent  canto,,  nV  ii  -1  ^'^'''^^^  ^^^  "  Freiburo-er 

shnilarly  to  the  Berners  c^lttle,  Lx^^p  "   nt  hs  :?'?'''  ^'^'^''  ^'  ««^^e< 

of  yoliow  or  red.  ^'  ^hat  Us  spots  are  black  instead 

J  L he  Brown  Schwvzer  raop  flu. /.,.;„• 
Sohwyz,  iron,  wluch  it^  iLmel^aL' dfrh^.  i"'''^!'.  ''^  traced  to  Canton 
area  est  purity  in  tlic  central  cantons  o/ii  ^  ^•^^*' "'''  ^'^^^^  i»  ifs 
.mbuted  throno-hout  the  ^v1;ole  oHppel  J'^f '  Ff  V'"^  ^"^'  ^^^ 
bnifzeriaiid,  and  as  lUr  west  as  the  C'iT./nn  !p  1'  ^^^^ern  and  Central 
koi.t  11.  the  high  valleys  of  the  Jim  an  /^  A\"^''*"-  ^^  ^'^"^  -ire  afs" 
s;.  tliat  this  breed  uuist  be  ir.cfuded  ii  1-"  ?"«"  "/°  "^J^^'ent  foot  hifhT 
tie  ot  thus  ooiisnlar  district.  "'^  adequate  account  of  the  cat' 

As  to  the  ai)pr()xiniato  date  at  which  f),.....  ^ 
tew.re  first  introduced  into  Swit.er V  *n^'' •I^^'"''^'^' ''a«^'«  of  cat- 
tlieir  presence  here  is  believed  to  ..  r  no  •  1'  "''""O"'^  <I>flor.  By  mi  ,- 
nuvof  people,  and  there  .  e  be^  I'^iHr.  '"' '^'^^^^  ^"'"^  ofthe  preS 
Pivhistoric  lake-duellers  skulls  of  oxen „i""^"^'  '^'''  '■*''"'''i"J  of  t' 
l-ecuhar  to  the  brow,,  Sch  wvzer  catt h^nf  /  '  f  "^'  '""''^  '"J<1  "tlu'r  mar  s 
'I'^^f  fl'o  Spotted  breed  of  cat  le  c     S,  oh'-'-  ,  ^^  ^'^  ^^^"^'^''"v  I. '   "  ^J 

;'at.nen  .„d  intelligent  bree     ,"  '•  .^  'V/''  '."'"'-^  centuries  of  cirefu 

SWISS   IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS   nn   ^, 

iJAiujcis  OP  CATTIF 


288 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


i 


The  statistics  of  1883  are  not  yet  at  hand,  but  the  exports  ami  inj. 
ports  of  aornecl  stock  for  1881  and  1882  were,  respectively,  as  follows  • 

IMPORTS. 

From  France ^^  -,r 

From  t3ermany ]  4^'7n 

From  Austria "  on' if- 

From  Italy [  'JJ^;; 

Total  neat  cattle llo"%n 

Calves,  all  countries [\       ('jjj. 

Total  for  1381 "TiTTo 

Total  for  1882 .•;;;    n^^J 

EXPORTS. 

To  France U  w 

To  Germany "\[     So'lfl'* 

To  Austria ""       a,,.,] 

■^o  Italy ■ ::::__iS 

^  ,    Total eeiis 

Calves g^gl 

Total  for  1881 Z~iZ 

Totaiforiss2 ;;;   iQ% 

There  were  exported  duriug  1881  and  1882  a  few  choice  Brown  cattle 
to  the  United  States  for  breeding  purposes,  but  as  they  were  shipped 
via  Antwerp,  and  therefore  crossed  the  Swiss  frontier'into  Germauv 
they  are  probably  included  in  the  registered  exports  from  that  couiitrV! 

The  beef  cattle  which  are  now  imported  into  Switzerland  from  Ger- 
many,  Austria,  and  Italy  are  mostly  large,  raw-boned,  and  rather  coarse 
looking  animals,  rough-haired,  long-horued,  and  wanting  in  most  of  the 
essential  points  of  highly  bred  stock. 

PRICES  AND  EXPORTS   OF  CHOICE    SWISS  CATTLE. 

The  export  of  fine  dairy  and  breeding  cattle  from  Switzerland  to  ad- 
jacent countries,  as  well  as  to  England  and  the  United  States,  is  iu- 
creasing  so  rapidly  that  prices  have  advanced  largely  duriug  tlie  past 
two  years.  At  a  cattle  fair  in  Sargans  early  in  October  of  this  year,  I 
was  told  that  the  sales  showed  an  average  advance  of  50  francs  per 
head  for  all  claeses,  as  compared  with  values  a  year  ago. 

As  early  as  August  buyers  from  Italy  and  other  countries  appear  in 
force  in  the  mountain  districts,  and  many  of  the  choicest  animals  are 
picked  up  by  them  before  the  cantonal  fairs  of  September  and  October 
begin,  and  it  is  claimed  by  good  authorities  that  this  increasing  popii 
larity  of  Swiss  cattle  in  foreign  countries  and  the  growing  iiractice  of 
selling  the  milk  from  many  dairy  farms  directly  to  large  niilk-coudeus 
ing  establishments  is  having  a  pernicious  effect  upon  the  cattle  and  tlie 
people  of  the  rural  cantons.  On  the  one  hand,  the  sale  and  expoitof 
so  many  of  the  ciioicest  animals  tends  naturally  to  check  the  improve- 
ment of  the  stock;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  daily  sale  of  milk  for  ii 
liberal  cash  price  tempts  the  thrifty  Switzer  to  work  for  immediate  re- 
sults rather  thau  use  part  of  his  daily  milk  product  in  raising  c(''''''s. 

So  that  while  the  outflow  of  fine  stock  to  other  countries  is  iucreas- 
lug,  the  supply  of  such  animals  has  not  increased  iu  due  pruportiou. 


■i   ! 


M   i 


ports  ami  im. 
y,  as  follows: 


44,510 

45;,  7W 

20,1;!,-, 

3,0s:i 

110,r)i)0 

1,151) 

111,639 

116,000 

13,181 

20,18, 

4,0U4 

19,565 

66,33" 

9,f;61 

76,11)9 

76,000 

Brown  cattle 
were  shipped 
ito  Gerniauy, 
that  count r'v, 
md  from  Ger- 
rather  coarse 
iu  most  of  the 


'LE. 

serland  to  ad- 
States,  is  iu- 
ring  the  past 
if  this  year,  I 
50  francs  per 


:ies  appear  iu 
t  animals  are 
•  and  October 
reasiug  popu- 
m  practice  of 
nilk-coudeus- 
;attle  and  tlie 
iud  expoitof 
the  improve- 
of  milk  for  a 
mmediate  re- 
ting  C(''''''S. 
ies  is  iucreas- 
)ropoi'tio"u. 


ivf^ii 


CM 


u 
h 
< 


i  ! 


;f 


0 
0 


m 


.  f  1 


t 


>hh  I 


:Vl'  '• 


WhcMicr  tlio 
and,  on  tlid  \vh 
|iiiti>(l  iiiid  still 
wlio  consults  ci 
cL'ivt^  soinc^  vcr; 

This  iniicli  iij 
isbcHtiidiiptiMl  1 
race  to  tli(^  viiil 
it  (h'scriptioii  ol 

DESCltlP: 
I.   TllC<!llttl(»( 

Switzerland,  fro 

of  the  stock  is  1) 

ier  of  Fiance, 

thca\'eraj,'c  wcij 

iicow  e.\liil)ited 

poinid.s.    This  v 

of  thoroMf^hbred 

pounds,  tliou^^h 

1,000  and  U.OOO  ] 

The  color  is  \vl 

spots  or  bars  of  i 

matter  of  fancy  ; 

from  lime  to  tiiii! 

I'lTred,  and  ariini 

ilistinctive  niai'k 

rod  or  white  nos( 

liorns  with  brow 

of  the  bull  luivin 

(k'i's.    Tile  back 

round  and  well  f 

Imt  muscular  iuu: 

I'laws.    The  skin 

actor  this  species 

tidious  as  to  its 

warm  stabliu},^  to 


As  a  working' 
Bernese  stands  tii 
to  acce|)t  this  esl 
Iraiie,  alert,  acti\ 
'liii'iince  make  it 
■liiborofOiitrala 
breed;  even  the  c 
brinfriiiy  ,„ii]i  ^^^  j, 

THE 

As  milkers  the 

tlieaisaneasvlnm, 

cows,  kept  by  tbt 

milk.    Fromcarefi 

H.  Ex.  61— 


SWITZERLAND. 


289 


WlicMicr  tlio  Spottod  or  the  Urowii  Siiliwv/cr  rii.„  m' <...ff i    • 
and,  on  tli<^  wholo,  most  i»rofit,ible    >r  t  ,,?S uiJf  r.  •  "  ''  ^"I'^rior, 

Uoc.isi.Its  cattlo  f?ro\v(rs  ar.d  1    ,  ,ms   ,7   I  -'"^  n.qmnu-  visitor 

..eiv...so,n.>  v.ry  positive,  a.ul  ultol;:,!'',,!;;;,,;.'"  '"'"'^  '""'""'^  ^^'^  ••«• 

Tins  iiMicIi  iii.pt.iirs  to  bo  dcur  iind  bcvoiid'  dis.n.h.   n.-.  n 
isbcHta.li.ptcl  to  tlio  I.ill  uiul  .no.intuin  .lis  ri  -N    n    n  '  u  "  '"'""^ 

race  to  tlu,  valleys.     Tho  i^vtso.rs        tV.  HJ   1  b^,  r   /,   K  i;?'''"'  ^^r'"'^ 
;i (k'scriptioi.  of  the  two  races.  '''-^  apparent  Irom 

DEscitiPTioN  or  Tin.:  mmmni:  (simmentiial)  cattle. 

I.  Tlic  cuttle  o<' this  snocies  orovnil  <iii-«Mi,ri>^..4.  ^i        i    . 
Switzerla.ul,  from  the  v  .lU  ys    f  the  £■      5  >  . .  ''^  ^^'f'  of  Western 

of  the  sto..lc  is  best  preserved,    ,  t        o  es'  (•  the  i  !',  ,' '  m''"'""  5  "  ^^'^^ 
ier  of  France.     It  is  amoN.r  f  i  ,.  i.,..  .    T..^  'Vfr'  Jma  alon^'  the  tront- 


puund.s.    This  was,  of  course,  an  OKeentiooM    /•  w     Vi  ^   '  ""    .'''■^* 

of  thoron^hbred  Sinnnenthal  an.rS^iilSha/t^;^'  X^SmS 
poundH,  tlioii;,'li  maiiv  cho  (!e  herds  aver-io-n  i  7on  ,  i  "  '^"""''  ^»'*"(> 
,,M.  a,;<l  .'.(mo  „„„„-,i»  ,voi,.|, -,  ?^-„  ,„';  ;Sm!'r  """"""•  """  '=">™  "f 

liio  cohn- IS  white,  Muirked  with  lar<«-e  irr...r.,i.,r  ..,.,1  „i  1  ,  „ 
spots  or  harsof  red,  yellow,  or  drab  coloV  Vm  1  'i  V^^^^^^  *^*'""«"^ 
nlattor  of  fancy  anioi.ff  breeders  vesZU  u.V  -7  ?!  ^'"'"'^  "•"^"'^  '^^  '' 
f.o,„  ti,ne  to  time.  .U  pres^  t'ho  i^h  vel  ^K^'td  Hnr^'  ''^'"'^^"^ 
M,  an,l  auinnds  so  marked  comnm m  h  h" Ihe:^  l  ie  "  'l^^nir 
d,st.nct.ve  nunks  of  this  species  are  a  small  we  I  f,C  j  ,.e  td  b^ 
ml  or  white  nose,  larfje  nostrils  and  mouth  sinVl  wi  V  "^'"V/'^ ^^ 
l.on.s  with  brown  tips,  and  gentle,  kindly  'C^l.^^ekh  ^n^ 
ot  tiic  bull  haviiifj  a  marked  unwml  r-mv-n  h,.f.,-    "'^,"*^^'*'  '«  ""i',  that 


Ill 


THE  LEKNESE   as   WORKm(}  CATTLE. 


B^i^';K.:[l;;;;;:,,;^,i^.i-^K,,!:y  ^-^i  authorities  tnat  th. 

to  accept  this  estiinaJe  ^^       Ivl    Uhid  t- Ilie'fT'  ''u  ''  '^  *^'^^ 
Iniiiio,  alert.  ■.wfiy,<  fn.............  .!r^-'.^"M^  ^'-l.^''^'  .'"«ts.     Its  powerful 

dun 
■liibor 
lu'ced  :  even  fli<>  ,.,.,,-..  k,.:... ,   ,. r'A'^.""""^'"  i'.y  eacne  01  tJus 


Jor..fCentralan,l   V    u.'    iv   1  ''T   "^V'^^   *'"''"  '»''^ft- 

«fd  ;  even  the  cows  be  ,-.  use      b  * s    .  ,  H^r"''';^  ''^'  :'''^^'^^  '^'" ^''^^ 
"'«!"«•  .nilk  to  niarket,.    aw  ...."'"'''.  5'"'  ^^'"''^  ''«  ''=^^^'"'^'  I'^y, 


•fi  manure,  &c. 

THE   IJEItNESE   (SLMMENTHAL)   AS  MILKERS. 

cows,  kept  by  the  e'nifnnai ''«.'^»'''''' ^  "'"^'''^*''"  "'^'^■''^^ 
I         H.  Ex.  61 10         '     ^     ^  Supermteudeut  Marti,  it  appears 


iiSI 


■(      t 


IsJLlL:  * 


290 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY    FARMING. 


Unit  tlicNC  cows  iiveiiigo  131  pounds  of  milk  daily,  or  7,(JG5  innimU  I'lui, 
diiriiifjr  (ho  year.  This  is  n  iiiiixiimim  record  for  tin  entire  herd,  iiml  i,,. 
quires  liberal  winter  feeding  on  gniiiu  roots,  &e,,  whieli  is  rarely  ])iiii;. 
lieed  by  the  rural  farmer.  It  will  also  bo  noted  that  these  cowm  aiu 
stableii  throughout  the  year,  and,  except  during  a  few  days  in  Octobtt, 
after  the  last  grass  is  eut,  they  never  graze. 

The  rec(uds  of  several  well-conducted  dairies  in  the  wide  basin  lie. 
t  ween  the  -Inra  and  lierneso  Alps,  where  three  hundred  niilkiujr  (1,iys 
are  (counted  to  ea(!h  year,  show  an  average  yield  of  23  pounds  11  oniu.'os 
of  milk  per  day  from  each  cow,  or  7,l<>ii  pounds  for  tlie  year.  Tlusc 
statistics  have"  been  carefully  collected,  coulirnuHl,  and  i)ultlislie(l  l)\ 
Mr.  15.  Uaumgartner,  member  of  the  cantonal  council  of  Soh^na',  aiill 
president  of  the  agricultural  association,  whose  long  and  intolhufiit 
labors  for  the  imi)r()vement  of  Swiss  stock  aiul  tiui  general  iulvaiicc 
ment  of  agri<!ultural  interests  nuike  him  a  high  and  recognj/.iHl  atiilioi 
itv  on  such  sid»Jects. 

'  In  richness  of  milk,  the  Spotted  race  also  ranks  well.  In  the  Alps, 
where  the  grass  is  savory  and  richest,  25  pounds  of  (heir  milk  yield  a 
pound  of  butter;  in  the  valleys,  the  (piantity  re(|uired  for  the  . same 
purpo!!;e  varies  from28to30  pounds.  Tenpoundsof  milk.yield  a  pound  of 
cured  cheese,  and  besides  this,  in  mountain  dairies  theherdsnuiiiisnallv 
skim  enough  cream  to  make  1  i)ound  of  butter  from  each  KM)  ijouiidsdi 
uiilk  without  sensibly  affecting  the  (piality  of  the  (slu'esc.  This  mi 
called  "Vorbruch  butter"  has,  however,  a  strong  animal  (iavor,  ami 
sells  usually  for  2  or  .'3  cents  per  pound  less  than  ordinary  butler  ihim 
(he  same  district  Something,  of  course,  depends  upon  (lie  (iiiantity 
and  the  (juality  of  grass  upon  which  the  animals  are  fed,  bii(  tliealnive 
ligures  may  be  accei)ted  as  staiulanl  for  well-bred  Herucse  cows  kcpi  | 
on  farms  where  meadows  are  manured,  and  irrigated  in  dry  weatliei, 

TIIK  HEUNESK   (SniMEJJTIIAL)   AS   llEEK  (JATTLE. 

As  beef  cattle  it  will  be  accurately  inferred  from  (he  loregoiii;;  tliiit] 
the  ijerru'se  race  holds  the  lirst  place  among  the  breeds  of  this  coiiiitn,  I 
They  gi(»w  lapidly  and  are  mature  in  their  fourth  yeai'.  They  are ot'j 
enormous  size,  compactly  and  cleanly  built,  and  their  tlesh  is  liiii<j 
grained,  (ender,and  sh\  ory.  As  such  i(  is  readily  distingiiishiible,  eiiliti  j 
in  the  butcher's  stall  or  at  table,  from  the  coarse-grained,  striimy  bt'Li'l 
which  is  j)rodueed  by  miKsi  of  the  imported  "scrub"  cattle  witii  wliidi 
Switzerland  sujtplies  (he  detieit  in  her  meat  product.  I'iuer  heertliaij 
is  produced  here  from  the  stiiUfed  Simmenthaloxen  1  have  never  snn,l 
eidier  in  England  or  (he  United  States,  and  it  may  well  be  iloubtcdj 
whether  better  exists  anywhere. 

PRICES   OF  FINELY   UKED    UEllNESE  CATTLE. 

The  piesent  market  values  of  (inely  bred  liernese  cattle,  such  aswei 
na(urally  be  selected  for  export,  are  imlicated  by  averages  of  saks ml 
several  fairs  during  the  ])res»'nt  autumn,  as  follow.-.:  Calves,  six  nuiiitlif 
old,  640;  yearlings,  $80  to  $U)();  f  .w  (four  t(»  live  years  oH|,  ^-loO ta 
i{5l  W;  bull  (two  to  fonr  years  old),  $130  to  iglaO.  I 

A  comiietent  buyer,  familiar  with  Swiss  diale(;ts  and  methods  nfl 
"  dickering,"  could  go  among  the  farmers  and  buy  <'(jually  good  lattlflf 
at  i»erhai)s  10  per  cent,  less  than  the  alM)ve  prices,  which  are  the  viilius 
current  among  dealers. 


'05  pomuls  t'luii 
ii'«  licnl,  iiiul  IV- 
h  in  raivly  pnu- 

tllCSC!   COW.S  iUV 

Jays  ill  Octobor, 

0  wido  basin  lie. 
0(1  iiiilkiii};  (liivs 
•ouiids  It  oiiiu.'i.s 
Iu>  year.  Tlics,. 
itl  i)iibliNlu.'(l  l)\ 

of   SolcilR',  illlil 

illKl  iiitolli^jciit 
I'eiioral  advaiicc- 
eo{,Mii/A!(l  miilioi- 

11-  III  till!  Alps, 
loir  milk  yield  a 
;h1  ibr  t\n\  .same 
vyieldapoiiiidiif 
lordsiiicmisiiallv 
ch  lOOiioiiiidsui 
luH'sc.  This  sii 
iiiial  llavor,  miil 
lary  butler  tiom 
oil  tlic  (iiiaiilit) 
h\,  but  tlicaliiivc 
U'licsi'  cows  kept 
II  dry  woatliei. 

TTLE. 


c  tbrcji'oiiii;-  tliat] 
s  of  this  coiiiitn. 
!ar.    Tlii'v  arc  dt'l 
i'W  flesh  is  liiifi 
^jiiisiiable,  ciilu'r 
nod,  striiit;y  bci'l'l 
attU'  witii  wlml 
Imuc'I'  bccrthiiiij 
havo  never  sn'ii,| 
well  be  (loubti'dj 


rLE. 

!(',  siichaswmihl 
rafi'cs  of  sail's  111; 
dves.  six  moiitlisj 
cirsoid).  Hi;;(lt() 

and  nu'tbods  oq 
iiaily  gottil  fill 
!li  are  the  values 


II 


i 


(Tl 

111 

I-- 
< 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^ 


£>.. 


1.0 


I.! 


^  114 


140 


2.2 


2.0 


18 


1.25 


U    1 1.6 


^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


« 


1 


f\^' 


^ 


:\ 


\ 


^ 


.<^ 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


^  \#  % 


f/. 


% 


■  1 1)1 


y!  ■ '« 


00 

(\J 

h 
< 

-J 


5 

■3 

5 


J 

J 

Q 

y 
h 
f- 
0 

a 

x\ 
0 

< 

Q 
0 

I!: 


For  cxpor 
iiieiuled  by  < 
costly  to  tra 
auimals. 


Tliero  aro 
known  iis  tli( 
tliej'  are  all  i 
cipfe,  cross-l 
have  always 

Of  these  i 
here  is  tlio  F 
is  still  bred 
giving  way  ii 
thai  variety. 

The  (listiiK 
their  spots  ai 
lual  is  bliick, 
is  fully  as  lu 
coarser  flesh, 
points  which 
As  workiiij 
Bernese,  but 
home  market 

SIZE  OF 

Thorough])! 
at  maturity  tl 
of  shoulder,  5 
weight,  1,(JOO 


For  meat-i)r 
tie  and  the  En 
inferior  for  da: 
and  is  coiupar 


As  already  i 
loiiges  the  sii]) 
lias  been  bred 
ZiiS',  an-.l  hiis  j 
Switzerland, 
ready  a(lai)tatii 
tlio  Schwvtzer 
ported  ()f\,lio  ti 

■is  milkcrfi.— 
covs  Lave  been 
ami  later  at  thi 


SWlTZKliLAND.  291 

KliNUSK  CAriXE  SUITABW  TOU  JiXTOUT   To  lUE  UNITED  STATOS 

,*  to  t™,por,  „„a  u.„.  iii^.yr:;^ri;L'o^°!;:;-,ff(r;i::r„£ 

BLACK-SPOTTED  FREIBURG  CATTLE. 

riicro  aro  several  oli-sboot  breeds  derivp.l   frnm  f i.. 
kiiownas  the  Freiburg,  tlie  Frutiffertbo  ?  hW  nnTr/  "  ^''l?  ^^"^'so, 
,I,ey  are  all  more  or  less  inferio   fo  ti  o  nuie  oSt   'rlo!;''  ^f '*'''  ^-"^ 
ciple,  cross-breeding  Las  tailed  iu  Swi/7«ri.?n  P      i  .f  *^',  ^^'^  •'' l>riu- 
hivc'always  been  obtained    rin-lreedTntfrinriJn^  ^''"  ■^"''^^  /"*^'"^^'^ 

Of  these  minor  spotted  bicdrtl'e  illf  o"  o  t^  e  ^d.^     '^^.- ''• 
hero  is  the  Freiburg,  which  originated  in   he  ca  ,to    nt'  S         "''^''^i 
isstill  bred.there  in  gi;eat  purity,  althiugrevelftl  ere't  iVS^ 
SIlS^:"  '''  '"'  ''"''  '^  ^^«  Hgbt-^olored  Saa.u.lVnd'i?.;"";. 

The  distinctive  mark  of  the  Freihnro-  <'iffi,» ;«  f^,     i  •    .,     ^ 
their  spots  are  black.    Many  ex\m fc^s^^^^^^^ 

coarser  tlesh,  and  is  in  othc"  respelS  h  fedor    oT'in  S'f'  ^"^"^' 
points  which  characterizo  a  perfect  stock  ""  technical 

As  working  animals  and  as  milkers  the  Freiburirers  rink  .,Pv^  u.  m 
Bernese,  but  for  reasons  stated  thev  are  leL  vSahi«    ■»,     -fi       !^" 
home  marketer  export.  'ess  valuable  lor  either  the 

SIZE  OF  BERNESE  AND  FREIBURG  CATTLE  AT  ..lATURITY. 

Thoroughbred  animals  of  both  Bernese  and  Fmih.i.-r  i..      i      ..  • 
at  maturity  the  following  dimens---,s    W?  !  i  1'   ^>-  ^'^'^^  /'^^'^"' 
of  shoulder,  55  to  GO  inches;  g^nibehS^^h^^^^^^^ 
weight,  1,(JOO  to  2,500  pounds.  shouldeus,  h<  to  90  inches  ; 

THE  BERNESE— DURHAM  CROSSBREED. 

BROWN  SCHWY'JZER  CATTLE. 

/jI'S)  ail  I  liiis  spread  thence  fhrnii<ri,MM(- fi.,.  ,..i    i      "^" ".)-'?  un,  .uid 
SwitzerhuHl.    its  nUw,    ,s      n  I kT  V       ^^J\"l^»'ountain  n-gi(,M  of 


292 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


will  bo  SO  fully  reported  by  tlio  consul  at  ZiiricU  that  they  may  by  omit. 
ted  hero. 

DKSCUIPTION   Ol'"  THE  BUOWN  SOIIVVYT'iBU  (lAT'PLK. 

The  Schwylzer  cattle  vary  greiitly  in  size.     Some  are  nearly  an  lai^c 
as  the  average  animals  ol' the  spotted  race,  but  there  are  otlicr  vaiir 
ties  which  are  kei>t  in  the  high  alpine  districts,  and  which  do  not  nvci 
age  more  than  1,000  pounds  in  weight. 

The  standard  Schwytzer  cow  has,  however,  a  weight  of  1,'JOU  lo  1  liiiii 
])ounils,  and  is  a  remaiicably  perfect  animal.  The  color  most  lii''iilv 
esteemed,  as  indicative  of  luire  blood,  is  a  dun  or  niouso  color,  fadinn 
to  gray  upon  the  back,  and  a  otrip  of  light  gray  or  nearly  white  alon" 
(he  belly.  Tlie  udder  should  be  white,  with  large  lacteal  veins  iC 
horns  white  two-thirds  of  their  length,  with  tips  of  black.  TlioVais 
are  large  and  rouiul,  lined  inside  with  long,  lino  fawn-colored  hair-  ihr 
tongue  and  nose  are  black,  the  latter  ringed  with  a  circlet  of  li;,'li|. 
colored  hair,  iipproaching  nearly  to  whiteness  on  the  lower  jaw.  The 
bo  ly  is  plump  and  compact,  the  back  straight,  the  legs  round,  lirmly 
set,  and  well  muscled,  with  small  black  hoofs.  Tiie  mouiitaiii-bivil 
Hchwytzer  cattle  climb  like  goats,  and  thrive  throughout  the  year  iiimjh 
grass  and  hay  alone. 

These  cattle  have  been  exi)orted  to  the  United  States  and  to  all  lOino 
l)ean  (tountries,  including  even  Kussia;  and  they  have  proved  eiitiniv 
successful  everywhere  ex(5ei)t  in  Spain.  They  work  well  under  lliV 
yoke,  but  are  smaller  and  less  powerful  than  the  spotted  race,  and  loi 
the  same  reasons  they  aro  likewise  inferior  to  that  race  for  the  biitelier. 
They  are,  in  fact,  bred  principally  for  their  milking  (lualities,  ami  in 
that  respect  they  are  unsurpassed  in  the  quantity  and  (juality  of  milk 
which  they  produce  from  a  given  quantity  of  food. 


f€i 


ailLKING  QUALITIES   OF   TIIE   SOIIWYTZEB  OATTLK. 

Triit;tworthy  sttitistics  show  that  a  well-kept  Schwytzer  cow,  fed  on 
cut  grass  or  hay,  with  plentiful  pure  Iresh  water,  will  yield  an  avera;,'t' 
of  10  (piarts  of  milk  daily  during  the  entire  year.  At  Cham,  the  (i,(l(i(i 
<!Ows,  whose  milk  is  condensed  by  the  Anglo-Swiss  Company,  yiciil 
r),'M~>  i)ounds,  or  Oj^j,  quarts  each  ])(r  day  during  the  milking  season, 
and  these  are  only  ordinary  animals  of  the  brown  Schwytzer  race 
Choice  herds,  carefully  kept,  average  at  the  best  milking  age,  diirii);' 
April,  May,  and  June,  12  quarts  daily  and  even  higher.  The  iiiillc  isol 
excellent  quality,  from  25  to  30  quarts  of  it  yielding  a  pound  of  butti"., 
and  from  t?  to  10  cpiarts  a  pound  of  cheese. 

PRICES   OF   UROWN  SCHWYTZER  CATTLE. 

Comparisons  of  sales  at  several  fairvs  in  Eastern  Switzerland  duiin^'j 
the  present  autumu  show  the  following  prices  for  well-bred  brown  vm 
tie  of  vift'ious  ages: 

Calves,  six  months  old !-''"| 

Yearlings ^^^O  lo  IW 

Two-yoar  olds IJW      l^'» 

(Jows,  four  to  six  yeai'8  old I'^^O       Mil| 

Hulls,  three  years  old 1'"      ';' 

Ol.leows...    <^(J       •""! 

The  prices  charged  by  peasants  at  their  farms  would  be  10  per  <;i'iit. 
less  tbau  these  figures. 


iiiivy  b«  omit. 


Li:. 

otluM'  van,.. 
<l<)  not  nvoi 


inosl,  liij^iiK 
<;<)l()r,  fading 
'  white  aloii'j] 
ill  vi'jiis,  the 
\<-  'i'lio  oars 
■ed  hair;  Ur. 

!U't   of    li;,'li|. 

-n-  jaw.    Tlic 

•OUIkI.  lil'Illly 

uiiiitiiiii-brcil 
lie  year  nijon 

.1  to  iiil  Euro, 
•ved  eiiliini.v 
II  Ulldr'i'  lliV 
nico,  and  lor 
'  tiielmtcluM'. 
litit'H,  and  in 
ality  of  milk 


LK. 

'  (!ow,  led  on 
1  an  avera;,H' 
un,  the  (!,(llii; 
npany,  yield 
kinjf  season, 
wytzer  race 
a;.;i',  dnriiiii; 
lie  niillc  isot 
lid  of  butti"., 


I'laiid  daring' 
I  brown  imi 


,..  ^fiO  It)  M<\ 

...  100       I'-ii 

..  l!JO       I4il| 

. .  r^o     i.'ii 

..  (iu     ion 

10  per  (;i'iit. 


n 

i 

< 

N 

n 

3) 

c 
r 
r 


if.  1. 


D 
r 
> 

H 

m 


o 


CD 
X 
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ii 

z 

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0 


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A- 


4 


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p 


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to 

0 

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o 

i 

z 

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n 


(l-l      y       ■-vm 


If  Ilk 

B 

ili 

1 

'Hi: 


r* 


. 

^^Hf 

'; 

'V^^^^^Bb 

J; 

m 

n 


01 
3) 
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t/l 
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■  n 


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> 

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fl  1 

tJ&^l 


CD 

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t 

z 

en 
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CD 

|;  3 

0 

i 
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0 


i 


i 


ill 

• 

IIM 

• 

'i  ^K^n  ''f^ 

M 

# 

V 

'1 

if 

><^^^^ 

m 

1 

f 
! 

1 

1  ^BMj 

1 

1 

11 

J, ^^11 

1  flMi' 

^|i^■^»l|: 

fj  f      i, ,,  ^.-^^  '■ 

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3 

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i 

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0 
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i 

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n 

31 

C 
r 
r 


1^1 


mmmr 

1 

]9      i 

Tlio  colled 

pvliibits  first 

kcr  breeds  ii 

liictiiieH  rejd 

llic  (wo  race! 

hvlijt'li  the  ])ii 

liics.     As  to 

rxperieneo  oi 

|(ii|u'iiority  Ik 

Tlie  (luiryfi 

Wr.  (k'orjfo  P 

Doiidensed  Mi 

President  I 

jjiiiiiy  eiioico  I 

liiinoiis  dairyii 

fin  men  ts  wliic 

I  imblic  iiisti 

jiidedly  the  sjk 

III  respect  tc 

|),V  (lie  tollowiii 

lie  itreiiiiuin  e 

Ire  the  mean  re 

li;,'ht  animals  i\ 


m 


Piills: 

lliriio80Hnotto(l... 
llrowii  Scliwytzor.. 

Dfim'Hii  snottfMl 
lliown  Scliwvfzer. . 
'i((iHl)('f,iri,  niilliiiii;; 
ll'riii'.sofliioitnd      . 
Ilrowii  .SclnvytZiT 


|l.(iig(ii  in  theao  nioasti 

now  swi 

I  It  has  been  stal 

M  eattle-^rowin 

|ii;l  and  supply  a 

lliifih  is  eariie(i  b 

[ First.  By  reasoi 
I'i'i  in  this  count 
F'ltioii  of  cheap 
lutes  have  made  y 
|0('k-{jro\vin^. 
I'Swoiid.  The  prei 
|t(le  indiistrv  ena 
m  tlie  rich  valley 
It'  iiidiistrioiis  can 
H'liahle  him  to  re 
i''i of  salable  huKJ 


kir.  (Joor.ro  Pago,  the  cipSo  A  noriijf  "'""'^'"''  '^t  Kinsiedeln    and 

Lnyd.oico  l.crds^of  both  VaS  i ^^'"7^ '''"*  «^««^'^"tion  indudo 

Imiuonts  wfiich  Iiavo  made  olabor    «  olnl  ■    "'""^«^  «^'  cantonal  l'o 
[o  l,n  ,lic  institntions,  all  tl  esruno„pSn'"f,"^«  "f^""  ^-arms  a  X  ,' 
fi<I('(llv  the  spotted  race.  ""n"e8tionablo  authoritie8  prS  h 

III  respect  to  size,  the  inon>«  «f  +™„ 
Lv  .He  ibllowin.  flgiWes,  wS  ^reZt't'hn  ^^^  '"  '^^'^"^^t^'y  '^»"'W.. 
Ilio  preiniiim  cattle  at  a  recent  fair  h,  T .,«       :™ago  measurement  of 
Ire  tlKj  mean  result  derived  hvmoZll  ^'"•^'«nt''al.    The  flff„res  ^Vl 
fif,'ht  aniinala  in  each  c  a..   ^  ""^asureraents  of  from  eleven  oiw^^tT 


IuIIh  : 
ll(!r..„ 
llrowi 


Bhonldor.  "'n'l»lioiil.|  Lcniitli 


ll(!riio8onpotlu(I.. 
wii  Sclr 
[on  s  .• 


lifrno.Hii  Hiiottcul  ... 
IlioKii  Scliwvfzer. . '     ' 
lii(( iH  bcAvio  njilliiiiL'  am'- 
1!  'Hicno  snoitod 
Uniwii  .Sclnvytzor 


Invytzor 


I  --    ________  «W| 

I  imiir     r,,„ '■""■ 


|F,W   ]{,  *''«  reiwons  for  this 

&j,',:;  is:;  nic'S','  .r?,","""  ""■«■■  i""-"  ■•"  ti,„  , 

%nnr      ,"■,■■,   '^'^  ^'-t'izo  rh<(  ?M.'fr/.««- i! .-.-•■  "HJA  ilnd  rr,,^ - 


i''if>'"  salable  1, 


ind. 


^••'Srest  linaneial 


result  from  th 


iiu  J'-'i-^Hj;;  of  cat- 


'!  fti 


*'  sMiallcst 


294 


CATTLK    AND    DAIRY   FARMINO. 


Tim  SwisH  liavi^  not  only  (wo  distiintt,  l)m.(l 


<'«!ori(HMiriilI.v  valnahio  riitUo  in  th 


•s  <)»■  flio  (In.'st  (uul 


<'V( 


I'.v  otiior  people)  in  t\u\  unw 


•^  woiM,  but  tlu'.v  probiihl 


whicli  tlioir  uniuiul 


y  Niir 


WlHit 


;!;;"'^!!ICT'!!:!r!.'"^^'"'«-"t»'«-'H.o.n 


s  iiro  housed,  milked,  and  fed 


ler  the  fanner  of  tiiu  lowlands  1 


lllONf 

!)UH.s 
,v  witli 


ives  in  a  v 


illaK 


"H  <hvellin«:  an.l  his  stable  are  nsnallv  n,    or  tl    l^a,  •   '  V''^^ 

;;<'M.v,  an.l  h«n.el.v   butpietnre..p.e,  Ntruetnrds  tJ.ey       '\'    !  \     '"'"f- 
•Mid  barns,  covered  by  the  same  steep  nn.l  pr<)iee  in-   r.n      •      "•'"*"'' 
;.MMl«>r  the  spreadino-  oav(,s  of  whi<,h  are  s  <  re  ^t  u    v  Z  .     ''"/'  '''"^ 
hum   n.aebinery  when  out  of  use.     Thnt  ei  1  of  tiK  1 1'"'''  •'""'■ 
sl.olters  the  fanuly  nury  be  of  wood,  with  pic     resot^^  I      '' i'"^'  '\'''''' 
rtMior  stairways  ;  the  upj)er  part  of  the  ()  her    rM  •    .   :   •    "?  '""'  ''^ 
stoml  is  not  unlreque/./lyl!nil^,f  s'mm'      ,  ;'\^ 
with  lar«e  and  frequent  <)l)eninus  for  veritilifim  of    i     i      '''''"'''•'''■ 
;n.t  ami  thrown  in  flesh  and  fn.^^rVn    X^^Z^ ^^^ll^^ ^  "•'""''  " 
h.s  ra.ny,  cloudy  climate,  but  the  stable,  tl      ddef  V       ..'^         ' 
tiiblKshment,  which  underlies  the  Iniy-loft   is  ivri.bv  ru ''.*''''''' 
Its  solid  walls  of  .i.iiso.n.v-  Jw>in„  ,.,v '  ?..^".'Jf ''V  ''^''^^''•V  budt  of  stalX 


"t."i„  witl,  a  sunk,.,,  sw^ti,,,,  tl„o„Bl.  ti.G  ,„i  1,11,. ,  ,    S.,    ,,,        . 

f:;,,rie,,f;^;^;;':jfc/!v~^™i;i-^.r;s;:-;-::::S;j 


ham  ii„„  year  to  iinothe,-,  ,.xei.,,t,  m.rli„,>s  liir  ■>  i;.  r  ,,,;„  '  *'*'' 

A  cow  housed  in  a  close,  warm,  dark  stable  wastes  none  of  fi.,.  r^ 
nnlk.produc  ufj  elon.ents  <,f  her  food  in  need  Iss  exerti  m      SI    is    •', 
['.•ted  iron,  (hes.  Iron,  the  iforins'  and  annovance''f-o  I  er  e     e  ,  ' 
tlu>  hot  ,sun  of  noon  an.l  the  chills  of  rain  and  dows  as  win  ,'    '  ' 
junden  Uaws  o(  Weak  wind  which  oven  in  muism,  m'     low    M    il 
Mo  n  th(^  snow-clad  slopes  of  the  hij-her  Alps.  ^ 

J  here  are,  of  course,  throughout  the  whole  .•.viuntaini,  don  of  SwifJ 
o  lan.l  lush  valleys  and  steep  pastures  to  which  the  cat   o       ,11  v 
Ma>  ,1  .lune  and  «raze  until  the  end  of  the  brief  summer     I  .' 

iicaethesaniezealousandintellij^entcareistakentopX't^i.       i^^i^i^^ 
.on.  every  cont  ngency  of  weatln^;..     The  chalets  on   hetf      U    m 

n  h.ch  look  so  p,cture.s,,ue  iron,  the  valleys  below,  ai-o  im     u  ,  ' 

.n-bonscvs  bn.lt  ot  sq.iared  logs  or  planks  carel'ully'cl.i,.ke<l  v 
r   .;o.s;,,  and  <:onstrncted,  like  the  barns  for  wintc,  in  the  most  L u 

au.?  >nnMM;uial  n.anner.     I  have  counted  nine  layers  or  Ihiek.uJIs 

,.'.:;"'."'  •;'"p,'^^""f^'  <^«  "'  <''«'  roofs  of  these  chalets,  so  carefully  iuv  tim 
o,r  tru(-(.,,l  to  excl.ule  th<,  <lan,p  an.l  col.l.    There  is  often       .  .3 

between  the  stalls  at  tl...  en.l  opposite  Hie  .loor,  and  there  the  m,   n 


'Nt    UI„1    „|„st 

'•'otioiiiy  wiHi 

M'oiiliislaiHi 

Ihis.s  I,„„^,,^ 
'  of  i<'<l  tiles, 

H    lUKl    (.t|„,,.| 

•lilt's  1111(1  ex 

II  tllO  lliiyj.,1 

:liipl)()ani(!(|, 
".V.  wliicli  jJ 
It  ciirin.jJ 

nn»nii('('s.| 
liltofstiiiM. 

III  plllSl,  M 

'  '(« <;il.sill;r,^l 
»«  !>o.ssil)|,>  I 
I'liit  onlyaj 
"'"  I'lanlcorl 
lie.  wi't  audi 
r<'<!cive  the 
fiiinscd  and 
ivoiitilatcdj 
1  most  low. 
it'Pt  (liiriiij 
liisf  crop  oi 

<>t'«ni;',in;rJ 
I'  (laiiyinci 
'  the  stable 

wli(!n  tliov 

ver  for^'etj 
rowiiij,^  ai{ 
('  iiiiiiiiahsj 

ftli('lat( 
>lio,  i,s  pro 
little,  fix 
s  Iroiii  t 
\v  lit  tiiii(>| 


'•IK  '''^    '' 


1  ot'Switi 
Lulrivoiiij 
lint  ciel 
icaiiiiaaf 
int'iulow/ 
ii(),stpar| 
with  el 
•st  (;aii'f| 

kI10>S('S| 

'  an'  tlid 
I  (ircplaj 
inoiiiitHi 


Ilierdsmiii)  lives  juii 
[die  wovuiw^  is  fail 
J  iLo  short,  sweat  nv 
J  Iiriii^'ins'  in  a  siii)])' 
I  stormy  woatlier ;  b 
lorliisJioni,  is  Jiear 
I  Xiitiirally  purely  bli 
[diiily  Jil<e  well-kept 
for,  and  never  beat 
jiioiisi)oifectly  dome 

[port  Swiss  Jierdsine; 
jvaliiable  in  more  tlia 
Itliesbarables  arc  led 
I  into  crowded  cars,  in 
Iv.n'ds  and  abattoirs, 
last  moment  of  their 


THE  s 


Tlie 


irran;^einent  : 
perfect  that  a  brief  a 
i'e])ort. 

On  the  Rhine  bank, 
loir,  built  by  the  city 
rector  Siegniuud,  an  a 
iiiiiiiials  before  they  ai 
processes  of  preparing 
Dr.  Sie^mund  lias  in 
Imps  the  most  perfect ; 
iii,i!' cattle. 

It  consists  of  a  masli 

iiiiiiiial,  and  is  readily  a 

liorns.    In  the  center  i 

ml  of  about  .'3S  calibc] 

ii  steel  needle,  which,  oi 

tlie  ordinary  metallic  ca 

fixed  at  such  an  angle  t( 

'let  pierces  the  center  of 

pmducinft' instantaneous 

■''•"•»'  of  this  inii)lemeii 

Miiiply  ajjpliod  to  the  f(  • 

'lie  same.    The  ox- walk.^ 

atoiichisf-ivcn  to  the  fa 

lii'iid  and  incaj)abl('  of  si; 

iii'l  tliiis  the  onlv  excuse 

''3Ki^iiiidpuin'fuI  nietll 

'""ipai'othisinstantan 
»  elsewhere,  ,)f,„„„„li„ 

ft'i'iupaiivebyahimll, 

MEAT  I'lt( 

'J'lie  followin-'  ivtori'-~r,,. 
;^'' at  the  liashi  abaito 
'^fi^'dotanuniberofcid 


SWITZERLAND. 

lieMsmiii)  lives  and  sleeps  with  his  j.„„^  „,^ 

I  (he  mormn-  is  fair  and  the  su,,  wiirn.  I.n  Vn.  ^!!""^'  ""^il  autumn  [f 
iLo  slioit  sNvoefc  mountain  grass  ■  n  i  ?  •  ""^'l'^-  "'^"^  o"t  to  ffraze^lnn,: 
I.ri..^.no-  in  ,^  s,pp,y  that  will  /er  "  o  ;n^r''r.««^  ^^ith  mowfuo^S 
,storu,y  weather;  but  at  the  first  apVro-u,  of  "  "i"  ^-'''^  ''"^ng  n^&.t or 

' or  h.s  i.on,,  ,s  heard  and  the  cows  hS^  ?^  l"^.^  ^'"^^  «'•  rain  his^  .5 J 


^;'l:ftt 


THE  SWISS  SYSTKjr  nv  ^r  .. 

^ll.M  OP    SLAUGHTERING. 

PJ   Tlie  arrangement  for  slauffhterin"-  o-.ffi^  •      , 

1   On  the  Rhine  bank,  below  the  citv  i.  -.  i.,  '  ' 

toir,  built  by  the  city  government  a,,d,Se;,",^;^''-V-«o''«fcructed  abat- 
r«;tor&ieg.nund  an  accomplished  vete^im^^^^  "'*^  *^'^''«  of  13 

;,n.nials  be  ore  they  are  allowed  to  be  s  in  "j.,^"?^""',  ^^'''«  "ispects  all 

iJiSr^^  perfect  and  -.iftd^ns^l^S^J^^,-^!^;;^^^^^ 


Ik  ordinary  metallic  rartri,!;.^  w it    wrll    .  •  ^i"""  ''»'""ior,  (.ti  lo?lL« 
Iwl  « Slid,  an  aiiRlo  to  111, Miitl!,'         i''  "  ''<  l"'>''"l-    Tlio  lV,r»    • 
l-t  LicTces  tli„  oeiitS^  of  . I,  ',S    mrT,'-r,  "'■, "■"'  ™^""'  "  "t  ^  I  i.T 

'"'1  tl'iis  the  oiilv  e\ciis<>  fl,.>V        1      ,  '''"''li'it;-  afterwardvj  L  .     .^    -^ 
'  ""ipaio  this  instaiitaii-.o,,  J  ..I.:  ^: '"'"  /'^  trcome.  '-^  ^*^"'o 


'  "iiipare  this  instaiit-ii.<.,.nJ  «  '  overcome.  "^  "'*^^'" 

-■l-»l|".^.>.■po';:;,l    i      KoH,^         !""  '"'■■'""■""»  .notlio,,,  i„ 

•ttMit-  until  tlu'.v  bleed  to 


(lentil. 


'J'lii'  followii 


MEAT  VnonvCT  OE  VA,„,.,,,   ^^^,^^^_ 


i  n 


?    il 


1 


J 
CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


296 


m 


Kattvlty. 


nido. 


Austria ...  Foundg. 

Do ;; 

Uo 

Do 

Italy  (Piedmont) 

Do 

Franco  

Do 

Do ; 

Switzerland I 

Do I 

Do I 

Do ..." 

Do I 

Do I 


r.>8 
va 

!)1 

102 

]()1 

0» 

85 

100 

100 

124 

]u:j 

117 

IIU 

112 

145 


Tallo 


Pounds. 
luo 

U4 
120  I 
140 
162 
130 
88 
00 
100 
01) 
05 

no 

08 
05 
00 


Potmdg. 
1,820 
1,51  H 
l,3;i0 
1,  394 
1,070 
1.422 
1,  2,-,0 
1, 2r,0 
],f.70 
1,550 
1,440 
1,.'i24 
1,340 
1,3JU 
1,400 


Pounds. 
I.O.'O  I 
HM 
810  ' 

mi  I 

010  I 
81)0 
741  I 
750  j 
1'II2  I 
K->  I 
K75  I 
802  i 
700 
818 
855 


"'  'lrc«8i,| 
woigiit. 


CI 

fi!) 

5:, 
.Id 

fi9 
60 

r>7 

59 
01 
05 
59 

(il 


Swiss  cattle,  ])articularly  of  the  Brown  rinl  ^,*''"  ^'^'^  "'eiglit 

tened,  a„d  many  „r  t„„  -imaKnTtKuXS^dftSldt 

ARTIFICTAL   FEEDING. 

greatly  from  those  used  iffi  uS  el  8tS  ?hat\v''''  '''''  ^"'ff^'  ' 
much  of  Its  practical  importance.    Bv  fir  Z^rii^^'  ««''il>ansonlosos 


THE  FEEDING  OP  CALVES. 


7^  during  tlK.  fourth,  .uidTll^n^.  l^TS  eSl?^  S"^  ^"«  ^'-'1  -^< 
During  the  fourtli  week  the  use  otVom  or  nVt  n  Zf '  '^"'"■^'  '»'*'<'''>• 
m  the  kernel,  commeuciuff  wi(  h  Vl...lf  nm  n  i  f '''  ''^  ^^'^'""  ?  "'^o  oh  s 
increased  to  a  daily  i  or  fo  o  •  ^  i  onnd" nf^''''^''^'  ^''''•^''  '"^  S'''«J'"^"lv 
tUe  same  quantity  ot"  oatfi .  f  1  ke  wlht'orii;^'  ?'"'  '"^"•J' '""'  *^''^« 
men  is  maintained  until  the  calves  're  sK-  S.nnH  ?,  ''''/' '""'  ^^"«  '^S^- 
treated  as  adult  cattle.  "'"^''''  ^'^'  ^^1^<'»  ^'"^y  "lay  be 

TRANSPORTATION  OP  SVyiSS  CATTLE  TO  THE  IIMTED  STATrs 

«uch  transportation  ue  if T  ffi  St  '  r'Jv  ''  "''r  !"^'^",^  !^^'  ^'"""  *"^ 
$100  per  head  from  Bremen  to  New  w"'  -J^r/  'i'LV^  i^'"V»  'l";.'  <=""P"^^ 
"-n  to  iiainmoi..    These  rate«  includethod '^a^id  w£  l^^^t^^;;, 


ionnal  m'prajrn  prQ( 
(jiiaotity  »('  IDJIU  In 
OimntityoC  inillt  to 
Uiriionslons  of  cow : 

LoDKtli 

lioiglit 

Dimonsiona  of  bull  : 

Lunjitli 

Ilciglit  

Wt'lglitatiimtiiiity: 
Oow 

Bulls  1111(1  (,\-cii .. 
Agontmataiify: 
Cows  and  bulls... 
Oxen 


Principal  market 
.  Habilat.—Ci'ntTi, 

Colov.— Bernese  i 
Schtsyker:  .Hro\vii 

How  Jong  bred  pn 
foro  (ill  thou  tic  List 

Origin.— IhnwHe 
proved  in  Switzerli 

Working  qualitiet; 

land ;  bnliovod  to  Ii 

but  iH  not  l)ro<l  for 

I'rincipalmarkeU. 

itr:  Cantoim  of  tli( 

Other  varietivH.—1 

Mnok   S'Klfs.       l^!ir,r. 

amlwhitn;   piJiVrii. 
varied  colors. 


live 


weight 


m 


I,OM 
884 
849 

827 

ttin 

81)0 
741 
75(1 
COli 
U2i 
875 
802 
700 
8i8 
835 


CI 

S!) 

5:, 

5!) 
M 
« 
59 
SI 
05 
59 
01 


>f  tlie  Anglo. 
''  the  iivorage 
'hwytzerracp 
inmls  should 

Jive  weight 
(»-oiu,hlj/  tilt. 
carded  cows 


settled  to  be 
!fe  differ  so 
>arison  loses 
>er  of  Swiss 

'I'm  Particu. 
ilitv. 


i!nds,  as  (ho 
St  week,  4j 
lliird  weeiv" 
■f^ix-rdiiy. 
;  also  oats 
5  graduiilly 
il,  and  also 
1  this  regj. 
iey  way  be 


TATE«. 

treiglit  on 
V  them  lor 
le  charges 

flOllI  ]>!(■. 

10  auiiuais 


SWITZERLAND.  oq- 

(luriii?  the  voyage.     The  Bordelaise  sfpnmfli.w.  t 
heiHl  fron.  Bordeaux  to  New  York  '^  But  TlS  W  "l^  ^^*"^^"  ^^^  l>^r 
line  ..tters  the  following  rates  for  live  catfclfi  frL  a    I*'  ^^""^^  steamship 
or  lloston:  Adult  cattle,  per  l.ea'CiSao?  •earfin.t'*?^'^  '?  ^«^I  ^ork 

These  charffos  include  also  food  and  water  fnr'H.'A'  ''^''T''  ^^<^- 
voya-e,  and  free  passage  for  the  neTss^^t  fnorf  f  "'f'""'"'^'*^"'"'"*''  tl'« 
the  .uttie  arc  unattended,  an  extra  dmrffonpi,'''  '''''yso  "^'  ^''«'"-  ^f 
...eding  and  care  during  the  passage  Tea.  -it  </ of  inm  '^  '""'!"  '"•' 
to  Antwerp  costs  about  $55,  and  as  a  ear  w?]l  c  ^rrv  r  '^'H*'  ^''''''  '^"*''« 
hm\  of  ordinary  sized  cows,  the  net  cost  of  rn  -  /^"'  ''"  ^'^  ^'^''^''*' 
Now  Yo.k  or  Boston  can  be  very  cl  .X  est  S;!''^"'''"  ^'''"'  ''^''•«  '<> 

The  importation  of  fine  breeding  cat  lo ^f  S  ml.  '. 

oven  the  most  favorable  conditions  btt'hf.w         '•*'''''?"*"''«  "n«J*'»' 
estal.Ii.hing  the  Brown  and  Spotte.l'ca  tJo  r "c  s  ^w.^  '>^" 

United  States  would  seem  to  bo  so  obv  oii«  '.«     '^r  i?''^'^''''^''""'  '"  the 
expenditure  such  enterprise  .nay  involve  f«"y  justify  whatever 

FBANK  JI.  MASON, 

Unitkd  States  Consulate,  Consul 

Basic,  November  22,  18.S3. 


8WIS3   CATTLE  STATISTICS. 

[rnclosuios  i„  Cons..!  Ifason's  (Baslo)  report.} 

nevne,e  Spoiled  (Saanen  Simmenthal)  breed. 


Dosci'iption, 


ionnal  ovoracn  product  of 
(Jiiantitydf  iMilli  ic»  l  iioniid 
OimntitvoCiiiiMt  to  I  poiiiul 
Uiriionsions  of  uow : 

LcBjilb 

Jioiglit 

DimonsioiiH  of  bull : 

LwilMIi 

Iloiglit "'." 

Wt'lglitatiiiatuiity: 

C'oiv 

Bulls  and  (.xcii '.'.'.'.'.. 

Agoatmataiify: 

Cowsaud  bulls 

Oxen 


mnic. 
of  bu 

of  till 


Irrr 
(■80  . 


-  ponntU. 

do... 

do... 

...inclit'B. 
do... 

do  .. 

do  .. 

ponndH.. 
•  ...do.... 

-•..yenrs..! 
do I 


Bemeso 
Spotted. 


7,182   to  TBe.-; 
20   to       .30 
n.J  to      10 

84 
56 

8(j 
50 

'.■•flO   to  1,700 
2,000    t-o  2,500 

4 

G 


Brown 
Schwytter. 


7,000  to 


I,20O  lo 
I.-IOO  to 


7,4.'>4 
2Ui 
lOi 

80 

ni 

78 
C( 

I,. 'UK) 
l,80U 

4 

5 


*te=?;::?»^i;:";K::^ 


UrowH 


foro  authentic  bLtory.      ""*"  ''^""'"' "  ^^^''^  eont..io.s.    Jirown  ScJ,u-i,L-„.  .  si„c«  h„ 

prov< 

Wo 

land; 

Man!.-  .,",':       '',:Jr,    1' '''•'I.UIK   l,r,„.,l    is   Kilni)...r    i. 

V    ,".'  -iini)!-  iirocii.s  of  Sill        '  '"    ■" 


<)., 


298 


CATTLE  AND  DAIfiY  FARMING. 


STATISTICS  OP  BROWN  SCHWYTZER  CATTLE. 

printed  in  No  2"  nf  n         attention  to  rny  report  on  <«  <5^-     , 

flensing"  ius4V,rH,u^^ 

in  order  to  savo  ?nn^"*''f  ^^'onsular  Report  No  27     ?     'i-  ^'"^co  • 

piled  for  me  by  some  o7S*^".*^^  «°^^  trustworry  *^'  ^t^  ''^^""■'^^. 
As  remarkS  inn        *  •    ^^'^^^  cattle-growers  in  fiL     *''^^^  'Vo  com 

the  produc  ons  of  fdl^T',^''''''^  S^iSld  Jas  Kn*?" 
tie  show  in  Pans  i,  %?« '"^^  ^^^ centuries.    At  the  i,u!^"  ^^™«"«  '^ 
The  result  of  exhibiAf;  '^'''•'^  ®^'««  ^"^  exhibited  bor5"^^''"^^^  ^'''^ 
other  fairs  in  Sono  nil      "'  ^T^  ^^^  been  a  W  -  ^''"'^ '' '"'''"' 

.^-ff,  recently^B  '  't  eXown't^'  '\'  ^^^a't  cSelt^fi!^/^ 
a  tew  years  or  rTfi.«n  „•        f^™wn  bchwytzer  rapf>  «f ,.  o""\v  ot  jJam. 

•nternatioSl  slows  at  rr®^^*"«^^ 

THE  BROWN  S0IIWyT7FP«    ac  « 

i»v  XI /ERS  AS  MILKERS. 


facts  nsVA  ,1    f '  '"'«'eadiuff.    I  take  it V hoV  ^  ,  i  ™"'^'  Production, hh 

u.ised  on  recorded  experience  of 


tlie  "Anglfl 

more  roliab 

the  books  oi 

company  kii 

It,  uses  tJi 

principal  i'ku 

oondensinpf  ( 

Tlie  (ioiiipi 

private  j)roi 

Lave  found  i 

a  largo  recti 

broad  coiling; 

iiud  the  wliol 

out,  and  fur 

floors,  ventDi 

.years,  i'ew  h 

1,400  Englisli 

course),  wei/^j 

Ijaps,  in  all  i 

mostly  choice 

sinjcrle  cases  $ 

Mr.  Pago  fe 

worth  bearing 

never  graze. 

April,  Jfay,  iui 

per  cow  daily; 

almost  every  c 

ago.    Mr.  Pag 

daily,  this  com 

old  heifers  ga 

quarts  the  ye; 

quarts  daily 'foi 

out  the  year.    ; 

ord  of  these  S\ 

The  roj)orts  of 

tributing  to  the 

In  the  year  II 

C,0()0  grass  and 

and  i)rodiiced  01 

Iionnds  or  0.8  qi 

In  England,  h 

farnislied  to  the 

4,(i08  pounds  mil 

favor  of  the  Swi 

The  English  i\ 

'lie  hay  of  (hoc 

In  general,  the  n 

'••  I'^iigland.    Ac 

"ii't'of  (lioUnift. 

''f' file  best  (liiirie 
ii  liighted  cow  in 
«xtraf()od,  of  ],.'i( 
'111!  "lilliof  tliesei 
raws  .show  i  to  4. J. 
The  tei'ins  «  fat'' 
is  uioi-e  butter  thii 


IE. 


•'  lor  import,,. 

s  that  mav  1,0 
only  the  very 

3  dairy  thrift 

^»  "Milk  CO,;. 

•eier  to  tlieso 
!"o  present 

«ay  premise 
'cy  .vo  coin. 
Qtry. 

fJ  fomous  for 
national  cat- 
:^'ay  ii  prize, 
avorablo  at 
5,"^  of  Uaiii. 
J'as,  within 
nibitiD":  at 

''and,  Enir. 

s. 

ddcidy  dis- 
■  tliey  were 
in  certain 
''iwytzeris 
"  Sclnvytz, 
St  blood  is 


SWITZERLAND. 

299 

mro  roliablo  statistics  an  to  >X,roaSSS?^  V^'-"'""  ^^^^^^P^  "o 
the  books  of  this  coD)pal)^'.  it  is  inWh^iT  ^""""'^^  '"  ^^''^  world  than 
company  known.  '  '"  ^'^^^  ^'  ^^^  largest  roMk-condensin" 

It  uses  tho  milk  of  not  less  than  from  fi  vr.  +^   •    *, 
principal  iactory  in  Switzerland,  and  of 'is  mn,f,!''  "'0"sa"<l  cows  at  the 
condensniA'  ostablislimonts  in  Eu<^lam\  "^  ""^^^  ''^  the  comnany's 

The  company's  director,  Mr.  Georiro  if  Po      / 
private  property)  the  very  tluesfc  herd  of  thfll?"  t'^''^''^''^'^'^^''^  (»« 
Lave  found  in  the  conntry.    Mr.  I'affe  kooii  i  •  ^"^n  Schwy tzer  cows  I 
a  larse  rectangular  hou^e,  with  bS  \vX  and  H?  "'  '^''^  ^"^^  "' 
broad  coiling  is  unsupported  except  by  outer  wli«*'  T^'    ^^«  ^'ery 
aud  the  whole  immense  room  where  the  W-i  1/    ,   •  *    ^^  ^^  very  hijrl 
out,  and  furnished  with  every  moden^^'^^^'^^  ^«  Pla«t^^^^^ 
floors,  ventilation,  &c.    This  fiL  S^ra^Z  inT'^i  ''^'^  ^'^  ^^^f^^% 
years,  lew  being  over  three  years  and  S      ""^^  ^^''^'^  ^^iree  to  five 
1,400  English  j,ounds.    One  or  them  If nt  *''''' ^  .T'^^^'Se  m  weigh? 
coarse),  weighs  1,810  English  poumS.'    iS^S' nf  ?■  <-^",  exeeptio.ro? 
liaps,  m  all  respects  above  the  averatm  nf  «  i  ^'^^^'^  ^'^«1  are,  per- 
niostly  choice  selections,  and  paid ?or  aSrdLSfv  ""f '"•''  '^^  they'w^ere 
single  cases  $200  to  $240.  accordingly,  atprices  reachin'>-  in 

Mr.  Page  feeds  only  grass  and  hax-  «.,  " 

worth  bearing  in  miifd.^  His  eows  So  ?  keTo-???  "^'"^^^  '^^^  '^^^  '« 
never  graze.    Twentv-six  of  these  ti.r«l  .,^^  exercise  daily,  hnt 

April,  Ma,v^  and  June  (after  iirs^^^Sffol^oS^^d  l^ifers  product  In 
per  cow  daily ;  a  large  average  whe    if  is  It,  1  ""^  ""^  'V"'^''  "'^  12  quarts 

^'\rrz^.^^  t'-  '•-<!;  and  that  ZTi^lzli'":^}  ^'.  ^-!"^'e: 


old  heifers  gave  at  highest  poKlo/onnrf t*^ 
quarts  the  year  through.    Thro"  othet^  o//^  *^^'^-^'  ^"'^  averaged  JO 
quarts  daily  for  three  months,  S  mnSn   ?'^'''^«"'^  calf,  gaVe  04 
ou  the  year.    It  will  be  most   nterestin  :  "'"^ ""  .^,'«'^  '^^'«^''^ff«  thro  o|, 
ml  of  these  Swiss  cows  stabled  and  fn.f  ""  '""^  *^«  coming  year's  ree 
Tie  reports  of  the  milk  and  butte?of  the  .^  ^^n^u^^^-^ense  principles 
tnbn  tng  to  the  condensing  lac  ory  of  rh  "'  °^  thousands  ot"  eowsZ?-' 
^  In  the  year  1881  the  condensers  nsLili      ''"'■?, '""«''  "iterestiug 
C,0()0  grass  and  hay  led  (-o    s     Thev  w  ""  "?,"'  «*"  ^^^tween  5,(m  0  -nul 
and  produced  on  an  avemge^JU^  pLrfnf"'"^f^  ""^^''^  "'"o  "  onth^ 
pounds  or  0.8  (p.arfs  of  milk  1  er  cow  1 .  K    r'"'  ?  ^""^ ^^^^  ?  «l»at  is,  19  7 
In.  England,  last  year,  .^000?o 'S  ofW..  """^"'^  ^"'"^•"«'  reason'. 

'"  I'^ngliuid.  Ac,.ording  to  tbe  rnnn,  ^^^'^^erland  in  winti  t  lai  mJ 
";'••; '";  <•'«  '-nitcl  States  iVlS75T,?f ,",/''«,  I^opartment  of  W  ,Vr 
;'  '.'";  !<"f  <l"i'M'N  <,f  the  State  of  Tjfnrf  ""^T^^  ^'^'  """<  ^eee  v"  1 


«eth,,„sa.i,ls,,rsiS':.^,,^i'.^JJ;\f''Se  of  iat  c.nitained  In 


t 


h  -  nil  k  of  these  thousands  „r  Kwis^  ..p-v^  -•-  ^  .^-"--  "'  "-  cunraino,i  i„ 


800 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


H-if 


be  takeu  away  wholly,  henco  the  amount  obtained  about  ennii  *, 
It  18  found  that  something  less  than  31  pounds  of  milk  is  ,^1  ^.'''  ^«. 
produce  1  pound  of  butter.  At  this  rate,  the  Swiss  bay  fofi  ^'''^'^ '« 
nishmgmilk  to  the  Cham  Condensing  Company  could  iVn/i,  ^'^'^' ^'U- 
average,  say  175  pounds  of  butter  to  the  cow  for  the  season  ^^'  ""^an 
ago  that  would  bear  most  favorable  comparison  with  tho  ivclj  '"^  ''^^er- 
of  6,000  liigh-fed  cowR  of  the  State  of  New  York  ''^^'"'^ff« l>iitter 

At  the  celebrated  monastery  of  P]in8iedeln,  in  Canton  Sni 
careful  record  is  also  kep^  of  the  product  of  the  cows  ^'^'^niz,  u 

One  hundred  and  twelve  head  of  cattle  are  kept  at  the  m^.n  . 
Of  these,  fifty-seven  are  Brown  Schwytzer  cows.    Thev  rcw^     "^^^^i'- 
except  grass  and  hay,  the  year  through.    The  averaji  of  mni'"*-^'''«'l 
liters  per  cow,  the  whole  year  through.    Tho  hin^u^^t-  ^..„  .  ."'"'^  m 
is  20  liters  daily,  given  by  some  twenty 
months  of  May,  Juno,  and  July 


The  highest  quantity  re 'V? 
cows  of  the  fifty-seS,;7n1S 


liio  cows  calve  mostly  in  autumn  and  spring.    The  lattor  «nn 
Kf?i:±  A'J'ZI^'^  J"'y  ?'  I"«^«  than  half  the  cows' ato^^^^^^^^^^^  ''^ 


the  Upper  Alps.    They  were  taken  up  in  May  and  will  tZoT'^ 
September.    The  mi  k.  whilo  nn  thArn    win  „%r«..„„.. .' .^""?*^  "owi 


September.  The  milk,  while  up  there,  will  average  mxSo^^T  '" 
will  bo  excessively  rich,  owing  to  the  sweetness  of  the  sl.orf  «,.,'  ^"'  '^ 
Alpine  grass.  Only  the  lighter  cows  are  sent  up  on  the  Alntn,;  ^^^'-'« 
Their  milk,  while  there,  will  be  made  into  butter  and  cheese  in  h°'^ 
tie  stone  huts  of  the  herdsmen,  or  «  Senns,"  and  these  will  ho  '"^''^ 
down  m  the  autumn,  when  there  will  be  a  village  festival  i,  LS""«''' 
The  cloister  keeps  five  hands  only  for  the  one  hundredan  tvS?""'' 
of  cattle.  These  do  all  the  feeding,  grass-cutting,  n  iS.  t ?  t' 
wages  paid  them  are  very  low;  in  summer  G  francs  a  week  mS  ^''^ 
board.    Board  is  as  follows :  '*  '^^^'^  «nly,iin(i 

Jireakfaat :  Coflce,  milk,  and  broail.    (No  btittcr. ) 

Dinner :  Soup,  wine,  meat,  vcgotablos,  nnd  bread.    (No  meat  Fridavs  n,wi  r  . . 

Supper:  Soup,  potatoes,  and  broad.    Potatoes  cbangud  for  n.eat  Iwinl,/'''^*':''^^) 

They  work  from  4.30  in  the  morning  till  7  in  the  evei.inc,  'o^?' 
can  milk  twelve  cows  in  one  and  a  half  hours.  In  winter  "onl"""' 
expected  to  attend  to  fifteen  cows.  "*'  '""» '« 

f/ftonA*^'''^\''^^^'"^'®'^''''^^''"^^"'^''>'^"rom$100to$12r,.  Kvon«i^n 
to  $200  IS  not  so  rare  a  price.  These  are  not  fancy  prices  Thl  ^^"^ 
given  because  the  cows  warrant  the  investment.  Good  \<unJS  '"■'' 
zer  bulls  at  Einsiedeln  are  worth  about  $ir.O.  One  of  tlo  •  o  S.  '^'f 
three  years  old,  which  took  second  premium  at  lAicernc  ou  I  ?^^ 
valued  at  $200.    He  was  worth  $250  at  two  years  old      '  t  tl  oe  to  ?  ' 

..... .1.  ,..,„  „.,„ ..,.  .„ . ,j^^^  ^^   w  isi  s': i: 


years  old  bulls  are  sold  to  the  butcher.    ...„„„  ^.  .„„  ^j,„s„.mo>,.    . 
are  raised.    The  poorer  ones  are  sold  at  two  weeks  old  to  t  ,H  ,hS 
and  bring  about  $0.    Only  one  opinion  prevails  at  Einsie.le  ,      o2 
lor  milch  cows.    Quantity  of  milk  may  be,  and  is,  increased  l^^v  S, 
feed,  but  the  quality  they  claim,  as  do  most  daii'ymen  i,   (ffi  ^ 
IS  reduced.  country, 

Fanner  L-~-,  iti  the  neighborhood  of  Einsiedeln,  gave  me  the  rernr,i 
of  his  herd  of  some  twenty-five  cows.    Ue  has  been  keenii.fr  m  !h      ' 
on  this  farm  for  fifty  years.    The  average  of  resiflt  ^S   ?t^^^     S 
difterent  from  the  average  of  other  small  and  select  herds       L    ! 
give  1 0  liters  of  milk  each  daily,  y  ear  in,  year  out.    He,  1  as  J  & 
great  exception,  well -ventilated  c^ow-stalls.    He  gives  the  i.sh    lil 
ance  of  hay,  viz,  30  pounds  daily  to  the  cow,  and  a  spoor/f  1  oS       rv 
)  her  day .  He  also  adds  bran  and  shorts  to  grass-a  rare  exeen  ion  \ 
his  milk  froes  tn"nJ'vi.i,^r:p-f!'-»--! =  '  ^^  -    ■  '  ,.'"".' '^f^M'^'""-  All 

milked  at  4  cents  a  quart.     His  Ih...  henl  aveWge about  l/mtoTm 


SWITZERLAND. 


301 


noniHlH  III  weifjlit.  riioy  uro  i.over  out  of  tlio  stsill,  not  even  to  wufor 
ItMceiiied  lui  uimsiiiil  occiwion -for  them  when  Itc  hiul  tliom  nil  l.>  1  n.  / 
into  the  vard  for  my  inspection.  "  ""'' 

At  or  i.ear  to  Tliahveil,  I  securea  the  statistics  of  a  dairy  usinir  the 
,„illc  of  .seventy-five  cows.    Ihoso  seventy-live  cows  fnrnishec"  TOO  uiar  s 
daily,  or  about  10  quarts  eacli  year  in,  year  out,  not  countin-  ih.      ill 
rotiiiiied  at  liomo  ior  the  use  ot  the  families  owning  the  cows  "  I     i   i. 
,sr>(»  (inarts  dully  are  sent  to  the  dairy     The  milk  is  sold  at  1(J  centimes' 
ov3:2  cents,  the  liter  at  this  place,  when  not  made  into  cheesr 

The  Cham  Condensiiiff  Company  i)ay  the  farmers  l.'iA  centiim.s  o.. 
•'(j  cents,  per  quart  or  liter  of  li  pounds.  ^  t^tnt  lines,  or 

A  fair  avera,-o  for  Schwytzer  cows  in  Canton  Zurich  would  be  about 
](),|uarta  daily  lor  three  hundred  and  sixty-live  days  in  the  v.'i.      rt- 
coiusc  this  average  diflers  in  the  dillerent  districts  of  the  countrv   ...wi 
,s,.e(!ia]ly  in  the  mountainous  cantons,  where  the  product  is  less  ihoi; 
,  1,0  q.iiility  IS  considerably  richer,  owing  to  the  sweeter  /nass     So      iH 
for  tlio  IJiowii  Schwytzer  as  a  milker.  "uuuu 

CIIABACTEBISTICS   OF  BIIOWN  SCHWYTZERS. 

Ill  iippearance,  the  Brown  Schwytzer  is  not  really  bro 
iiioiisecolored,  and  the  nearer  she  is  to  the  mouse  color  tl 


own  at  all,  but 


Mi  more  likej^y 


is  the  stock  to  be  pure.     She  is  round  and  plump  in  form   wit! 
straight  buck;  has  sleek  hair,  large,  mild,  blacl  ' 


1  \erv 


eyes,  smooth,  wliii 


iirs  large  niid  lined 
The  neck  is  niMiei- 


horii.s,  tipped  one-third  their  letigth  with  w.„v.« 

„it  1,  an  abundance  of  white  or  cream-colored  liaii .  x ue  neeu  is  ra » her 
Hhort  and  powerful ;  breast  deep  and  broad ;  the  head  is  llnelv  sh-  ,'  i  • 
„o«o  Dlack  with  white  ring  about  it;  tongue  also  very  black  and  ro  ''l  ' 
The  lulder  is  large,  well  shaped,  and  quite  whit(>,  milk  veins  very  i  -om  " 
inont.  Owing  toher  general  plumpness  of  figure,  she  looks  somes,  uille,. 
than  she  really  is,  as  she  is  m  fact  a  largo  cow.  Her  ordimirv  w  ' I. 
will  average  ,.00  to  1,400  Swiss  pounds,  and  often  nunv.  A V  o-'et In. 
Hho  IS  as  handsome  a  cow  as  exists  anywhere  in  Kuroiie  The  7u.  .m, ' 
paiiyiMg  cuts  and  photographs  give  a  fair  representa  ion  of  her  br  ." 
aiul  api)earaiice.  '""" 

Onlinarily,  though  there  are  single  exceptions,  the  Svviss  cows  are 
.(1  only  grass  and  hay,  summer  and  winter,  and  this,  in  the  vallevs  ,? 
least,  is  ahvays  carried  to  them  in  the  stalls.    The  Swiss  cattle  sfilL 

are  usuaylo,.  stone  houses,  withlittleor  no  ventilatioi^uVme^^ 
dark     Ihey  are  kept  very  clean,  however,  and  the  cattle  are  ca-ed?or 
alnuK^t  as  well  as  AinerKuuis  care  for  line  horses,  many  being  even  c  ,r 
rie.  and  cleai.e<l  daily     Every  pound  of  manure'is  saved  ii  a  reservoh- 
and  put  into  the  meadows  in  liquid  form.  iescr\ou 

FEEDING  AND  CAKING  FOB  BKOWN  SCHWYTZERS. 

]iye.xtremecareofnieadowsinthe  way  of  manuring,  draining  wifer 
ii.j,',and  i.reventiug  stock  trampling  them,  large  and  ex  "  St  Lr  ss 
crops  are  secured;  and,  aided  by  a  moist  and  tnnperate  c  inat"  Mm' 
grass  harvests  are  obtained  yearly.     In  Canton  Zm-i*  i.  ir .       V     . 

apiece;  aii.l  yot,  liy  llieir  niuisual  care  of  lioll,  ii,,^,  lo  vf  i7,l    .ml 
Swiss  lainiers  earn  from  »  to  10  per  cent   on  the     n','.t  .?.,  t        f     ', 

lSL»!,'i!'X"';'A'^^''.»»''-•'^  •'"''''■'' '"'"^^ 

.-.»„.„l!j,t.iu,iaci^  iS  repeafed,  \\  imi  profits  migjit  Western  Auu^rinlu 
tanners  make  <,i,  milcU  cows,  with  la.nl  at  «r.O  an  acre  and  iotsaS 


I      p 


ik 


302 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


apiece,  were  tbo  same  care  taken  of  cows  and  raoadowH  in  Aiii..i.i,.n 
taken  in  Switzerland  T  ^'"tiica  as  m 

Only  two  items  in  the  list  are  against  U8,  viz,  dearer  labor  and  »«„,  , , 
racea  of  cows.  si-riiij" 

The  former  is  outbalanced  by  tbo  dearer  land  in  Switzerlai'd  -n  i 
to  the  "sirub"  cows,  it  is  our  own  fault  if  we  continue  milkin',,  ti    " 
They  coat  as  much  to  feed  and  to  breed  and  to  milk  as  ^ood  cowJ    "",' 
the  ])roflt  on  them  is  not  nearly  as  much. 


BROWN  SOnWYTZERS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark  hero  that  certain  Americans  in  tlio  l\ 
and  New  England  States  have  been  trying  these  "Schwytzer"  (-m 
Yankee  sod  for  the  last  ten  years,  an«l,  as  1  am  informod,  with  tlm      " 
satisfactory  results.    Otherwise,  some  of  these  same  breeders  woni  i  "' 
have  been  in  Switzerland  in  this  year  ISSli  adding  to  their  Ktr>  t""' 
Brown  Schwytzers.  ^^  «f 

There  is  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  I  think,  a  society  called  tlio  '<l?r 
Swiss  Breeder's  Association,"  and  a  "record"  or  " herd-book "ffn" 
Swiss  cows  bred  and  owned  by  them  has  been  published     As  t 
ciety  is  increasing  its  herd  of  Schwytzers,  it  would  seem  con  Z'*'^' 
proof  that  this  race  of  cattle  takes  well  to  the  climat(»  and  tl.ft  «^i '! 
the  United  States.  "*^  '^^''  ot 

The  first  Swiss  cattle  breeder  and  dealer  to  send  Schwytzers  f  ,ti 
United  States  was  Landammann  BUrgi,  of  Arth,  Canton  slZT 
He  is  still  in  the  business,  and  breeders  and  importers  of  cattle  c 
do  better  than  to  correspond  'vjth  him  directly.     Mr.  John  liinn)in(  '"^^ 
of  Ruschlikon,  Canton  Zurich,  is  also  engaged  in  delivering  Swiss' iln' 
to  ibreigu  countries.    Still  another  dealer  and  breeder  is  Ur  HorJ  ! 
Schwytz,  who  owns  a  fine  herd  on  the  Frohn  Alp,  by  LakcLiifm, 
also  Mr.  Giger,  of  Kagatz,  who  breeds  and  sells  cattle.  ' 

THE  BROWN  SCHWYTZERS  IN  EUROPEAN  COUNTRIES. 

Within  a  few  years  the  sale  of  the  Brown  Schwytzer  cow  to  otl,..,. 
countries  has  been  on  the  rapid  increase,  and  prices  have  gone  unfr  m, 
50  to  60  francs  on  a  cow  in  a  single  year.    The  principal  conndL 
porting  these  cows  have  been  Italy,  (Jermany,  and  Russia  " 

Small  numbers  have  been  taken  to  Eiighmd,  America,  and  Sini., 
With  the  exception  of  Spain,  1  have  heard  only  satisfactory  reports  i' 
to  the  results  of  these  imi)ortations,  even  where  climates  ami  soils  Vii 
far  so  widely. 

MARKET   VALUE  OF  BROWN   SCHWYTZERS. 

A  year  ago  I  reported  to  the  Department  that  Brown  Sdiwyizeis  wem 
being  exi)orted  quite  largely  U)  Italy,  Germany,  and  elsewlieltsaii.ltliit 
the  prices  for  the  same  were  ra])idly  rising. 

Within  a  few  days,  by  attending  cattle  markets  at  Ka^atz,  .Sai'ins 
and  points  in  Api)enzell,  I  have  collected  material  as  to  j)rices  obtaiwii 
atabsolute  gales,  and  I  find  the  average  market  value  constantly  nsin- 
though  checketl  at  i)re8ent,  of  course,  by  api>roachiiig  winter  aiid  rmi 
days  at  the  market  towns.  Tlie  prices  demanded  varied  iinmeiiselv 
regular  dealers  demundiug  20  per  cent,  more  than  did  tlie  janucrs  lor 


United  St 


GOVERNBI 


or  lYauce  wisl 
from  a  Swiss  hi 


Aiiiei- 


•ica  as  is 


iuid  '> 


scrub" 


"''^"'gtiiem, 
»'><l  cows,  and 


:s. 

tl'o  Kastorn 
'^•'I'cow.soi, 
vitli  the  most 
''•"^  would  not 
'»eir  stock  of 

tlie  "Brown 
»ook"ofthc 
^s  tliis  so. 
"'  (conclusive 
'tl  the  soil  of 

ytzers  to  tlje 
oil  Sclnvytz. 
iJattlo  canuot 
■f^i'iippiicher, 
'Swiss  cattle 
Mr  Ijerg.at 
<-««  Luccrae; 


WES. 

icow  to  other 
?<>iio  up  from 
'ounlnesiiu. 

)  »U(1  Bitaiu. 
y  reports  as 
"<1  soils  (lit- 


SWITZERLAND.  3Q3 

In  tho  noifrliborbood  of  Bagatz,  Vason,  Mayoutbid,  and  down  towards 
Canton  Zuri<',li,  prices  lor  Brown  ScUwitzor  cattio  average  about  as  fol- 
lows : 

rraucs. 

Veiirlii.j,'Htei'r.s.... itOOtoCOO 

Two-ycHi-old  Btecrs j^^j  " 

YearlinKl..'i«or8 y^^      .^;^ 

Cowswithcalt r,^)^)      yoQ 

yomi^'cow8 _^  TjOo      hoO 

Old  cows.... ;,0o      400 

VeaiH"«  l'»ll« 700      HOO 

One  and  a  balf  year  old  bulls,  900  to  1,200. 

Good  six  mouths  old  calves,  about  liOO  francs. 

At  a  Sargans  market  this  mouth  I  found  i)rices  consi<lerably  lower 
thiui  those  quoted  above;  they  vary  in  fact  in  the  diileront  valleys 
materially,  and  at  dltt'erent  seasons  of  the  yeui-. 

I  purchased  for  Americans,  last  Augustj  in  Canton  Zurich,  a  number 
of  lino  four  and  live  year  old  cows,  at  050  to  800  francs  each  and  for  a 
year  and  a  half  old  bull,  1,000  francs  was  paid. 

They  were  all  select  cattle. 

now  TO  EXPORT   SWiaS  CATTLK. 

Tho  freigiit  from  Zurich  to  Antwerp  per  car  load  is  about  300  fiancs 
The  freight  on  cattle  per  "White  Cross  line"  from  Antweri)  to  New 
York,  or  to  Boston,  is  as  follows : 

.,,  J'eiliea4l. 

For  grown  cattio ^ 

For ycarliu{,'8 ....'...". S 

For  calves .'.'..'. !• 

The  foregoing  includes  water  and  feed  on  shipboard.  The  men  ac 
companying  the  stock  have  free  passage.  If  no  men  accompany  the 
stock  tho  ship  company  provides  hands  for  the  purpose,  and  an  extra 
charge  of  1  shillings  per  head  is  unide. 

In  short,  the  cost  of  transporting  lull-grown  cattle  from  Zurich  to  New 
York  may  be  reckoned  at  very  nearly  $50  ])er  head,  and  for  yearlings, 

S.  U.  M.-BYEllS, 
United  States  Consulate,  Clomul. 

Zurich,  October  23,  1883. 


vyizcrswero 
'If,  and  that 


tz,  lSar(,'aiis, 
L'cs  obtaiiioi 
uitly  ri.'^iii 


r  and  rainy 
iinaiensely, 
fanners  for 


SWISS  CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  PRODUCTS. 

urn'oitx m-  cosavL  ukavoiiamp,  ur  ht.  gallic. 

governmental  assistance   to  SWISS  CATTLE-BREEDERS. 


I  H      Switzerland  claims  for  herself  one  of  the 


1,  ,  ^         .  ,  —  --  —  'irst  positions  amoii"  tho 

Luropoan  states  w,ih  regard  to  her  cattle,  milk,  and  the  product^ 
thcreol  The  i.nneipal  breeds  are  widely  known  i.i  Europe  and  he^ 
origm  dates  wi  h  tho  beginning  of  Swiss  history.  As  breeders  thevM-e 
much  sought  after.  When  a  farmer  or  eattl.vr;:i...M-  in  /'n...?;' I'^SV'- 
or  rrauce  wishes  to  improve  his  breed  ho  generally  makes'a  sdecUou 
from  a  Swiss  herd,  for  experience  Las  long  since  been  made  that  Sw^ss 


It 


304 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


cuttlo,  roared  ami  Rruzctl  on  AIi>irMi  jjrass,  with  plontv  of  fVo^i,  „.     ■ 
water  and  pure  air,  are  the  healthio.st  and  hardiest  known  to  i^  ."'"*? 
book.  '^"''  ''ord. 

The  S\yiHa  breeder  pays  >?reat  attention  to  "pure  bloods  "  iin.i  { 
earefnl  tliat  no  "eios.s"  octenrs,  wliieh  aeeonnts  for  n(,  np.,,      ^^'''0' 


bloodH"oneHC'eHin  the  Swiss  lieid  book.  As  a  rnIe"oMi'v"M  "r""^- 
formed  and  best  inai  Ued  animals  are  kept  Cor  breedinL'  inir,. .  '  '"^"^ 
the  result  is  tliat  tlu^  (piulity  of  Swiss  cattle  is  veMilv  inn  ,U,  •''*^'''  *'"' 
oneourajje  lariners  and  breeders  in  this  n^sprct  the  Viuio  is  ^'^''  '^" 
and  district  Kovernnients  in  Switzerland  oiler  p-  "uiinms 


ciuitoimi 

.sums  to  be  awarded  at  the  coniit'y'and  dLsTrieVl'airs"whi,M?.ni''?"'^^^^^^^ 
the  sprin-  and  Tall  ofeaeh  year.  This  system  of  L'overnmon  .  i  '*' '" 
nition  imd  assistam^e  is  a  frreat  stii,  hint  to  breedi-rs  <)f  ,  ,1'  1 1*^^'!»- 
and  beyond  eavil  a  proved  success.  In  the  award  of  i,  •"  ,?„  '"'I^' 
peatestcare  is  taken  by  the.jud^'es  in  eonsideriu'r  all  noi  n .  !".' ^ '" 
lenst  delect  as  to  color,  form,  size,  &o.,  often  proves  disis  '.LT  ''" 


of  Switzerland,  and  that  it  is  conUdentIv  expe(;ted  that  wi  ,*  IV'"'"*"" 
halt  century  the  Swiss  breeds  wotd<l  not  onl  v  br  u  p,,,,,  '  '  n  i'  T' 
stock,  neh  in  the  product  of  ndlk  and  tl.o  luoducts  tluMeof    L^      ^^^^^ 


About  three  years  a^'o  the  federal  authorities  ordered  ex  ..  U  ^"'?''' 
an  examination  into  all  i)edisroed  cattle  in  SwiizcMland  '! iv  m,  '""''<* 
jiges  degrees,  &c;  which  was  done,  and  the  report  001^0  w«,i"?'^^' 
herd-book,  where  all  the  pedigrees  of  pure-blooded  eat  I  tb  1'"  ?  ' 
may  be  found.  i"»«  country 


THE  SPOTTKD  BREED. 


The  Su  i^s  »|)Otted  breed  belong  to  the  heaviest  of  the  rMrm>„ 
races.    In  evidence  of  this  fact  a  ease  is  cited  where  a  Si,    w.nt  T**" 
of  this  breed,  which  was  prenuumed  at  a  eatt  e  show    d,^      " 
1881,  weighed  1,IU  kilograms.  *^  -^t Lucerne m 

Out  of  other  cattle  prominmed  at  the  same  fair  the  folloui.,^  ■..„ 
.nents,  showing  proportio,.s,  &e.,  are  given    in  c'mU         "  ^T  ?• 
2.0m  centimeters),  to  give  some  idea  of  the  size  of  these  auiinals! 


Description. 


top  of 
wituoi's. 


IJnlU  (aroniB*  of  2S  head)  . . 
(;ow8  (avcrago  of;!"  Iiead). . . 
lioirers  (average  ot'2l  Iioatl) 


137 
140 
133 


Circnni- 
fproiico  l>o- 

liind 
BlioulUurj. 


202 
'JUS 
100 


Tvcn?tli 

■  rnni  liorns 

toiixitof 

Uiii. 


203 
213 
205 


The  Freiburg"  cattle  represent  the  heaviest  and  coarsest  auimal  of 
this  breed;,  is  usually  white,  with  large  black  spots;  bi^r  bil?  rolf 
u^a.j  uuauj  long  boayj  largo  loose  birrel,  a.ul  traditioually  known 


Hiiicli,  at  li  c'( 


118  a  N"«' 


dti< 


iofiih 


ittOIIOUH 
•r  ^rOSH  lilt! 


SWITZERLAND, 
fat-iiiiikiiif;  iiiiichino,  inoro  narticuhirly 

iV  Milk  iiKi  fl'<tt  ..«    .xi-    A.   _..  *      «..  *^ 


305 


for  th 


o  iiiurkct.s  iit  gr«Htexpc*u(iitiir«i"()r  irrtUlciuI 


to  \iT'->' 

food. 

TI,o  abovi^  im'U8urciiic|it«  rquoscnt  tlio  Simmentlialor  SnottHl  ciitdo 
Tl„,y  arc  a  t niltj  sii.allor  1  l.u.i  tl.o  Kreil,„r«  cattle  aial  are  I  £•  br^^^^ 


wide,  open  m,8tril8.    They  are>if^;iy  r;:com;;;;.;derL';;;;;^S' 
Tlio  Hizo  (A  these  aimual.s  Viiries  very  iimch  with  nlivNi<..il  iiu.f.'.....     *i 

leiiility  of  the  coantry  juid  the  „.ore-or  Ie.s.s  S'aSr 
culture..    In  the  l.iffh  Al,>  d,«tne(.s,  where  the  <arn,.s  are  8 laall  i  ul  fho 
ro,„l  poonn  qiiahty  and  net  very  plenty  i„  quantity,  the  tows  m  J  111  n 
ami  .10  not  .sell  Jbr  inoie  than  $.jO  er  800,  while  in  the  riZ^r    r-.Ji  .      i 
.listricLs,  where  the  artilieial  n.anurino-  is'  lar^^d  "rSorled   i  Se!t  11 
iiro  worth  much  more,  and  brin-  from  $80  to  «l''V.n,;i  «».„♦!  ^"'" 

Tlieir  weight  i8  ironn.5(K,  to  .3oo  I'ound^ -.JSilir  i^ t^ ulZ;; 
,0  raol.  .{,000  pomuls  live  weight.    Their  fatteninff  eapad  y  ue  S 
to  be  very  f,nvat,  but  they  re( pure  good  food,  careful  attention    itl  eh- 
|,a,H]hns,an.lperfoctcleanliue.S8ubouttlieirHtall8.   TheSiiun.e,  1  alers 
or,iis  tlieyare  .somtime8  called,  "])i,.balds,"  are  eousideie     fl.     S 
,„iiker.s  among  the  Spotted  cattle.    The  bettor  class  coSare  "dco m 
and  iiveraged  on  reliable  expeniucnts  to  give  from  lU  tol'U  m  .IVi 
per  .liiy,  counting  three  hundred  milk  day.s  in  tluM-^'u-  ..n,   f  iVi  J        i 
dassfrom  1)  to  II  quarts     At  thi.s  rate'the  beU^.r'eh;    'eot~ 
prodnce  on  an  average  VJ  quarts  per  day,  or  3,G00  quarts  in  the  veir 
«  iicli,  at  J  cents  per  quart  a  low  uverago),  would  make  the  n  ilk-vk?d 
ot  one  cow  roach  the  sum  of  .«tJ08  per  annum  ' 

Tbeso  cows  are  of  a  kind  and  gentle  disposition,  and  it  is  claimed 
tliey  can  do  a  huge  amount  of  work  without  lessening  either  he  (uSv 
orqualityot  the  milk.  *=  int,quantity 

1  am  informed  that  while  the  larger  and  middle  sized  IJrown  Schwvtz 
m  arc  pcrlectly  healthy  and  feed  well  when  grazed  on  t\m  .....n  ..  P  f 
ai..,  yet  they  do  .u,t  iatten  readily ;  but  when'bZghTdo  v'  i  u^ 
(bstrict.s  or  valleys  and  grazed  and  stabled,  thev  not  m  v  <  .If 
laster,  hat  take  on  more  llesli  than  the  a'li, n!n;e  ^n''tI.i1iw^!;;;;f  ' 
In  coiLsequence  ot  this  fact  the  German  breeders  iireler  br  f  t  Z/.    . 
,mrpo«e.s  theSwi«s  cattle  bred  in  the  middle  mmint    n  rc'^oms     vS 
tliivsc  cattle  arrive  at  maturity  and  are  butchered  in  tl...?.™  i 
they  .seldom  weigh  over  1,000  pounds  gross' btiirt-iS 
n.to  the  lower  valleys,  or  over  ii/to  Bavai'a  or'  1    den  tS  ^^  tZ";, 
can  be  made  to  weigh  ],(;oo  poun.ls  gross  at  the  ago  of  ilirc^  yillr^ 

oFr.snooTs  of  the  .spotted  iireed. 
^Jrcmj^tlie  original  Spotted  breed  there  are  .several  offshoots  j  among 

an2aK^S;rS;^teiSd^^ 

;™  buttocks,  and  is  well  ada^L^ll^'Si^^l^^'S^::;-!!- 

the  Alps.            ■  '  ^  -vttstied  ^vitlt  ihe  hard,  tiry  food  of 

H.  Ex.  51 20 


,#■ 


I  -m 


SWITZERLAND. 


305 


JO y,,w,!.K..  K'osH  ...cut  lor  tho  nmrkcf .  ut  gr.at  oxpj.ulitirc  ff  aruSlt 

"uio  ab.)v.^  im-a8um.u,nt8  ivi.icm'iit  tlio  Sii.nncnthuler  Snotted  cufcHo 

TlKiV arc  ii  tniio  smaller  Hum  t  lo  KreilmrL'  c:itfl<^  -mkI  nr,.  i.,  Vf     I-         V' 

•itl  .lecj.  ,sLoaI(ler«,  powerf,,!  (brear  ,     Io.m'  st  .;  'i*  ,:'?^^^  ^*»'-'"^''«l 


,„.arc  l.m  t..ck,  with  muncl  cl..so  harrol ;  thej -uv'u^a  r^^VIM  !,  Sr' 
rt  th  italc  red  or  ydlowish  Hjtots;  wliito  lace-  imsn  milb  //j  .  m' 
,ide,  oiun  nostrils.    Thoy  aro  In^^liy  reco.mS.dXs      fko"«  ''  ''''^ 

The  Hizo  oi  these  animals  varies  very  umeh  with  nhvsie-iHiM.f  ,...«o  n 
fertility  of  the  conntry  and  the  n.oro'or  le.ss  udviSLttio  o  Tt^/i^^^^^ 
eulturo.    In  the  h.{?h  Al,>  d.stnels,  where  the  farms  are  smill  a  fd  fie 
lb,Kl  poor  in  quahty  an.l  n«,t  very  plenty  in  quantity,  the ,  -ws  mj"  .^^^ 
ami.  0  not  sell  lor  more  than  $.lt)  or  m,  while  in  the  rieher  grat^^  I     d 
.listnct.s,  where  the  arti/ieial  inanurino-  is  huwlv  resortc.l  to  f l^w.. A   » 
am  worth  much  more,  and  brin^j  from  $80  to  $11^5  mid  Ko.m.Hn  .« 
Tl.eir.ei,l.t  is  from  ],5()()  to  .,.00  pounds,  anit^r  ."^^ b  r/no"'! 
,0  ri-aci.  .f,()00  pounds  live  weight.    Their  fatteninf.  eapad  y  ue  S 
lobe  very  f-reat,  but  they  re.iu.ro  good  food,  careful  attention  n  tS 
liamllins,  and  perfect  cleanliness  about  their  stalls.   ThoSimnie  i  1  •£« 
„r,a.s  they  are  som times  called,  "])i,.balds,"  are  eonsidere     tl.     S 

'^^"'^  """":«•  *""  «l'\'«^''l  <-''^"le.    The  betlcr  class  cows  arc  xvdcoS 

and  averaged  on  reliable  experiments  to  give  from  lU  to  r'lm..Vi 

per.lay,eoanting  three  hundred  milk  days  in  tlo^Tlr•l^d^I;i^'^^^^^ 
dassfion.  0  lo  II  quarts     At  this  rato'tho  beU^.'S^    'cow  "3d 
produce  0  .  an  average  32  quarts  per  day,  or  3,000  quarts    .     he  veir 
«  iicli,  at  J  cents  per  quart  a  low  average),  would  make  the  n  ilk-vk^ld 
ot  one  cow  reach  the  sum  of  f»tJ08  per  annum  ' 

Tbeso  cows  are  of  a  kind  and  gentle  disposition,  an.l  it  is  claime.l 

tIlt^y  can  .loabugeamountof  work  without  lesse.iingoithcVthr.mS 
or.juality  ot  the  nulk.  o«"i».i  mc  quantity 

1  am  ii.f()nne.l  that  while  the  larger  and  middle  sized  IJrown  Schwvtz 
m  arc  pcilectly  healthy  an.l  feed  well  when  graze.l  on  f b.>  .....n  .  P  !' 
a!,.,  yet  they  .lo  n..t  fatten  readily ;  but  when'bZghTd J^  i  ^^ 
districts  .)r  valleys  ami  grazed  ami  stabled,  thev  not  on IvV,  f. . 
faster,  but  take  .m  more  flesh  than  the  anim!n;;  S^'''^^.  /^  i'^'/j'.jlf  ' 
In  conse<]uen(;e  of  this  fact  the  German  breeders  prefer    ..•?•./;.    . 
purposes  the  Swiss  cattle  bred  in  the  n.i.ldlo  mount    irc'^ons^   ^^^^^ 
iRvsc  cattle  arrive  at  maturity  and  are  butchered  in  tliHr  ow,,  hon?  ' 
they  .sckloiu  weigh  over  ],(»00  pounds  gross,  but  Uilu  t  \.  . 
.nto  the  lower  valleys,  or  over  i./to  Bavai'a  or'  1     lei/.S  nI  «  .  ,  'I'^ov 
can  be  made  to  weigh  ],(;(,o  poun.ls  gross  at  the  age  of  IlirJe  'i 

OFFSHOOTS  OP  THE  SPOTTED  DliEED. 

^^^Fmm^  original  Spotted  breed  there  are  several  oflshootsj  among 

(«)  The  Jierneroberlande:   breed,  which  is  -i  slmrf^..  .....i  i  ,    .. 

animal  thau  those  before  nientione  1       1 1,-  V,>n!      ■     '  "'^'ower  built 

the  Alps.            ■  '  '  ^  f^'nishcil  with  ihu  liaid,  dry  food  of 

H.  Ex.  51 20 


( 


306 


!1  f 


CATTLE  AND  DAIKY  FARMING. 


tlK- 

111(1 


(<)  ThoOrm,„M.s,Illu.z,aM(l  I-otsduMi  breeds,  hIiono  l,„m,.H  ..„  . 

only  \vcif,'h  rroin  100  to  700  pomuls.  '     '"  ^  "'"'«.!• 

Tlie  Swiss  brci'dcis  liopo  in  the  near  fiitiire  t(»  eiitirelv  ui. 
interior  otlsliootH  of  tin.  pri.utipal  Hi.otfed  breed  under  the )."  "     "'*''*'' 
system  ofassistinj;  i„  tl.o  i.npn.vemout  ..f  agrila.It.m.       ^^  '*''''''''^''^«l 


igri< 

THE  LUOWN  SCJIIWYTZKIl  liUEED. 


The  Ilrowii  Schwytzer  is  (ionsidered  the  dairy  breed  par  ev.w.ii 
Switzerlaud.  '        '"  1''"  ^^ct'lleiicoof 


Miaaiirv  in  ccniimvUra. 


I-ouBlh.     Oliili. 


null  (iiTcn»K8of  11  head)... 
Cow  (aviTugo  of  1 1  liciiil)  . . 
lleil'er  (aviTiiKo  ofll  lieail) . 


m 

lOf) 


ino 


In  judgin^^  this  breed  the  eolor  plays  a  far  more  huumt.,,,, ,     .   , 
in  the  Spotted  breed.     The  color  most  des  reT[  t  e  v  rv   1  u^l"  ll 
wliieh  indicates  the  purer  blood.  mt^  ui.v  d.uK  hn.w,,, 

nner^/iber,  and,  consequently/ sweeter ".1^  t^nSS^! l^r llll/Vi;;;;; 

It  is  claiuie<l  that  the  Ihown  Schwy  tzer  not  only  o-ves  nioi<,  ...iii-  '   . 
that  It  18  richer  than  that  of  any  other  European  breed  otSl'i'i 
lire  ostmnvled  to  pro<Iuce  Iron,   li  to  2  (,uaits    .^^    ndt  S'  Hv   JS 
the  lar^e  Si.ninenthal  cow.     I   have  just  returned  i ro        vi.i' V  " 
stables  of  Mr.  Kiihn,  of  De-ersheini,  the  I'lr^oVt  ,!.,,..     n.   i  ,  ^"  '" 
of  the  lirown  Schwy tzer  in'switzeri^ind   Jnlf  1.^  t^H^in  Sfl  s" S 
of  fo.ty  cows  average  from  1 7  to  L'O  quarts  of  milk  jK-r  d  y      )   n„  r 
tins  IS  an  exceptional  case,  but  it  demonstrates  fully  wha     his  , 
capable  ot  under  good  treatment.  at  mi^  mciu  u, 

of's^  r'ifi'"i\''""r'  'v  the  large  r.rown  Scliwytzor  was  in  the  canto,,. 
«  f  Nt  Gall,  fechwytz  Zurich,  Glarus,  Lucerne,  Unterwaldeu,  (11^1, 
I  J*n  lower  part)  and  Anpenzell,  but  they  are  now  largely  Is 
a     mer  hw.tzer  and,  and  ,n  portions  of  (Icrinany,  ItaTy,^,,,,!  1™ 
Man>  of  the  best  young  cows  of  this  breed  are  bought  u].  bv  I  a  in," 

ri^'JooV'^^Jor''''^^^""""''  t''^''^'  "«'^""t«  in  this  country     Th 
Ion  400  to  800  francs  per  head,aud  for  extra  line  ones  ashigh     Y- 
tiuncs  IS  often  paid  at  the  central  cattle  markets  atChur  and  Hdiwyt/ 


MISCELLANEOUS  S^VLSS  BREEDS. 


..J'\  •!^'l*^"^M"  *'"'  '«i'^f /'i"^"  S«;l»wytzereveiy  valley  and  !,( 


)d  ii 


iirlibor- 


n     M  '  ''^  u  f  "■'^f*'''^''"*^  "-i*^  Jt«  »^wij  small  cross-breed,' generally  from 
the  lirown  fecUwytzer.  ' 


SWITZERLAND 


"I  Villui.s,i„„, 
^''l'<'«>iittlit.s,. 


i-xccllcnc,,  of 

i  ^^'ifJi  imizzic 
"'  ''liK'lc  tips, 
'I'iik  riiiiiiiiiJ 
|<',V  arc  soiiir 
oniiaiKl  "foiii. 


nilk  iiiid  uciji^ii  (loiii  dO()  (o  r>00  i>oim(]s.  -       -- 
TlicTc  lias  of  lato  years  botMi  introdnrcd  in  tu..  i.^ 

:,  nmv  ;mu1  .still  smaller  l„ee,l  to  taif  £  nlLce'  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  J^Iourituin^ 

is  iioiii  L'.jO  t(»  ;5()0  poiiiKlH.                            ^       "  ^"  ^*^'^^'^  ;  thoir  weight 

CANTONAL  PRIZE  HHOWS. 

Tlio  ciKstom  of  all  eaiitoiial  tfovenuiients  is  tn  ..m... 
yearly  preininins  for  fl.o  iinprove.ne  t  oni.e  ,  .?tff  7  ^T^lf  "'•^'  "•''^■- 
tiy,  and  I  only  .Uvsiro  noNV  to  speak    viU.  iu-cia    t  • '^^  "'  ^'"'''^  '•"""• 
consular  .listrict.  «IHcial  J-eierei)ec  to  my  ,>w„ 

Tlio  canton  of  St.  (Jalle  inakes  »i  vonritr  ..,>.  •  .• 

ciittk'.    Ihe  Sinn  is  <;lassi(ie(l  as  follows:  '"^^"crs  ot  p.ire-blooded 

D'll'N •  I'"run.«, 

.Milch  cowM J I  f^^^ 

Miscclliincoiis  (liaiidliiij,'  ciitUo')" ........"" .'.".'     n'ooi) 

i.'ooo 

An  a  rule,  the  hm/e  JJrowii  Scljwvtzer  o-\rrio<  ««•  +i         • 
fienlK'r,!.'  I.reed,  l„)wev(>r,  is  a  irood  s Imw  mi,     •      S''V  I""'.^^"-    The  To^r. 
victorioas  eon.petitor.     'The  S on    s  div  d  "  1^  "'\'^"  ''^''-'omcs'Ii 

Tl.jud,os  tak<,into  consideration  a.;dt!;^l^l'^^S;;;n:^^i:^^ 

scam:  oi-  roiNTs  i,„,t  nrr.i.s. 

I.  Ilciid,  line  1111(1  tiiporiuL'  ..  I'l'iiiis. 

•.'.  Forchciid,  liioiul 

■i.  Chedc,  Niiiall 

•I.  Muzzle,  linn  l)liick,  aud  riiuroiriVv  ii'.rhrnr..V,V„"i 

li.  Honi.s.  smooth,  clciiii,  and  not  tooVliYA-'AviVi"* '• 

7.  Ears,  liKht-^-niy,  rati ..  •  I  Z  am   t    ek   III]  *^l"-'i'"«  f'>»*k  I  ip.s.  ... 

."&S'a;;dtir"'^  •■ 

!■'.  Tail.  ],an,ri:;j,  ,iown  to  hoS"      '     '  ^"^'  *'"''"••"■  «*''"'«''*  *"  ■'^«<  li"«  «SiV 
.     u  ..,  n.cl Ion-  and  niov.'ibl,.,  l.nt,  not  too'looVc; 

i.::  E:,::::^^J!!^^.•i-:.f!^^  "-k-brown":;;!;:::;:::::::- 

'  The  consul  lailed  to  ^vhtho'voii^inaet^ur^^^'-'— 


308 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY    FAKMING. 


!t    smaa  jj 


18.  Hin(l-(iiiaiiyry,  from  hock  to  the  point  of  niaii.,  lou-'  uml  woll-iilliwi  ''"'"'" 

ly.  MoofH,  Imnl,  bliick.andnot  too  (sinall !....  "  ^^"'H'Hwl 

20.  Growth,  gonenil  appearaucu,  and  comlitiou "..!'...'.'' 

rcifoction — —, 

100 

BCALE   Ol'"  POINTS  I'OU  COWS. 
Siiiiin  na  biillH,  oxcoxiti- 

2.  Forc-hoad,  iiuitow,  with  rather  lonj?  faci^ 

(I.  IToriiH,  Minall,  tunicd-up,  witli  taitcrii);'l)l,,rk  (ins  

1>.  Eyes,  full  and  placid '....?........      

10.  Nock,  HtraiKht,  fine,  and  placed  litc'litly  on  shouldorN 

1(>.  I'orc-ann,  swelling  and  lull  ahovo  kniio 

«1.  ir.ldor,  lar-o  in  form  and  Htandlnf,'  wM  out  I'eiiiud,  brit'fnil  i„'"j;,;,;";;iY,; 

^'o'  ''>:•?,<■"•  I ■"■.!;«  and  s(inurciy  plaVed.'beiiYnd  wi(io"apart ! 

~'.{.  A.ilk-vcin.s,  very  ]ironiiiieiit 

iil.  Hide,  dcopycllow-oran^'o  color "--'".---!!  !!I." 

I'orfcctiou 

114 

III  the  licifens  the  Kciile  of  points  are  the  huiuo  as  cows  and  ti.m. 
considered  perlectat  11 1' points  before  they  have  (Iropped     c ,  ^^  ''' 

Ihe  greatest  nnpfrtance  is  attached  by  the  j  ..does  to  the  1  .'n.fif  i 
lorm  and  purity  of  blood  In  bulls  for  breeding  purposes  ii.  1  ,r,;f' 
the  peasants  and  small  lUr.ners  are  unable  to  keep  ,',,  f*'u  r,  .''' 
bloods  on  account  of  the  dearness  of  liie  aninu.l,  one  is  generil  1  'i 
und  kept  at  the  cost  of  the  various  districts  or  towi.shhw  -i  n7?^ 
means  the  cows  belonging  to  the  i)easants  an.l  .mall  farmers'  « s?rv  i'i' 
and  the  pure-bloods  are  continually  «,.,  the  increase.  Catt  e  «li,  i^  1 
tairs  are  considered  as  a  sort  of  public  holiday  by  the  Deasants  •,,  h 
..re  .U:tended  in  large  numbers:  The  oxhibltioiiKn^  ^  ^  tj 
sometimes  not.  The  preiniuu.ed  ani.nals  are  usually  dec.)n,\S 
wreaths  and  garlands,  and  receive  the  «1„  e  or  stamp  of  the  fiir  i  -  .  ' 
ing  the  same  burned  into  th(^  horn.  1  have  seen  i)ri7x'l  ■  n  >  S" 
their  horns  almost  brande.l  full  from  the  impressions  made  b  "  l,c  (  ' 
lerent  society  brands.  -^  '"^  ""• 

IJrown  Scinvytzer  bulls  generally  serve  cows  at  the  ageof  .sixtotM.  t,. 
eighteen  months  but  some  of  the  best  breeders  and  cattlen.en  s  v  l 
.s  too  early,  and  thac    hey  shouhl  not  be  allowed  to  serve  beioS  to 
years  old,  as  they  are  then  fully  develoi.ed  and  give  more  stiiMi-r  h     .1 
better  constitutions  to  their  ollspring.  «h  i.gtli  and 

OLD  AND  NEW  SYSTEM.S  OF  STABLING  CATTLE. 

The  old  Swiss  system  of  feeding  and  caiing  for  cattle  is  fast  lmvIii- 
way  to  new  developments  which  are  being  made  in  the  improvoi.R'iitol 
the  vanous  breeds,  and  experience  is  teaching  the  iieople  that  it  is  is 
necessary  to  the  good  health  of  cattle  and  other  cM.imals  that  tix^v  iiav, 
l)Ienty  of  light,  air,  and  commodious  quarters  as  it  is  to  human  hVin-.s' 
and  the  consequence  is  that  whenever  a  new  stable  is  built  er  an  old 
one  IS  remodeled,  great  care  is  taken  that  the  stalls  siiall  he  so  con- 
sU'ucted  as  to  give  the  animals  more  room,  better  ventilation,  mnl 
light,  and  opportunity  for  cleanliness.  Duriug  ray  visit  to  inaiiv  (liiirv 
tarms  and  peasant  stables  in  quest  of  information  for  this  rcDort'lliavo 
been  absolutely  astounded  to  s.-e  t  lie  sort  of  places  cattle  me  kept  in 


iu  some  i)art 

lilteeii  cows  w 

jVet  wide,  an( 

(low  in  the  wj 

in  (liiunoter,  _ 

siencli  wiis  si 

'•old  way"  of 

iiiiiny  that  tin 

room.    The  cf 

lor  the  i)eiisan 

stable,  and  so 

down,  eortaiii 

rioiKi'il  broedi 

assists  in  the  i 

ei.ttle,  and  con 

HANDLING  1 

In tbc cantor 

liandledtbiouf 

C(irin(/  throti 

N'ovcinb'er  unti 

kept  in  the  sta 

liiHiii  made  on 

mown  two,  ti.n 

;ind  the  inaiiiK 

ilit(di(.'s  wIr'i.  I.I 

limes  tlii'oo  tin. 

;iic  li'd  throe  ti 

lion  of  coMi-niei 

twice  a  day  l)y 

I  lie  In  Ilk  of  an 

lilt  food,  and  ar 

oft  lie  high  Alj) 

inf;(|«iilities,  CO 

miitic!  herbs,  sai 

The  condition 

liiirtiiat  it  woiil 

(ir  America. 

Tlie  higher  tli 
fdlod  Avitli  spico! 
|iiistnres  of  my 
lliey  iire  situatei 
Only  in  the  lowl 
even  about  the 

'  TliiH  ;,'rass  fjrrnv 
liu'iitiiiHltiikociire 

IllKpCllSIUlls  {,'0  IIJl  ( 

iiiiiiiiit.'iiii  side,  witli 
il;i.v|n  woi-li,  liowov 
liiiilii'N,  and  Kr-iirrl\ 
Wlicii  llic  liay  iH  eiii 
)!nniii(laiiil  cKiitiniii 
!".'!lM:i!it,f  til-.  Ini'ijc-  ? 
slidllMfrs  Iie;;in  tliej 
ami  iiHin;;  it-  us  a  nor 
ml  Uol'teuliappoi 
peasautfi  at  a  tituo,  u 


.swit;5erland. 


309 


iu  some  ])arts  of  the  ciiuton  of  St.  Galio.     I  viHitod  nn«  «h,Mo     , 

tilteei.  cow.'  were  kept.     The  stable  pror)or  wL\bou    pr-^lof       ""  'T^'^l^ 

,,Vet  wide,  and  not  to  exceed  0  leet  hiL-J    in  ceilin  "    fwi^     '"""^  ^^^^ 

•.„nv  in  the  wall,  except  a  hole,  low  down    o  t t  floo^;bmI?'1^"^  T' 

i„  .liiunotor,  byAvliich  the  stalls  were  enmtie     nrtL^'l'^.l^^^  "^1^'^ 


,„  u.  t..v.  ....-,  ^..^^yv  u,  ,iui«,  luw  down  to  tlio  tloor  abnnf  Ifi  ^ 
ill  (li)unotcr,  by  wbich  the  stalls  were  omntin/i  -7f  fi  ^  ^ 

,e„..h  was  si,nply  unbearable,  mu7  yet  "\?as  oM  F^t'tf""'*''  ^1'^ 
uoi,l\vuy"of  stablin^r  cattle  in  Switzerland  nu  if  5  \\^  "^"l^  *''^ 
,„:,„,v  (hat  the  eows  prodneed  more  mi^k  Sn  intv  had^.u?rT^•^'  ^*T 
,ooi...  The  cows  stood  ei^ht  on  each  side,  w  t  scScelv  rnnT  ""  ''"1* 
lb,,  the  peasant  to  push  himself  through  beh  n  1  tlm  rnw«  ?n  i  ''°^'!f '' 
stable,  and  so  close  together  that  it  scHimed  mlnlifM^T  to  clean  the 
down,' certainly  not  with  comfort  SvaViTda^^^^^^^^ 
rio,H.e.l  l.ree,lers  take  the  connnon  sense\\w  ttirwl.  u  V  ''!''^  ''''^^^ 
assists  iu  the  milk  secretion,  yet  imp  o  heat  -n k  'nh  .  '""'r  ^''''^''"^' 
r,m,  and  conseauently  eau:so^  the  "!irti"ou"i^d"tS  m;^!^^,;;: 

HANDLING  AND  CARE  OP  CATTLE  IN  THE  ST.  GALLE  DISTRICT. 

Ill  the  cantons  of  St.  Galle,Appenzell  (lrTnhiin,i«,.  n     xi 
luuKlIed  tluouffh  the  year  as  follSw"  :    '  ^-^''^"bundcn,  &c,  the  cattle  are 

Garbn/ throitf/h  the  winter. — Throno-h  tlu>  winfnt.  r.        ^i 
Xoven.ber  until  the  end  of  March  or  April     h^e^itro  *''^  "H^'^'^  "^ 
la,.t  in  the  stables,  and  are  fed  aln"ost  en   l-elv  on     ^hav'S^^^ 
knm  n,a«Ie  on  the  n.eadows  which  lie  in  tCv^UIevs  nmi' ^i  •'',^  ^''''' 
mown  two,  tiiree,  and  four  times  a  year,  owl  -  tt^  V  Soi".  ^i'l?'  '''''' 
ml  the  u.u.ner'of  manuring.    These  nSws  n  oTiro'^^?*,*''^ "«'^ 
it,.hes  when  necessary,  and  fre  wol^nua  urc7twic  ^'y^ran^/  "^''" 
i,....s  three  times  a  year,  with  stable  and  art  Ida  Idun^rs    '  T  o    Tf' 
niv  le.  three  times  a  day.     Milch  cows  are  someti^no"  fd  a  sm  .IM     ' 
lion  ol  eoiii-meal  or  turn  i)s  n  addition  to  the  l...v     >,,,    "  ^  '^'"''''  !*'»- 
tuio  a  ,h,y  by  being  led  iut  in  the  op  m  ai    to     nlnnb ''"^tr  ''''''"'''^ 
1."  liuik  of  an  artesian  well.    The  youn-  cattle  in    n?       ""•""'  ""''  ^" 
t  foo.1,  and  are  often  fed  the  whole  win  iu-  Vhli   "  ""l^^.^l^iV^'  '""<-''' 


li 


ii^  .bod,  ancfare  ;S  f ed  «;;,  .^:LC  ;^  S<t^^^^ 

of.he  high  Alps,  which,  howev<.r,  is  saiclVoV-oS       g    y  ^renS[iu.n* 

iiifT  (luah  ,es,  consisting  of  large  quantities  of  verv  ,,frU!.„rj  ?,*''''"■ 


Ill 


i,,uamies,.u;s;;M;;;'j^;,';,  S-o^Sy^ 

..tie  herbs  said  also  to  be  ^•ery  ^oo.l  V,'  inilch  cow   "*'^'*""''^  ''^"'^  ■•^•■"- 
liie  conditions  under  which  agriculture  is  folioup<l'i,ovn  „ 

imstures  of  my  consular  dis(ri(!t  consist   iliZnS^^^^ 

liicynre  situated  from  1,7(»0  to    V  (  0   Vet'^^  K 

')>'ly  i"  «!'«'  lowlands  and'valleys  a Ve  the  c  .iJi  nt  w      .      '^'  ''*  ^  ''*^  '■^'''•• 

..en  ahoutjhe  towns  and  ^L,^.'^  \^'^^ Sr^ll^^^i  ^ 

a.v;.i  «o,lj,   howovT,  ,nak,.  tlH.n,solv^,.s  fast  l^C^^^ r:!:Tj'''rT">^  <'"'"• 
Wlionllic.  hay.H  ,.,.1  ...n.l  n.a.ly  Cor  I     ns     ,V    ,      „       of.,    ""'"I"  V"'''  ♦"*'"'  •■<"•'^"• 

i"HhiHin«,t,asaHortori,a.,ist..r..r  ''    ol     1.     k'^n         I      *'"'. '"P"  wiU.  „„c  |,,in,l 
peasautH  at  a  t„uo,  u„,l  th„  ro«ul/  is  l.ic-akago*;  f  U»  ;^r  "  « 'of'/j'fj'''''''""™  «»'HOveral 


s^   ,3 


f.  ^  ^sjjimsjs  s| 


■B? 


310 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


pisses  are  about  25  per  ceut.  herbs,  and  in  conscqen.e  ofSvi  ■  , 
my  will  always  brm-  one-lbnrtli  more  in  tho  markets  th'n    r      '"  ^'"^ 
the  lowlands.  .  ''"'  "  «i'o\vii  i„ 

To  continue  with  tho  stable  Ireatment,  it  is  correct  to  stUn  fi 
(•atte  are  thoroushly  curried  and  rubbed  once  and  often  hvi/''^^^'"' 
(lie  troub  e  and  imm  lipino-  fnlKr  vm.owi  i.,r  +i,„  > ,  ^"  ."^^"^t"  n  Cn 


,,  V  >..ic.,.,  ,nv  .vvi»<,  wi.>  iiiiu  t;iean,ine  custom 

the  cows  each  day,  with  an  armful  of  either  fresh  straw  „p  i,.  ,  ""' 
which  also  adds  largely  to  the  stable-dunij  sunplv  TI.  .fi\ '""''• 
usually  cleaned  twice  a  day.  The  manure  is  either  packed  ,m "  ""' 
ricks  some  distance  from  the  barn  or  shoveled  into  sills  ,' '"''''' 
cially   or  the  purpose,  just  outside  the  stalls,  and  is  eitlu-nM' ''•''' 


tlie  he  Ids  with  either  cows  or  oxen  and  thorou-lly  distill  n,''"  '" 
ground,  the  cost  and  labor  of  which  is  more  than  d     I    -  !e^  i 
soil  producHio-  two  or  three  times  tho  quantity,  and  -i  i  m- ,  '^'  "''■ 

Uy,  oihay  than  the  ordinary  dry-inan  u'iuff  oVStl  ufs^^^^^^^^  ^^^tt.vqn.l 


CATTLK   GIIAZING  ON  THK  ALPS. 


0)1  the  Ion 

cow 


^)i  the  loic  Alps.— With  the  spring  begins  <litferent  fr..Mf„     . 
s  and  tine  bree.ling  animali  gc;;;eraliy  rv!^^^^^t^^^^l 


not  often.  "  -  ""^  -^M'nisiiss,^' lint 

Oh  the  hUjh  A IpN.—Tlm  " .Maisiiss  "  runs  liom  the  mi,l,ll,>  nv ,.„  i   <■  ,r 
nutil  the  mhldle  or  latter  part  of  June,  when  an     he       ove  t  h  '  >!^^^^^ 
iis  it  will  not  do  to  imperil  tlie  hav  cVod  which  i^  .1.         ^'"^  '\P'aco. 
th<;se  lands.     J5y  ihe  e^id  of  June  ?1,     e  t     '  a  e  ^.,'  t^,Z'r 
-  llochalpe,"  where  they  remain  until  Ociohi'v         '  '  '"^''  '^'l'^' 

in  this  part  of  Switzerland  the  Alps  consist  of  il.n.,.   ■^  r 
tab  e-lands,  the  highest  of  whic;.  can  only  be^a/ed 'ibi  r  th'  '""'  ^ 
n.  ihe  middle  of  summer.     At  this  station  op.     s:,!^..^      T^'' 
put  up  to  protect  the  cattle  from  su.iden  s    ,w  si  r mV  I"'^'""'' 

which  often  occur.     On  the  s.^con,!  sta      i   a  m    V    i  ,sh^  '?"' 

IS  built  and  is  not  only  use.l  as  stables  b   t  as  ■   miTi    m  '^''!'?"'''' 

The  alp  is  usually  ow-iuxl  by  ^icZunu^^^^^^ 
cows  an.  taken  on  pasturage  at  so  much  lor  the^S,  (j  imt's    S" 
...  which  cas..  the  cows  or  heifers  are  sent  .lirectlv  t,  t  u   ''   lo  |!,  i^" 
I..  May  or  June,  when.lhey  remain  until  the  end  of  ()  td.er       in     , 

obnuned  in  the  Alps.    Ti.  reH^ilts" a.: ";;;;' i^d^ihVlnivii  wiS 
calves  tuned  to  come,  if  possible,  in  February  or  MaVch ;  greeu  S 


SWITZEL  LAND, 


311 


iiiciulyspriiis-sbirtstho  milk  secretion;  later  on  when  Hw>  o-  ,wi  ^«-  ^ 
„tthis  an.  OM  the  wane,  the  milk  i>rodu(  tion  [4  fs  a  resh^  imnh,f/^*' 
„.  nutritioHS  grasses  on  the  "mLuss."  Fn^^  out^^tZ^ 
,,|„aoc  olheh..e«hortp;assan,l  aromatic  lierbs  ,.C  the  -Hochalno" 
,vlieic  the  milk  IS  ridiest  in  fhivor  and  contains  the  inn«f  .TTm  '  ' 
,.s<loli,hl inl  sweetness.and  iiavor  is  nnaSnZ,  b  'a^^rot  e rVS:; 
i„  tlio  u..rl<l,  ;md  tins  ,s  imparted  to  the  butter  and  "cheese  wii  f 
nlKMi  wtMl  iiiivde,  are  m  the  In-hest  state  of  perfection  ' 

K  slioiild  h(^  understood,  liowever  th-it  liicrii  nir.;,,!^   . 
,.n.a.iy  ibHowed.  by  the  'hu-,er  IH^iits  ot^.;Si^  S.^S^^l^;. -{ 
,ouvsare  kept,  for  in  snch  cases  the  herd  is  stabled  and  grazed  in  t lie 
,,,lk.ys  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  towns  and  villages  whSoth  "milk 

"ti,c  l.i.^I.  Alps  are  grazed  by  herds  of  young  cattleand  cows  owned 
bvdie  iH'asants,  which  are  picked  up  by  ones  and  twos  nil  nv..^fi 
,„i,i,borhood  of  the  alp.    The  herd,\vllen  made  up  to  to  number 
diicli  the  alp  IS  by  law  registered  to  graze  for  the  se  ism.  i«  .1^  ," 
,0  the  '■  Alplnitte,"  "  Sennhiitte,"  or  chal6t  whe  e '  he  c^w    o^'  n/lVei; 
;„Ml  Kiv.Mi  a  little  salt  and  bran  boiled  in  whey  witl  rSohnv       > 
wind,  they  are  allowed  to  rest  a  few  hours  i.^hfstible   "  Tl  e'v  ar^ 
llii'ii  taken  out  to  the  pastures,  where  they  remain  imHi  fi.<w.,/'  ■ 

», '"■'■■;,•"-  '"r" '!'  ".'■ "  I  «tte.;  to  bB^nSS'a ;: ' ,  '"„ra'.";i^;  ■ 

(liircliyalteiwards.     On  yery  hot  days  they  are  keot  in  tho  «f  .m 
,hnin,u  ll.e  hottest  part  of  the  day,  also  in  col,   rainy 'we    her   he^^^^^^^^ 
stabled,  especially  if  there  is  no  woods  on  the  alii.       ''"-'"''^'^  ^*'*'>  '^'^ 

DAIRYING  ON  THE  HIGH  ALPS. 

The  "Sei.nliiitt(>"  is  usually  intended  for  summer  oceui.aney     It  i«, 
;,  loi,j(  lou-  and  rudely  constructed  sIuhI,  mainly  built  out  of  rou'dv 
hewn  p.i,.-l..gs  with  one  end  mortised  into  the  rocks  of  the  mou  Pt  „, 
si.ie  a.Hl  t  lie  others  laid  across  each  other,  and  fastened  toget^^u"    1 
l,)ii-  beeeli  .vood  nails.    Ihe  solid  roof  coy(u-ing  consists  of  heavv  bn .  .,. 
OfLUeeti-:  diamoier,  with  boar.ls  1  inU,  th'^^k,  Ji>     ,ci  os  wid '^'^^S 
abo  taieet  long  laul  on  top.     The.c  are   fastened  dlnv     by  h^vi' i 
s.;\vial  long  poles  stretched  across  them  and  w  ji/hted  down  with   .In'; 
01  heavy  s.oius  weighing  from  r.O  to  .00  ..undsto  k,..    tl  e    o     Iwnn 
hem,  blown  oil.    The  site  selected  for  th.  stables  n.uit  haye     e  1    r 
l-leiify  ..1  lies,  running  water,  necessary  '..r  the  cattle  and  import "n 
111  Ihe  care  ol  (lie  milk  and  butter.     At  on  j  of  th  'se  sfitionsm,  !  ?  i     1 
Al,i,s  the  milk  and  butter  retain  the     weetn.-s     for  we  "  s  ,v^^^^ 
least  taint.    The  "  Sennhiitte  "  is  readenc.    eosv  shed    mil   .1  ^ '": 

bimer  and  el.eese  manulactory  al!  to^"!  er        ^^   Ji     tuso''b;.H'^' 
fl  elujese.lepartmenf^isgeneraliy  in  Jl.o  room.     The  0  ;•  ^  ^^  "^^ 
he  nilk.ng  is  ,lone,  adjoins  and  is  connecte.l    .y  a  do,,r  wit     th^      i 
hilt  .T,  and  cheese  room,  and  the  room  oce.n.ied  h^   th,.,  ten  le  vs  ,, f  t  ,.' 
enl.     1  he  servuvs  ot  tw,)  p,M)ple  are  gviu-rnlly  req'  ire,i  t,  a  tend     > 
'lairy  propc-rly,  ami  are  usually  a  man  an,l  womai  ;  lh,.y  auM-  1,, 
"seiiM     aii,l  -  sennerin. '      The  cows  are  mill-,.,l  Avi  . .  .        <'i"<<l  the 

i™;-' "i™h, .niiki,,,- i,s w,.i„„,i .;.,V "a™!' :;,:''  ;,^,-,;;";„,;« 

"I  1  i.'n.i.  »'|w.-,ilviy,  anil  al.  II,,-  ,.,„|  „r  i|„.  „,,.,»„„  ,,  I,,  .    ,,','"'' 
I >l  »i">»i»K:  <'xa,:U,v  wlial  l,u»  1, ,  i|„.  ,,  ■,  1     ,  uf  i  ,,     i  v'  '" 

™.,lo«al  a,„l  c..„.,al  «,»■,.„„„„,„  pr,:;!  ,  ,    '  b  '/../XVi   '^  i'l';!,''  ,"'' 
provemcnt  of  alpiculture.  ^'»«  ouereu  i,u  tijo  im- 


312 


iiii. 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 
PURTTV  OF   ST.   GALLK  HULK. 


"ro ;  but  Swiss  ^tatlsiij^i;!\^y^;^^%;^^  «rm«  of  n.au„£ 
at,  any  approximate  u.nonnt  of  either  tho'lfrou.Vi  "'^""^  ^«'»rive 
a  rn  0  far.nens  and  dairymen  l)rSS  J/sSl  tl^Sl  .? "u'"'"'*^^'^  A 
on  tl.e  {jronnds ;  it  seems  to   l.em  tl  at  t  ere  i«"l'' .  ^i*.  "•'^tunU  stato 


on  tl.o  {jronnds ;  it  seems  to   l.em  that  t  ere  is  mo, o  ,.  '  ''''*!""^'  '^^ato 
by  converting  it  into  cheese  and  biUter     S.c^JXn  "ZTJ"  ''  ^''■^>' 
'0  neighborhood  of  towns  and  .r^T  .?';,!Il^:^^''".':<^.  isfor 


those  in   thenei^vhbo^iio;;,^  ^^'"t^^raua'l^ST:^^^'"' 
cl.rectly  to  the  eon.nn.er  at  so  much  I>oi  quaJtX  4  centT'  "" 


miliv 


Chemical  nnalmit  of  milk  at  SI.  dalle. 
IFitrni  tho  cantonal  c.lioniical  laboratory.) 


Dry  siibstiineo , 

C'jisoino  and  filhnnuin.!.., " ....." 

Milk-Hiigiir 

Milk-salt .-.!!!...!... ■-....." 

The  h)cal  hiws))rotect  tiie  rmritvof  the  mill-  on,i  n  i  • 

man  tletected  in  falsiiyinff  milk  or  st^llino  J       ,'  -u^^  ^^'-^'ryman or 
is  liable  to  both  lino  andlmpHsonm"^^      Mv.m-u„lk  for  unskinnno.l 


'T  crat. 

vi:, 

4.0 

4.r. 

.7") 

milk, 
millv 


MILIv-CTIRE   ESTABLISHMENTS. 


There  is  a  dairy  in  tlie  "^nhmhc  r,f  w*-  /^   n 
I'othins  but  d,y^ood  th^ve"  n.und'  Tho^i^  r?.^''^^^"^«  ^^^''^"'"n 
ndan  s  and  a.^a-d  people,  is  tlelivere    by  th^Hi  vm'^.rr'"''"'''*^'''^^'^'' 
i  cents  i.er  qiu.rt,  and  is  chiimed  to  b    of  In,    ;    '^        '  *'"'"  ^^''Sons  at 
tance.     TImmv  are  also  scn-^'a  'l„^u",nMn^  ^  '  t''^' "'"  «'!>'i^ary1,„por 
l.shments-intl.enei.i,dd,orI.OKl,,?S     j"^^^^^^^^^ 
yoa^s,  and  where  people  are  treat.^-^;?^;.;^!;;:';fe- 

KXPORTS   f)7.'   SAVISS   CONDENSED  MILK. 

From  tlie  most  reliable  sonn-o  I   ...i,.  r,„  i    •,. 


isr.'i ... 
iw?(> ... 

1H77  . . . 
IfirH  ... 
1H7!)  . . 
IHHO  . . . 
18SI  ... 


■l,'J(ll,Tr.(l 
•'■>,  (11(1,1(1(1 
."i,  .11111,1(1(1 
li,ll!l,  7(1,1 
7,H|:!,H)(I 
!l,  '■!•£),  ;i(KI 
II,  .'III,  4(0 

)i,(yi,riuo 


CONDENSED-MILK   MANIIPACTURE    IN   SWITZERLAND 

i.nn:,l;,:o;;;::;/;::;::^;;;L;:"'t;--'i"l-!->..i-«  <•,  u,  „„  „,.. 


SWITZERLAND.  3I3 

The  greatest  possible  caro  is  taken  to  use  iioue  but  good,  clear  pure 
uiilk,  i)ro<]uce<l  Iroin  l.ealtLy  cows  if  possible,  pastured  ou'biS  or  uu 
.luiamif,'  well-drained  ground,  witb  plenty  of  cleir,  sweet,  running  water 
and  every  (juart  ot  in.lk  is  tested  before  it  is  put  into  the  bo  er  ' 

These  liictones  ren   the  ludk  products  of  a  certain  number  of  cows 
tbojeartlirongh,  and  require  the  milk  to  bo  delivered  %ttLr..o?Zl 
twice  adi..y,wl.ero  it  is  ])aid  for  by  weight  at  from  2^  to  3  cents  amiart 
tjie  liifrliost  ])rico  being  paid  in  tho  winter  season.  '        ' 

The  most  scrupulous  cleanliness  is  observed  in  every  detail     In  tl.A 
first  i.IiUH,  the  peasant,  in  nnlking  his  cow,  is  requested  to  take  p  rt  c 
„lar  paiiiH  in  having  the  cow's  udder  and  teats  clean,  and  to  see  tl  at  no 
filth  drops  HI  0  the  milk,  and  the  milking  utensils  are  perfect^rcleansed 
after  each  nnlking.  ^        ^"j  v.ii,.uiHeu 

Wliei.  the  milk  is  brought  to  the  factory  it  is  strained  through  a  double 
|,a.r-8ieve  from  the  sea  es  into  a  large  tin  or  zinc  tank,  frSm  whence 
omy  detail  ot  manipulation  is  guarded  by  cleanliness;  for  it  is  an  oh- 
tablished  fact  that  not  only  tho  cows  should  be  fed  on  good  sound 
hoMltliy  i..od,  with  kind,  gwitlo  treatment,  but  that  unless  the  bnildii- 
,s  we  ventilated,  plenty  of  pure  running  water,  and  an  entire  absence 
ot  III!  taints  iiiid  iermen ts,  the  process  of  condensing  milk  which  will 
ke))  will  prove  a  sure  failure.  "^  '  ^^"' 

The  Hv;isH  Milk  Company  of  Gossan  has  the  reputation  of  being  one 
ot  ho  best  (without  sngar)  condensing  factories  in  Europe,  as  their 
nidk  has  been  tested  in  hospitals,  in  armies  on  the  march  0,  the  sea 
for  weeks  at  a  time,  and  in  the  hot  climes  of  India,  and  has  proved  itself 
in  every  mstaiuu*  perfectly  condensed,  ,)ure  millc.  The  milk  is  packed 
ami  sold  in  ])ni ,  and  quart  bottles,  with  tho  American  j.atent  wire  cork- 
Hiffs  Zmc  and  tin  cans,  holding  from  li  to  If,  gallons,  are  also  beiiur 
iise(  now;  (ao  advantage,  ir  is  claimed,  is  in  tho  saving  of  tlie  cost  of 
Imttle,  the  cost  oi  packing,  and  weight. 

The  following  analysis  of  the  pure  milk  was  made  by  Dr.  Uehner  of 
Loudon:  "  ' 

y  .  Tor  cent. 

Millisiisar .......!...!.'!.'."."!.'!.'."."." ,'?•"'•'' 

Alluimcii ]'-''l> 

A.sIi8!iUk J'f^" 

1.8.> 

This  milk  is  sold  by  wholesale  at  2  francs  per  quart,  and  is  considered 
,0  I.e«iniMng  o    a  most  lormidable  rival  to  the  famous  Angelo  Swiss 
Condeiising  Milk  Company  at  Cham,  where  sugar  is  largelv  used  and 
which  iiicrcascs  th(»  (!ost  and  makes  the  milk  no  belter  * 

This  (;ossaii  c(,mpany  has  only  been  established  a  little  over  one  ve-ir 
an.  he  shares  are  at  a  premium  of  20  to  ."M)  per  cent.,  which  goes  to  show 
that  thcK^  must  be  hiir  returns  for  the  money  invested  in  it. 

CONDKNHKl)  MfLlC  FACTOUIES  IN  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Theroii(l.Mis(Ml  milk  is  so  easily  jiortable,  the  natural  facilities  are  so 
;;ieat,tlie  necessity  in  the  iH'ar  future  for  an  nutlet  to  our  (hhv,)?^^^^ 
nets  so  iinpi.rtant,  that  itse.-ms  tome  the  country  «ore.rcc//«r  (or  th^^ 
""."""'H^tun,  ot  condensed  milk  should  be  the  IJniS  £  ?     EVer^^ 

mi^Ms  n,  ,,nr  lav.,r_,:,,nntry,  h,cati.,n,  climate,  natural  Sties,  H^^^^^ 
Kiass.clieiipcows,  inventive  L'enins.  nutiv,.  n....i tier  ..,.-!  "llVi'- 

iiications  necessary  to  a  l^i  mi.lable  <.,mpeti^;  ■  '1  'll^'liii:^';^;  , 

ake  as  g,,o<|  comlenscl  unsweetened  milk  as  is  n.ade  n  Szeil  n 

.t  IS  almost  absolutely  certain  that  wo  eau  supply  Grea    Sin  her 


f' 


'f 


^^^^W'SBBEL' 


314 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


rolSSL!''" '''•''"'  ^""™""  «'"'"•  -"'  «"■«.'"•■«,„,■„„,„ 


BUTTEU-MAKINU   IN  KWITZKBLAND. 


Tlu!  f?ro\vii  Sclnv.vtzer  cow  is  ijeculiarlv  adapted  tn  !,„*♦ 

^luiiuff  40  per  cent,  of  butter  slu')»ia^3  about  4(So(m  "','";  '•"" 
Every  ono  knows  that  when  milk  is  left  to  stpud  K  u      m"''^''''''^- 


milk"  beneath.  The  largest  ^  ,^  KK  S^^'''"^"''^''^'<i'''• 
crea^,)  to  weij^h  about  mmm;  -..g  ^s^''&'^£l"'^^*^'' ''" 
•hmu^^  lighter  than  milk,  naturuuy  seek  the  v  isitjon  ^S  ■'>  ''  ''^'^ 
special  gravity  entitles.  The  larger  globules  r^Iw  ",''''  ^•^f"'' 
first  tiK,  niedium  ones  next,  an.l  so^o^i.^  The  averal    r^^  ^''"1 

about  1.030.    The  dillerence  between  this  an  iSfeifrh^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
lo  the  sur/aee  under  a  slow  prcc-ss ;  the  very  stnil  -1.  h.  «        *"  '''''*"' 
to  the  surface.    In  difierent  breeds  of  S,\viSiif  e       in'r?""''' 
and  treatment,  the  quantity  and  size  of  the  Klesv^rv      '"*''"''' 
Ir  v-s.ting  the  Centrifugal  Buttei  Factory  -it  WvI.'m        '^  ^ *■''>'  """'li- 
triot  1  saw  ,nilk  being  t;3sted  in  a  ghl^Sii;^  ab^nt  VZ^iHT!''''  '''■ 
4  inches  m  dmmeter;  after  twenty'fouv  hours'  stnli.oli     '  '""- '^'"1 
l'«'ar(Ml  to  have  risen  i)erfectly,  le'ivi.i  Tc  e  ir  ■  n        7  "  "■'^""  "■'• 
"''ilK^^but  on  an  examination  oh  he  '"ski  n-m^^^^^ 
nl<vs  still  in  it,  of  the  size  upwards  of  J'     of       in    ,   n  1      '*1'""'  «''''' 
uv^n  wonderfjd  richness  of  the  milk  cirtiu  1  row,  4'^^^.m^^^^^^^^^       ■^''""■• 

As  a  rule,  the  Swiss  dairymen  hold  to  the  oh  svs.n "  ,■!•*''• 
shallow  as  the  best  a,.d  quickest  mode  (>f  gcV/    g  "l /e^^^ 
sol  generally  used  is  made  of  wood,  and  it  fro  f  10    o  .,     ;. i  ^''•'  '''■^■ 
cu,n..ence  at  the  top  and  S  to  10  Inches  at  the  t^^;!;  ':^;:^:;;;;;;;; 

|.mt  th^..n  be  kept  clea.?.  anjlj^- .f^--;!-;::;;,-^^^^^ 
The  milk  under  ordinary  circumstances  stiinds  from  twontv  f      . 

<;liiini  generally  used  throughout  the  eountrv  is  tl,   ,v.r,  i  J  '    ,    ^'"' 

;'|    i-n  .m  ,„  ,0  n.v„ln.i„„,  por  m'h.uto,  ,ur,  ,,1  ,1  o  ,  ,;^    '  '  ""r 
.1  lor  n„n..»  Ml  tuvrjt.v  or  tliirfy  inhini™.    TlNM^Imrmrsluml     Lf 

the  «.eve  should  be  emptied  back  and  the  churn  Ulled  abCt  half  fuU  of 


SWITZERLAND. 


316 


pine  water,  when  jiltor  ii  i'o.w  revolntioiiM  ol*  tlic,  eliuni  (ho  water  and 
Imttei'iiiilli  slionI(l  ii^ram  be,  drawn  otY,  iiinl  this  process  (ioutiimed  throo 
or  ioiir  tiincM  until  tlic  Vvater  comes  out  of  tho  clmrii  as  clear  as  when  it 
,viis  i)iit  ill.  This  process  of  washing'  mid  cleansing  not  only  takes  out 
die  biittoriiiillc  entirely,  hut  consolidates  tho  butter,  so  that  very  littlo 
w.n-k'Wri  in  necessary  to  make  it  i)ack  i)roperly. 

The  l)iitteris  made  up  into  small  rolls  of  onoponnd  an*  1  one-half  pound 
ciicli,  iiiid  is  Jold  to  dealers  at  irom  IM)  to  .15  cents  ])er  ixiund,  and  to  the 
(•oiismnoi'  !it  about  45  cents  i)er  pound. 

Musi  (if  the  Swiss  butter  is  uiado  from  sweet  cream,  and  salt  is  never 
mixed  with  it  unless  specially  so  ordered. 


SWISS  IMPORTS  AND  EXPOUTS  OF  BUTTKU. 

The  following-  table  will  Rive  iin  idea  of  the  approximatii  amount  ol 
butter  (inchidin.u'  other  fats)  imi)oited  into  and  exported  from 
liiiul  dining'  the  live  years  oi'  1S7S  to  1,S82,  inclusive: 


Switzer- 


Yi'ars. 


1878. 
IHTO., 
1880.. 
It.tl.. 

imj.. 


Im)ii)r(H. 


5,:)  11. 700 
.\8-'l,7»(l 

r>,  ii'iL',  con 


£:iportH. 


•H.'i,  Too 
111,71111 

r.wi,  1(1(1 

KIKi,  4(1(1 
U7J,  OOU 


Tbe  Swiss  butter  when  properly  made  is  of  a  deep  yellow  color,  Duo 
nutty  llavor,  and  delicate  sweet  taste.  Tiio  home  d'emand  is  about 
('(liiiil  to  the  supply,  and  if  any  diflerence,  hardly  suliicient. 

CENTRIFUGAL  BUTTEU-MAKING  IN  SWITZEULAND. 

TIio  new  .system  of  making  butter  by  means  of  centrifugal  force  is 
heuis  introduced  at  Wyl,  in  my  consular  district.  Tho  (Uscovery  is 
Ccniiui!,  and  was  lirst  introduced  at  tho  Inteniiitional  J)airy  Show  at 
Ihunburg,  in  1877. 

The  complete  separation  of  the  cream  from  tho  milk  ;is  taken  fresh 
from  tlie  cows  occupies  about  o5  minutes.  Tho  Centrifugal  Butter 
Co:iip:iiiy  of  Wyl  claim  that  they  can  not  only  makt;  better  a'lid  cleaner 
hatter  by  centrifugal  force,  but  that  they  can  make  15  percent,  more 
butter  from  the  .same  amount  of  milk  than  tho  ohl  mode  of  settiii"-  the 
milk  iiiid  churning  in  the  usual  way.  This  butter  is  .sohl  in  tho  market 
at  St.  Gall,  and  gives  general  satisfaction. 


, .  '  aa 


CIIEKSEMAKING   IN  SWITZEULAND. 

Choe.se-making  in  Switzerland  is  a  very  old  industry,  biitonlvduriiifT 
tins  century  has  it  developed  .so  as  to  tnke  a  position' of  importance  ill 
tiie  world's  market.s.  <)n  the  high  mountains.dnringthe.-ummer.sea.sons 
coii.sideiable  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  maiiiif.ictory  of  cheese  by 
th('  peasants  for  many  year.^  but  not  until  about  l.S;5(>  we're  a.s.sociations 
foniied  for  this  jjurpo.se.  From  that  period,  then,  one  mightsav,  Switz- 
eiland  dates  as  a  cheese-making  countvy. 

The  bcsl  known  kinds  of  <'iie'e.>(^  inach'  in  this  (•ouiitrv  are  as  follows- 
Liiiineiitlialer,  (Jrnyeiv,  Spalen,  Saaiien,  Fromaggio 'della  paglia  (in 
tho  Valmagia  Tessino),  Urser.'n,  Hellelay,  Vachorin,  Schabzioger,  Bat- 


Itli  hi 


316 


tohus 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY  FARMING. 


isitt.  Jho  most  important  of  these  cheeaos  is  considereJ  t)u.  r 
iiieiithaler,  which  is  {reumilly  made  of  whole  milk  (Fettkii«n\  Vi  .  "• 
milk  whicii  has  not  been  skimmed.  These  are  of  the  larlll^-^'^ 
cheese  made  in  Switzerland,  and  weigh  from  75  to  125  i)nm,,i  '"^f 
diameter  is  from  3  to  4^  feet.  In  some  of  the  very  largo  factcaZv/  "'" 
IS  made  in  tiic  morning  and  in  the  evening  from  fresh  n^\l  rT 
usual  custom,  however,  is  to  make  bnt  once  a  day,  in  the  mor  L  ',' 
ior  this  purpose  the  evening's  milk  which  has  been  sot  is  skim  .  « i^' '!!"' 
n!<?rning  and  poured  into  the  large  kettles.  To  this  cream  is  Z  ,  H.  ' 
added  the  Iresh  morning  milk,  and  the  whole  heated  un  to  •  im ..  n^' 
to  1120  F.,  daring  which  time  it  is  well  stirred  until  im,„o;  "  -j"'! 
cream  can  bo  seen  on  the  surface.  At  the  highest  ten.ner.  ,'  n"^ 
evening  skim-milk  should  be  added  and  the  heating  stonno.l  of  f V''' 
peraturo  of  80°  to  98°.  "i^l'ptd  at  a  tem. 

The  rennet  used  is  sometimes  milk-vinegar,  and  sometimo«  «; 
calve's  stomachs,  steeped  for  twenty-four  hours  in  whev,  wljol    t?°' 
oughly  mixed  with  the  milk.    In  thirty-flvo  or  ibrty  minutLs  t  lo  .iV  T 

1  nckamlis<,oaplated,wl..enitiscutupinto8qua4witl  a™^^^^^^ 
after  which  a  shallow  wooden  bowl  with  a  handle  is  used  t^W    '' 
curd  evenly  into  pieces  about  the  size  of  small  apples.    At  ti. .«'  ^   '^ 
curd-breaker  is  used  to  break  the  curd  into  small  pieces  •iho.f  ti   ^. '^ 

0  peas  when  the  breaking  is  stopped  ami  the  curd  allowed  to  IW 
en  or  1.1  een  minutes,  ai'ter  which  a  lire  is  again  started  u,,,  er  tl n  IpT 

lies  and  the  whole  stirred  until  atempcrature  of  about  140o  k  rol    ' 
when  the  kettle  is  taken  Jrom  the  lire  and  the  stirring  con tinutvlnSi 

1  he  cunl  IS  ripo.    The  mode  of  testing  ditters  among  the  cWmil 
bomc  squeeze  between  their  fingers  and  others  bite  the  (-un       w  ?" 
be  i.roperly  "  ripened"  should  ho,  stirred  from  an  hour  to  an  I'.onr   ,1 1  * 
•luarter,  and  a  minnt<i  or  two  before  the  stirring  ceases  it  s  L'  ii ' 
stirredsorapidlythatawort(.ffuniH'ltothebottoinofthola'ttI>iS    > 
which  makes  the  curd  settle  more  (compactly  and  be  more  eailv    'l?n 
out  with  a  cloth.   The  cake  is  formed  by  thccurd  being  placed    ^Sn 
incased  with  a  hoop  the  width  it  is  desired  that  tt.i  eheesMo  f ' 
depth.  "^»'-5»' uMia\o 

Sometimes  regular  cheese  presses  somewhat  like  the  American  .mw. 
IS  used,  and  sometimes  a  weight  or  derrick  ])ress :  about  1 7  or  IS  J ,,  a 
ot  pressure  to  1  pouml  of  (ilieese  for  twenty-lbur  hours  is  {•.ni>lovo.  w    ! 
the  cheese  is  taken  out  and  put  in  the  cemented  cellar  to  euro     illtl 
the  process  of  curing  the  cheese  is  nibbed  daily  with  salt  for  tu- ,  !S 
three  weeks,  when  the  (diees«,  is  taken  from  the  cellar  to  the  (-Iuh'so  r  m 
above  ground,  when;  the  salt  rubbing  is  resumed  every  otlierd'-iv  <  r 
lew  months,  when  the  salting  is  less  frequent.     For  larm.  cheWof  f  ■, 
year  and  sometimes  a  longer  period  Is  required  before  it,  is  riiu.  or  n m 
lie  used.    From  4.]  to  5A  i)er  <!ent.  of  salt  is  re(|iiired  '  '^ 

(Jood  Emmenthaler  cheese,  when  ripe,  should  be  acompacl  mass  witi, 
out  cracks,  but  when  teste<l  on  the  inside  should  conlaii.  lonn.Vsinl 
10  es  about  the  size  of  peas,  which  must  contain  a  little.  li(|iii,I  T  l  . 
holes  should  be  evenly  distributed  all  through  tli<',  ciieese.  Tlie,h.'.s. 
ought  to  melt  on  the  tongue  without  leaving  any  small  cniinbs  ml 
have  an  agreeable,  sweet  taste.  "  ' 

Mmfcrhiisr,  or  skim-milk  (rheese,  is  g.'iierally  made  in  tl,„  winter  wlicn 
little  mi  k  IS  iit  disposal,  and  the  pio(!ess  is  similar  to  the  KiniiieMllnlcr 
except  the  milk  is  mIci mined  and  iiHtre.  rapidly  cooked  wiMi.mt  tiic  iinf' 
ler  sohslaiicc,  wiiicli  malies  It  harder  and  tougher. 

Oruycie  cheese  is  also  mad<^  very  lik(^  the  Emmenthaler  cvcoot  tbe 
reuuet  is  added  at  a  lower  t(^mporaturo,  say  86°  P. 


or  boxes,  the 


SWITZEULAND. 


317 


mtebmtlt  dieeso  is  mauc  t-iitirely  for  lioiiic  consimiiilion,  us  it  will 
,i„t  boar  tra  sport.  It  is  iiuulo  from  liesh  milk  directlv  coaL^ulatod 
ffith  rennet  .iiid  boiled  for  iorty  livo  or  llfty  miimtos,  stiired  Ibr  oiu,. 
i,,iiirter  of  lui  hour  un«l  then  Imnfr  up  in  ji  cloth  for  Iho  whey  to  drii.  oir 
when  it  is  put  into  wooden  bowls  and  salted  daily  until  consumed  ' 
Vachcrin  cheese  is  a  kind  of  cream  ehcose,  j:!;d  is  only  made  iii  fh.' 
winter,  but  as  a  smeary  cheese  is  considerably  used  and  is  very  palat- 
able. 

iiaanen  is  a  skim-milk  cheese  and  is  so  hard  that  it  i.s  easily  urated  • 
it  is  used  ninch  in  soups  throughout  Switzerland;  it  is  made  in  cakes 
ofl5to2i5  pounds. 

Urseren  cheese  is  made  mostly  in  the  canton  TJri :  the  cakes  wei"h 
I'roiii  .W  to  00  pounds.    It  is  also  made  of  skim-milk.  * 

muhzicf/cr,  or  Krauter  cAem'.— This  is  a  very  important  manufacture 
ill  Ibis  iind  the  southern  i)arts  of  Switzerland;  the  number  of  nounds 
iiiiule  yearly  is  said  to  bo  several  millions. 
Tlie  proeess  of  making  is  as  follows : 

The  milk  is  thoroughly  skimmed  after  sitting  as  long  as  possible 
wlieii  it  is  poured  into  a  kettle  and  heated  up  to  a  boiling  point    iiul 
about  20  per  cent,  of  cold  fresh  buttermilk  is  added  ;  after  which  the 
lieatin^'  is  continued,  but  not  at  such  high  jtressuro  as  before,  and  sour 
wlicy  is  added  and  the  kettle  is  taken  Irom  the  lire. 

Alter  it  has  coagulated,  the  curd  is  put  in  large,  strong  liemp  sacks 
or  boxes,  the  bottom  of  which  is  perforated  with  holes,  and  pressed 
with  larpo  stone  weights  or  beam  pressure. 

Tlie  ziajcr  then  undergoes  a  kind  of  fermentation  at  about  02°  V 

which  lasts  a  month  and  a  half  or  two  months.    If  the  temperature  is 

too  high  {\\Qzicgerm  apt  to  bo  readily  decomposed,  while  if  the  tein 

licratiirc  is  too  low  it  will  get  blue  and  tough.     When  the  zicqcr  liis 

been  put  through  a  proper  fermentation,  it  is  put  in  a  special  niill  and 

thoroughly  ground,  during  which  process  5  per  cent,  of  salt  and  '»i  i)cr 

cent,  of  dried  Mcli-lotus  cccruka,  Lam.,  is  added.    This  clover  gives  the 

cheese  its  bluish  color  and  peculiar  taste.    The  next  process  is  to  st-iun) 

the  curd  into  small  wooden  forms,  lined  with  cloth,  which  are  about  5 

or  0  inches  high  and  3  or  4  in  diameter.    The  cheese  "cures"  for  about 

one  year,  but  is  frequently  used  after  being  kept  in  cool,  dry  rooms 

lor  six  months.    The  small  forms  are  emptied  bv  scraping  with  a  knife 

When  the  cheese  is  to  bo  eaten  it  is  lirst  grated  to  a  line  powder  and 

cither  used  alone  on  bread  or  mixed  with  butter.    Skim-milk  chee'se  is 

sold  in  the  markets  here  at  G  cents,  and  the  cream  cheese  at  about  "0 

cents  per  pound.    Cheese  factories  are  supplied  with  milk  in  a  similar 

uiauuer  to  the  condensed-milk  companies,  and  pay  about  the  same  prices 

From  good,  rich  mdk  8  to  il  per  cent.  <.f  cream  cheese  can  bo  reckoned" 

to  the  weight  ot  the  milk.    The  whey  of  milk  is  still  boiled  down  into 

supar  in  this  part  of  Switzerland. 

The  whey  is  boiled  until  only  a  brown  sirup  remains  in  the  kettle 
which  Ks  poured  in  Jiat  wooden  dishes  and  left  to  stand  for  twentv-four 
hours,  when  it  becomes  like  crystallized  yellowish  sand.    This  is  washed 
in  cold  water  and  sold  for  medicinal  purposes. 

EXPOKTS  OP  SWISS  CHEESE. 

The  amount  of  cheej^o  exported  from  Switzerland  during  the  last  ten 
years  is  estimated  as  follows:  ** 

1854 •  KilosraiiiH. 

J6G0 !!!''!.!""! r>,:j5(i,  loO 

' 7,3.«»,45y 


I  s 


I'   I 
'  1  t 


318 


ih(h; 

hiji 

1H77 

1H?H 

1S7!» , 

im) 

IH81 

imi 


CATTLK    AND   DAIUY    FAKMINO. 


Kilojrat 
l'-'.r.r)(i,;i 

'■'.  W.I,  1111(1 

''."ir,4(io 

-'.'iH.'JdO 

^;  I."-'.',  ■/()() 

-i.OlT,,  7(1,1 

ould 

lis 
01' 


lo  every  co.HU'iKsed-inilk  factory,  bnttor  juul  clu'cso  liiof,„.v     T'' 
u..sfo  at  soMKnaotones  1  have,  vi«itea  i.s  sold  at  1  <-ouU,no  JiAiua.'t';;; 

I'EKCICNTAaK  OF  CATTLE  UIIKKDS   IN   SWITZERLANB. 
^_^l^.e  total  nu,nl,er  of  cattle  iu  Switzerland  i.  reckono<l  at  Uoo,ooo 

«chwy .^  stands  at  al.out  .5  per  cent?  ^X^X^uX^llZ 
^^^|iM.o  total  n.uuber  of  n.ilch  cows  is  estinwted  to  be  about  .VA41..7 
Htlies(>  cows  avera^'ed  10  quarts  ner  dav  tlw>  iiiiK-  ,1. 


IIIC 

Kood 
■(iwitli  in. 


SWISS   CATTLE   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


rroni  the  general  observations  made  diiri mv  r.wi.i,.,.,     •    ^. 

land,  1  an.  e(»nvinced  tbat  the  iJrow    Sch    v  ^e  >l.  .1  v  ,^^      "' bw.tzer. 
»Kil  (o  import  to  the  United  States  and    ^^^l.   d,V  ..    •  ''''''''''''''"'" 
handlin-  there  than  here.  '  *  *'"  ''''^'■''  ^'''^''  l"«l"'r 

of  septembe,^  i^t..,  iv:,;l.^iJ!;Ll^r'ci;;^;;- ^  ,s^,  ho^^^^^^^ 

pmctic-.l  mail  1..  bm-,lin.,^  I.l<.o.lr,Lai     nah  ,,,  f   ,  li       «      <<  i.M'.  Ahlridnnnst  h,  a 

working.  ,,„aiitiL.  w VVo  «.?n    rkc  l^    v  '^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ""  "'  "^'  "'■*-'''  '•""'-  -'"'■.  "'hI 

anarai«in«.l.osoiM,rcSK"tfun,Kis     S'^~ 

( liat,  fn.i.i  this  H  lioa.l  imnortcd  iii  iSl  r/nm       .  i      .  "'    'r"""     ^  ''""  ""'"•"'"' 

ma,  a,„..i.,'A>-,  a,:.,  .hat  tu^^uiijy':;  jiiri^t'S^rs:.  "'"w"  tTB;'! 


(Imf  tl"'y  '"■"  '"<" 

,„„„„;;  (heir  liatn 

Mill;  trials  ol  t 

tityliiiMiicAi'il"'*' 

BIK'lTMsiVIl  (lil.V.S   1! 

Sinn'  tin-  li-st 
I'liitcd  Stnt<>s  liii.' 

]8*>:  '.I  lirilcrs  i 
Messrs.  Scutt  iV  1 

IHSI:  H*  lii'ifei'N 

IHKl,  July  •-.'<) :  r 
i;„„  Tlioi^li,  New  ^ 

iHs:!,  All^'llMt .) : 

1,1,11  (riKllt  IllDlltll 

t'di'  iiMiKirditioi: 

tiKMiiiiiintiiiiis,  iii 

siMiMi'i'  lliini  till-  i>l 

|ii('i'iisi<l''''''iH,t 

(|l(!C(MIIIMiltci'  nf 

"Tliis  lifiil  of  I 
Aldiieli,  1111(1  pn'.sc 
.Jersey  <  1 1'  (illcniMC, 

Asiiiiipl''  "''''"'' 

Willi    tllilt  (if  till'  ( 

r.'s|peeti'i[iiiil  to  tl 
At  11  lint tcr  .show  i 
rrmii  llieliniwn  Sj 
ceiveiltlii' i)i'i;'.»'. 
elleet  mi  tlic  SwJHS 
anil  lieil'crs  wi-iiili 
Mv.  i:i<ln'«i',lli(' 
((iCiiioiii'l  liiii'^i  a 
il  is  |irom>niiri'(l  li; 
(if  ;iiiy  otlitT  know 

The  best  roin 
locality  via  Ant 
lUtt'iitid",  is:  11 

The  piii'cliiisi 
iiiL'iitk'il,  as  the 
imieli  better. 


Unitku  Sta^ 


A  iiulk-book 
IDxiiluiiat 

Xiiine  1)1  till)  co\ 


IJrlino 

iwiiii :... 

Diiiliflli 

Wollli 

I'orlii'r 

iiir.sriili 

liristlinpl' 

Kliipp 


•The  cow 


SWITZERLAND. 


319 


(liaf  thcv  iiri'  («|iiall,v  as  lieiilthy,  Kivo  iiKiro  iiiilk,  innl  liccoino  lariror  in  statiire  tliuii 

,|lll„„;r|||cirIl!ltiVll  IIKHIIltlUnH, 

■  Milk  triiiN  of  thcMc  uniiiial.s  liavo  Ixusii  niailo  in  tjio  United  StatcH  wLlch  lor  iinan- 
lilvliaMiiiviTli('<'ii<'(inalf(l  in  tln.scMHintr.v.  A  cow  known  aMOciiim'na  L'avo  in  ievcn 
sik'itmmvh  (lavs  I'.Mi  (inarls,  wcij;lnnK  'Hr)  ponnds.or  nvvriiniun  "M  .|nartn  daily 

Since  tlic  li-Ht  Hliipuii-nt,  in  IWilMlio  export  of  tlii^  ISrown  Seiiwyt/.er  \m-'t;[  to  tlie 
I'lijtt'd  Stiitcs  liiis  licen  iilioiit  as  CoIIown  : 

]g*):  !i  hrileis  (two  jears  old)  and  I  bull  (two  and  oiie-iialC  years  old)  Nliiiined  lo 
Jli'ssrH.  Scott  it  Harris,  Massaeliiisotts.  '  '  ' 

IHH;!:  K*  liciit'rs,  saino  lirni. 

IHKI,  July  '-.'O  :  r.  JK^ifers  (two  years  old)  and  1  hull  (liftcon  n(ontliH)  sliliincd  to  Will- 
i;i,n  TlKX'li,  New  York. 

lHs:i,  August  .") :  I  tliie(v.year-old  eow,  10  lieifeis  (ono  and  one-half  years  old)  and  I 
1,1,11  (ciKht  iinMitliM  old)  shipped  to  Messrs.  Uiih-r  iV.  Eldre;;,'e,  Middle  Falls. 

r(,riiiil>(irlati()ii  (he  AnieiK'ans  prefer  llieyonn^'  eattlo  that  have  Ix en  rils.d  in 
,1,,,  iiioinitains,  as  tliey  are  hardier.stniid  tlni  voyiij;e  Ixitter,  and  become  lucliinated 
siMiiiiM'  lliaii  the  older  animal. 

liiceiisidci'Hi^r  tlie  resnltsof  the  importation  of  Hwiss  ciittlo  to  tlici  I'liitcd  Stales 
ll,(M(iiiiiMiitc(M«f  theJJoston  K.Nposilion  in  1H7.''>  reported  as  follows: 

"TIiIh  held  of  i:nro|)ean  cattle,  .vitli  their  oll'sprinf;,  is  from  (he  Ciiriii  of  \U.  I>  (} 
Aldricli.aiid  present  an  important  exhibition  of  theins(dvos ;  thcv  surpass  I  he  iKvoii 
Jersey  of  (iiieriisey  lor  butter  and  milk  jirodnct."  '  ' 

'  AHiiiiipl''  of  butter  fioin  tliesii  cows  wa.s  fiiriiished  by  Mrs.  Ahlrich  and  cmnpared 
Willi  that  (if  llM^Oucrnsey  cowsby  Professor  Motley, nnd  was  pronoiinced  In  every 
rspectciiiial  to  the  (iiiernsey  butter,  and  this  is  rated  as  the  best  but  ter  in  lln^  worhl 


At  II  butter  show  in  tlio  city  of  New  Y(Mk,MrH.  Aldrieh  couipoted  with  butter  made 
li„iii  llic  lirowii  Schwyt/er,  and,  althon^jh  competinj,'  with  the  Jersey  and  (Ineriisey,  re- 
eeivciltli('i>"i-'''  '''''iit^  th(^  American  handliiiir,  soil,  an<l  climate  have  a.  ■'leatiuid  ""'ood 
elloct  on  the  Swiss  cattle  there  can  be  no  doubt,  for  the  mnw  committee  snys :  '•jliills 
anil  lieil'crs  wei>.;Ii  at  the  ti'jrii  of  two  years  from  I, OIK)  to  I, .11)0  pounds." 

Ml.  I';i(liv«e,lhe..;vi)tletaaii  who  received  the  l.ist  shipment  from  Swit/erland,  wrote 
to Cdloiicl  l!iiii,M  as  follows:  "As  yon  know,  it  i,s  anothi-r  new  breed  in  Americ'a,  ;ind 
it  is  iiionoiiiiced  by  all  who  haro  seen  any  of  them  llic  hcit  for  meat,  milk,  and  b'niter 
of  any  other  known  breed,  and  there  is  a  laryo  and  growini;  demand  lor  tin m." 

The  best  route  of  shipiiiciit  is  via  Antwerp.  Tlic  freijjiit  from  this 
locality  viii  Antwerp  over  tlio  sen,  with  ^ood  j Pressed  hiiy  and  iiu^al,  with 
lUit'iitioii,  is:  Ileifer.s,  from  L'Ol)  to  LTiO  francs;  cows,  li'rti)  to  KM)  irancs. 

The  piirciiiisc  of  heifers  (or  hulls)  a  .year  and  a  half  old  i.s  reeoiii- 
iiiL'iided,  as  they  are  not  only  cheaper  to  send,  hut  stand  the  voyaj^e 
much  better. 

EMOUY  r.  IJEAUCIIAMI', 

Co  UN  III. 

QiNiTKU  States  Con.sulatl;, 

i^t.  (hillc,  October  liO,  1883. 


A  milk-book  of  CharliH  h'lilui,  Ihyiirnliiiiii.  Jrom  JiHy,  IHS'J,  lo  Juu<\  IS*!." 
lExpIaimtlons:  M.,  iiioiiiui-;  K.,  uvciiin}; ;  J  liter   -  1  pint;  1  liter      I  (inarl. 


Xiiine  ol  tliu  cow. 


•July  1">.  Tilly  •'»>•  Ann.  IJ.'Aus.  aO.St-pt.  15.iSopt.30. Oct.  \:<.     Oc 


•The  cows  wore  testcil  on  the  15th  and  the  ^th  of  each  mouth  in  hal/  liter*. 


i.iio. 


1 

E. 

0 

10 

(1 

» 

10 

M.  1  K. 

0  i    0 
12     12 
8  1    7 
1(1  1  10 
0  1    0 

.... 



ft 
10 
7 
U 
0 

E. 

8 
10 
7 
0 
0 

M. 

7 
!l 
7 

a 

.  ..  . 

i;. 

7 
10 
8 
9 
U 

.... 

Jl. 

4 
8 

«  1 

10  1 

9  1 

.  ,,.! 
i 

i;. 

.1 

» 

9 

4 

8 

9 

10 

0 

E.  ;  M. 

i:, 
r> 

8 
8 
8 

'i:i' 
u 

*  I 

K. 

liriiiio 

iwiiii : 

0 

11 

2 
5 

8 
9 

8 

8 

11 

Daihnli 

1     0 

8 

7  ! 

8 : 

1 

... 

Wollli 

0 

,% 

I'orlii'i' 

10 

11 

llir.sfiiU 

liristhoiil' 

Kliipji 

::::::.;:  :;: 

0 

14  ■ 
7 

'i 

8 

10 

ft 

_ 

t 

•»■ 

... 

_         1 

320 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FAKMINO. 

.1  milk-hook  of  CharUm  Kuhn,  Ihyortheim,  .K— Ciiiitiiiii.Hl. 
(KxiiliumtioiM!  M.,inoriilii«,  K..oveuliiKi  »  literal  plntj  I  m„r  .  I  ,,UHrt.J 


Xitnie  ut  row 

tSov.  13. 

iVtiv.  ao. 

M.    E. 

1 

M. 

K. 

ft 
11 
II 

H 

li 

U  I 

1 

llrlliio 

" 

Ilolhll 

I»nll)»li 

0 
7 
7 
H 

1U 
U 

.... 

n 

M 

« 

7 

ft 

r< 

1) 

7 
7 
0 

i'i' 
u 

WollII 

I'orlmr  ' 

lIlrMolill 

Kliilill 

nrlHlli.ipi'  

Kliipp 

*""■;_•*■  >»*"'•  ""f"''-  «3iJ-n.  :i«.|M,,i5.|;;;;,;;; 


M. 


K.    U. 


U<). 

Juii 

E. 

M. 

Ill 
17 

r. 
7 
fi 
7 

17 
Id 
II 
H 
II 

lu 

lu 

I'J 
U 

K. 


M. 


«■  I  M.  I  K. 


M.  r. 


IT 

10 

«  I    4 

7  I    U 


I'.'     Ill 


I'.'  J  III 


Nui.it'  of  vow. 


Ilrllim  ... 
Ilvthli   .. 

D.llllHJj   . 

W..II1I  ... 
I'lirlicr  .. 
Hlrmhll  . 

Kl.il  7,11 

ItriHtliopr 
Kill  lip    . 
•Suliiiniirl 
JiliiKrorll 


Mur.lJ.  Mnr.30. 


M. 


£.    M.    £. 


1.1  I 
ir>  I 
0  ' 

7  ! 


Apr.  13,  Apr.  30, 


M.  I  E.  I  M. 


0 

H 

n 

R 

II 

H 

H 

7 

0 

H 

III 

r.' 

III 

12 

III 

,'l 

n 

4 

4 

:i  ' 

19 

15 

i:i 

IS 

lU  1 



.... 

... 

.... 

■••■', 



Vi 

i:i 

fl 
u 


1 1.-) 

15 
(I 
7 

'i 

H 
IL' 

4 
14 


Mu.vlr..lM«y;i«.,;„„„,.  .,,,^^^ 


M.    E.    M. 


Ill 

11 

13 

14 

1^ 

1.1 

II 

•1 

II 

7 

S 

K 
17 
II 

7 

.1 

0 

7 

II 

IJ 

10 

11 

4 

H 

.*i 

14 

VJ 

14 

E.  i  M.  i  E. 


m.|b. 


10 

1»  I 

4  ' 

"I 

4 

7 


0  I 

iSi 
4 

H 


II       III  ! 


I 


Numo  ol  vuw. 


IlllllHl 

Ilptbli 

Dailmli 

Wollll 

rorlicr 

IliiHchli 

Kltifzli 

ISrlsthopf 

KInpp 

Scblniniol 

Jnngferli 


NiinitH>r 
oflrliil 

llUJH. 


IS 
211 
:» 

L'4 
111 
17 
111 
18 
IH 
H 
2 


I     T.-tiil 
l<liiuiititv 
j  (il'mlik 
'    ilnrln^ 
li'ialiliivti. 


Ilal/ 
Ulcrx. 
4r)l 
4il!l 
:'84 
;).vi 
:iin 

23'.' 
I5U 
3N0 
103 
210 
3j 


Avniiyo 
(|iiiinlitv 
<>l'  iiiillt 
for  micli 
iiillkiii;: 
iliiy  iliir- 
iiij;  llio 
yi-nr. 


Litem. 
II.UI7 

I2.42.'i 
.VIII7 

7.;i.->4 

H.;) 

any 

7.H5 
10.  H 

4.  .')28 
13. 125 

8.7.5 


Tiilnl     i"aiUiiv; 

iiiinilicr  [  '''''!-"  "'■' 
til' inllliiii..  *'•"■"<■"»■■« 

•Ih.vhiIui' 
ill;,-  lliii 
yiMir. 


Milk 
(layn. 
2!l() 

:i«.-. 
;)ii.-. 
;iu.'> 

2!H) 
•.'.•|7 
I.'iU 
273 
27:i 
12(1 
30 


Tiilnl 
jiMMliiri 
iil'iiiili 


IllillillllV 

I'"H  K 

inmii(< 

iinlKilii. 

.yi'iH— ;)(i,-, 

ill;:  III,. 

lIllVH. 

t'lini.iii 

,v..a,. 

Lilcn. 

Litm 

I»J 

■'•,  iC"! 

111.4 

:i,Ni-, 

:>. !) 

•i.  \m 

1.  .'1 

".(i.'<i 

li.  li 

I',  111" 

II.  K 

i,7.Vl 

H.U  ' 
III.  K  ! 

1,  iirj 

4.  .l  ' 

i,:.';i(i 

13. 1  i 

1,575 

8.7  ! 

2C2 

CATTI 


I  IjilVO    Ci'lli' 

circular  of  Jul, 

Cattle  census 

iiiiinberofeatt 

Oeuevft  

Tcssiii 

Vulais 

Vaml 


From  IS'iO  U 
total  of  »l)8,L'91 
iiiiiintaiiied  at  : 
coiirageinoiit  gi 

iJrcerfs.— Tlio 
to  givn  tlio  perr 
the  butclior.  1 
its  brown  iind  e 


In  tbo  four  ci 
fattened  for  tlic 
liroiliiction.  Tl 
exportation  sav 
tioii  of  cows  an 
biiti'Iier  from  It; 
cattlo  or  produc 

American  bnti 
one  of  my  prev 
liiKl  fl  ready  sale 
ridiculed  by  tin 
wortb  renewing, 
the  clieese  eaten 

American  pref 
sold  here  in  larfj 
better  coininnn  it 
aud  tbo  new  liin 
are  likely  to  iiu 
to  change  all  tlu 

RESUL 


::if- 


The  cattle  iiiii 
disappear  as  disi 
are  of  uncertain 
must  be  treated  i 
with  their  eliarat 
sav  wb lit  h:\H  bos 
liave  I  any  infori 
into  other  countr 
n.  Ex.  51- 


SWITZERLAND. 


321 


K.  u. 


11 

III 

14 

III 

4 

II 

n 

7 

a 

4 

71 

M 

H 

II 

III 

u 

"1 

0 

'uMu  ;io. 


JU. 

£. 

1  lu 

w 

7 

i^'i 

12 

1H 

'    4 
1    ■■' 

u 

II 

II 

III 

u 

.  'i 

:t 

4 

•' 

II 

4 

1    M 

Mi 

'I 

'» 

4 

11 

1.' 

lo 

0 

10 

1 

8 

:t,iC:. 
:i,Ni-i 
-',  i«i 

I'.liSI 

1.',  -Ill" 

l,Kl 

I,  111:' 

'.',  !I|H 

l,'.':iij 

1,575 
2C2 


CATTLE  IN   THE  CONSULAR  DISTRICT  OF  GENEVA. 

liKPORT  Hr  CONSUL  ADAMS. 

I  Ijiivo  collcHitcd  tho  following  information  in  reply  to  the  cattle 
circular  of  July  1«,  »uul  tlio  niemorandii  iuldcd  August  2.5 

Cattle  ccn«M#.— According  to  th«  WwIns  cattle  ceuHus  taken  in  1870  the 
,„„nber  of  cattle  in  this  district  was  193,401,  distributed  as  follows*: 

O''"':^" 6,949 

17'" 44  IttS 

V"!"" Gr,,m 

^'»'"' 77.24:J 

From  ISfiG  to  1870  there  was  an  increase  for  all  Switzerland  from  n 
total  of  m,2n  head  to  1,035,850  head,  which  is  supposed  to  ImveTen 
miiintaiiied  at  the  same  rate  since,  owiiiff  to  the  rise  in  values  and  en- 
fourafjemont  given  by  the  local  governments. 

Breeds.—nm  different^breeds  are  so  intermlnglea  that  it  is  impossible 
to  give  the  percentage  of  each,  or  tho  percentage  bred  for  tho  dairy  and 
tho  butcher.  Tessin  alone  has  a  distinct  and  uniform  breed,  known  bv 
its  brown  and  even  color.  '  ^ 

MEAT- CATTLE  IMPOETS. 

In  tbo  four  cantons  named,  constituting  this  district,  cattle  are  onlv 
fattened  for  tlio  butcher  when  they  cease  to  serve  for  the  dairy  and  re 
production.  Tho  supply  being  unequal  to  the  consumption,  there  is  no 
exportation  save  of  choice  individuals  |)ure  bred,  but  a  largo  imports 
tion  of  cows  and  oxen  from  Baden  and  Austria  and  of  beeves  for  the 
biifdier  from  Italy.  Nothing  comes  from  tho  United  States  whether 
cattio  or  products  of  the  dairy.  ' 

American  butter  and  cheese  J}  iSwitzcrland—A  suggestion  made  in 
one  of  my  previous  reports  that  American  butter  and  cheese  would 
timl  a  ready  sale  here  if  put  upon  the  market  at  certain  prices  was  rather 
ridiculed  by  the  Swiss  i)re8S,  but  was  certainly  true,  and  perhans  is 
worth  renewing,  for  Swiss  butter  is  not  of  tho  best  or  the  cheapest  and 
tlie  cliees(i  eaten  l)y  the  people  is  bad.  ' 

American  preserved  «jm/«.— Preserved  American  meats  are  already 
sold  here  111  large  (|uantities.  Live  cattle  an<l  fresh  meat  must  wait  for 
better  coininunications  with  the  seaboard.  Tho  tunuelin"  of  the  Alns 
aud  the  new  lines  of  through  trallic  north  and  south  and  east  and  wt?st' 
are  likely  to  inako  ot' Switzerland  a  great  international  entrepot  and 
to  chauge  all  the  conditions  of  the  market. 

RESULTS  OP  UUICEDING  FROM  IMPOUTKD  CATTLE. 

The  cattle  imported  into  Switzerland  are  never  bred  pim,  and  soon 
disappear  as  distinct  breeds  on  crossing  with  the  native  breeds  These 
are  0  iincertaui  origin  and  perhnps  of  high  antiquity:  at  any  rate 
must  be  treate,!  as  practically  indigenous.  No  comparison  can  be  made 
with  their  character  and  condition  in  their  native  countries,  nor  can  one 
sayjhatba.  been  the  effect  on  tho  breed  by  donieslicalion  here  Nor 
ba\e  I  any  mtorniation  as  to  the  extent  and  effect  of  their  introduction 
into  otk.r|oiintr^^^  Whetli^r  they  would  produce  in  the  UniVed  sS 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


Offspring  superior  to  the  productioa  here  can  only  be  known 

but  their  superiority  is  ho  lar^relv  duo  to  thAAvnLn   ^^^"  "Pon  trial 

grasses  that  it  mav  be  dnnl.f..  "  J?^..."?.„„'^.l^.^..^.^^«,«",^'"ce  of  the  sS 


grasses  that  it  may  be  doubted."  the  result  ^uLr^^^tonT^ ,"' 
be  realized  in  the  later  generation;  X  Lb^Sh^^^^^^^^^  ^H' 

acchmiited.    It  is  certainly  not  worth  while  tnimZl^    ^"  t'lorougii] . 
mountain  breeds,  such  us  Le  foumfaromKltie  ffilf  ^l"    ^''''  ^^'"ail 


mountain  breeds,  such  us  ^arrfbuTl  ar^un  dthe  GoSmll^H 
of  Tessin,  he  Grisons,  the  Valais,  and  Uri,  as  the  ve  -vrL"  *  '•'  ''"^toi,, 
tions  of  soil  and  climate  under  which  they  thrive  at  En r"'?f  ^«'''li 
be  found  east  of  the  Eocky  Mountains,  it"  there  and  Tit '"'*^  ^''"^"llv 
bear  so  long  a  journev  well.  '  '  ^""  ^"^^  would  imV 


CHAKACTERISTICS  OF  SWISS  CATTLE. 


tbe 


The  original  of  all  the  Swiss  breeds  is  perhans  thp  ro     ^ 
primitive  cantons.    Two  races  aregeLraSfSen  ^f'  ^^  ^""'^ '"  *^« 
the  Brown,  of  even  color,  which  again  are  sult^ivi^ll.,^- ^P''"*^^^an,l 
according  to  origin,  habitat,  color,  &c     I  have  iddl  ??n  '1^^  ,^ ''"<^tie8 
details  ava,i!able  of  four  breeds  which  havrbeefseleotlf  ^'"^^  "' 
or  domestication  in  tbe  United  States.    It  is  to  be  sakl  of  h'  *^'f-- 
they  have  reached  their  excellence  through  the^abmidLl.^1  "f  '"  *^"t 
of  the  footl-Hupply,  and  careful  breeding  and  main  "e,n^^^^^^ 
been  carred  to  great  perfection  in  the  region^wEhpt'  ""^''f  ^^'^ 
the  cantc::3  of  Bern,  Zug,  Lucerne,  Schwytz  &r  ^  ^'^  ^«""^-- 

The  foregoing  information  is  drawn  nrincin-iliv  f.^ 
to  me  by  Mr.  R.  Schatzmann,  director  orthe^&ion  V^^^^^'^* '"'''^« 
at  Lausanne,  the  author  of  several  publi?atioL  and  n  J   n'''  ^"'««e, 
competent  authority  in  my  district  on  the  sSc^     ''  -  -^   ^'       '"'"^^ 
18  entirely  filled  up  by  Mr'  Schatzmann  "^  ^  ^^mxcd  table 

LYELL  T.  ADAMS, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul 

Geneva,  November  21,  1884. 


Statistic,  of  Swiss  cattle  suitabJefor  iutrodnciion  into  the  United  Stales. 


Name  of  breed. 


Annual    | 
nvprajie 
puunils  of  ; 
milk. 


Milk      I       Milk 
to  poiiuds     to  pounds 


Siminoutlinl I  I  luo 

J'r^iV'nS si  100 

l^rofK*:" 5.840 

Sclnvytz !  5  840 


of 
butter. 


P»und». 
•2H  to  :!0 


30  to  32 


of 
cheese. 


Cantons  where  found. 


l^niittds. 
11  to  12 


12  to  13 


Primitive  and  Eastern  Switzcrlaml. 


[.Size  in  eontimeters  at  maturity. ) 


Cow. 


Name  of  breed. 


Bull. 


Ox. 


Height. 


Girth. 


.Simmenthal '<  100tol«2  ojq 

Freiburj; |  Kioto  102  210fo'216 

FratiRfn j  no  to  IDO  j  iOotoniu 

Schwytz I               ua  I  2U0to210 


Height.    I  Girth.     Hoisht. 


ICO  to  10,') 
IfiO  to  1G5 
165  i 

130  i 


240  Ifiotoino 

■-'■»»  mtom 

i«)2  170  to  180 

200  140 


Girth. 


250 
•JOT 
2311 

m 


MALTA. 

Statiatioa  of  Swiaa^atlle,  #o.— Continued, 


323 


Name  of  breed. 


Siminenthal . 
Freiburg.  ■•■ 
Krntisen  ...- 
gchwytz  .... 


Live  weight. 


Cow. 


Poundi. 

1,000  to  2, 000 

1,000  to  2,  000 

900  to  1,200 

800  to  1,  500 


Bull. 


Pound*. 
2,  400 to.?,  000 
2, 400  to  3. 000 
1,200  to  1,500 
1,000  to  1,500 


Ox. 


Pounds. 
8,  000  to  3,  200 
3,4«0to8,  SOO 
1,400  to  1,000 
1,200  to  1,600 


Age 
at 
matu- 
rity. 


Teari. 
4 
4 
34 

H 


■Weight  of 
meat  at  matu- 
rity in  per 
cent,  of  liv- 
ing weight. 


!;7  to  60 
57  to  60 
57  to  80 
57  to  60 


Kame  of  breed. 


Color. 


.,  „,                  S'ReA  or  tawny  (fanve) . 
Simmcnthal JWhite 

rreibnrK 

Kratigen 


Schwytz . 


Black  or  white  . 
Tawny,  white  .. 


Brown,  white  and  black. 


Sescription. 


<Great   height,  strong  -workera,  good 
<    milkers,  easily  fattened. 

Medlam    height,    exceUent    milkers. 

easily  fattened. 
Same  as  preceding. 


HOUSING,  FEEDING,   AND  BREEDING  IN  THK  GENIVA  DISTRICT. 

Methods  of  houaing.— la  the  plains  cattle  are  stabled  the  whole  year     In  the  mount 
ains  they  are  pastured  in  summer;  fed  on  hay  and  aftermath  in  winter 

feedi;fi/.-Natural  fodder  (hay.  aftermath,  grass).    In  winter  in  pi'ains  artificial 
fodderis  added,  bran,  flour,  diatillery-refuso,  malt,  &c.  "inuuiai 

Breediiig.-BallB  are  used  from  the  age  of  one  and  a  half  years.    Cows  bear  the  first 
calf  when  two  or  three  years  old.  «"    uc  mob 


SOIL,   SUBSTRATUM,   AND  GRASSES. 

In  the  Alps,  granitic.    In  plains. 


5oi7.— Interminable  variety.    In  Jura,  calcareous. 
alluvial  and  diluvial;  all  varieties  mingled. 

iSM68(ra(Mm.— Similar  couiiiositiou  to  preceding. 

CuMval€dgra8aea.'-Na.tuTal  grasses  of  very  great  variety  in  mountain  pastures 
the  plains  cultivated  grasses,  timothy,  clover,  rye-grass,  lucerne,  esparcette,  &c. 


la 


CATTLE  IN  MALTA. 

No  cattle  are  raised  iu  Malta.    The  cattle  tbat  reach  here  for  con 
sumption  are  brought  from  Barbary,  Tunis,  and  other  neiffhborinjr  coun- 
tries.    They  are  mainly  classed  as  bullocks,  are  brought  here  aliv^  their 
fattening  completed,  and  slaughtered  as  needed  by  consumers      ' 

JOHN  WOitTHINGTok, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

Malta,  October  12, 1885. 


Ox. 

sight. 

Girth. 



to  mo 

to  i;iO 

to  180 

140 

2S0 
•JOO 

230 

324 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 


ITALY. 


III) 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRYING  IN  lOMBARDY. 

REPORT  ST  CONSUL  CJiAiy,  OF  MILAN. 

1  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  the  cirnnic.    ,  , 
Departmeut  dated  July  18,  1883,  which,  however,  did  nof  r!   i    t''« 
consulate  until  the  Ist  instant.  ^^"^^^  this 

SWISS  CATTLE  IN  LOMBARDY. 

There  exist  in  Lonibardy  only  milch  cows  of  Swiss  breeds     Ti 
yearly  imported  in  large  numbers  from  Switzerland,  to  suppl'v  ihVlu'' 
of  those  which  have  become  unprofitable  for  the  dairv     Tn  t? '  • 
gated  districts  grass  is  cut  during  eight  months  of  the  year  a nd  nn'f."' 
winter  meadows  (marcitorio)  during  ten  months.    This  fresh  ^rl L  V  ^^ 
plemented  with  oil  cake,  meal,  &c.,  is  fed  to  the  cattle,  so  as  to  nL?' 
the  largest  quantity  of  milk.    Such  a  nourishment  continuecl  tC  ? 
so  many  months  in  stables,  and  in  a  mild  climate,  naturally  soon"  v 
hfuxsts  the  milking  properties  of  cows,  and  necessitates  tbeaumnls,  J' 
stitution  of  about  15  percent,  of  the  herd.    The  loss  bvthis  «,    "^^ 
than  met  by  tbe  large  product  of  milk,  wLich  averaged  ve '•'""'' 
3,000  to  4,000  liters  per  head.    Dairymen  having  iSo  or  mS  i    "? 
ordinarily  find  it  to  their  interest  to  send  the  calves,  when  7Zl  .u 
old,  to  the  slaughter-house.    This  state  of  things  Imving  exist^,   f!? 
long  time,  it  is  evident  that  scarcely  a  trace  remains  of  orhriini  T  Li?!  ^J 
breeds.    The  so-called  Bergamasche  and  Brescian  racf    a  e  on  vl 
reproduction  of  Swiss  stock.  ^  ^^^^  ^ 

The  foregoing  applies  to  the  large  stationary  dairies  of  the  Lonibir 
dian  p  am.  In  the  irrigated  district,  bordering  the  river  Po,  there  1' 
large  dairy  hen  s,  which  are  driven  in  summer  to  the  rich  i)a8tures  oft  p 
Alps,  and  which  remain  there  until  autumn,  when  they  are  taken  \y2 
to  the  plain.  There  are  also  small  dairymen  in  the  mountains,  who 
drive  their  cattle  to  the  plain  m  winter.  In  these  migrations  ai^  also 
included  oxen,  being  rai.sed  for  labor  or  beef;  and  the  proprietors  both 


of  the  plain  and  mountain  districts  supply  themselves  with  dairvoow!! 
breeds  and  oxen  from  the  T:yrol.    In  the  Alpine  districts  there 


of  Swiss 

II  1  ■  i_  .   ,      ;, """'„"    '"  "'"-^"'1^'"^ man icis mere 

are  small  races  which  take  the  name  of  the  valleys  in  which  thev  &m 
raised,  but  they  are  a  Swiss  stock.  Large  breeds  taken  from  the  nlain 
to  high  mountain  districts,  and  there  propagated,  undergo  in  a  few  tren 
erations  a  decided  change,  from  the  effect  of  a  different  climate  soil  tml 
diet.  They  become  smaller,  more  hardy,  and  nimble  of  foot  and  other 
wise  adapted  to  the  requirements  of  their  habitat.  Lombard  dairv 
men  import  their  cows  principally  from  the  canton  Schwytz,  but  some 
are  brought  from  the  cantons  of  Unterwalden,  Zng,  Anpenzell  St 
Gallen,  and  Glarus,  They  are  i)referred  in  the  order  named  and  if 
breeds  of  these  stocks  are  required  they  should  bo  brought  from  those 
cantons. 

The  Tyrolese  oxen  above  nuM-.tinned  arc  first  brought  while  young 
into  the  province  of  Brescia,  and  thence  scattered  over  the  plain  under 
the  name  of  Brescian  oxen.  They  are  short  horned,  of  a  grayish-white 
color,  have  the  characteristics  of  the  Podolico  race.    They  are  tall, 


Jircular  of  the 
lot  reach  this 


ids  They  are 
PP'.y  the  place 
•  I»  theirri- 
ar,  and  ou  tlie 
sh  grass,  sup. 
as  to  produce 
iiued  through 
rally  soon  ex- 
'Ofiuuualsub- 
y  this  is  more 
s  yearly  from 
>r  more  Lead 
311  a  few  days 
existed  for  a 
inal  Lombard 
s  are  only  a 

the  Lombar- 
Po,  there  are 
vsturesofthe 
e  taken  hack 
untains,  who 
"ions  are  also 
prietors  both 
h  dairy  cows 
istricts  there 
ich  they  are 
9111  the  plain 
ill  a  few  gen- 
ate,  soil,  and 
't,  and  other- 
ibard  dairy- 
tz,  but  some 
)penzell,  St. 
iiied,  and  if 
t  from  those 

ivbilo  young 
plain  under 
ayish-white 
leyare  tall, 


ITALY. 


325 


heavy,  white  f*'dniied,  and  easy  to  fatten.    If  brefidAra  «p  fi  • 
desired  tliey  sl.ould  be  obtained  from  Merano  ami  T«n     ^^V^2^  *^^ 
Son.e  «.xen  are  brought  from  EmihTto  the  p?o?  nees^^^^^^  ^^'"\- 

Jlantua,  bnt  those  of  the  Tyrol  are  preferred  Cremona  and 

Although  there  are  no  indigenous  Lomb«rri  hro^ric  t         ,  i 
recommend  the  breed  of  thecanton  Sc^Xas  well  JlL''*'"''^  '^/.^^^S'^ 
tention  of  American  dairymen  and  SSisera  ff  tt  J^^^^^^         ^^- 
already  been  tried  in  our  country.    Dairymen  and  Jnot!^  hasmt 
repreBcnt  it  a«  decidedly  superior  for  th7dai?y  to  o?berVwiSf  h   ^T 
and  ir,  \h  e\en  claimed  by  many  to  be  the  best  in  v,.Z  ^"''^^ breeds, 
ion  of  these  persons  should  have  some  weSht  wSi   ?*'•     ^^^  ^P^"" 
that  the  dairy  industry  is  probaWyas  stronl  in'  lon^b^r,;'  ^«°«i»l«^ed 
part  of  Europe  and  that  the  butter  aKeese  ZduoMr^  '°,  ^"^ 
that  farmers  find  it  to  their  interest  to  renovate  the?rhpr?-  i   ?  ^""f  ® 
by  importations  from  abroad.    The  magnitude  of  H«  inf.     f  ^^^^^s^^ely 
better  understood  when  I«tatethatirtCp?ovinLSM^r^^^^^         ^ 
tains  l,ir)5  Hciuare  miles,  there  are  133  fl^'S  r-nwl  to?  I-*"'  which  con- 
statistics.    The  butter  known  as  M  Jan  butSlarS^^^     ^*^  ^^^ 
highly  prized  in  London,  Paris,  and  Xf  cSa  r   The  «^'*'1 '?^^ l« 
of  cheese  known  as  Gorgonzola,  Brintz,  GriXf  Fnrm.„  ^  •^''•*^^i.°^« 
.isiano  are  well-known'in  the  ^reat  markeS  of  theTo?fd^""'  '"^  '^^''■ 

Ihe  Schwytz  cow  is  ordinarily  of  a  dun  color,  weighs  from  900  to  1  inn 
poniKls,  has  short  horns,  whic^h  are  black  and  white  and  rnS«  ri  *i  '^^^ 
tou  about  $IM.  She  is  a  hearty  feeder  andif  w«ii :,  •  ?^?  '°  ^^^  ^a^" 
a  longer  tenn  of  years  than  anjSr^owtfowa  i^^A  nt?;  ^^^^ 
tbe8cl.wytz  is  the  long,  "gl^t,  coffee-colored  hair  g7owitTom"t'h^i 
tenor  0  the  ear  which  is  u  conspicuous  object  in  cSuS  with^h«  lit 
coat  of  tlie  liead  and  neck.  ^""m*at  w  nu  tnetlark 

Great  iittcntion  has  been  given  to  the  milking  breeds  of  nM.n. 
DOS  by  the  Lombards,  and  their  comparative  meiits  are  w^n  nn        ^^^V- 
but  at  an  in)portant  exposition  of  cattle  held  at  Lodf  in  'I^"""^f '■stood ; 
the  comnuttee  in  charge  of  the  subject  uilSLously  ecoS^ 

one  exhibited  at  the  Milan  Mon  U  ExtsU^^^^^^ 
seemed  the  gold  medal.     The  best  rmit«  for  h,^/^'  ""'^  '^^^«*» 
Schwytz  breeders  to  tin,  United  sLesTouW  be  by ThTs^^  "f  • 

Kailway  to  Genoa,  and  thence  by  steamer  to  New  York     tL^''^''''^ 
expense  IS  about  $5  per  head.  iv^  i'^ew  xork.     1  he  railway 

CATTLE  BRKEDS  OF  NORTHERN  ITALY. 

n^'^J/uLiirillLir  t^^^^^^  Which  are 

Diont,  known  as  the,  Pi '  1  Zt's    or  T^^^^^ 

ti"'t  type,  tnll  of  ^UituCZnZ^^^  This  is  a  dis- 

wwifonniition,  especially  tlurcr  iirmn     lo?S  ,•"''"''  •'^"''  ^ith  a 

bivedof  Fn.,,,;,.'  Jt  is  cJs  e  ,thl  li  sV,^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^^'''  Garonne 

<attene,l  and  i.,.«elv  i^  k  rt"     to  F^^  vh  ^'^^'^  ^'V"""  ^«''^'  '^»*l '« 

-"  -'""-i  '^-•••i«'-a;  reiri^;s:^/.sst  r:j:ixs^^^  ^^ 


111. 

ffi 


m 


326 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


In  the  plaiu  toward  Parma  is  the  race  known  as  Reggiaua  oi  Par 
mense.  This  has  been  bred  with  much  care,  by  selections  from  the  best 
and  is  considered  excellent  for  mixed  uses,  i.  e.,  for  labor,  fattening' 
and  milk.  In  form,  fineness,  stature,  and  weight  these  animals  aro  re- 
garded as  the  type  of  the  large  races  bred  on  the  central  plains  of 
Europe ;  but  the  uniformity  of  the  red  coat,  without  marks,  and  the 
thick,  short-limbed  body  are  considered  proof  of  the  acclimation  of  this 
breed  in  Emilia  in  remote  ages.  Zoologists  assert  that  it  is  descended 
from  the  ancient  hue  Italico.  South  of  the  Taro,  and  extending  bevond 
Bologna,  are  cattle  known  as  the  Pugliese  breed. 

POETEAITS  OF  ITALIAN  PKIZE  CATTLE. 

I  inclose  cuts  of  animals  exhibited  at  the  national  exposition  he)d 
at  Milan  in  1881,  as  follows : 

Bull  Jupiter,  belonging  to  the  agricultural  committeo  of  Savigliano,  of  Piedraontesa 
breed. 

Bull  Pertinace,  owned  by  Mr,  Manara,  of  Asti,  of  Piedmont  breed. 

Bull  Adams  II,  one  aud  a  half  years  old,  of  the  Chianina  (Tuscany)  breed  for  work  • 

Young  bull  Napoli,  exhibited  by  the  agricultural  committeo  of  Lendinara  aud  of 
Pugliese  breed,  for  farm  work,  ' 

Bull  Ghinassi,  three  and  one-half  years  old,  Pugliese  breed,  for  work  oxen. 

Bull  Tigro,  of  Freiburg- Fruilana  labor  breed,  two  years  and  nine  months  old. 

Bull  Maestoso,  of  Mantua  labor  breed,  exhibited  by  the  Agricultural  Society  of 
Mantua,  aud  awarded  medal. 

Cow  Mantova,  o*"  the  Freiburg  (Swiss)  breed,  eleven  years  old,  from  the  estate  of  S 
Rossore,  belonging  to  King  Umberto. 

Heifer  Anversa,  Holland  breed,  exhibited  by  the  Agricultural  School  of  Brescia  and 
awarded  gold  medal.  •  ' 

Fausta,  five  years  old,  Pugliese  breed,  exhibited  by  the  Agricultural  Society  of  Len- 
dinara  (Kovigo). 

Cows  Minerva  and  Cole,  of  Brittany  breed,  awarded  silver  medal. 


DUNHAM  J.  CRAIK, 


United  States  Consulate, 

Milan,  November  30, 1883. 


Consul. 


BUFFALO  CATTLE  OF  TL£BA  DI  LAVORO. 

REPORT  BY  OOXSUL  UAVGUWOUT,  OF  NAPLES. 

I  have  the  honor  to  submit  to  the  Department  of  State  a  report  upon 
the  breed  of  cattle  within  tl\ia  jurisdiction,  in  compliance  with  the  re- 
quests contained  in  the  circular  of  the  Department  of  State,  dated  July 
18,  1883. 

The  area  of  country  included  within  the  limits  of  this  consular  jmis- 
diction  furnishes  a  race  of  cattle  peculiar  in  its  characteristics.  By 
far  the  largest  and  most  important  portion  thereof  is  domiciled  on  tlie 
plains  lying  to  the  north  and  east  of  the  province  of  Naples,  tiie  so-called 
"  Terra  di  Lavoro,"  once  called  the  "  Cami)agna."  This  tract  of  land  is 
a  vast  plain  of  trachytic  tufa,  overlying  beds  of  clay  deposits,  which,  in 
turn,  rest  upon  a  substratum  of  limestone.  It  is  about  100  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  and  enjoys  the  same  degree  of  mildness  of  climate 
as  the  near  province  of  Naples,  that  is  to  say,  the  mean  temperaiureiu 

•Trausferred  to  report  by  Consul  Crosbey,  of  Florence,  couceruiug  this  particular 
breed. 


T) 


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,iiiiiim'r  in  fror 
niirlv  I'iillinK  < 
l„)iii  H'O  to  ■'"> 
,,ir(l  witli  11  111 

Over  tliiH  tn 
is  iiiikiiown,  ,r 
extent,  lifcii  c 
nMidiT  it  I'xcc 
or  rcddif'li  bliK 
evenly,  liowt'vc 
with  till!  niiiiii 
cow, 

Tlio  "'IVrni 
iiiiiiiiivtbrtlio 


JllTKHl 


of  their 


]i(we  they  aro  i 
\ic\v  tlio  (Icvo 
purposes  tliey 
lire  about  lour 
the  l)iit('lier,  ill 
tlioniiijority  of 
manner  in  wlii 
(lesira-ble. 

The  (dieeses  i 
ticini.''  They  ii 
consumed  eiitii 
wise  iidapted  i\ 

There  has  I 
stock  of  cattle 
in  the  (leinand 
wards  Home  tli 
soil,  by  reason  < 
(k'cieased  in  ni 
much  iijion  the 

As  a  race  the 
memory  of  the 
lias  been  made 
ported,  except  s 
deemed  to  be  fi 
advaiitajje  to  tl 
at  times  excee( 
spite  of  this  th 
.some  cases  ther 
the  iieifihborhc 
tiirnishiii;;-  of  ni 
I'ianoof  SaleriK 

The  butlaloes 
the  size  of  the  I 
the  ox  tiie  same 
The  weights  tli 
Iiounds ;  ox,  2,0 
of  milk  average 
calf  docs  not  d 
About  15  literHi 
from  the  milk  a; 
loes  require  litt 


ITALY. 


327 

siimniiT  is  IVoni  18o  to  23°  K6ttimmr,  iin<l  in  wiiitor  about  8o  R(',amnur 
rarely  lallmK  t<>  -J^  K«5iiumiir.  Tlio  tufa  rcforred  to  varies  in  thicituess 
,ro„,  100  to  ;{00  nu'teivs  in  dcptli,  is  ridi  in  potasii  fdcLsnar,  uml  in  cov- 
.nd  with  a  liixurnint  growtii  of  wild  praHs. 

Over  tliis  tract  of  land  cattle  of  tho  l)nffalo  race,  tJio  origin  of  which 
is  iiiiknowii,  roam  in  a  semi-wild  state.  This  race  has  never  to  anv 
^.xtciit,  l)t'('n  crossed  in  breeding-,  but  retains  manv  peculiarities  that 
„.ii,liT  it  exceednifrly  hard  to  nianage.  In  color  tlie  cattle  aro  black 
or  rctltlisu  black ;  aro  shaped  somewhat  like  an  ordinary  cow  not  so 
ivnily,  however,  with  short,  round  necks,  larjje  and  curvin<f  horns  and 
ffitli  the  rump  somewhat  larger  and  heavier  than  that  of  tho  ordinary 

(•II  w, 

Tlio  <'Terriidi  Lavoro"  contains  about  12,000  of  these  cutth^  bred 
iiiiiiiily  for  tlie  purpose  of  yiehling  milk  for  cheese-making.  During  the 
period  of  their  milk-giving,  and  after  they  become  useless  for  this  pur- 
]io.se  they  are  used  before  tlie  plow  or  for  other  purposes  which  have  in 
\i('\v  tlie  development  of  tho  soil.  When  they  become  unlit  for  such 
punmses  they  are  turned  over  to  the  butcher.  This  occurs  when  thev 
are  about  fourteen  years  old.  Some  are  in  tho  first  instance  fed  for 
the  butcher,  and  in  such  cases  the  meat  is  of  the  first  quality  but  in 
tlioiiiiijority  of  (iases  the  meat  of  cattle  whose  lives  are  passed'  in  the 
manner  in  which  these  buffaloes  live  is  neither  very  tender  nor  very 
(lesira-ble. 

Tilt'  cheeses  made  from  the  milk  of  the  buffalo  cows  are  called  <»  lat- 
ticiiii.''  They  aro  close  and  heavy  in  <;oiisistency  ;  aro  sweet,  and  are 
consumed  eiitiiely  witliin  the  limits  of  their  production,  boin"  in  no 
wise  adapted  for  exportation.  " 

There  has  been  during  the  past  ten  years  a  slight  increase  in  the 
stock  of  cattle  referred  to,  an  increase  due  in  a  measure  to  tho  increase 
ill  tlic  dt'inaiid  for  cheese  and  meat.  In  the  section  of  the  country  to- 
winds  Koine  there  has  been  a  diminution,  duo  to  the  cultivation  oi'tlie 
soil,  by  icasoii  of  which  the  cattle  have  lost  their  natural  food  and  have 
(lecieased  in  numbers,  as,  1  am  informed,  multiiilieation  depen<ls  very 
iimcli  upon  the  character  of  tho  food  they  receive. 

As  a  race  the  buffaloes  have  never  been  closely  studied.  Within  the 
iiieiiiory  of  the  present  proprietors  of  the  cattle  "lands  no  improvement 
lias  been  made  in  the  breed  of  the  animals,  and  none  have  been  ex- 
l)nrtt'd,  except  a  few  to  Sicily  yearly.  The  question  of  exportation  is 
(k'eiiiod  to  be  full  of  difficulties,  and  the  proprietors  do  not  deem  it  of 
advantage  to  them  to  attempt  to  send  these  cattle  abroad.  They  aro 
at  tunes  exceedingly  wild,  and  conseiiuently  difficult  to  manage.  In 
spite  ot  this  they  are  i)roductive,  and  the  result  is  remunerative  Ju 
some  cases  there  have  been  crossings  with  a  breed  of  Swiss  cows  from 
the  iieighliorliood  of  IJerii,  Switzerland,  which  are  best  adapted  to  the 
tiiniishiiig(.riiiilk  for  butter-making.  These  cattle  aro  found  in  the 
I'laimot  Salerno,  and  are,  I  learn,  exported  yearly  in  large  numbers. 

llie  buflaloes  arrive  at  maturity  when  about  three  years  of  a"e  •  then 
the  size  ot  the  buffalo  bull  is  about  1  meter  and  80  centimeters'^  thatof 
the  ox  the  same,  and  that  of  the  (tow  about  1  meter  and  00  (ientimeters 
ihe  weights  thereof  at  maturity  are  about  as  follows:  Bull,  2  00(» 
pouiKs ;  ox,  2,000  pounds ;  <!ow,  from  1 ,000  to  1 ,700  pounds.  The  v'ield 
t)t  nil  Ik  averages  about  14  liters  a  day  from  each  cow,  when  the  buffalo 
call  (Iocs  not  draw  u]>on  the  mother  for  its  supply  of  no-'-i^i-njcnt 
About  I,)  liters  of  milk  make  3  kilos  of  cheese,  containing  all  the  butter 
lom  the  milk  ami  being  very  rich  and  exceedingly  heavy.  The  buffa- 
loes require  little  care,  and  in  fact  they  get  but  little.    They  are  never 


I 


328 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


L  8tened,  and  are  not  housed  except  in  very  severe  weather  it.<i  ; 
event  the  protection  is  such  as  only  a  heavy  shed  will  afford' '  T  "  f^^ 
18  the  wild  grass  of  the  "Campagna"or  "Terra  di  Lavoro  "toceS  '"? 
a  httlohay  at  times,  which  is  thrown  upon  the  bushes  that  if  ,'^'' 
be  trampled  under  foot.  It  is  thought  best  that  the  calving  iS'''^^ 
cur  in  the  autumn  rather  than  in  spring,  as  the  supply  of  milk  «^  ,^^" 
for  the  winter  cheeses,  during  which  latter  season  tie  manuWn.'^'^'' 
consumption  thereof  are  the  largest.  '"iuucture  aud 

•  ^^®  »^et)iod  of  packing  the  cheeses  for  consumption  is  exoPwUn  , 
simple.    They  are  worked  into  forms  of  convenient  size,  freueSh     "^  ^ 
ing  from  2  to  3  pounds,  and  then  packed  in  leaves  and  placed  J  S^'''' 
Avicker  baskets.  i"«iLt,u  in  strong 

The  buff-alo  bull  and  cow  when  young  are  estimated  to  be  worth  nh.  . 
600  irancs  j  when  full  grown,  from  800  to  900  francs.  ^°°"' 

EXPORT  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

In  case  of  their  shipment  to  the  United  States,  the  best  methori  wn  n 
be  by  direct  steamers  to  New  York,  a  voyage'of  abS  tweu  Mh^^ 
I  am  informed  by  the  management  of  one  of  the  steamshin  n,"^    T' 
tween  Naples  and  New  York  that  the  cost  of  ZpSTwo  u'T i^'- 
ISvoya'ge"'"'  ""'''  include  boxing,  watering,' S^g  d'ul^l 

I  submit  herewith  a  sketch  of  the  buffalo  bull,  drawn  from  lif.    t 
gives  a  fiiir  idea  of  the  animal,  although  not  in  itself  a  wnrt^f;   l^ 
is  the  best  that  could  be  done  under  the  cirtmm stances  "'^'  ^* 

FRANK  G.  HAUGHWOUT, 

Dnited  States  Consulate,  ^*'"*"^* 

Naples,  February  20,  1884. 


Special  atatiaiics  mnwrning  Italian  buffalo  cattle. 
[Name  of  breed :  Buffalo.] 


Animals. 


Cow... 
BuU... 
Ox.... 


Sizoat  It, 
matority.  ^'^e  weight. 


Arnage  quaniif,,  of  milk :  About  14  lifers  per  day.     A  litor  enusiU  n1>nnt  oi 
jaictopou„aaor.hee.e:  F.fteen  lUerH  of  ^u.ilk  Lake  ^^^^:;:^fS!:^ 

Same  of  country:  Terra  di  Lavoro,  Italy. 

Ago  at  mntiiiity  ;  Tlirt'o  yt-ar.*'. 

,.."''',■','''  Y""'T'  "'  matHritj, :  As  near  a.s  can  be  ascertained,  tliu  nioiit  wh,.,,  fnllvnr. 
pan'il  by  Ijutfher  \vi'ijrl,s  4:^0  to  Mi)  poundH.  "^  P"^"' 

Color:  ]51a(k  or  reddifsh  bJuek. 

y>mn>fiV,»  ;  Shaped  Uko  ordinary  cow;  «l.ort,  round  neck;  larL-e  an,l  ..nni,. 
boniH;  riiiuplai^aT  than  ordinary  cow.  '    ^'"^t,"  ""H  tun  1,1;; 

I'HODL'CT.— Aa/wr;  Farm  work  to  hlijiht  extent       Mint-  Nnt  ,rn„„,.,.ii  1  r 

Altitude:  About  IOC  I'cct. 

Temperature  in  «ummir:  1(5°  to  yo^  R6aumur  j  in  tot nter,  8'^  Rdaumiir 

iubntratum  :  Clay  rcHtiug  on  limestone  bed. 


m^ 

1 

Fj 

ii 

miM^ 

d^ 

i 

1 

H 

i 

h 

ifethoda  of  h 
have  tho  prote 
Feeding:  Wi 
Brei:ding :  N 
Handling  pre 
ac  homo. 


Belailed  descrip 
been  profitabl 
and  the  compc 


Name  of  breed. 


ripinouteso 

Mixed  breids  ... 
Mouutaiu  breed 


Piemontcse. — ] 
color,  light  gra; 

Mixed  hreeds.- 
oolor,  ligbt  gra^i 

Mountain  hreei 
Oolor,  brown,  b' 


Piedmont,  200  mote 
MooBtains,  300  to  1 


i^oiL.— Alluvia 
nines.    Sandi/,  <| 

SUBSTKATUiM,- 

ticiilar.  Sandalo 
ot'Po,  Tiiiiaro,  I) 
clorei;  alimnhiiit 
Mcthoih  ofhmi 
and  grass  ill  torn 
obpeso, 

Tho"Pi;imi 
or  latitudos ; 
for  oxt'ii ;  500 

Tlie  best  n 
steamsliip  to  '. 

Tho  stock  o 
its  profltabloi 


ITALY. 


329 


In  case  of  severe  weather  the  cattle 


Methods  of  housing  :  No  special  method  rsed. 
have  tlio  protection  of  a  heavy  shed. 

Feeding :  Wild  grass  of  Campagna.    Occudionally  a  little  hay. 

Brei'ding :  No  special  method  used.    Cows  calve  jfii  autumn 

Uandling  products  :  Cheese  packed  in  leaves  and  in  wicker  baskets  and  consumed 
ac  nome. 


CATTIE  IN  PIEDMONT. 

REPORT  BT  VICE-CONSVL  DEZEVE,  OF  TURI2i. 

Detailed  desmption  of  such  domesUcatedanimala  as  have  proved  by  long  experience  to  have 
heenprofital^le  m  I'tedmont,  llaly,  with  information  aboit  the  topogrSoftheM,^ 
and  the  composition  of  the  soil.  ^  •'    ^  -^  "•'  "'"  «'"»'"r» 


is 

Milk  to  pounds 
of  butter. 

CO 

n 

as 

Size  at  maturity. 

Live  weight. 

Name  of  breed. 

Cow. 

Bull. 

Ox. 

Cow. 

Bull. 

Ox. 

5,000 
5,000 
8,000 

15 
15 
12 

'4 

7» 

Large 

(1<>  

Medium  .. 

Large 

—  do. ... 
Medium  .. 

Large 

do 

Medium  .. 

Zb». 
1,200 

1,000 
1,000 

Lbs. 
1,800 
1,300 
1,300 

Lhi. 

Mixed  breeds  

Mountaiu  breed 

1,700 
1,100 
1,100 

riemnntcse.-Fivo  yews  at  maturity ;  weight  of  mi.t,  60  per  cent,  of  live  weiehf 
color,  lifihtgray;  meat,  good;  milk,  middling;  ch    iJ,  good  weigni, 

MM  hrceds.-Fiyo  years  ;.t  maturity;  weight  of  Bioat,  CO  per  cent,  of  live  weight  • 
color,  hgbt  gray  ;  meat,  milk,  and  cheese,  good.  "oigui, 

Mounlain  fcreerf.-Five  years  at  maturity ;  weight  of  meat,  CO  per  cent,  of  live  weichf 
color,  brown,  black,  and  white  spotted  ;  meat,  milk,  and  cheese,  good.  "«'b"ii> 

Topography. 


Altitude. 


Piedmont,  200  motors  *bove  tlio  k vel  of  tlio  tea 

Mountains,  300  to  1,000  meters  above  the  level  of  the  sea'  '■ 


Temperature. 


Mean. 


°C. 

14  to  15 
10  to  13 


Summer. 


oC. 
25  to  32 
20  to  25 


Winter. 


"C. 

10  to  12 
15  to  10 


Bin^ :^S:!f  c; ;';j^:lS"!,^  pi"""  --  ^''"'"'*-     ^'"^  '■  ^^-'^-'*^«'  branch  of  Appe- 

otPo,To„an,,Dora,&...    Or.onte:  TU.moa^^aiu^C^il^el^LlnmX 
dom',  alMiii,l:.iit;  jiy('./7r(i««,  <V'c.,  moderate.  J "'wny,  none , 

Methods  of  hotmng:  Stabling  in   winter  and  pasturing  in  summer.     Feedina  •  H^v 
ami  grass  alteruate.y.    Breeding:  Domes.ie.     na„dling%roducts  :  Meaf,  btltfcr,  anc^ 

Tlio  "PiMnura"  pure  l.ronl  would  thrive  woU  it,  correspondii.ff  Htates 

ste^;^.;;;;:  t.;C  ^,^^'>-tation  is  ,..  .ulroaa  to  Genoa  unci  per 

The  stock  of  (iattio  is  steadily  iiicreasiuffiu  Piedinout  on  account  nf 
Its  prontableuess.    Tl.c  number  bre.l  by  far  surpaHse.s  the  home  de 


ill 


330 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


maiul,  and  the  suri)lns  is  exported  mostly  to  France  for  butclierino 
poses.  During-  tlie  lirst  eleven  niontbs  of  18S3  there  Avere  exnorfp  ff" """ 
Italy  to  France  0(3,000  head  of  cattle  (between  calves  andbeef)  i  i"*" 
like  amount  of  sheep  (between  lamb  and  juutton).  With  the  J\o  r  '^ 
of  some  corned-beef  in  cans,  no  meat  or  dairy  i)roduct  of  -mv  i-i  i  •" 
imported  into  tliis  district  from  the  United  iSt'ates.  '  "  '"^ 

The  last  census  of  ISSli  i-ave  the  followiuj.-  ligures  of  the  nuinhp.  <• 
cattle  and  of  their  adaptability  in  the  four  districts  of  ri«>,l.nm,;  ^'^ 
spectively :  ^""ii>nr,  rc- 


Aniiuals. 


District  of  Oil iieo: 

Calves  (male),  under  ono  iind  ono-linlf  years 

Calves  (t'piua!  V,  under odo  ami  oiio-hali' years 

Bullo 

Oxen ['\ 

Cowa 

District  of  Turin: 

Cnlvcs  (male),  nnderone  and  one-Iialf  years 

Calves  (lenialo),  under  our)  and  ono  lialf  years 

Hulls 

oxeu ;.  .■.".".■.■.";.■.■ 

Cows  ] 

Dii:'ric;  of  Alexandria : 

Calves  (male),  under  one  and  one-half  years  ..  .. 

Caives  (female),  under  one  and  one-half  years... 

Hulls ." 

Oxen .'."...'."...'." 

Cows 

Disti  ict  of  Navarni : 

Calves  (male),  nnderone  and  one-half  years  

Calves  (female;,  under  ono  and  one-balf  years..... 

Bu)  Is 

Oxen !"."!"!' 

Cows  (two-thirds milk) '.! i I !.'!!. ! 

Total  number  of  cattle  in  Piedmont  In  1882  . 


United  States  Consulate, 

Turin,  January  10,  1884. 


Adaptcduess.        iNumb, 


I'or  work ..'. 

do '.'.'.'"' 

For  work  and  luiik'^ 


AUworkandineat!' 

do 

do ]] 


All  work  and  meat 

do 

do '" 


One-third  work.. 

do 

do "■■■ 


«!, 


20,213 
20, 287 
2»,  il!)2 
3.'),U04 

28, 144 

•'is,  9o:i 

1,515 

22,(i66 

108,78,1 

l^MCII 

fil,  1S7 

5U,  lict 

11,4.12 

22, 6li2 

1,  m 

23, -,45 

129  070 

sei.'ojs 


A.  J.  DEZEYK, 

Vice-Co7iml. 


i% 


li 


CATTLE  IN  TUSCANY. 

REPORT  1ST  COXtiVL  WELSn,  OF  FLORENCE. 

In  reply  to  the  circnhir  issued  by  the  Department  of  State  dited 
July  18,  188.},  I  have  the  honor  to  sul)mit  the  foilowinft-  report  •  ' 

The  breeds  of  horned  cattle  raised  in  Tnscanv  are  live  in  miii'iber  ii.d 
named    respectively  Chianina,   .Maremmana,  Tiberina,    Sviz/(>ra ''m. 
Montaniua.  ' 

The  Chianina,  Mareminana,  and  Tiberina  are  descendants  of  the  breed 
called  l'odolico,or  ruKliese,from  Pn<>lia,in  thesonthof  Italy.  TlicSyiz 
zera,  or  Swiss  breed,  orifjinated  at  Luf,Mno,  Switzerland,  aiid  the  hi.st  or 
Jloutaniua,  are  hardy  mountaiiu)us  cattle  of  a  nondescript  origin.    ' 

TUE  CHIANINA  IIREED. 

ThebreedcaliedtheChiiUiina,  urthe  ValdiChiana,  is  tiieincst  valiiod 
HI  Tuscany  for  all  purposes,  whether  for  pro<iucin^'  milk,  beef,  or  pow- 
ers of  traction.     A  rei)ort  on  this  lireed  was  forwarded  to  the  Donart. 


!«•  inir. 
I  *Vom 

'!>tion 


iiid 


IS 


ber  of 
at,  re. 


Numbe 


2n,213 
2li,  287 
2lt,  ili»2 
3;),U04 

28,144 

■IS.  m 

1,515 

22,(i66 

108.78,3 

2-1,2M 

12,10;! 

201 

Bl,  107 

5u,2a 

1I,4.V2 

22, 6li2 

1,  nj3 

23,V45 

129  070 

801,"oj5 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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23  WZST  MAIN  STREET 
WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  sTi^soa 


m 


M 


niciitof  Stal 
}hy,  1H.S2,  a 
re<rar(ls  prici 
This,  tlio  ^ 
be  exported 
with  tlic  Moi 
milk  on  wlia 
draft  and  ftii 


The  follow 

Conut  Fnissi 

Val  di  Chiaii 

depended  iii) 

horns,  and  e 

very  Landsoi 

A  new-boi 

will  weigh  al 

estimated  pr: 

A  bull  tw( 

pounds,  woul 

three  years  o 

A  calf  afte; 

from  881  to  1 

At  two  years 

pounds,  and  1 

sidered  an  ox 

pounds,  and  1 

Heifers  at 

At  two  years 

a  heifer  becot 

weight  about 

oxen. 

Of  this  brt 
when  twenty 
years  of  age, 
about  twenty 
Feeding  and 
stalls.  They 
with  bean  or 
While  workin, 
day. 

Bulls  are  hi 
cows  besides 
or  beans  are  a 
During  spri 
however,  is  to 
In  regard  t( 
220  pounds  of 
To  fatten  thon 
For  cattle  at  v 

*  This  repo: 
t  Those  pri 


ITALY. 


831 


„,entof  state  by  my  predecessor,  Mr.  J.  Schuyler  Crosby,  on  the  20th 
yi,y,  882,  and  as  far  as  I  can  learn  was  in  all  points  correct  except  as 
rejranls  prices,  which  were  too  high.*  ^-^^^yi  as 

This,  tlie  Val  (11  Chiana  I  think  the  only  breed  in  Tuscany  worthy  to 
be  exported  to  the  United  States,  unless  perhaps  a  trial  might  be  made 
with  tlie  Montaniua,  a  very  hardy  class  of  cattle,  and  producing -ood 
inilk  on  what  they  can  pick  np  in  the  mountains  j  they  are  alst  good 
draft  and  fair  beef  cattle.  '        ''  *•""" 

CATTLE  OP  THE  VAL  DI  CHIANA. 

I  Tlie  following  is  the  substance  of  a  letter  received  from  the  aeent  of 
Conut  Inissineto,  who  is  the  most  important  breeder  and  dealer  in  the 
Val  di  Chiana  breed  ot  cattle,  and  whose  statements  are  entirely  to  be 
depended  upon.  The  color  of  the  Chianina  cattle  is  white,  with  fine 
horns,  and  eyes  pecurliarly  bright  and  expressive.  Thev  are  indeed 
verv  bandsome.  ''        '     "ocu, 

A  newborn  calf  weighs  about  44  to  55  pounds,  and  at  one  vear 
Will  weigh  about  1,102  pounds  and  measure  in  height  about  5  feet  Tim 
estimated  price  is  $115  to  $135.t  ^       uuuboieec.    ine 

A  bull  two  years  old,  measuring  5  feet  G  inches  and  weighing  1  703 
pounds,  would  be  about  the  average.  He  might  bring  $193  +  A  bull 
three  years  old  measures  6  feet  3  inches  and  weighs  about  2,204  nounds 

A  calf  after  castration  and  arriving  at  the  age  of  one  year  may  weigh 
frotu  881  to  1,102  pounds,  and  measure  5  feet,  being  valued  at  $77  20 
I  At  two  years  this  calf  would  measure  about  5  feet  G  inches  weich  1  54S 
pounds,  and  be  valued  at  from  $9G  to  $110.    At  three  vears  ^   3  con 
sidered  an  ox,  would  measure  about  0  feet  3  inches,  weiuh  about  '>  204 
pounds,  and  be  worth  from  $135  to  $154.  "^  ^,^u* 

Heifers  at  one  year  weigh  882  pounds,  and  measure  4  feet  7  inches 
At  two  years  1,323  pounds^  and  measure  5  feet  3  inches.    At  three  vears 
a  heifer  becomes  a  cow;  size  about  5  feet  3  in  hes  to  6  feet  7  inches- 
weight  about  1,543  pounds.    The  prices  of  cows  are  the  same  as  for 
oxen. 

Of  this  breed,  both  male  and  femalo  arrive  at  the  ago  of  nubertv 
when  twenty  mouths  to  two  years  old.  The  male  serves  well  up  to  four 
years  of  age,  the  female  to  ten  years  and  over.  Oxen  are  yoked  when 
about  twenty  months  and  generally  endure  six  or  seven  years  of  work 

Feeding  and  housing.— In  this  district  cattle  are  generally  kept  iii 
stalls  They  are  fed  as  follows:  Winter,  a  mash  of  turnips^and  hay 
with  bean  or  corn  flour  thrown  in,  if  the  cattle  are  to  be  fatteneth 
While  working  they  are  fed  with  hay  alone  with  one  portion  of  oats  per 

Bulls  are  higher  fed  ;  hay,  turnips,  and  oats  being  freely  eiven  To 
cows  besides  the  usual  food  jTiven  to  oxen,  rye  flour  and  flour  of  peas 
or  beans  are  added.    These  latter  increase  the  milk  secretion 

During  spring,  summer,  and  autumn  grasses  are  freely  given ;  care 
however,  is  to  be  taken  not  to  mix  the  fresh  food  with  the  dried  ' 

In  regnr.1  to  feeding  G.Ol  imunds  of  fodder  are  needed  daily  for  each 
.20  pounds  of  live  weight.    This  for  cattle  being  fattened  and  stall  fe 
vJfnf  ^'':"-«"*?»''>''  11 1'oumls  must  bo  fed  dailv  for  every  i^20pound^^ 
F5^1eJl^wori^^  j,ounds  per  diy 

*  This  report  is  published  iramrdifttely  folIowiuK  ConsnrSve'l^'^  renort " 

t  Those  prices,  the  consul  says,  arc  much  overestinVated.  ^ 


332 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 
TEANSPOET  IKED. 


While  being  transiiortod,  wholher  on  laud  or  sea,  oats,  bean«  a  a  • 
possible,  turnips  should  be  used,  Rood  hay  being  alWays^rovhC^'  '^ 
The  straw  needed  for  each  head  is  from  5.51  to  6.01  pounds  dail 

COST  OP  FODDBB. 

The  cost  of  fodder  is  about  as  follows:  Beans,  $3.08  ner  2  si  \.„  i.  , 
oats,  $1.93  per  2.84  bushels;  lupines.  $1.93  per  2.84  bushet^i'^'^'' 
$3.47  per  220.46  pounds.  •°*  ""8»el8;  beans, 

I  am  assured  by  Count  Frassineto  that  where  turnios  arp  ni«n*   ., . 
breed  of  cattle  is  sure  to  thrive.  ^         P'®°*y  this 

GHIANINA  BULLS. 

Thedescription  Of  wall-made  bulls  Should  be  as  follows  •Bnnir<.f.  •  . 
neck  thick,  head  small,  horn  white,  finely  shaped,  with  black  linf'^^^' 
quite  Ion,?,  but  well  shaped;  legs  large  and  strong,  but  SoSvf.""' 
knock-kneed;  tail  short;  the  entire  color  is  white,  with  eS "^  « 
muzzle  and  tip  of  tail  black;  the  tongue  dark;  the  barreloK^i'' ^^ 
well  rounded  and  long,  the  chest  full,  hoofs  not  too  straight  Tn  „„  ^  '? 
appearance  the  female  diflFers  little  from  the  bull.  '        S^itiml 

MABEIiMANA  CATTLE. 

The  Maremmana  breed,  generally  of  a  gray  and  white  sno«n„j  , 
are  to  be  found  on  the  s^irmarsh/plainf  of  Volterra  aKu  t& 
ground  in  the  vicinity  of  Sienna.  They  are  a  strong  workhil  cam? 
but  would  not,  I  think,  bo  apt  to  improve  any  breed  in  Sa  n  •?*!' 
States,  being  in  themselves  almost  mongrel.  The  Tiberina  diffpr"\1 
little  from  the  Maremmana.  -^loerma  differ  but 

SVIZZEEA  CATTLE. 

The  Svizzera  breed,  from  Lugano,  Switzerland,  is  onlv  fo.inri  ,„  h 
vicinity  of  Pisa.    The  cattle  are  generally  black  in  cofof  and  ,1^,^' 
good  beef,  but  are  only  medium  workers  or  milk  proclucers    K  '' 
portation  can  hardly  be  recommended.  Aueirim- 

TEANSPORTATION  OP  ITALIAN  CATTLE  TO  THE  UNITED  S;tate 

With  regard  to  transportation  to  the  United  States,  an  actual  or 
trustworthy  estimate  cannot  bo  given  unless  the  nuinber  of  call 
known.    Irotu  Arezzo  totho  poitof  Leghorn  tho  railroads  trau  no 
ten  head  ot  cattle  for  about  $15.  Lidusporc 

From  Leghorn  to  Now  York  the  Aiuibor  Line  charges  about  8100  for 
mere  transportation  and  the  necessary  water  for  one  animal  md  ill 
each  for  any  number  not  un<lor  ten.  In  case  a  inimber  of  cattle  are  i 
be  shipped  a  portion  of  tho  "'tween  decks"  or,  in  summer  time  the  sw 
deck  of  a  vessel,  should  bo  chartered,  and  the  stalls  or  boxes  built  In- 
tho  8hi|>|)er.  -* 

I  would  always  aclviso  that  tho  space  necessary  should  be  hired  or 
chartered,  whether  on  stea'ner  or  sailing  vessel,  and  then  the  requisite 
stalls  or  boxes  put  up  and  furnished  by  the  shipper,  wlio  should  see 
that  the  attendants  were  men  understanding  the  treatuiout  of  cattle  at 


No  consid 
an  agent  tli< 
tie;  a:i  agei 
and  one  whi 
prices  given 
upon  by  ba 
dealer. 

I  append  i 
circular. 


United  S^ 
I 


Cow 

Bull. 

Oi... 


Annual  average  ga 

delivery. 

Milk  to  pounds  of 

Milk  to  pounds  of 

Xante  of  country  : 

Color:  Siiver-whi 

Description:  Neck 

zle,  f  bin  horna,  lonir 

black  tip.  ^ 

Origin  of  breed :  M 
Italy. 

Labor:  Enduring  < 

women  (which  is  con 

the  year,  viz:  S;}  win 

iieat:  Making  oxci 

Milk:  A  good  cow 

will  make  2.2046  poui 

Cheese:  In  the  vicii 

I  dairy  and  bntcher. 

I    Topograph!/  of  Tusr< 

I  Mountains  with  mott 


ITALY. 


eans,  and,  if 
'ovided. 
tls  daily. 


•84  bushels; 
^els;  beans; 

plenty  this 


ck  straight, 
^^''PS;  ears 
posed  to  be 
xception  of 
I  or  body  is 
•In  general 


ckled  color, 
>ii  the  clay 
"Dg  cattle, 
tbe  United 
i  differ  but 


iind  in  the 

id  produce 

Their  im- 


i'^ATE 


PURCIIASINO  ITALIAN  CATTLE  POB  EXPORT. 


333 


No  considerable  quantity  of  cattln  shnni.i  i 
an  agent  tl.orousbly  uuderstandinff-thaJ  i^  ^'""'f^^^^  ""less  tbrouffh 
tie;  an  agent  who  cau  judge  as  to  value,  8t%S;^^  i^nowing-cat- 
and  one  whose  sympatbies  Lave  not  been  «n^.^  ,  °k  constitution,  &c., 
prices  given  Iiero  are  always  ^r^ipricesrtheSfti^  ^^^  *'^"<'''-  The 
upon  by  bargaining,  and  that  sbould  be  dnna  S  *'''''"  ^"^^^ '^o  Axed 
dealer.  "«  «one  by  a  practical  cattle 

I  append  Ibrms  answering  as  nean«  t>«cc,i  i    x. 
circular.  "  ""^  "^*^  "«  Possible  the  requirements  of  the 

WM.  L.  WELSH, 

United  Si'Ates  Consulate  Consul. 

Florence,  November  g'  1884. 


statement  shorvin,  the  cattle  exports  from  Italy. 
[Nearly  »U  to  Fr»nce.] 


Special  statietice  concerning  Tuscan  cattle. 
(Name  of  breed:  Chlanina.] 


„0W„-,  „,  ,„.,:  „„„„„„„„  „,  .^„  ;   "^"  «« '.«.,  .W.  .«„, 


ifl^ 


.  IK 


334 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


uincs  of  Bccoudary  and  tertiary  forniatiou,  four-tenths :    Ci)  l.liu  .,r      , 
formation,  tlirno-tcufliH;  (4)  pluiuH  of  qi.atc  narv  an  I  nil  ,v,. I  fnl.  "  '"'"  »'ri 

Tn,n>eiature:    The  clinrnt'o   n.ild  iu  winter  a/dtl^im'oi^rZ^^^^^^^      •.»"•.  nL 
8tan.l,n^r.  H„I.i«.f  u.  -..iHy  .veatb-r  in  tl..,  nntuu.n  an.l  K" IV.nuT'  '"'  '""  '^ "I- 

itnro  in  TnHcany  iH  between  14^  ,md  IGO  eontiLni<ll!'.  ",'.'''•    '•''"' 
\v   7"    below    y».pri   nf  I.''!, .......,.»    r.,-,  ..^  .      «'"""Kril<li'     In, 


iary 
llh,' 


'11^)61 

Standing,  mibject  to  eh.. 

yearly  average  teuijierat...,,  ..i  x,mvuuy  m  uetween  I4"  and  Ifio  ,.,.„.,•       ,' «•     iiir 

eiiry  seldom  falls  below  7"  below  zero  at  Fl(>r«nco    5"/^  a"    ^l'''*'"'''"''';  "h.  i,, 
Lucca,  and  20  utrisa.    Snow  Held..m  falls? ami  nerr^aHt8lt,rTh^ 
<50«;  Alluvial.     Tbo  ho      «  i.ii.nnt,.i.w.„„   ♦! i""n|iiin}; 


Joil:  Alluvial      The  soil  in  mountaiuoiis,  the  ground  Homewhere",.vn      •     . 
and  .u  other  regions  refra.tory  to  good  cnlfnre,  owin./to    he  atim  ..    ""'"^''''V  "'""y 
T  *"*«/'•«  '"»—''''o»-«.c. ;  SeeoDdary,  lat.,  tert ia'rv,  ami     natoS  rv    n'"  "/  '"">' 
Late  tortiary  quaternary,  and  alluvial  formation.    «JnT-P.P,i     "'''''''''•    ''''•o^ 
formation  of  Cretaceous  period,     rolterra :  SecoiuiarraXri^.t i ve'f.Ir^,.:" ll,,;'''''«°>' 


WHITE  CATTLE  OF  TUSCANY.* 

nEFORT  BT  CONSUL  OROSBT. 

I  have  t}ie  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  nxf^rM 
fine  breed  of  Italian  cattle,  with  the  hope  tLrirmav  £  'iVl'^'^ 
mducing  some  of  our  cattle  breeders  to  introduce  tS  iTrbrulHL:.',' 

For  many  cen'uries  the  Val  di  Chiana  (Tuscany)  has  hm... .  i  . 

lor  Its  ^vhire  cattle,  large  in  size,  docile,  a^ndeSy  mana^l  ^'f^'f^'^ 

enduring  great  amount  of  work,  and  mkkiug  excelSt  J  'm  '''''''''''' 

very  easily  fattened.     I  have  visited  many  of  the  est  LSi"''^  ^?'"^' 

the  purpose  of  examining  these  cattle,  and  cer?S^^^^ 

I)roprietors  and  farmers  in  their  opinion  that  for  worS^^^  '^'^''  ^'h^ 

beef  they  are  far  superior  to  the  DuS  ami  Shorter    L'^''',''"'**^'^  ""*' 

lar  in  England  and  America.    For  Sk  and  S  er      r;'\''* '^^^^ 

mend  them.    Bulls  begin  to  serve  heifers  and  cows  f  ol  he  ."'  T'"" 

years  up  to  four  or  Ave  years,  when  they  are  sSht ere  1      M^V'^  ^'■" 

taken  to  the  bull  when  twenty  months  old  aiid  •  i.m  si,.m. ,     V'*"*'  ""' 

eight  to  ten  years  old.    Oxen,  and  he  f?r8^^s    ;.  V  «  '^^^^^^^  ""til 

twenty  n;o„ths  old,  and  are  lit  for  work  at  the  i^^e^J.''  ,   '  J«f;'^ 

unless  "Uured,  stand  five  years  more  of  hard  work  wl  en  t bJ       '  "'"'' 

ally  stall-fed  and  slaughtered.    About  the  s-une  fi»wi . ?,  1^  1 ,  ^  '"'^^  "*"'• 

for  fattening  as  in  the  United  sfates       """^*'^*^*^^'^'"«»«e<l 

The  following  tabular  form  will  show  interesting  details  ■.«  u 
weight,  and  price:  ^  miaus  as  to  age, 


Kind. 


Calft 


Heifer . 
Bull  J  .. 

Ox 

Cow  §  . , 


Age. 


Birth 

Six  innntliR 
On  0. veil  r... 

Oue  jtiiir 

Two  vearH. 
Threo  years 
Three  yourB 
Tlireoyears 


♦  feet 

5  feet  

5  feet  2iachcR. 
5  feet  7  inches. 
0  ftM't  3  inched. 
0  feet  3  iucbeg. 
5  feet  2  inoho8. 


*  Rei)ul)li«lieil  from  OonHiiIar  Keports,  No.  17 
ttfo/,r\^.^l*'ni,rr'''i!''''  r"'I"»*e?  •"•"  castrated  at  two  months  of  age. 


"D 
r 
> 

n 

en 

CD 


These  ca 
bodies;  iw< 
cat,  witli  8l 
liither  larK< 
1111(1  not  too 
and  silver  ( 
when  it  ccj 
the  hair  is  i 

The  priiK 
Fiorentino, 
iiuiii  lairs  a 
August,  am 

1  have  un 
the  ueii»'eat 
Anchor  Liu 
vidiuf,'  all  1 
jirovidiug  v 
be  well  acc( 
about  tweul 


United  ! 


The  Vene 
nature  for  a 
cupied  bj''  1 
of  its  water 
and  every  wl 
however,  an 
mate,  unless 
to  combat  t 
perity  of  livi 
ited. 

An  idea  ( 
fact  that  it  c 
and  several 
north  Italia 
trasts  of  8c€ 
community  ( 
of  local  intlu 
diversity  in 

Geologists 
the  i)rinievai 
fossilized  rei 
ing  was  ibe  i 
Tertiary  peri 
siding  to  the 


ITALY. 


335 


These  cattle  liav^  very  long  ami  Htralght  backs  und  well-rounded 
bodies;  neck  very  thick  with  abuinlant  mantle ;  head  light  and  clear 
cat,  with  short  and  thin  hornn ;  ears  long  and  flesh-colored  inside  •  leirs 
liitlier  large  and  strong,  jind  phiced  well  under;  hoofs  well  Dronortioned 
jiml  not  too  straight ;  tail  qnite  short,  and  black  at  the  end  This  black 
and  silver  color  extends  over  the  muzzle,  along  the  back  to  the  rumn 
fflieii  it  ceases  and  appears  again  at  the  end  of  the  tail.  The  colcr  af 
the  hair  is  a  silver  while,  very  thin,  and  abundant. 

The  principal  markets  for  these  white  cattle  are  Arezzo,  Castiirlione 
Fioreiitino,  and  Tojano  dolla  Chiana  in  the  province  of  Tuscauv     An' 
iiuiu  fairs  are  held,  beginning  after  harvest  time,  about  the  middle  of 
August,  and  generally  increasing  in  imi)ortauce  until  December 

1  have  made  inquiries  as  to  thec(>st  of  transportation  by  steamer  from 
the  nearest  port,  Leghorn,  to  New  York,  and  in  reply  the  agent  of  the 
Anchor  Line  informs  mo  that  $50  per  head  is  chaiged,  the  shipper  nro- 
vidiug  all  flttmgs,  stalls,  boxes,  fodder,  and  attendants,  the  shir)  onlv 
i)roviding  water.  This  line  of  steamers  is  very  good  and  the  cattle  can 
be  well  accommodated  on  the  upper  deck.  The  length  of  vovace  is 
about  twenty-six  days.  "^  ** 

J.  SCHUYLER  CROSBY, 

United  States  Consulate,.  onsul. 

Florence^  May  20,  1882. 


n 


■•  ! 


CATTLE  IN  VENETM. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  NOTES,  OF  VENICE. 
GEOLOGICAL  FOUMATION  OF  VENE'l'IA. 

The  Venetian  territory  would  seem  at  first  glance  specially  fitted  bv 
nature  for  a  grazing  country.  The  large  i)roportion  of  its  surface  oc- 
cupied by  hills  and  mountains  of  moderate  elevation,  the  abundance 
of  its  water  courses,  the  njiture  of  its  soil,  often  of  superior  fertility 
and  everywhere  good  for  forage,  are  all  in  its  favor.  These  advantaces 
however,  are  subject  to  a  serious  drawback  in  the  dry  heat  of  the  cli' 
mate,  unless  the  want  of  moisture  be  supplied  by  a  generous  irrigation 
to  combat  the  danger  of  destructive  drought.  Without  this  the  pros- 
penty  of  live  stock  will  always  be  uncertain  and  its  multiplication  lim- 

An  idea  of  the  general  character  ot  the  region  is  suggested  bv  the 
fact  that  It  contains  a  large  part  of  the  southern  water-shed  of  the  Alns 
and  several  of  their  loftier  peaks,  together  with  the  delta  of  the  great 
north  Italian  rivers.  Few  portions  of  Euroi)e  otter  such  extreme  con- 
trasts ot  scenery  and  situation,  and  though  the  Italian  climate  and  the 
community  of  an  ancient  civilization  do  much  to  soften  the  discordances 
ot  local  influence,  so  completely  opposed,  there  must  still  remain  a  great 
diversity  in  the  conditions  of  life.  ^ 

Geologists  agree  that  the  Alps  were  among  the  last  upheavings  of 
the  priiueval  sea,  and  that  their  enormous  masses  are  little  else  than  the 
fossilized  remains  of  its  animal  life.  They  also  tell  us  that  this  upheav- 
mg  was  ihe  result  of  intermittent  volcanic  action  continued  during  the 
Tertiary  period,  and  underlying  the  whole  area  of  Italy ;  gradually  sub 
Biding  to  the  north  as  the  surface  fixed  into  its  present  fSrm,  but  show- 


336 


t^ATTLW    AND    HAIHY    I'AUMINO. 


iliK  ItH  liiNt  oxfiiKit,  (TiUciM  ill  tlio  Uoiiiiiii  ( liiiiiimL'im.  iiiwl  Uh  l,.-t 
ti.Mis  )it  V«>8iivniH  lUMl  /KiMi.  '  ""  '""'  "••"l» 

Towiinl  llio  rIoNiMil'  llio  'r<<iM(uy  uihI  iit   tlio  <<)iiiiiUMinMiHMi»  ni' n 
QiJiUoniiHy,  Mio  Vi^iuqimi  Alps  pionoiiI»mI  vimv  imih'Ii  Mhi  hhi.o.i     ■  ." ' 
l-'lonlMof  Noiwiiy— lli«^8««u  wi'mIkmI  llioir  Iiiin«<m  iiml  pcii<>tnil)<(|  im/ 

opoilllllf  totlM^CootoniH^  KlOdt   KllM'it'lH  WhJolHloMCOIHhMl   licf  wimmi'h  "'^ 

pivtMpfloiis  spiiiH.  Tho  iiirlliiiK  orMiOMoj^lucioiv.wiHi  tlin  ull..|vl  ."*" 
p..niliii(»  of  tlio  lojiioii,  Wll  ill  (i|o  linopor  f,jivitii>8  Mio  iiiunmcm  nl  i.  " 
oihmI  wiitor  wliii^h  now  lonii  tlio  Itiiliiiii  IiiI<.'h,  mul  wifli  (lio  .ijh,, 'J''""'' 
of  thi'ii- Hliaii(loii«><l  iiiomiiiPM  roiiiiiMMirni  llio  ionimiioii  oni..*  I  >.  v'"". 
uii.l  V.Mioiiim  plain.  i'**UiUm\ 

'I'lio  «'oiiipo«ilion  of  tliJM  alliivio'i  hIiowm  inor.vwInMi^  tlio  imiior  i 
t\u^  inoitiilain  Hitl.vs  iVoiii  wliirii  it  \s  ilorivoil.     Km  anini^criuMit  .1,.  I     i*' 
i»ii  (hocapiiciouM  a(^ti«)ii  of  tin*  Mfn>aiiiH  wliinli   fmiiNpinicd  ji   J      u 
UN  ul'uvmt  iniiiKliitionN,  wlilcli  liavo  rlian;j«Ml  ilN  wliolo  Minlan^  Ii   i,? 
vuIn.     At  itM»MiHi.>in  limit.  wImto  tlm  niaiuin  of  plain  m'imn  luir,'    *'"' 
unil  n1«>p<>n  iiioi'o  rapi«ll.v  To  tlioNiMi,  {.\v\  vaiiiilioiiMorNoil  hikI  Niiiiii.'T' 
t«»iiHMiion^lV.M|inMit,a,stlH«iapi<l  MmtimiTh  rliJui«.HlMMi<'(.iiis,.M,,,|,|,,     '.'; 
tlicir  vmrni'v  «loliHii.s  in  IicnIi  lonililnvs,  .'ariyiiiK'  MuMr  (Iik^  Hi'din  . .?. 
tlioloworh.volH,8lill  hair  snluiuMKr,!  h.v  tiKwV.liiati.-,.  "'"^  ""'""""f «" 

TIIK    I'UOVINCI;  .OK   liniNK. 

This  naiTow  N(«a board,  witli   tlir   Inoadcr  ro^ion  <d'  tlio  (Juiiin  vi 
MtivtcliiiiK  in.illi  and  ."ast   to  tln^  Aiistiian  IVonti.'r,  lonim  lln,  •..■..vi,'*" 
of  lldiiu«.  Htill  known  as  tln^  aiirioiit  Kiiuli.  '"'"'"'" 

It  is  r«HnpoN(>d,  in  tlio  plain,  of  tracts  <d'  hairon  <'lav   |);i 


,,       .     .  ,.     •         ,.  .  |>"»rlion  of  ilio  proviiicoor 

(anna  is  a  i-oiiliisioii  of  nanow  and  siniions  valleys  and  invLMilir  hi  l 
Mul.vs,  with  a  ronsid.-iahlc*  snrlaco  of  vo^iMuUh^  raiili  in  hn^kt'ii  iiiii.sJs 
mostly  of  schist  and  limcstoius  with  rare  apparitions  of  Lr,;ii,i|,.','i„',i 
tnta,  allordiiiK'  t<dcral>lc  pasNiro  in  nearly  every  part.  A  lew  (if  llu' 
siiinmilsof  the  rcfjion  approai-h  a  lnM«:lit.  (»f  !>,0i»0  feel,  (ieiiioni  tin 
inmcipal  town,  slunds  at  mj  feet  al.ove  the  Me.i,  and  villages  are'lomi,! 

f ' 
wii 
atu 


-',MKi  ie(>t. 

Tlio  meiliiim  temperatnro  is  18°  to  L'OO  (j.  in  smiimer,  L'o  to  .PC!  in 
Inter,  with  a  miiiiinnm  of  ir.o  C.  in  tln^  last,  thirty  ei;^dit  v,.a,s  Kiju 
ul  hail  are  freipieiit,  and  j-row  moro  so  with  thetli'NtrnctioiioifoK.its 


MOUNTAIN    AND    I'ASTI'IIK   LANDS  Ol'   UDINK. 

All  reports  concur  in  stalin^r  the  cnllivatcd  mea.lows  at  ahoat  oiit«. 
sixth  of  the  arable  land  in  (he  plain,  planted  with  liicerii  priiicipallv, 
uiid,  unmanured  ov  cared  lor,  they  j,mvo  an  aveiiij,'e  of  foily  <|iiiiita!s  to 
the  acre.  These  meadow  ;,'rasses,  Incern  and  clover,  were  only  intm. 
diuvd  hero  toward  the  be},'iiiiiiiij;  of  tho  century,  and  theil- cultivation 
seems  little  understood.  In  the  more  fertile^ soifoftlu*, sea-side  alM'ttcr 
quality  of  fora},'e  and  a  inonM-areful  cultivation  is  found  on  llieestatcsor 
a  few  larjje  proprietors,  and  here  th(ninpr(>vemeiitof  tlH>st()ck  lias  been 
pursued  with  ^'lowiiiH;  interest.     Some  remarkable  products  arc  slunvii 


ITALY.  nn? 

imlho  ivfiillM  of  «-x|iniiii<-iilM  i-nmiiiciinMl  ciirl.v  in   dm  n'litiiry  l»\ dm 
I'liiHi'ss  llacriuiHtlii. 

Ill  ilii>  iiiomihiiiiM  iht>  ml  Unit  ion  oi'  l>  .  i(.';«  Ih  tinirli  wwwt  rxtciiNlvi', 


I'll! 


l.iiHiiiM  iiIh.iiI  ;iO,(IIMI|n  IO,(HHIan,.N,  Ih 


Hi.n'M  iiiiliiral  |taHliifn({<^  «w«'r.v 


(vl„.ir,  in  llu'  viiIIc.vn  iiimI  IdWtT  IijIIn  rxiirllnil,  (»!'  iiilriior  i|iiiililv  in  llii^ 
liH^'lils.  Tin*  >yln»h(  ul"  lliiH  U'Kinii  is  lull  ul  I.iim.v  piiMuiiil  Ijlr,  i.nl,  of 
III,,  iiMisl.  priinilivi*  (h'Hcrijifioii,  luiil  liir  tioin  |iriiH|icioiiN  iin  it,  Nlionhl  ho 

ttitliHiicli  riiciliticMiind  iiinrciniprovctl  nirllioilH.     Iiiij,'iili»»ii  Im  nuc, « - 

llii,.(|l(MiiM'H  wIm'it  Hiinui  ninmitiiiii  limoU  nni  ImtiirntMl  iim  few  IIiiUIh, 
iiimI  iiiamin^  nil  rcNorvotI,  \\\mv  it  is  poNHitilo,  tor  ilir  wmily  |tliiiiliiliuii 
(irccrnilH. 


in.l.'DINd    AND    DAIUYINd    IN    HDINK 


|»ll^ill^'  IlK^Hnniiiiri  iiimifliH  moiim^  L'rt,(l(»(>  Im>iii|  nlciittlo  ^rriizi'  on  Micmo 
jiasliiifs.  jtiirll.v  lMOon;,'injr  to  tln^  <liHt,iift,  iiml  pintly  to  tlm  plain  Im-Iow, 
III,.  hi-Nl  tiaclMolpaNturo  h ),'  ivnti'il  Uy  MpccnlatorH,  who  nialu^alH 


III! 


sM*)r<-oiiilncttM^Mli(>rn  to  tlicNo  liiM^'litH,  roniltininu  Willi  this  intl 


IM' 

nH< 


liv  11  niiisidciiihic  taltiinition  olMiiiiy  proiliirr,  it-iMMvinj,'  lialCtlin  mill. 
iiiiil  puMliMt  as  tlio  pri('»(  of  past  mo  aiul  faldication.  TIm- cIh-cnc  is  nai(i 
|(il(c»'\(iHciit,  ami  is  ofllin'o  kiinlH:  (liasso  In-Hco,  di  i-onsMva,  ainl 
niiil  or  iiiauro  lor  roiiNUiiiption  on  tho  spot..  This,  with  llii^  Imttor,  is 
jiiitrcl.v  ficmaiiiicd  in  tin'  low  roiinlr.v,  wlicro  no  pidiiinttiun  ol'tiio  UmmI 
,.\  ^,  Ilia' tlials  itrt  way  ill  Ninallcr  <|<>»iiliti<>s  to  N'cnico  iimri'iirstc. 
Tlic  Inst  olllciiil  n-poi'ts  stato  tho  roininctcial  aspccl  of  tlifii'  iniliiHtiy  to 

ImmIIsc ii;;iii},'.     In  only  oim  or  two  tlistiirts  is  thrro  iiny  HaliMliuiiorv 

siilc  or  d iiihI.     It.  is  iiiipossilih^  to  Mscorlain  tho  proportions  ol'iniru 

iiiid  jModiict,  tlio  proceeds  Ikmiij,'  eiitin-ly  priinitivo  and  riislie,  willi  no 
iittt'iitloii  to  any  system.  The  yield  oi  milk  is  staled  at,  U  pounds  per 
(owiiMlie  liit,dieH|,  limit,an<l,  with  IVeHli  pu.Htnro;  later  in  lheKea.son  or 
ill  lulviiiieeil  gestation,  it  deso'iids  to  7  and  to  -I  pounds.  |'"or  cows 
witlioiit  milk  tli(^  price  ol' pasture  lor  the  season  (I'l tun  .lime  t  tn  Sep- 
tc'iilter  I)  is  !}(|.l(>;  if  under  three  years,  li<t  ,  lor  ealscs,  00  eenls. 

CATTI.K  III-'    lllINi;, 

Tlie  ciiltle  of  these  mountains  ar<«  an  intliscriminiito  inixinre  of  all  tho 
iiuTS  oniie  iieij,'Iiiioiiii;,'  pastures— 'I'yrolese,  Hlyriaii,  <!aiinthiaii,  l!el- 
hiiicsc— ;;iiilted  in  the  domestic  animal,  viil.',MrIy  known  as  tlm/ni//rtjm, 
liiriii'ly  reprcseiiled  here,  Inil  liclonjuin;,'  nioi<*  pio|)erly  |(»  the  lower 
lihiiii,  and  one  of  the  niimeroiis  varieti<'s  id'  ii  rac(>  of  animals  now  pre 
(Idiiiiiiaiit,  in  every  part  of  Italy.  The  I'olisine,  l'<'j,'}4ian,  lMit,'liese,  l.'o 
iiiiiii,  Tuscan,  iV(!.,  all  l)eiirtln>  persistent  stamp  of  theHaiin^  ^reat  laniily, 
iiKiililicd  l)y  inlliieiiees  of  elinialmind  siliiatioii. 

I'i'oressnr  Keller,  <d"  I'adiia,  cilin;,'  an  aiithoritative  work  of  I'.lwt, 
'•liiNtractimi  and  (iiiide  to  the  I'.ri'cdin),' (d"  llorneiH 'attle,"  says  :  "  10 \ 
Iciidiii';  linm  the  steppes  of  I'liLsfeni  Kiiropo  and  Asia,  lh<  ro  is  found 
ill  I'odolia,  the  Ukraine,  Volliynia,  lliiiiKJiry,  Moldavia,  Wallachia, 
Tniiisylvania,  and  .Soiillieni  Ifiissia,  a  typical  race,  widely  diiriiscd,  e\ 
tii'iiicly  apt  Inr  labor,  lairly  cii|»alile  (d"  lalteiiin;;,  yieldin;;  in  paiticiiLir 
iiliiiiidliiil  and  excellent  siH't,  but  little  milk'.  ■  Spread  in;,'  into  re;;i<.iis 
Mt  exiciidedniid  various  in  soil,  fora;,'e,  and  other  conditioiiN,  inieniceis 
niiiiiyt-radat ions  of  this  race  dilVerin;,'  in  wei;^dit,  pli.\sical  coiistiliilinn, 
i\;c.  'I'lie  essential  dill'eiences  which  remain  consiant  indicalti  two  siili- 
ilivisions,  the    lliin;,'arian  Traiisylvanian    and    the    I'odoliiin  IMohlere. 

The  toriner  is  : m<r  the  heaviestof  exist  ill};  races  ;  the  .second  is  lower 

ill  stature,  with  shorfer  horns.     As  a  rule,  there  is  no  worse  raci' for 
11.  Kx.  ni 22 


I 


338 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


the  prodmtion  of  milk,  but  thongli  in  small  qiiatuify  tlieir  milk  i« 
tremoly  ri(=li,  and  in  Ilniif'ary  aro  occasionally  fonnd  excellont  .>  '  T 
cows.     Tlii.s  (Icliciency  may  be  exjdained  by  tlio  fact  that  in  tlicjr  „','" 


nal  liomo  the  animals  are  rarely  or  never  milked 


On  the  other  h'l'S" 


head  too  ii-avy,  with  a  neck  excessively  loiif;,  depressed 'ribs  IIk'V)!  i" 
narrow,  and  the  limbs  long  and  ill  furnished  vith  muscle.    Tiij.s  j.s   j 
original  tyjtcof  most  of  the  Italian  races,  and,  more  or  less  alteicd  I 
bmg  dciestication  and  indiscriminate  mixtures,  it  is  the  Dieviil 
element  of  the  slock  of  this  region.  '  '^ 

Another  and  less  numerous  group  is  found  only  here  and  In  (.(>,.(. 


authors  and  iigured  on  ancient  monuments.     The  aniniiil 


iitiii 

»t  1>IVSC|||    i.s 


I'oi  ni  and  under  size. 

These  animals  seem  to  answer  the  present  requirements  of  the  couiitrv 
Avith  the  broken  and  dillicult  nature  of  a  large  i)ortion  of  its  '^mfuv 
the  want  of  irrigation  and  the  imperfect  cultivation  of  the  ri'iininik-i' 
the  region  seems  suited  for  animals  of  general  usefulness,  indiircrt'ht 
to  hardships  and  privation. 

IMPROVING  UDINE  CATTLE. 

The  spirit  of  improvement,  however,  is  active  and  giowju"-  The 
agricultural  community  are  earnest  in  seeking  the  best  means  of  jm. 
l)rovement,  and  the  essays  so  far  made  have  been  attended  with  ;i  sue 
cess  which  attracts  general  attentio..  and  interest.  IndciuMiden'tlv  (.1 
j)rivat:eexi)erinier,ts,  the  provincial  administration  has  expoiKh'dslo'odi) 
during  the  last  lew  years  in  tiie  acquisition  of  choice  reproducers,  hulls 
and  cows,  afterward  transferred  to  private  breeders.  Tlie  cross  con 
sidered  most  successful  so  far  is  with  the  Swiss  race  of  Fr.'il)iirg, 

The  province  Just  described  is  one  of  the  largest  in  tiie  kingd 

emlu-acing  all  varieties  of  surface  and  a  large  jmrtion  of  tlKi^Aliis 
wh  -h  form  its  eastern  extremity.  It  is  mostly  a  i)astoral  rc-ioii,  hut  i:i 
the  jtroimrlion  of  cattle  to  its  surface  ranks  only  sixth  in  the  XCiiciJan 
group,  possessing  2\:2  to  th(!  s(pnire  kilometer,  while  tlie  avcnige  is  li.l, 
with  the  same  inferiority  in  the  (!hara(aer  of  its  races,  and  a">rciitcr 
variety  of  bastard  and  nondescriiit  mixtures.  *' 

CATTLE  IN  TKEVLSO. 

The  adjoining  inland  province  of  Treviso  falls  below  it  both  in  imiii- 
ber  and  (pndity  of  stock,  ollering  only  a  wider  Held  for  the  propiigalioM 
(it  the  same  jiamelcs.-j  nu-dh-y  of  .suhraces,  gemu'aiiy  variiiiioii.s  in  llic 
I'odolian,  wiiich  always  seems  to  displace  other  aiiiiiials  in  the  hot  inid 
shy  i>lains  by  a  s(»rt  of  natural  snrvivance.     This  region,  lying  almost 


ITALY. 


339 


oiitiidy  ill  the  i)laiii,  is  in  luH)  cnltivafinn      Tfc  v,^..+i      t      , 
!„,■  111.  last  foot-i.ilKs  ami  slol)c^  ,     hV^s  XmU  "'«'"'^- 

roacl.  greater  elevations,  is  speciluiy  su  tod  bN  «  fl  ul^'^''.'>'''""'^  ^'^'^« 
uro  for  vino  ^aowinj?.  This  is  at  i)resentt  ..;•,>.  T^  southern  expos- 
province,  and  absoi^s  pnblic  ,m.iou  to  1^?'''' •'''/?'  "'^^^^^*  «f  t»^" 
provements;  so  that  cattle^.reed  l  ^1.  h  .  .H^'f-'"''''^  "'"  "^''«'-  ''"" 
(Icntion  before,  seems  liJa>ly  t(,  revive  s.ll  "-''''y  "'•'•^'^'^'J  '"'i.-h 
.oniplained  that' the  pmsent  stock  'not  s.  if-  "I  V'"  ^■•'^"^*'-  "^^  i^^ 
liiinlly  for  tillage.  '  "''*^  Millicient  lor  .nannre,  anil 

CATTLK   IN   THE   PKOVINCK   OF  mOLLUNO. 


Tlie  piovince  of  Uelhino,  extend 


Alps,  is  of  more  in  teres 


ii  ticcessai'v  resoi 


"o,  extending  north  of  this  to  th.-,  vM^e  ..r  tl 
t.     Here  natmo  l,.,s  m-xln  .>..  1       ■   ^ .    '  '' 
i.is  made  i)astora!  indust 


irce  for  a  large  i)ioi)or(ion  of  t 


pursued  with  increasing  /eal  and  intell 
taiice  as  a  means  of  prosj)ei  ity  foran-'ioi 


'Sence,  they  an 


H'  itdiabitant," 


lie 
ries 
iuid. 


on 


ttl 


e  great  summits  or  lofty  jjlateaus  oi"  tl 


gaining  impop. 


(Iiiit  zone  below  tlu!  limit  of  "eternal 


:'';^':?:■!:'•l*''4'v^-fif"t«^  wm 


'Central  Alps,  it !),.! 


wnt  iiioiintaiii  range,  where  the  rid<'('sbe( 


«"ow  attached  tothe  Hank  of 


OllgS   (() 


iiiid  the  torrents  lose  themselv 


onie  br(d<on  and  i 


hie  tliiiii  the  broader  elevations  above 
mite  Alps,  is  celebiated  for  tin;  viol 


es  in  deep  g„rg,.s,  oft 


eveiy 
tormented. 


Tl 


g'N  otten  more  inhos.tit 


|Mta- 


'i:y(>gion,knownasthel)olo" 


cneeof  itsdislocat 
th< 


ions  and  the  i 


ii;;('soi  us  sireams  ana  ancient  glaciers  aide.l  l.vTi  .      '  '"*'':'v 

t.TMl  of  its  rocky  masse.      Ni.ietiT      f  t's     'Vl  .  l     '  ''f  H"<'til.lo  n.a 
feet,  more  ..r  less:  eleven  .„,.. '1    .  ^^^^'^'l'^'" ''"^^'to  a  height  of  !)''()< 


less  :  elev( 


n  surpass  it,  reachin 


feet.     Vegetation  ceases  ato,«00  leet  'l 
111(1  ciiltivatioii  at  4,0(10.     Deposits  ot 


<n  extreme  of  I0,2(i(; 


ciiiv,  being  always  liabl 
swept  oir  or  buried  under  masses  of    .  „ , ,., 
Only  about  one-thirteenth  part  of  tlH'  sari 
ctilliviitioii,  the  rest  bein 


Himan  habitation  at  al 
^•egetable  soil  are 


:Z':ii'!;!';:.;''-^'^;"';;'i>i^'io(;dit... 


''><>nti.r>7r., 

liii-eand  inse- 
it's,  to  lie 
itioiiy 


of  calculation  spaces  of  totally  1 
is  jtasture  land 


largely  0(;cupied  by  Ibre.st 


i-s  capable  of  any  kind  ol 


►iirren  nxdc,  five-sevenths  of 


•'^t  and,  leaving  out 


tl 


The  lower  and  more  cultivated  vail 


le  whole 


iiid  I'Vitre,  the  priiuMjjal  (owns,  oU 


!('y,i)articiilarly  that  around  iJell 


lino 


iceoiis  calcareous,  rej>osing  on  a  \ 
filoiiicrates,  and  coarse  glacial  detrit 
calcareous  element  jirevails  n 
Venetian  territory,   from   the 
wli 


,  oilers  a  sail  of  moderate  fiMlilit-.; 


IIS 


irying  substratum  of  niari 

H-n'-stofthejuovineen;; 


In  tl 


>*,  con- 


or(^  geiiei-ally  than  in  oth 


cli  (Townall  the  mountains  of  tl 


nnmensi>  mas.ses  of  dolomite  1 


tT  parts  of  the 


and  which 


mas 


give  It  its  striking  character.     Th 


HMegioii,exj,o,«,.,ii„  ,.,,„. 


niiestone 
'iKl  wall.- 


scs,  interruiited  occasionallv  bv  V(d 


«'«t-/'asily  disaggregated' 


IM-Is  of  t.ila,  more  rarely  by  dec^pe  -I  'b  .:      ,      ."  !  f'r  "^  '"•';'"'^  ''^  """ 
s<n.H;  or  sehist  fbrm  thegeohj  of  i^he'^:;nn  a  ,  1^  "'"'"  """  ^-'  ^'""l- 
ma  e,  though  softened  by  southern  rsZ 


s;'t.ceofgr..at  mrumulations  of  snow  ,       r  TTn''''^  ''^'  <''^'  ''''■ 

<'"'  •"*'•>  =""l  ''Wable  temperatu  •■  of^         Yen        .  "*  /'!''  ^'*'"''  '"'«  ""^ 
noises;}  degrees  low..r  in'the  m    II    r  i    -dl  ''.'''"'''r^''''  "^'''•'S*' 

b-cts  has  all  the  s,.veritv  of  alp    (',„,:'''    >,/'''•'  '".  '''^'  '"^'l'<'r  iUs. 
"'  <i.!'-'^  C.  and  siiowfallof  b{(      ('  '     '^''  ''  '"*'''"""  f«''''lH>rature 

All  flwiw,.  ,l.,f _  .     ^  • 


li( 


All  these  data  suppose  a  rude 


igiiitoiirig'iyn,!,  of  wliid,  n 


pastoral  life,  m 


tension,  iiiid  t 

ship.     'Jhc  resemblai 


he  animals  of  the  region  bear  tl 


ic  province  is  ind.cd  but  (I 


.merging  into  that  of  the 


ic  southern  e.\. 


ie<^   Is  sa  el 


"'"'"a'l' the  tyiH' known  asth.-  l!e|| 


o>^<'  that  it  is  an 


•me  stamp  of  lelat 


iiiisettled   (]uesti 


""•'•^o  IS  not  a  simple  mod 


lon- 

OII 


i  Ileal 


1011 


I 


340 


cattlt:  and  dairy  farming. 


of  tbo  Tyrolese.    Both  are  of  middling  stature,  with  the  coat  of  m.ir 
color  aud  sliort-curved  horus;  both  are  very  much  iuferior  toflu.  i   •'" 


as  milk  producers,  with  excelleut  qualities  for  labor  and  fatteiii'lK'^^^'*'? 

fi>rago,  has  the  same  texture  aiid'tlim!! 


the  meat  of  both,  with  the  same „_, „  v^^mit:  • 

Add  to  this  the  eflict  of  contact  aiTd'intermixturefoTs'o^m'u,!!''^*^'" 
turies,  and  their  present  alliuity  hardly  admits  a  doubt.    The  sn  ^^". 
traits  of  the  lielliiuese  are  a  shorter  head,  with  the  <:ar  much  si'.  iV' 
and  the  jye  more  prominent  aud  vivacious,  the  chest  broader  iml  n  ' 
ribs  more  open  and  rounded.    He  is  more  short-coupled  witli  l'    i  ' 
shorter  and  thicker  at  the  knees ;  his  coat  is  more  decidedlv  sriv     i"i 
that  of  the  Tyrolese  is  tawney  aud  whitish,  with  a  thicker  •uhi'  7    "^ 
porons  skin,  aud  the  horns  less  robust  aud  of  a  lighter  tint'of  hi    ["^ 
The  Tyrolese  cow  gives  rather  more  milk,  but  both  raceb  are  dooili.  ^   i' 
enduring  for  labor,  while  the  Belluuese  has  a  special  tendencv  to  rltf" 
and  a  remarkable  precocity  of  development,  attributed  totheahmw  o     ' 
of  terrons  oxides  furnished  by  the  rocks  (dolomic  aud  calcareona  n.? 
bonates)  ot  these  mountains.    At  two  years  the  bull  is  ant  for 
creation ;  many  assert  that  he  is  so  at  eighteen  months ;  at  the  simn^'^'^' 
(two  years)  the  ox  is  capable  of  hard  labor,  and  at  three  years  coinmn   i 
the  highest  price  for  slaughter;  it  is  rarely  the  case  that  heifers  nro?,! 
impregnated  before  the  end  of  the  second  year.    It  is  quite  nos8ihlp  f  i  "I 
this  precocity  may  not  persist  in  the  race  when  removed  from  its  nnr 
locality,  and  it  is  liable  to  entail  a  corresponding  teudence  to  eaiiy  (1? 

Some  breeders  assert  this  animal  to  be  superior  to  the  T\  rolow  a   i 
propose  to  adopt  it  as  the  type  best  suited  to  the  region  i'lr  )rovi„„  • 
by  selection,  without  further  mixture  of  foreign  blood,  unless  ner  ?. ! 
with  the  view  to  obtain  a  better  yield  of  milk  in  certain  district^     a 
bull  of  this  race  has  been  installed  as  official  reproducer  bv  tlio  ntrr- 
cultural  board  of  Conegliano  and  the  surrounding  region  in  the  npi^i ' 
boring  province  of  Treviso,  and  others  are  to  be  found  in  Padua  ami 
Vicenzsi.    In  the  meanwhile  the  commercial  importance  of  the  stoft  . 
attested  by  the  growing  demand  both  for  labor  and  slaughter  in  varim  ! 
l)aits  ot  Italy,  and  the  sale  and  exportation  of  uearlvall  the  annual  Z 
<luction  ot  beeves  and  bullocks,  together  with  a  sixth  of  the  cows 

Tiie  whole  subject  of  breeding  and  treatment  is  becoming'  tlioilon.i 
naut  interest  of  the  community.  The  provincial  administration  inaintiiN 
tour  veterhiary  stations  at  different  points,  where  competent  snociaiiss 
not  only  superintend  the  management  of  animals  and  report  on  tbo  r 
condition,  but  hold  a  school  for  instructing  the  population  in  the  best 
modes  of  care  and  management.  Private  proprietors  are  pavino-  inon- 
attention  to  the  improvement  of  their  stock,  and  reproducing  stations 
niamtamed  by  communal  authorities,  are  becoming  frequent  The  Gov' 
ernment  in  Italy  does  not  implant  such  stations  directly,  but  encourages 
their  creation  by  i)rizes  and  subsidies  to  the  iugrative  of  indiviaaals''or 
associations.  The  same  zeal  is  shown  in  the  construction  of  stables  on 
a  better  system  tore])l..oe  the  pestilential  hovels  where  the  animals  -id 
the  peasant  family  formerly  sought  shelter  and  warmth  together  at  the 
expense  ot  liealth  in  the  long  winters,  as  well  as  of  sheds  necessary  for 
protection  in  the  bleak  mountain  pastures. 

An  indication  of  the  progress  nnule  is  found  in  the  expressions  used 
ill  an  inquest  formerly  made  on  the  subje(!t  under  the  Austrian  (Jovoin- 
iiieiit,  speaking  of  the  cattle  of  Belluno;  "  These  animals  in  four  or  live 
,>,.i..,  i!,,,,  ,,„<„  oiiij  i  liijintiiiij;  «izr,  aiKiare  notsuHcei>til»le»tI  liuliicr 
growth  without  choice  and  costly  food.  The  tradersof  tiie  deiiartnient 
of  the  Tagliamento  (Udine)  buy  both  oxen  and  cows,  which,  traiispoited 


ITALY. 


341 


to  11  ivii'iou  of  more  succulent  forrt{,'o,  resumo  their  growth,  and  give  a 
liirijc  |)i«)lifc  to  the  purchaser.  In  conse(iuence  the  district,  although 
jiosscssiiig  ill)  inierior  rnco,  is  alwsiys  sure  of  a  ready  sale  for  it." 

Uiidor  the  title  "  forage"  occurs  the  following:  "  Some  few  farmers 
lijivc  coiiiiiienced  the  cultivation  of  lucern  {mcdivc).  The  peasants  fiiul 
{Tioiit  (lilliciilty  ill  drying  this  grass  so  as  to  i)revent  the  pulverization 
of  tlie  leaves,  a  difficulty  they  caiuiot  surmount  for  want  of  an  acquaint- 
iiiicc  with  tiie  proper  method  of  proceeding  in  the  case."  These  short 
quotations  c(;mment  each  other;  at  i)re8ent  lucern  and  clover  are  cul- 
tiviiti'd  wlierever  cultivation  of  any  kind  is  possible,  though  tlie  product 
is  still  f;ir  from  large.  In  elevated  regions  they  are  replaced  by  natural 
/orage  so  wholesome,  nourishing,  and  aromatic  as  to  render  the  exten- 
sion of  artiticial  meadows  almost  useless. 

TIio  i)liiiits  which  occur  most  frequently  in  these  mountain  pastures 
iHO,  riilcim  ali)imm,  AlopecvrvH  gerardi,  Af/rostis  canina,  t^islvsia  ccc- 
mica,  I'oa  alpina,  Festuca  durivscula,  Kailcria  fjrandiflora,  Trisctmn  Jla- 
mccns,  Aira  flexuosa,  Atjrostis  milgarin,  Nardua  aristata,  and  in  still 
more  elevated  positions  the  Agrostis  alpina  and  rupeniris,  and  iha  Arena 
schcuchzcri. 

Tlic  arable  surface  of  the  province  is  30,000  acres,  and  that  producing 
forage  of  all  kinds,  175,000;  of  which  temporary  cultivated  meadows 
take  up  8,000;  permanently  cultivated,  42,000;  natural  pastures, 
124,000. 

Finally  it  nuiy  be  said  that  the  cattle  of  this  province  appear  to  be 
assuming  the  consistent  and  distinctive  character  of  a  special  race, 
songlit  and  imjmrtcd  as  such  into  the  surrounding  region.  Whether  it 
will  sui)plaiit  the  Tyrolese,  so  generally  resorted  to  i'or  breeding  and 
slaiigliter,  is  doubtful.  Whether  it  possesses  merits  sullicient  to  make 
it  desirable  for  imi)ortation  into  the  United  States  is  nu)re  doubtful  still, 
ill  presence  of  the  pure  Tyrolese,  which  seems  to  preserve  in  a  higher 
degree  its  special  race  (pialities. 


DAIRYING  IN  IlELLUNO. 

Another  effect  of  the  same  progressive  impulse  has  been  the  intro- 
diicJon  of  a  better  system  of  dairy  industry.  The  prevailing  accounts 
from  every  quarter  of  this  Venetian  territory  n^present  this  class  of 
])rodiietioii  as  being  everywhere  more  or  less  neglected,  or,  at  best,  fab- 
ricated by  the  most  antiquated  methods  to  suit  the  rough  taste  of  the 
coiintry  coiisuiiier,  in  most  cases  for  family  use  (hdy,  and  not  of  a  <iuality 
to  find  a  market  abroad  where  there  was  a  surplus  to  export.  The 
modest  export  from  the  province  of  Udine  has  already  been  mentioned, 
and  here,  with  the  moderate  i)roduct  of  milk  and  the  scarcity  of  other 
resources,  something  more  could  be  added  to  the  economy  of  tlie  region. 
This  is  now  taking  a  practical  form,  thanks  to  the  intelligeiice"aiid 
energy  of  a  |)arish  priest  of  the  valley  of  Agordo,  who,  in  imitation  of 
the  Swiss  "chalets"  and  of  the  "  fruiteiies"  of  the  French  ilura,  founded 
the  first  associated  <laiiy,  "Latteria  Soeiale,"  in  his  village  in  1872. 
The  idea  was  simple,  and  immediately  realized  a  sensible  advantage 
and  it  has  siiure  exteiidetl  as  rapidly  as  eould  be  expected  in  this  iso- 
lated and  difficult  region.  A  <;ommuiiity  or  a  neighborhoixl  contribute 
the  modest  means  at  their  disposal  tor  installing  a  l)oiler,  a  store  room, 
Hiid  tlu;  ti'Vv  JieecHsary  iiiijdeiiient.s,  the  mosi,  iuiproved  possibU',  ami 
employ  an  exiwrienced  practician  to  <;,irry  on  the  industry.  They  then 
bring  in  their  surplus  milk  daily,  of  which  a  sti'iet  account  is  kept, 


342 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


ami,  at  tho  »ri(l  of  tho  season,  receive  in  exchange  a  prohortio..  it.,  i 
of  the  product,  or  at  choice,  a  credit  on  the  fstablisl  ,ne  ^  S  .  ''?''^ 
takes  to  dispos.  of  the  n,erchandise.  The  advantages  are  the  n  on'/'n  " 
employment  ot  much  surplus  milk,  which  wouUl  otherwise  n^?^'''' 
wasted,  a  more  econon,ical  fabrication,  and  a  better  disi)ori  of  i.  '^  "•" 
uct  by  the  agency  of  the  establishment.  "'*<Posal  ot  the  prod 

A  recent  account  estimates  the  gain  thus  realized  on  a  hun.lr«,i ,  •, 
grams  ot  milk  about  as  foUown:  "untired  kilo. 

One  hundred  kilograms  of  milk  would  give: 


Artiulea. 


Baftor. 
Oliccso  , 
Curds  .. 


Bandied  at  home. 


Quantity. 


Kilog. 
3.00 
7.00 
3.00 


Total . 


Value. 


-At  the  BHsodatod 
iluiiy. 


Quantity 


^„  _  Kilot. 

*»9I  3.400 

1  •)■>  7. 30 

^0  !        3. 300 


Valno. 


t1  41 

124 

40 

3  03 


Sup])os.ng  the  quantity  of  milk  disposable  to  be  about  '»4  000  noh  , 
kilograms  in  the  province,  the  product,  amounting  in  ho  hS'  " ''* 
lome  liibrication.  to  8547.200.  would  ho  inov^....^^  ut  ^i.'     >  V^^i  '"^s**  of 


I — ............  ^^.^  |»*wYni,v,  luu  i»ii»uiici,  araountlliff  ]]>  tlio  Hr.t.f  '       ■" 

home  fabrication,  to  8547,200,  would  be  increased  by  the  '  d,  i,  v?^  o ''?  °^' 
to  .*  -.•55,300,  a  gain  of  $188,100.  *  ^'"'  ^    ^^^^^^^ 

In  1880  there  existed  forty  of  these  dairies,  in  more  or  less  nro.norn 
operation,  and  public  opinion  favored  their  multipliciSf    Tt      **"' 

Jt  is  contested  in  some  quarters,  however,  whether  their  nrodiH.t.  n 
ever  compivte  for  quality  with  those  of  Lombardv  and  S  v  tzer     .1     ' 
account  ot  the  inferior  nature  of  the  forage,  and  this    rmbS  •     ^^'  "" 
bonded  by  their  promoters;  but  even  if  tbU  be  sMbe^wiS^^^^^^^^^ 
a  large  homo  and  regional  demand.  ^  "^''^"^  ^'"^ 


Upnalionii  and  results  of  name  axHodaie.  dam 


v,on,hs,fro,n  OctoU^'x  Z  U^/r'"'"  "^  '''''"'"">'''  ^'J'^ 


C'uuiuiune. 


A  uordo 

Kiilcado ' 

(!iinali' 

V.illada '.'.[') 

Viiltnito I 

!.ii  vaiio ;.■;;■ 

lIllIl'IlZO I 

Hiiit'uzo "  j 

Iliiri'iizo \\\\ 

lliiniizo ! 

SoHpcroIo i 

Fm!i<:  Z."!,!o : 

DoIiiiPBgo ! 

I'ioavo I 


Number 

of 

cows. 


2  IS 
03 

V2-i 
17 

104 

iir. 

187 
41) 
08 

ll<8 
1(1 
72 

208 
05 


Number 

of 

daya. 


in.'i 

103 

2«7 

»U 

180 

203 

iri8 

14(1 

180 

187 

60 

31 

183 

210 


Quantity  of 

milk 
broutfht  In. 


Total  product  obtained. 


Kilot. 

II 2,.')  HI.  000 

42,  400.  000 

8t.0;),^0.)0 

«,  4.VJ.  OCO 

78,  7.')0.  000 

0.1,  8X0. 101) 

lll,74».«.-0 

20,  B30. 0.-0 

M,447.2.'-.0 

1I!>,  047. 4.10 

4, 0,')7.  000 

7, 040.  *)U0 

l-'>2,084.  000 

78, 15,-,.  150 


Butter. 


Kiliit. 
.'i,ui:i.(ioo 

1,401.180 

2,  082.  000 

107.  000 

2,  .17.').  000 

3,  203.  700 
3,281.780 

744.710 
1,794.5.10 
3, 0.ia.  000 

2;i8.  7(iU 
3,  300. 270 
1,844.850 


Clioeso. 


Jyiliif, 

7,  Olio,  ono 

3,184.800 

«,  080.  000 

400,  000 

fi.  2lln.  000 

0,  7!fi.  000 

»,  457.  80,1 

2. 078.  cut) 

4,  57.1.  050 

0,«.V,.7-0 

27?.  (!Oii 

527.  000 

11,378.080 

:■,  882. 550 


Curds. 


Kilog. 
2,  H.'O.  lion 
1,27.'I.KOO 

2,  .'kin.  win 

174.  OOO 
2,  ;iGJ  IIIIO 
2,  4K5.  TiOll 
4,  008.  (1(1(1 

1,  I20.;(i0 

2.  ;iSN  7(HI 

4,  (177.  8W 

■■II  m) 

250.  .lOO 

5.  111.000 
2,  b7,'i.  UJO 


ITALY.  348 

Operalions  and  renitlla  of  some  associate  dairies^  <fo.— Contuiuod. 


Coniiniiiic. 


A^'OTll'i 

Kiili'i"!'' 


Ci 


Valliiilii 

V(llt:l'-" 

I,;iV;illi' 

IIlllTIll"> 

IliMciizi)  ..  . 

Iliircnzo 

lliiiviiz" 

Sospeiolo 

ImmmoZiiIiIci- 
])nlnic:;^'0... 
I'iavu 


Soiling  prlct!». 


Buttor. 


Lire. 
'J.  0.) 
'.'.00 
'J.  00 
1.70 

5!  07 

2.  00 
•2.  CO 
2.00 
2.00 
1.00 
l:82 
1.00 
2.00 


Obt'cse. 


Lire. 
0.  o."-. 

(I.  «,■> 
1.40 
1.00 

0.  «.■< 

0.  02 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 

i.no 

1.00 
1.00 

1.  :>{) 

1.35 


Total 

valuu. 


Curdg. 


Lire. 
0.00 
0.  -;i 

0.70 
0.  70 
0.00 

0.  r>;i 

0.  70 
0.75 
0.70 
0.70 
0.70 
0.70 
0.  00 
0.55 


Produrt    per  100  kilo- 
graiuw  of  milk. 


i'% 


ilutter.  CI1UC80. 


Lire. 

10,  000.  05 

0, 757.  80| 

17, 005.  00 

0.')5.  70 

12, 770.  95 

i4,;i87.yo, 

24,021.041 

.5,  (160.  06 

12,.'-.HI.27| 

21,044.  :n  I 

5Hi.;).5: 

1,  i;io.  .w 

20,  .'■.oil.  2:1 
l.'i,  171.  02; 


Kihii. 
;t.  200 

!i.  :i(io 

It.  500 

;).  0(10 
i).  ;)co 
a.  510 

2.  PfiO 

2. 7^•o 

3.  IHO 

2.  5-.0 

3.  100 

;j.  :)87 

2  220 
2.  :!60 


Jiilos. 
7.110 
7.  500 
«.  000 
7.700 
7.  000 
7.  240 
H.  242 
7.  720 
H.  007 
K.  050 

«.  k:io 

7.475 
7.  4:10 
7.000 


^      5 


ig.i 


Curds.  !°«S;«^|-i 


KllOK. 

2.  500 

;t.  000 
;).  000 

2.  700 

;i.  000 

2.  04H 

4.  000 

4.  mo 

4.200 

3.  000 
2  110 

3.  :,K\ 

3.  350 
3.6t>0 


°c.  h 

7.5 

8.0 

K.O  I 
7.0 
7.0 
5-15 
3-5 
.5-0 
7.0 

n 

H.0 
20.0 

io.o' 


8fl 

36 

30 

42 

30 

30-24 

24-12 

24-12 

24-12 

11 

IH 

22-11 

12 

20 


NoTi;  -  li.V  8ul).stitufinj;  pounds  for  kiloRraiiis  in  (ho  roluiuiw  of  qnantitleB,  tlio  lolutive  lesults 

will  bo  iiiuro  .ipt' lulily  iciiliztid  by  tlio  Anioricnu  rcaddr. 


Curds. 

Kilog. 

100 

2,  HJO.  1100 

lOO 

I,27.'I.K0() 

JOO 

2,  :iW.  ma 

00 

174.000 

00 

2,  ■M2  (IIIU 

uo 

2,  iK,.  50(1 

41:1 

4,  0(18.  0(10 

H) 

1,  IL'0.:(;0 

50 

2.  ;iSH  70(1 

VO 

4,  077.  8")0 

«i! 

•:i!.  m) 

10 

250.  .'•)00 

HO 

5.111.000 

jO 
1 

2,  b7,'i.  UJU 

PROVINCK   OF  VICENZA. 

The  rei>i()ii  just  described,  einbracin*?  tiie  valleys  of  the  riavo  aud  its 
coiilliu'iit-s,  is  the  only  wholly  Alpine  and  pastoral  i)rovincc  of  the  ter- 
litoiy.  The  Austrian  frontier,  now  advancinjj  suddenly  southward  to 
eiiibiiK'o  llio  disputed  Trentino  valley,  crosses  the  Brenta  only  10  miles 
from  entraiKte  into  the  Venetian  plain  at  Bassano,  leaving  the  last  monnt- 
iiiii  si)ins  to  i'orni,  with  the  broad  terrace  at  their  feet,  the  province  of 
Vic(Mi/a.  TheiJrenta  and  the  Astico,  in  close  proximity  at  their  sonrces, 
(livorge  imiiie«liately  aud  inclose  between  them  the  Aliiine  portion  of 
tlie  iiiovince,  the  peculiar  district  known  as  the  "  Seven  Communes," 
a.ssi{;iie(l  by  tradition  as  the  refuge  of  the  Cimbri,  defeated  by  Marins, 
ami  iiiliabited  at  present  by  a  population  sjieaking  an  ancient  Snabian 
(liak'ct,  a  bleak  plateau  of  about  48,000  acres,  with  a  nearly  uniform 
elevation  of  about  3,200  feet,  girdled  by  mountains  of  from  (5,000  to  7,000 
icot,  and  it;i  chief  town,  Asiago,  2,900  feet  above  the  sea.  Exposed  to  the 
lirevailiiig  nortliwest  Wind  from  the  snows  behind,  the  mean  annual  tem- 
lieratme  is  7°  C,  witli  a  maximum  of  +200.1  ai;d  a  minimum  of — IS, 
wliilo  the  meeting  of  this  cold  current  with  the  equally  ]»revalent  moist 
.sirocco  from  tlie  phiin  below  causes  an  abundance  of  rain,  unknown  to 
any  otiicr  itart  of  Italy,  a  medium  rainfall  for  three  years  of  1,70;{.0 
iiiiliiiiu'ters  toward  tiie  center,  and  of  2,(>1'.»  at  its  southeastern  border. 
Tins  remarkable  humidity  and  the  excellent  soil  derived  from  the  cre- 
taceous and  dolomitic  masses,  tufa  and  red  sandstone  of  the  surround- 
iiij;'  peaks,  ]»rodnce  a  luxuriant  growth  of  forest  and  jiasture,  and  make 
this  the  grazing  region  of  the  whole  province. 

MOUNTAIN  nEKDING  AND  1)AIUV1N(}   IN  VICENZA. 

Tliecattk'!  of  the  lowland  are  driven  here  iu  great  numbers  to  ])as8 
the  Slimmer  months',  and  the  irregular  fabrici-viion  of  <lairy  products 
(hiring  tills  "montication,"  as  it  is  (taUed,  rei  .  .nts  nearly  ail  its  in- 
ihustiy  (»['  iiic  kind,  the  phiiu  being  taken  u[>  witli  tlio  cultivation  of 
cereals.  This  mountain  industry  recalls  that  of  JJelluno,  but  in  better 
coiuUlioiis. 


344 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FAIiMINO. 


Tlie 


pastures  aro  oxcolleiit  for  siir,  topofiruphv,  uiul  licih-rcn     m, 
breed  of  cattle,  not  native,  but  a  lonfj-cloniesticiitc-il  race  of  Tvmi  '^ 

«wis.s,  the  cows  of  the  district  beiu/,'  Swiss  and  tlic  best  ii.ili!-  .riTl?*^ 
part  of  Italy,  the  lowland  (tattle,  an  old  stock  crossed  aiu  IrVl  . 
with  Tyrolese  till  the  rac.e  has 'become  Rimeral  1  Sm  l?  .rf.''* 
northern  part  of  the  province.  They  are  strong,  iluck-set  animal  Jm 
small  horns,  short,  thick  nock, and  muscular  limbs;  ondurin-  W  i  "' 
and  heavy  in  their  movements;  the  coat  whitish  or  li^ht  rn-.v  nn^^ 
Swiss  cows  are  much  lower  in  stature,  a  darker  grav  n  colm-  «.'..  "  . 
black  and  red  according  to  their  origin;  not  iiK)re  than  4ileit,il!'!'!' 
with  delicate  limbs  ant'  voluminous  dugs.    Along  with^thcso  .1  ' 

cate<l  Swiss  cattle  are  numbers  of  more  recent  introduction  Iw'i;'"^:'*^'" 
principally  to  the  distri(!t  of  Viceiiza,  and  modified  from  their  .,'i.I'v''^' 
tyi)c  by  long  residence  there.  Uf  a  peculiar  breed  from  tlie  v-  1.  ^ 
dana,  where  tliey  are  bred  expressly  for  milking,  thev  are  ki.mv  i  "' 
as  the  (!0w  of  Schwytz.  With  a  soft  and  pliable  skin  they  hue.  1 
spotted  with  brown  and  bla(;k;  around  the  eves,  iihside  the  <>i  •  fi'l^i"''^ 
oftheback  and  thedugs,  white;  with  thehuulerpartt^^^^^^^^^^ 


at  most. 

Of  these  and  the  migratory  herds  from  below,  some  10,000  catti,-  .ro 
collected  hero  during  the  summer  months,  of  which  5,500  beloiHrtn  S 
district  with  1,500  calves.  They  are  guarded  by  the \>ropiieff  on^ 
ant  ot  the  land,  wiio  undertakes  their  keeping  either  for  Tr.f 
money  or  a  share  in  the  |no<lucts  of  a  dairy  attached  to  the  vmS 
which  makes  a  part  ot  the  speculation.  The  milk  of  the  herd  isS' 
lee  e.l  hero  twice  a  day;  and  being  ()i»erate(i  on  in  the  best  cuiKUtions 
ot  freshness  ami  temperature,  gives  a  largo  yield  of  butter  and  Sm 
much  esteemed  in  the  neighboiing  provinces.  Ordinarily  the  j)rit'o ot' 
pasturage,  when  taken  in  kind,  is  one-half  of  the  milk  and  ,uoduct 
or  cows  without  milk,  |)5  to  $(i,  according  to  abundance  and  .malitv  of 
orage.  llio  yiel.l  ol  milk  varies  with  the  state  of  the  pasture  nd  oi 
the  animal,  better  and  more  abundant  at  the  outset  witli  l™  in 
cropped  and  diininisliing  as  the  season  advances.  Avera-in-  tliis  <1  ' 
terenee,  an  ordinary  cow  is  supposed  to  give  4  to  4^  liters" ol'inijkir 
day.  i 

15UTTEU  AND  OIIEESE  MAKING  IN  VICENZA.. 

In  107  of  these  m.-uiitain  <lairies  are  made  three  kinds  of  duvsn 
lor  the  "Grassodafrutta"  the,  milk  is  used  unskimmed  and  entire  .1,(1 
in  the  early  season  j.rodiices  .'W  jiounds  to  the  hundred  liters=  "(iUr,! 
hHis;  later,  20-132.     In  one  of  these  pastures,  celebrated  for  tliemwli'tv 
of  Its  products,  a  small  portion  of  butter  must  be  removed,  the  cxces 
sive  ri(-hnes.s  of  tlu^  milk  making  the  cheese  diflicult  to  keen     After 
this  the  "  i)ecorin(>  "—half  cream— and  tlu',  «'  magro,"  of  si<iiniiK.(l  milk 
are  made  lor  the  use  of  the  neighborhood.    Of  "magro"  a  liuiHircd 
liters  ot  milk  give  about  22  pounds:  each  pouml  of  butter  taken  from 
the  milk  lessens  the  yield  of  cheese  by  2  pounds. 

In  full  season  tho  same  (luantitv  of  milk  trivija  oi  .>nM"'!"  of  butter 
more  or  less,  according  to  the  quality  of  forage"  The"inethod's  of  fabricu' 
tion  are  those  ot  tho  farm-house,  without  a  thermometer  or  otlier  rational 
instrument,  depeudiii|((?ntirelyou  tho  tag(  mid  experience  oftl^c  aair>. 


ITALY.  345 

man,  but  Uio  material  is  so  good  and  so  liberally  euiplovetl  that  these 
products  luiiiish  most  of  the  lowlaiul  eousumjition,  ancrare  begiiuiiiiL' 
to  be  songlit  in  its  markets  for  exportation.  Tins  district  contains 
iiboiit  44,000  acres  of  natural  pasture,  with  little  cultivation  of  any 
Kind,  the  rest  of  its  surface  being  covered  by  forests. 

DAIllYING  IN  TnE  LOWLANDS  0¥  VIC'ENZA. 

Here  and  in  the  lower  province  the  cows,  during  the  autumn,  winter 
jiiid  siding,  give  little  more  than  a  half  ration  of  milk,  and  the  insig- 
iiilicant  pioduction  of  half-skimmed  mezzomagro  cheese  is  consumed 
iit  home.  They  are  kei)t,  in  the  lowliuid  districts,  njostly  in  tlie  stable 
by  llie  proprietor  or  by  an  industreal,  who  follows  up  his  trade  in  the 
iiionutaiiiH,  rents  the  eow-house  and  buys  lorage  of  some  farmer  short 
ol"  cattle  on  a  singular  traditional  contract,  which  gives  him  right  of 
pastmage,  after  the  first  cutting,  straw  at  discretion,  about  a  cord  of 
wood  and  150  faggots  for  every  12  loads  hay  he  buys,  an«l  1  liter  of 
wine  every  holiday .  In  return  ho  gives  all  the  manure  at  the  end  of  the 
season,  li  pounds  of  cheese,  and  the  same  weight  of  butter  for  each 
load  of  hay. 

The  cows  are  not  fed  on  straw  stubble  or  Iirdlau  corn  leaves,  as  are 
beeves,  but  on  grass  and  hay  from  natural  nu^adows.  These  cow-houses 
are  mostly  coulined  to  the  district  of  Vicenza,  and  are  all  very  nuich 
on  the  same  plan,  a  long,  low  construction,  with  a  tile  of  animals  on  each 
side,  sejiarated  by  low  partitions  of  wood  3  fc^t  2  inches  high  and  5 
feet  8  long,  leaving  between  them  a  stall  (>  feet  C  wide  for  two  animals, 
with  a  llooring  raised  (J  or  8  inches  from  the  alley  of  5  feet  wide  down 
tbc  middle;  grated  windows  over  the  heads  of  the  cattle,  sometimes 
glazed  ill  winter.  The  ealveh  are  tied  ui)  promiscuously  at  one  end  of 
the  stable  in  a  space  left  for  the  purpose. 

All  this  lower  section  of  the  province,  the  summer  residence  of  wealthy 
families  IVoni  the  neighboring  cities,  aVid  containing  an  unusual  number 
of  their  large  estates,  shows  at  once  the  benelit  of  such  i';  class  of  i)ro- 
prjetors,  many  of  whom  occupy  themselves  with  the  breeding  of  cattle, 
so  that  by  their  examido  as  well  as  their  iininedlato  agency  tiie  breetl 
of  the  country  has  been  nearly  transformed. 

The  climate  of  this  region  is  one  of  the  best  tempered  of  the  territory, 
free  from  the  cixeessive  humidity  of  the  plateau  above  and  lew  subject 
to  the  long  droughts  of  the  lower  plain.  The  di«erenee  from  that  of  the 
mountain  district  Just  described  is  strongly  marked  by  the  advance  of 
from  llfteeu  days  to  a  month  in  the  harvests. 

At  Vicenza  the  medium  temperature  is  .>lo  R  for  the  year,  with  an 
ordinary  cold  of  UO.l  at  the  lowest  in  winter,  and  an  average  heat  of  87.1 
for  midsummer,  and  a  very  regular  traiiHition  of  seasons;  injurious 
droui,'lits  rare,  exi-ept  in  the  most  southern  districts. 

In  the  valley  of  the  Brenta,  the  soil,  mostly  caUiareous,  is  only  of 
middling  <iuality,  but  there  is  considerable  cultivation  of  tbrage,  'and 
the  breednig  of  cattle  is  followc<l  with  a  care  ami  intelligeuiie  that 
make  H.issano.at  the  opening  of  the  plain,  an  important  cattle  market, 
and  the  interest  in  this  industry  increases  in  descending  to  the  neighbor- 
ing proviiice  of  Padua,  which  is  its  i)rincipa!  center  for  Venetia. 

West  of  the  Hrenta  the  torrential  impetuosity  of  the  streams  which 
traverne  ihis  iutennediato  region  between  jdaiinind  mountain,  and  par- 
ticularly (d  the  Astico,  has  accumulated  a  dejjositof  tin?  glacial  detritus 
ot  the  ui)p('r  valley,  making  the  subsoil  of  this  central  portion  of  the 
pi'ovmce  little  wore  than  a  bed  of  stoucs  and  gravel,  Boiuetimes  varied 


346 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


by  u  ro'igh  conpfloinersite of  tJie  suine  niuteiials  thinly  covcml  i ,.  i 
ot  vogetable  soil  rarely  reaching  the  <lepth  of  one  half  yard  1:1.  r'^"l 
l).y  the  poroius  nature  of  the  mass  below,  and  by  the  Immei'.,..  *"''' 
tain  localities  of  8i>ritigs  and  Hubterranean  streaii.s.  This  nin  ■  .,  V''*''"' 
l)er/uits  11  considerable  growth  of  forage,  and  the  district  o fTl.-r  ''' 
ports  a  number  of  cattle  little  inferior  to  that  of  districts  more  g .  li,!",','*- 


ports 
fertile. 

The  territory  remaining  to  the  west  of  this  and  forminir  tlu*  ..„..  , ' 
vato.1  i.ortioiis  of  the  province  of  Verona  offers  the  same  ge  ,.  I  ?''• 
alter,  and  may  be  regarded  as  an  extension  of  the  same  le  ri'  ,''' 
alps  show  much  the  same  broken  stratification,  with  a  nredom  ^^** 

<!retaceons  rocks,  and  more  frecpient  irruptions  of  prismatic      i*' "*" 
phous  basalt  and  basaltic;  tufa.  l"-ismatic  and  amor. 

IJe.yond  the  Adige  the  transition  to  the  Lombard  plain  is  forin..,l  u.  ♦. 
moiiune  ot  the  great  glacier  which  once  occupied  the  bed  of  t  .  Y  ■  *'"' 
(.aida,  through  whose  confused  masses  of  gravel  and  bowlrW     *•''"'' 
sorts  and  dimensions  the  emissary  stream,  theMincio,has  wonHf«V" 
often  deeply  incased,  toward  the  lowland  of  Mantua.  ^  "''''' 

FROM  MOUNTAIN   TO   LOWLAND   STOCK-RAISING. 

Tliesoil  of  this  province,  a  portion  of  the  same  alluvion  win.  h 
western  part  ot  that  of  Vicenza,  formed  by  theconflueuts  (T  1. .  1 V^'"' 
an  elevated  and  rather  undulated  plain,  is  generaUy  fertile  '11"^' 
<lei.os.ted  by  smaller  streams,  jireseuts  less  broadly  marked  dr.  ''« 
(.1  coMipositiou  ill  neighboring  localities,  always  subject  howe  i  f"!'^" 
general  law  that  its  materials  are  coarLer  and  lesTminSo!^ 
h-vH-s  toward  the  points  where  the  streams,  issuing  from  the  1  n  .mfi  • ' 
valley,  deposit  their  heavier  burden,  carrying  their  liner  s  J  "  "'" 
form  a  deeper  and  richer  soil  below.'  A  chemicarun  vsis  '.''"^  '•'? 
iound  at  base  of  the  hills,  at  nearly  equidistant  poTit^TtlLn?  '"" 
iron,  east  to  west,  will  giv«,  an  idea  of  the  material  whicl  eri  er  i  i^'ll" 
composition.  ^"ii^r  into  its 


loj^redionts. 


Silicic  acid 

(.'.iK'arcoii.s  caiboimto  . 

Aiiiiiiina 

Oi;jniii(!  iiiiittcr , 

Tel  lie  ;ici(l 

I.iino 

I'liiwplinld  of  putiiHSa  . 

AI:i;:ii('sia 

AIKaliiio  Halts 

Water  Hiiil  losH 


.partH. 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 


Near  Eoiicu 

to  tlio  caHl, 

buHaltic. 


'""a,  col. 
vureouii. 


Total. 


70 
"l.'t  " 

:• 

4.  M 
» 
2 
1 

i.'so' 

100 


4.') 
'.'8 
H 

7.60 
U 


1 

2 
2.60 


JOO 


Thesame  raties  already  described  are  still  in  presence  here,  lessmin.rio,! 
i.n.l  incorporated  than  in  the  regions  further  iast,  partly  In^'ZoS 
mg  hi..s  been  less  active  and  thorough,  partly  because  the  1 1  vi  ^  f 
\  emna  extending  tarther  into  the  bottom  valley  of  the  I»o,  the  s  ,!  i^i  ' 
Italianized  race  ot  the  Fugliese^^  seems  the  only  animal  that  h  <  £ 
ground  and  still  prevails  almost  exclusively. 

In  fact  throughout  the  territorv  tljo  wlmii.  ciibject  of  ero  ir  1 
improving  breeds  is  still  disputed  and  uncercain!  Some  years^sinceulc 
provincial  administration  established  several  reproducing  statio i.li  I.  f 
the  results  did  not  correspond  to  the  considerable  expense  incurred  aud 


ITALY. 


347 


tho  intervention  of  the  authorities  wiis  t riiusrorrned  into  a  ^5yf 
unmiiil  prizes  for  the  eiK'onrapiMiiont  of  private  enteri)riMe,  to  be  a<l 

to  tilt!  proprietors  of  the  best  b"" '    '    '  >     .       .    . 

cattlo  shows.    This  system  sec 


,'stem  of 
•Ijiulfjed 
bulls  and  their  products  at  tlie  ref,'ioi)al 
MMiis  to  have  answered  better,  and  each 
year  tlio  animals  oti'ered  for  eompetition  are  nioro  numerous  and  <le- 
Hervinp. 

The  annual  mipration  to  the  heijjhts  is  praetieed,  but  witliout  s.vst«,m 
orret,nil'H"'fyim<li'»  'ill  otiier  respects  this  region  has  no  special  feature 
of  pastoral  industry  to  command  attention. 

All  this  tract  of  country  is  occuiiied  by  an  extensive  cultivation  of 
cereals  often  without  intermission,  the  least  possible  sjjuce  hvlug  allotted 
to  fonifio,  which  is  generally  planted  along  with  the  grain.  The  extent 
of  iiiitiual  or  i)ermanent  pasture  is  insignificent,  and  but  a  small  pro- 
portion of  the  surface  is  allowed  for  temporary  and  artificial  meadows 
by  the  more  intelligent  proprietors  for  the  purpose  of  si»ecial  breeding,  or 
for  the  necessity  of  rotation,  never  exceeding  one  fourth  and  averaging 
more  generally  one-tenth.  In  the  lower  districts  of  Verona  from  5  to  H 
per  cent,  of  the  surface  is  irrigated,  an  improvement  much  more  rarely 
fonnd  further  east. 

In  this  exclusive  cultivation  of  grain,  which  luis  been  the  fixed  idea  of 
Italian  agriculture  for  some  years  past,  cattle  are  only  taken  into  ac- 
rount  for  the  needs  of  labor  and  manure.  As  a  food  supply  the  ox  has 
had,  until  recently,  no  practical  importance,  costing  too  much  for  the 
(!onHnni])tion  of  the  labor  alike  in  town  and  country,  and  finding  but  a 
limited  demand  for  the  few  who  could  aft'ord  such  luxury  in  the  towns. 
By  the  rural  laborer  it  was  used  at  rare  festivals  only',  and  cases  are 
cited  of  contadiui  who  asserted  that  thdy  had  never  tasted  nu-at.  The 
growing  international  demand  shows  its  elfects  so  far  only  in  those  dis- 
tricts when?  cattle  production  is  a  necessary  resource,  and  then^  is  tbund 
in  piissing  from  the  highlands  to  the  bottom  valley  a  regular  decrease 
of  stock  for  a  given  area,  four  oxen  being  the  average  in  the  on(>  case 
on  a  farm  of  15  to  30  acres,  while  in  the  lower  i»lain  the  same  nund)er 
serves  for  one  of  40  to  55  acres.  Here  the  only  commercial  i>roduc,fc 
looked  for  is  the  sale  of  the  calves,  each  cow  bringing  in  this  way  an 
iivenige  gain  of  120  lires=$24,  and  the  calf,  if  not  sold  at  the  teat,  must 
j;et  his  living  on  roadsides  and  ditches;  if  sohl  younger  he  brings  only 
.$15,  and  if  better  fed  he  is  still  less  protitable,  so  thai  the  average  re- 
mains about  the  same. 

Ill  the  same  transit  from  north  to  south,  and  from  hill  to  plain,  takes 
])lace  a  gradual  change  of  races,  the  Tyrole.se,  Swiss,  and  all  their  mix- 
tnres  giving  way  to  the  Podolian,  which  here  balances  other  tyi)es,  ami 
further  on  along  the  lower  rivers  and  coast,  and  it  may  be  said  in  the 
rest  of  Italy  south  of  the  Po,  is  the  exclusive  race  of  the  country. 

CATTLE  IN  THE   PROVINCE   OF  PADUA. 

This  ])roviiico  is  in  every  way  the  heart  of  the  Venetian  terra  tirma, 
'.ind  its  agriculture  best  represents  the  state  of  progress  in  the  region! 
Its  situation  between  plain  and  mountain  gives  an  excellent  avera'<'eof 
soil.  Siijierior  wealth  and  culture  render  it  more  oi)en  to  the  possibil- 
ities of  iiii|)roveu)ent,  and  the  agrarian  interests  of  the  country  at  large 
gravitate  here  as  to  their  natural  center.  The  city  of  Padua  is  the  pri7j- 
cipai  cattle  market  of  the  surrounding  provinces," and  their  breeding  in- 
lerosts  owe  their  i»rosperity  in  i»art  to  its  neighborhood.  Tli»  pro\-ince 
is  the  best  stocked  of  the  territory,  jjossessiing  .37  head  to  the  siiuare  kilo- 
meter, while  the  general  average  is  but  25.  Jn  the  northern  part  of  the 
proviuce  brwding  and  fattoniug  for  slaughter  is  pursued  us  a  special 


348 


CATTLK  AND  DAIRY  FAUMINO. 


Irom Bassaiio, which isaheadyaciMitcT of Hoinoiinimitliiicivli......  i 

theconl  lie,  is  it8  culminating  point.  The  district  in  not  c^x(u\  i  n'.  'i?"!'''^ 
tile,  and  ixutions  of  it  toward  the  west  arc  wastnl  bv  (ho  /r,.  !,  !>'''• 
Jirenta.  Around  CittadoUa,  in  thecenter,  it  is  calcaiiou,s  "i  -Ir  i. . '"  '''« 
with  a  cahjareous  subsoil,  is  tolerably  well  irrigated,  and  I,    ,7  ,''*''*'' 


foraire. 


Iho  western  border,  ar/jillaceous,  calcareous,  silicio 


"S  IS  more, 


pertectly  irrigated,  and  the  forage  is  considered  superior.  Thn  .•..,..  •  • 
surface  to  the  north  and  east  is  fair  vegetable  soil  for  evoivMh  '"!""*'' 
but  with  a  rather  porous  Hubstratuin.  To  the  extreme  8,,uth|\;;^,'?!'' 
west,  where  (!lay  predominates  both  above  and  below,  tlu  .  ■  "^''• 
cially  good  for  rice  and  forage.  The  latest  statistics  g  ve  I  'la.  u,  'Tl 
cattle,  with  a  rate  of  1  animal  to  2.0  acres;  2  in  everv  lo  n.  '"'  "'^ 
for  slaughter.  From  400  to  1,300  animals  tro  fattened  eic  ,  ir'n'' 
outof  a,000,  the  estimated  number  for  the  province  '""""iilly, 

HOW  CATTLE  ABE  FATTENED  IN  PADUA. 

The  number  of  cattle  enumerated  as  belonging  to  the  dis<  vwt  .n  . 
o  no  moment,  as  a  certain  quantity  are  purchased  for  fatt  ,  i.'u'f""" 
abroad.  The  treatment  adopted  most  usually  to  atS,  h  '  'el  "'" 
the  shor  est  am  most  economical  way  is  thus  describe,  :  shm  /" 
premised  that  all  practicians  do  not  make  it  a  point  tobr  n-rt  '  ''' ''" 
ucts  to  a  point  of  extreme  obesity,  and  notable  ditteipncoC  ,'"' 
spect  may  be  seen  among  animals  offered  in  the  market  '  ',r" 
qualiQcatioii,  the  following  is  the  method  adopted  bv  the  mu.sc  i  ,S 
vollimeT"'"'"        *"""''  '"^  '*"'''*'  "'  ^  '^oiU^'^te  result  (,f  weighulll  | 

In  winter,  when  fresh  forage  is  wantinff.  the  aniiml«  win.  . 
of  300  kilograms  (r.ounds  GG§,  after  «S  di^'s  S^it   e  re  o!:''"!!?^ 
ordinary  trcatuient.  are  bled,  in  case  their  coat!  by  its  va^.t  o  '  s  lb     ' 
and  luster  or  any  other  symptom,  should  indicat/the    ec  i    ' '  T  i!! 
be  ng  done,  they  are  submitted  to  a  regular  and  si)e('ial  nti  w.'  i      ' 
fed  with  line  rich  hay,  clover,  or  the  like.    This  is^c'o.    n  in     mn '^ 
to  two  months,  as  the  animals  show  more  or  less    null  i  ^  ^  ^  •     ;? 
After  this  they  are  served  with  a  ration  of  Indian  (,orn  shucks      ,;;i 
in  boiling  water  and  sprinkled  with  linseed  meal,  in  q  iSuy        n  ■ 
pounds  a  day     During  four  months  of  this  treatment  tw  ,  I  .,' v,  s  1 , 
sume  about  3,520  pounds  of  choice  forage  an.l  ],]00  j.oi ,  s   f  i ,'"  j 
olcake,and  attain  a  weight  of  1,870  pounds,   'in  the  Vu  n  oi    ,^1 
the  same  method  is  followed,  using,  however,  fresh  forage,  sd,v 
grass  111  general  clover,  medic,  and'  the  like,  the  oil  cake  be     i  ,      'f 
Use  IS  also  made  of  the  green  tops  of  In.iian  orn,  and   ."„,.' 
leaves,  ,,rovided  these  last  have  not  been  touched  by  l„st  1  ' 

rendered  unwholesome  for  the  animals.    This  summer  re      . 
.rearly  as  long,  with  about  the  same  cost  and  the  same  e^ ,  u  ,     'i     ' 
suit,  as  the  winter  treatment. 

To  obtain  beeves  of  still  higher  quality  the  whole  secret  cmsisis  in 
prolonging    he  above  treatment,  and  those  who  desire  extra     0,0 
ucts  keep  the  animals  on  r.5gime  as  lon^r  „«  «iv  or  s,.v",  ,    |,.  '    , 
more.    In  such  cases  a  pair  of  beeves  will  consume  as  i.u.cli  a.s'.^''S 


ITALY. 


349 


T  liiivc  rllndwl  to^he  nice  of  uniiimls  i)roforre(l  horo  for  fatteniiiL" 
gcicially  and  ooimtantly  the  Tyrol«H«  iiro  thought,  bovond  comparison' 
l)(>tt«'r  both  for  labor  and  slaughtor  in  this  region.  Tho  ho  called  Fo|! 
brill!  or  Hellonisi  are  i)urcha«cd,  but  rolutirely  fow,  whijo  tho  nitive 
Htoclv,  l'iif;li('so,8tiind  lowest;  without  doubt  (hero  are  reaHouH  for'this 
(Iniwn  IVom  long  experience.  It  i.s  worthy  of  note  that  in  general  here' 
III  opposition  to  the  UHag(^  of  other  parts  of  the  province,  neither  in  the 
foniKenor  otherwise  ih  the  least  particle  of  salt  ever  given  (oeittle- 
fhiit  they  are  curried  and  cleansed  of  every  kin<l  of  tilth,  and  their 'coats 
ki'ptius  lustrous  as  possible;  that  the  stable  is  never  entirely  closed 
oven  ill  winter,  in  tho  belief  that  a  constant  supply  of  fresh  air  "is  indis 
peiisabh^  to  the  animals.  It  is  remarked  that  they  succeed  better  in 
winter,  as  well  in  tho  quantity  of  llesh  as  in  its  flavor. 

The  usual  jiractice  of  speculators  in  this  industry  is  to  content  them 
selves  with  the  moderate  result  of  four  or  Ave  iliontlm  of  the  above 
troatiiieiit,  the  protits  of  tho  operation  diminishing  with  a  farther  out 
lay;  tiierc  exists,  however,  a  sort  of  ambition  with  certain  individuals 
to  carry  their  jiroduets  to  the  utmost  j)er(ection,  even  with  lesseiu'd  jrain 
iiiid  tliis  eniuhition  has  done  much,  doubtless,  to  maintain  tho  sin'Milir 
reputation  of  the  locality,  duo  in  i)art  also  to  the  sjjecial  quality  (Pf  the 
IbraKc.    This  is  geuorally  asserted,  though  no  explanation  is  fbund  of 
tlie  superiority  claimed- 

A  report  from  tho  intendant  of  one  of  the  great  proprietary  fainilieH 
of  t  lie  le^jion  makes  a  higher  estimate.  After  stating  the  methods  prae- 
tieeii  in  liis  neighborhood  (sometimes  much  the  same  as  those  mentioned 
iiliove)  he  (!oiitiiiuos: 

Tlio  aiiiiii.il  1«)  l»o  fiWtent'd  Bbonld  ho  noitlior  too  v»«nR  nor  to  old,  nay  from  h\\  to 
Hrrhf  years ;  Iiis  livo  weight  lit  (lio  inoineut  of  puttiiiR  iindi-r  tniitin.nit"iM  cominonlv 
Irom  1,100(0  1,;W0  poiindH.  In  thrcouionlli.s Iio  JHat  liulf-llfHli,  biit  toi)iit  liini  in  rii|| 
(loiKlilioii,  iiCt.r  tlic-so  llufo  iiiniillm  on  Krccii  food,  tluco  uiontbs  iiioio  iiro  iicceMHarv 
oil  dry  Ibriijro.  ' 

During  the  three  months  of  green  feeding  no  dry  forage  is  giveu- 
prass  alone  with  tops  and  shucks  of  Indian  corn,  &c.,  and  two  dailv 
(Iraftsor  warm  water,  with  1  kilogram  of  oil  cake  (2.2  pqiiiids).  Al'ter- 
ward  lie  receives  about  .'$3  pounds  of  dry  forage  tlivided  into  three 
rations,  changing  the  qn  I'ity  at  each  nu-al;  the  hay  should  be  of 'ho 
liist  mowing;  tlie  oil-cake  d raits  to  bo  continued  with  an  addition  of 
17  j  pounds  of  oil  cake.  The  shucks  in  these  last  three  months  should 
I)(!  peeled  and  dried  and  given  morning  and  evening,  about  l\  iMuinds  at 
a  time. 

All  animal  well  fattened  gains  an  addition  of  about  one  half  his  oriir- 
iiial  weight,  attaining  to  from  l,(J5()to  1,980  pounds;  the  dead  wei-ditia 
(jalciilalt  tl  at  about  .'itP  less.  Attention  should  be  paid  to  the  habits  ami 
temperament  of  the  animal,  jierfect  cleanliness  of  animal  and  stall 
ahiiiidaiieeof  litter,  and  constant  ventilation,  however  cold  the  weathei' 
regular  cniiying  after  each  meal,  and  after  tho  draft,  fresh  water  to  his 
thirst. 

l)ill(  reiices  of  opinion  exist  among  specialists  in  regard  to  the  neees 
Ri(y  olsalt  as  an  element  of  diet;  practically,  it  seems  immaterial  here 
owing,  peiliaps,  to  the  nature  of  the  forage,  which  in  certain  situations 
IS  known  to  alisorb  a  considerable  quantity  of  salt  in  its  growth      \ 
strong  ineJiKliee  exists,  among  i)easant  bree«lers  principally,  against 

that  every  disturbance  ot  the  cuticle  interferes  with  their  dio-estion  and 
partieuhuly  with  the  formation  of  suet;  the  substitute  'o(>ing  to  brush 
the  back  and  head,  around  and  between  the  horns,  with  a  broom  or 


11 


m 


CATtLE   AKt)  DAlttY   PARMINO. 


coami  wiap  of  straw,  an  operation  fiuppoHcd  to  bo  speciallv  )iL'r..r.„i  i 
to  tluj  animal,  an«l  thus  to  iijii)n)vc  liis  appetite  an.l  iliceHMon    'I'l 
story  iH  tol<l  of  an  illitorato  i>roprietor,  noted  for  hit)  excellent  or  ,'.i       ' 
often  found  in  his  Ntable  exten«Je«l  between  a  pair  of  beeves  a  .        I    ' 
triously  scratcbin«  tlieir  backs  to  excite  tbeir  a|)petife.H.  '**• 

ToKetber  witb,  or  in  substitution  for,  the  linseedcake,  the  rpf.,«     ^ 
various  otln-r  oily  plants  is  used,  especially  tlie  colza,  sai<|  r„  i !  ?  ^^ 
nearly  etpial  to  linseed  as  food  tor  cattle.    Otber  plants  of  the  J 11     ''•^' 
turo  ure  benii),  poi.py,  cotton,  sesame,  &c. ;  they  are  all  vn\w\\  uT' ' 
manure  and  often  so  used.     It  is  asserted  that  after  serviuL'        •    . 
for  animals  they  are  no  less  useful,  the  fertilizinij  «ilenients    i,    ■ 
tbroufjh  the  animal  after  serviuf?  their  purpose  of  nutrition  '  /IT'^ 
Little  or  no  recourse  is  mado  to  roots  for  cattle- feed injj  in  tliis  di  f  •   ' 
and  the  extremely  scanty  pro<lui;tion  would  hardly  fuiui«h  theN..   'i'^' 
The  linseed  <!ake  is  considered  equivalent  as  food  to  rather  innr,  IT  ^'' 
twice  its  weight  of  hay.     While  the  tjeneral  practice  of  bm'(Ie.r,!ir" 
the  preference  to  this  particular  iilant,  it  is  supjmsed  that  cotton  t.p!i' 
It  available,  nnpjht  surpass  it.     Mention  has  also  been  made  of  m.  i»!l    ' 
leaves  as  a  favorite  articU^  of  food.  "niiberry 

rrimitirccnnUage.—lu  the  vinegrowing  Uistvicts,  together  with  n.n 
fallen  vine  leaves,  is  commonly  used  the  refuse  of  the  wine  nr.ws 
considerable  residue  of  alcohol  remaining  being  an  excellent  stiniul.  1? 
or  fattening    hout?h  injurious  in  ordinary  food.    The  mode  of  nrZrn 
tion  is  as  lollows:  Around  excavation  in  the  earth,  about  2  Z'fn 
deep  and  wide,  is  tilled  with  alternate  layers  20  centimeters  f=-  8inS 
thick  (on  a  bot  torn  layer  of  leaves)  of  "  graspa  »  or  press  refuse,"  and  vin. 
.•im  mu  berry  eaves,  j.resse.l  down  as  tightly  as  possible,  anlcoveiS 
with  a  "  capello"  or  conical  mass  of  earth,  care  being  taken  to  iwl 
rulgo  oi:  earth  around  the  brink  to  prevent  rain  or  snow  from  nei  o  m 
ing     The  mass  is  then  left  to  ferment,  and  watched,  to  fill  any  cSn ' 
111  the  cover  of  earth  as  it  dries,    in  about  forty  days  fermont'itinn  ; 
(completed,  and  the  product  is  then  given  to  the  animals,  whicirXr . 
lirst  hesitation,  liecomo  extravagantly  fond  of  it,  and  the  dose  hmuM 
regulated.       .  '"  ""^ 

FOOD  ANALYSES. 

It  is  always  observed  that  an  animal  fiUtens  in  longer  or  shorter  iim« 
ac(!ording  to  the  origin  of  his  forage ;  for  instance,  with  the  hay  mowod 
here  at  liolzonella,  eight  months  are  required  lor  full  flesh-  with  tilll 
of  Citadella,  six  mouths;  with  that  of  Belvedere  and  Kosa,  four  moil' s 

SUIIlCe.  '  "■""ins 

A  rough  analysis  of  the  hay  grown  near  Citadella  gives  for  one  h.in 
d red  parts  of  hay: 

Azcitatetl  HiibshinccH,  8.14,  or  diKfstiblo  matter,  Saan. 
Caibtiuali'il  «llllstiluc(^s,  4:i.G:{,  or  iiuligestible  matter  27  18 
Ashes,  (J.K),  or  water,  14.1'.).  '      "     ' 

The  composition  of  colza  compared  to  linseed  is  as  follows: 


CnnstituoiitH. 


Pmtt^iiiic  BiibHtanren  . 

Kutly  Hiibstnnoes 

11  Vili'ati'il  carburets. . 

W!i.-«l!!!«r 

AHheH 

WaUr 


Colza. 


28.08 
0.5 

24.3 

l.i.  8 
7.4 

15.0 


Linseed. 


5a  0 
10.  u 
:M.fl 
II. u 
7.0 
14.7 


ITALY. 


351 




Iza. 

LinaeiHl. 

(.08 

5«.0 

(.5 

10.  U 

.3 

.'II. « 

.8 

11. u 

.4 

7.0 

.0 

14.7 

HOU8INO  OATTLK  IN  PADUA. 

iJircdiTH  complain  that  the  priiicipiil  oliMlnrlo  to  fattcniiiK  catth^  np 
to  tlu'  liiK'H'wf  P<>'"t  >«  tli«  iinpoMHibiliiy  of  obtaining  lomnneri.  'mi,  the 
iiinit,  iliidinp  MO  Halo  be.yond  a  cortnin  piitie,  which  varies  littJo  for  all 
cliisHCH  of  product,  while  in  Knglund  «vcry  ipiality  has  its  luicc,  tlins 
{iratif.viriK  the  fastidions  ta«to  of  the  rich,  and  brinKing  animal  food 
within  the  reach  of  a  large  po|)ulation  (  whom  in  Italy  it  is  now  for- 
bidden.    It  is  the  conhtrnction  and  manaj^ementof  staltios  which  seem 

most  i I'd  of  improvement  here  at  present.    Where  there  is  any  solid 

(oiistrnction  it  is  a  nuMlel  of  centuries  gone  and  often  dates  as  far  back. 
In  tlie  HoiUlicrn  part  of  this  and  in  contiguous  ])rovinces  this  may  be 
tolerated,  with  the  dry  and  equable  climate,  and  the  race  of  cattle  proof 
to  hardship  and  capable  of  living  in  the  open  air  without  injury,  thongh 
with  more  care  they  gain  at  once  in  appearance  and  con*iition,  and  in 
iciility  tli.  Ht  ill  is  here  more  a  convenience  for  purposes  of  order  and 
Hlti<;ial  rc'tiimea  than  a  necessity  for  shelter.  So  that  imiuovement  in 
this  resiKct  will  be  slow  iu  spite  of  the  exporUitions  of  progressists,  with 
wiioni  it  is  rather  a  favorite  theme  latterly.  A  few  wealthy  proprietors 
liii.,'  constructed  stables  with  all  the  modern  requisites,  biit  there  is  no 
iiiHfance  of  any  such  improvement  for  industrial  purposes.  As  might  be 
expected  the  best  general  av«'rage  is  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  I'adua 
iiiid  (3ittadella.  The  usuhl  plan  is  that  described  above  in  siK'aking  of 
the  cow-honses  of  Vicenza. 

DAIRYING  IN  PADUA. 

The  dairy  industry  is  entirely  insignificant;  in  some  districts  it  is 
wanting  altogether;  elsewhere  it  is  confined  to  the  needs  of  the  house- 
hold or  village.  In  the  districts  of  Cittadella  alone  statistical  reports 
iiioMtion,  besides  six  associate  dairies,  three  families  as  producing  small 
(|uantities  for  commerce;  they  prepare  principally  soft  cheeses  for  the 
(laily  consumption  of  Padua. 

Tiic  climate  of  the  province  is  gentle  and  eqaabh^;  separated  from 
the  lagoon  oidy  by  the  narrowest  portion  of  that  of  Venice,  it  is  in  the 
Hiuiie  atmospheric  conditions,  with  only  the  slight  diflferenco  that,  being 
t'iitlri'ly  inland,  the  moderating  effect  of  the  sea  is  less  sensible,  the 
suMuiier  heats  and  the  cold  of  winter  being  rather  more  »:;,irked. 

The  elevation  of  the  city  observatory  is  O.'J.O  feet  above  the  sea.  The 
teiMperatnre  rarely  ex(!eeds  32°  or  33o  c.  or  falls  below  3°  C,  with  a  nie- 
(lium  of  14S.'5().  This  is  the  ordinary  year  and  a  fair  average  for  the 
province.  Its  lower  portions  sink  into  the  dcej)  valley  of  the  Jirenta 
and  Adige,  and  assimilate  in  character  to  the  adjoining  i>rovin(H^  of 


Ifovigo. 


CATTLE  IN  THE  PROVINCE   OP    ROVIGO. 


I.ying  between  the  parallel  courses  of  two  great  rivers,  the  Adige 
and  the  Po,  probably  the  latest  of  all  alluvial  formations,  still  disput«Ml 
by  the  water  courses  and  the  sea,  this  province  forms  a  broader  region 
sit  ajiart  by  nature  from  the  districts  which  it  divides,  with  a  topog- 
raphy and  an  agriculture  of  its  own.  With  most  of  its  surfa<!e  be- 
low the  livel  of  the  rivers,  which  intersect  it  in  every  pirt,  and  liable 
also  (o  invasion  from  the  n'Hux  of  the  tides  driven  bv  (!ontrarv  wimls 

1!    !hh-l    TiU-nrimt;    ii\:    ;:t:iciUiru    WiUI     COUSiaUC    VlgliaUCe.       JU     pordoUS 

drainage  is  almost  impossible,  and  these  are  still  left  for  salt  marshes- 
and  meadows,  in  parts  well  reclainu'd  and  defended;  the  soil,  a  deep 


352 


CATTLli  AND  DAIRY   FARMING. 


alluvion,  mterrupted  by  intercolated  beds  of  sand,  neat,  and  ^v..  ,  ■ 
of  exnberant  fer  ility,  and  is  occnpied  by  an  uu^spar  ^rcuKr^  '^ 
Tl„s  oxclnsivc  attention  to  plant  products,  with  tie  pSon"o^f""- 
tl.at  scorch  ne^  ecte.l  wastes  of  meager  pasture  between  tEl''''^'^ 
inundations,  oiler  poor  conditions  for  pastoral  industrv  RnvH  ^"'"^' 
ot  tne  most  elevated  spots  of  the  region,  is  27*  feet  above  1 1  VS*'  T 
umhnm  temjierature  is  Iflo  c.,  with  a  maximum  of  33o  7  (f"''  ''« 
mimnuini  of  3.7  and  a  rainfall  of  0.80.    Nature  has  furnished  ,'..?''  *}■ 

cattle  suited   to  such  cnnm.nin]  r-mwUf;.....    „...!   :  V    ,  .V*-^'  '^  liico  of 


wind,  c.ow,s  a.ul  ox...  ,.ro  .....jiloye,!  withouj,  Lti   Sn  t""'^'""^  at  uork,  lor 

So  that  this  animal,  descending  with  the  barbarian  invaders  frn...  fi 

stei.pes  ot  the  ancient  Sarmatia  [lios prhmncnus)  and    mv   h.  /i  "  "'^ 

s,M.t  of  all  authorities,  diause<l  tllron.iout  U.e  cm     r/ 

oMc.  y   ,s  the  ),roper  Italian  ox.    lie  has  been  ment  oSed  S  '^ 

the  inhabitant  of  Fnnli:  if.  is  ..nnnn,r  ,w».f,.,-..  *k„.  .''""*'"  -iDovo  as 


l;V.  re.H  itV;  (lov^iment  ;ue  ='i^S  S:SS^^^^^^ 
old      -sting  there  ;  oxen  of  0  feet  4  inches  L  d  0 Tet  0  hu  1  ^ ^^^^^^ 
co^.  .u  r>  feet  (J  inches  in  height.  '*'''^'^'  '""^  ^^ 

IJere  their  height  rarely  exceeds  5.0  to  (i  feet,  and  their  vii-hl  ne  .     . 
.s  always  inierior  to  that  of  rac.-s  bred  f.)r  slang  tes  wel    is  o   fh 
Jyrolese  whudi,  besides,  fatt«>n  more  readily.     On  tl  e  ot    .-  /an 
.ype  IS  susceptible  of  great  improvement  under  favom  l^.c  S 
and  a  certiiin  number  of  breeders  here  and  in  Koinaqua  m a  „t  ' 5 

IS  Ihe  one  best  snKed  to  the  (M)nntrv.     This  inav  be  trn.  tl   '        I 
i.ownn.ler  consideration  as  well  as  n.- the  ml?hus^^^^^^^ 
<'l"nate  of  South.-rn  Italy,   but  nn.ler  o.d!     ry    '  n      i^^.s       S 
;Mul(..ltn.itMm  in  Europe,  the  .■.a.t.ov(.rsy  is  practicv^hr^ 

choice  ..1  tin.  breeders ,,ft'ittad..llaan<l  wl,ereverel.sesnp,!'m^^^^ 
rccpTiied  for  industrial  profit.  "i'<i.oi  c.iuu  .no 

There  can  hardly  be  said  to  exist  any  management  deservin.^  •.ttni 
f  on  a  ter  the  ehiboralo  methods  followe.l  in  more  a.lvai.c.-.l  i !  i7,,      ,  , 
.U^c,.bc.d  above.     Theonlinary  practice  is  to  leave  the  an      ds      i 
then  subsistence  on  the  coast  lowlands,  or  otherwise  to  feed  tli  m 
J.e  indillerentpmiucts  of  the.se  sa.iKMmstnres,  at  nH,stsh.t,gth^ 

/.  "'■  -" "'■"*•     >v>eii:.iueijiii;;  i.s  rcfpureu  lin'V  receive  the  choim- 

iSf^io'i's;:''''""'''''' ''''" '""  *"'"  *^"  *^'"''"  «i>'''=^soiiheiis; 


KKi-'i'Xrr.s  () 


ITALY. 


353 


tow 
occiip.v 


l;iii(I  of  Kovifjo  nevermore  thiin  5  ])er  cent 

Jlere  tlier^,  is  also  a  trifling,  fubricution  of  cl.eese  and  butter  for  do 
iiicstu!  use,  limited,  however,  by  the  lear  of  stinfinn- 1  1     ,\  ,     ,' 

aiT  the  principal  eare  and  relianee  of  thi  farrrS     ^         '''''""'  '''•'^^' 

In  this  re;iion  some  steps  of  improvement  are  "made  in  the  eonstrm- 
tioii  of  stables,  a  few  ot  a  better  descrintion  I.-ivmi^^^iV         •  v""'?'^'^"' ' 
.y  ,l„.  „.,,ltl,ic.,-  proprietor,  ,„  rep'lac" " W,!!-  o"e  "1  'ii:  1'  £t^ 
The  fjreater  number,  however,  are  still  reDorto.l  tf»  .!,.;../•    !i-^' 
vuiiinf,^  aspect  of  neglect  aud  rusticity,    reported  to  maintain  the  pre- 

OATTLE   TN   THE  DISTKIOT   OF  VENICE. 

Of  the  region  in  the  immediate  dependence  of  the  city  little  remain, 
,.l.e  sa.,1;  its  various  districts  form  so  many  appen  hUftoTh^^^^^^ 
...vnt  prov.nces  which  ine.rclo  it  and  share  thi,  charactePo?  the  r  ruri 
hfi.     Ivx  r  mely  iert.  e  to  the  north,  where  it  consists  of  the  tiner  sedi 
jncntot  th    I  laye,  ,t  is  s  ock.d  with  the  mixture  (.f  Austrian  ami  Frv 


liiudy  and  not  fastidious  in  their  nourishment      Srun»  off  .    \'  ] 

b.M,"n  nuHle  to  introduce  Swiss  co>vs  iZ  this  nonn   w^^  '"'''*' 

the  uhiectionable  <,uahty  of  the  Wi^i,^' ^.d^S.^'ft.ev  dS'nor^;''''  "^ 
expectations.  "".t«e  iiiej  »ii<i  m.t  answer 

The  lower  border  of  the  lagoon,  iueluding  Cliioggia  is  for  -ill  .ur,.i,.„if 
nm  purposes  a  part  of  the  low  land  of  itvi^oru^'v.^;!^''^^'^^ 
Nonhcd,  and  contains  the  same  exclusive. stock  of  l>u"-h^.^r',  ./  I,,    i         .' 
ill  nnndxT  insullicieiit  ibr  the^'xteuded  f  r  uVV*  f  n  iin  •  Vl    .J  t     '    '''"-"'^ 
ufili/ed  by  large  herds  of  mountain  ea  tie  ,     n    dX  ?• '^I 

here  ;.  .-heai.  subsistence  for  (he  winter       u  ■      t l.i;  •  '        *''•'  *'f"^ 

(instiy  is  ever  attempted,  the  nati^^f  eow     b  "  ,^'"      f';;  l,!'^,!  I^S'^,""- 
;ui(l  thesciiiitvsnpplvof  milk  and   bntti-r  „..    t,     r      ,    ^         ''^''"'' 

«w.«i  |^v  M„H«v  .!oV«  or  o,i,.,r  ,i;:is\:;!;;  ■„;:;,;;;:,',j;;;,,l!x:  ;;^ 

»-,«;rs  ,„..  TH,.;   „a,.,an  ruyixrv.  Am.   iieuba,,,!  un  mvouTsv 

'"AITLE. 

sm'nc.,nunnnesaieaIm.,st/M     relVsw..  .   w  V  icenza  and  the 

nd  it  Ims  l,....„  V......  .1.,.,  ;..;■..'"•'."  !'^«"i'<-'"i«'><  crossing  I 


ind  II  has  l)eeii  S4'eii  that  tl 


iitt'l.V.Hothattheyieldofmiii, 


K'  animals  imported  fall  off  ininu'di- 


All  tl 


lese  facts  point  to  a  radical  d 


thct'lU'ct  of  this  dill 


'"'vcr  approaches  that  of  a  Swiss  i>ast 


illei 


ereiicc 


eiice  of  h)eal  eonditicu 


11.  i: 


X.  5 


I — L';{ 


iiiiiy  be  traced   progressively.     In  | 


lire, 


IS,  ami 
eaviiiir 


354 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


the  moist  climate  and  fresh  pastures  of  England  and  Scotland  every 


felt  the  long  dry  summer. 

In  Italy  tliis  change  is  exaggerated ;  prolonged  heat  in  snnnner  and 
dry  cold  in  winter  are  the  rule.  Luxuriant  pastures  in  iiill  or  va'llcv 
are  rare,  and  keep  their  freshness  but  a  moment.  Jlountain  ranges  anil 
spurs  occupy  much  of  the  surface;  land  is  divided  into  the  smallest 
parcels ;  horses  too  few  and  precious  to  be  emi)loyed  in  cultivation  •  iu. 
tensive  agriculture  is  little  known,  and  its  introduction  can  only  be 
the  work  of  many  years.  Until  then  the  race  of  cattle  must  be  adapted 
to  all  uses,  principally  to  labor,  and  subsidiarily  to  slaughter  or  dairy 
production  ;  and  even  then  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  climate  and  ve<'e. 
tation  could  oiler  a  congenial  homo  lor  the  ultra-refined  and  dcveloired 
animals  of  more  lavored  regions.  Attempts  to  naturalize  tl,  'ni,  made 
with  all  tlie  ])recaution8  and  liber.ility  of  scientilie  experiment,  have  not 
so  far  succeeded. 


THE  ox  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 

In  the  Podolian  ox  the  country  possesses  a  type  capable  of  Kiqiport- 
ing  its  mediocre  conditions  of  existence,  and  answering  itsjiriiKjijial  re- 
quirements; sober,  robust,  and  nearly  equal  to  the  horse  in  the  rajtidity 
of  his  jJiice  in  labor  or  Journey,  he  demands  neither  care  nor  NJielter. 
To  correct  his  defects  of  form  and  temperament  the  other  halt'-ltalian- 
ited  race  of  the  Tyrol  seems  specially  litted;  indolent,  slow,  and  massive 
in  his  native  region,  he  loses  the  excess  of  these  characteristics  in  elianc- 
ing  his  habitat,  while  retaining  his  precocity  and  readiness  to  I'atteii. 
The  iniluenco  of  climate  is  singular  manifested  in  its  effects  in  these  ex- 
tremes of  race<!haracter,  which,  gaining  and  losing,  resi)ectively,  by  tile 
change,  tend  to  a  common  medium  of  f?ood  qualities.  The  Podolian 
however,  is  the  proper  and  universal  Itaban  ox,  and  in  view  of  tiie extra- 
ordinary modifications  already  noted  of  the  same  type,  it  is  diilicnlt  to 
assign  a  limit  to  his  capability  of  .amelioration. 


SUITABILITY  OF  ITALIAN   CATTLE  FOB  TIIE  UNITED  STATES. 

Whether  one  or  other  of  these  races  would  be  desirable  for  importa- 
tion  to  the  United  States  would  depend  on  the  character  and  tiie  a"- 
riculture  of  the  region  in  which  (.he  animals  should  be  implanted. 
Neither  possesses  the  highly  developed  special  (pialities  that  are,  soujrlit 
for  in  the  improved  cultivation  of  the  older  States.  If,  however,  tiie 
precocity  and  solidity  of  the  Tyrolese  were  considered  an  aequisition, 
these  are  found  at  their  strongest  in  the  valleys  of  the  Upper  Adige, 
toward  Meran,  the  nati%'e  home  of  the  race.  The  type  should  he  cliosen 
there,  and  for  these  qualities  alone;  neither  this  nor  any  other  race  of 
these  regions  having  any  value  for  dairy  purposes  to  merit  attention. 

The  hardy  and  indefatigable  Podolian  or  Pugliese  might  render  nse- 
ful  servi<',e  in  the  trying  <;limate  and  diflicult  cultivation  of  less  fertile 
and  less  advanced  parts  of  the  country,  as,  for  instance,  in  the  lowlands 
of  the  Gidf  States,  in  the  wild-sage  region  of  the  great  plains,  or  tlie 
barren  str«'t(!hes  of  Lower  California  uad  Now  Mexico.  au'Laceordiniito 
the  special  requirements  of  the  situation,  then^  would  be  large  rooiiil'or 
<',hoice  among  the  several  varieties  of  the  race  whicli  stock  tlu'dillerent 
regions  of  Italy. 


ITALY. 

PRICES    OP  ITALIAN  CATTLE. 


355 


In  regard  to  tliOKjuantity  of  cattle  at  present  in  the  country  and  their 
price,  tiiey  are  reported  to  be  scarce  and  dear  in  all  parts  of  Italy  and 
\Vni((',as  well  on  account  of  the  recent  inundations  as  of  the  increasinj? 
(leiiiaiKl,  foreign  and  home.  France  and  Germany  require  a  constant 
supply,  and  for  several  years  the  Tarisian  market  has  been  largely 
sup|)lii'(l  with  Italian  beef. 

l!e«!ves  of  superior  quality,  live  weight,  cost  from  $15  to  $10  the 
(juiiital,  and  this  price  is  general  throughout  the  region.  The  animal 
{reiu'iitlly  averages  six  quintals,  and  yields  r>0  per  cent,  net  of  meat. 
(!()\vs  bring  about  the  same  price,  and  never  less  than  $14;  at  half  flesh 
the  price  is  55  to  GO  francs,  which  equals  $11  to  $12. 

TIlANSPOllTATION  OF  ITALIAN   CATTLE   TO   THE  UNITED   STATES. 

It  is  difficult  to  obtain  data  as  to  the  cost  and  facilities  of  transport 
to  tlio  United  States,  the  case  never  having  before  occurred.  The  best 
route  would  be  by  sea  altogether,  as  1  am  assured  that  animals  sutler 
more  in  the  railway  journey  to  Havre  than  in  crossing  the  Atlantic. 
The  (ieiieral  Navigation  Company  (Italian),  with  a  line  to  New  Yoi-k 
and  transshii)ment  at  I'alerino,  make  their  voyage  front  here  to  New 
York  in  twenty-live  days,  and  state  a  price  (approximat*^)  of  ISO  frainus 
(,s!»(l)])er  head,  but  better  terms  could  Iw  made  according  to  number  of 
iiiiiiinils.  Each  animal  would  ret|uii(^  about  li2  pounds  of  hay  per  day, 
and  ior  tlic  ])assage  550,  which,  at  71  cents  i)er  quintal,  e(|uais  $;).5'o, 
wliicli  witli  $•.)(!  for  transi)ort,  equals  $0i).50.  The  [lassage  of  the  neces- 
sary keepers  would  be  gratuitous. 


llNiTKi)  States  Consulate, 

Vmice,  Norv.mhvr  24,  ISSIJ. 


McWALTEll  r..  NOYKS, 

€onfiul. 


Size,  wciyht,  and  product  of  honied  callle  in  the  rciictian  tirriloyi/. 


Niiiim  of  liriM 


I'u;;lir:,n.. 

I'l'IIUIlCSl!. 

Si'Invyti!   . 
Moiitaiiiiin 


Ilil.itut. 


UdiiiP.  IJoviiro.Tiiiliiii.Vlconztt, 

•     VciH  I.  V'<>iii('«. 
TJiliii(>,Vi<'<ii/.rt,  I'adiiii.Vt'ioTia 
Itclliino,   I'liiluii,  LiiliiH',  Tio- 

viso. 

Vi(  (iiiza 

Udino 


Aiiniiiil 
iivorac.i 

pOIIIIllH 

of  milk. 


2,  850 

:),  000 


Milkt.: 

pOIIIKl 
(if 

iMittir. 


X6.. 


-'ill 


MiMUo 

of 
rlicijso. 


Ut. 


Size  i\t 
matarity. 


Cow. 


Ft. 
4.10 

4.8 
4.8 


Ft. 

f'i 

5 


Tii  \'o 
wol;;lit. 


Ox.     Cow. 


o;i5 
am 

950 


Ox. 


T.b». 
1,400 

l,f>00 


356  CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 

Breeds  of  horned  cattle  in  tike  Venetian  territory,  and  their  producis. 


sjlexao  of  brovd. 


Piiglitttie 

TyroloBC 

ISoliuueHO  . ... 


Schwytz... 
Muntnnina. 


a-;. 

-0 


Ym. 
4 


n 


Weight  of 
meat  Ht 
maturity. 


Color. 


PoundH 

710     A.sli-ftniy,  wliitiHli,  tipped  with 
blnck. 


8<JS 
77.'i 

440 


Gray  or  tiiwiiy 

Gray,  tipped  witli  black 

Red,  brown,  or  black  HpotU-d. 
Kcd  or  brown 


loilK- 
pace. 


Description. 


''"'''»•    liiKli-slionldoroil 
limbed,    loiig-iioiui,,!,' 

Heavy,    slow-,    ijnoj,    „,,.„,  ,  ' 
rump     tbick,     lead    ''i*^':  ■ 

TlTok';Jr{' '''•'■"'"' "l"''-''' 

Hion^b..>.in..  ..,.:i;;;;,:fc 

Low,     lipad  HiiuUI,  niinn  i,i„, 
aud  lar(ie,li(,ni,ssl')r}'i,   ^'' 

amber.color,    litJl,,  "     '"'"' 
UHod  I'ortnuwpoit,' 


lipid, 


Name  of  breed. 


Oiijjin  of  breed. 


Lulxir. 


Product. 


Tnglicso Steppt^s  of  lliissia I    ISupid 

Tyroltwe AuHtrlaii  Tvicil .Slow 

UellinieHo Jli'lliino  iiii<r  'Iviol »i(M)d,  niiddlins 

Schwytz I  Val  IJoiidaiia,  tvrol 

MoUtauinu ]  Italy .' I  Middling;  rapid  . 


Meat,  fat 
tenc(l. 


I.h>. 
990 
1,100 
1,050 


Milk, 
per  year. 


JM 


3, 000 
2, 350 
3,  VOU 


(•Iieene. 
Pt'i',\«'ur. 


Ui. 


21(» 
2U7 
2«2 


Climate  and  topography  of  the  Venetian  territory. 


ii 


Locality. 

Altitude. 

Mean 
annual 
temper- 
ature. 

o(!. 
11.1 
H. « 

in.  3 

10.1 
0.9 

13.3 
7 
12.7 

14.2 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Mean. 

°C. 
■•JO 

20.0 

Kxtrenic. 

"C. 
33.8 

31.9 

Mean. 

2.8 

Extreiini, 

IJdino: 

200 
30 

404 

'""900" 

3.T 
9!t(I 
129 

04 

"C. 

I'oidcniiiio 

Cividalo 

ISi'llmio : 

llelliinn 

-15 

A  conlo 

-11.9 

Anroii/.o 

Vici'iiza; 

VidMiza 

10.  fl 

24.7 

29.0 

3.-..  1 
2«.  1 
33. 2 

-1.0 

""-ii's 

.AHiiijio 

-  5 

liasHano 

;u 

3. 9 

-18 

V(r(jna: 

Verona 

-  0.1 

Sanf{iiinett4) 

-  fi.4 

I'ai'iia: 

Piithia 

11 
40 

» 
1 

14  3 

30.7  I           4,  .J 

Ciltad.lla 

! 

11.1 

I'iava 

Kovi^o: 

Li  iidinara 





•••....... 

A  riano 

Vtliice: 

SI.  Dona 

3 
1.1 

!•->.  1 

•.!4.4 

30.7 

_■  —  ; •  •  - ' 

CbiogKia 

-  0 

, 

ITALY. 

Climate  and  topograph;/  of  the  Venetian  territory-Continiml. 


357 


Locality. 


ITdiiift: 

(ieiiioiia 

I'orilt'iKino 

Cividttlo  

lii'lliini): 

liclliino 

Aiiorild 

AlllDIlZO 

Vicenza: 

Vii'i'iizft 

Asiago 

liassaiio 

Verona : 

Verona 

Sanfjuinetto 

Pail  :i  IV ; 

I'liilua , 

('ittndclla , 

I'iavo 

]!iivit'i) : 

I.cndinara 

Adria 

Ariano 

Venice: 

St.  Dona 

Veiiicii  and  I)(d() . 
Cbioggia 


Character. 


Allnvint 

Alluvial  and  gravel 
(lo 


Alluvial 

Mo;intaiii  Hholvos... 
do 

Allirvial  mid  cnvcl . 
Moiintuin  platoan... 
Alliiviau 


Stony 

Alluvial.. 


Loam 

Alluvian 

Ucpp  alluvian. 


Alluvial  and  sand  , 
do 


.do 

.do  . 
.do  . 
.do. 


Soil. 


Composition. 


.Silicooiis,  arcillaconus,  calcari'oiis. 
«.iavil,  nrKillacdouH.  <al<!aieou.s. 
ArKillaceouw,  calcareouH,  Kiavid. 

ArjrillacconH,  calean-ouM. 
(.alcaroouM,  arpilhicfoiis.  sand. 
LaluarcouH,  nrKJilacMm.s. 

Ai};il!a(;(Miii.M,  sllicimnH,  cnlcareoua. 
«-iftaceou.s,  r.nlcaieouH. 
t/'reta<;oou8,  ailicoous,  caleaioou.s. 

AruilhKieouN,  eaUareouM,  Hiliciions. 
hilitooHs,  arjiillactouH,  calcniuoim. 

SilicpouH,  ar(;illacenM.s. 
■'}'f-'!ll"<'>  "IIS,  <'al<atrinm,  sand. 
Aif;iHat!eoiiH,  siliiiocm.s. 

ArcillaofOiis,  sand,  nilriitoous. 
AiKiJIiieoous,  sand,  peat. 
Do. 

ArgilhujeouH. 
Arjjillaeeoiis,  sand. 
Argillaceous,  sand,  poat. 


Note.— 1  muter  ■. 
poiut. 


=  3  feet  3.1  Inchc.   Degree  oetitisrade  =  lo  Fahrenheit.    O  centiKra,!;!,  at  freezUig 


358  CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMINQ. 

Hubstralum  anil  cultivated  graasea  in  the  Venetian  territory. 


Udin« : 

UeiiioDa . 


Oividalo 


iti'lliiun: 

iiulliiliu  .. 

iiRordo  .. 

Auronzo  . 


Vicrnzn: 

Viconztt.... 


I/iiiH'Hloim  i  in  /huli.T  partH, 
Kniiiitoiuiil  Hi'liiHt. 

Oniv«i|,  iiiiiiaiiiti 

Liiiii'Htoiiuuuil  Kiavol,  liiulior 
Kl'UliiUi. 

LiMK'Htniio,  (.'locii  HanilMtdiii', 

iimil,  mill  ('iiimloiiiiTatcM. 
Lliiii'HtoiiK,    red     eaiidHliiiH-, 

t'lialk,  Hca^lja. 
Diiliiiiiitit,  ai'ciiiici'oiiH  ami  (;al- 

oiiiToiiH  mliiht,  iiiiaru  iHir- 

liliyiy. 

Mi'lamrnjiliio  llnio  nnd  Hand 
Mliiiio,  diilciito  and  basalt 
1  iiJ'a,  uiavcl. 

IJoloriiiliMidHaiidHtoiHMlialk 
l>aHall,  liiCa. 

Glarial  diariliiH,  Icrdai >•  liiiio- 
Btoui),  lamalt,  tuli^ ilialk. 

Niiiiiolito  IiiiiPHt<iiii>,  chalk 
tula,  lit'iicln,  irioiaiiio. 

nan  i,  liiiitstono,  cuml'Ioiu- 
oruU'H. 

Siind,  Kravcl,  fmcliytc,,  n,,,,,. 
Hlono,  and  conKldiiioiattsa, 

Oravi^I,  conKliiinnratog 

Alluvial,  Hand,  day,  peat.."!.' 
llovigo: 

^'^^'""'""•» I  <i '  "ivrl,  UHA'ut  con«I.,n,oratt.H 

...  cilav.  ' 

■^""'' I>''VI'"""i'vi"l, Hard, (lay, p.,at 

"li'rnalinK. 
Dilla  ;  clay,  jjl'avi'l,  jmat 


Aaiago.. 

Bassano. 

VtTona : 
Verona.. 


SaoKuiuutto. 


I'ndiia: 
I'adua. 


nUndiOla. 
riavi 


Ariauo. 


Vinlco: 

Kau  Duna  . 


Venice  and  Dole  , 
ChiosRia 


Di'Kai  <lav,  ardllacooim  nnd 

cntaci'DnH  imjiiI. 
•Siind,  »ilay,   marl,   indurated 

(day. 
(J ravid,  clay, Hand,  p<at 


M«di«   „„,!  ,,,, 

.....untain  k.umh,..;  """"  '» 
M  dlo,,.|»v<.,-,Ty,..,,„, 
J'>t-KiaH»,nu„ii,u,flat„j,„,^ 

Modir.  clover,  ry„.„raa». 

I!yo-criigH,cl„v,„.        ,. 

ftiaHHca.  '""""iiiiilivi, 

rantiiivH  of  I'liliiim.  ,1, 

•"•^a.avuiiaHcli.uduiniA;:;^- 
t^'lovcr,r,.,landwI,it.,,„„,i^,' 

''vaci.lir'"' """■"■>•. -'-.■, 
''u;'d,r{.,^^-'''-tiy«at. 

"?dn!''^'""''"'"'*'''''''vn,Hain 
Tiniofliy  ,|„,,ij,.     , 

Do. 
ton.  pa,^ti„.i,:     "'■'■'■"" ''"l- 

Mm.U-i,U,lu.rcn,,«,„.„ii,, 

XuHi-nillrant,     ,„u„| 
niar.sli.  •'       '"'' 

V.'ryf,.Hil,.,„„,,,i,     ,, 
I'ottoiniin.sliiiv  ' 

Iviltlo  n.llivalioii,  „■:,,,(„  I,,,. 
lino,  liad  wut.T  • 

InHiK,nii,„nl,  vvusl,,  ai.,1  |,„t, 
torn  puHtuio.  ^ 


IJELGIUM. 


359 


UELGIUM. 


CATTLE  IN  BELGIUM. 

UEl'OIiT  BY  CONSUL  STEUAItT,  OF  ANTWERP. 

Ill  ivply  to  tlio  circular  and  memoranda  calling  for  itilorrnatiourchitivo 
U)  breed  ill  j(  cattle  that  would  be  of  value  to  stock- breeders  in  the  United 
8tii(o^<,  1  have  to  regret  that  my  ettbrts,  both  by  i)ersonal  inquiry  and  by 
correspondence,  to  obtain  some  points  of  value  bearing  on  the  subject 
liave  been  attended  with  indifl'erentresults,  some  of  my  letters  remaining 
miiiiiswered. 

IJel.uiiiiii  oilers  no  cat-tie  for  export,  first,  because  the  home  demand  is 
l;ir  in  excess  of  the  supply,  and  then  because  there  is  no  race  here  sufli- 
eieiitly  prominent  or  meritorious  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  pur- 
(•liaseis  irom  the  United  States,  who  arc  almost  always  present  in  the 
nei^ilihoiing  kingdom  of  Holland  seeking  the  valuable  cattle  in  which 
thiit  country  is  so  rich. 

From  an  oflicial  report  i)ublished  this  year  by  the  bureau  of  ajfricult- 
uic  ill  tlio  department  of  the  interior  at  Brussels,  we  learn  that  for  some 
years  jiast  the  cattle  in  Uclgium  have  shown  great  improvement,  owing  to 
the  great  care  taken  in  the  selection  of  the  breeding  stock  brought  into 

t  lie  eoiiii  try  from  England  and  Holland,  and  to  the  great  attention  paid  to 
t lie ollspriiig.  They  are  well  housed, carefully  fed, and  e\ery  care  taken 
ill  (iider  to  jiroduce  the  best  results.  The  Durham  bulls  from  England 
iiie  tlie  most  valued  and  most  in  use,  and  the  cross  from  this  race  are  very 
siiccessliil,  and  becoming  more  and  more  numerous  every  year.  In  some 
places  an  eflort  has  been  made  to  preserve  and  breed  theDurham  stock 
laire,  but  the  resiilc  was  a  lailure.  After  two  or  three  generations  they 
(legeiieiiite  .so  greatly  that  the  infusion  of  new  blood  is  necessary ;  thus 
wliilst  llie  cross  is  a  great  success,  the  pure  race  will  not  thrive  in  this 
country. 

'Hie  iirovinee,  of  Antwerp  ))refers  to  imi)rove  her  stock  by  the  introduc- 
lioii  of  llie  Dutch  race,  because  the  dairy  is  the  result  aimed  at,  and  but 
little  attention  jiaid  to  theother  ])roducts.  The  cow  is  valuedouly  by  her 
milk  giving  (pialities,  and  for  this  purpose  the  Dutch  are  much  t'hebest. 

Ill  the  i)i'ovince  of  Flandeis  the  great  proportion  of  tiie  cattle  are  of 
the  Cass(>l  breed,  or,  as  it  is  called  in  France  and  in  all  the  markets,  the 
Flemish  breed.  In  many  of  the  districts  more  than  half  the  cows  are  of 
this  breed,  whilst  in  other  districts  theDurham  is  used  to  cross  with  the 
iiiitive  cows,  or  with  those;  brought  in  from  Holland. 

Ill  the  iirovince  of  JJrabant  the  Durham  is  held  in  the  highest  esti- 
iiialioii,  but  in  the  weekly  market  held  at  Diest,  which  is  a  very  im- 
portant center  for  the  cattle  trade,  the  Holland  cattle  take  a  very  im- 
poilant  part. 

As  the  lioim>  jirodiK^t  falls  far  short  of  the  demand  for  consumption, 
the  (lovernnieiit  has  interested  itself  jrreatJy,  as  it  does  in  all  matters 
jitVecting  the  material  interests  of  the  Kingdom,  in  order  to  secure  the 
increase  needed,  and  at  the  same  time  to  improve  the  breed  as  much  as 
possible.  To  tiiis  on<l  an  appropriation  is  made  yearly  and  expi.'nded 
by  agents  ajipointed  by  the  <lepartment  of  the  interior  ibr  the  purchase 
and  importation  of  the  best  pure-blooded  animals  suitable  for  the  pur- 
pose; the  purchases  are  geueruUy  made  from  the  Durham  aud  Uoliaud 


i. 

J 
r : 


i, 


I 


f 


360 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


18^0,  and  in  h,s  Mntten  reply  to  my  inquiries  ho  «ays.''''  *''^I"'«it'on  of 
in  liJH  i):inii>1i]<>>.  lin   t,f..*„.,  ii.„i  XI 


li..lM«  ,«,m,,  ,]„t  1,0  stales  ttat  tlio  ,lcman,l«  Ibr  1,„„„.  ,.„„. 

"iliiot  ,s  (iir  (iom  covering,  ci.ll  lor  1  ,rt-.  /„,     '?""l"'»"> 


calnt ''Sp,.  Jo,;;,/- „V«";j\eTxoVs^^^^^^^^ 


TUANSPOllTATION  OP  CATTLE  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

'^^  "«  t;attle  Of  Lor  own  to  export  for  l!     ,- 
>est^ route  of  export  from  this  in.i    f  ,  '''*''''"J^' 
l.e  White  (.'rosH  line  of  «  eanuM-i'^i  j   l''  "r"'" 
5o.ton,  and  Quebec,  are  mto    wilh'      'f  ''•"" 

tninsport  of  eattle,  and  they  rirrv  '"'""'''' 
IK  iron.  Holland,  some  from  Sui'/>  •\  ^  P''"'' 
Le  cattle  are  bro..,ut'  irAnuV-   rt";''!'"' 

the  veterinaiy  surgeon,  and  t he!/' plJe^iy'^;; 


Although  IJelffiuni  ha 
pnrpo.scs,  she  olfeis  the  1 
to  the  United  States,  T 
Antwerp  to  New  York,  ] 
accojuniodations  ibr  the 
"liuiy,  princij)allv  comin 
more  from  Uelgium.  T 
water,  are  insi)eetod  by 
board  of  the  steamers 


COST  OF  TRANSPORTATION  TO  THE  UNITED 


STATES. 


uiiee  have  free  i)aksage. 

Aiitiarii,  J'eeemlier  J9,  issa.  ' 


BMEOS  OF  CATTLE  IN  BELGIDM. 

iiKrocT  i:r  voxxrr.  ,rn.so.\:  ov  imvasKLs^ 


BELGIUM. 


361 


nadc  to  improve  jill  aMinials  (luit  riduT  fiiniiyh  i.,w.p  ..„  i  • 
fortl.opeopi,.;  us  u  result  „f  ,1ns  o  o,  t         « '  ,      l' H  w^^^^ 

,u,.,  hmvov.r,  seveml  <l,st.not  varieties  bred  i.ere,  ead,  Zn  tuiv  J    " 
iiicd  to  a  particular  district   i.f  the  countrv    i.l.'...„    ..^     i  i    '^  ^ 
peculiar  quality  of  pasturage,  soil,  or  dlnlaS  eoi^Slr'^'^*^  '''  ^"'"^ 

TIIK   I'UliNKS-AMUACHT  IJIIKKD. 

On  the  rich  plains  ami  pouhlers  of  East  and  West  F|.M„i»r.  n 
vailin,  typo  ot:  cattle  is  that  lu.own  as  tlu'^Fur,^  -^  iS^  J'  ^S" 
.liHtm^Miished  by  handsome  and  w.-II-proportion,.,!  ibrms    s^^^ 
,„,,.!. 'laoly  larp,  crooke.l  horns,  and  usually  of  a  red  an  1  w  lie  .tie' 
bald  color.    They  are  renowned  for  both  the  (luantitv    i   .1  <,     i.f'     i- 
tbeir  dairy  products  throughout  the  KingdouK  '     "^'^-^  '"'*'  ''""''f>'  *'* 

TUE   AUDENNAI.sk  UKEED. 

Farther  east  and  west,  on  the  slopes  and  valleys  of  tho  fV.nf  i.iiu    ♦• 
the  Ardennes,  where  the  soil  cl.ietly  consists  o?  di,K^^^^^^ 
j,,.irt/ and  a  lonls  a  less  abundiuit  yet  nutritious  herbai4,  t  ero  Ins 
bee.  bred,  almost    rom  time  immemorial,  another  variety  km^^^^^ 
the  "Ardeiinaise"  stock.  •"'•j-  "^uown  as 

This  breed  is  characterized,  when  not  crossed  with  anv  other  bv  its 
rod  (^(,Ior,  sma  1  size,  clean,  smooth  liu.bs,  an.l  long,  shaVirhonis  ^,,  ,, 
lectmg  forwards  and  surmounting  a  head  carried  well  u.    stho  I' 
ahviiys  on  the  alert  against  surprise  or  danger.  uiongii 

These  aiiiiiials  are  not  usually  good  milkers   but  T.in<ii,o<.  ..•  i 
welMlavored  meat,  doubtless  more  or  los^res  dti       fn  m     ?"  V''''  T^ 
of  the  herbage  upon  which  they  fee.l  in  this  mounUdV.ou^ 

THE   CIIARLEROl  IJREED. 

Ill  the  Ilerve  and  Condroz  districts,  toiichiii'--  the  (liMn.-n.  f.v...^- 
thtUM.rtlu.ist,  there  ibrnierly  existe.hivarietol'"kn^^^^^^^^^ 
the  Anlennaise,  <>xeepting  that  they  wer    aim  ,  i,^  ,  y    rl'K 

and  white  piebald  color ;  but  within  tlu,  last  tew    e-    s  t  ,     L  I*''' 

of  the  yiiort horns  into  these  districts  has  g^e  t  y  ebVn  'ed  K^ 
ionn  and  color,  so  that  the  pureCondroz  rac^^,  is  nmv   a  i^^^^^^^^ 

i;;f  iiig  iti!  pC  ''"■'  *' ""'  ^"^'"''  •""""  '^  t'^«  chai:^:rK; 

FOREIGN  AND   CROSS  15REEDS  IN  BELGIUM. 

These  three  varieties  of  cattle  are  all  that  can  now  witi.  .,,.,.  i 
(.!•  propriety,  be  denominated  nativ<>,  biVc  ^      ,     o/-  llimn  ;;?"•*' 
crosses  with  the  Shorthorn  Durham,  the  l).it Vh  pLlv.l.l    .    /    ^  *'*""' 
.VoniCassel,al.nosttlieentireherdsofniet;^t;;a^^ 

A  irieted  by  the  rapid  growth  and  s,,Iendid  fbrms  of  the  mm  blond 
iMi^lish  bliorthorns,  the  farmers,  in  almost  every  d'striet  of  f   L  u 
doi.i,  have  attempted  to  cultivate  them  to  the  exclnsMon  of  f  i    '  '^'' 


3fi2 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


OIIH 


Stuck  ,hM.m.Hl8  a  pn.portioMHU,  au.ount  of  special  caro  mu\  ,,„ 

Many  of  tlio  Hlock-j-iowors  of  thi.s  cotnitry,  after  haviiwr  .,      ,  , 
NUiuM  of  unnwy  tl.orn«i.|vi.«,  an.l  having  r(4eiv.  I  lu     i'  'J;''"'"    '^''^o 

<om'.l  lo  abandon  tlicn,  an.l  fall  l.ack  upon  crSL  wm^^^^^  '"'<'» 

stock,  as  nioro  Uinlv !..  n,x„^n^.,^i i  i.iA    *  »«'«sc8  \\  uh  tJKMr  luiiiv.. 


1  nmy  add  lioro  that  the  i.nportaruio  ^mvoii  in  this  connfrv  i 
vanrry  over  t  he  others  abov,.  n.entioned,  chieti y  epeVu Is  1  .'V/''^'  '""^ 
«  i  p:.stnra«e  and  other  foo.l  the  <lepartu.ent  wlu'r  Xy  '  '  '  "".'^'"'^ 
.Inees  .neonm.rtionxvithitspeculiluMiKricultura   ino,x4^^^'^^ 

In  the  province  ol  Antwiup  the  pro.hictlon  <.f  n.ilk  an d  bnH 
the  raism^r  „  yefretables  for  the  Lon<lon  and  A  vc-  ,  ?  "'"' 
.ound  so  mnch  more  j.roiUable  than  the  ffrowinsr  oH.  ,  f  ,  '''V,'^'  '''''' 
Jannersot  that  district  will  have  i.othii.^r  t.>  do  i  ':  "J'/'^'^ 'l'" 
cattle  as  produce  the  largest  an.onnt  of  n.ilk  „po»  tl  e  s.n  o  "'^'  "•''' 
o  food,  and  for  this  t  hey  prefer  the  pure  Dutch  cmv  or  I  r  '  """^""^ 
the  1^  liMnish  animal.  "^  '^  crosses  witli 

1  n  th(^  province  of  IJrabant  fjreat  ctlbrts  have  hp.Mi  r„..<i    *    • 


«;rops  ot  various  kinds  have  here,  also,  arrested  t In  inV     Z''^'''^'''''^' 

nrhan.s  and  to  a  lar,^e  degree  substituted  fc^tlertlc^^^^'^  f 

Hollands  and  their  crosses,  which  under  -i  mr,r«  ..;   i      .     """'  '""'<  y 

tr-k  food,  yiehl  a  larger  anZ;;' l,?'^  m!Kc  ^. "buS^^  '^""'^'^  "^ 

. n  the  i)rovince  of  i lainaut  all  etforts  to  introduce  f^n..       .. 

.ave  tailed  to  .,u=ceed.     Jn  a  report  ot^he  S"uui,  ^  "^    ^^''.'''^'m 

his  province  now  before  n.e  the  comndssion  S     "it  s      1"'''^^^^     "' 

.olu've  that  the  prejudh-es  for  old  habits  an.    routine  ii.'S.?'''^  ^" 

ol  tliisL'sult;   we  are  theretbre  forced  to  believe  fhnVn-         '^"'"'*" 

breed  .,f  cattl.,  n.-ither  suits  our  oxigencSv    .  ^oui  w  „  s'':;/ 'Z^''^' 

nle^^nn;  iSlZ^"-'^  ^^^^"  '^  -^  ^^^^''  the  nali.^'^:^^^';^^;;:;^,- 

the  entire  province  ..ling  to  the  ,.urc  native-or  hs  en  :^  ""'  ''""'^'••-^' 

In  the  province  of  Liege  a  number  of  nuro  l»l<vwi  «i.    .. 
an.l  cows  of  a  variety  cek-brated  iXr  its  S  am     .^if  S,  '""« 
M'>al.  les  have  been  r.^cently  importe.l  from  Engl      1    vi"h  «■     '  ''';'''^' 
ivsnits  thus  far,  and  it  is  thought  that  this  vuH.  tv  ni'  ,  I  \  '^^''''■^' 

-  fouiul  better  a.Iapte.l  to  this  .l^Jt';i:!^,t  ,   j    'a  u^i   di;  "mhS^ 
tlie  Shan.  >I.>s  an.l  as  a  good  milker,  than  any  ()th.'i   Ir         Im^^^m^^ 
v.-ry  much  .loubt  l^n.m  the  conflicting  tostimon    I  r  Ji ve    '     "  ""^ ' 

Jh.)  larmers  ot  Lunbourg  an.l  Luxembourg  are  more   lev„t,.,l  u.  h 
raising  .,t  beef  cattle  for  the  markets  «f  the^^uVt       V  n    ^  n' f'^^ 


pn.vince  of  N;)mur,  from  its  t<-,pognii)hicai  l"eaL 


acter  of  its  s.)il,  is  cliietly  a.Iapte.l  to 
beet  cattle  for  the  market,  but  the 


(lies 


and  tl 


10  cliar- 


I)a8turago  and  to  tlio  niisiii"-  oi 
pure  Durham,  though  in  reputi' 


sioii  of  the  gi 
i'ui'iiiaion  1  h; 


BEIiOlUM. 


3G3 


i„„(,ii-,st  Motiie  of  tho  fiiiinorH,  roquircH  a  IiiRher  (l«.«ie(!  of  nurdiio  tlum 
th,.  soil  iillonlH  lUHl  iH  «ivinK  way  to  a  croHH  witli  tlio  Anlomiaiso  stock. 

CATTLE  I'KKDINO  IN  UKLOIUM. 

AlHioii;.'l<,a8  before  Htatetl,  JJoIfriiim  in  not  toanycoiisid.iiiihlo  (lemvo 
iiciittl.'iiiisiii;,'  country,  tlio  amount  of  caro  ami  labor  tlio  mnall  fimn- 
ors  iirid  (liinymcn  bestow  upon  thewo  animals  in  very  L'reat  and  as  -i 
ivsiilt  they  have  Hucjeoedtxl,  in  many  cases,  in  brin^'iiifV  their  mileli  i-owh 
ii|)  t(i  the  hi^'hcst  decree  of  milk  ami  butter  pnxlucinj,'  (lualilics 

Miiiiy  of  these  cows  arc  stall-fed  all  tho  year;  plenty  of  uc.od  water 
iuid  the  l«»od  best  adapted  to  the  production  of  rich  'milk  is  supplied 
tliciii  with  «reat  punctuality.  They  arc  c(mibed  and  brushed  and  tlu-ir 
skill  kept  perfectly  clean  ;  their  stables  arc  also  models  of  cleanliness 
and  iiothiiiji-  IS  left  undone  cither  in  the  way  of  kind  treatmcn'  abiiii- 
(jiiiit  food  and  water,  or  pond  shelter,  to  briiij;  (|,o,sc  animals  up  to 
tiie  iii^-hest  de|,Mce  of  pcifciition.  Their  food  from  May  to  October  con- 
sists (liielly  of  an  abundant  supply  of  clover;  from  Oc'tober  to  .lanuarv 
tiiriii|is;iiid  ciirrots  boiled  arc  adde<l  to  the  Ibdder,  and  from  JaniiirV 
lo  May  beets,  and  malt  when  it  can  be  had,  are  fed.  (Clover  and  mal't 
are  here  regarded  as  the  best  milk-producing  artitdcs  of  food. 

YIELD  OF  MILK   OF  BELGIAN  COWS. 

1' i(»iii  (he  most  reliable  information  I  can  obtaiji  a  good,  a\erii'<e  fresh 
l-'leiiiisli  cow  will  yield  from  2.S  to  ;{()  liters  of  milk  <laily;  a  Flenilsh  and 
Anlcmiiiisc  cross,  from  38  to  24,  and  a  pure  Ibdland"  about  the  same 
(|iiaiitity.  All  the  crosses  with  (he  Shorthorns  may  be  set  <l<)wn  as 
niviiin  a  fracti(»n  less  thiin  these  figures  in  quantity;  as  a  rubs  (heir 
milk  IS  riclier  in  crcum  and  c<mse(iuently  in  butter,  but  after  (he  scpa- 
ration  of  the  cream  the  milk  is  left  proportionately  poor. 

MISCELLANEOUS  STATISTICS. 

The  cows  of  ;ill  the  nalive  breeds  and  (irosses  in  (his  couidry  are 
considered  iit  maturity  when  three  years  old,  but  bulls  and  steers'  i»ar- 
tieiiiarlyof  Durham  crosses,  will  grow  until  they  an^  (bur  years  old  ' 

III  the  subjoined  (able,  marked  A,  will  be  founci,  as  nearly  as  I  canas- 
certain  it  (in  the  iibscnce  of  any  statistics  on  thes«d)jcct),  the  live  W(>i<'--ht 
of  tliose  animals  at  three  years  old,  and  the  average  price  paid  lu'r  kTio 
^;iain,  live  weight. for  them  fattened  for  the  market.  TIk^  tabic  marked 
1!,  giving  their  size,  is  a  transcript  of  (hut  published  here  on  (he  occa- 
sioii  of  the  great  national  exhibition  of  IS.SO,  and  is  (he  only  reliable  iii- 
I'oriiiaion  1  have  been  able  to  obtain  on  this  subject. 

IMPORTS  OF  CATTLE  INTO  UELGIirM. 

As  no  census  of  the  horned  cattle  in  (his  Kingdom  has  been  made 
since  IS, r.,  lam  unable  to  give  a  rcliabhi  answer  to  the  <|ucstioiis  in 
.voiirciiciilaras  to  the  jiresent  number,  the  pentcntage  of  breeds  niid 
the  proportion  bred  lor  (he  butch  rand  dai.y;  but  ollicial  dociinieiUs 
liiinished  me  show  (hat  the  importation  of  catth^  into  iJelgium  in  I  SSI 
amounted  to  1L'1,()0()  head,  whilst  (he  exports  only  amounted  to  I'")!! 
'.'a.l,  thus  showing  a  deficit  in  the  home  supply  for  (hat  year  of  7>S,\ksu 
head.  "  ' 

Of  the  total  number  imported  Holland  supplied  1)1, OSO,  and  the 
United  States  o55  head. 


364 


CATTI.K   AND    UAIHY    I'AUMlNd, 
PRICKS  OP  nELOIAN  CATTLE. 


Thoro  wero  sol,l  i»  II,n  inarkot8  mul  n.irH  of  the  ruuuWy  ii,  issi    i«« 
JOJ  nnl(!li  (!(nv8,  at  a  moan  prico  of  .{(M)  fraiutH  ihu-  lu-ad  •  7     .<•-  .  '  '.'^"'• 
at  a  moan  j.rii^e  of  185  francs;  of  Htoors,  theii  wore  n  ,1,1  7(Vi  """'• 
afjn.ff,  per  head,  ;j(i(i  francs;  and  of  younL'  bulls.  a.Un     .'      '  ""'■ 
pricoof  lGr>  francs.  '  '^-M.si,  m,  ^  „n,,|| 

BELGIAN  CATTLE  FOU  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

It  Will  1,0  nocossarily  inferrod  from  the  i,ri<'es  i,ai(l  for  il„.  ,,.!.,. .. 
those  various  classos  in  the  open  n.arkots  of  the  ,'o„„trv  f  •  .  '  T  I" 
not  have  boon  o(  a  superior  <piality,  an.l  in.loo.l  thin  is  *  ,Vi  .V''"'!' 
roKiinl  to  all  horned  cattle  brod  in  this  country.  So  hr  ,h  V  "'"' 
sonal  observation  has  served  me,  I  am  convinced  tint  fi..  i  "^^"  •'•''' 
the  United  States  have  nothing,  to  learn  from  tl  s  co  n  ■  i  i'n'.'.rr  "' 
ter  ot  selective  breodiuK  an.l  the  pro.luctio.i  of  vain  1,  's  ,1  •?'• 
or  the  shambles  or  the  dairy,  and  I  do  not  liesittisuh. /"'"■'' 
/me  bovine  specimens  of  pure  aud  crossed  bloods  inav  1../^  ....  "/"' 

umonjjst  the  farmers  of  our  Middle  and  Northwestern  8.11^/1?  "  •'"•^' 
be  found  withiu  the  entire  limits  of  this  country  '"  '"" 

As  before  stated  the  small  farmers  aud  daiV'vmon  have  luivi     1 
^'.vat  amount  of  care  upon  their  milch  cows,  und'thus  sur-  ■..';''  " 
a  lar«^  daily  yield  of  milk;  but  I  .  oubt  not  th,    on  overv,  '"'''' 
ji^ed  iarin  or  dairy  in  the  United  States  there  can  b    in,  ml  ;'""""• 
11-  this  (piulity  will  e(,ual  the  best  of  this  country  ""'  ^''^" 

iMiially,  as  a  result  of  my  i,er8onal  obsorvati«;n  and  all  tl...  inf., 
tion  1  have  obtained  from  other  s<,urces,  I  am  c,,nvii  ml  h  .  I  '"!"""■' 
tatiou  of  milch  cows  from  this  country  co  ,ld  irre^  v  ,n„  v  ^^  ""  ""•'""'• 
stock,  and  as  to  beef  cattle,  I  have.seen  iu  th^  2l  'a  ^  :.iS:?;Ti''' 
farm..rs  ot  the  United  States,  both  Durhams  and  1)^  if',  ,.''<' 
surijassiiiff  anything  found  in  this  country,  but  e.pial  t  he'  lAf 
bred  111  En-land,  their  uative  home.  If,  however  i,;.  1  .'^  '  ''' 
those  facts,  any  of  our  farmers  feel  incline. lotes't  ,:'''''"'*'' 

cM»atnat.on  will  pr.>duce  .,u  miy  of  the  stock  of  ths  com  tv  ''n 
n".=omn:ond  the  Klomish  cow  as  possossiu^  «iuali  ios  ca^n  ■  o,'  '""''' 
an.  m.,re  ,ume.liate  impiovemelit  than  aty  oth  'of  J  '  ai  /  .  fT'' 
an.  now  that  there  is  a  line  line  of  steamei^  plyi„«'  b.  ve  '■  Nv!  •''''i' 
an.l  Antwerp  the  experiment  need  not  ncces.4u\ly1,ea„  elp.^.^:,?,;;;;.; 

THE  EXPORT   OF  AMERICAN   UEEE    AND    IJEEF   CATTLE   T(,  liKHaiLM. 

Wl.ilst,  h.,wevor,  I  do  not  believe  our  stock  ^'rowers  oa,,  d,.,iv..  mhwI, 
boneht  Irom  the  importation  of  IJelgian  cattle,  I  am  .  .  i  ..i  '  '  ' 
with  proper  management,  an  enterprise  tor  tie  ('xi..,.t  ti  ,,  <•  1  ' 
<M.untry  direct,  of  both  live  cattle,  b.lof,  an.l  in  itt.,n  w  u  .*       '  ' 

prohr.     In  the  herewith  inclosed  table,  marke.l  J      h      " l!  J^ ^j , '  }[^ 

X   1  ...h  will  servo  as  a  basis  .,f  calculati.,i,s  from  which  t  '  ,      i     „' 

such  an  enterprise  may  be  calculated,  ami  1  cann.,r,  but  tl  i  k     •     vi 

he  now  regularly  plying  steamers  between  Antwerp  No  V  ,' 

h;  ad.'lphia,  a  large  ami  prolitable  trade  of  this  cl  a'ract  r  .     ill'u 


secured. 

United  States  Consulate, 

JJrtmels,  November  9,  1883, 


JNo.  ^vrl,so^^ 


CoHtiltl. 


HELOIUM.  3(J5 

A.-Avrragc  weight  amlptUv  of  three-yearolu  catlle  in  HeUjium. 


Name  "f  1>ii'<'i1h. 


Khiiiisli  .... 
AnIriiliiiiHii. 

Duti'li 

Duiliaiu  . 


Live  wetKbt. 


Cow. 


Bull. 


Kiloi.  KiliD.      I      Kiioi 

.VpU  til  (MM)      000  to  7(10     n(M)  to  H(Mt 

j(H>      500    iM      mi    rm      .wo 
CM)'     m>    r.,T«      (1,-Mi    (luo      7(]o 

5.'iU        6AU  I  ll,'iU        7:)U 


Prion  per  klloKruin. 


Cow. 


Franet, 

(I.  MM 
(t.  (10 
1.U0 

l.ou 


Itllll. 


Frane: 
I),  lifl 
o.no 

0.  INI 

0.00  Id  0.  »,•> 


Ox. 


t'ranet. 

I.  or.  to  i.iri 

0.  IH>  1. 110 

i.uo      1.10 

1.00         1.10 


•,„sH,.s  Willi  thoSlioitlioniH  l,i.v«  hIIkI.II.v  Iii<t..mho|I  i|i„  wHtfl.t  ol'alj  ||„.  i,„(lv,.  I,„.e.l«  i.i.ov..  uh.oi 
,,,  ,w  will  1...  m»ii,  tlio  HiouImIi  ox  comn.un.lH  tl.o  IiIkIiohI  pri.ii.  ,,or  kllohiiuii  In  iho  iVi'.ikl'l.  ' 

wnvnl  o/rallh  cxl,ibH,;l  at  Ih-imnvh  in  1880,  and   which  reaived  premiumH. 
Ilnvpntlmtitera.) 


Iillt,  Urt 

H,—Meitsur 


I)i'H<'rl|itl(iii. 


liiillHovcrlliiop  vcnrH! 

NllliVl'  "I'  CIllSHtMl    

I'liii'  Uiiilianm 

IliiKli 

AnlriinnlM  or  iroHHiiil 

Hulls  liiim  one  to  tlircn  .years  : 

\;l|l\IMjr  ClUHNI'll 

I'lirit  llinliiini.t 

Diilili 

AnleiiiiaU  or  croHHitil 

Nut  i VI- or  c  losgrd 

I'ini'  lliirliaiiiH . 

imtcli 

Aiili'iiiiais  (ir  oiciMsid 

Jlcili  IS  Iriiiii  I  Wo  to  tliriM)  yi'iiPH: 

.Valivii  or  crosHcil 

i'lirc  DiirliUMjM 

Iliilch 

.Viili'iiiialH  or  cro.iMi'tl 


HoIkIiI. 


144. 

Ufl. 
140. 

i;i3. 
i;i8. 

141. 
141. 
IL'4. 

141. 

IIIH. 

i:ii). 

131. 
130. 

111.-). 
i:io. 


Vertical 
de|>tli  o( 

tliu 
lircuxt 


HI. 7 
Ht.  0 
HU.  ft 
77.0 

7H.  0 
7H.:i 

m.  .'I 

(iO.  0 

77.0 
7H.  11 
77.3 
71.3 

72.3 
74.8 
72.  0 
U7.0 


I.«IIUtll 
of 

tllolll'litl 


ns.  ,'■. 

.SM.  3 

r>H.o 

r>4.3 

.-■..■..  0 

r,:,.  (! 

ra.  0 

50.7 

.sn  0 

V»    1 

50.  3 

SO.  3 

!>0.  0 

40.0 

,10.  3 

40.0 

IIei«lit 

of 
liook. 


.'i;i.  li 
s.v  0 
7.'i.  '.> 

4r>.  (I 

.'it.  3 
54.0 
511.  0 

■M.  F> 
.13.  1 
r.3.  0 
52.  3 

.'■4.  0 
40.  3 
51.0 
51.  3 


Lnietli 

or 

buttiickH. 

I Ktli 

of  ulioln 
IwHly. 

02.  7 
02.  0 
57.  5 
■53.  0 

18H.7 
IHI.7 
IC3  0 
107.  U 

:i«.o 

02.0 

til).  7 
45.  0 

170.  0 
I7H.  0 
170.7 
I.IO.O 

50.  2 
50.  7 
5U.  0 
53.  3 

!80.5 
172.7 
100.3 
lli,'l.  0 

54.  3 
.5;i.  3 
51.7 
40.0 

1(1.5.0 
103.  3 
1114.7 
101.0 

l',.-.lnr<uif  iiriiT ixr  Jiiloyrnm  of  the  ivhol,'  varvaxHof  animah  kilhil  and  drvtmd  fur  the 
warkftH  in  thcpfincipal  <  itiotof  Jlvlyinm. 

|Iu  fruiicH.J 


Aiitwcip  . 

Hlllsscls.. 
Ilnii;rs  ... 

lilllMll  .... 

Muiis 

l.ii-c  .... 
Ilusscli  .. 
Arloii  .... 
Nauiur... 


Ox. 

BuUh. 

CoWH. 

Veal. 

1.02 

1.30 

1.40 

2.00 

1.B5 

1.42 

1..50 

2.  (15 

l.KO 

1.40 

1.70 

2.  00 

1.06 

i.;tt( 

1.50 

2.  14 

1.85 

1.  .50 

1.  75 

1.00 

I.IIO 

1.34 

1.  50 

1.45 

1.70 

l.l-iO 

l.(iO 

1.80 

1.00 

1.30 

I. 00 

1.20 

1.82 

1.59 

1.70 

1.77 

Milt, 
toil. 


1.  82 
I.IIO 

2.  00 
2.  01 
1.75 
1..55 
I.IHI 
1.80 
1.81 


I'l'" 


360 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


CATTLE  AND  CATTLE  BREEDING  IN  BELGIUM. 

ni:POUT  liY  OOXSUL  TA^Ni;R,  OF  LIEQE. 
DTFriOIILTlES   IN   THE   WAY  OF  SKOURINU  CATTLE  STATfSTlf- 

I  can  apin-ociate  the  desire  on  tliepartof  theDenartii.enf  tn  „.  , 
ellor    to  el,ua  e  the  staiuhml  of  American  cattle  /  an         l    .       < v  ''" 
ne  i.Ieasnreof  no  ordinary  degree  shonhl  it  bo  in  my^lml]    ""  *'" 
this  important  matter.     The  inquiries  contained  iJtJ.e  r  1 1    •  "^'" 
are  far-reaching-  and  very  comprehensive.     ]„  a  sinall  ^jni     '  ,';'"'"''"" 
«.nm,  where  at  least  three  distinct  hmsuajres  are:^     [,^"";     J   '  ^'  ^l^''" 
an<l  measures  are  so  ditferent  from  our  own,  one  Si  ',er '  "l m'^'f  '^'^ 
(.n  as(.erta.mn{?  lacts  such  as  are  sought  i'ol  by  the  c  r e  ihr^     •''"''''/''•^ 
nature  and  irom  so  m,.ny different  quarters  as  to  a huoLt     t^       """''  " 
n.  puivsint  of  them  from  all  efforts.    Most  farmers  i    tl  isV' H  of  P 1'  "'"-^ 
speak  Valoonish,  those  near  Antwerj)  or  in  the  weste  n        \    ■  !''  """" 
speak  Flemish,  while  the  better  classes  speaV  Freri/    Ti?     '^''«'"'" 
classes  not  on  y  cling  tenaciously  to  their  ancient  la.  m./J    ,''  "*V''«' 
manifest  absolutely  no  inten^st  in  imitating  wha    is  "Vl  if  ','"'.'  '^'> 
(•lass!   Ill    wiw...!.;..,..   1,^, 1.       nil  _  "  """"'«  «  aiicd   llie  liiir|j,,j, 


BELGIAN  CATTLE  BREEDS. 


So  far  as  the  different  breeds  of  cattle  in  Belgium  arc  eonP..rn  >  i  ., 
are  as  numerous  as  there  are  localities  of  (litrcret'n.nrM^^ 
I::'1.!::!L:;!:^".!"^^  general  .um  universal  effort  to  rj/a^lSty :? /.l^;;; 


in  lielgium,  such  as  has  been  the  case  in  Enolni  I  'I'l. 
J'Hort,  however,  to  this  eml  in  a  few  ea.i>s  of  a  S^^^ 
been  very  i)aiticular  almut  the  pedigrees  of  their  c  it  ..mw'i  "  '''"*' 
HI  this  way  there  are  several  breeds  that  have  ret  li.ulfi  '  ^ ''^'•■<'''"<' 
pedigrees  most  faithfully.    The  breX      whh^ 

in  outward  appearance  ind  in  rSflTfbr  1^   Ml^'Kv  Jnir'^  T'^ 
eattle  that  cannot  be  surpassed  in  the  world      Tl  i^i.    /       ''  **•"'  '"'•*' 
true  of  the  bree.ls  known  here  as  the  I  oUa  nlais  or  i)     '^  Particularly 
J'lamande  or  lU-Igiau  cow.     There  is  a  s  r    k^  liL  .,  T'  '""'  ^''^ 

two  breeds  that  suggests  unmistakabl    to       n.d.'      >.tTleT''  '''•"' 
r  igm     Of  this  there  is  not  a  question  in  my  m    d."  I  will  .'"""""" 

to  explain  why  I  am  so  thoroughly  convinced  of  this  ''^'^*' «!•■•«' 

ASSUMED  ORIGIN  OF  THE  ENGLISH  SHORTHORNS 

ra.uou..br.VedVor  canto  y;, 'i;;;;,;;;;^"''iT,ii:;ri^ 


ff. 


<^f>  IllillvO,  flTl 

■ould  alloid 
'f  to  Jlid  i„ 
i'<^  ('ircnlar 
JT  like  hvl 

)  of  SU(;I|  i, 
oiiiajr(>  on- 
of  I5c'I}.inii, 

"f'ii'I^inni 
'<'  l;ih()riii„. 

S  ••lit  tJicv 

tlUi    l|i;,r|„;j, 

"t>  iUS  tlicv 

'<^'  «t'l'Vlllltls 

innii'd,  tlio 
i^'i'«taii(|  it. 
I  ti  field  so 

'I'.S. 


'mod  tliey 
iiiid  tlicie 
y  of  l)r('(.(l 

'   IlilS  iK-tMl 

\vli(»  have 
tlu'rcloic 
itariiislicd 
■^''iit  now, 
for  lu'ct; 
rticiilaiiy 
V  find  tlu! 

PC II    tlu'SC 

I  coiiuiioii 


'II  catde, 
ill'  cattle, 
iii«(',  was 
iiiid  licli, 
imported 
low  most 
|<1  toeall 
ic  of  tlio 


h 
< 


iiiqtiim'S  ol 
iiiipi'ovcd  I 
liiiidais  see 
ites  tliiia  ill 


CL 


Sliilcment  «/<( 


N:lliio 


llnlliiiicl:vi«.  l>iil 
FhiiiMiiil  III'  l''i'l| 

IIiiiilnniiaiM  . 

Ildiirliiiiiiio  . 

PiiMidy  — 

IlaiKiitt 

I'lcrhi't 

Chiirlcnii 

(■(intiiitin('{.N'iir 
L'Oldinliiiiirj,' .. 

Diirliiim 

Ayivsliijii 

elli'SI'V.-t 

xMlothi'is 

Total  call 


As  lu'foi 
to  rctiiiii  ]) 
hmd.  Tlie 
seqiK'iice  oi 
oHort  has  I 
in  tryiiifj  t 
lias  its  iulv 
the  lepirs* 
was  (lie  lu't 
tilt',  whole, 
I'loinish,  tl 
tost  would 
th(!  itriiicip 
cattle. 


Ti  10  11  oil 
iiioro  ostoe 
the  .^aiiie  f;i 
resent,  tliot 
exists  ill  th 

The  color 
Flemish,  to 


BELGIUM. 


a67 


iiif|tiiiii's  of  tlm  i;attl(3  ciiculur,  as  to  wliether  the  breed  of  cattle  are 
iiiipiovcd  by  Jiii juration  ?  as  the  Shorthorns  which  s])ra!t,<jf  from  the  IIol- 
liuuhiis  seem  to  thrive  better  in  Enjjfhmd,  and  seem  to  bo  greater  favor- 
ites than  any  other  breed  of  cattle  in  the  worhl. 

CATTLE   OENSUH  OF  BELGIUM. 
SlaknwHt  showing  the  different  breeds  and  numhcr  of  cattle  of  different  hrwdn  in  Jklyium. 


Niiino  iil'brppil. 


llnlliiiicl:vi«.  Diilcli,  orllolonstiiins 
FhiiiMiiil  III'  I'.i'l^iiiii.tliifntypt's: 

l!(piil(iiiiiai« 

Ildiirliiiiiiju 

PiiMuly 

DaiKiift 

I'li'ilict 

Cliiirlc'iiii 

Ciiiitiiit  inc  ( Xiii'inaii) 

LOIilinliiiiirf; 

1)111  liiiiii 

Avii  sliii" 

Jl'IsrVH 

A 11  lit  lirl'8 


n2    • 
1^ 


cy. 


P^- 


Total  cattle  in  l<)'l<;iiini 


$118  to  $180 


It).-. 

IJH 

118 

11U 

(iO 

(!J 

W) 

5r. 
or. 

05 
CD' 


14R1 
MHJ 
lUS 

luo 

!)() 
1)0 
71) 
K."i 
Hi  I 
75 


Ft. 


Inn. 


41 

TO.;) 

4  a 

;it 

•1,'! 

:n 

4^ 

;i() 

*k 

•JV.  I! 

4/i 

III'.  ;i 

4,'. 

;i().  :i 

41 

:i:i.  :i 

n 

a-j. ;; 

4  A 

3(1.  2 

4|'o 

i!H.  1 

o 

p 


Ft. 

i 

^11 


II 


Ft. 


7^ 

2t 

V,:, 

•Jt 

7.;!, 

I't 

7\ 

'Si 

7' 

1 .'.' 

Zi 

7,'. 

•s.t 

v^i; 

'S.i 

«;; 

•21 

n 

'Jl 

m 

ti.i 

U 

a 

2 

c«-. 

"  ■/: 

C 

J 

J=.^    > 

CO 

3 

^A 

pi 

Inn. 

Inn. 

*''> 

•'•ti 

•jfi.  n 
;io.j 

'JL'J 

i;.\ !) 


ts^ 


:,  iidi 
i,fim» 

:l,(i7(i 
!,(i7li 
l,(i.-9 

ii,  :;!M» 
l,7i:i 
1,710 
1,7:15 

l,h'IO 

i,;iiio 
i.iiuo 


2a 


1(1!),  (100 


'■  i;io,  000 

KO,  000 
1(1,11(10 
K(l,  (1(H) 
TiO,  (HiO 
IJJ,  OiiO 
.Ml,  (100 
l.'i,  000 

10,000 

»M,  (100 
I,. "...6,  01,0 


THE  FAVORITE  BREEDS   IN  BELGIUM. 

As  before  stated,  there  has  not  been  tiiat  gene-al  effort  in  r.el<;inm 
to  retain  iiurity  of  partitnilar  breeds  wliicli  has  been  the  rnle  in  lOii"-- 
liind.  Tiiere  are  many  distinctive  breeds  liere,  but  tliis  is  mon^  in  eon- 
seqiience  of  the  customs  of  tlie  peophs  wiio  care  litth>,  ior  cliati;;e.  More 
ollort  lias  been  bestowed  on  tlio  perfetition  of  tiie  material  on  hand  (han 
in  tryiuf,'  to  accomplish  such  result.s  from  foreij^ni  stock.  Ihuih  breed 
has  its  advocates  as  to  its  superiority,  and  if  an  eipial  assembla^t^  of 
the  representatives  of  all  tlie  breeds  should  meet  to  determine  whicli 
was  the  best,  it  would  be  ditlicult  to  ariiv(>  at  a di'cision.  J  btjlieve,  on 
the  whole,  thiit  the  ('ontest  would  be  reduced  to  three  breeds,  viz  'llio 
Flemish,  the  J)uteh,  and  the  Flechet.  15etween  the.se  three  the  <'on- 
tost  would  be  very  close,  with  many  advantages  in  favor  of  the  latter 
the  i)niicipal  being  the  richness  of  the  milk  a.id  the  eheiiimess  of  the 
cattle. 

THE  IIOLLANDAIS. 

Tiie  Ilollaiidai.s,  or  Dutch,  cattle,  on  the  whole,  T  think  are  "eneiallv 
more  esteemed  than  any  other,  though  tiie  i'lemisli,  wiiicli  beioii-  to 
the  .siiiie  fiimily,  hold  almost  etpnd  rank.  The  two  cuts  below  willn-p- 
resent,  though  in  an  unsatisfactory  manner,  the  Ilolhind  cow  as  she 
exists  m  this  section. 

Tiie  color  is  black  and  white,  hut  it  often  varies,  as  it  does  al.so  in  the 
J'lomish,  toabrnidle-reddisli  nrilm.  ,.„i,.,.  va'ied  with  spots  of  white. 


sii,  to  a  brindle-reddish  or  dun  color, 


3G8 


I 

( 


CATTLE   AND   BAiiiY   FARMlNa. 
THE  FLEMISH  COW. 


V '^  I'l^^  ^','^'*^"^  *'?"''''  ^'^"^^^^  "^'"o«t  eqnullv  with  the  JhuoU 

ibovo  any  K„j,Iks  ,  brocds  by  all  tl.ose  wl.o  know  nit      't,  '/'''!"''' 
tins  buT,l  lacks  n.  quantity  of  milk  it  mak(vs  n„    nniv^^ 
ulnd.  It  ack,s  in  size  ior  boef  is  con.pensat.d   n    ho  sa  m     Vv' '"''  rf'''^^ 
tAo  breeds  arc  as  s<'iitle  and  kind  in  disposition  as  it  is    oss  i  i    r^'"''^ 

!<'.  fo  be.      A  ehild  ean  walk  u,,  tothonl  ^inywl  ;VoI^a    ;,.'!;  "'"'=''^- 
lead  them  or  play  around  them,  without  any  fear  of  1  -ir  „     '^  *""*'  '""' 


THE  PLECHET  BREED. 


<l<.irous  of  poss,ssi,„  n.em:andVhat  iMo  Po^'^^XiU^^l^X^ 
«'.xi...rienee  an.l  ,f  th.-y  buy  ,Io  so  «p,ieliv,  so  (hat  he  ,  i  11  ,  S  ' 
'•""  "i>  «•.  (IMMU  her.,  as  it  has  been'  by  th.'-  .^hr.^wcl  ellellnev. 

nil'ORT.S   (W   1U:TTEI^   IM.)   IJELGILM. 


:  :! 


if!    '•< ' 
! ;!        : 


by  iioiirly  1 
fortlicpi't' 
7,841i,()iH)  1. 
to  Ilollaiul 
ter  8,528,;.'. 

m 

Tlie  qua 

lor  traiislii 
A  vast  mil 
to  sonic  ot 
(jreat  as  in 
the  Eiipflis 
ally.  I'^ew 
pork  and  li 
not  (!()nsini 
aud  Engla 
and,  Avitli  1 
tlio  annnal 
not  itroduc 
tables  ind< 
uiakcs  up  I 
iiillcaut  pa 
from  notliii 
what  is  wi 
froui  that  1 
must  do  to 
to  repeat  i 
clieiipcr  till 
m  such  arti 
tbat  {;oes  1 
article  evei 
it  known. 


There  arc 
at  Iionic  cai 
liiiic,  artiek 
rulers  and  t 
I  called  per 
and  asked  h 
apiiiKst  any 
a  lew  (lays  (. 
have  me  cal 
complaint  a 
aiidproiioni 
tlie  butter  d 
alioiiso  I  ti 
tained  tUo 
could  see  ai 
in  the  Unit( 
label  be  toi 
was  the  Dii 
11,  E: 


BELGIUM. 


369 


ter8,5L'S,L'34 


nil'OKTS  OF  MEAT  AND  MEAT  CATTLE  INTO  IJIOLGIUM. 

The  nuiiutity  of  cattle  or  moat  iiiiporfcil  into  JU'I^iiim  Tor  lioinc  coii- 
HUinption  is  bard  to  arrive  at.  The  tabli-s  transmitted  w  itli  the  i)ri's('iit 
lor  translation  bytlio  ])ei)artment  will  bca.s  near  as  can  be  ascertained. 
A  vast  amount  of  the  imijorts  of  beef  and  cattle  are  merely  in  transit 
to  sonic  other  country.  The  consumi)tion  of  meat  in  Li'lfjium  is  not  so 
jjreatasin  England,  because  of  the  better  compensatiun  received  by 
the  English  laborer,  which  enables  him  to  su{)ply  his  table  more  liber- 
ally. Few  workmen  in  Belf,num  iire  there  that  taste  meat  (other  than 
pork  and  horse  llesh)  more  than  once  a  year.  ICven  the  better  classes  do 
not  consume  beef  in  projwrtion  tothe  same  classes  in  the  United  States 
aud  England.  During  Lent  and  on  l-'ridays  Catholics  do  not  eat  meat 
and,  with  live  millions  of  ijcople,  that  would  make  a  vast  diflerenco  in 
the  annual  consumption  of  an  article.  IJut  for  all  this  Hebnum  does 
not  produce  nearly  one-half  enough  meat  for  home  c()nsumi)tion.  The 
tables  inclosed  will  show  the  Department  from  what  countries  Delgium 
makes  up  her  deficiency.  That  the  United  States  takes  such  an  insig- 
nilicaut  part  in  the  protits  of  this  business  is  deplorable,  and  can  come 
from  nothing  but  lack  of  effort  on  our  j)art.  Every  business  man  knows 
ffbat  is  wanted  to  introduce  and  extend  his  business  at  home  and 
tVoui  that  ha  must  surely  be  able  to  draw  conclusions  as  to  what  ho 
ninst  do  to  extend  it  beyond  our  borders.  It  would  seem  almost  follv 
to  repeat  a  thing  so  simple,  viz:  Jt  is  only  to  supply  a  good  article 
clieaper  than  any  one  else  can  supply  it  and  make  it  known  to  dealers 
m  such  articles  abroad  by  samples  or  otherwise.  Cheai)ness  is  the  thing 
tbat  goes  further  than  anything  else,  and  it  is  hard  to  hide  a  cheap 
article  even  if  we  want  to  hide  it,  and  therefore  it  is  very  easy  to  make 
it  known. 

OOUNTEUFETTING  AMERICAN  rUODUCriS. 

There  are  prejudices  here  now  against  our  products  wliich  Americans 
atlioniecan  destroy  by  continuing  to  proves  that  they  snp[>Iy  good  and 
lime  articles.  They  can  in  this  way  show  to  the  peojde  here  that  great 
rulers  and  their  ministers  can  descend  t(»  misrepresentat  ion  for  a  i.urpose. 
Uallod  personally  on  every  important  dealer  herc^  in  American  sui)i)lies 
and  asked  him  to  apprize  me  if  at  any  time  t  here  sh<nild  be  any  complaint 
iipiinst  ajiy  American  article  that  might  |)ass  through  his  himds.  Only 
a  few  days  elapsed  before  one  sent  me  a  note  saving  that  he  would  like  to 
have  me  call.  1  did  so  with  JUt  loss  of  t  ime.  lie  said  t  liat  t  here  had  been 
coniplaintaboutsomeAmerican  butter  tiiat  the  inspeitoihad  examined 
aud  pronounced  it  mauvais  and  artijicial.  I  asked  him  if  lie  had  received 
the  butter  direct  from  the  United  States.  *•  No,"  hc^said,  "it  came  from 
a  house  I  trade  with  in  Mastricht."'  On  looking  at  the  tirkin  that  con- 
tained the  butter  it  had  tiie  nanu^  of  a  house  in  Newark,  N.  , I.  but  I 
could  see  at  a  glance  that  the  priming  on  the  label  liiid  not  beel'i  done 
iu  tbe  United  States,  i  .suiiunoiied  the  inspi'ctoi'  and  insisu'd  tliat  tiie 
label  he  torn  oil",  which  was  reluctantly  donr.  Underneath  the  hibel 
was  the  Dutch  brand  that  had  been  biuiied  into  the  wood  of  the  Urkin 
11,  Ex.  51 24  ' 


370 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


showing  that  it  camo  from  Mastricht.  The  fraud  was  rovealnri  -f 
aud  I  was  relieved  at  once,  because  I  kuew  that  good  butU'r  is  v  .,  ""^ 
flcult  to  keep  fresh  for  any  length  of  time,  and  that  if  tll^  in  ?,'''* 
been  of  American  origin  that  the  chances  were  that  it  was  '  i  '""' 
flcial  or  that  it  was  rancid.  I  mention  this  matter  only  to  Hlimt « '  ",'''■ 
partment  to  what  an  extent  wo  must  flglit  against  the  iiiiru.  .  m^^"" 
that  are  resorted  to  in  order  to  create  a  i)rejudice  acrainst  i.'i  "^''''<'<l« 
tcrmined  that  these  prejudices  shall  have  no  foundation  in  this .,.?.'"  f*' 
district.  If  any  American  should,  on  the  other  haZ  -oHh '?''''" 
wards  these  prejudices  by  importingan  article  that  would  Wive  trnf*"  *','' 
ency.  I  want  to  expose  him  at  homo.  ""*^  ^«'h1- 

AMERICAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  BELGIAN  CONSUMPTION. 

Wo  can  supply  meats,  butter,  eggs,  poultry,  &c.,  to  tho  tn.>ri  . 
Antwerp  and  Brussels  cheaper  than  it  can  bo  suppl  ed  i?im  S  ''"  "^ 
Holland  by  3  or  4  per  cent,  on  the  pound.  I  menSon  these  two  S  '' 
because  Antwerp  is  the  entrepot  for  Belgium,  and  places  i.?M.  ^}^':^^ 
generally  supply  themselves  with  foreign  coinmoditiesfnuu ',•<''""!' 
hence  It  is  to  this  place  that  the  principal  efforts  for  the  into,;'  "'" 
American  articles  must  be  directed.  It  would  be  well  f  r.l  i^  ^*  ?"  "* 
ettorts  to  Brussels,  as  a  large  surrounding  area  draws  its  deu!!"?" 
dTnT;oV;^^i\tr;.^^^' '''''  "^'^"^  '"^^^^^•^^^  doubtles^^l^l'Sl- 

PRESERVATION  OF  MEATS  AND  VEGETABLES  FRE.SH. 

Dr.  Clossett  of  this  city  has  invented  a  means  of  lu-eserviiiLr  <  i.n  <•,. .  . 
uess  of  meats  and  other  provisions  which  may  bo  ot' groarSi  ,ff^^^^^^^ 
exporters  in  these  articles.    I  have  asked  him  for  a  stat«^  I^?^ 
merits  ot  Ins  process,  which  I  herewith  inclose.    IleKssSi^^^^ 
ents  for  this  process  both  in  Europe  and  America  •  '  '"'^• 


United  States  Consulate, 

Verviers  and  Liege,  October  13, 1883. 


GEO.  C.  TANNEK, 

Comul, 


BELGIAN  AND  DUTCH  MILCH  COWS. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  WILSONA 

Refemug  to  my  dispatch  No.  17,  September  ir,,  an.l  the  fi-fcs  rrivcn 
during  the  luist  suminer  upon  the  occasion  of  the  ^Mni-.^eiiL  ,  iai^u  n 
versary  of  Belgian  independence,  wherein  I  (lescribe.l  so,'  -   |,  .t     o 
commercial  maritime  history  of  Ghent,  and  the  installati,)n    I      ,  .c  v 
basin  and  docks,  I  continue  the  subject  by  some  d.^scriptiv e  coinmS 

•Tho  atutenient  horo  roforred  to,  concomins:  tho  i)ro8orvn.fiiiii  ,.r  Cv.^i  .       , 

tCoiisnl  Wilson,  writiug  from  Nantes,  under  date  of  Doccinlinr  17  iw^t  . 
that  uo  nrntcrial  of  any  account  on  which  to  base  a  Ut?«        o  t'l\ l^  'i  /'  S 
tnct,  and  refers  fo  his  ronort  on  tho  dairy  exhibition  at  Ghent    ilHWu/ii   • 
most  apropos  to  this  w..rlc  on  tho  cattlo  l.ree.ls  „f  Z  wo.il.  '  ,'   "i^^  :,"'''''','  '?'« 
no,u  Consnhu-  Report  No.  if,.    Some  valuable  tabiUated'Hik  o,  e  :i;  tti^'i;;'' wtth 
;SEE  form"     "*'""''  ""*  ^'^'^"'^'''^  ^'^'^'*^'  ''"'  '""^^^'''^  i.   tho   0  .0^  '      t«  0 


aJed  at  once 
!ri8voi-y,)it{ 

1  tiitlior  arti. 
I'ow  the  J)e. 
J"r  "lethodH 

"*■       I  iUll  (!(.. 

•»i«coii8iiliir 
"tribute  to. 
•'etlmtteiid. 

"'itrkcts  of 
|»  i'Vauc'cor 
'  two  placet) 
tiio  iiitorior 
'  tlii're,  iiiid 
'oiliictioii  of 

XteiKl  tllOHC 

u'lciciicy  in 
>  there  that 

fc'thfifrcHi,. 
"Vice  to  our 
i>«iit  of  the 
2«ure(l  iKit- 


Consul. 


iteH  fiiveii 
inial  iitiiii. 
'What  the 
i'  the  new 
coiiiinents 

iiu'.'it,  and  u 
'ill  Im!  found 

,  K'lU'c.scnlH 
ill  tliatdiH- 
liicli,  lieinx 
tiiii!ilisljc(i 
ctlicr  with 
t  ill  ita  fo- 


o 

UJ 
03 


0 

z 

X 

> 

_; 

hi 
Q 


Oil  tlici  K'tf  of 

(;ll('  'icid  ill  ti 

iiijllv  iiidii.stry 

divisions : 
I.  Milcli  coi 
L'.  Milii,  1)111 
;{.  Tlic-  iiiiicl 

iroaU'd  in  iii\( 


Tlio  iiiiicliin( 

irquircM  no  da 

be  liiiifflit  ln!t 

(■very  (liiy  in  ti 

tiHitoiy,  and  cr 

One  niacliiiic 

t'cldt,  ofl'aris, 

liiiown  fact  (lia 

the  apidicatioii 

(•oiislsls  in  the 

milk  is  put  in  v 

TlicMiaiiisinado 

IJielioavii'st,  Uii 

Tlii'y  are  (liiis  t 

ii)io  tiihi'K — iutc 

niiv  apparoidh 

j;iiujf('.  llic  quail 

Ainoiiff  llu!  n: 

siiipriscd  to  SCO 

i'roni  I'liiladclpl 

forks,  both  Iron 

iiciirly  a  iwoiiopi 

coiiihiiicd  with  i 

siicct'ssfiilly  con 

giiiiii  could  niak 

Here  was  anc 

industrial  ail  c( 

iiliproacliiiii;'  tlic 

pliud  to  iiidustn 

facturc  of  arlicl 

and  a  dciiiaiid  \ 

llic  kiio\vlcdj;c  a 

Clin  iiicclianic,  ai 

wliich  f,'avc  liini 

Tiicii'  were  iiif 

Id  Ilic  ciistoiiicrs 

adnltciatioii  by 

nsi'.    Tlic  coniiin 

till'  Ibllowiu;,'  j)li( 


Tlic  second  di\ 
other  dispatch,  it 


I3KLG1UM, 


371 


,.lr  '...hi  in  this  city  an.l  wl.ich  toj.  ,1.,,  fb,?,.;'  o  'an  ^^    i  ,  ''';i::; 

,,,,11.  ,nJ.Mt.y  <.t  iJel,,,.,,.  an.l  Ilolla.ul.     It  cn.i.ted  ol' til;;:"  ^nl^i 

1.  Milcli  cowM,  the  piodiicons. 

■J.  Milk,  buttor,  and  cliecso,  t\w  i)n)du(!tH. 

3   Tlic,  ii.acliii.ery  and  nu-chanical  ai.pliancc.s  used.     Tlicvsc  will  1... 
tit'iitcd  III  iiivt'i'.siMU'doi'.  '•"iM.  will   De 

DAIUY  MACIIINKUV. 

Tlioii.acliim'i-y  wa«  intemstiiig  and  accomplislu,!  its  work  nv,.||   I,,,, 
ir(|iiiirs  no  elaborate  mention,  for  the  "universal  Y-miI-....  .V.\;       J 

<'■ f  '-'"■""■  """"'  -"^l.i,,..r.v  ,,.,rX.j'  I''  t  «    "  ,'    ™' 

(■very  <liiy  in  the  year,  the  inventive  L'oniiis  of  everv  (•.i>„  7-     .i     i        ' 
ti,(!toiy,  and  creamery  in  the  bind.  '    "'  « ^<  '>  l-'nn-Aard,  cheese 

OiK^  machine  is  worthy  of  description,     it  was  the  inveiifin.,  .w  r 
,..l.lt,  ofl'aris,  for  separating  rapicllV  the  milk  and  en.;     * '^t"      '  ,  ^f" 
known  (act  (hat  milk  is  iicavicr  tlian  (Team.     The  usinl  i.w.  l    ,    .!,  i 
,l,c.  application  of  the  Jaw  of  oranfatio,,.  to  tl  is  (i  ^      The     m-  ;^i  l^ 
o,.ns,s(s  ,n  the  application  of  the  law  <.f  rentri/uoal  motion.     T  J  h 's 
milk  IS  pat  in  what  resembles  a  common  nprj^li    cylindrical  ..    i-   •  n 
TlKM,a.i.sim,detorevolve,stinnpri«ht,atuhif,nspe.^      T^^^^^ 
llic  heaviest,  llies  to  the  periphery,  which  forces  (he  cream  to        c,  n    ;" 

lV^v  aio  thus  separated  instantly  and  are  drained  olVbyne^^ 
il.If  tnbes_in to  one  vessel  the  milk,  into  another  the  cream.    TJe     ,iv 
ciiiv  apparently  necessary  is  to  keep  up  the  six^ed,  and  to  nrm     i- 
t;iiu{je  the  (piantity  at  the  ontrv  and  exit.  ^    ^  * '  ^^ 

Ainoiif?  the  machinery  exhibited  was  some  for  aL'riculture   •in<l  r  «... 
siina  sed  to  see  the  United  States  so  well  represent^'"of  aV  "    ,n  e- 
Iroin  I'hiladelpjiia,  jmnipa  Irom  Seneca  Falls,  rakes,  hoes  h-iv  .,,        ,. 
loiks,  both  from  New  York  and  Phila.lelph'ia,  th^Un  teiVX.'ha^^^ 
lieu,  y  a  aonopo  y ;  and  the  importer,  J)ntry.Calson,  said,  tor  i>h?n  ;s 
ninihiiuMl  with  strei.sth  an.l  beanty  of  style,  no  (,thei'  in.p  en  enfs      lihi 
siiccfsslnlly  nmipetewith  ours.     JIo  said  Kii'dand,  (Jerii-  i  v    ,,,, 
ginmculd  make  them  as  <7oo./,  but  they  ^vero  dnnlsi^r  a  n  he^i^t 

I.-iv  was  another  Illustration,  if  one  be  nee.led,  of  (h,-  lu'Stv  for 
iiuhLstrial  ai  c.Uication  aniongf  our  mechanics.  With  an  in  uot,  m, 
ni,,.r,.acluii,  horou.d.ness  in  knowle.Igo  of  the  principlesT  t  ,  . 
plR..l  (..  imlus try,  the  American  mechanic  can  leadthe  world  ,  1  cnni  " 
lac  lire  of  artieh's  f^i.r  every  day  use,  wh(>tlier  of  necessi  v  or  ,  v  ,,  v' 
.;m(l  a  .IciiKiiid  wdl  be  created./;,,-  tfum,  which  will  be  coex"  ensiv  u  m.' 
llK'ki,uwk..lKco///,r;„.  This  shouhl  be  the  an.bition  o^yve,"v\v,  .  ' 
("mmochanic,  and  when  done,  it  will  Justly  be  the  pride  ot  the  n^  ,  n" 
winch  f,';ive  him  birth.  *  mc  n.ition 

TIk'iv  were  many  sample  waf-ons  ami  carts  for  th.,  deliverv  of  mill- 
to  tii.' riist(miers,  showiii.^  neat   contrivances  to   insure  .•«:.*•  / 
a.l,il..M..tioii  by  the  carrier,  but  these  l.ave^.^      4  c^n  ^in  o' "i:,  i:;;';! 
iisi>.    The  (ominonest  method  of  deliverv  in  this  conn t.v  iJ  u  ^^"*   '  ' 
tlie  lollowiii.n.hoto«ra,,h,  taken  from  nature.  •'  "  "'"'"'  '*>■ 

KELGIAN  MILOn  0()AV«. 

The  scfoiKl  division,  milk,  butter,  and  cheese,  will  bo  reserved  fo...,,. 
other  dispatch,  d  deemed  of  sullicient  importance.      "'''^'''•^''^<*  '"'  »"• 


372 


CATTLK   AND    DAIRY    I'AUMINU. 


Tlio  (iiHfc  division,  inih^ii  cown,  \v<hiI(I  Ii;iv<^  Ik-cii  of  i^voal  i\^^^>l^^,f^, 
AiiU'rii'.iiU  brt'j'tli'it*  ami  Ht(nk-iiii.si'r.s.      I   hciitnt^  (ins  sultji'd,  ^•■^,^  \** 
stmlh'd  with  iulvaiitami  and  licnclit  to  (li«  |M((pl(*  of  hotli  countries       \ 
it  is  for  tliis  n-asou  I  deem  it  my  dni.v  to  nialio  this  ivport  ''"' 


An  object  to  1)0  di'sin-d  by  the  fatth'-hivodcrs  of  the  United  St 

ie«/,v;  of  tlieir  beef  cattle.     This,  I  bolievc  Ciu,  h.    .''* 


is  an  increase  in  the/.. ,,  .  ..^j,,,,,,.,  ,.ji|,  |, . 

terially  aided  by  the  importation  ol  the  lar^o  cows  of  the  ilo'llaiKi  .'""i 
Flemish   races  and  cross  bieed in;,'  tln'm  with  the  cattle  of  the  Unit".' 
States.     I  also  believe  this  will  be  aecom]»anied  by  uu  inipioveinenf 
tlH>  milkinjLf  «|nali(ies.  '" 

'I'heontlay  in  tim<',  tronl)le,  expense,  money  iiive'"'.ed,^:e.,is  jn.st  ah 
as  nnich  to  raise  a  [joor  or  small  steer  as  a  larf,'e  one,  while  the  rec"' 
pense  is  increased  as  the  weij,'ht  increases.     It  needs  neither  ilhistriti"' 
nor  ar^nment  to  prove  the  benetit.  '  " 

The  oidy  <|nestion  is  its  feasibility  with  sunicient  benelit  to  coim. . 
Hat<i  for  outlay.  ^*'" 

If  the  cattle-breeders  of  tlu!  United  States  could  have  seen  the  In  i 
of  cows  at  this  exposition,  as  J  did,  they  would  have  been  iajpresMcd  ' 
I  was,  by  the  fireat  size  of  the  cows  and  the  desire  to  use  them  in 'ti? 
manner  su^f;;('sted,  '" 

There  were  .'{7l*  cattle  entered  for  exhibition,  ^'"arly  every  one  hci 
milch  cows,  for  the  exhibition  related  exelnsively  to  the  miik  indiis*?*"' 

The  races  represented  were  the  Dutch  or  Holland  cattle,  the  VMn 
or  Flemish  cattle— both  of  i)ure  blood— and  some  Durhams  crossed  wit 
these.  The  lirst  two  an<  indigenous  to  their  resju'ctive  countries  vc  v 
much  alike,  and  doubtless  sj)rang  from  the  same  stock.  1  am  not  si  tli 
ciently  expert  to  jxive  an  opinion,  but  I  believe  them  to  be  thesiine  m 
nearly  the  same,  breed  known  in  the  United  States  as  IJoIsteiil  cit't 

Although  these  «attlemay  havenostamlingin  the  English  and  Aincri" 
can  herd-books  as  blooded  cattle,  I  am  eonstrained  to  believe  it  is  ritlii'i 
a  fault  to  be  charged  against  the  books  than  against  the  cattle  for  it 
can  be  demonstrated  that  theyhave  an  iiiicestrymanycenluriesohi  IV,,,, 
which, and  through  which,  they  have  had  a  pure  anil  unbroken  (Icseeni 
brei'ding  in  and  in,  without  admixture  or  deterioration,  preseivinL'  iii.l 
lierjtetuating  the  characteristics  and  distinguishing  marks  of  their  nn' 
with  a  great  certainty,  <lefiniteness,andexeh)sivenesKas  the  best  blood 
known.  Motley  speaks  of  them  a«  noted  nearly  three  hundred  veais 
ago  lor  their  size  and  general  good  qualities.        ' 

The  agricultural  society  of  tlu^  Xetherlan<ls  has  within  a  few  vo m 
published  a  herd-book  «'ontaining  tlu^  j)edigree  of  their  cattle  as  far' back 
as  it  can  b(^  traced.  Their  examination  shows  the  existence  of  thi.s'  -is 
a.  distinctive  breed  of  cattle,  in  possession  of  this  countrv  as  far  hack  'is 
the  thirteenth  century.  *  '      •• 

Thc^  color  of  the  J5el  in  cattle  is  most  fre(|uenilv  black  and  white 
while  the  Hollanders  are  the  same,  but  sometimes  with  a  sininkliiiL'ot 
corn  or  tan  color,  something  like  that  of  the  Aldernevs.  Soiiietiiiies 
this  gets  to  be  almost  red,  like  the  J)iirhams.  lint  in" both  the  doiiii- 
iiaiit  colors  are  black  and  white  jdaced  in  large  si)ots  over  the  body  so 
also  are  the  othi'r  colors,  though  smaller  and  simietimes  niiuiin'-'oli' into 
th'cks.  Their  colors  are  somewhat  known  by  the  celebrated  iwiiitiiius 
of  Paul  INttter,  of  Anistei(lani,  made  in  the  seventeenth  eeiituiy. 

A  tolerably  correct  itlea  can  be  obtained  of  a  Holland  (u- Belgian  cow 
from  tli(^  ace  .mpanying  jdiotograph  ;  not  taken  for,  nor  presented  as  an 


entirely  corurt  representation,  but  lli 
The  landscajie  illustiation  iierewit! 


e  III  arcst  i  could  easily  piuciiie. 
^,  ,     ,     -  ,  I  giv«'s  a  better  idea  of  these  cat- 

tle; and  when  the  traveler  by  rail  or  canal  looking  down,  as  be  does, 


|[ 


m 

k'' 

pi 

Hij 

1 


I'!!: 


W 


i    t 

'   i 


ou  tbe  lov 
deep,  of  ri 
bounded  I 
like  a  skii 
mills  thro \ 
whilo  dott 
and  Avhito 
some  stall 
tlieir  cud, 
sleek  8mo( 
evidences 


I  give  ii 
or  farmer 
and  see  if 


Desc 


FIflmiNli  or  lielj 
I'leniiiili  or  litUj 
Holland  tliroe-.' 
Holland  tliri>e-j 


It  rausti 
or  price  of 
ueither  do 
tained  by  t 
been  exUib 

The  folio 
milk,  not  tl 
table,  but  !■ 
(lay,  giving 
and  dresse( 
after  slaug 


Dpacrlpl 

Uci'l',  tjiri'cvi'aifl 
0\i'n 

(/'OWH 

Cownfoiniilli... 
IliilVrs,  hvii  to  tl 

Yeurlin);!* 


BELGIUM. 


:^. 


m 


373 


ou  the  low  evel  lauds  of  tliese  countries,  beholds  a  laudscape,  broad  aud 
deep,  of  rich  green  meadow,  set  iu  a  frame  of  distar    timber  each  field 
bounded  by  one,  sometimes  two,  rows  of  tall  sentinel  trees  which  look 
like  a  skirmish  line,  farm  houses  and  barns  with  red-tile  roofs  wind 
mills  throwingtheirgiantarmsabout,  apparently  proud  of  their  atrenjrth 
while  docted  over  the  grass,  lighting  up  the  scene  with  their  largo  black 
and  Avhito  spots,  as  something  to  attract  and  rest  the  eye,  are  to  be  seen 
some  standing,  some  browsing,  some  lying  down,  all  quietly  chowin-'- 
their  cud,  a  thousand  ot  these  cattle,  iniMienso  in  their  size  with  their 
sleek  smooth  coats,  ho  says,  "This  is  a  land  of  richness;  here  are  the 
evidences  of  prosperity." 

SIZE   AND  WEIGHT  OF  BELGIAN  CATTLE. 

I  give  in  tabular  form  the  size  of  these  cattle,  and  I  ask  any  breeder 
or  farmer  to  compare  these  sizes  by  measurement  with  his  own  cattle 
and  see  if  my  conclusions  are  not  correct.  ' 


Description. 


c 


w 


'■  Ft.  In. 

Flfltiiisli  or  Heleian  hulls 4    «} 

J'lemiflli  or  BolKiaii  cows 4    7J 

Hollaiiil  tliroc-ypar-old  Imlls 4    7i 

liollaiid  tlirce-year-old  cows '    4    Oi 


Int. 

32.2 
3.).  3 
31.5 
30.3 


Eb 
a 


O  ^1 


D    Q 


Ft.    In. 
0    2 

.'•.  10. 9 
0  0.8 
5    0.5 


7 
7 
7 
G 


In. 

8.5 

1.8 

4.5 

10.2 


o 

JS 

-♦- 
bo 

a 


Int. 

24.8 
23.2 
22.8 
22 


2« 


Int. 
23.2 
34.8 
23. 0 
23.2 


e 


•c 

e. 

to 
2 

> 


IJiS. 

2,200  I  $120  to  $140 
l.O.iO  I  20(1  240 
1,875  100  riO 
1,4,W  ;    ICO        20(1 


It  must  not  be  understood  that  these  flgures  represent  the  size  wci  ^ri,  t 
or  price  of  all  Belgian  or  Holland  cattle  as  they  might  stand  in  i  hml  •'" 
ueithcr  do  they  represent  the  exceptionallv  large  ones.    They  ire  oh' 
tained  by  taking  the  average  of  the  prime  lirst-class  cattle  as  tiiev  have 
been  exhibited  at  the  various  exhibitions  in  Belgium. 

The  following  table  represents  another  class  of  cattle,  those  ibr  beef  or 
railk,not  the  finest,  choicest  cattle,  such  as  are  describe*]  in  thefoivoin"- 
table,  but  such  first-class,  ])rimo  cattle  as  can  bo  bought  in  market  ovciv 
(lay,  givmg  the  average  for  each  item.  It  gives  the  weights,  both  ilix-c 
and  dressed,  the  prices  per  pound  for  each,  the  percentage  of  dean  luM-f 
after  slaughtering,  and  the  pri(!o  of  each  animal : 


Description. 


|Woigl.t,nliv.,.i    WciKlit, 


I 


I.- 


Percpiit- 

aco  lifter 

Hlau;:li- 

tering. 


Prico             I'rico         „  . 
pcrnoiiiiil,    pcriioiiiid   1     ''"'."  I'.''*' 
nflvc.      !    .hl-sHcd.         


iiiiiiiial. 


llci'l',  tliri'c  years  and  ovir:  rnundf.  Pnumlt. 

<'>^''" 1,,T.'.-.(oI,ri40  '750t,>l,0m)'f!J!!!"*J? 

,,  I  if  00  to  05 

'ows.. 1,2(10  111  l,4.-)0  iflOOlo 


('ownl'iirniilli. 

lltilVis,  I  wo  til  tliri'o  .\oarg. 

YeurlinjiH 


1,200  to  l,4,-,0 

1,100(11 1,  U.-id 


82; 


.^3to57 


Oentt.     I 
84  to  0^ 

I)  to  10  5 

8  to  Q 


Oentt. 
14  to  15 

ir. 


$I25lo$ir.O 

80  120 

80  120 

00  hO 

S   30  40 

)  50  OU 


1,1  6 

r 


I 


m 


n    I 


i     '1 


374 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 
MILKING  QUALITIES  OP  BELGIAN  COWS. 


I  miglit  content  myself  with  giving  results,  but  ni-mv  f... 
<la.rymen  would  desire  the  fornuTla,  niny  be  fS  I  e  r  Ssf  S '''  '^"'^ 
be  for  their  use.  «atistiictiou,  may 

The  cows  were  divided,  by  numbers,  into  groups  in.l  n,. 
mombers  of  the  Jury  assigned  to  each  group,  s^o  a"  to  g  ve  hSu'  '''''' 
atManco  and  supervision  whenever  anything  was  to  bo  <.  ^"''""'" 

The  exhibition  lasted  four  days.    At  six  o'clock  off.,.  I    "  ''* 
third  day  at  a  given  signal,  eaJh  cow  ^^m  S/',  ^  ^I^"^ 
l)aratory  to  the  tost  of  the  morrow.  '""'  '^'T,  pn . 

The  hours  for  milking  were  first  fixed  for  G  o'clock  a  m    io 
p.  ni.,  but  some  complaints  were  made  that  the  cows  wo  i;i  ,"  '<"'.'  ''^'"^  ^> 
to  hold  their  milk  for  twelve  hours,  and  the  first  m'E.  w    'n^^J^  f '<^ 
4  o'clock  a.  m.    Every  owner  provided  his  own  ui  1  er's  wm.  I  "''*''*  ^» 
cows  were  acquainted.  ^^nivcrs,  uith  whom  his 

The  milk  being  taken  from  the  cows  was  weighed  not  mo.c,      , 
beingconsidcrcd  more  accurate-each  one  sSato  0^1.'^'"'"'^' tl^i« 
being  thoroughly  stirred,  samples  were  tafffortes^^^^^^^ 
specific  gravitj^  and  the  rest  Returned  to  the  owner  for  hhu^!,"  '""^  ^''' 

The  samples  lor  cream  were  then  examined,  each  «mo  b^^n^  , 
.ame  quantity  and  height  in  the  glass,  and  be  ng  i  rei"£T.''''  ^'"' 
n.  a  large  pan  of  ice-cold  water,  were  set  aside  for  tl  e  crfom  to  r  '"  "'!^'^ 
Smfir"  ^"^^'^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^"^  ^'-  «--  treatm^^[r£S-,An 
3rany  methods  and  machines,  scientific  and  otherwise  fnr  .i„< 
H'  quantity  of  cream  were  consi.lered,  but  imne  S  l^dfetw''"!"'"^ 
lair  and  equal  as  this.  oeiieved  to  he  so 

Huch  was  the  treatment  after  each  milking,  and  at  everv  sfo,. 
ran.  record  was  ma(  c,  by  the  member  of  the'jury  in  char;^ '^^^^ ''"'  ^'''^'■ 

The  specific  gravity  was  taken  at  15o  ceitigrale  5sfo  i  .i       . 
fhe  samples  for  cream  were  allowed  to  remain  n.VfnV.    -    ^  'I'lronlie 
It  1)  o'clock ;  so  the  duration  of  ?S  stay'J^  "tw      l*  1',  "^.r''' 
^welye  hours,  respectively.    The  water  L  the^Slhei^mSSllu 

samples  being  taken  out,  the  height  of  the  cre-in,  uao  „ 
rod  ami  weighed  and  all  recorde^d  on  blanr?;    r^    '';!;;^^^^^^^^^^ 
ipose     The  result  will  be  given  further  on.      So  'iH  li    Vn  U" 
Ln  tor  IS  the^principal  product  from  within  this  i  ?o?in(?.     .?;.  '^ 
lore  the  interesting  question  was,  which  cow's  milk    oul  I  InVo  i  ^''"''• 
cream  and  consequently  be  the  richest  in  its  but  ',„?.!•  '''^^  ^^  *  he  mosf 

The  amount  of  milk  ainl  of  crean  g  U  y  S  co  ff  n'!!;/!';" ''^J 
.letermined,  that  would  determine  the  relative  valuT.Tf  1  ''">' ' 
regards  on  thnf  ,1m,      «nf  fi.o...  .,.„.'.:",   ^  '^"l*^^  "*  the  cows  in 


The  specific  gravity  'was  taken  at  15o  centigrade"^sto'i  ,.       , 

The  samples  for  cream  were  allowed  to  remain  n.VfnV.    -    ^  'I'lronlieit. 

at  1)  o'clock ;  so  the  duration  of  ?S  stay'J^  "tw      l*  1',  ''21^''''^ 

twelve  hours,  respectively.    The  water  L  the^Slhei^mSSllu!' 

The        . ^ 

atfily 

for 

'■!. 

Iieiiio- 
regards  on  that  dm,.  But'  theseVows'  m'l  v  V.'.Vn  "u  '"  ^"  ■  ''•""'^'  '"  t'"^'^<' 
.litferent  periocls ; " one  cow  Se.f Zo  T^^Z^u^"^  "'*"^' '"' 
previous ;  then  the  conditions  will  have  CS  ^J^^^  Z  T'^'^ 
ol  milk  or  cream  given  on  that  day  is  no  true  tes  A  .  ' hi!  i  ""^. 
.x>ndil.on  is  inevitable  unless  all  the  <.,ws  coul  be  i ml  n  i  t  f'V  "' 
f ho  same  day.  As  this  could  not  nrobil.lv  1 1!  i .  """"•*'  t"  <'alvo on 
.lesiz-ed  if  it  couhl,  ^.>me^;;:^;;.g:Ll  "  mu^  be  3  bv  lrf1/f  S"" 
forenco  can  bo  equalized.  ""    -^  ^^'"*'''  f*'>'-^  <•"■ 

This  was  (lone  by  the  adoption  of  a  table  of  ovnr>nM„.Mt.       .  .    . 
made  and  prepaid  during  the  past  tvrvei-i'l\iT  ,''','/'  l!''1'' 
Holland  Park  an.l  Unvtm  .bvi.-.  r.  .,1  :,  p^f.,"^""'  ,  >  •  '  "  ^'"''""' '"  ^lio 
Dairy  Assoc.-^'"-  .i-.^.:! ',':.:•.:"■'""  "l'  5^»J?1^.»k.,  ar  rh,,  n-nwHt 


;!L!^i'!\i'!'-"i!i«-i^^^k.K-at;^i;;h;t;o,:i: 


1880.     (Agricultural  Gazette,  ]'Y,bruary  lil,  1881.  '  T 


iible  No.  1.) 


PLATE    164 


[armcrs  and 
^taction,  may 

one  or  more 

'"s  Porsoiiiil 
(loiio. 

^«"i''ffol'tlio 
""1  <1'T,  l»r(  - 

'  not  be  able 
fKlvaiiced  to 
til  wboiii  liis 

iasiircd,  this 
e—and  aftor 
'f'am  and  for 
use. 

iR  made  the 
to  tbe  neck 
to  rise.  All 
er  the  same 

letermining 
^Cii  to  bo  so 

tep  an  accu- 

I  ahrenheit. 
^t  inornino' 
?liteeii,  and 
rked  12  (J., 

accurately 
••<'I>ared  for 
>le  No.  ;5.) 
and  tiiere- 
^'c  tlie  most 
inalities. 
'  <lay  bein;; 
«'s  in  tliosc 
g  milk  for 
■fix  months 
lie  amount 
iiliaiige  of 
0  calve  on 
iild  uat  lu( 


t 


'h  tluli  dif- 

and  tests, 
all,  of  th(( 
lU'Ht  of  the 
liibition  in 
1.) 


^/jf-j  Sian  .a  to  /,,[ 


A     FLEMISH       MILKMAID 


f! 


PLATE    165 


n 


(!'  « 


A      BRABANT         MILKMAID 


^ 


P  L_.  A  T  E    I  6  G 


iJiHs  Fieii.f  "o  f,nh 


AN       ANTWERP       MILKMAID 


ill 


P  LA  T  e:  167 


A      DUTCH        MIL 


KMAID 


'ltilU.i  Alt/1  .t  fit  liih 


■■^ 


lOi 


(J(icklic)rii 
Siinilwlcli 
Mniiilon 
(lirMt  |) 
lit'iilmiii 
Iloroford 

'JO''    llloNHdlll.. 

■>\\  WUliiiiy., 
:i2l  Chorry.., 
L';i'  llprofonl 
it  Tlphorn.. 
Z'   llontl'onl 

•J(i   Nobln 

^7|  KttlrMiiiil 

!      at  Croji 

L'R  PiiinroHO. 

■J!l  DiitliuK  •• 

;iil!  Lily 

:il|  Cliuniplou 
'Sb  Dtnopliort 

m]  Udy 

:M  llrido 

X<\  PcililHIlt.. 

:!n  JVarl, )«.. 
.17;  Ifiiiiiclta, 
;ih  (,'(nni«li  .. 
nO|  ShortloKs. 

40  Miiiiiio 

Inlniitit  ... 

liiilloy 

Ariel,  3.... 
Voiiiis,  S  . . 

Snndv 

Ilriixtlo 

lirownld  . . 
Mori'ton... 
Oborrywliii 

.Wj  liiiby' 

.Ill  VciiiiR,  2  .. 
.W  Minikin... 

fWi  ]ii'Us. 

ni'  Star 

5,")  Dumpling. 

56i  Int'aul 

57  (;iifirnior  {II 
'      iNlini'tDn, 

«l;St(ippH 

.Wj  Staj; 

00|  Fumy 


BELGIUM. 

Tadlk  No.  l.-MUk  given  by  »ixty  Englinh  cow»  during  imlve  month: 

[III  quurtN. 


375 


I  n  t  hi)  t  h i rd  moil t li 

Ill  tliii  fcmith  inoiitli 

Ill  tli.Ulltli  iiioiitli 

Ill  tluiHixtli  iiiontli 

In  llio  Bflvi'iitU  niontli..  

Ill  tlioeiuhtlimontli...  


r..  424  Iphs- 
10.823  loss 
23.  907  IcRH 
30.  548  liWH. 
:i7. 288  IcHs. 
40.200  1am. 
Caooo  less 


376 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Ik 


ExampU.—X  cow  ^ivos  :iii  avcrajic  of  20  (luait.s  iwrday  in  H,,.  sccmwi 
moutli  uIUt  oTilviiiii.     How  iiiiu:li  did  .sliu  -^ivo  at  llic  tiling  of  cilvi  " 

KepresiMit  the  amouiif  or  (|iiaiitit.v  .slit'. -javc  l».v  100,  and  wcVuhIi 
the  tiiblc  that  she  now  <iives  an  avera!j;e  of  0.424  iier  cent  Inn      u\t)^ 
424  =  94.570  =  the  jieieentaf^e  .she  now  jjives,  .rHfu  =  l.<>r)7;;." 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  work  and  to  render  it  more  aecnrate  "jvi. 
the  coellicients  not  only  by  months  hut  by  weeks,  the  followin'.rf,,  5 
was  prepared  bv  Monsieur  Coiljio :  '^       '*' 


'I'aiu.k  No.  '•2. 


Desciiptioi). 


Ono  to  spvou  (la.VH 

Seven  to  (Wtti'ii  (Inys 

I'Mftecii  t<i  twtiitviwo  (lii.vs 
Xwiicty-two  lo  tliirty  duy.s  . 


First 
month. 


1.0000 

i.orn 

l.O'JTO 
1.042H 


Socond 
nioiilh. 


1.  o.'-.-s 

1.(11)02 
1.  1  •-'.■.  I 
1.  1021 


Third 
month. 


1.  202;i 
1.2284 

1.2.').-.X 

l.2«j;i 


Fourth 
mouth. 

Fiftli 
month. 

1. 3142 

i.:t4;)5 
i.mi 

1.  4002 

1.4n98 
1.47.14 

J.  5521  I 

Sixtli 
nionth. 


l.(i.')25 
I.TlliO 
1.7847 


f^i'Vcnili 
iiiunDi. 


1.8501 
1.040:; 

•i.  m\ 


Example— A  vow  hiivh)^  calved  live!  months  and  twelvtulays  nyo 
gives  now  S.7.>  (|uarts  per  day.  How  inncli  did  she  {rive  at  the  thnV  oi 
oalviiiff  f 

She  is  in  the  sixth  month  of  her  lactation.     Seek  th<i  inteisection  ot 

the  perpendicular  coliinm  of  that  mouth,  and   the  horizontal  11 ,(■ 

"seven  to  lifteen  days,"  and  we  find  the  coellieient  1.002.");  that  i^-  slic 
gave  at  the  time  of  calving  l>^^l^  more  milk  than  she  does  a)  the'ciid 
of  live  months  and  twelve  days.  '^Inltiply  the  coellieient  !.(i.J2r)  hy 
the  amount  of  milk  she  now  gi\es,  S.7.')  <|uart.s,  another  answer  wTll  he 
what  she  gave  at  the  time  of  calving  in  S.72  x  1.0o2r)  =  l.t.4(i  (ni|,|.f,., 
the  answer.  '  '    ■  > 

Theses  tables  do  not  i»retend  to  mathematical  (correctness that  cannot 

be  attained  Iiy  any  table  or  formula.  'I'hey  only  i)rctend  to  give  liom 
the  test  of  experience  the  probable  rate  of  decrease  or  "  taper"  wiijcii 
may  be  exi)ected  in  the  inilkgiving  tpialities  of  cows. 

When  the  calcnlafion  is  sought  tocover  a  long  period  of  niiliiing,  like 
ten  or  twelve  months,  it  becomes  uncertain.  The  Jury  did  not  amllv  it 
for  a  greater  i)eriod  than  seven  months. 

1  now  give  the  iwsult  of  the  competitive  examination,  being tiiefiil)io 
presented  by  the  jury. 

1  have  continued  the  weight  in  kilograms  aiid  the  measure  in  Jitcis. 
The  law  of  the  rnited  States  has  legalized  the  metric  .sy.steiii  and  ;il' 
lows  it  to  be  ii.^ed  (Rev.  Stat.,  .see.  ;!o70).  A  kilogram  i.s  e(|aiyalent'to 
2.2040  iiounds  avoirdupoi.s,  and  1  liter  is  e(|uivaleiit  to  1.0.'i(i7  (jiiaits, 
K'oughly  stated,  a  kilogram  is  2  jiounds,  and  a  tpiart  and  a  littM-  mav  hv 
taken  as  .synonymous.  Any  one  interested  can  easily  make  the 
lation  to  his  own  satisfaction. 

Twenty-two  of  these  cows  in  the  table  gave  over  20  liters,  tweht 
over  24  liters,  three  gave  over  2S,  tw<>  over  .it*,  while  one  gave  .!l.;i 
litor.s,  or  over  S  gallons  of  milk,  as  her  daily  yield.     Twenty  gaye  over 
2  liters  of  cream,  live  gave*  over  .'5,  while  one  gavti  4.7  liters.' 


(Mlcil- 


iivc 


Calcu 
cream  g 
and  awi 


2.1. 
fli. 
67. 
7.1.. 
OH.. 
■W. . 
30.. 


Soineo 
the  rule 
cows  froi: 
months  ]> 
three  co\ 
them  had 
a.s  her  da 
of  cream, 
able  persi 

It  miisl 

tliesei  wer 

according 

have  b(!ei 

There  wei 

tiini>s  as  ii 

while  anol 

In  tint  n 

midday  or 

The  sjiei 

limidretl  ii 

twenty  liv( 


'  !t 


iiKliosccoi,,] 

'  <»!'   Cillvill^rf 

'1  \\<'  liiid  l,y 
•  l<-nx.     100-1 

»7;;. 


Rixd, 
llllltll. 


i.no,')r) 

i.7Hi(i 

1.7K47 


k'e  days  ago, 
'  f Iio  tiiiio,  or 

:t'i'.S('(;tioii  ot 
iital  liiK,  „(■ 
tliiit  is,  she 

ilt     tllO     011(1 

t  i.<i.ji:,i  hv 

'Wor  will  bo 
^•4<*  qiiiirts, 

■tl'iil  caiiiiot 
«>  «ivo  IVoiii 
P<'|'"  wliici, 

lilliiii.i!',  like 

not   il|(|)ly  ii 


rt'  III  liters. 
I'lii  iiiid  111- 
iiiiviilciit  to 
'.J<i7  (juiirts, 
\\cr  iiiiiv  1)0 
'  (lie,  (!alcii- 


BELOIUM. 


37 


Calcnlatinpr  by  the  table  aforesaid,  the  iurv  ,h^oi.i^n  fi, 
cieatn  f-ivei.  by  the  ci«ht  highest  at  the  Ibno^if ,  ,?  -^'l  *^®  amount  of 
and  awarded  the  prizes  accOTdblffly  •  ''"''^'"^  *"  ^'^  ^«  *'<>"o^^'S 


Number. 


Liters  of 
cream  iit 
calviug. 


OS. 


■lO. 


,11,1 

,  l>,')4 
■N2 
Illfi 
14M 

i;i2 

082 


No.  of 
l>rizo. 


Dcscriptiou  ana  amount  oj  prize. 


Gold  medal  and  2,50  francs. 
I  Silver  in.dal  and  22.-)  fraiira. 
I  Jjrouzo  medal  nil,!  200  frniics. 

ijronzo  medal  and  17,'i  liuncs 
I  Ilronzo  medal  and  l,-,o  frunc's 
'  i"onzo  medal  and  I'^r,  franes 

I3rou/.o  m.dnl  an.l  1()0  frnncs. 
"fODzo  modal  and  7.-)  francs. 

Soineof  the.se  eows  had  calved  more  than  *jov/ii.  «,,...4^i  •  ~ 

the  rule  was  not  applied  to  then.,^,at's"S^S'^n;r^' sl' 
ooAvs  Iroiii  eight  to  nine  monrlis  previous;  four  cows  fmmt.f.f,  '^ 
mouths  previous:  (bur  eows  fVo,!.  thirteeri  to  IbaZn/  Z  1  V're'w ? 
three  eows  Irom   seventeen  to  twentv-lu-n  tnr>,.fi.„  "^  ^  '  "'^ 

then,  had  ealve.l  more  than  twen  \  tw,.  n  on  iT  tvii^'^-^^  ''' 

a.s  her  daily  yield  20  r,-l(5  liters  of  n.ilk,  from  w hicl  w."  '/hin  lI'rM?''^ 
of  cream.  The  jury  awarded  her  a  pr  ze,  as  tl  A  s  u  'M  r  l.J  '^T 
able  i)ersistence."  ^        '  "^  '"^•^ '     '"*  *'«i"  remark- 

It  must  not  be  si.ppo.sed  these  were  the  onlv  cows  tested  or  tl...^ 
these  were  the  only  prizes  awarde.l.  Sub.liv.siou  or  gmups  were  m  do 
a<;cor.  u.g  to  le.s.dence  of  owner,  age  of  heifer,  &c.,  ami  tl  s  of  whTnf? 
have  been  speaking  is  on  v  the  reoort  of  tho  inr\' T.  n  ^^'"f"»  1 
There  were  Iseveraf  others.  The  mi  k  of  s  ne'?.mv?  ""''\^>'' «rean.. 
times  as  much  cream  as  other..  O^^ ^1^^7^ ^Z:!!!^''*f  '^'''^^ 
whil,.  another  gave  but  4.74  per  cent      "  ^    "^  '"'''^'  ""^  ^^*^^'"' 

In  th(^  majority  of  eases  the  morning  milk  was  superior  to  tint  of  tho 
midday  or  evening.  "i'<-iiiii  n»  m.it  or  the 

Thesiieeitic  gravity  varied  between  1,020  3  and  Wns     nf  *i 
Inuidre.    ami  sixty-eight  samples  of  milk  testS  for  s,teim^?p^ 
twenty  live  fell  below  1,02!).  specillc  graviry, 


welvogiivo 
gavo  :'>].:', 
gavo  (I vol' 


378 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


Taule  No.  ^^.—Showin/f  quaiiUty  and  quality  of  milk  ofcowa  of  the  Dutch  and  Ft     ■ 

breeds  and  their  croaaea.  '*^»h«a 


1 

1 ' 

1  ] 

( 

fi 

'  u 

1   ! 

1 

h 

tip! 

iH 

! 

i 

n 

i    : 

S'S  ilj 


10 


U 


10 


17 


J.  Talliooiii,  of  IIao8(loiick 


li.  Van  Pctcfjlioin,  of  Saf- 
felarn. 


J.  I'ipra  ilo  Rftvi'gcboot,  of 
OlHono. 


(T.  Vcrcaiitproii,  of  ITons- 
lien.' 


.1.  F.  Soliollior,  (if  I.opnio 
St.  Mnrlin. 


.do 


A.Cluiia,  of  Mcircllieko. 


F.  TollouH,  of  LovrniloR- 
licni. 


J.  Vanllaelst,  ofWator. 
vli.t 


L.  Vail  (►nu'i'val.  ofRli'cn- 
liui/.i'  Wiiihtii/.i'n. 


i;.  Boui'kai'if    nf  I.ont^^ii- 
hullo.« 


o 


or 
a 

H 


(2) 

Mnt.   Dyi. 

1U         4 


Bonr     of 
iDilkinK. 


(') 


in 


(3) 

MorninR.. 

Noon 

NiRbt 

Total.. 

Morning . . 

Noon  , 

Niftlit 

Total  .. 

Morning. 

Noon  . 

NJKlit.... 


I 

3 

(M 

U 

a 

HCt 

a: 

a 

s  . 

^ 

J3'x 

a  « 

a 

4J.tS 

**1 

«w^ 

>• 

a 

1 

a 

h 

(5) 

(0) 

i 

a 

M 

a 

M 

a 

o 

-w 

.a 

be 

A 

(4) 

fl.  800ll0;)0.  o!  8.  .-114 
r>.  92r>l  21).  5|  5.  755 
5. 100     2rt.  01  4. 9r)7 


iio.aso 


n.  545 

3.  c:io 
;i.  170 


28. 4|  5.  ;i92 
28.  a  3.  51(0 
28.  0   ;t.  081 


£5 


•si 

B  1) 


(") 

0.709 
0. 570 

0.  .IHO 


a  K 
o*.  a 

o  _.3 

E.2ts 


(8) 


1.  80! 


O.flOfl 
0.  ;!9i» 
0.  ;)48 


il2.003|  l.,15fl 


Total , 

Morning , 
Noon  . . , 
Night.... 


Total 


J.1 


Morning .. 
Noon  . . . . . 
NIglit 

Total.. 

Morning . . 

Noon  . . . . . 
Nlglit 


lO.a.TO  .'ll.? 
7.735  31.4 
7.130     29.5 


11.320 
7.000 
0.500 


10. 0,'I2 
7.  500 
U.920 


0. 8o:i| 

0.  750 
0.880 


24.4.58 


32. 5  10. 001 
31.4  7.000 
30. 0   0.  305 


'24. 089 


2.  433 


0. 800 
O.CCO 
0.554 


2. 020 


4.  5401     30. 1  i  4. 4071  0.  57;i 


3.375     30.3   3.270 
2.  815     29.  5   2. 734 


0.  4110 
0.  330 


20 


Total  . . 

Jiorning .. 

NrM)n 

Night... 

Total  .. 


•2^.-|-^.^|l^0.417J  1.:M5 

5. 7  flOJ  27.  7J  5. 0051 7t7721i 
3.790  28.9  3.084  0.308 
3. 1051     28.  3   3.  078    0.  317 


il2.307|  1.414 


0. 020 
.5. 0U5 
4. 105 


29  j  Morning.. I  O.S.t'2 

Noon 7. 100 

"•'   •  •  5.350 


Night.... 

Total 

Morning 
Noon  . . . 
Night  .. 


31.91  ti.iV)\  0.513 
31.1,  4.941  0.301 
31.4;  3.081)1  0.31(1 


1.5.  33(li  1.  220 


31.0  0.0-.'3i  "••"'lOl 
30.  0|  0.893  0.7I()I 
30.  Oi  5.1941  0.  C08| 


■|18.710l  1.8281 


'12.0201     33.0  11.0301  0. 89J, 

O.OIOi     30.31  9.  3.-|0   0.87:1 

;  7.50ti     30.  r  7.33Ui  o.7io: 


9. 08 


8. 8,-, 


0.94 


8.08 


12.91 


11.43 


7.  9.1 


1.1 

o 
e:. 


is 

> 


(9) 


—  a. 
s'z 
39 

i  1-  O  3 

-■§i:.ii 

h'l,?t2 

X  i^  ^  n 


-•  101,1.  r,o-i5 


2.l>-'':'l.()fKr.' 


3.:i»i..™5 


1.418 


Total..'  .. 

Morning  ..i  8.800 

Noon !  5.  820 

Niglit 4.445 


ToUl 


Morninf 
Noon  .  . 
Night.. 


Total 


7.  020 
■5.  290 
3. 070 


28.331,  2.475 

30.  7J  8.  MlilTwi;! 
.•10.  0;  .5.  0,V)  0.710: 
30.0!  4.  3I,')i  0.  ,575, 


,18.070j  2.150 

32.2-  7'3,S2!Tim8 
31.  I  .5.  134;  0.  801 
31.4;  3.5,581  0.51(1 


,!10.074, 


.  372 


9.77 


8,  t:i 


n.oj 


1. 1(!L'4 


2  8n7l..Wl 


;i.i7'J"i.2fi;i 


14.75,  3.0821.5531 


'  nosorabin  mention. 


'Eighth  prizo. 


F.V.in  H( 


Ch,  DoMii 


F,  Marti'riH, 


27    J.  Do  Slooi 
nccr^kon.'^ 


:0  i  Cli.  Xoyt,  of 


:il      1!.  Vovt.  of  V 


;i'l  I  CDcvos.  (if  J 


:il     •\iPtf.  Van  1.11 

lll'l"('M. 


BELGIUM, 
Tablk  No.  3.-Showin!f  quantity  ami  qualitj,  of  milk  .Jc.-Coiitiiino.l. 


379 


I'ropritiJors. 


a    . 

M5>r 

O  tc 

s 


(1) 

23  I  K.  Van   irorlcc,   of  Hiioy- 
Kciii.' 


24 






a 

13  . 

3  a, 

tie 

1 

0 

i 

11 

J  5 

R 

u 

•r< 

c  a 

r  ^  K    "  -1- 

Hour     dl' 

.M 

n 

E^ 

^^:f 

='J::='-e5 

milkilit;. 

it 

3,.:j 

-"CI  ^  -£ 

C 

U  ♦-   0^ 

1 

«-4 

1 

C       1 

>»    1 

1   ! 

«   i 

!.-  — 

o 

1 

•Ts  - 

~  •*  c    1 

J    _    T 

-> 

.l/f)<.   Dvs. 


O) 


H)         (r.)    ;    (f!)    .    (T)    I      (0)      I    (9) 


Oh.  DoMiil,  ofSinay  ... 


I!.  Vnnluioizcclc,  (li'.Suire- 
liirc. 


17  !  Afoiiiiii;;..]  1.0301     V, 
'■  Nooi) I  7.  7;j()! 

I  Ni^ht :  (i.]7r,i 

i        Total.. j" 

li7  I  Moiiiii)<j..lI().  4!)o 

'  Noon I  fi.  !);io 

I  Niglit...  i  (i.nor, 


^f.^  10.  oflh  \.'.m 

'^'■l  r,    7.  .'lOH    (I.  !i7(l 
-0.  'J  (!.  (100  0.  (l:.'ij 


TotftI 


..■■    ■U.Md,  -J.  !JH7 

"!•.;)  10, 1!) I  (I.  sir> 

Vil'J   (1.  7r!,'t    0.  KM 

-H.  0  (i.  ((i;t  0.  wo 
....  2;i..'i;i7  2. ffl.-, 


1? .'!»  fi.  ii;iL'.  o-Kir, 


10.  f!4' 


I'd  I  R  MartrriH,  of'Lii  I'iiitci  .  I 


27  I  J.  Uc  SInovcro,  oC  Sovc- 


Oil.  Xpyt,  orSlcicliiiKo 


27  I  Morning  •  •  i  !>.  ono 

i  Noon ■  ;i.  r)70 

I  Niaiit. .     :  2.  !)2r. 

I        'I'otiil  .     ....      " 

I  

^0  '  Afoiniut'  •     4.  020, 

Noon '  4.:m.-,| 

I  Nigtit ;  3.  ,'J22^ 


^t.r>  4.!i;)4  0.200' 
:io.  :i  ;i.  ■lo.'-,  0. '_'!» 

.'11.  1     2.  K)0    0.  Ifil; 


.; 


I        Total  . 

21  ,  Moihin;:. 
j  Noon  . . . 


ii.2:i.';;  0. (;7fi;  1 

•■'I.C,  4.  7G()i  (I.  ;!(;2  1 
;iO.  0  4.2."'  0.411  I 
2!t.  .'i   ;i.  22(i:  0.  200   t 

- ^I2.2:>2t  i.oo;i  I 


n.  oil 


S.  IR  . 


S.  B80, 

r<.  I47i 


Nisht  ....i  4.'2;i7 


2H.C  K420i  I.:i7ti 

;io.  a  4.  nii.ii  0,  iw2 

2!».  .'■i   4.  11.'-,    (1.  4110 


.do  I  . 


;il      I!.  Vi'\t,  of  U'ails(  lMM)t. 


.Tl  i  C.Di'vos.  (it'ZwMiiirtilc 


:i4     .\oi;,  Van  Loo  of  iJi  sld- 


:ili     .LViiu'iiiiwcM,  of  Itcvcrcn- 
Wiwu. 


(') 


j       Total... 

2  I  Moininu'..    '>.  I.'iO 

,  Noon ^  4.  2C."i 

I  Nifjlit '  ;).  Rfii 

I       Total.,  r..... 

-7  '  Moininf;..,IO.  200' 

'  Noon j  7..''..''.7: 

j  Nlj?llt. 5.000 

'       Total..!.. ' 

*  I  M(iininj:..llfl. H20 

■  Noon I  K  14-.) 

,  Xijjlit....   ,  0.402 

j   Total.. |7!V7r!r 

.  Morning'  .,  0.287 

Noon    '.  (i.  7i."> 

Ni-jit  ...     n.-2Hh 


......  17.  M9,  2.4i)() 

20.«7>"oTil   0.70* 
27.0    4.  ir.'J    O.-.L'O 

27.  :i'  ;j.  777  0.  .i.v, 

-...     12.045.  1.78,). 

20. 5,  n.  DoTfi.  oiioi 

2H.0   7.;t-)I    0.0,-i5' 
27,  .'i   4.  f.;7    0.1)17. 


•  - . .    22.  I*" 

:in.fiio,4CK 
:io.  (I  7.002 
.■10.0  i;  211 


24.  ,".8I 

:il,.".  li, o(i;i 
;io.;i  (i,  r,24 

.'10. 1;    5.  I  '"K 


2,  002 

T.Th,  1 

0.  :io">:  I 
(1.248  ( 


( 


Tol;il 

Moinin;^ ...  0.  BIO; 
Noon  ....  (!.  400 
Ni;jlit .-,,  U(i 

Total..  I  ....   : 


1.100 
0.  720i ) 
0,  ,-)47  I 
20,  (;5.'.|  2.  0.-.0  I 

2»,'7  p.:i:ii '().  .v.o'i 
20..-.  0.210  0. 4.r,  I 
28.  :i  4.  iiooi  0.  ;;r,«  i 


......>o.:.4«j  i.:i()o 


Moinin;;..    2,  .i;!.') 

Noon 1,700 

Niulit l.:io.-. 


20.  .'■.    2.  4(12i  0.  270  1 
2H.  ;i    l.cvr  0.  108 
2l».  f!   1.  :i2n'  1!,  !(;;i  j 


'  FifHt  pi  1^0, 


Tolal.    ,. 
'Ninth  pii/,.!. 


11.24    ;(.4:|-,  |.:)7|; 


K1.77 


12. o:i:  4.  i;ij  i,,-„vj| 


4,74     I.  4o.'l  I.  V02;! 


'.).  02 


i;.  (!2 


1 1.  0(1 


r>.4iO;  0.  o;m 

'Seventh  prizo. 


380 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Table  No.  S. — Showing  quantity  and  quality  of  milk,  <yc.— Continued. 


07 


Proprietors. 


(1) 
if.  Dobbol.icroHnlin 


39    J.  Vnn  Dnmnio,  of  .Safle- 
lare. 


42 


I).  Vincent,  of  Lrenio  St. 
Martin. 


43  i  ir.  Ilaeltcnnan.  cifOnllro.. 


44      [*.     Viinlauirt'nliacUc.     of 
Appolti'iu'.' 


l."!  i  F.  Martens,  of  La  Pinic 


r>I      S.  Dcssclo,  of  Mi-llp 


■V2  i  L.  l)tAVIl.l<>,<irMo(ir(z.oI«-' 


."iD  ;  J.  Van  Inipo,  of  Scniracr. 
7.ak('. 


.'iT     ,1.    Viimli'vooiili'.   oi    Ki- 
V.Mr. 


58     MM.  Do  Rn  r,   ficrrH,  of 
Liauil. 


-OS 


UN 

1-? 


a 


(2) 

Jfo».     VllK. 
1  ,') 


(') 


lU 


ITour     of 
milking. 


o 


••=•        « 


Cl) 

Morning . 

Noon 

Niglit.... 

Total. 


(4) 

3. 120 
2. 170 
1.7;)0 


S  . 
•gf 


1 

(3)        (0) 

ni.7  n.fl24 

;U.7l  2.101 
31.(1    1,077 


1 
o 
i? 

I 


.5,9 
I  To 


t2» 


(7)    I 

0.171 
0,  1 11 
0.  1 1> 


H  c. 


ace 
".a  a 


j;  2 


3''S|!.S 


s=  iiiS.e,? 


B,2l5 


(8) 


0.801!'  0.39-. 


Morniu;;  ..'3. 8C.i|    32. 1 !  3.  74,'i   0. 27:1' 

Noon 2,  5421     32. 2i  2. 401 '  0, 172; 

Niglit :  1.4101     32..Si  1.30.-)i  0.118 


Total : I  7.  .')7i  I  0.  m:i 


14  t  Mornin^i..!  H.O.Wj     30.4'  H.  080    0.  fios; 

Noon i  7.400'     ;iO.  0;  7.242i  0.  (I.-il 

Night '  0. 3ri0i     29.  r,,  0. 168|  0.  -.Hi; 


Total..' 1 ;22.090|  1.79.'; 

27  Morninc;..!  7. ¥80!  'M. '>prm\'u'm 
'  N'onn  .....i  ").  0901  .'la.fi  .5.  70,';i  0,  JO,) 
,  yigVt I  4.3501     .32.8   4.211    O.J'JI 


.noi. 


£■22 
Til 


Total.. I7.C3I)    1.471 

Morning  ..III.  .WOi    32. 2  iTnillll.  312 

Noon :  8.e.-o;    29,7;  8,401    I,;tl8 

Niclit '  .1.000:     32,2;  4. 902    o,  49li 


Total. 


24.4921  3.150 


20      Morning.. I  3.  nfitl'     34,4    3,441    0,  ;i44 

'  Noon ■  2,  MO     :t:i.O   2,757   0,  •j7.'. 

j  Niglit :  2.  3(J0      :i3,  4!  2,283,  (I,  2Pu 


Total.     : !  8.481;  0.899 


Morning..,  !),  380     31,. •    9,093,  0,  7iMi 

Noon (i,80<^    31.4    0.  .liKIO,  70,-. 

Nifrht ."■>.  320     30.  Ci  C>.  102   0,  MH 


) 


Total . . 


20,818    1,988 


Morniug  -.11. 1401    32. 4  10.  790'  0.  KO.) 
Noon j  7. 970i    29. 2i  7,  74:i!  0,  Hi:, 


9     Morning..!  .1,4771    30.9   ,1.312   0,478 

\  Noon !  .1.280i     31.1!  ,1.127    II,  .147 

I  Night !  4, 2021    29,  ,1;  4,139   0,  .I','.' 


Total. 


14.578;  1,,17 


7. 309;  0,  C:i9 
Noon  .."..,;  7,  300!  32,2  7.072,0.084 
Niuht  ....'  .1,8,19!     31.7;  .1,079   0.  ,119' 


13  1  Monilng..:  7.fl20l    34.1 


«■ '2  2.4131,3)35 


«-:U    3,1T-JLM5,-,| 


12,80;  3,,TO'l,0,-,73 


10.  (ill  . 


9. '-I'  :i.  17(11.  fffli 


10,211   4.  14H'1, 


1:1.72;  2. 0.'iO  I,  COOO 


10.82 


Total..: : ;20.120i  1,87 


9.  Ml . 


C2 


OU 


I'r 


T,  Van   A 
Mi'vgho 


J.  UolJiiv 


07  i  1!""  (J.  Dill 


C8 


fiO 


P.  V.  JJoIar 
lioko,' 


E,  Vi'rilrg 
Mariii'Lt 


72     Vciivo      II 
Wjokel, 


U08|li('l'8  I 


71 


Vfiiivii  IVl 
laro,* 


80  •  Veiivo  I't  (II 
vonrdi',  01 


82  I  (i,   WoItrr,« 
Aiuanil, 


'  Second  jii 


'  Honoralilr  nuntioii. 


•Sixth  prizo 


!).ra:  :i.]:u\.;ia:, 


O.'J"   ■!.  US'I.WJ,-) 


:i.  72;  'J.  or* 1. 0000 


BELGIUM.  381 

Taiii.k  Nu.  •.i.—fihowiiit/  iimiiUty  and  qualily  of  milk,  .jc— Continiieil, 


O'J 


I'loprjetors. 


(1) 

T.  Vim   WoiiliTj^liciii,  (if 
Wi'.VKliom.' 


Cli    J.  UnKiiyti',  of  liolcolo.. 


07     1!""  0.  Delia  Fiiillc,  of  IIu- 

JKSO.'^ 


CH  I  V.  V.  ]lnlaD);ior,of  Meliol- 
i      lioko.i 


(i!)  !  E.  ViTilcRon,   of  I>a(;bttf- 
MaiiaLi'i'iuo. 


Voiivo     Ilaiiierliiirk,    of  i 
Wyuktl.  : 


lIoMpiics  of  Movrlieko  *. 


71     Vcuvo  Delia,  (t,  of  Sallo- 
laro.* 


KU  I  Vriive  el  eoliililH  X'iiiuli 
vooitle,  of  Krlvejilo. 


82    G.  WoUeiH,  of  Sloiit  St . 
Aiuaiid. 


f&      '^     |S^ 


:u.  4, 111.  Mr, 
.'u.  c  I'.'.  i:,j: 

;i2.  I^i  K.  (i'.Ml 


i.Tiy 

I.IHI 

1. 1'JI 


?       -^     IV. 

3  w    ,  — :  ;r  "  # 

I  i 


;    K).  Kl'  ,-,.  ,m4  I.IO:* 


..'liJ.IWl!  4.77H' 


J.  1(15: 


lU 


Total . 

2  I  Moniiug. 

I  Noon 

I  Night. . . . 


Total. 

Moruinj;., 

Noon 

Nijjlit 

Total.. 

Moniins . . 
Noon 


.  1 10. 2951    ;i4.  ) '  ft  !).M 

.|  K.04j!    34.7;  7.771    ().!n:i 

0.  ocyj   a;),  ii  ri.  «(i4  0. 702 
2.  m)i 


•  111.310;    :f.'.  .i  10.  sHiL'i 
.1  K8r,2|    .;;.7  rtimm 

I  7.  liij     ;il.7    G.  !)XV 


i.4(;i 

I.  (1^7' 
0.  S7!l' 


|_^— !-.j^^;2a477,  ;).427j 

lI.HIOi  30.  C  ]Tr450l"()ll4l) 
10.(i70|  20.  r>10.  ;ifi):  (1.0117 
ll.48i'i     20.  ;i    i).2:i7j  I.  HSU, 


I  r^.-i:, 


12.  ill    4.;;.;i  1.41196 


1«.  28    4. 100  1.. 'IMS 


'31.U(J0i  :i.  103; 


NiRht. 

Total . 


4.  oiii    h:i.  n  4  7jo' 

!  ;i.il07'     32..-,    :i.7t'.| 
■  3.  137|     32  ^    3.  037, 


0..'-,7l 
(I.  .">iM 
0.  .'ilM 


il.r^/i  1.130 


15 


Moiiiiiit;.. 

Noon 

XiKlit 


KH2.V   yi.,^j  K. r,",; 

C.  0110'     20.  5|  (1.4111 
5.41UJ    30.(1    5.252i 


Total..! ' 20.2isi 


lU 


20  i  Morning. - 

Noon 

Ni-hi.... 

Totr.l.. 


^^lornin^..' 
Noon 

NiKi.t.... ; 

Total.. 

Bloniinjj.. 

Noon 

Ni,«lit 


11.0.i0i  30.4  11.57W 
K  (;4(l!  30.(1'  H.  3,>i3| 
7.K).-.:     27.  (i;  7.(124; 


0.  4.Vi 

(I.  .5:14 

(I.  4K2 

1.  472 

(I.  llli  (■ 
0.  022 
1.347 


12.42^ 


7.20    2.  OL     1.3741 


. 

. . . . 

27.  5^5 

3.  233 

4 

Ill  5 

31.0 

4.  2!i7 

0.  (n  .'i 

3 

(i:i;> 

31.4 

2.041 

0.  4.'iii 

- 

hl.V 

31.4 

2.  72." 

0.  4.'')l. 

U.  OWi 

1.  57.-. 

-z^—:^. 

.-  -.r- ; 

iT^-  -,-  . 

_   *■    11.72    4.412  1.3741 


15.  Wl'  3.303  2.1551 


0.  7noi    33.r.|  It.  451 

H.  2tl0|     32.  2    K.  002' 
C.h75l     31.'jl  (I.ddJI 


Total..  I I24.I23! 


10 


Moniinj; . 

Noon 

Night ! 

Total..! 


■11.  IHO!  33.  0  10.«22' 
I  H.770.  33.3:  H.4>i7' 
I  H.4C0     33.4;  8.18(1 


0.  H(l(l 
0.  8,so 
0.810 

2. 556j 

0.  8;il) 
0.721 
0.  751 


)•    1(1.  (JUi    .. 

]      I 


;      8.07   2.  334  1.0137 


7.405   2.302 


>  Second  l.ri^c.       'Fourth  prUe.       > Fifth  p,ir„.        4  Thl,^  „,•!«,.       .Uonornblon.entiou. 


382 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


il! 


TRANSPORTATION  OV  BELGIAN   (!ATTLF,  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES 

The  intent  off  his  diHpatcli  would  fail  if  I  Maid  nothiii^' about  trirK 
imitation.  ^" 

Tho  law  and  rcftulatiouH  in  force  in  the  United  States  eoncerniiii' 
tariff,  inspection,  and  entry  can  be  better  determined  there. 

(!attle  cannot  be  carried  across  the  Atlantic  with  either  safety  or 
profit  in  sailinjf  vestJels.  Steamships  do  not  ahvay.s  take  them.  Tiiov 
must  b(>.  offered  in  lots  large  enout,'h  to  i)ay  tho  expense  of  Uttiu"  m» 
stalls  for  their  accommoflation.  It  may  be  recognized  as  tho  ruKuL-it 
stoamshii)s  which  carry  passengers,  either  saloon  or  emigrant,  will  no? 
carry  cattle.  There,  doubtless,  are  exceptions,  but  not  manv  Thn  ..., 
thorities  at  Now  York  object.  •*"" 

The  While  Cross  line  of  steamers,  Steiinnann  &  Ludwig,  Antworn 
agents,  carry  all  the  cattle  from  IJelgium  (and  1  believe  from  Ilolluiill 
to  tho  United  States.    They  run  to  New  York  and  to  Montreal.       ' 

These  shipments  have  been  (to  New  York)  in  summer  of  1880  ico 
cattle;  in  summer  of  J881,  L'JO  cattle.  ' 

Two  shipments  have  been  made  this  present  season  to  Montreal 

The  prices  are  as  follows: 

Uiill.s  and  cowb  oh  (leek 

Yeiirlings .  ■*■•' 

(jiiives .['....v. .['."'.W.W'.'.'." '."['.'.[ ;! 

Uiidor  (kxk,  additional > ....\ ',' 

The  shi|)  puts  up  the  stalls  and  supplies  the  water;  feed  and  iiiuuto 
<!are  for  the  cattle  are  for  shipper's  account.  French,  Edge  i\:  Co  of 
New  York,  are  agents  for  this  line.  '' 

Canada  has  been  int<'r(.'sting  herself  in  the  manner  snggcsti'd  to 
Americans  in  this  dispat(!h.  She  has  impiu'ted,  for  breeding  pinposL's 
alone,  from  JJelgium  during  the  past  year  02  head  of  cattle,  and  lioin 
Kngland  yu  bulls,  .'5.'J(J  cows,  and  131  calves,  while  her  exports  lor  bcff 
have  been,  during  the  year  1880,  to  England  alone,  ."iO,!!!!,")  lifiid. 

As  to  transportation  :  Mr.  .John  ('.  Moosily,  agent  Ked  Star  stiMincr.s 
Antwerp;  Steinmann  &  Ludwig,  agents  White  Cross  steamers,  Ant- 
werp;  \Vand)ersie  &  Son,  ship-brokers,  h'otterdam. 


EXPORTATION   OV   AMKUICAN    IIOIJ.SKS'JO   HKUJIUM. 

Of  cojirse  no  rec^ommendation  of  mine  or  iiidei'd  of  any  coiisul  could 
l>e  accepted  upon  oni' Judgment  solely  or  without  examination  and  trial, 
but  1  venture  to  express  my  belief  lliat  a  good  busiiu'.ss  man  -a  jiidia' 
of  hor.ses  and  cattle — could  naikc  a  profitable  business  by  the  iiii|ioil'ii 
tion  of  (rattle  to  the  United  States,  as  I  have  suggested,  ai'id,  fur  a  n'turn 
cargo,  exporting  hoises  for  use  in  llelginm,  Holland,  and  Fnnirc.  The 
prices  are  high  here,  and  for  light  driving  and  riding  horses  1  think 
remun«'rative  prices  <!(ndd  be  obtained. 

'I'his  trade  is  already  commenced,  but  is  in  its  inraney.  I  liopc  my 
notice  of  it  will  attract  the  attention  of  those  coiicenied. " 

A  cargo  of  (»(»  American  horses  (marcs)  were  landed  withm  the  past 
month  at  IJruges,  iii  this  consular  district,  and  sold  there  ;it  auction, 
bringing  fair  anil  satisliuitory  prices. 


BELGIUM. 


383 


I'lT  hoail. 

-..     £;-. 
,1 

•  •  •  .1 

1 


AUTnOKITIES  AND  SOUllOES  OP  INFOKMATION. 


I  Iiiivo  been  a  personal  witness  to  many  of  the  tilings  I  have  do- 
scrilKMl ;  but  I  have  received  material  aid  in  my  examinations  from  tho 
(()lI()\vnl^'  {,'entlenien,  to  whom  I  tender  my  acknowledfrments-  Profes- 
s(»r  I'i'.);;i<'r,  of  the  Koyal  Affricnltural  Institute  at  Gaublonx,  Belirium- 
Lotus  rydj^iidt,  es(i  secretary  of  the  A^ricnltural  So(!iety  of  ]<^landro 
Orientale,  Ghent;  Mr  l>.  R  L  Wahleek,  secretary  iJolland  Sodoty! 
Loosdianen,  near  llio  llafine  ;  Professor  IJonar,  a^jricultural  enirineer' 
Sdziu'te,  director  of  abattoir,  Brussels;  Mr.  Edward  Minne,  insDcctor 
of  abattoir,  (.bent;  report  of  Jury  on  (piantit^y  and  quality  of  milk 
prepared  by  Professor  Chevron,  of  tho  lioyal  Agricultural  institute  at 
Giuibloux. 

THOMAS  WILSON, 

United  States  Consulate,  *""*"  * 

Ghent,  October  27, 1881. 


i 


384 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  KARMINO. 


SPAIN. 


CATTLE  IN  ANDALUSIA 


llKPOliT  UY  CONSUL  OPPHNnHIM,  OF  CADIX. 


Ill  imrsiuuice  of  instructions  }>fiv<Mi  in  Department  circnliir  of  ,h,|y  \^ 
1883, 1  transmit  herewith  certain  tables  bearing,'  upon  the  Kraziny  i'nterl 
cHt  in  this  district.  Stock-breediiif;,  properly  so-called,  nieaninj,'  tlu-icbv 
(he  improvement  of  cattle  on  a  larjte  scale  by  seleiition  and  crosKin-r. 
may  be  sai;!  not  to  exist  here.  Individual  experiments  of  crosKJi);,'  for. 
oifjn  cattle  with  the  native  breed  have  occasionally  been  Miiwle,  hut  the 
results  are  said  not  to  have  been  encouraj^infj.  Some  years  iij^o  Imij^HsIi 
Shorthorn  cows  were  imported  into  the  district  of  Jerez  and  crossi-d 
with  the  native  bulls,  but  the  experiment  was  unsuccessful,  Hi,.  i,r(.i,,i 
<leterioratinff  rapialy  and  tendinj;  to  revert  to  the  ori^iinal  native  typo. 
Ill  the  district  of  Puerto  do  Sta.  Maria,  there  are  now  some  cross  bro'eds 
produced  by  crossing?  Swiss  and  native  <;attle  (native  bull  and  Swiss 
cows);  the  milk  ])roduct  of  the  cross-breed  cow  is  much  superior  to  that 
of  the  native,  both  in  richness  and  in  quantity,  but  the  animals  lose 
their  hardiness,  do  not  stand  the  heat  well,  and  recpiin^  sliclti  i  and  aitj. 
Ucial  feeding  almost  the  whole  year  round.  These  expciinients,  and 
probably  many  other  similar  ones  unknown  to  me,  have  (ireatcd  an  im. 
|)ression  that  the  native  stock  of  this  district  does  not  lend  itself  readily 
to  improvement  by  crossing.  The  interest  of  this  impiiry  to  on,-  ,i^i,.y. 
men  and  cattle-breeders  must  further  be  lessened  by  tli<^  patent  (act 
that  the  Andalusiau  cattle,  outside  of  a  good  ai)pearance  and  ciuliiraiici' 
of  heat,  do  not  seem  to  have  any  prominent  i)oints  of  excellence,  Tliov 
are  not  good  milkers,  and  i)roduce  beef  which,  at  its  best,  is  only  nii'di- 
ocre.  On  the  other  hand  they  are  very  cheaply  kept,  ie(|iiiiiii}.'iia,.,|iy 
any  shelter  or  care  of  any  kind.  That  American  breeders  should  import 
Andalusiau  stock  is  only  conceivable  in  the  somewhat  remote  contin 
/■ency  of  our  people  developing  a  taste  ftn-  bulltighting.  The  tier  ,•(  nos.s 
and  tlu>  mettle  of  the  Andalusiau  bidl  are  indisputable,  and  these  trails 
are  sulhciently  developed  even  in  some  of  the  cows  to  make  them  some. 
what  undesirable  as  inmates  of  a  dairy.  Wliilst  the  above  considcia- 
tioiis  undoubtedly  detract  from  the  practical  value  of  this  imiuiry  to 
our  stockbreeders,  yet  mauy  interesting  facts  and  data  Ix'arinK  iijioii 
(he  meteorology,  th(!  topography,  thellora,  -s  well  as  on  theeconoinical 

situation  of  this  district  may  be  included  within  its  frai work.    Such 

of  these  data  as  are  contained  in  the  accompanying  tables  have  licdi 
gathered  in  every  case  from  the  best  availabh^  souiees,  and  aslaras 
they  go  are  undoubtedlv  trustworthy. 

ERNEST  L.  OIM'KNMKIM, 

Coniml, 

United  States  Consulate, 

Cadiz,  October  25,  1884. 


SPAIN. 

Topoyraphy  of  the  province  of  Cadiz. 


385 


Loculity. 


AltitmlK 
of  hljth. 
oat  ixiiut 
ill  iiiutorH 
nliovo  Hea 
lovul. 


Siiii  l'"i  Tiiiiiiilii.  (Hiiv  of  rmllz) 

I'licrl"  l!t^i>l  (ISiiyi'iC  (;iMli/,) 

I'liiildiloSlik  Atiti'iii  (Jiuy  uf  Ciuli/,).. 

A  KO.S 

J(l(« 

Uli'uro 


SIi>rn»  do  Glbialtiir 

Mcdlmi 

Ciiiuluii.'t ]' 

Olvurn "//, 

Oriizttlouiu...;  ."'" 


Altitude 
of  hluli- 
«Ht  point 
in  nu^tei'H 
ubovti  Hea 
lovol. 


410- 

ITiO- 

;i(10- 

1,ll!4- 

1,750- 


NoTK.-TIm  annual  ijiiiifHll  a(,  Uh,  ..I)Morvato.y»rSan  Forniuiil,,  i 


itl.au'»-lH.HM:.nliKiii(lu.  .     ^''''"^•"'""' "-W"'— 17.0°ooutiKrudo;  atudcptli 

Mean  k-miicmlure,  17.2^  V.     .Siiiiiiiicr,  s:i.lo  c      Wintor   ly  no  r^     i    • 
ten  yrai.s'  ob.scrviitioiiH  ut  tli«  Sail  FermiiKlo  OI.k.  rvrf^!,.    '     ..,-■'    .'^"'«  •"osiiUn  of 
,nat..lv  .onvrt,  lor  (Ik,  cast  district  a  o  I   X    K^  ^n/  t  "'i'"',""''  '"  '"'  '^"I""^'- 

S.,M,.-. !//«,/«/. ■   TI..TO    is   K,„i.„   alluvial   ir  8t,  ,'«    on    flw^A    ^'Tw       ., 
^iiiivii',  ana..tluT  .nin.,r«troa.Ms;  this  n^     J    ?i''     .^J"  ,*^^^^  *'',",  Guadal- 

'v(,l,(l  I.,  i.ast.na-r.     CI,,,/  ,u„l  ,l„ilk     TIm  J^i  m    .^^^^       *'"''*':"'  "clayov  loam"  <lo- 

(rnt.  .d-  l.,tal  j,ra.iM«  area  in  tl.is  jii^i  cc-.'  '  wi^f.^  nir^'"^^  *•';•'"  "'•'.*".""  1""' 
uml  i.aKtun.M  <.r  this  ,..-,. vine,  has  saiuly  ,  r  KravcnVLoii  •  40  t^far'".""^'""  "/  ^^"  ""*- 
estimate  ..f  tho  i)crc.inta«(5  hiivin-  such  soil.  ^       "^"^^  **""  '  ^"  *»  ^^  I>or  cout.  is  a  fair 


I'MUmije  of  n'dUrn  Andalugia-Hpecks  moxt  uhundant 

OKKICK  LEGUMINiK, 


in  natural  paature. 


wild  flovor,  red  and  whito. 
I'lciich  hoiii'y-sucklo. 


TiiJ'oUu,a  },)(iliiisi> 
I.dliiH  c,>\i,ivi,l,ttiin. 
Ilfih/mriiun  <<iix)i,,iiiiim  : 
llfiljisdriiim  hdiiiihiiiliun. 
lAillii/r,,',  «(7((,v/W,s;  wild  vi'ti'h. 
Miilimiji)  milii;, :  hicoriu). 
ihduaiio  liipiiliiia. 

OuDlCIt  GUAMlNKiB. 

.lima  f„ti,n  :  wild  oats. 

h„t„,„x  :  Irsrun  jrrassrs,  nian'y  varieties. 
hriiiiiiia :   l)niiiU'-fj;i';isN. 
Vnli,;t,ii  rijiiii.t:  (•(nich-j;riiss. 
I'liiiliiris  <a«(n/(/i.sM.-  eaiiarv-;,M-ass. 
Cmiina  (waiili,t :  tarliiio  thistTc. 


Artilicial 
iiii'iits  have 
nitiiiilioiis, 
(fViiiii  lOnir! 

A  natm-a 

lllliliicd  liy 

Wild  i:\uvv 
aliiiiit  Oil  |)( 

IJ. 


CULTIVATKD  GltASSES. 


.     HHuH,  spots  ..lovei-  (1V,M,    AnS.       SCO,      wh!"  *"  ^T^"""  ''''y  '^"n'P 
■Hhsn.d),  hav..,!,iv,.,.  verv  «o.mI  res,,!  "  ^'  ""'  -'""^  ^^''''""   '■ye-«,J. 

iiii'adow,  si(i|;i((«  ,,1,   ,|,,,j,,i    .;  ■■    , 


386 


CATTLK    ANI»    DAIUY    I'AKMING. 


I 


ryr-Ki-iuw  (  f.ol,„ni  limn  lit,  turn)  jilioiit,  10  |ior  <«iit:    Imviiiu  nUimt.  IT,  imt  <i.i,i    r 
<■|•MilllC()ll^^«^,■lMHt^sall(l    \viM'(h,  uihI    this  In  l.tOit-vrd  folio  ji  (nil- tv!«V  i.f  t  '"*" 

l.iwliiro  of  llMi  foiisl,  <lisliic|M  itiid  less  olovaird  laiiilN  Tlu«  ii|.p<  i' i,x^|„.vm  ?(""'*"'"' 
m.'t«^r,s  ulMiv.«KC!i-l.,vrl  iipwiudN)  rovoiinn,  iMol.iil.lv.  (ill  p.-r  c.'iit  ol' (j„m,  .Vi""' 'P" 
provim;.',  hiivoa  .siniillcr  propoit i<.n  of  J.c>;iimiiii.i  lliiiii  tli,.  ic.w-lviii.r  .  !,'.','' T' 
cloviT  IH  ul.H.)  t,  iiiHl  liicoMir  (Mill;,, 1,10  mliva)  tiikt^s  itHphic.i-  (,1,„  p,,.  ,  i  V  "'''' 
Hiicklo  IS  v.M-.v  ImiKlmit,  .■Hp.Tiiill.v  on  clialkv  Uill-HiiU's  uikI  tiil.l.-li  „|„  a  "'"'^■" 
1  i«  (iniiiMiici.s  iIk.  C.M'iio  -iaNH.-N,  wild  ..Ills,  l.n.itio  mid  lli.^  iiM'udow  .r,'., J;,  ""l'^"' 
tlinvonioi  liixi.im.idy  ill  llu' lii-lhr  j.astiucM,  uml  those  spucios  uiiaoiil.h.'rn;"'!^ 
u  hiigepi,  ]M.ilioiiorMioiipla  i;    li.  )la«i .  """"""""K'Uly  IiumihIi 


Slalement  HUowiiyi  this  una  uj  ihihIuiv  IuiuIh  in  Ih- proriiur  of  CaUu 
(ToUl  Mi«a of  i.rovluco  7.'J75  kllomotcin.J 


liuoullty  (JiKliviid  (llHtrictM). 


AlKocinM 

Ai'niH 

i'>i,\i7. ;..;:::::" 

•  Jntziili'iiirt 

''Iiirlaiia \[[ 

.(oil'/, [\[ 

Mi'iliim 

Olv.rn !''..'.'.'.' 

riit'itc.Slu.  Maria ..!!!.""[..!! ij 

Siiii  Ki<rniuiilu [[ 

Hanlin'iir J 'J 

Sail  Iviiq  110 '.'.'.'.'.'. 


Nittiii'iil 

piVHt  II  I'll 

tnrl.    B. 


//«■ 


til  nil, 
M),  174 

8, 1147 
(12 

I),  I  III. 

L'», -.'ir. 
Ill,  I  Ml 
•-'1,447 

;i,  ;i:i  t 

7,  7,W 

L':i7 

ti,  ;ii.-> 

i:i,Hi8 


l-!\:M5 


Natiinil 

|>.i!-(iiri'.  liiii. 

bortid. 


lleclntrn. 
11,40.-. 
tl,  Hti-J 

Vl.'o.'JH 
.'',  IWJ 
411,  imu 
;ir>,  ;ri9 
1(1,  wr. 
i.oiu 

'  !>M 
•M,  UL'7 


Tdlul:., 


Ih 


AllillMll. 

'>•"    lii-;lie»t 

I.ollll      III 

mirlKli.   ii,.t 

aliiivi  M-.,. 

Inv.l. 


1.-.7,  D,S,-) 


Inrm. 
4l,r,7» 

jr>,  XIII. 

(12 
I M,  1117 

.'III,  2'n 

.'■>l,4(lll 
fid,  Will 

i:i,R'i!) 

U,  (177 

■J.17 

<i,  xn 

■iH,7l.'i 

'-•uii,  :m 


M,t,i 


5 1, 


tio 
III 

(I) 

,  T.'ill 

.'1(10 
M 

L'.M) 
,124 

:!».  .1 

till 

'4liU 


•Sifrra  lit.  Gibraltar,    f  Altitudo  .•stimaled,  not  moasiiml.     ;  CVin,  .1,  llMiiar.    ^M'i,„c|,|  \i.,ii,' 
StatiaticH  oJvalUii  oj'  Uinttrii  Andulimu. 


Meaiiaromeiitfi  taktm. 


Hiiiubt , 

Oirtli 

Kciictli  oClicail  . 
liroaillli  (it  iioiul 
LoD^lli  ut'buruH 


Si/.ivitiiiatiiiity. 

Cow.      Hull.     (),. 

ft.  In.    Ft.  Iii}ri.In. 


4    4 

»i    7 

I    K 

10 

1    »ij 


4  111  I  4    71 

7  4  li  \n 

1  4  !  1    ■..{ 

2  U  I  •_>   ;i 


Xttme of  brfcd :  Aiidiilimiaii. 

Jlilk  topoaiidH  of  butter  :  lliiki.own  ;  bnttcMinikniK  i.s  a  r.-i.lar  itiditNtiy  doi.s  i,„i 

Milk  to  ponndi  o/rheene  :  Uiikiiown  :  v.tv  iitHi*  ,•! h.-  is  iiiadi- 

ijlVKWi.:i(iii'r.-ro,,.;  annkiloyiaiim;  I>hU:  ;W(I  kiio;r,.u,„«;  ox:  liX,  kil(.L'iaiii,s. 
.l//e  lit  matuiity  :  Jmiiif  and  a  liaK  to  live  vcai'K 

17oYiIo"ra.n«. ''''^'''  ^''  '^''^•'^"''••^■-'>'^--  ij^r,  kilo«ra„.H;  hull:  m  kilo-Matiis;  <w; 

Jnl'!Z\uT  '^'»^'VT"^r""'  '■'"'  '•■■'"'""••"  tJ.oiiK.Ht  abundant;  next  .oinnion  an, 
Hpottod  black  and  wliifo,  tlioii  Hpolt.-d  red  and  wliilo. 

u.!,-\'!Z.ill'\V  V'"  A"''='i"«';""^^'i^'i"  an.  Jauly  i.toponionrd  an iIh,  nriil,,..'  |,ig|, 

iK.i  low  ou  tho  leg;  ratbor  doep-chestcd  aud  clcar-Iiuibed.    TLo  contour  of  tliu  back 


In  li'vcl,  uliat 

niJiiHiinail  at 

lii.iil  is  of  imi 

11,111'  I, nil/  fill 

jiii|Mirti'il  I'm'  ( 

|ir;i(iH  III  rcsii 

lii^ior :  ( >x<'i 

iiiucir  liaiillii'j 

ihal  iil'a  iiiiilc 

,1/(7/,;  lint,  1 

CIkihh:  Hill 

miiiidx  III'  li 

lin'd,  tlicro  al' 

\iillll,   llllcIlT  V 

IWilin;/:  It. 
il     uatiiral  pa 
llrr(is( lares)  :i 

Uririlbiij :  \i 
liiills  I'or'tlio  ' 
inclllr,  (inly  cii 
is  liv  liiiviiif;  I 
ijjii.si'  thai  Mini 

ilniiiUiiiii  j>ri) 
ihc  IiiimI  cipiisii 
gnat's  milk  is  i 
iiidiislry  III  tlii: 

Slukiiuiil  uliotr, 


1,111  alit.y.   (•Iihlifia 


.Vlp'i'inis 

\rc'iis 

Citiliz 

(ii,-i/:ilriiia  . . 

I'iiirlaiia 

.Icivz 

Miiiin.i • 

(Ilvi'ia 

I'licrlnSla.  .Miu'ia. 

San  Ki'Miaiiitii , 

.Siiniiicar 

.'<.lll  KuiiiiK 

Total 


"Till'  iiuinliciiil'  I 


Cahiloiiia  is 

ill  the  iiortliwi 

aloiiiii  is  iiliiiii 

Oiii.v  oiieldur 

wiiiic  tlircc  li.i 

/.'er/'.— Diiiii 

<ln  111^'  tiic  ,siii 

Milili  votes.- 

,s7/fY/^— I'rot 

l'urL~{T\H' 

iiH'ij  iruiii  I'.Mi 


Mitvn 

110 

111 

fll 

;  1,  vr,u 

■MO 

r>o 

ail) 

^^i,ia4 

8.r> 

a».  ,1 

fid 

1  Mm 

■  — - — 

SPAIN.  337 

nilo  Hpirad  lit,  n;,'lil  angles  IV..m  ll„.  h,.,,,!,  ,.  „,1h  l„.i..,.  ,m  i     "i  i  '"V""  '"*  " 

„,  ,,1  i.  nC  normal  «l.a,;.;.  .a,..m,«.  Im.w.uV,  'H  p:.!  '^.;,   '  .     .I^f  S;  S"'"     ''"" 
lJ,iir  Idiiii  hiril  •)urc  :  From  I  inn   luiiicnioii  il  v?,i-v;  c  >,    "";"'""»    "•  i  iu//,lf. 

iun.i:..Mwr  .jr.;...,r...in«  p...p„:;ra;:a  ;tr  i;^:X'' f;";  n^ 

,,r,ulM.il  «■.«..'(-«  ol  .roHM-hnuMlniK  arn  m.t  <l«li.iilHv  csUhliHl.'.,!  ^'        """'  ^'"' 

,,,,,,,;;■;,,,,;,,,... .j,iM..^^^^  "• 

Cliaw:  llanlly  any  inaild, 

vhlnl   nnd,.r  wind,  .nin.alH  H-H.  HlHO,...;,ur:;:Si^^^^ 

/,<■(/(».'/.•  II.  iHlli.-jrrn.ral  (11   I, .in  to  Inrn  all  animalM  l.nl  I  i„  , 

III,  Mi.l.ir.il  i.aHtnrr;  working. -   "i.  arc  t\:d  .Inr  n-    I.I,,         "  "'^'"K  "M'H  loomi  on 

limdbui:  Vrry  littl-  altcniJoii  is  ptiiil  to  lirccllin.r  ,,,,|,,  '    •"•,.'„„        »  , 
bulls  lor  tl,o  "I'la/a.-    TI,..  .l.-siraMn  ,,oi„i.  i„  (     ,„7;         ,T,|k  1 .   n,' T  "'^  '"•*'"""« 

III.',  only  <'..ws..Nliil,iiin^  tl.csolrui t.s  a;.,  usr      u  ,1      w     n  "  '"''^"   "''*•''  """^ 

Ls  l,v  liiivinK  Iho  animal.  liTjMlv  u.....!..!     v  ■     In    h      ,'  .  "  "  '.""T"  '"       '''''""" 
,l,os,.  Ihat  ,.nrn  n,.on  ll...  l,or:,.  am^xlIlM,';:,.;  ,'       'v"   ■  riS":  . S'    '^  '''"' 

ll,tmllh,i,i"odurt>,:  Tho  )..  .Inclion  o|-,ow'n  milk    I,  ,..',.  I  ■'  '"■"*"''"^'- 

linUoral  .onsnmp.io.  or  ,!u.  .  vo  lalln-  arllH.'s    r*      /.  ,;,,^  " 

n„at'.s  milk  \h  in  ^mn  ,1  n,>st..     I  h.nro  it  mav  Im<  Tii.l  1 1  ,       1,    ,  .•    i         '    .''«."■'<:'•%  "'"l 
hi.lii.stiy  m  tl.i.s  iTrovin....  aro  la  ,  f  an.l  labor.  ""''  "'"  l'""'""^t>^  "t  Hi"  Kia/,in- 


SUitmol  Htmvinn  llw  number  of  ilomr,tio  aiumih  in  llw province  of  Ca,U^  {y,. 


r.iKiilil.y.   (•tiiili.ial  (lisliirls.)    H<rrHON. 


AlL'i'i'iras 

\lt'IIS 

VM/.  — 

<il:l/:ll<'Ill.l    . 
I'iiii'laiia 

.l.ivz 

M.diiu....- 

Olvcia 

I'licrl.!  Sla.  .Maii.k. 

S;iii  I''(.riiaii<to 

."^.iniiirar 

."^all  lloiiiKi 


I, 


,  :i7!) 

,  (ir.s 
ri'.'ii 

•J!i;l 

I  in:, 
r,:,2 

4til! 

r.H 

OL'I 


Mnl,' 


Am«c 


«iir 
111) 
i.^i 
;ii>ii 

:;i)7 

M'.' 

Ml 

4r. 

7« 
Urt 


nor. 

I,I17(( 
SOI 

'■>l 

IM(I 

I.  i:!:i 
I,  i;!,--. 
I,  nil 

.'.0 

L'l,? 
3H7 


Kent 
(tiktllo. 


<),  .V.7 
•M 

•J.oiw  ! 
7,UI7  I 
7,(17!)  I 


;,  ■JKi  I 
i.hir. 

IHI   I. 

7h>  i 
4,  IW  I 


ar  l-^^i)). 


«l'«"l'.    I    <!..at».    :     ii„;,„. 


(177 

li.'-m 

4,7111 
■I.  HH] 
11.071 
7,71(1 
•-',  UIX 


li 

ll.VI 

li!) 

4114 

4,817 

(i 

r>-«j 

11 

Hid 

M 

.',;ij 

•'■'. 

rci 

7i;h 

i,ti;»,". 


Total . 


17,  \M 


.  Mi) 


«,778         U0,05J  ;       K7,4!tl 


!'. 


•JOS 
IM 


«!i,  r,:/.i 


•Tin.  number  cil'  b<.;;s  in  lb,.  .ll«ti  kt  of  .Irrrz  l»  l.iio»  n  tc.  .■: 


.'",,  Il'l? 

li,  US, 

■  ..'Kill 

.•1.(171 

*7II 

.'l,(M'.| 

.'1,  tin:) 

4ii(i 

.-.8 

1.-.0 

I,.I1U 

L'.',  1 2  J 


.■oM,.u|.r„bli- the  fl-urogivrn  Urn, 


CATTLE  IN  CATALONIA. 


C' 


Milrl, 


nioiitlLs  of  .Mini- 


«,y.-Fn,„,,i,,.,,,.,,,,n,,,,.,rs;;;,h;,:,,;;'si;,!-r 

/''//..— (I  he, ■-illcol    Wlllcll  IS  !tl.,l,ll.i!...|   ,Imi.J!,„  f  l,,,  „:.. 

iiH'i)  iiuiii  ivMivniudum  and  Fiaiiw.  ''' 


888 


CATTLE   AND   DAIUY   I'AUMING. 


All  live  stock  lortioiisiiinptioii  is  ol'  very  iiif«)ii<n't;lii.ss,  u.s  Ciituluui  ui 
Irol  III)  iiitiTi'st;  iu  stock  hivcdiii^',  luit  iin-  t'litiiv.ly  iilisorbnl  in  ih,.  ,..,f 
tiviilioii  of  tlio  yniiH',  iiliiioiids,  mils,  ;uiil  vc;,a'tiil>li!s,  bosiili-s  Lri'ii,.i,| 
uiuuufiictiiriu;,',  CHiiuciulIy  ul"  cotton  uud  woolen  liibrics. 
EespectluUy, 

FliED'K  11.  SCIIIOLK;!!, 
United  States  Consulate,  Comul 

Barcelona,  December  lU,  1883. 


CATTLE  IN  GALICIA. 

li£r01iT  IIX  VONHUL  VJHilCWAIiTl!,  Oi'  VOUU.SNA. 

I  liuvii  flic  honor  to  forward  the  following;-  .statement  resiiectin"  tliu 
cattle  of  this  province:  " 

The  name  of  the  <;attle  breil  is  Galician  ;  annual  aveni,;,'e  poiiiids  oi' 
milk  iHT  licail,  l-',r).V»;   live  weij^'ht  per  cow,  H  hnnilr('il'\vci;;Iit-   liv(. 
weight  perox,  MluiiKlii'd-wciyht;  a;>e at  maturity,  ei-^Iit year";  w'cjuiii^ 
of  meat  at  maturity,  7  hnndred-wei^^lit ;  color,  yellow  ;  orij;in  dt' bin-d 
Spain.  ' 

Topography.— 'Um  altitnile  of  the  ^razinj;  eonntry  vary  betwei'ii  10 
feet  and  L'(JO  ieet.     'flie  mean  temperature  as  recorded  at  the  canitul 
Corunna,is  nuo  l'\ihrenheit.     The  soil  is  of  the  most  varied  dosiaiptjuii' 
and  embraces  every  quality. 

The  siibstratnin  is  most  j;enerally  i)oroiis ;  limestone  foimd  iu  the  east 
and  centre  of  the  i)rovince,  and  j,'ranite  around  the  western  coasts! 

(Jaltivation  by  rotation  of  crops  is  not  practiiicd.  Clover  and  rye. 
jLfrass  are  but  little  sown.  On  the  wheat  stubble  (in  July)  oats  or  barley 
and  tnrnij)s  are  sown  to  serve  as  t;;reen  crops  for  winter. 

Methods  of  homing. — Common  dark  stables;  manure  usually  cleared 
out  twice  or  thrice  a  year. 

i''m/j«7.— Almost  all  manj-er  feeding  as  respects  oxen,  and  pa.stuio 
for  cows;  much  wet  meadow  land. 

i>'/-t'trfi?K/,— Sele(!tions  of  sires  little  attended  to  and  coiiseiiaeiil  do 
generation  as  shown  in.lightness  of  hind  quarters  of  the  beasts. 

llandlmg  prodxictK.—lhmd  labor  being  cheap  but  little  inacliiiiery  is 
used,  and  the  methods  are  primitive  in  the  extreme. 

tStotk. — The  stock  of  cattle  is  in  excess  of  home  demands.  The  siu- 
plus  is  exjiorted  to  England  and  may  be  calculated  to  reach  10  000 
oxen  annually;  the  medium  price  per  bead  being  $7o.  ' 

now  TO  EXPORT   GALIOIAN  CATTLE   TO   TUE  UNITJOD  STATES. 

The  best  method  for  transitoi  ing  cattle  to  the  United  States  i.s  via 
Liverpool  or  Plymouth,  England;  and  the  freight  paid  lu  eitliiT  ol 
these  piuts  is  $S  or  8 10  per  head.  The  class  of  beasts  for  exportation 
to  the  United  States  should  be  young  oxen  from  sixteen  to  eij^liteon 
months  old,  the  ])rice  of  which  varies  from  8-'>(»  to  jj."><>  i)er  beast. 

The  inclosed  photographs  are  taken  from  animals  l)eh)!igiii,i;  to  a 
cargo  for  England,  the  price  and  age  of  each  being  noted. 

J.  DE  CAltiaCAUTH, 

CV/i\«/. 
United  States  Consula'I'e, 

Corunna,  March  ol,  1881. 


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f! 

sSkI' 

11 

? 

>ii 

JMiiisb 
flic-Miiiiii 
live  lotJic 
iiico,  oCwl 
I'raiiktbi't 
iiiiidC  laiK 
(ir('sliitos< 

|ii)|lllli)II.SM 

tiiii>i'ai)(l  II 
t;it('<l  by  ii 
iiiaiii!i'iiini 
t'iittle-brt'f 
Hcssc-Niis 
abound  on 
lands. 
Tlictciiij 

lll0ft(»tli(l( 

iiicaii  t('ir|i 
sins;  in  (ii 
coldest  .S.2 
ill  simmicr 
jioint  tlie  tl 
iiii.Iiilylil, 
iiios|)Ii('ri(5 

T.'id.S '  (ill' 

Tiioprov 
liadcn,  iiiid 
iiiaiiitaiiMMl 
will  show  (I 
astoiiiid  l»v 


I'f 


I'iriiiil  (ifC'is 

CilriijI  iir(.'iiH 
IlHTrasc  ill  10 

<'i>iiiit  dl'  \Vi( 

Cili'llil  III'  W'jc; 

IniiiMsc  ill  10 


I'i'.'ll  ill  till'  lll 
111  Is;;;  .. 
Ill  1^-:!  ... 


I'lilal  iiniiMM, 


OKRMANV. 


389 


OEUMAT^T. 


BREEDS  OF  CATTLE  IN  GERMANY. 

OATTLK   IN   TIKSSK-NASSATT   ANT)    PRTTRSIA. 

It  lifis  boon  foiind  vory  <jifliciilt,  in  tl.o  comirR.rcial  (iity  of  Frankfort  on 
tl.o.Ma.n  and  its  ,uMol,horlH.o,l,  to  obtain  any  infcn^nat  ion  anT    ttT n^  ' 
tnr  1..  tJ.o  nmnbor,  rac-s,  j.roper. i.s,  an.l  (uunlition  of  n         in  t ,  ,  n 
iiico,  of  wliicii  said  city  is  the  coninieicial  center      The    .  i.n     v   h'        ,' 
h:n,.   .itisti.icldydot^edwit..tbrivin.e,tiesan;ivi^  j^^^^ 
KiiKil  l;ii'*lt'<M»ioi)ertyJ.asi)roeee(le(lt<)Nnehanexteiir-.s  n    ..1  > 
.r..s,atosc>falmndied  or  several  I.nn,h.ed..>fa;";^^^;^^ 
|H.|.iil.)usne.s.s  ottlie  country,  moreover,  insnrin-  a  re',   v  '^.,  ,  Vr    ii  J 
liiHT  and  more  (U'lieate  pro.  nc^tsof  tliesc  ,",  li.      i       '    /'    ''"  *'"' 

t:.t.'(i  by  a,  mild  and  equable  clinmto  bus     ,'.    .J   ofethl'  ';''''  ' '  '"*'"'; 
n,ain:enanee  of  cattle  comparativHy  nn'iVm;.;!^;:^  ;'<^^^  TU.TS'l:  1^^^^ 
cattlo-lHeed,n«' and  raisins  is  comparatively  unknown  in  t    ^provi,',,^  i  f 
H.sse-Nassau,  and  tlmt  one  but  sel.N.m  sees  suel.    I.  r.uM  •    .  V! 
aluamd  on  the  extensive  meadows  of  Northern  (iJnnany  alnl  U,  Jiil^^hc" 

Tlu"teaiperatureofthiscityandpr(.viiKHsaItl.onf.hlvin..,.ntir..Iv-,hnv« 
,1,0  5(t.Mlesre.,  of  latitude  is  very  UMMlerate  an.l  e.p.a/i^^^^ 
mean  te.r  perat.ire  dunuf-tlie  thirty  y.-ars  from  J,S5l    ,,  ],S.SO  v  «  0  .jo  r 
sins;  in  the  warmest  year  of  those  thirty  years  it  xvis  1 1  '0^:1      V. 
|ol.ie,st.S.2o     The  mean  temperature  in  ^i   t  t   s      ,i  if '.j      , ''    ^^.'^ 

;,,Nun.nierl8.0o,andiiifallJ>.So,nlh,ii;uMrnti.na   e  scale      Xy^^ 
Iioint  the  thermometer  reached  in  the  thirty    r  is  .vf.',     '1  /       ".7  "''"^ 
^.n . Inly  .1 ,  18,;o,  and  the  lowest  21  .as  on  d!i;.^;.;!^\^'*  ,!;.-^^^^ 

iiicsi)lMMic  pressure  duriu};  said  years  was  7r,.J.t' •iml  vmH..i      V 

"ij'.s (in  ISo;})  and  757. "  (in  isnt).  '         ^  *"^'* ''  '•♦'t^vecn 

Tlie]>n)yinceofnesse-Nassiiueml)iacesthecirenit.4nfr'..w.u,i       m-- 
''^i"lH.,nnd  contains  an  area,  of  lo.dl.ii     ',,",;  ^/.^f^"'"  ^\'«'«- 

1"="")^' I  a  )M.i.ulation  of  l,r>r.-l,;]7(;  inha'nts      '■.•;,       "''^'^'l  ."^ 

wnisl^wthenamberofcattlJin^aid^itlmvi      he^!      ';^ 

iislouiid  by  the  ollicial  census,  viz:  "  .\< 'Hs  i,>^,5and  l.s.S.>, 

'uviiil  (if C-issi'l  ill  l,s7:l 

Ciniiil  u/'CmsscI  ill  1SH3 .".'.". '!.'..'.'." ^70,  001 

-'7J,  -jtii; 

Iliri'iMsi'  ill  10  yi'ai'H 

a.ytM 

•'illllit  of  U'it'sIliHicil    in   1-7;!  -=::-^:^=i= 

ciiriiii  (inyi(.,si),.i,i,.|i  ill  i,.,-<;! t?o«;,  :!r,7 

'-M!!,!.-,!) 

llliriMsi'  ill  Id  yc'ii-N 

l;!,o,«;! 

T"t;il  ill  the  pn.\  imo  <iC  l!.<.s.sr.\us«iiii  • 

ill  is;;! 

1"'^^:! ''"'.'"[[ IT^.d:!;! 

■,.,  ,.  "^'.'-'i 

liil.il  III,  I,, IS,.  ,11  I, '11  y. •Ills  ...  

IO,M|,S 


i 


It 


m. 


■II 


390 


CATTM:    and    DAFIfV    I'AliMINO. 


This  iiicrt'iis((  iiitlui  i)r()\  jikm^oI'  ncsm^Xussiiii  hy  f'iir  (^xcrcils  tlioavcr 
!ij;(nii(!roas(i  in  tlio  Kinjrdoiii  of  I'nis.si;i,  wliicli,  al'tli(Hi};li  almost  hvlnitv 
two  times  tlio  h'v/ai  of  said  i)ioviii(!o,  inmcustMl  only  SMJ,(>7r),  iminoiv  : 

NiiiiilH>r  ol'tiiitUo  ill  tlio  KiiiKdorn  of  PriisHia  : 

In  1H7:{ u  l';,x  r 

iiiLsHit u'l';''-;"' 

",  (.ir>,.>ii 

SliowiiiK  tliii  iiJ)(>v(i  iiuiroHHOof ^"71" 

TIIK   OUIOIN   OK   Kt'UOl'KAN   OATTLIO. 

Tlio  orifjiiial  anoostor  of  tln^  EiirojM'an  racos  of  rattlo  is  oii\U>i\  h\- 
srioitists  wholiavo  iiivcsti^'atcd  tlio  Hiil)j<><'t,  lUtn prlmiqimvif,  i)\\\\y\l 
orijjfiiial  raco  vcstifjos  can  ho  followod  ui»  us  far  as  tlio  jnodfs  fr.r  tl,,, 
prcsonco  of  human  bciiijis  thoiiisclvos  p).  At  juosont  this  iiiiiiiitiv,. 
forin  of  cattio  is  only  found  in  tho  wild  I'ark  sfoor  of  ^'hillinirii.,,,, 
Scotland,  although  tIio<!limatoliafi<'on8i<l(Mal>ly  n'<luood  his  form."  Thju 
raco,  liowowr,  can  only  ho  considoivd  as  Iho  \\ild  (y|»i«'al  form  of  Kim, 
poan  cattle,  it  havin;;  entirely  (lisa])pcarcd  from  lOnroix^,  «'\c('|>tii|/f  th,' 
rcdnco<l  raco  of  Scotland  referred  U\  Tho  two  jjicat  {,'ioMps  of  nufi,. 
which  have  inlwrit^'d  tho  typo  of  thi^  P.os  prhni(innin  uro : 

(1)  Tho  lowland  i^atth^  of  Northwestern  and  VVeslorn  Kiirope,  m.f  iMv 
in  Holland,  Froislaiid,  on  tho  Lower  lOlho,  in  tho  jdains  of  Da'nl/i.^  ili 
Klanders,  in  tho  Ardennes,  in  IMcardy,  Normandy,  and  i5retai;n(' 'iin,! 
in  tho  eastern  countries  of  Wn^jland  (Shorth<u-ns).'  ' ' 

(2)  Thestepi)e-<^attle()fHoutheastoinaMd EaHtern,  Western  amlNoilli- 
cm  Europe,  the  iiomanicraco  in  Italy,  I  li(»  cattle  of  Scotland  and  \V;i|,.s 

Next  to  tho  race  of  linn  pr'mignmH,\\.\n\-,\»  a  brancli  and  iii(Hli(i(;iii,iM 
thereof,  tho  rac(^  called  l>os  frontosiis  was  discovered,  from  wlijch   i,,, 
deseonded  the  variegated  catthM)f  Switzerland  (l'»<'rner,  HimiiiciilliiilVi 
Saanenthaler,  and  Freihni';,'er),  tho  similarly-typed  races  of  tlicTviol 
and  Sal/hury:  (Zillerthaler,  Dnxthalor,  rin/jjrauer,  ik,*;.],  the  MieslmHiir 
typo  of  Upper  liavaria;  tho  IO«,'erland  and  Voijrtland  cattle  of  l!oli(.|iii;i 
and  Saxony, and  prohahly,  also,  tho  hornless  cattle  of  l':nt,r|and,S('otl!iii(| 
and  Norway,  and  tluM-attle  of  Westmoreland,  Cumherland,  hiiiMiishin'' 
and  l)<^vonsliire.     From  another  hranch  of  tho  ori<jinai  Urn  prim hmms 
the  Jios  hriidiiccros,  ar<'  d«'s<'onded   the    {jray-hrovvii    and    li<,'|ii.T  <ii' 
darker  }jray  cattle  of  SwUxcrland  (S^hwytze'r,  (Jraiihiiideiiei^  .Moiit;i- 
foner,  Olieriiimthaler,  MMrtlialer,  PuslerwahhM-,  and  Alljiaiiei) ;  jilso 
mostof  tlio  types  of  the  Pyrenees  and  the  nei},diltorin«;  departiiicnls 
(liiindes,  (Jascofxne,  (Juronn*'),  as  well  as  the  dwarfed  cow  of  ShclliiiKl. 
Of  coiirso  llie  many  «'iossin.i;s  hctwo'ii  thes«i  orij^inal  races  and  flicirdc" 
scendants  liave  i>ro(hicrd  numerous  intermediat«',  hreeds.  not iihly  in  Mid 
die  and  South<'rn  (lermany,  in  Austria,  in  Middle  and  KasieriM-'niiKr. 
and  in  Fn-^land,  wliieh  it  is  impossihl(»  now  to  trace,  with  (teitaiiitv  Id 
«'itherof  thejjjreat  ori<;inal  races  mentioned.     It  will  appear  rnMn'tlic 
foroffoiiij,^  statements  tliat  a,  description  of  tli<i  dillerent  ty|)es  or  lact's  dl 
cattle  of  Middle   IOiir(»p(^  might  ho  altempted,  from  viui<Mis  (iitlciviit 
fioints  «)f  vi(nv,  jicc(U(lin.y  to  the  pn-d^'.^clion  of  tlie  party  desmltini; 
them.    One  might (Oioosr  thr  geograi   (ical  sfandp(»iiit  descrilHiigsiiiii.K 
the  cattleriow  existing  III  tho  <'i'".»-r"nt  count ii«'s  or  regicws,  ujtlmiit 
reference  to  atlinity  tw  descent  ;  another  would  dcscrihe  tli»*  groups  iind 
raiu's  of  cattle,  which,  alllioui,li  not  c«»iif  i pilous  geograjdiic;il!y,  would 
seem  to  him  to  lia\<'  desf-cnded    fitiiii  th<'  .s.iiiie  original  t,\pe,  wliiltisiill 
anotluu-  would  make,  color  the  dislingiKsliing  hsituro  of  this  cl;.issi(i(;i- 
tio!h     Hut  all  ihi.KedivisiiS!!^  un-  Kl^\.^.■i■\  u^  -^vU\\u  iM^H-\\»m,a~^\\"- 


JlllllOSf.tWoilty. 

'>,  iJUiiu'Iv: 


l«  JM  railed,  by 

lenvn,  (.r  wliicii 

proolis  for  tjio 

tliiN  jiiiiiiitivc 

'  <''iillin^'lii,iii. 

lis  form.    This 

'  '"nn  ofKiim. 

<'x<'<'|>tiii},' till. 

•oiipsof  caUlc, 

ni;<>l»<',  notiiMy 
<>r  l>iiii(/,i;(,  ill 
i5nM;io|„.^, 1,1,1 

«^rii  fiiidNdilli- 

11(1  illlil  \V;il,.s. 

<l  IM(H|i(ic;|li(i|, 
I'OIll   Wliicjl    ;||(. 

Siiiiiiiciithiilcr, 
■s  of  t\w.  T\  lol 
ho  Mi(>sl(ii('||(.r 
Hoof  lioliciiii;! 

illl(l,S('()tl!ll|(|, 

il,  i;iiii<'iis|iin>, 
ins  primiimuin^ 
ml  li},'lilfr  or 
•  iciirr,  .Moiihi- 
lljiiiucr) ;  jilso 
:  <l<>|»iirtim"iils 
:  of  SliclLiiid, 
s;iiir1  flicirdc 
loliiiily  ill  Mid 
tstcrii  I'Viiiicc, 

Il  <*('ltilillt,V  to 

I«>;ir  li'Mii  till' 
|)('H  or  rii(!t',s  ol 
•ions  ditlcnMir 
rfy  dcscriltiii;; 
^riiMiij;siiii|i|y 
ilifums,  witlioiit 
lif  •JTroiipsniKl 
lii»;;il!y,  would 
|)C,  wliil*^  Nlili 
(his  rl:j,ssi(ic;i- 

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Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STPEET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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GERJIANY. 


391 


mains,  theretore,  only  to  take  the  ditterent  tvnes  a«4  \<rn  nnw  fin.i  fi 
.„.l  describe  them  without  any  attempt  at  elScatioTi!  ^  ^^'^"^ 

I.— The  Neckar  Race. 

This  is  tlio  leading  typo  of  cattle  in  the  Kinffdom  of  Wnrfnmho.^ 
It,  Ks  of  red  color  of  large  and  rather  heavy  bodyltnZleop S '""oS 
pon.  s  of  descrip  .on  may  l.o  gathered  from  the  annexed  ct  The  live 
^^ight  o  a  cow  IS  from  1,100  to  1,300  pour.ds.  This  race  exroeds  the 
SiiMmen  haler  in  the  amount  of  milk  furnished,  is  eiiaalirweU  Sn  ed 
lor    he  bn  Cher,  but  inferior  as  draft-animals.     When  fSed    1  ev 

ster;';tLfbr '^ '''''  ^•«"^^^«-  '^'^  -^-  -  --^v  ^^ 

II.— The  Simmenthaler  Race. 

This  race  is  indigenions  in  the  valley  of  the  Simmo,  Switzerland  and 

"S'  ''uVino  r  ^^  T'l '"  ^^""^"i;»  tiermany  to  inipWe  So  GerC 
cattle.    Its  leading  features  are :  Head  small  and  light,  with  gei  Ue  vS 
hvcly  expression;  horns  fine  and  good,  pointed  forward  and  u  wara^' 
nock  short;  body  well  rounded  in  the  ribs;  rump  l)roa<l  and  iX-  [  i| 
usually  sittuig  high ;  color  generally  red,  but  oftin  variegated -vfei.i 
averages  1,500  pounds  for  co^ys  and  from2,400to  2,000 pouS/bHrnHs 
Observations  concerning  tlie  increase  of  woight  mka  at  Iloheihei     in 
ho  bim.nen  Valley  gav-e  tl.e  following  results :  Animals  of  ouS  r 
to  one  year  were  led  daily  19  pounds  of  hay- value,  while  theii  aver^.r 
woght  was  475  pounds.    Heifers,  in  their  second  yc'ar,  received  -> 
pounds  (a.ly  their  average  weight  being  700  pounds:    Cows,  b  g  wirh 
cah,  n,  their  third  year,  averaging  in  weight  1,000  pounds,  were  g  ve 
in  eed  28  pounds  hay- value  per  day.    The  increase  of  weight  waL  is 
follows  for  each  100  pounds  of  hay-value  consumed:  VVitKSVof 
onc-tourth  to  one  year,  7.1.4  pounds;  with  aninnils  of  oi.o  to  two™ 
U2  pounds ;  with  animals  of  two  to  three  years,  3.82  pounds.    Obsei  v^' 
tions  con  mued  during  a  whole  year  of  rational  leeding  am    it"  results 
made  with  this  kind  ot  cattle  showed  the  following  results  v  /     On ,,, 
t.ty  of  food  consumed  17,193  .pounds  of  hay-value,  or  47^>  pl.unds  d  i  v' 
or,  taking  an  average  weight  of  1,500  pounds,  3.14  poundi  reac    S) 
jjonnds  ot  body  weight. 

(It  may  be  proper  to  state  at  this  point  that  the  expression  «hav 
va liuy  nsed  ,n  the  lore«^ing  statement,  means  tlu.  nutritive  impeMes 
ot  he  dittereut  kinds  ot  fe.nl  reduced  to  the  nutritive  value  of    ay 

The  cow.  so  fe<l  yielded  an  average  quantity  of  1,8234  ,ars  /of  4 
I.ounds  each)  ot  n.i  k  and  one  calf  of  an  average  wei^dit  ofM     ,  m  nds 

The  fattening  of  this  (jattle  s  awumiplished  with  hiv  ....  I  1  .iV 
tl.0  hay  in  that  country  being  (ar  richi  thJ^ff^i^'o fSc;"  L^^^^'^li;; 
F.nc,pal  markets  for  fat  cattle  are  Saanen,  Chateau  d'Oeux,  and  R..ugo- 

III.— The  Limbourg  Raoe. 

This  type  is  found  in  tlie  Belgian  province  of  Limbourg  and  in  a  n^rt 
ot  Wnrteinberg,  notab  y  n  the  districts  of  (liilJMrr  a.. i.  /"  ,  '  , 
in  tlu>  valleys  of  the  Roth  and  ej  ne  T  e  X  f  H  it  vn, "/'"'•'  ''"'^ 
•VHlow,  with  now  ami  then  a  white  spot  on  the  f  r/l^^^^^^^^^ 

:;;?:  /!*^  '";f  •'"'•!:'7  ^-f^^^^  "^-^'Hy  numerous  Ms  o  'ih.:^.  'tiT 

iiiii.U  Iroiii  the  well  (levc Oped  (U'w  liin  to  tUo  fun      Ti..  "/is  run- 

«u„„„,  ,u„i  „rt,.„  .,u„w.s  a',.,rv,.i  i!;',!;,!.'.: '  ui::LnL''Le"n',o;;i;;,':,'i; 


n 


';  ■  I 


392 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FAKMINO. 


and  generally  turned  forward  and  upward.  Tlio  cliost  is  not  well  de 
vcloped;  the  body  small;  average  weiglit  of  cows  G/50  to  800  pomidsi 
oxen  reach  1,600  to  1,700  i)oun(ls.  They  are  good  milk  givers,  yit'ldjiwj 
per  year  about  1,800  liters  of  milk,  of  which  10  pounds  will  make  U 
pounds  of  butter.  * 

IV.— The  Friesdobf  Race. 

The  original  homo  of  this  race  is  Middle  Franconia,  in  Bavaria,  notabiv 
the  districts  of  Ansbach,  Leutershausen,  Fenchtwangen,  Dhikolsbulif 
Wassertrudingen,  Gunzeuhausen,  and  Ilerriedeu,    The  race  has  bi-comp' 
on  account  of  its  good  points,  one  of  the  most  favored  of  Germiiiiv' 
They  excel  as  draft  and  butcher  animals.    The  liead  is  strong  and  lonJr". 
chest  broad  and  deep;  back  straight.    The  legs  are  high,  yet  Htroii*'' 
The  color  is  peculiar,  being  mainly  a  yellow-red.,  variegated  after  tju' 
manner  of  the  tiger.    Of  course,  there  are  excei)tions,  such  as  blaci 
and  brown  variegations;  but  such  speciuiens  are  not  considered  desir- 
able.   The  live  weight  of  (iows  is  1,000  to  1,100  pounds,  of  oxen  ]  ;{0() 
to  1,800.    Average  cows  yield  1,300  liters  of  milk  i)er  year;  liirg(>,  oiics 
weighing  between  1,100  and  1,250  ])ounds,  2,000  liters.    Sixteen  liters 
of  milk  yield  a  pound  of  butter.    The  calves  are  unusually  large.    Tlio 
principal  market  for  draft  oxen  of  this  type  is  Ansbach. 

v.— The  Alb  Eace. 

This  is  one  of  the  best  milk-giving  races  of  Germany.  It  is  proenii- 
nently  the  cow  of  the  small  farmer  of  Southern  Germany,  wlio  looks  to 
the  cow  not  only  for  the  milk  to  supply  his  house,  deniiind,  l)ut  who 


it  with  the  Fimmenthaler  race 


VI.— The  Schwab  Hall  Race. 

This  race  is  so  called  because  for  nniny  decades  it  has  him  mninlv 
bred  in  the  region  of  Schwiibisch  Hall.  They  are  a  rather  heavy  dark- 
red  to  cliestnut-browU'  rac(^,  showing  more  or  less  white  oidy  about  tlic 
head.  The  cows  weigh  irom  850  to  1,000  i>ounds,  and  the  oxen  Iroiii 
1,750  to  1,900  pounds.  The  latter,  on  a(;<!ount.  of  the  strength  and  reg- 
ularity of  their  limbs,  are  nuich  sought  as  draft-animals,  the  nior(>  be- 
cause'they  are  easily  fattened,  when  no  longer  fit  for  draft  puijmses, 
and  furnish  excellent  meat. 

VII.— The  Dutch  Race. 

This  race  is  the  learling  representative  of  the  lowland  races,  and  is 
mainly  sought  in  the  neighborhood  of  large  cities,  where  the  .sale  of 
fresh  nulk  is  ])r()fitable.  It  can  be  foun<l,  however,  in  all  parts  of  North 
ern  Germany,  where  feed  is  abundant.  The  iinest  and  heaviest  speci- 
mens of  this  typ<i  are  bred  in  the  n«>ighbnrho()(l  of  Leydeu.  Tiichcadoi 
the  Holland  cattle  is  long,  narrow, and  light, with  l.road  moiitli  and  lionis 
always  ])ointing  forward,  their  l)la(dv  tips  being  usually  turni'd  iipwanl. 
TIk^  long  neck,  with  but  indillereritly  developed  dew  lap,  frcipinitly 
shows  a  slight  depression  ou  tlni  ridge.     (Jhestand  back  are  br(»ad,  and 


it  is  not  well  (le. 

to  800  pomids; 

givers,  yirldin,; 

is  will  make  ij 


Bavaria,  notably 
^n,  Dinkolsbn'ii, 
caoe  has  bi-como 
Hi  of  Gprinaiiy! 
itrong  and  long. 
I'gh,  yot  HtroiiL'. 
'gated  after  tjio 
',  such  as  black 
Ohsidered  dcsir- 
s,  of  oxen  ],;{0() 
ear;  lar<,M>,  ones, 
Sixteen  liters 
illy  large.    Tin, 


.  It  is  pre-enii- 
ly,  wlio  looks  to 
inland,  but  wlio 
e,  seaniely  ever 
•\v  550  i)()nii(ls. 
I'd.  The  calves 
vwl  by  crossinjr 


as  b(  nn  mainly 
ler  heavy  dark- 
only  about  the 
the  oxen  liom 
I'ength  and  re<,'- 
s,  the  inon>  he- 
draft  pnijtoscs, 


id  rae.es,  and  is 
lere  tiie  sale  of 
l>a rts  of  North- 
lieiiviest  speci- 
I.  1'iie,  hcaddl 
Kiiith  and  horns 
iirpi'd  iipwanl. 
bip,  fr('(pi<'iitly 
an;  broad,  ami 


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.f\ 


GERMANY 


393 


I',   ) 


i^ 


u 
< 

c 

a: 
u 
z 

L. 
< 

H 
Z 
0 

s 


tholmc  of  (lio  l)ii(!l;    nvKI.  r:iro  t'-vcu-ptions,  straiyl.t  to  tlio  tail.     Tl.e 
body  is  lonjr,  I.m  ,s  Hat  u..,J  l,i«|,,  l.in.l  Icj^s  <,f(.,wH  (.ftcn  indinin- to    o 
knockki.cHl.     llu!  most  prodtublc  of  tlii-s  kind  of  cuttlo  :nv.  l„„p.l,t  j, 
rrH..slan.l  (M.  the  nortl,  of  llollun.l);  tlu-s,,  are   Vi-ry  l.oavy,  wil    i  , 
l,oii("s,  (h-licato  Hkiii  and  m  color  nio.stly  white, with  black!  Lrav-blpo 
.my,  or  even  dark-brown  spots.     Their  live  weight  aventeM    1  im 
pounds.     It  haw  been  ascertained  that  the  efforts  to  increase  tJie  si/., 
an.l  beauty  ot  this  cattle,  which  have  been  qnite  siM-eessful,  haveresnlted 
i„  dMiunishniff  their  n.ilk-ivin^'  P'operties,  so  that  a  decrease  of  Uo 
liters  per  year,  as  compared  with  former  estimates,  has  been  establishe'd 
'':'"; ;.'^'^'''f '  '^".r^"/'^  "t"  "'i">^;  "o^y  i-^  "I'out  1^,700  liteis  p.-r  vear,  the  cows 
y„.  dino-  amii    Jj  liters  p(.r  h.indredwei-ht  of  hay-valne,  these  L'7  liters 
m:i\<iuii  about  J  pounds  of   butter.     Th,^  (^nvs  rcMjuirc^  plenty  of  Iced 
iMitreiiiam  lean  while  j-ivm^r  milk;  when  permitted  to  "stand  drv  " 
tli;it  IS,  when  IK.  hmo-er  milked,  fhey  fatten  (piicklv.     Jly  rvison  of  tl/.i.- 
MTiol.t  they  make  «<)<.d  draft-anin.als,  b>it  mnch'depen.ls  in  ea.-h  case 
U1.0U  the  lonnatioii  of  the  skeleton,  especially  the  position  of  the  leis. 

VJII,— The  Montafonku  Race. 

This  is  a  branch  of  the  Schwytzer  rac.     Ft  does  not  b.dono-  to  the 
licavy  races  as  the  former,  but  is  of  medium  wei-ht.     Cows  a  vera  'e 


nbout  ],1()()  i)ounds.     The  color  is  mostly  black,  to  biack-bri)w, 
pniy  month,  a  gray  stripe  aloiift-  tlu;  back,  and  li-ht,  hair 


I,  witl 


Itcin^'  the  jtrincij>al  market. 

Althon 
lliey  I  hi 
])in't  ot 


.n-h  the  Montafoner  cattle  are  naturally  a  pastunM.ittle,  yet 
nv,>  vcuy  well  ,n  stables,  and  hence  have  spread  onc  alar  -e 
Germauy,  '  »» ■   .i  i.ii^c 


IX-— The  MiENUAriiKii  Hack. 


X.— The  FMnz(;atteu  Race. 


From  t  u..r  or.;;,n;.l  home  in  Austrian  Sal/kanimei-ut  this  race  Ins 
.. Old  ,nlo    he  a.ljoinn.o  r,.j,Mons  of  the  Tyrol  and  Upper  Am^.r    •  s 

,,:"..,  .:'?;j'^v..'''-  ''"-•  -  ''•*>  neighborhood'*  f  •  r    i^ ; 


i"n,m,in(i  Ml  the  Ijavanan  nKMinrairis.    'liic  in  in<Mi..i  imm.i  ,.*    .•     .i      ' 


i  ! 


no4 


CATTLE    AND    DAII.'V    PAUMlxa. 


an  :  IMiiufcMidoif.     Outside,  cf  tho  nroviiico  of  Sil/Inn-,. ;. 


Xr.-TiiK  Alloatieu  IUok. 


Oriffiiiiilly  bred  in  the,  Al| 


riisstiMi,  111  is  raco  liiis,  I 


)ino  re^Wons  of  SonrhoftMi,  rmnKMLstadt 


)(  (ii«  .small  fanner,  its  ability  tolivo  and  tl 


.y  reason  of  its  adaptability  to  all  tl 


Ion. 
is  I 


prcs.Mv,.,!  nscfulnoss,  sj)read  ovc^r  ;i  I; 


•nveonscaiK-y  food,  ami 


low  bciny'  imported  very  lar-jely  into  S 


ii'««'  extent  of  eoiintrv 


and 
't*  purposes 

i(s 


haxoiiy,  liaden,  V 


113': ''::/?'"•  '-v'i""^ '""}  'r""j^'"y.  Ait'i.o,;;;!,  t'i 


brown-jrray  races,  it  is  yet  of  mid 


iUI,| 


ponn<l 


TJ 


die  si 


ze, 


The  ( 


.  I  russia,  j 

<\finiaIIestof  tin 


(^  color  IS  {rniy  ,„•  ycdlow-brown,  always  s| 


•ows  weiyh  SoO  to  10(10 


doe  niontli  and  u  darker  sliade'aiony  the  I 
IS  n)ncli  tiner  than  that  of  the  Montiif 


'">\Vn|0-   tll(.    l,|j„.|; 


oins  and  neck.     The  skelHt 


,,        ,  ,.      ,  V..,..,,.  iin;  .>M»iniii(>iier  a  Ml  li,i"i  iiici'«      'n>.>  i       ■. 

mall  and  hnelv  shaped,  neck  short   wiM.  «-,.n  i  .;     ''"  V  ■     *'"*  ''<'"•'' 

:;,';:;".  'VH:  tr-  f'  h'  '^t^'^^- '-;llt-r  ■:,; ;  ;:;i:ii;:.i;- 

Ola  ,iv,  hody  finely  shaped  and  well  knit.     Tl 


points,  whic], 


«:iv«'rs,  IS  n(»t  very  wide,  bnt  the  s 


broad  and  deep.     The  «)\en  I 


n 


'*'  '.'•"'■^^  ii'^  \vi(li  all  «o,„i 


liiller  ribs  are  wide,  the  f 


tin*  cdws  and  l)nlls.     ( 


K..j,nMMvn.arkal>iy  |,,.a vy  as  conipare.1 


M.  ..„.  ..ua  nu,  s.     lows  of  7r,(>  to  !)00  poniids,  co 
t  feed  eM.ml  toabont  IT.  ,,onnds  of  hay-valiie,  vield 


per  year,  of  which  10  liters  mal 
made  in  Saxony  have  shown  that 
valine  produced  with  the  Allyaner 


U'lly 

witii 

•s,  consmninKiKpiaiititv 

'  Iv^'^^OIihTsofiiiiliv 

''X|)(>riin(.|its 

ll.V- 


ili  pounds  (.f  butter,  while  the  Holland  .,„•,■ 
niade  1  <<,  pounds  „fbntter,  and  the  ordinary  I 


liters  of  milk,  and  1.7S  pounds  of  I 
excelsover  the  other  races  named 
milk.     The  meat.  I 


ilmost  all  monntain  cattle;  it 
irk  eta 


,  however,  has  the  marked  cl 


e  a  pound  of  bnller.  I 
:i  (!onsnini)tion  of  iU(»  poiin/ls  orii  „ 
race -).;{S  liters  of  milk  which  „S 
'''''"'^'•='<'e>ichie.l2o.li(;  liters,  wS, 
iiHfcows  of  Saxony  L';{.i(i 
■<))•(( 
of 


•I'tfer.     TlM^AIIoauerrac^tlicret 
'"  'I'li'iitityas  wellas  in  qimliry 


ii i-acf eristics  of  that  of 


in 


for  Alliianer  catti 


The  season  Ibr  tlu^  purchase. of  iiiiiinal 


;  It  IS  coarse,  <lry.  and  toii«h.     The'Ieiid 
e  are  Sonfli<.ten,  Sfa 


en, and  Inniieiistad 


inii 


lime  the,  herdsi 
Tl 


s  is  the  nii.ldh' of  October,  at  wliicli 


"ei.  return  wilh  th.-ir  herds  fnmMI.e  Alps  to  tl 


le  annexed  cut  shows  a  mo<l(.rn  stable  with  1 


cement  cribs,  rnnnino-  waf 


<'r,  and  ;:;<)od  ventilation 


XII.—Tni:  S(;ii\vvTZKK  Rack. 


How 


le  valley. 
iron  coluiiiiis. 


"II  tlw  l,„i,l,i  cIsM.i  ,•,,..„      1,  •'    •'"''!"  'wM  liiionn  raraiiiiaiir 

-' -•'-■"  i'"--"'".:'';^.'T:;!n::r;;,::-^ 


|>'''»iir«'iiii|,,„.t,i,^ 
"'tl»«  Tyrol,  „,„i 

•hi  to  stript,  CO,,,, 
rurni)  l,„„e,  ,^,„, 

'i^.t'C;    Tl,(^  i„.a,i 

with  well  f„,„„,, 
»•«  thiiii  lK.|,i||,|. 
*i  hii(.  iiK.iiiitaii; 
i'!>l«^K()(Ml(|,'aff. 

y  of  |„(.jif,     rpii^^ 

"'"<i«t'Nti  mated 


mm(Mista(U,an(l 
ill  tho  piiiposM 

".V  food,  iiinl  its 
of  coinifry^  ,,„^l 

'11,  Triissia,  |{,). 
f'liiallcstof  111,. 
'«hS;lo  to  1,0(1(1 
>\vm«-  Mi(.  l.iaH; 
'  'I'lio  .sl«'le|(„i 
■«•      ThohciKlis 

'•*'^v-lap,  lioins 
"ifS  wliicli  iiiv 
^  ^viOi  all  «o()(l 
wide,  f|„>  |„.]|y 

<'oiiipai(.,I  witii 
>'i'«'iiqiiaiitilv 

0  li|<'i'.sorii,i|i, 

l'^X|)oi'iiii(.|,fs 
I'oiiii.l.soriiiiv. 
"<  wliidli  „,i„i,, 
-'<»  liters,  Mliioii 
f  Saxony  L';{.!(i 
riic(^  tiiereConi 
■<  ill  qiiiiliryol' 
'tics  of  (lia'tof 
.     TIk^  leading' 

1  Initiieiistadt. 
ober,  at  wliicji 

to  tlie  valley. 
iioii  coliitniiN, 


c-hwytz;  it  is 
wri  aioiuitaiii 
>t  only  ill, siiid 
hh'ii,  ZuricJi, 


M 

.     t 

§ 

*'. 

\ 

c« 

^ 

>*> 

•^ 

s 

II 


-__J 


i^l 

1 

j 

'■'   i\:,- 

i 

■i   1' 
;: 

1: 

1 

l! 

i 

<'«<. 


? 

-^ 

5 

■* 

1' 

>  J;V        .-     ! 

« 

ff'l 

3 
1 

m't'^f  '•' 

s 

Hs?V  I,,,' 

mo 


% 


u 

0 

< 


0 

w 

J 
0 
0 
0 

a 


^ 


LJ 


!    I 


z 
J 

l; 
0 
2 
< 


Luzern,  ai 

improve  t 

Allsiiuer  i 

still  henvi 

The  Sol 

fjray  races 

bill  is  oftei 

ai"l  hi'iivy 

light  color 

protriidiiif 

brown  to  j 

aloii},'  the 

and  suiool 

short,  dew 

pr-iper  fee( 

juoiintain  ] 

very  beavj 

ofthisract 

some  that : 

cause  it  is  ( 

dant  as  the 


This  typ( 
and  Bolieii 
anything'  e: 
scanty  feed 
milk  per  y 
desirable  q 


This  race 
and  the  l>a 
country  of 
cows  are  a 
Potnerania 
brown,  of  n 
of  tills  raw 
(n'.s,  l)(H!aiis( 
the  (a'diiiar 


Orijjfinall; 
rcniaikable 
"I'iiKlcrpcsl 
with  distill! 
iifjaiiistdisc 
it  is  iiiiicji  s( 
of  the  prcv 
other  rii<'('s, 
i:ire  aiiioiij;' 

'  Fiir)iiiili;ii 
iiI'AiiiimIm'I'"'. 


GERMANY. 


395 


\:^^  SSle  ^^a?Si t .f ^^fSJ^  -^  resorted  ^  to 
Allsiiuer  and  tlie  Schwvtzer  sto  k  tL  i«  mS^'  ?®  crossing  of  the 
stilfhcavier  and  more  mUk  yioldif.^^race  ^  P''""''""*  *^  ^*^^^"«^  ^ 

The  Schwytzer  race  is  the  heaviest  and  raost  valuable  of  the  brown 
gray  races,  the  cows  reaohino-  a,  weight  of  1,4(.0  to  iS  pounds  amlS 
l,u  Is  often  Ave.gh.ng  more  than  2,000  pounds.     The  boS  aro'.nassi v« 
aP.1  heavy,  head  heavy  and  broad,  mouth  larse,  honiHot  verv  iS  of 
Iiglit  color,  Avith  black  tips,  ears  vcrv  \-^r>m  win. .. \  -Vi ^      i  i     -Y    I.?'  ^^ 
pmtrnding  from  them.    The  color  of  tlu   nn   ''y'"'*'^'''^  bush  of  hair 
Irown  to  a  light  gray,  wit^no  ^^i.uio,  exce     iLSfe'ci^^^^^^ 
along  tlie  back  and  at  the  feet  and  n  outb    '  The  hJi  f.  f?!!  W'^^"' 
and  smooth,  the  skin  soft,  but  not  tC     Tl)o  nP.L  \«    /     '  f  V'""^'' 
short,  dew-lap  ^.ry  large, 'chest  deei^^ack"^^  ragTt  anrZ^'" VlS 
pi  .per  feeding,  the  cows  of  this  race  are  the  best  niilkg  vers  of  all  t  e 
mountain  races,  the  mi  k,  moreover,  beiii"-  vorv  vi,.i.     mi  ,      ^^^^ 

very  heavy,  are'  excellent  draft-aSnial"  tu  d  f I  te  'eai^  '  The^Z!' 
of  this  race  are  the  heaviest  of  all  the  mi  our  tai  rS-os  Vi«  .1  V 
some  that  it  is  difficult  to  acclimate  tC  race?  vhi'ch  if  tnie  ,  t'lwO  *'' 
cause  it  is  difficult  to  find  in  other  countries  mstm^L,  .1.  '^i  ?  '*'' 
dant  as  those  of  their  native  cantons  P'^^^ures  so  rich  and  abuu- 

XIII — The  Voightlandkb  Kace.* 


XIV — The  Angeln  IIace. 


lliis  lace  sits  in  (he  low  countries  of  Schloswig,  between  the  (Jermin 
and  the  llaltu,  Oceans.     There  is  c..nsid,.rablc  ..f  st.,,d<4,n.  .,1,?..    ,     .''" 
"ountry  of  n.-h  an.l  cxj.ansive  meadows,  and  large  nn.  ibois  of    ,  u  ', 
ows  are  annually  sent  from  there  into  Meekle^ibur-.    JJo  s    in 
'onieran.a  to  stock  the  .Iniries  of  those  count,    vs  ^  11  !y  a  l^! 


coiintr 
cow 

] 

k.>wn,  of  medium  size,  frugai'lWMleis,'and  goiiil"  nmirgiv,^"''^'  A'brln!^. 
01  tins  race,  called  Tondern  cattle,  is'mueh  sought   n    a  -e  esUit";  vn 


XV—Tuv.  PoDOLiscniE  Kace. 


"II'"  ■•••■■■». >vi i„„i, I  ,,„„„;, ,  i'„,™  '?„,"""",'  ""'"  "'"""»' 

™-™„n. c,„.,„.  ni.,,.nu..Hu,;.:,,,;t.\;:!;-::':^^u-z:::z 


<il'Aiiii.il 


i)ioili',iil  <>rv<(i;;|iilaiiii 


'■""■,  Nr,.|V|i.M(. .11  Voi^lillaiiil  .Mtfl.'.l.N   ( 


(iiisiil  MiillocL 


396 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMINO. 


ii  i' 


>oc  but  It   a  clanned  tliiit  75  per  cent,  of  all  the  beef  eonsm.w.i  • 
Vienna,  and  a  lar«e  part  of  that  consuined  in  Paris   for  ve       ',.''' 
Podohan  race.    The  cut  shows  the  build  of  the       i, n  ,1     fl  «     ^  ^^^ 
P«c,diar  horns.     Jt  is  claimed  t^^a^ tZr::^.'^^:^:;^' Z::^;;'i:i^^^ 
the  nos  pnnngcnm.     It  is  bred  for  meat  alone,  bein-  unfit  n''^ '," 

i^sri??^i^?'^""^^^"^"^^'--''^--*--tL.;:^.Si/^ 

XVr.— The  Murjjtiialer  Race. 

This  race  has  also  made  but  little  progress  into  the  intor-or  av  o 

many,  havinj?  as  yet  penetrated  no  farther  than  t         vf^?,^'^    ^'T 

oasfern  i.arts  of  Havaria.     They  are  of  siray  o      r  son  evv  .t     i  '""^''■ 

;a"  the  l>o,b^ians,  yield  more  n,ilk,and  ^S^^  t  1  sX^,^ >  ,.  r,'''" 

link  between  the  stei)pe  and  the  mountain  races.  <^'>..ne.,t„,o. 

PRICES  OF  GERMAN  CATTLE. 

The  following  are  the  prices  of  the  dim>,rent  races  of  e.f  Ho  i.n..  •     i 
s<-,ribed  in  (Jerman  marks-1  mark  e(,ual  to  '  i  c!m   J^ 
A ...  and  Podolian  races,  of  which  I  ^:i::'i:;:.:nu:.ltj:^;Z  llr' 
piH^e.     Ihe  h-ures  reler  to  specimens  of  from  four  to  five  y^Srsor!,,'';: 


No. 


K 

!l 

1(1 

II 

12 

i:i 
II 
in 

1(! 


liaco. 


Norkar 

Siniini'nfliiilir 

l-iiiil)iir;;(\r 

'rricsdoi'f'isr  ... 

All)   

S.liw.il)  Hall  .. 

Ili>ll:lllil 

Miililal'oiii'i'  ... 

Wii'sliailicr 

riii!,'i:iiiii  r 

All^MIIC  T 

ScliwylzcT 

V(>ii;litlaiiil("' .. 

Aiiiiilii 

I'licliiliMciic 

Mllizthaler 


~ — 

^ 

Milch  cows. 

liiills. 

n 

•lao  to  r,m 

fiOO    Ut    will 

-i 
I 

I'M)        8(10 
400        4riO 

W(l        1. 11,111 

nun        111,, 

> 

400      4r,o    noil       ^ 

n 

M        400  ;".iim ,V,A 

niK 1 :             ''"" 

X 

noo      (iiio  <  ^,1)11     ■•■,;,;„ 

X 

«"o    7(10  Villi     ;,„, 

'>00        (ilNI  :  Mm           i;„|| 

400           .'•,1111      ,r,|||| 

000      mm    (iiKi        ^||„ 

.0 

4.i0        S.-iii     4.-,||           ... 

400      nno  '  m       '-^ 

1 

(100        wio  : 

1 

0(V) m 

CATTLE  EXPORTiS   TO   THE   UNITED  STATES. 

The  Frankfort  disfrict,  and  indeed  the  entire  Prnssi'.n  nrmi.w.     .• 

•  Ml  t.  miiff  \ery  lar-ely   lu'Iow  the  inimlx'r  consniiMd   ..,,,1  ,„„,   ' 
J  em,e    iH-re  is  ,,<)  export  of  ..Utle  (rom  this  neighbor..,,  .     T  h '         n 

or  catth  iron,  this  p,„nt  to  Aiitweij,  would  «;o,st  al.out  SlS  „..    •   •     i 
HIS  nine  ..ead    or  $'J  per  ..ead  ;  attemiance,  feed  'cTm^  !'  ,  i  1  f, 

oxjienses  would   .unount  to  about  $4.r.(»  ,»,<  car   ..     -in,  Vo  ''^''' 

Star  line  o   s(.>am.M-sl(,  tin.  llnit^w.  Stat,.s<;.,ar«v  C<;,  oi-  .^L'''-'    to  New 
York,  making-  the  tot.l  <.<,s.  of  transportation  S^iUO  i^^vui-iul 

IMPROVEMENT   OF   TATTLE   IN    GERMANY. 

Tn  eondnsion  it  .„:.y  hr  .stated  that  the  efTorts  of  (he  n.rrners  .iii.l  r^it 
th.  .m^<  ...-s  „  (iormany  to  improve  tl.-ir  stock  have  b. '  s  n'  ^ 
ns  they  have  lieen  jicisevnin;,,  ...d   ,hat  the  ivsult  <,l'  Ihese   '  U      1, 


If 


''MMOlMli^ 


•^OUSllllKMi    ill 

t"  ox'oii  of  tlio 
Jts  color,  and 
lescoiKlaiif  of 
iifit  for  draft 
»urtli  of  other 


erior  of  r.or. 
fjemo  soiitli- 
^'I'iiti  lioavicr 
'f  comi(>!(;tii|o- 


Jt'  Iiorcin  do- 
a-opriii-  the 
•«c(!rtaiii  (li,. 
-'carNof  aiiv 


BuIIh. 


r,im 
4r,o 


«n(i  („  Nil, 
wii     i.diiii 

noil       ciKi 


4WI 
1)11(1 
(illU 
7(10 
IKNI 
fidii 
K(l() 
5rill  1 


■IlKI 


Olio 


5()n 

"(ID 

.'idii 
riiiii 

(illU 
4  "id 
-1(10 


(Kill 
sun 
(lull 
lino 

HIKI 


mt   fioo 


provinco  of 
•■rof  caitic 
ml  needed. 
The  freight 
•ei' car  hold- 

iiieideiitiil 
!►  eeiils  jH'r 

the  Whit(> 
-'<»,  to  New 

Ml. 


rs  and  eiit- 
iiitenii^ciil 
ell'orls  liii.s 


QKUMANY, 


397 


iH-c  I  aiHl  i.s  a  type  ol   cuMIc  ...  the  ,imWo„t  rc-Kicis  of  the  country  en- 
nn-Iy  urhtptejl  to  the  neeess.t.es  thereof.     Th„s  it  uuvy  In,  said  thtit   u 
jic.ieral  the  hi.er  n..lk-y.el(l...«-  .no(M.lai..-raee.s  uie  found  in  the  ..or 
„„...,itiuiiou8  parts  ol  the  lO.i.i.ire,  while  the  h.«avy  cattle  for  draft  'iiid 

if  EucShr"^'''"'''"  "'"^'  ^'''*''''"  '"^''''^''  ^''"'^'""  tlioexteu«ive  moad^ws 

FEKDINANJJ  VOGELEK, 
Feankpoet-on-xiie-Main,  Consul-aeneral 

January  20,  1884. 


CATTLE  IN  GERMANY. 

ItErORT  JiY  aONlSVL   ttCllOKNLE,  O/.'  liAUMHtf. 
HEED-HOOKS  AND  CATTLE-UEEEDING. 

It  is  a  historical  fact  that  rational  and  methodical  anin.al-breedi...' 
^oes  hand  in  hand  with  the  Nocial  and  economical  status  of  a  neonle 
Wherever  civdi/ation  and  the  conseriuent   economical  relations  Jf  a 
l.eople  are  not  {?radualy  developed,  there  the  domesticated  animals  re 
,„im.  more  or  ess  ni  their  full  originality,  and  the  primitive  breeds  uiL 
retained;  us,  lor  instance,  the  small  pony-like  horso  in  Upper  Sik^ia 
and  J.ithuania,  the  Merino  sheep  in  Spain,  and  the  hiirh-boned  fl  it 
ilbbed  hogs  in  Gallicia  and  Poland.    Jt  is  therefore  but  natural'  that 
wo  tind  the  hrst  systematical  and  successful  breeding-  of  live  stock    n 
Liiglai.d,  where  It  was  improved  by  experiments  and  supplemented  by 
scientilic  methods  thus  producing  cultivated  breeds,  which  possess  Ii 
larj-er  inbred  producing  power  than  th.  primitive  breeds,  which  are 
characterized  by  a  relatively  small  producing  j)ower  and  by  one-sided- 
noss  111  their  performances.     England,  the  cradle  of  noble-animal  bree  - 
ing,  was  the  hrst  European  country  which  introduced  and  utilized  the 
so-called  cattle  and  herd  books,  n,  which  not  only  the  breed  but  also   1  e 
color  ag(s  and  origin  of  t  he  animals  are  minutely  entered.     1  n  course  oV 
tinie  these  record  Ijooks  show  iar-rea(.hing  pedigrees,  such  asthe  lOngli.s 
>Sl.or  horn  Herd-book,"  ounded  in  the  year  18L%  exhibits.    These  herd- 
Imuks   urn.sh  very  val.iable  material  for  the  in.provement  of  the  kimwl- 
wll^'oHnh^^ls      '^  ""'^^^^''^  ""'^"^  oxumination  of  the  breeds^^d 

Tlu^  American  stock-raiserH  availed  themselves  of  the  excellent  breed- 
H.,^  methods  o     he  English,  and  hav,.  since  then  improved  tleico. 
shM.,blya.,<l   l,eco..,petti..n  i.ito  which  An.ericanLck-ra^^^^^^ 
l.le  to  enter  w.th  their  lellows  in  the  (M  \V<,rhl  is,  to  a  great  exte.  t    o 
be  'tt tnbu  ed  to  tl.e.r  ...telligent  and  a.lvance.l  breeding  n.ef  lu^ Ls    'l 
til.  United  btates  the  great  val.ie  of  (he  henl-books  wa^s  s<,..     Sized 
0  that  tl.ej.rst  American  l.er,l-book,  issued  by  Mr.  Lewis  R  Allen     ,' 
the  year  Ih-K,  met  the  hearty  approbation  of -agriculturists  as  we     a 
s  ocUmen,  and  its  usefulness  was  so  keenlv  IWt  that  since  tl..  t  1  ,  .^ 
si.n.lai^henl.books  have  made  their  appearance  In  dJiiii^XlLSs It^the 

Frances  Holland  and  Switzerland  are  also  i„  the  enjovment  of  "ener-il 
lu'ia-books  while  (iern.any  do(vs  not  yet  possess  a  gimeral  one  fm  tl 
one  .«sued  by  Mr.  Stettegast,  in  mi,  is  but  u  i.rivatc^ ,  L^  pi*  "^'  and  Is 


398 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


{iii:ll 


only  relorence  to  certain  diHtricts.     Tlioro  are,  liowovor,  st  iviiuouh  cIVo.  f 
•  beinj,'  made  by  (several  local  cattle-hreedinf'-  associiitioiiH  lor  the  inf,. 
(luctioii  of  a  |?eneral  liei  i-book,  and  tlio  Gennan  (Jattle-breedin-  •  !!i 
Jlerd-book  Society,  founded  in  Berlin  in  tlio  year  1.S.S0,  lia.s  alreathl 
down  tlio  iundanicntal  principles  for  such  a  record  book. 

CATTLE-BRBKDING  OF  GERMANY. 

Live  stock  in  Germany  is  comparatively  not  very  dense  in  any  distri.f 
Northern  and  Northeastern  Germany,  with  the  exception  of  SchleN\vi.r" 
Uolstein  and  the  marshy  districts  in  Oldenburfr,  is  especially  po,  r  U 
cattle  aiid  stand  in  striking,'  <',outract  with  the  proportionate  citt  1 
richness  in  the  fertile  ref>ions  of  South,  Middle,  ami  Western  Gernli, , 
The  head  center  in  cattlebreedinj;  is  to  be  found  in  the  Kincdonis  ,'  r 
Bavaria  and  Wurtemberg,  where  3,000  to  4,00.)  head  of  cattle  aver  ,.ro 
to  a  derman  square  mile.    The  i)oorest  districts  in  cattle  are  East  Pmn 
crania,  the  province  of  Bran<lenburg,  the  Lunnebur^er  Ueath  'ukI  tZ' 
low  German  moorlands  with  but  .WO  to  700  head  to  a  square  nhle 

This  district  (Barmen),  the  narrow  Valley  of  the  VVupper,  bein"-iluil-...l 
by  a  Cham  of  wooded  hills  on  both  sides,  and  the  soil  beiii^  clavKsli  m 
stony,  IS  chiefly  and  almost  exclusively  devoted  to  industrial  puivsuits 
A^'ricultnre  could  hud  neither  encourafiement  nor  development  niid  in" 
conseciuence  thereof  cattle-breediuj?  ci>uld  not  be  fostered  'oirtl" 
breeding,'  not  having  the  least  foothold  in  this  district,  all  the  cattle 'lia™ 
to  bo  nnported  for  dairy  and  slau-ihterino- purj>oses.  In  prepariii"-  this 
report  1  am,  therefore,  unable  to  furnish  the  desired  information  "is  to 
cattlebreeduij?  in  this  district,  so  am  constrained  to  dwclMxut  oiVthp 
general  leatures  of  the  stock  of  cattle,  and  lav  the  most  stress  ou  tlii 
comjulation  of  statistical  tables  and  the  comparative  statements  of  tlio 
status  ot  these  cloven -footed  animals  in  other  German  districts  'uiri 
other  European  countries.  ' 

THE  SEVERAL  BREEDS  IN  GERMANY. 

There  are  but  few  distinctly  pure  breeds  in  Germany,  as  tlio  Dutch 
(Flemish),  East  Friesland,  Munsterland,  Uolstein,  and  A\gm  breeds 

The  Dutch  breed  takes  the  lirst  rank  and  furnishes  the  best  and  most 
prolific  milch  cows.    They  are  generally  heavy  built  and  of  redcbecK 
ered  color. 

The  East  Friesland  breed  is  of  a  lij.>:hter  frame,  of  dark-(;lieckere(l 
color,  and  as  to  the  (luantity  of  milk  se,<!oiid  only  to  the  Dutch  cows 

The  M  unsterland  is  the  next  best  breed.  These  cows  are  of  a  mcHlium 
size,  ol  reddish  color,  and  their  yield  of  milk  is  comparatively  copioi'is 

The  Holstein  breed  is  somewhat  inferiiu-  to  theforeyoin;,',  but  is  liow" 
ever,  of  great  i)roductiveness  and  furnishes  large  supplies  of  slau^'h- 
tering  cattle  for  the  English  markets.  " 

The  Algau  breed  is  the  main  one  in  Southern  Germany  and  is  fre- 
quently used  for  interbreeding  i»uri»oses  in  Bavaria  and  Wiiitciiiheij-. 

Other  breeds  produced  by  heterogeneous  crossings,  and  consequeutl'v 
mixed  ones,  are  to  be  Ibund  all  over  Germany,  nearly  every  district 
throughout  the  German  Empire  jjossessing  its  peculiar  breed! 

In  Southern  Germany  Swiss  cattle  are  very  lre<iuently  drawn  niioii 
for  breeding  purposes,  and  in  the  eastern  i)r()vinces  occasional  ciussiiis,s 
take  ]>lace  between  German  and  Bussian  stock.  On  tlie  whole  tbosis 
loejil  lueeds  have  not  been  i!..., roved  in  tlieir  Nucceeding  geiitriitioiis. 
The  Dutch  and  East  Freisland  breeds,  which  are  driven  into  almost 
every  German  district,  may  be  considered  the  predominant  nurc  brceils 
iu  Germany. 


As  sai( 

Klberfeld 

the  soil  i.^ 

breeding 

j)oses,  tin 

of  butter 

iuid  the  s 

stcrland  ( 

yield  Iron 

ij!57.l!i  to 

a  day,  an 

yield  iron 

iiom  $9!).! 

one,  and  i 

on  iw:coiin 

procured 

in  its  nei;^ 

the  sumnii 

bles.    Vei 

cows  UHua 

dry,  when 

by  a.  fresh 

process  is 


'Wik« 


GERMANY.  399 

CATTLE  AND  PUODITOT  Siri'l'LV   OF   lUHMKN. 

As  sai.l  ill  tlio  pivfaco   the  iinnHMliaK'  sum.un.lh.fr.s  of  J'.Hniu'n  uimI 
Kllx'ih'ld  and  tlio  adjiureiit  terntoiy  arc  covcicd  with  \v(,(Ml,.d  Iiilln  and 
tlic  Koil  is  rather  sU'iiK     ConseqncnU.v  ni-ithcr  a-ricidtcnr  nor  citth' 
brccdinj;-  couhl  strike,  any  root.     The  c.mvs  an^  kept  only  lor  (hiirv  l.iu' 
poses,  there  is  neither  butter  nor  cheese  i)r(MlMe,(ion  -oiii-'  on   the  bulk 
of  butter  and  cheese  is  drawn  from  I'^riesland,  H„l|j„i(i,  Switzerland 
iiiid  the  southern  provinces.     Cows  are.  obtaiiicti  eitlier  from  the  Mini' 
Hti'iland  or  tlio  Kru'sJaud  or  tlie  J)utcli  breeds.     'Ijic  iMniisteriind  cows 
ywia  from  10  to  15  liters  of  milk  a  <hiy,  and  their  price  avera<.es  fron'i 
,|57.lL>to$U4.1i(;;  the  Fries]an<l  cows  yiehl  f.„m  I  ito  20  litersM.f  milk 
ii  day,  and  their  i>ru;o  raii«es  from  871.  to  to  stfSiKJS;    the  Dutch  .-ows 
yield  frcmi  20  to  28  liters  of  milk  a  day.  an<l  their  price  is  in  the  avera.-v 
from  mM  t..  $107.10.    The  last  breed  is  t  he  linest  and  the  most  vahnlHe 
one,  and  as  the  nnportation  over  the  bonlers  is  clo.sed  from  time  to  lime 
on  iu:countol  contaj-ious  cattle  diseases  in  Holland,  these  cows  can  be 
procured  very  often  with  jireat  dillicidty.     All  the  cows  in  Jlarmen   iml 
in  its  nei^-hborhood  are  led  on  grains  and  ^nainds  and  hav,  and  <luiin<-- 
the  sunniier  months  i)artly  on  <!l<)ver,  and  are  .generally  kei»t,  in  the  st'P 
bles.     Very  few  of  them  are  driven   into  the  pastures.     These  milch 
cows  usually  yield  milk  for  a  year  or  fifteen  months;  then  they  become 
dry,  when  they  are  fattened  for  1  he  butciier.     Those  cows  ai'c'  replaced 
by  a  fresh  supply  from  Muiisterland  or  Friesland  or  Holland   and  this 
process  is  (tontiniially  repeated.  ' 

TOTAL  NUMHEU   OV   (JATTf.i:   IN   GERMANV. 

The  census  of  li%'e  stock  in  (lermany  is  taken  eveiy  ten  vears  The 
lii8t  one  was  taken  January  1(),  ISS.X  The  following.' .statement  exhibits 
tlie  agf^rcRate  number  and  the  ditlerent  kimls  of  cattle  in  the  whole 
German  Emjiire  in  the  year  187;{: 

(liilvcs  l)ol()\v  oue-hiilf  ye.'ir .    .  ,„  ,.   . 

Yming  cattlo  lioiii  oiic-hiilf  to  two  voarH .,'  r  i-'r-  . 

S H,%l.-J-.'l 

Aggregate  miinbor  of  ciittln  ill  I87;i 77~ZZ7~ZZ', 

The  number  of  cattle  in  the  German  J']mpire  avera-ed  1,(!0G  head  to  a 
German  square  mile,  and  oH.Uoevery  one  hundred  inhabitants  in  1,S7;{ 
J  he  census  of  lS8;j  is  not  obtainable,  at  this  time :  the  a-'^reoatA'  number 
will, however,  most  likely  exceed  that  in  l.S7;{  biit'very  li'ttle  '"  The  excess 
in  cattle  of  home  demand  is  comparatively  small,  the  surplus  is  exported 
to  LiiK  and  and  a  small  lot  to  France.  The  surplus  in  1S7(J  amounted 
toat,,!  42,  in  l.S<8  to  24,582,  in  1880  to  90,224,  and  in  1881  t()80,8lK)  head 

The  cattle  census  in  the  Kingdom  of  I'nissia  resulted  as  follows : 


Tears. 

Cattle  to  a 

German 
sqiiaroiuilo. 

Cattle  to 

evpiy  oiiK 

luindred  iu- 

liabitauts. 

Total  cattle. 

1883 

1873 i..".'."'.i!.'.'.".'.'."."."!.'.'"';i;.' 

Increase 

1,395 
1,301 

32 

8, 73.-.,  r>m 

H,  03l»,  &U 

1)0,075 

400 


CATTLE    AND    DAIKY    FAKM1N(J. 


file  nun  l)or  ot  cuttlo  iti  tlio  twopiovinccsor  WDstpliiiIiiiiiiid  Uin-ni  i 
rnnnict',,  luiy,,  poitiDnn  of  wliioli  belong' t(»  tliin co.isular  tlistr  < ,  J  ' ' 
liibited  ill  tho  following  hihh, :  ^  *  "ii«ui.ii  lu.suitt,  ks  ox 


liibited  in  tho  following  tublo 


Provlnofl. 


WoHtnlmlin 

Do 

Kliunixli  I'ruvinco  .. 

Do 


Ye»r». 


18711 
IHW) 
189U 
188a 


Cnttlo  to  a 

Uuriiiiiii 

gqimroiiiilu. 


1,  r>s7 
i,4:m 

i.uso 


CaUln  Ut 
ovoiy  ciiio 
liuiiilrcd  ill. 
bubituutM. 


'i'otulruttl, 


■>-o,  rKi;i 
iw:',0:;i 


There  ih  to  bo  observed  a  slij-ht  decrease  iu  botJi  of  tliese  Drovi...., 
and  the  increase  in  the  Ivin«-don.  of  Pr.issiu,  as  the  lesntHiS    ?*' 
show,  IS  rathorinsijjnilicant.  i"*''''^*' t-iblt's 

Tho  census  of  cattle  taken  in  the  (iovcnnnont  <listrict  of  Dussol.!,  ,.■ 

tJIVr^^'*'^  "^■'Vl.l^'/'  '"  f'"'  """'itMi.al  district  of  liarn.en  anu.mit,,! 
to  J,0(»o  head  in  1873  and  to  1,;{L'L'  in   ISS.'i,  and  in  the  niun 
tnct  of  ICiberlehl  to  l,lii(»  in  1S7;5  and  to  l)i87  in  188^  T    !'    ^t" 
ot  hm.M.holdsownn.^-  .attU.  in  the  Kingdom  of  Prussia  am,    ' 
J,1J1,U10  in  I88,j  as  ay;ainst  L',!)77,!)oy  in  187;{.  '"oiuiiul  to 

(!ATTLE   CENSir.S   OF   EUKOPE. 

Tlie  following  table  exldbits  a  synopsis  of  the  stock  of  (.-ifflo  ;..  h 
several  principal  Euroiiean  states/with  the  exceptioii  ofTuifu!;":     "" 


Countrie-i. 


Orent  BriUiiu 

Iiclaiid 

Norway 

Swixloii 

Ifii.iHia 

<ii  'man  Ijiipiio  .. 

Itciiiiiark 

Nrtli(  rlauds 

Ui'ltfiuiu 


A;;f;itif,'ut(! 
iiiimliur. 


0,  ILTi,  4i)l 

■I,  I1.S  I  I.I 

srid,  (Kill 

-',  lo.'i,  :ii!i 

■JL',  770, 1)01) 
LI,  77(i,  7(i;i 

i,a:w,ww 

l,;i77,  OOL' 
1,24l',445 


NuihIkt 

to  II  (tor- 

man  Hciuuri' 

lIlilD. 


l,4l:i 
i;,  «u: 

•JKt 

I'M 

l.tiUIS 

1,7«4 

-',  .•1(1!) 

■J,  -.Hi 


Coiintriug. 


!   ,  Ntiiiihoi' 

:  AK«ripto  I  („  ,,,;,,,, 

I     uuiiiUt.    mail  ,s,|u;m, 

I  I      >iiili.>. 


l''raiii'o 

I'ortiifral 

Spain 

Italy  

Swii/.cilamI  . 

Austria 

llim^iary 

(ireiH'd 


1 1,  in  414 1 

.V.N,474  I 
-',  'Mi.  -Ills  i 

;i.  u'.t,  I  •.'.-, 
!i!);i,  an  I 

".  4-M'lL'    : 

."i,-'7!i,  id;; 

111',),  IHI) 


1,175 

IIL'I) 

I,  ;ii;'j 

.•''J7 


cidcs   pn 

.sliiii^litvr 

tli(!  accoii 

Mv  tli(4  la 

central  p^ 

iiiv  as  ex 

iiiciits  ant 

ciitt^ic  inai 

(i)iv  r,'M( 

Tli.ie  a 

iiKstaii<;e,  ; 

k('.,  and  a 

liy  special 

(',shil>iislirii 

jiiiic   Hi,  ] 

with  most 

attached  t( 


CLIMATK   AND   TKMl•K]^ATlIKK   Ol-^   IJAinrEN. 

to.     The  calculation  is  based  on  the  system  of  Celsius  :  Altiiu,!..     1  so 
mean  te.nperutnre,  7.;P ;  in  January,  l.-O;  j,,  July,    37'     Thl^^^ 

goin^' calculation  m  th,' l^^sult  of  twenty-tlireo  years^Wrvation         . 
rainlall  averaged  700"""  i)er  anmini.  ^'ivauoii.    iik 

CATTLK   SLArGIITKUIN(}   IN  GERMANY. 

SiiHte  the  coinniunication  by  railroads  and  steamboats  lias  Imtoihc  sn 

xttns.veaiH  s,,,MMv.M..al.!lH.!raMsp<,Hatio,M>r!iveHturKi;,rs;an" 

ul  old  Im\c  kiv<'1i  way  to  laif^e  Moekyaids,  and  in  u.-arly  ;ill  (he  lai-.' 


Dose 


Oxdiuir  steers,  iiliv( 
t'rmim 

I  '.'im»,  iilivK,  iiKirc,  I 

!  Ciiltli',  ii!,v,.,  !>„m: 

Nwit  cuttle,  alivo,  i 

iimius 


II.  Ex. 


I'  ilKstrict,  i»  ux    I  ,si 


itttluto 

"■■y  Olio 
mind  ill. 

^LlitUUtM. 


!I3 
25.7 

27 
•-'.■(.  7 


'i'«'tiil  lulil,. 


''•'7,  in:, 
Wo,  rKi;i 

Win,  wj 


Ih\so  i)roviii(!(.,s 

iSI)(!(!tiV(l  tilblL-s 

^  ol'  Dii,s.soI,l,„.r 
l»<>,4r),s  .liiniiarv 

"K'll    ailKMIIltcil 

"luiiicipiii  ,ij^. 

il  illllOUIltwl    to 


f  Ciitlk"  ill  tlio 
T.irkoy : 


Ntiiiilici- 
<      iiiili'. 


i:n|,  lit 
W.H,  471 
i»li|,  .-illH  ; 
IS!I,  1-J,-, 
I'.Ki,  L'!l|  I 
I'Alil-'  ' 
.'Til,  Mi;; 
lOI),  !KM 


1, 17,-, 

;;ai 
;iL'ii 

l,;i:;7 
I,  ;«;•_' 


"14  is  ri'lcnvd 

iitldc,   i:)|.,S3; 

■°.    'riiclhir 
•Viitioii.    The 


OKRMANY.  .,.. 

401 

.sh,i„hL,-lM,us,.,s  Which  "i  S  ally  .  aX7/  /"'m""'''*.  '7  ''•^""'"'" 
tli.^  Mr.oMmu„h..ioM  of  the  butcher^  V^.^Us^  Ht(,ck,yanl«  for 
a.(>  Hh,  largest  aiHl  nuKst  fmnionUMl  in  0«rn  anv  >n.^^  ^■^'"■'''  '"  ^^''••''■" 
cci.tial  point  of  catfcio  dealii  j,.  for  N  rth3  \ii:i^  '"  *"''^'  f''« 

lire  a.s  oxU.,.,sivt,  an,l  a«  w<.|^.r<,vh  '  w  h  i  I!  ,r''"'"">-  '^'''«.V 
inrntM  an.  a,,-co,„,„o,lations  an  the  Chi.-a^o  s  Jrk-v  i  ''  'I'l'.''  ""'"''• '■*\- 
,;itkl.<  market  in  (hcso  .yanks  takes  place  i.v.v  {',  ,  ^'"^  P'nifipal 
.!,,;  -.(.0.)  h..,l  of  live  stock  ohanKntnyo^'^.f  [  l;  S/'-^  ""  "-t 

TluicaroNiniihirHtockyan  H  in  n<'v«>i-iI  nH.<..  1/         ^  •- 
i.Kstancc,  in   Umslan,  MaK<U'bu,K/NuV,lh.         }v  »''>*••«.»«,  for 

^c,  and  all  these  stock-yanls  an  <-«t  '  wit  h'"'"'^'  ^^""^'''•t, 
h.v  spcrial   t,a<-ks  which  enable  the  <     •  ^^^^^^^^^^  <l''l><'t« 

est;.i>iish,nonts.     The  sfu-k-yards  in        ere!  1  "7,  il  .?'.'''/*'''  '"  '^'"'^ 
-lu.ie   Hi,  1S71),  supply  the  <lens,.|v  p.uXte d    iS 
Mvitli  most  Of  the  slani-hterinff  cattle     T     rl  •  ^'V'«-^"'" ><'«»'  territory 
attached  to  these  yarcL       ^  *     ■^^'*^'^.'«  "'«^  ''  ^laughter-house 

ELHERFKLD  ABATTOIR. 
Tiie  'yllmvinpr  two  exhibits  ernbrac..  the  nnmbe 


heavier,  the  third  th^lS^     stable'    ,':...  '"^'''''-  '»'« 

Amrth  class  includes  an^n  Js^f  s.    ^''^/'^ul '    """"'"'^'  "''""  ^''" 
exclusively  used  by  the  ho.  butchers  L-;;kigUus!g,T''  '^  '^""^«^ 


EXHIHIT  I. 


DeHorlption. 


1879-'K0.  I  18H0-'81.  I  m\- 


'8L'. 


[K>n  or stociH.  allvn,  400  klloKmiim  i.r  iiioro  . 

I  DWHOr  lu'lltTB 

I  I'alvfa 

••liiT|i '"" 

II"U«,  Hhiir:l)ti-icil,  (ivcf ';(>;  i<'ii('.i;niii,V  '. 

'«»,  Hlaiij;litrivil,  up  to  :i5  kilojiiaiim .   

llurscH 


.1,  HlKi 
.'I,  WW 

10,  ,');m 

•.tr, 
VSJ 


EXIIIJUT  II. 


(1,  no 

4,  IhH 
1 1 .  OHC 

10,  l|,j 

11,  7(il 

;n 


7,  007 

4,  oon 

1-',  r>»« 

io,:i!H 

14, 4oa 

S7 

2-M 


i-i 


lis  lU'COIIIC  ,S(l 

ri)rsiaii,!4iitcr- 

iltic  iiiaikcis 

all  the  lai-c 


Dcacriptlon. 


Oscii  (ir  steers,  iilivo,  luoro  tlian  400  kilo- 

fc'iiuim lUV/RUU 

I  <-'"«»,  alive,  iiMin,  tlianioo'kiioKriinm'  ■■ 
\,'.'.«»r'"'.  ■"""?** '"  ■»""  ''"-'Uranm: 


II.  K.\.51- 


-UG 


1882-'83.  I 


10,197 
l.ii.V' 
2, 1«I 

1,333 


Uescriptiou. 


Cnlvos 

Shwp '.'.'.'.'.'.'." 

Ihii,'^,  »lsii;;-itliT0(i,  ov'uVbVkiloJriii'nH" 

{{s,»'"''«''t<™'.  •■..<..  .15  ki!o«™;;:. 


188!i-'e3. 


15,  842 
12, !«? 
-'U,  401; 

33U 


402 


CATTLE   AND   UAIKV    KAUMINO. 


Hi     1 


*  From  tlio  iibovn  tiiblcM  it  will  tnnni  tUut  the  nuinlHtr  of  «liiii{,'|it(.r(Ml 

LOI-HUH  IN  AtOiKliiy  illCIVilNJll^'. 

The  I'ollowiiif,'  table  ^ivcs  uii  iii.si<Ie  view  into  the  iuovoiueut8  of  tiie 
stocityanlH  I'lom  June  1(J,  IH7S),  to  October  1,  IHH'A. 


Toari. 


IHT»-'80 

IHHH-HI 

IHHI-H2... 

lM>f.'-.'H;i 

1883,  IVuni  April  1 1<)  Outolrar  1 


Oi'uiul 
vtittle. 


H  iV*' 

n'.Vu 

17,  ;)wi 
ai,  :i7i 

11,1HI4 


IIo|{». 


•J4,'JII) 
.■1(1,  tl'JK 
.If),  IM 

:ir.,  K72 

15, 45b 


CalvuH. 


U,  4511 
14,;il2 
l«,07l 

rj,7;fj 

8,  IlK'J 


8li 


fflp. 


H,377 
lll,IIM< 
7,571 


The  average  wei;;ht  of  the  whuinhtered  aniinalH  in  as  folhnvH:  Of 
oxen  ami  steers  enumerated  in  tiie  first  coiumii  of  lOxliiltit,  II,  ,{2,') 
kilo;,M'ani8;  of  cows  in  the  second  eolunin,  L'7r>  kiIo;,M'anis;  of  eiitli(>  In 
the  third  (udunin,  175  kilofiranis;  of  neat  (tattle  in  fonrUi  eohniiii  7,', 
kih)^ranis;  of  ealves  in  (iftli  eolunin,  to  kilo^ranis;  of  sheep  in  ,si!\tli 
coluniu  L'O  kilor^anis;  of  ho^s  in  seventh  colninn,  ur>  kilo^riinis. 

All  animals  sianghtered  in  the  HIberfeld  mnni<;i|)al  slau},ditc'r-li(»iisi' 
are  domestic  ones,  and  nearly  all  of  them  are  bouj;ht  at  the  adjoiiijii); 
stock-yards. 

From  .lanuary  to  August  fatteiuid  cattle  are  biouf^ht  in  by  cattli'- 
dealers  from  tl  .1  central  stock-yards  in  Berlin,  or  directly  from  tlio 
large  farms  in  Silesia,  Fosen,  Fast  Prussia,  and  the  landed  estates 
near Magdebuif^.  The  trade  in  {jrassfed  cattle  lasts  from  August t<; 
January.  During  this  period  the  market  is  not  well  freqiR'ntiMJ  by 
butchers,  as  they  generally  t)btain  their  cattle  from  the  cattle  maikif^j 
in  Schwelm.  Westphalia,  and  IS'euss,  lihenish  Province.  The  (tattio 
which  are  brought  to  the  Flberfeld  stock-yards  during  this  period 
come  from  Ilolstein,  Oldenburg,  Hanover,  from  the  pasturcH  on  tlic 
Kuhr,  and  the  Lower  Khine,  and  a  small  part  from  Holland.  Mo.s*; 
of  the  cows  and  neat  cattle  are  brought  in  from  the  ijrovinccisof  West- 
phalia and  Hanover.  Westphalia,  Hanover,  and  Holland  furnisii  moot 
of  the  calves.  Sheep  come  from  the  central  stock-yards  in  IJcrliii,  ami 
from  Westphalia  and  the  Rhineland.  Hogs  are  brought  in  from  West- 
phalia, Hanover,  Ilolstein,  and  Mecklenburg. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  valley  of  the  Wui>per  must  be  fiuiiisiicd 
with  live-stock  for  the  dairy  and  the  butcher  from  tlitl'erent  imrtsof 
Germany. 

PRICES  OF  CATTLE. 

The  juice  for  slaughtering-cattle  averages,  for  first  (luality,  from  $110 
to  til'JG.14;  for  second  <iuality,  from  $107.10  to  $114.24  ;  fur  tliinl  (luaj- 
ity,  from  $1)0.44  to  $'J9.yG;  for  fourth  «juality,  from  $7(5.10  to  *,S().it';  for 
<!ows  of  first  (|uality,  from  $10i).4.S  to  $114,24;  of  second  (lualitv,  from 
$102.34  to  $IOi>.48;  of  third  <iuality,  from  $1(0.44  to  $l)7.rKS. 

It  may  be  stated  in  this  connection  that  in  Germany  and  tliroiif,'li(mt 
Europe  cattle  for  slaughtering  are  not  sold  by  the  live  weigiit,  as  it  is 
done  in  the  United  States.  Tlu'ie  is,  however,  a  lively  agitation  iim^ 
on  in  England  and  on  the  continent  to  imitate  the  United  States  in  this 
respect  and  to  introduce  this  rational  and  practical  method. 

CATTLE-INSURANCE  COMPANIES. 

State  and  local  cattle-insurance  companies,  lioth  based  on  terms  of 
rticiprocity  of  their  members,  work  Uuud  iu  Uaud  aud  aluugsido  oimh 


OlJMT.       T 

many,  ani 
llir  wliol*' 
tlio  insnn 
iiiiiniiils  tl 
or  llial    h 

|l(»MS('.S.si(tl 

I  he  slaugl 
When  tho 
cass  is  III 
(Icvt'jnpcd 
Tho  ditl'ri 
li,lil!.'S  iiH'ii 
aiiMMiiit  I'l 
I  lie  ineiiiii 

IMI'Oli 

III  view 

alciy  iiicro 
(iciiiiaiiy, 
it  may  be  > 
rioiisly  con 
caMlf  into 
The  stock  > 
creasing  in 
()(» per  cent 
States,  wili 
its  iiici'ease 
(uease  of  ]! 
alarmed  at 
i|iiaiitities< 
lately  been 
tliey  were  t 
isl'aetory. 
oxen,  !i<4.7f 
oId!>.")i  ci'ir 
not  be  very 
(lermaii  e.\| 
safety  of  tin 
Aiiiei'icaii  li 
man  labor! 
is  (jiiite  a  rt 
beef. 


UNITKI)  I 
liarn 


•  of  «liiu{,'IU(.nMl 
>voineiit8  of  the 


(JlllvilH. 


U,  4511 
14,  III 2 
Jfl.071 
U',7,12 

8,  ;i(cj 


Nil 


fi'|p. 


M,377 
I^VJI 

H,m 

»•-',. ■IIKI 
7,571 


a8  IoIIowh:  Of 
l'^vliil»i!  If,  ;{2,", 
'M ;  (if  ciiMlo  ill 
uili  coldiiiii,  7;-, 
'  «In'«'|»  ill  sixth 
ilojiraiihs. 
^Iiiiif;liU'r-li(»iis.. 

it    tllO  iUljoillilijr 

It  ill  liycattk'- 
•cctl.v  from  till) 

Ijiiidcd  i',stiUM 
Iniiii  Aiigii,stt<: 

fniqui'iitcd  by 
»  ciittln  mai'ki's 
CO.  Tlie  cattli! 
iiK  this  period 
iistunvs  oil  till) 
lloliiiud.  Most 
riiiccsof  Wi'st- 
id  fiiMii,sii  most 
}  ill  lU'i'Iiii,  and 
;  ill  from  West- 


UKKMANV. 


403 


orlHT.     llirhoiiiNiiniiu.„soci.^tk,,siiro  vory   iimncioii.s  throiiulmut  (i<-. 
iMMiiy,  aiMl  irdo.ind  prinniMlly  to  th,.  Im-iiHU  ..r.sinall  lun.u.r.s,  micl   o„ 
t  I.-  ulK.lc,  aro  nmiMKn    v.-ry  r...„.„M.ic;,||y,      ri,,,  iivon,",.  pir.niuii   o 
,1,.,  ni.sMn.nr..  pohry  i.s  .1  p.-r  n-nt     und  Iho  iMnoi.nl  olnm.pi.M.sali.Mi  fo  • 
animals    lull  Imr  to  I.O  hiitrlM-ird   oi.  iirnM.nt  of  Mn-idoi. tal  inii,ri,.s 
orll.al    have;  dird,i.v..n,j.r,s    ..^  prr  ,.,.„l.     TIm-  aiiiniMl   ..m-.s  in  o  tlio 
,,o.H,s.|H,sMH.  ol  I  M,  i„,smMnr,.j  n.inpany.     |,s  th,.  inji,,,,!  animal  .still  lit  tor 
tM.slaM;;lilrr  h.Mis..,  it  wi  1  th..,,     h,  Hold   I.,  u  hnhh,.,.  at  u  l„w  p,  i  i 
\\l,r,itlH'UiiimH   lia.sd,(;.l,o,,ly(h.,  |„dr  nu,   Im,  .itil,/.,.,!,  and  th  ,  nir- 
..ass  IS  ,1  I  I/.-.1   loj-  Int.l,/,,,;;  p„rp„s,.,s.     The  ii.s.„a.„...  .systn,,  h  m 
,l..vcl..p,;d  (..a  hi;,d,  d.'^m.o  II,  th..(J„v..n,i„„„t  dist,i,-t  „f  l)„ss..l,l,  r ' 
Tl..'_  dill.'iviit  .•altl.-iiiM,i,ann,  .s.M.i..ti...s   within  this  di.stih.t  i„„„h,.,nl 
h,U'2.i  ni.'iiilHT.s,  th.niisiiiv.l  amn.als.d-  th<>,  l.ovino  lac,.  ij:,i<»  ■,„,|  ti  ,, 
aiii.Miiit  lui-  which   aniinals   \v..,„    i„,s,„-..,l   waH  U,S,s<»,8(J:3 'ni.'il.L    .,, 
the  proiiiiiiin  i.aid  m  michi-d  the  miiii,  or.S8,7(;7  iiiiuks  in  tlie  y..iir'l.S)S2. 

IMI'OUT/VTION   Ol-   AMKIfKJAN    HKEl'   ('ATTLK    INTO 

III  view  of  the  liKit  that  the  eoiiMiiniptiou  of  beef  i,u»ivt 


al.'ly  iii.!it'asiiit(  in  the  ratio  to  tin*  annual  ii 


(HWIMANV. 
is  piopojti.ui 


(l.Tiiiaiiy,  an.l  in  the  lae.^  of  the  eomparativ.^ly  hi-h  pI•i«!,^  „f  I'.nd 


it  may  Ix*  worth  while  for  Am. ni(!iiii  stock  breed 


ierea.se  of  the  popiiliition  ii 

cattle. 


lioiisly  consider  tlie.|Uestioii  whether  tl 


eis  and«^x|>orters  to  .so- 


ility,  from  $110 

fur  tliinl  (|iial- 

I)  to  .'jf.SO.lt';  for 

d  (lualitv,  Iroiii 

iiid  tliroiijilioiit 
weight,  as  it  is 
i;,ntatioii  i^m^ 
I  States  ill  this 
lod. 


■att 


If  into  (lerii, any  would  not  ev.M,tiiallv  t 


lo  iiiiportatioii  of  American  h.-ef 


The  sto.'k  cattle,  in.lependcntof  milel 


irn  out  to  he  [uolitalde. 


creasiiij;  in  the  United  Htiites.     It  has  ii 


1  cows  and  oxen,  is  continually 


111- 


'<a'ea.s.Ml  fi„m  1870  to  1880  about 


m  per  (tent.,  and  the  ajf;rre<,'rate  number  of  .sto.ik 

States,  will,  at  this  writiiifj,  luobably  not  fall   bel 

its  iiicrea.s,^  in  (Jeriiiany  is  very  slow  and  out  of  pio])ortion'''to'tl 


.■roa.so  of  ]>opiilati<»n.     (lerniau  stoek- 


rais.'rs  are  even  im 


(iatth^  iu  the  Unit,.,! 
low  Ii7,.-i00,()0(),  whih, 

le  in- 


alarined  at  tl- •  |Udspect  that  American  cattle-bre«>d 


w   .somewhat 


iiaiititii?sof  beef  cattle  into  (Jermany  in  the  near  fut 


lately  been  made  by  ini|>ortiii;,' lean  cattle  toSchl 


ersinay  iini)ort  \ni'<!;v> 
lire,  as  a  start  has 


iiey  w.'ie  fattened  ll»r  the  mark.'t,  and  the  venture  1 


«'swi;(-irol,st«'in,  where 


lias  proved  to  be  sat- 
for 


isfaetoiy.     The  imj.ort  duty  for  steers  aad  cows  is  i^i  P'.^.  .H-r  i„...,l 
..xeii    .*1.7«;  |.er  head   ami  for  youn-  cattl..  up  to  tw(,  ami  u  hali 
o\a'X>\  .-.'iits  per  head.     In  consideration  of  all  tlie.se  facts  tl 


yeai'8 


.stbe  fiiriiislicd  I    •">t  ^x'  \«'''.v  distant  when  tlu^  I'nited  Ktate 
lereiit  parts  of  I    (icriiian  export  li.'-t  and  that,  as.soon  us  tl 


iitt'tyof  theaiiiiiials  will  have  been  completed  on  board  1 1 


Aiii.'ii.'Mi,  iu'cfcattle  may  be  Ian. led  at  < 

man  laboriii«'  cla.s.se.s,  on  whos.»  tables  ^ 

istjiiitc  a  rarity,  may  be  supi)lied  with  ch(>ap  Tui.'l  whol 

heel 


...     ,  lo  time  may 

•swill  add  a  new  article  to  it's 
requi.sitedi.siKKsitions  for  the 
leNteamships, 


•ernmii  sea -ports,  and  the  (ier- 

ood  and  sub.stantial  b,...f  m.-at 

esome  American 


WOLFGANG  HCJJOENLE 


Uniti:i)  Statks  Conkuf.atk, 
iJanncUf  }!ocvmbtir  li3,  1883. 


Comul. 


od  on  terms  of 
ugsido  of  Ciicli 


404 


CATTLE   AND    DAiKY    I-'AKMING. 


CATTLE  BREEDS  OF  GERMANY. 

imroUT  JIY  CUMili:UGlAL  AOKST  WAilEli,   OF  DUSSKLDOIiF. 

Tlu,  (li(ter«i.t  breiHls  of  ciittle  in  Germiiny  iiiiiy  bo  divide.l  into  (I,,,.., 
l.n'ec£  "■''''''''  ^^"^  ^"^>»"t'ii'iou.s  breeds,  and  the  mi'l.ii' 

Foi- milk-prodtieiiifr,  cattle  are  cultivated  in  (Jennauy,  (a)  in  tli,.  i  „ 
amis  (plums  Mm.^sl.e,s,  .S:c.),  with  jiood  «oiI  and  .stable  feeding,  t  .e  j  .t  i 
breed,  and  (/;)  m  the  n.ountainous  and  rocky  rej-ions,  where  tli-'in 
heavy  the  Si.nn.enthal,  the  Montafun  (Swiss  breeds),  and  tle^AI  ■ ' 
fron.  the  Al^au  in  Uavaria)  breeds.     The  object  of  cattle  bnnlit' 
.ern.any  IS  c  nedy  for  inilk,  batter,  href,  and  labor.     There  i!s  c, ,    P  ' 

•   s\'vilLryand^  "''''^'  ''"''' '  '^  ''  ''^^'""''''^  "^"'"^  ^'^""^  ^'^"'^"'l  ^"'i' 

THE  DUTCH   BREED. 

The  Dutch  breed  (Fi-.  i)  is  very  largely  cultivated  in  the  districts nf 
Cleve  and    Kees,  on  the  boun.laries  of   Holland,   liegienn.S S  ,3 

ussehlort,  and  ,n  the  lowlands  of  Lower  JihinelandVitMler-K td  .  a 
ihis  cow  belongs  by  natuie  to  lowlands  of  a  moist  and  n.arshv  C  !' 
t(U'  Mud  where  there  is  much  green  vegetation.    Ithas  a  sniall  a  i,  1 ,' l 
head  ;  horns  short  and  ]..oJecling  over  the  forehead,  witl      ,      j 

turncdabttlenpwards;nHn,thshari);  neck thhiandlong, wit    s(C^^^ 
uny  dew.la,»;  the  body  is  long  ami  big,  with  an  even  biuV-  i!.^    ito 
Hk^n  tender;  color  black  and  white,  red  or  brown  and  Vhite  a  n    S. 
w  ute   wlute  or  bhu.k,  and  n.ostly  spotted.     The  cows  are  nt'Sti 
but  they  j.roduce  large  quantities  of  milk,  breed  heavy  calvLs    i    I 
work.ng  oxen  and  are  also  tine  meat.     In  this  immediate  neighboVli 
(I)ussel(lorn  they  are  nu>stly  kept  in  stables,  and  the  one  I  visitJl 
da>.s  ago  (.mta.ne,   forty  head.*    The  proprietor  inforn.ed  nu    la' 
average  yield  ol  nulk  for  ea(,h  cow  was  from  14  to  ir.  litehst  , ,'     | 
One  Ohh.nburg  c,,w  amongst  the  lot  was  pointed  out  to  measiivi,    ''i 
()..()  bters  per  day.     Live  weight  of  the  Dutch  cow  is  from  (jlid  t^75 
kilograms,  iuid  the  market  value  here  is  from  4(»()  to  ()()()  marked  m'  ■ 
.s  e<„u.l  to  about  -li.H  cents  An.erican  mom-y).     in  c,,nso<iiience  .f     i 
reed  of  cattle  being  easy  to  get  accusK.med  to  strange  cli.nat'H 
.":  """f  ;''-t''l  «'f*l>=H;|ty  of  the  cows  for  produ.-ing  n.ilkll.ev  are  <  , 
he  neighborhood  ol  large  cities.     Fineaiid  valuable  biee.lsareobta 
l.y  eross.ng  them  with  <,ther  breeds.    The  celebrated  JJurhaiu  co 
cross  breed  Iroi    the  Dutch  cow. 


SIMMENTHAL  lUlEED. 

Sinimenthal  lies  between  Stockhorn  and  Niesen,  near  TluuiJnS^vii/ 
erland.  ihis  valley  abounds  in  fertile  llelds  and  luxuriant  pastims 
extending  high  up  on  thi*  slojjcs  of  these  nK.untains.  It  is  divided  hv  i 
rivulet,  the  «iinme,  and  lurnishes  the  cidebrated  yellowish-red  shotted 
cattle  of  the  canton  Kern,  which  have  been  most  frefpieiitlv  in.  .(.itcd 
to  cross  with  the  native  cattleof  Southern  (iermany.  The  middle  brocd.s 
produced  from  the  crossing  are  said  to  be  ver\"  excellent  caltlc.  In 
Switzerland  the  juices  reimiiu  high,  and  theimpiiry  this  year  (bS«;{)liits 

•  Tho  iiv.'iJiKo  .liiily  co8l  of  f.KHl  lor  ,.ii,:li  vmw  aii.ouulc.l  (o  ul.oi., :;:,  c^mIs 
t  Law  ~  OHO  (juart. 


KLDOltP. 


vided  into  (luee 
mid  the  middle 

y>  {<')  in  tlic  low. 

ediijg,tiieJJiitcli 
^vhen;  th'j  soil  is 
,  and  the  Al-aii 
ittle-ln^'iMliiij-'  ill 

'lu'rciHcoiiiparii- 
•om  iiolliiml  and 


1  tJic  distri(!ts  of 
«ieniiig«.jj,.;5j,.l. 

3dt'r-l{|i(.ii,litii(|). 

niar.shy  cjiaiiic. 
51  small  and  long 
with  tiic  points 
".y,witlKscum'ly 
•iX'k ;  foot  higli'; 
wiiito,  gray  and 
re  not  beuiitil'id, 
N'y  calves,  jjood 
to  nei<>iiborli()(.' 
c  I  visited  a  iVn 
nod  \m  that  the 
itohst  JUT  (lav. 

ineavSfrJvinjiiT) 
Voni  (;■)(!  to  "){) 
» marks  (1  mark 
pqnoncc  of  this 
o  climates  and 
lu\v  arc  kept  in 
'tis  arc  obtained 
nrliuui  cow  is  u 


Tliuii,inSwit/ 
ii'iant  iiastiircs 
is  divided  li)  a 
sli-rcd  s]»ottcd 
cntly  ini]»(»rtt'd 
'  middle  lirccds 
.'nt  cattle.  In 
year  (liS8;5)lias 


i 


illfi: 


|^|fj|j 


2 
2 

n 
Z 

I 
> 

0 
0 

i 


\m^ 


•f. 

4 

i  '  -, 

(   '<      ' 

f    .  ! 
i  ■  ! 

fn.Jl; 

n  ii 


'^' 


M 


Id 


Q- 


KS,  il 


OiERMANV. 


\won  on  tlio  iiicreaso. 

(!('l'<ls  til 


405 


fthii  Simmeutljal  .!nw«  i«  «n.«...  „.:^.,  .     '     '"  ^"  '' V^''.'  kilograms. 


SWISS  OB  lliai  BREED. 


Tho  cattlo  of  tlio  Swiss  or  Riiri  rapo  nro  v.^mr  io„„„       i  . 

..i«ht,  from  750  to  8()0  kilograms     Ti;r„uSs^^^S  hu   ^'''''V  ''^'« 
..1  strong  ana  fho  body  fi,  t;.uor^l^a^y^:^  ^JVTV 
iTOwn  to  l„H.t  ^^ray,  with  liglit  yellow  about    he       i?;     Th  s  ,).^^e  fro" 
.,u.r..s  much  iood  and  ks  hard  to  get  accustomed  to  stouge  olimate« 


an 


MONTAFUN  BREED. 
Next  to  tJie  Simmenthal  in  imnortance  U  tho.  \Tr..,4^^e      tt  „ 
lies  south  of  Bhulenz,  i..  Tyrol,  aiurl^Xut  S^,^:^^'^'^'J' 

i;  Th;,';^l.r^rtes;:!-..^ir;=i-^?<>^;the  v.d,i^ 


weight  i;rfr^m  450  to^^^llo^^'^^^r'o^^-Jr^  T^"  ?"»^  "^'« 
and  heavy.  A  still  heavier  bfeX  obfaiUd  byZSK  wTn'li  ^"^^"^ 
Dreed.  The  bones  of  the  Montafun  cattfe  an?  rc^^gSud  of 'nWd  hf:' 
sizes,  color  similar  to  tho  Eigi  breed,  mouth  ears  -iml  h.  i  •  ^ 
little  lighter.  A  dark-brown  cT,lor  is  pi'eferre  .'  S  hell  f'  ^'""'^  '' 
broad,  horns  white  at  the  base  and   "        "  '^ 

neck  of  medium  size,  with  .n 
luider  large,  and  indicating 
oiicb  cow  win  yield  2,000  to  _  _ 

its  richness  in  fat,  is  used  ch'ieliy  foVmaldne  VitreV-^wi'^'^l'  ^'^^'"^v 
ing  to  the  superiority  of  this  br^d  the  cltufe  a^  Sequen  y '^'r.o,^  ri" 
There  is  an  annual  market  at  Schruiis  (1  9r>r>  fi.^f  oh,v„  li  'I  J  ^*  *'• 
S..1)  in  Sc,,tember,  and  the  cows  br!  ^ ^  fveS^^^Jiso  1'^  '"'i'" 
.  hoa,l.  The  sale,  though,  of  the  better  speSSs  of  tiese'co^'  .'s  sS 
to  have  somewhat  impaired  the  home  breed.  '     ^'^ 

ALGAU  BEEED. 

This  breed  comes  from  tho  Algau  Mountains  in  \v»^f„.  i 
varia    (Fig.  4.)    The  cows  arellittKSX  ,  [^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
uitthey  are  quite  distinguished  in  Wurtemberg,  rJavail     uw   i  ^^^^^^ 
or  giving  huge  yields  of  milk  that  contain  mm'h  f  ,f  v  I'^k'I  ".'•'^ 

fact,  (he  Algau  cows  of  Saxony  are  sa      to   "urms^  .1?^  I" 

tlu're  r.,r  producing  milk,  as  thi  follow  iiVtUun.^^^^^^^         ^^'"''  ^''^''''■'^ 
(luantities  of  milk  will  show  •  ^     ^    ^  ^*  *''''  comparative 


Nativo  cowH 

Oldenburg _; 

Aiiislcrdiim 

Alcr.ni  »  


-.  ^:{.  k; 

..  27.:{8 

It'Vfl  of 
Ht    lows 

•>w  |>ro- 


butter, 


I 


406  CATTr^E   AND    DAllJY    I'AliMrNO. 

Livo  woifjht  of  Al},^iii  cow  is  from  400  to  4r)0  kiIo{?minH     Tlm^n  r 
Hawsiftnv  (laysjiKo  in  a  Htahlo  lioro  w«mo  Niii.i  to  wciirh  a.s  m,  .\ 
mo  to  GOO  kilognu.iH.    Tlu,.v  iirc,  uKso  oxccllont  for  labor  and"  lii    !; ',."" 

A  Kood  Al^rjui  cow  will  .yield  2,r»00  to  2,800  cans  of  milk  yoarlv    v     V 
18  oidy  a  little  loss  than  the  bost  Ifollaiid  cows  are  capable  of  Dniln  . 
The  trade  in  these  cattle  is  pretty  lively,  and  the  market  is  hlu^l 
Hoiithofen  (2,24!)  feet  above  the  sea-level)  in  tlu^  middle  of  Sen     .  i. 
and  at  the  end  of  October.    The  lirst  is  the  most  important  '' 

Ihe  Alfrau  beed  is  very  widely  distributed  over  (hirmanv     l.\-,.  i 
lent  breeds  of  (tattle  are  to  be  found  all  over  (Jermanv,  prinn.v  Ih!  i 
Wurtemberfr,  jJavaria,  Thuriufjia,  Khim^lan.l,  and  Sehle8wi"-.ilo|!i- 
whi<!h  may  be  clasailied  as  follows:  "^  ""'^teiii, 

l.-iruriemh,r!):  (1)  Alb,  (2)  Took   (U)  Nwkar,  (4)  SchwiU.iscl.  Ilall,  (r.)  Li,,,,,,,,,, 
U.— Havana,  lliunntna,  aud  lihuuhiml :  ((/)(l)  Vumr  Miiiii,  Ci)  \V/ \W,l    ,,\   r 

onf.l.l      (r)Nativr  lia^anan  rattl. :  (I)  Mi..,sl,aci;   (2)  K;ill..i,„,      0  S  os^^^l, a  I  ''I'  ; 
Koliii  Momitjuii.     (,l)     HcHHvn  Naxxa,, .-  (1)  VoKflHlx^^r,  (2)  W.'HtVnviM  '  ^'^ 

luu-K,  (••)  VVil8luni,ar8li.    Alluvial  Hoil:  (1)  An-ol,  (2)  Toii.loru.  '  ^^^  '''*'"""■ 

FATTENING  CATTLE   IN  GERMANY. 

Ikot-ront  food.— A  great  source  of  agrieultural  economy  to  Ger.n.m. 
IS  the  culture  of  the  beet-root.     Ifeni  it  has  not  otdy  proven  v'l    '.I 
in  the  mannfacl  ure  of  suf,'ar,  but  also  for  fatt(aiinff  cattle,  and  d-iirvZl, 
estimate  it  very  highly  for  feeding  purposes.     The  pn^ssed  beets  frorn 
the  factories  (J.  c,  the  residue  left  after  the  juice  has  been  removed  S 
nish  also  highly  nutritious  materials  for  Ibod.     For  all  practicil  iw  " 
I)oses  the  nourishing  value  of  this  resi<lue  may  be  estimated  in  mo  ,nr 
tion  to  the  amount  of  protine  or  nitrogenous  substaiic(vs  it  coiit.in. 
Fn  general  there  is  in  every  100  parts  of  tlu^  fresh  or  ;;o  i.urts  J  ho 
dried  substaneo  2  i)arts  albuminoids,  18  i)arts  non-nitrogenous  mitfop 
<J  per  eoAit.  pure  fiber,  and  3.4  per  cent,  ash;  the  iat  may  be  rocko.Pl 
as  2  i)er  cent.  "v^uuj 

A<;(!ording  to  an  analysis  by  Gohren,  pressed  beets  contain: 

Wat.T ^~ 

Ash    .^ -'.'.".".'.'.'.".'.*".".".'."..'.""." ,  '''^ 

Albniiiinoi'ls * {••'" 

('arliohv.lratcH '.     ,'••'* 

VUh-v.: l^->i! 

I'^'it :::::i;:::::;:::::: ':r 

Niitritivti.  valiir,  I:  11,4.  '' 

Ileidepriew  gives  as  the  results  of  his  analyses  of  the  clean  ash  of  the 
residue  from  three  different  fa<'tories,  the  following  li<'ures: 


rofiiHh 

Siiila 

liiiiio 

Ma;:iioMlii 

0\lili'  iillron 

riioHiilidiir  iicid. . 
Siiliiliuiic  mill  ... 

Sillni 

(/'Iilorino 


('onHtitucntH. 


(")       (M 


35. 88  '  20.  M  I 
6.;il     12.;i4  i 


n..'->!i 

T.flfi 

.'!.  «;i 

1.88 

211.  !I7 

1..M 


•The.so  ciittlt;  aiv  very  laifroly  (^xpoi'ti'd  in  Kiij^'laiid  (oi  Um\ 


2ti.71 
22. 27 
0.  !Hi 
7.43  ■ 
2.9! 
4. 7(1 
(1.71 


(0) 


.10. 70 
4.M 
21. --iJ 

4/.'« 

;).  Ill 

i.K 
2. 22 


loprmins.  Tliosor 
ivciifh  as  ,„„ch  a, 
bor  and  IJittiniin-r 

iihluofprodunnrr 
iiiirkot  is  li(.|(i  at 
il<llo  of  SeptcnilH.r 
lortiint. 

(Uirrnany.    Kx,;,.). 
^".y,  prliKiipally  in 

5lll08Wl-.|I„|,stei„^ 

!ii  iniii,(r,)Li,„i,„r„ 

(■<i)  It,/.M,iin,(;i)o",. 
••n.h'rslH.rir,  (:i)  |(i,.K-. 

tniiu-sli,  (:t)  Rroittm. 


nomy  to  Gcriniuiy 
Y  provoii  xiiliial))',. 
tie,  iind  (liiiryiiu'ii 
'<^s.s(',(l  bcct.s'froin 
ceil  n)iiiov(Ml)  fur. 
ill!  pra(!tical  pur- 
i mated  in  projjor. 
iiK'ivs  it  contains. 
■  •')<>  parts  of  tlie 
;»'Of,'iMKms  matter, 
may  bo  reckoned 

coutaiii : 

Pit  cent, 
Xi.lllW 

l.r,.|i 

i.r.!(it 

lK.:w:! 

i.ri/.^ 

'"i 

ooloanashoftlie 
',mvH : 


(")      (« 


35.88 

6.;ii 

11.. W 
7.!)fi 
.■I.  (i;i 

r>.  ■>» 

l.(<8 

211.  !I7 

I..M 


fur  liciH 


20.  M  ! 

12.  lU  i 

2fi.7I  j 

22.27  I 

0. !«;  i 

7  4;i  ■ 
2.91 
4. 7(1 
(1.71 


(0) 


.10.70 
4.M 
21.  iW 

4/.'« 

;).  Ill 

4.K 
2. 22 

2.5!  ii 
l.,'.l 


«.- 


>  5 


l^^^llf 


t:iMM:i 


II 


m 


;» 


P  L  A  T-  E 


!93 


^ENTRANCt,       ,^J_|^,,„, 

\!   A    1    \  u    O   A    1) 


SKETCH   OFA  FARMHOUSE  AND  SURROUNDINGS, 


ON   THE    DECLIVITY    OF    THE    'faEVEN    MOUNTAINS' 
ABOUT  8  EN6USH  MILES   DISTANT  TROM   THE  RHINE 


.Ju!::y  /!iB/iJ:ro./,,tJ, 


fit: 


4 


1,22(")  po 


hrj 


tlU'I'O   il 

luilkiui 


GERMANY. 


407 


When  susar-beet  residue  is  covered  in  pits  for  safe-keeninc  and  to 
likewise  increase  its  digestible  value,  there  takes  place  very  sbortlv 
iifterwanLs,  with  a  rapid  rising  of  temperature,  »  lively  ferineutatioi. 
i,nd  alcohol  and  acetic  sicul  and  lactic  acid  and  ammonia  are  formed 
The  so-formed  acid  residue  may  be  preserved  for  a  lone  time 

The  chief  constituents  of  this  acid  residue-,  as  determined  bv  Professor 
MaeckcT,  are  as  follows  :  Water,  75.54  per  cent.;  dried  substance, 2-4.46 
per  cent. ;  nitrogen  in  dried  substance,  1.22,  in  the  fresh,  O.O.i  per  cent, 
lu  the  tresb  and  dried  substance  there  are  (contained,  respectively, 
2.57.J  per  cent,  and  lO.OlJ)  per  cent,  albuminoids.  ' 

Cottonseed  mke :  Of  the  latterly  imi.orted  food  stufls  into  (Jermanv 
for  animals,  that  of  cotton-seed  cake  stands  very  high  as  a  valuable 
iiiateiial  for  fattening  cattle,  owing  to  its  containing  much  albumen  MO 
to  50  per  cent.)  and  a  considerable  amount  of  fat  (10  to  20  per  cent.). 

STATISTICS  OP  ox  FATTENING. 

The  following  table  of  calculations  on  the  fattening  of  oxen  have  been 
fiirnished  by  Mr.  Valentine  Pfeifer,  the  proprh^tor  of  a  cattU^  farm  in 
the  Itheiiish  Province,  who  has  continually  in  his  stables  about  forty 
head  of  oxen  of  the  Alsatian  and  Glau  breeds,  they  being  eonsidered 
here  the  best  for  labor  and  fattening.  The  manure  is  removed  from  the 
stables  at  intervals  of  every  three  and  four  months,  the  racks  beiiiir  so 
arranged  that  they  can  be  raised  in  {)roi)ortion  to  the  accumulation  of 
the  manure.  The  food  consists  of  beetroot  residue,  chaff,  hay,  oil  cake 
and  wheat  clover  (Weizen  Klee).  They  are  fed  three  times  daily  J)uri' 
tioii  of  labor  of  tlu^  oxen  is  limited  to  two  years.  Afterwards  tliey  are 
turiKMlovcr  to  the  fattening  stables  ( MaststaTl).  According  to  the  books 
kept  the  fattening  lasts  about  forty-four  <lays. 

Six  oxen  fed  with  various  quantities  of  the  above  food  by  Mr  Pfeiffer 
for  fattening :  .        • 

Weight  on  the  null  of  March:  (1)  1,040  jionnds  :  (2)  1,0.S0  pounds-  Ci) 
1,225  pounds;  (4)  1,145  poinds;  (5)  1,200  jmunds;  ((!)  1,210  poimds 

They  wore  i.ut  up  for  fatttuiing  on  the  5th  of  Sei)tember,  and  showed 
the  tol lowing  progress  :  ' 


Data. 


Soptemlier  f. 
Si'iilt'inlicr  12 
Si'|)l('iiil)nr  1!) 
S('|ilriiilier  !iO 
Orliiber  3 


Poiindi. 

Pnundg. 

l.m.l 

i,i;i;(i 

I,  •.•«;! 

1,345 

i,:t(io 

1,  •.T.O 

i.nio 

i,2ti:i 

1,  a;io 

1, 245 

6. 

0. 



— ' — i 

I'oundt. 

roHnih. 

1,410 

1,  :i!i3 

l,4S(l 

1,  ;i!»K 

i,4r>(( 

1,  400 

1,425 

i,:iuo 

1.  ;i70 

I'ltlOKS  OV  (JKKMAN   (lATTLK. 


The 

stat<' 


le  last  market  report  for  this  fall,  i.ublished  by  reliable  authoritv 
's,  among  other  ta(!ts—  ''^ 

The  iioMition  of  our  uortli.Tn  I.1...I  ownorH  lias  not,  oxacMy  imi)rov...l.  an.l  nmnv  ut' 


4f    i: 


408 


CATTLK  AND  lUTRY  TARMIVO, 


The  prices  ill  Switzorlaiul  rcmiiin  also  I.ijrh.    In  tl.o  valley  of  Sim.Mn 
^^.n  v"?^?  "^'T'-'^l  l''^  ""1^1*^^'-     ^»  ^''^^■'"•'''^  ^1'^  tracU,  is  likew  so       f " 
Sbor  ^'^  ^'''*'  ""^■^'"''^  '^'"^*^'  ^^"  ^"  ^''^^^^  *1^'""'"^'  ospecLuyt 

Since  the  natural  fertility  of  the  lands  of  Germany  has  lonjr  hor-n.. 
more  or  less  exhausted,  the*  question  of  n,anure  must  l)e\S  .?  !• 
the  greatest  importance,  and  tlio  state  of  cattle-breediuff  may  boV" 
cepted  as  a  good  scale  by  which  the  prosperity  of  the  agricuS  in  n" 
country  is  to  bo  estimated.  In  those  parts  of  the  country  SVl" 
IS  much  cattle-breeding  the  highest  standard  of  agriculture  ex' si  ^^' 

WM.  1).  WAMEli/  ■ 

TT  ^  Commercial  Ancnt 

United  States  Commercial  Agency, 

Busseldorf,  November  ,3,  1883. 


CATTLE  IN  PRUSSIA. 

REPOJtT  TiT  VONftVLQENERAL  liREWEn,  OF  nSRhlN. 
STATISTICS  BELATINa  TO  CATTLE   IN  GERMANY. 

In  compliance  with  circular  instruction  of  July  18, 1883, 1  Jiavn  nnn, 
the  honor  to  submit  a  re])ort  respecting  cattle  in  Prussia         "^'«  "ow 
f«  ;n  f f  "''^  -'T"  I'''««!^»lo  for  me  to  obtain  oilicial  information  relitino 
to  all  the  pou.ts  mentioned  in  the  circular,  and  it  was  (.iivu.^h    /^ 
greatest  diOiculty  that  the  tables  inclosed  were  obtained  f'on  nXS,! 
sources.    A  great  deal  of  literature  on  the  subject-matter  is  ev  t  ,V 
Germany,  and  r.very  point  respecting  br(>eding,  tr.'atment    i^TZ 
physiology  of  the  various  breeds  has  been  thor,,u"gldy  lisn'Snl      „ 
who  have  n.ade  the  sui>ject  a  8p.,cial  study  fo;  years,  a..  1  Ss    m 
ions  are  entitled  to  respect.    The  result  of  tlieir  resean    os  i  u    iZ  " 

tiCSS?^^''""'''''"^^^^^^^ 

.  CATTLE  CENSUS  OP  GERMANY. 

«i,^ri''^'ri".^  *'"»*''''  Tr"'"'  "^  ^^^^  *'•«  ''''''''''''^''  '■"  ^''^^  number  Of  cattlo 

The  greatest  number  of  brccling  bulls  is  f()un<l  in  Mocklonhiirir 
Western  Prussia,  and  the  I)u,.hy  of  l>.rMnswi(.k.  About  r,(» ,,,'  e !  S' 
the  catt  e  in  .ermany  is  in  the  Kingdom  of  Prussia,  where,  in  IST.J  i-n 
were  8,(,3[),51 1  head,  and  in  1883,  8,73r,,r>r>!)  head.  ' '»  ^ ^' ^  f '"  r< 

CATTLE  IN  EASTERN  FRISIA.* 

The  cows  of  Eastern  Frisia  are  especially  remarkabhi  for  flio  ahiiii 
dance  of  mdk  which  they  yield.  These  cattle;  in  foLin  aii.l  h„il,l  air 
lieavier ;  ven  than  the  Dutch  cattle  and  stronger  in  tlu^  I..»mc  \  ^,vit 
many  ol  them  are  sent  to  Mecklenburg  and  Pomeraiiia,  wIk-iv,  witln)r(ii- 
nary  good  tveatment,  great  results  are  ol)tained.  Pasturajri!  in  Frisia 
^r-   --  -----^i^.- !^M,i,  a-,  an-  niajtnity  ul  hirrdors  devon*  nearly  tlic 

•Thorpporiof  Coi.Htil  WilHon,  of  IJroiuoiT,  (IwUh  at  length  will.  FriHiaii  cattle! 


GERMANY. 


409 


ffhole  of  the  land  to  grazing.  Altlioiigli  tlio.  soil  is  roninrkably  fertile 
but  few  farmers  ever  grow  grain  or  even  potatoes,  preferring"  to  imr- 
cliaso  such  articles/  "        ^ 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  this  course  brings  more  profit,  as  there  is 
but  little  expense  incur. ed  in  raising  the  cattle  and  the  profits  from  the 
sales  of  breeding  and  ftit  cattle  are  large.  All  the  manure  of  the  cattle 
is  used  upon  the  meadows,  and  the  meadows  are  alternately  mown  and 
])iistured.  The  manure  is  made  most  useful,  for  as  soon  as  it  is  covered 
by  the  after-growth  it  becomes  dissolved  and  assimilates  with  the  soil 
and  its  strength  is  not  destroyed  by  the  sun. 

The  dairy  products  are  of  the  most  excellent  quality,  although  the 
quantity  is  hardly  as  great  as  the  plentiful  pasture  would  seem  to  war- 
rant. 

Tlio  following  statement  respecting  cattle  in  Eastern  Frisia,  although 
iiot  official,  IS  quite  reliable,  it  having  been  obtained  from  trustwortiiv 
private  sources :  "^ 

Soil :  Loamy,  Handy. 

.IverageBizeofcow:  Leugth,  2.55  meters;  lieiglit,  l.:il  motors  at  wither;  hoi.'ht 
1,:!'2  iiKitors  at  rump.  '      ''^""1 

Minp:  Up  totl.osoveuth  week  swoot  milk,  mixo.l  with  fin.-  hay  u<■to^^lrstmontl1: 
lmtte^m!k  aftor  iMKlith  w(>ok,  mixod  with  oat-meal  and  harlev.     lii  winter   firH*  Jo,  • 
boftts,  hay,  and  4  t(.  0  lit,(M-.s  of  harlov-nu^al  daily.  '  winiei,  i.rst  >e.u. 

AventgeUr<:m:i;/I,tH0f8teer><:  Thnu^  years,  l,i-20  jmunds;  four  yeiirs,  L.'-.IO  nounds  • 
|,v.Vvears  1,8/5  pounds;  six  years,  1,(«0  pounds;  seven  years  'l.lliO  p.unMli;  „i.r|,t 
•M10',  Ss^'"''"  ' '  "'""  ^''^'"^'''*'  l»ou'Hls ;  uvera-e  annual  yi..],!  „f  usijk  „f  cows. 

Cultivated  yranaes :  Wlilto  clover  and  ray-grass. 


^ 


i   I  I'j 


CATTLE  IN  GRAND  DUCHY  OF  OLDENnURft. 

Th-  great  dairies  around  Berlin  rely  almost  entirely  for  their  supnlv 
of  niiich  cows  upon  tlie  (tattle  bred  on  the  marsh v  i>astures  on  the  eoaist 
near  the -lahdiU Say  and  tlie  Weser.  '  •- 

The  breed  difiers  from  tlie  Frisian  inasmuch  as  it  shows  a  heavier 
lioad  and  stronger  horns  and  tlie  bnttocrks  are  less  broad. 

In  weight  the  cattle  approa(-h  that  of  the  llolland  breeds     The  live 
weight  oicows  will  average  about  1,200  pounds  and  that  of 'oven  from 
l,r)0O  to  1,.S00  pounds.    The  udder  in  these,  cows  is  very  largely  devel 
oped  and  the  yield  of  milk  is  considerable,  reaching  as  mueh  as  .3  o6() 
([uarts  a  year  from  well-kept  animals.  ^      "*> 

Like  the  Frisian  breed  these  cattle  recpiire  good  ])asture  and  also  do 
well  with  ani])le  stable  food.  The  very  best  speeinieus  of  Oldenbure- 
cattle  are  found  in  r>u<ljali<lingen.  '^ 

The  following  statenuuit  contains  some  (sarefully  eolleeted  inform-ition 
rpspocting  these  cattle : 

Cattle  ill  (Hdmhiirg. 


Age. 


2J-yi'urr)lil.sti'<'rH. 
4  vi'iirolil  ciiw  ... 
J'jiiiir-iilcl  <'u».. .. 


Ll'DRtll. 


lIoiKllt— 


At  witluiis.  I  \\  riiiii).. 


Mftem.  M^l.'ru.  Mftert. 

V"'  '•*'  '•■•« 

-'•H  i.4;i  1.02 


WciuUt. 


I'imndi. 

1,  ino 
!)SU 


141 


410 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


"  '■ 


Soil:  Sand;  clay. 

Cultivated  grasses  :  Jied  clovor ;  ray  j^rasH 

S«!f ^  ;irf '""« •■  I'l'""""  «'>^j'«'-f «il.     (!l„M,8o  made  only  f„r  donu-stu,  „s. 

hay.    At  hyo  .nontlm  tl.oy  aro  tak.m  t„  pasture.     VVinUu  f  od  c     «  stV.  /  \v    <   ■''"" 
straw,  ouo-tliird  Lay,  1  to  :{  pouud.s  <.f  oats.  t^<>">si.st«  ot  two-tlnr,!, 

CATTLE   IN  SCIILEKWKMIOLHTKIN. 

■  In  tho  lower  portions  Of  Schle8wi«-II«,l,shMn  crossiiif^s  witli  En.di.i 
breeds  have  led  to  fjreat  iniproven.entH  in  eattle,  n,n.l  ti.ey  r ,  ,  ^  l? 
imrted  to  England  in  great  nuniberN.  "  '^*  ^^■ 

TIio  butter  produced  liere,  also  largely  exported  to  En<rlaiid  is  nf ., 
excellent  quality,  and  tho  refuse  froin  tin,  g.Wt  .lairies  is"  se  \  m  ,' ' 
vantage  for  fattening  hogs.  The  breed  of  cattle  raised  i  c  (  Von  '" 
connecting  hnk  between  the  lowland  and  Iiighland  cattle,  an  Zl 
eight  distinct  varieties  deriving  their  names  fro,,,  the  sA'cn  1  m 
o  the  province.  The  cattle  of  Ei.hTsKMlt  hav(.  been  cr(,MS(Ml  w  "  !'' 
glisli  Sliorthorns.     The  calves  receive  their  n.otlier's  i.   Ik  cnl  "' 

the  first  few  weeks.  After  two  or  three  weeks,  w^uVne  '  <  o  Sf 
Ks  given  them,  and  they  are  in  a  few  months  taken  to  pastui^  Tin  v 
tenmg  commences  in  the  third  or  fourth  year,  acitordria- 1 o  M..m,  ' 
opnient.  The  steers  then  reach  a  dead^wei^l.t  o  f^^,'  s  ."S, 
pounds.  Many  of  them  are  sent  to  th..  London  mark  "s,  „>  .  '  ' 
bring  very  good  prices,  whilst  others  go  to  Hamburg,  fr,,,,  V^^'1^2 
meat,  after  being  smoked,  is  shipj.e.l  in  great  qn;intrti,.,s  '  ^^' 

Ihe  quality  and  quantity  of  (hiiry  i)ro(bice  of  the  KicU'istedt  ,.,.«•«  .,r„ 
above  the  average,  while  those  ol"  the  (bounty  I)iti  mis  ,,',''' 
infenor  bi  their  yield  of  milk.     In  Wilstermarsh  an  ;     ,^^     ^ 

both  the  cattle  or  the  dairy  as  well  as  for  sh.ughtcr  me  very  s,       ,5' 
poTds.      ''"  *''"'  ^"'^  '""'  ^'""'^  ''''"''  ^^^^'''  ''  ^vei^hrcd'ahrSi 

The  most  remarkable  of  all  the  cattle  of  Schleswig-IIolstein  nv  f),o 
cattle  of  Angeln  and  Tondern.     At  the  age,  of  f,  ve  or  six  y .ar" ^ 
of  Angeln  and  Tondern  weigh  between  .SOU  and  !,(»()()  p<.un(I    a,  l    ,  £ 
most  favorable  milking  tinu,  produce  <laily !)  to  1 2  .,uartZ  i/n     \    i 
^vf/'f^r^  V"^'  ''  especially  adapted  for  tlu.  pr<,dnc(io       'h,     '' 

milk      lull  pasture  IS   given  from  I\ray  (after  the  (;(.ws  have  •  1  J 
nntil  the  end  of  October,  the  cows  remaining  out  day  an.l  ni  ht     vl^i 
Held  has  plenty  of  water,  either  in  ponds  made  for  tin      u  i^s,  ,,  i 
large  troughs  tilled  from  wells.  I»>'ipos(  oi  i„ 

In  the  northern  parts  of  S.thleswig  a  breed  of  eatth^  is  t,>  Ix,  io„„,l 

which,although  smaller  than  thatof  Angelnan<l  T.,n,lnn,isr..i^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
for  Its  maginticent  buihl  in  the  bone  as  w<.ll  as  lor  its  a.    pt  ,1     tv 
ftittening.    J]eing  somewhat  har.lene.I  by  the  n.annc^c.fits         ,1  , 
Its  confinement  to  rather  short  pasturag.-,  this  bivc-d  is  (Jipa  lo   K 
derfu   improveim.nt.     Many  are  sent  to  neighboring  (.>,,.  riVsvL 
they  become  longer  in  limb  and  still  coarser  in  the  Cu,,  he'iS     tS 

the  djdr        "'''  '"'''^  '"  ^'"'"''  '"'^  '"'"  •'•^■'^•'•'''"^'1<"'  'Slaufrhtcror 

fn^rV'?!-*^*"'''  '"  ^'''*'  ""•■t''^v<'st<'rn  portion  of  our  own  (...nitrv  liav,' 
for  the  last  few  years  imix.rte.l  these,  cattle  for  tli..  purpose  of  inu.mviiK 
their  own  lierds.     In  (-oior  tiiese  breed  \    -^'i. 

with  wliite  spots. 


s  are 


;ray,  or  of  a  idiiisli-black 


GERMANY. 


411 


lurts  i).,r  day ;  u  to  ii;  I    TIi<^  following  two  8tiit(Muonts  I'egiirdinjj  the  cattle  of  Sclilcswisr- 
■  llolstcin  will  prove  iiitercstiiiij:  '^ 


lonicstio  i\Hi\ 
■'""".''''  '"'Hi  uiid  li,,,, 
coimi«t«  of  t«o.tliir,|, 


'MRS  witli  Knjrii,), 
I  Miey  sin^  now  n- 

Kn<,'Iiiii(l,  is  of  an 
'«  IS  used  wi(j,  ;„]. 
^t!<l  iKU'e  form  tiio 

ttle,  iiiHltlioroiH'o 
;>'  Nevenil  comitios 

cr()HS(;(l  witi,  E,^. 

fiiilk  only  (liiriiij; 
<'(l  skiinniod  mjlli 
pastiiro.  Tliofiit. 
i'<«'  to  tlioir  (|,,vel. 
roni  SOO  to  1,0(|() 

I'kc.tS,  wlwiV.  tlicy 

I  li'oiii  whence  tb'e 
it's. 

<l*'ist('(it  (!()\VH  are 
iiiarsli  iim  raflior 
I  iit  IJnfitciihiir};, 
ire  very  siipi'iior, 
!i«lit(»fia)oiit  ()()() 

Jlolstein  arc  the 
ix  ytiiir.stliocows 
<»Hii(iH,iin(liiitIie 
■<«ofinilk,  wliici, 
liielioM  of  hiitf,  , 
of.V)00«|iiaitsof 
)\VH  liave  ciilved) 
ml  iiifiiit.  Evm- 
lie.  iniiposc  or  iii 

<»  is  to  1)0  found 
'Ml,  is  r('markal)l(( 
a<lii|)tal)ility  for 
:>f  itsreariiif^'and 
<  (iiipalile  of  won- 
(!onntrio,s,  wlicre 
le,  liciivicrin  the 
tforsliiufrliteror 

vn  (loiintrv  have 
)s<^  of  iiiijiro\'inL' 
'  11  iiliiisli-blaciv 


Cattle  in  Schlcmiy,  Compriaing  Angeln  and  Tondcrn. 


DoHciii)tion. 


I  simiH  111' IVmn  (wo niul  oiio-f'ourtli  to  tlirno  aud  oiio- 

liull'yciiiB, 
I  CnwM  li'oni  tUi'oo  to Hovou  years. 


I    Soil  and  temperature:  Similar  to  Holstoin,  and   an  cxteuHivo  urowtli  of  lin./nli.nf 

.IrmifJoilIM  ofmillc:-2,m)  to  :{,(M)0  ,,nartH  milk;  v.Tiy  rid,  and  fat;  al.ont  10 
I  r|iiiu(H  to  1  )M)iin(l  of  ImtttT.  '  """"'"  1" 

Fmliiiii  and  lioii.yii!/:  (.'alvi-.s  intondnd  for  miring'  aro  tind   up  froiu  Dccoinl.iT  f,» 

,  April;  lioin  (en  da.VH  (o  two   wcokn  thry  n.(Mtiv.^  niotli.T'H  milk,  after  Ih'jH   Hwo't 

skliin.icl  m.lk,  ol  wind.  Iron.  8  to  10  (i..artNar(3Kivon.     From  May  nutil  October  the 

I  cowNUio  past.iiod,  Imt  Inmsod  during  tho  cold  nij;litH.  v^i-omi  i,iio 

Ilohtein  cattle. 


DoHcription. 


Utc\,  twoiity  innntliH  olil 

Sti'i'i',  lliico  "yuaiHold 

Coif.H,  MiriHi'yiMiiHold  ... 


Longtli. 


Metcm. 
•_'.  r.l 
•J.  HH 
1!.  k:. 


IIolKlit- 


At withers.      At  mmp. 


Metem. 

1.48 
1.4H 
1.41 


Meters. 
1.44 
LIS 
1.4U 


Live 
woifiht. 


P(nmdii. 

1,2:'() 
1,7!l() 
1,  ^M> 


Umarkx:  In  tlio  report,  tl.o  cattle  of  Imtl.  Scl.lcHwi«  and  IIolsteinLav..  1 n  irro.med 

im.lor  (.n(!  l.eailiii^',  l.nt  in  the  HtatiHtn-H  it  l.a.sl.een  fo.md  .leeess.iry  lo  make  a  d  v l^ 

"m"' .  .';  *' H  I'T'"'.'''  "';"„l"»'^i'^  "*'  ""V'*"""''-  ''"i"S  the  WilHtennarsh  cattle,  that' 
oKlic  liilti'r  fl.(^  Aii!j;el..  and  'londern  cattle.  '■^"i^,  ni.n- 

huUrr!';'l,n'i!  tv'!!!^L  '^'"""  *"  ■''^""  ''"'"■''•     '^^''''''""  '^'"""'^  '"'"""°  l'""-  ««^  '^""1 
Fmlwii:  Calves  receive  mother's  milk  two  wo.diH(n.lv;   in  thre(^  inonU.s  fhev  '.re 

so,.ttopash.,e.     Wii.ter  feed  c.M.sists  of  c.,t  Htraw^  with  I.eets  ai.d      arand      '  or  4 
111)111. (is  ol  oats.  •'  '   ^ 

CATTLE  OP  DUTOIT  BESOENT. 

The  ninrsliy  tracts  of  land  situated  at  the  moiitli  of  the  Wejchsid  -uid 
Xoffit  are  anion.tr  llie  most  fertile  river  lands  on  the  I'.ajtic  const  Tliev 
Inrni  a  f^reat  delta-sliaiied  i.lain  which  exti^nds  from  Thorn  to  Daiitzie 

111  the  tliirteeneh  century  Dutch  (iolonists  l.roii-hf  catth^  to  this  i)Iace" 
Iroin  whicli  the  breed  now  reared  then^  sprunjr.  It  is,  however  bv  m\ 
means  (.qnal  to  the  Dutcih  breed,  either  in  the  yield  for  the  dairy  or  f.»r 
lattenin^'.  -^ 

In  color  {Treat  variety  is  fonnd.  ranKiiiff  from  a  L'ravish-red  to  -i 
spotted  1,  u-k.  In  t.dtivatinj,  the'breed  lu)  rej,ar.l  Im'^ lee,,  Lid  to 
1  nythino-  .nl  prodncmf;-  the  lai-est  possibl..  quant  ity  of  milk,  whi.-h  is 
iiitlier  watciy  and  obtained  at  tiie  cost  of  tlu^  str<.i...il.  -w  ti.->  •.,.inrils 

llie  yield  oi  niilk  is  estimated  at  from  15  to  lit »  quarts  a  d-iv  .biHn.r 


i  A 


::i 


412 


CATTLE  ANi)   DAIRY   FAKMlKG. 
BTATISTIOS  OP  VARIOUS  BREEDS. 


Statements  respecting  their  herds  which  I  have  obtained  from  sovomi 
stock-breeders  have  enabled  me  to  compile  the  following  tables : 

Staiiatica  showing  results  of  a  five-years'  Mai  of  Frisian,  Schleswig,  and  Sihsian 

on  a  stock-farm  in  Saxony.  '"' 


Tear. 


1877.. 
1878.. 
1870.. 

mso.. 

1881.. 


SobleswigooivB. 


Avor- 
n^o  an- 

iiiiiU 

yiolii  of 

niiJk. 


Qiiartt. 
L',  !l3a 
H,  Mi 

a,  8:>o 

2,810 

:),  050 


Ylold  polonlated  to 

result  from  1 

cwt.  i)f  hay  or  its 

ci|iiivaloiit. 


Milk. 


Quartt. 

-M 
30 
28 
28 
30 


Biittor. 


Poundi. 
2i 
'•il 
2i 

2i 


Frisian  cows. 


Avor- 
ago  nil 

mini 
yield  of 

milk. 


Qrutrla. 
3,272 
3, 207 
2,092 
2, 670 
3, 132 


Ylold  cnlcnintod  to 
rcHiilt  from  1 

cwt.  of  lijiy  or  its 
0(iiiivuIcnt. 


Milk.       Huttor. 


Quarts. 
27 
27 
24i 
22 
26 


Poundi. 
*> 

H 

H 

1 

n 


Silosian  cows. 


Avor- 
aiiii  nil- 

iimil 
yitiidof 

milk 


Qunrtf. 
2, 212 
2,411 
2,018 
2,303 
2,03S 


YiolaaHcnl,;nl,at<„i 
lorcHiili  iVoiiii 

fiWt.  or  l.„y  „,  ii, 

'"liiivaluut. 


Milk. 


Qjiarts. 
22 
21 
20 
23 
26 


lillttor. 


Poumli. 
1| 


Statistics  comjnhdfrom  examxnaUon  of  various  specimens  of  cattle  from  several  farms  h 

Prussia. 


Cattle  of  Swisa  origin. 


St<ier,  2J  years, 
'low,  7i  years.. 
(Jow,  .I years... 
Cow,  8  years... 
Cow,  7 years... 


Lonctli. 


Metert. 
2. 00 
2.00 
2.48 
2.  r.i) 
2.07 


Uoijjbt— 


To  with- 
ers. 

Metem. 
1.  51 


1.37 
1.42 
1.50 


To  nniip. 


Meters. 
l.r.I 


1.42 
].4:i 
1.  ."iO 


I.ivo 


I'ounilg, 
l,::!.-; 
1,'JHl 
1,1185 

i,L';;;i 
i,3:« 


Annual  avcrane  yield  of  milk,  <ee. .-  2,500  quarta,  of  which  100  quarts  avcraci'd  8  iiounds  of  Imttoi  nn.l 
lOJ  pounds  ot  cheese.  n        i  ■>  >■■  imuiui  mm 

1  motor  =  39. 37  inches. 


Jiesult  of  competitive  trial  of  cows  of  various  breeds  on  the  model  farm  of  a  hwdedim- 

prielor  in  Jlolstcin. 


o 

'3 


Karae  of  breed. 


OldenlmrR  (from  nreit<'nberR) . 

UldeiiburK  (from  Tondem) 

A  vrshiro 

DuUih . 


Swiss  (from  Siiiimenlbal).. 
Bavarian  (from  Uayrsatfi). 


Total 

yield  of 

milk  diir 

ing  the 

year 

of  trial. 


Quartt. 

8,594 

9, 337 

.5, 380 

14, 200 

11,040 

11,724 


Avernco    Averngp 

yield     i   i>er  day 

of  each.      otCacli. 


AvcraKoyidil. 


Quartt. 

Qtiarti. 

2,  805 

8 

2,  .334 

fil 

1,798 

5 

3,  .550 

9.4 

3,080 

'4 

3,008 

8 

niulinst. 


Lowoat. 


Qxmrls. 

(juartK. 

2, !)!(; 

2.KL'0 

2,  ;i4.-> 

L',  II2II 

2, 24!) 

l,-ll,'i 

0,142 

2,.W2 

PRUSSIAN  PRIZE  CATTLE. 

I  am  unable  to  givo  the  number  of  (tidbreiit  breeds  of  c:ittlo  in  Gcr 
many,  or  even  in  Prussia,  or  the  pt^nientajje  of  cattle  holoimiiii;  to  oiidi 
breed. 


lined  from  several 
ing  tables : 

Ig,  and  Silesian  cattk 


Silosian  cows. 


HIl- 

lal 

doC 
Ik. 


irtg. 
212 
411 

018 
303 

u:tr> 


YioWaHcnlciil.itai 

lorcHiilir,.,,,,,, 
fiwt.  of  |.„v  „,  ii, 

'"Qiiivaluut. 


Milk. 


22 
24 
20 
23 
26 


liiittor. 


■Pormrfj. 

n 
n 
n 
n 
n 


rom  neveml  farim  h 


th 


To  rump. 


— 

—    ■  -   - 

». 

Melrm. 

&I 

l.r.1 

37 

1.42 

42 

1.43 

60 

1.  r,6 

I.ivo 


I'oundt. 

i,::!.-; 

I.'JSl 
1,IIH5 

i,m 
i,3;i,5 


1  8  pounds  ol'lmttcr  and 


wm  of  a  Jmidcdprn- 


I  Iff 


AvfiraKoyicld. 

riisliost. 

Lowosl, 

Quartj!. 
2, 04(1 
2, 34.-> 
2, 24!) 
0,143 

2.«L'0 
2,  II2II 
1,41,-| 

2,.'i(a 

)f  c:ittlo  in  Gor- 
■loimiii''  to  ciicli 


iiii 

1-   !  r#  ^ 

N 

lit! 

'  '^  'I- 
iii 

ji 

i 


Q 

Z 
0 


-J 
D 

m 

UJ 
N 


2 
< 

E 
u 
5 
0 
1 


i 


-J 

-I 

m 

N 

a 


2 

< 

c 

u 
5 
0 
1 


M'i 


> 

0 
u 

u 

N 

t 

1 

2 
< 

< 
< 

IE 


c 
u 

u 

N 

1 

2 
< 

< 

< 

CD 


II 


1 

r 

f 
5 

,1 

1 '' 

! 

M 

i 

I'l 

i' ,  I 


"  1 


i!|f  1 


\i'.V 


n' 


01 


UJ 

< 

_l 

Q- 


3 
CD 

U 
N 

0. 

Z 
< 

a: 
< 
> 
< 


I 


I 


f 
1 


3 
03 

U 
N 

(r 

Q. 

Z 
< 

a: 
< 
> 
< 


4 


f~ 


0 

u 

UJ 
N 

c 

Q. 

X 
hi 
J 

u 

0 

z 
< 


IfH 


h 
< 

Q 


if) 
< 

5 
0 
I 
I- 

_i 
J 
D 
ID 

uj 

N 

C 

1 

a: 

UJ 

J 

UJ 
0 

z 
< 


■I 

f 

4 


if) 
< 

5 
0 
I 
h 


■    t 


'.« 


i,,\ 


I 


^V 


;M 


D 
ID 

uj 

N 

C 

H 

ir 

UJ 

J 

UJ 
0 

< 


:? 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

ii 


u 


IT 


\^ 


% 


V 


I/. 


I  iW^lOiW 


m 


< 

0 

z 
< 

J 

$ 

0 

u 

u 

N 

q: 

Q. 

I 
u 

IS) 
IT 
< 

c 

LI 

I- 


I  ;iin  iiitbriiK 
Ihm'Ii  tiilu'ii  <lii 
j;ivi'ii,  Imt  as  t 

ih'Iillt'N  to  Mil] 

vcsti.yiitioii  I  i 
(Icriiiiiii.v  liave 
Imt  |>ii\t'  iH't'ii 
llieir  oii^-iiial  ] 

Bill  compari 
liiioil  of  lliis  ci 
siriiatt'd,  is  iioi 
level  ami  the  H 

Kxliiliit  A,« 
1111(1  cow ;  Ixlii 
Wilstt'i'iiiaisdi 
lis  I'l,  of  iiii  All 
inw;  and  l"'.\lii 

Tlu'soca(tlo 
iiurg  Exliibitioi 

United  Sta 


CATTLE  IN  0 


III  answer  to  i 
tiiiii  iiil'oi'iiiatioi 
coiisiilar  (li.sti'i(; 

This  iiidiisti'.v 
Jovi'i'laiid,  and 
liiriiii'i's.  (JaItU 
laito  tlie.  Olden 

1  iuii  indebted 
Diiciiy  of  Oldei 
v;ilii:il)le  inforiii; 
iij^omy  and  the  i 
(rlcbiated  breed 
uUicials  who  are 


lU'fore  eiiterin 
!lu'  Diieli.v  ofOl 
tojfiveaj^enei'al 
(Diitaiiis  about  S 

Tlie  soil  iiiiist 
till' otliei'.    One] 

■  Sec    ii|iiil|    liy  ( ' 

an  l^iihi  l''riMiaii  Ituil 


GERMANY. 


413 


liiin  informed  that  at  the  ajiiicultimil  dopaitmoiit  hcroftoeiiHius  has 
l„,,,i,  i;ik<'ii  ihmuii  tho  i.reHent  year  l),v  which  this  iiiConnation  will  ho 
.ivoii,  but  a,s  the  reix.'t  has  iiof  yet  been  made  public  tlu^  de|)artment 
,|,.(;|im's  to  .supply  nu^  with  the  reipiired  intbrrnation.  From  my  own  in- 
vpsti^'iitiou  lam  led  to  believe  that  the,  ditlerent  breeds  of  cattle  in 
(Iciiiiiiiiv  have  not  been  kept  m  sejuirate  and])ure  as  in  our  own  country 
l,„t  |.:i\  •'  l)e.'n  so  crossed  that  but  comparatively  few  lu-rds  remain  in 
tlidroriK'""' PHi'dy. 

IJiit  <om|)aratively  U^w  cattle  are  raised  in  tho  immediate  noiirhbor- 
li,„„i  of  tins  city,  as  tlH^  province  of  Brandenhurj;,  in  which  JWlin  is 
.iriiated,  IS  not  well  ii.hpfed  f()r  ^nizinj,'  purposes,  tho  surface  boiuff 
ItM'l  iiiMJ  the  soil  li-lit  .iiid  sandy.  ^ 

Mxliibit    A,»  hereto  annexed,  are  pholo«raphs  of  an  East  Frisian  bull 
;iimI,;ow;    hxhibits  H,*  of  an  Oldenburg' bull  and  cow:  M\hibits(3  of  a 
Wilsti'niiiii.sdibulhh'dcow;  Exhibits  l),ofa  I5reilciiburif  bull-   lOxhib 
IIS  !•;,  of  an  Aii^^eln  bull  and  (;ow  ;   Exhibits  1 ',  of  a  bavarian  l)ull  and 
low;  and  Kxhibit  it,  of  a  Pctnicrannm  l>ull. 

Tlii'se  cattle  were  all  exhibited  and  leceived  luizes  at  the  lato  llam- 
hiii"  Exhibition. 


United  States  Conhulatk-Genkiial, 

Berlin,  J)ecemhcr  U7,  188.'>. 


M.  H.  BltlOVVEK, 

CoHHul-Omvral. 


CATTLE  IN  OLDENBURG,  TEVERL..ND,  AND  EAST  FRIESLAND. 

liKi'ouT  m  cn^    iL  ir/x.soA,  of  jiHJi.}n:\. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

Ill  answer  to  circular  letr«T  under  date  of  July  18,  1883.  desirino-  cer 
tiiiiiiiiformatioii  rcf-ardniji  the  breedinj,-  and  rai.'^  -i;;  oi  cattle  iiP  this 
coiisiiliir  district,  1  have  the  honor  to  .submit  Ihe  fo.lowiii--  report- 

Tills  industry  is  i»rincipally  carried  on  in  the  Duchy  of  Ohh-nbup' 
,lovci!;iii<l,  and   Kast    Kriesland,  and  i.s  the  chief  emj.Ioymcnt   of  tlm 
i;uim"r.s.    Cattle  nu.scd  in  other  i)arts  of  this  consular  district  are  .siiiii 
laito  the  Oldeiibui"-  or  15u(l|adin}>-er  breed,  but  nof  nf  «,,,.!. i.l ■ 


fcjoiL  a.\d  climate. 

liHoieenteriii};  into  j- u-ticulars  conceriiin-  the  breeding,'  of  cattle  in 
tin-  Diidiy  ot  Oldenbui-.  .leverland,  and  Kast  Fricsland  it  is  nece.s.s  iiv 

tM -ive a -eiieral  description  ofthesoil  and  climate  of  Oiisdistric   wl.'ich 
niiitanis  i.boiit  S,;j()r>  s.piare  kilometers,  with  aOout  r>:u  ,()(.()  inhabitants. 

llit'.sdii  must  be  divided   in  two  j)art.s.  each  enti'"iv  jiitferent  '' 

nu'cilier.    One  part  is  called  the  marsh  or  marslH-.s,  and' str.f<.h,.s  aio,,'^- 

"Sr.      l,|„,Vl     l.,\    CollMll     Wilson,   of    I'.l.lllrll,     li'l-    (llll.ll.airs    111'    I        In!.,,.    V      .       lit 

n,  i;,.M  iMisiau  bull  a.ul  cow  an.l  at.  Ul.t.,.!.,,,;;  hull  'uMlI'nv  '^  '""'  ""~ 


f     ; 


414 


(,'ATTLH   AND   DAIUY    I'AUMINO. 


tluMioaHfcof  tim  N<»rtli  Hou  tVoin  llolliuul  to  8chlt}H\vi<,'-Ilol.st,(ii,  .^^^A 
UmntHl  by  tlio  tlepoHitH  of  the  M«a  and  the  <liirment  rivens  »l(»wii,'n  j, , 
it.     Tlio  otli«r  pint  is  calKd  the  (liHunt  or  (loesthuul,  coiiipoHcd  ol  sm  I 
and  bojj  of  a  vory  li^'ht  nature.     Tlio  cattle  l»re<l  on  this  noil,  ofcoli'i!. 
are  of  a  lighter  nature,  but  neverthelortn  good  milkers,  as  is  Hlioii't' 
hereafter.  " 

The  niarsh-Iand  may  be  divided  int«> three  ditt'eront  ni/jfions  viz- 

(«)  The  refjion  of  the  alluvium  outside  of  the  dikes  or  daiiis  \vhi,.i 
is  more  exposed  and  is  overtlowe<l  by  hijjjh  tides.  ' ' 

(/>)  The  re>rion  of  the  old  i)astuies,  arMhia  land,  and  thai  used  fm 
tillaKo,  all  of  which  arc  pi-otectod  by  high  dikes  or  dams  UL'ainHt  Wwl 
tides.  '^" 

(<!)  The  region  of  the  mixed  marsh-land,  that  is  to  say,  clayish  suhi 
the  transition  from  heavy  clay  to  lighter  soil.  '     ' 

It  is  natural,  therefore,  that  the  <|uality  of  the  soil  in  the  iiuirslics 
must  be  a  very  ditferent,  and  that  with  the  change  of  the  soil  tlu!  '\\x>i,t\,t 
of  the  cattle  correflpoiuls,  while  beauty  of  the  form  depends  Icsh  oiiMi,.! 
nature  of  the  soil,  but  more  or  less,  if  not  entirely,  upon  the  inlclli'r.ii,.,. 
of  the  breeders.  " 

The  (reestland  is  diluvium  and  consists  of  a  light  sandy  soil  iMciiliii  i 
to  the  plains  of  North  (Jermany,  in  which  sand,  bog,  or  moor  picviiiLs  • 
in  some  i)laces  loam  covers  the  soil,  which  in  gtmeral  is  greatly  in  wmt 
of  lime,  as  without  it  or  good  marl  the  cultivation  of  the  beltt'r  or  umiy 
prolltable  sorts  of  herbages  for  foiUler  is  very  limited,  and  for  tlii,s  ivi, 
son  the  breeding  of  heavy  cattle  is  limited  in'the  same  nianiu^,.  Wlijl,. 
the  marsh  is  entirely  cultivated,  only  00  per  cent,  ot  thedicsthuKi  jx] 
cultivated,  the  rest  being  barren  or  uuuultivated  heather  or  bo". 


TILLAGE  AND  OUAZINO  LANDS. 

The  following  table  will  show  how  the  farmers  in  the  Dufiliyoroidcn. 
burg  make  use  of  their  land;  also  in  what  manner  cattle-lWediii"  jsi 
dependent  on  the  quality  of  the  ililforeut  soils :  "^ 


Territory  or  hoU. 


MiU'Hh  •. 

CiccHtliiiul.. 

Totul 


lu  USD  for 
tillnuii  ikud 
.KttriluuurB. 


lleelarca.  * 

;il,lKU 

1 01,  102 


132,582 


For  paa- 
turu8. 


Hectares. 
2a,  077 


6U,«27 


For  mow- 
iiiK  pill. 


I'lital  invil  I 
ill  uno. 


Ueeiaro.      Ileclarai. 
a.\  115        io;i,ii.i.-,l 
:i7,u:!o        i«:',:m| 


(hi.OX'i  I 


%x  4il  I 


*  1  hoctaro  —  2.  •171  acrea. 
Number  of  cattle. 


Torritory 

or  soil. 

Total  uiimbcr— 

Niiiiilicr  oC  wittlnoiuvi 
Iji'ctiii'cs  (il'iu'i'ii. 

ry  1(W 

ilurnoB. 

12, 920 

i.'-.,c:i>' 

Cattlo. 

79,  OriT) 
!M,  VIH 

12,708 
(17,  4H7 

Sliuup. 

18, 83(1 
i:tll,  11K 

IIoraiiH. 

12.  rm 
1).  '.iiiri 

Cattlo. 

77.  (HI 
.l.l.  711.1 

riKfl. 

Slioop. 

Mamli ......... .  -- 

1'.'.  ;ioc 
:i!i.  -im; 

IS. » 
77  (1.1 

(ii'cHtlanil 

.......... 

Total 

28,  iJ&K 

m,  7«:t 

80,  2.'>5 

14H,  048 

■Ml 


OEUMANY. 


'•H  »l„wi„j,.  i,n^ 

"poNfdofsiu,,! 

h  i's  is  sbowii 

k'ioiw,  viz : 
r  diiUKs,  whi„|, 

thiir,  lined  for 


415 


cliiyish 


mu] 


i"  till)  iiiiirslics 
.soil  tlu!  woi^flii 
|'<I«  IcsH  on  III,. 
lio  iiilclligciicc  I 

y  soil  iM'ciiliiir 
iioor  idcviiilrf ; 
I'witl.v  ill  wiiiit  I 
beltiu'  or  more  | 
i<l  lor  tlii,s  ivii 
iiiiiei.    Willi,. 
Li(!t'i!,stliiiul  i,s| 
or  bog. 


ii(!li.V0fOI(|,.||. 
.lo-broediii''  is  I 


r  mow- 
U  pur- 

UttVH. 


ctarm. 
;t7,  u:;o 


Total  urea  | 
ill  uui'. 


Ucetaru. 

lu;i,oi:.l 


(hi,ur>  i 


X.,  411 1 


tIcMm  (ivory  100     1 

*  III'  AiVA.                      1 

riK9. 

Slioup. 

r.'.  .100 

:i!i.  4iHi 

IS.  203 
77  (Ifi 

TilC  |».(|»»ll(lt'lilll('tM)r(;;it(ll«.ll|'M'lIili.r    ill     M.,.  11 

|,0SCSNO  liu-  ..X<T,.,|S  IIUS  MUX'S  i„  /b^  fe. rs   I ,       L //^      '^^ 

lllM.s..  I;.l(.r  raco.;,  tl.C3     ci  u        t^^^^  l^^'>'^'« 

l,i.r.lin  (ho  (Iiiitod  Htatcs.      "^  ^'"""  M'lality  to  improvo  the 

|,artin...(at()IdcM.l,uiK,tb.MH,i,,  M?n-^'  v^^^^  tho  Htatmtical  do- 

|„.  HtaUMl  (o  aiiioMiK,  ,,or  MH-t  ric  h    um      n<  "  -^     "^^^      "H'Ut.onnl,  nuiy 
A,  iron.  $;{7,7oO  K,  $  ir.,()(m ;  Class       f/'Vi)       .     'I'-i-  l'^'"'  *'^''  ^''^«« 

(ircstlaiKls  aiiiouiK.,,.,]  V  or  linst  r  ass  hu     (V    .,  i  Vr  t  f  1"''*''  ^"  t'»' 
..roii.l  .la.ss  land,  (V<»n    $U,rmuX^^^^  $1^L>,()()0;  for 

'J  he  bdtUT  tlio  soil  tlio  liirL't-r  is  tlio  niiinlioi-  <>«•  i...... 

tlK-n-on  in  tli«  inarsbes,  wblLst  i    tl  c  Gees  Knds  Z''"  '"'••*"^ttlo  kept 
next  aj.ri<M.lturo  and  ja'al  .liKKinl'.         '''^''''•'"''''  «'^^^^I> '"'«  I'rouiiueiit, 

Nearly  all  Caiincrs  in  tlio  marshes  arn  i.r.n».w>f-  „.     *•  ..i 

""  '"'■"  """  '"  '      ■  the 


cxiNt,  (lic-rc,  ( iH.rdbro  lar^'er  estates    I  in  Vm „   kV    ':*'!"""i"-'^'  ''"•' 
,  .....and  n.on.  I.  to  0^>  .eetat  ^V^^^^,  ^^^  i,^;;; 


CATTLE  AND  OATTLE-BEEKDING  IN  THE  MAUSUES, 

^  ^  J1.0  lore,.>in,-  an.ears  necessary  to  the  understandli,,.  of  the  (bllow- 

For  tlie  pronioUon  of  cattle-breeding'  in  the  distri.-f  of  h.,i 
.sovfiai  institutions  have  been  est-ibb\l^,..l .  n.    J"*:"'  '^^  V'  "'"  "uvrshes 

(1)  The  selection  of  bulli     ,  -t  ™^ 
interested  farmers,  veterinary  suiVri,.,^  '  "  P*''^»'«  l>y  jlole-ates  of  the 
jdak  '^'-'"••I'y  sui^tons,  and  Nome  Government  olll- 

(:i)  Tlie  institution  of  the  herd-book  K-<.i»niii„  «  .    i- 
(ows  sele(!t(.d  for  refjistry.  '  Iveepuig  a  pedigree  of  bulls  and 

(;!)  The  dillerent  cattle  shows. 

Sdedtiono/' hulls. — I  liavci  to  roin-irt- fiin*-.>..i.         i   .     „ 
lo.'.overii„- purposes  as  have  1  ee,' sil<^J^^^   S  Ih.IIs  may  beused 

iiiKcneral,  is  a],point,".l  by  bn-c^  en^.   ,d  I  r  -li. ,  '"'''^        '^■'"■•'''' 

tl'Nmbli..  administration.  1<\  i  tl^b es  imlk  '^  "'•  ""^'''y '^^^^^i*'^  of 
l'.v  <IK-  (ioveriinient  amounting;'  to  n  mt>0  t  *7?^^^^^^^  f''  ^''^"'^^''^ 
'» llie  lurni  and  the  bic,.,!.  This  svsf  .  !..  ,  *  ,  1*^^.  ^'^'•"''  'i<^'ii'>rdini.- 
''Ill-  lin..K.rs  and  bn.t,.  i  "^J  S^^in  'thlill^^"  theapprov;d 
tube  covered  by  well-formed  and  aSc     d  ti<.  ^.^  1       '  ''''''  ''''''  *^"''^' 

'•'ttlc.    The  nrstseeti.     of  :  If..     /      ''^^  '""'^  l>rmlii,-  of  seleeU'd 

>'"'  '"oeilint,  has   o  <  li    •  1  e^^^^^^^^^^^^                ""  V'^:  ^'^'^'^^  ^^i"'  which 

I'y  '^  .commission  which     ay  no  i".^-  •    ,  ,' !  v-^''V              '"•'  ''^^''^'^^f ''«» 

iiLstitutioii  of  ihe  herd-boo Ic  •  i    ,   v  i.        -^""^ '"*? ^''"'"  <'"'^  ''"J^^-     The 

Ea.t  Frieslund    t    s  to  b  •  n^offi..^'*'"  "'  "'V  ^^'i^  '"^  ^'^e  year-  in 

d"cliy  were  i.-istered  1    %  Si    Slfn""*  ,^".^^^  "^^'"^^'^'^  «f    lit^ 

total,  L'.(H.i  head.             '  "^  ***  ^'^"'^J   '"  the  Geestbnds,  8iy, 


li!ll 


416 


CATTLE    AND    DAIKY    FARMING. 


Cattle  ::Juncs.— This  iiistilution,  imixn'tcd  from  Eii<ilniid,  meets  Iicr 
with  great  Jii)])r<)biiti()ii,  and  lias  (lev('l()i)e<l  ilscU'  .siiuu-.  IS.Ui  'mIioh  tl 
first  cattle  bliow  was  liold  near  Jlrake)  very  lavorabh ,  so  iliat  ,n^  '  j 
nearly  every  district  of  tli(^  marshes  anmuil  eattle  shows  lake  mI,,.  ' 
whi.'li  serve  jrreally  to  im])rove,  by  eompariii<>'  t lie  result  of  iJk.  (ijiLv,!'; 
breei.  >,  and  the  manner  of  breediii?;-  in  the  dillerent  <listri('rs. 
Tlie  eattle  in  th<>  dinghy  and  East  I'riesiand  may  be  divided  iuto 
(a)  Cattle  raised  on  the  marsiies  of  the  river  \Veser.  """ 

(/>)  Those  raised  raised  in  Jeverhmd. 
(c)  Those  raised  in  J{last  l-'riesland. 
id)  Those  raised  in  (reestlands. 

(a)  The  marshes  on  the  i-iver  AVeser  embrace  the  district  of  Bnl- 
IJiidjadinsen,  and  Elsiietli,  l)onniled  on  tlie  r.orth  urn]  northe  ist  hv  n  ' 
North  {.sea,  on  tlie  east  liy  tlu^  river  Weser,  and  on  tl;(^  westby'ilu.  ,.,•     ' 
.Jade.     Tlie  cattle  raised  in  these  districts  are  called  in  tlie  interior  fll' 
Oldenltiir^r  or  Budjadiii.yer  race,  and  are  in  j>re;rt  demand  for  bioed,  !' 
purposes  nearly  everywhere.     Althoujjrii  the  cattle  are  more  or  less  •. 
lated  to  the  races  raised  in  Holland  and  East  Eneslaiid,  thev  nosso 
<bstinct  marks  which  characterize  their  ori'iin.     Tlie  liead   f(irV.\iini.l''''^ 
does  not  a.uree  with  the  Holland  breed;  the  Ibnshead,  tlic  clieel'^   mi 
lli(!  parts  of  the  moutli  are  broader,  and  the  head  is  shorter-  llie  m'o'i  ' 
shows  a  dark,  but  not  black  pi^'inent;  tlie  jialate  roof  of' fne  nioi  til 
shows  tlie  fc-ame;  the  horns  of  most  aniiiials  ar(>.  short,  with  an  oiitwn 
curve,  and  sometimes  on  yonii!:'  animals  are  ratlier  stron-ly  develoDnl 
the  formation  of  the  forepart  of  th(>  body  shows  also  a  di'trereiiee  uiii! 
the  Holland  breed,  falsely  called  in  the   United  States  the  liolsi'i 
br(>ed,  "-ciitm 

Whilst  the  pure  Holland  breed  shows  a  back  view  wliieh  iv-oniisH 
.U-ood  milkers,  the  breeders  thereof  appear  to  have  overlooked  tl,.- (S> 
velopmeiit  of  the  fore  i;<irts,  whereas  the  cattle  in  the  marshes  show  i 
wi(h^  .md  deep  breast,  well  tbrmed,  close  shoiild(;.,s  and  broad  withers 
with  ribs,  which,  since  tlie  introduction  of  th(i  herd-book,  take  nun' 
ami  more  the  nmnd  barrel-form  ;  the  backbone  apjK'ars  loiif  i„  ^^it  ' 
taction,  and  shows  in  .its  construction  .ivood  tbrmation  of  kiiTnevs'iiul 
hips,  and  very  seldom  now  shows  an  inclination  of  <-uiviii-; dowmvinls 
(hollow  back);  the  ciuiipor  hind  <piarter  lietween  (ho  liipscoiTosDnmls 
with  type  jtecuhar  io  the  cattle  of  the  marsiies,  but  sometiiiies  iiii..l.'| 
be  loujrer  ;  hy  careful  breediii;,'  the  root  of  the  tail  has  -ivntlv  iinuiovell 
in  Its  situation  ;  Ibrmerly  sliowin--  a  mon'  or  less  temU-nev  to  he  pn.rii 
ueut,  It  now  hardlyraises  above  tlu' strai,L;ht  backbone  line;  the  shanks 
of  ii  {^ood  cow  of  the  marshes  present  themselves  lull  llesiied  ami  tljo 
Uesh  between  the  shanks  siidvs  suliiciently  «leep.  ' 

The  fat  cattle  in  the  Weser  marshes  never  prove  delusive  in  their 
weight,  in  j;eiieral  they  deliver  lar-vr  weiyhL  than  ihev  i»n)nnstMvhi!o 
livin;,'.  Tli(<  udder  an<lmilktokensare  in  most  all  cases  well  develoned 
and  ar-  never  known  to  deceive ;  wherefore  the  cow  of  the  marshes  mav 
be  put  down  as  a  .nood  milker,  the  pariieulars  of  which  will  he  showl) 
in  the  fable  annexed. 

Tlie  district  in  which  llu' Jeverlaiid  rac(^  is  bred  embraces  the' dis- 
trict of  Jev(>rland  on  tin"  left  hank  of  the  river, lade;  its  Itoiiiidaries  are: 
o.i  the  north,  the  North  Sea;  (in  the  west,  lOast  l'"rieslaiid  ;  on  the  soiitlij 
llie<l!stiict  of  Varel;  and  on  the  east,  the  river  .lade.  Theeattleinodiieo 
of  this  district  embracesdairy  jirodiiets.  reariu:;  ealve;i  for  lnvcliii"  pur- 
poses, an.'  Caltenii.ij  for  s!au,trhleiin.n.  In  Iheii'  whole  ;!|)|icaraiice'tjiese 
cattle  show  in  a  niiieh  iai-vi-  de.uree  than  the  iJiidjadiii-ir  i  .iltle  tliiir 
near  rcliilion  to  til !  caille  niised  in   the  north  part  of  ilollaiid.    The 


GERMANY. 


,W,  U„w..ver  ,.o.„ot  rea.*  tl„.t  of  „„  '.kttl e      .1  „  US  IS  ""S", 

form  of  tlio  ribs  is  more  flat;  neverrhcloss  tl.o  fnfoi  ;        "'''f^"-     aIio 

re  parts  of  tbe  trunk  or  1  odv  is  sat  sfvinn.  «£  .^'"Pff  ««">"  of  the 
,  Wwlmt  they  aim  at;  tl.o  lili^a  ^^r'S  T^"''i.3'''-  ^'"'^'^l^T 
'  vplope.l;  a  (riflin-curvin-  or  sinkin-SVlLh.,;.    /"^  V'^l^''  '^ '''<'"  '^c- 

;,oMK.ti,nos  m..t  with  as  woll  as      h,U  yX  ll*^^^^^^^  <ir""I> 

,  ,,ot  of  the  tail;  tl.o  color  is,  in  ^on 3  ^vkh  on  v T?    '"■^'""  ""^  ^^'^ 

|;„.k  and  wl.ito  fonr  whito  Ic'ffs,  tl  ^tS  i  Vlf  l.I-    I-     ,.''''  ,'^.y-^'J»^'">"«. 
'  small  wl.it.'staron  tl..  forohoa.T;  tluM^ve  Lls^  d  ft  tvt  H^^^  T^''  '' 

,  arel.lack.    Tl.o  n.ilktokens  must  bo  4j  o  f;"  oo  l,^t     t  ?^^^  ^'"'"^ 

ol  a  (ino  skoloton,  «no  skin  and  hair,  but  ..  ffoni      t  is  n    V^''  *'"""'^" 
,|io  .iK'o  laiscMl  in  J Jolstoin.     The  Jovorlaia    v^uo  lit         «*?  ^'V•^^^V  as 
,e„t  n.ilk.>,s,  oasily  fod,  ^vith  corrosponVlt^'   •nml  il  t\-    o  lu   f  .^^ 
Tl„>  ain.  of  11..'.  broedors  horo  in  fjonoral  is  t7>  St  w  '„!  i-/^ 

Tlu-  lOust  l-Yisian  rac(>  is  roarod  sololy  i,,   1.71  sSict  o  ■ , ho  ?"  .  i , 
fPV.or  (Winty  of  Auric'h,  whiol.  is  boiin     n.,    iw.  ,      I        ^  J-*i»<l<l>-os- 
^arshos,  by  tho  .North  Se'a,  on  tl.o  wo    'v  No    Ij'  olH.l.f '  fT,""  '^''' 
by  .lovorhw.d,  an.l  on  tl.o  south  by  iho  ,lLst,ic     o  '    C  '''''^ 

(),snal.r,.<.k.  This  country  co..tains"  only  .  tl.o  s  los  f  ;?''''''''''*''-\' 
nvcrs  the  marshland  nuM.tion.-d  boforo,  whi  s  I.o  •  .wl  u  ^  '"''''  •''"* 
tliointcior  consists  of  bofj  and  sand       """"'^^  tho  land  ly.nj,'  more  in 

]  only  iiiontion  here  the  cattle  Dnwlnfiw.f  ^i.^  .        i 
l„.  1,0.;  ■„..!  snnd  In,ul«  n-n  /I  lAI' „!".'  ."f.thejnarshos,  a.s  those  on 


^.  thi  Wcsor  n.arshos  and  I^oSd   al  tu  ^.  iir'^, "''"'"""'  ^^  ^'"^^'^ 

,l.y  show  t!.o -Mvat.sr  ros,.n.blan.-o  o  tl  o  S^^ 

Til.'  color  of  1 1,0  ca t< lo  is  a bouf  SO  .u-r  •■ont  11  ic    V m^^^^^^^^^  T ''^• 

20,.or  con.,  rod.     Tl.o  first-namo.l  colo     s-^^^X^^^;:^'';'^  •'>  >'><?f' 

WMr,d.in;  11.,'  lattorcolor  is  kept  more  V,i    omo  .'..^  a   •        '''''''\'' 

;.^'olh..  instilntion,.f  11-.,'  h,'r,M,o„k  was   ,,tmC   ,    '  V  '^^""'^"^T 

Hvr Jin.I  11.0  s.n.,' approbation  as  in  th,!    Votr    ,ars  .,^^ 

ITS  iiowcNoi,  Iry  lo   iimrovo  thoir  ....,h-    t      •       "'•V'^"< '^^      iiie  br,','d- 

«''rrh  of  iioiia,Hi,  i.r''  Md  i^  ,, :  ^' ti^^,''!!;;:;!'^'':^  '-"'^  '\r'"  ''"^ 

""'"'•<''•  ••'■•'='1tlerais,.,l  i„  this         /n..    In        ^  v^'ry  ^voll.     Tl.o 
--tcl,  ,.o.s,.s,  sl.,','p,  .,,..,  py";nd,!f!od,  as'n>n;;\.;.:"  ^'"  """"*'^' 


»«(«>. 


HorMCh.      Ciiiii,, 


Slioop.    !     Pigs. 


llncmiici  .'!,  1S(17 

JjiMiilV  10.  IH7.I ....'! 
hmmy  HI,  I.SMI 


•ri,  !M,i 

101' 

r.,-!i 

LN.  !I|H 

l.fl 

mr, 

•.'(.().•(■.' 

..il 

IIIH 

■J.'i.  (1(1!) 

iL'r> 

7H3 

•111,  4(1. 

"1.  I4;i 

(iT.  :)(iH 

M,  ;ii)7 


L',"i.  ;)(i7 
•-'7,  77:t 
.7,079 
31,207 


tiloy 
(iiiiii 


ThiN  ciiiiiiiorati(u.  shows  clfii'lv  »i...f  <.      < 

"'tl'<'iM.oijrhbo.s  i      io  I  n/rMM       .       .   '''''''''V''''  '"»'  ''''^M*  pace 

^vhavo  lost  «.,.M,     .i^    //''';'''''"'-'/''''••••''  the,.M.trary, 

H   J,-.,  r^j  .J""-'    "•  ""l""^«'  ''•«""•  «'aillo  ill    the  mannor 


•  Pit 


1  } 


mm 


418 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


wanted  by  breedera  and  buyers  of  the  iijterior  of  Germany  tlie  IT  t 
States,  Italy,  and  France,  \\Mio  in  many  instances  pay  prii-cs  don  hi"'?' 
amount  that  may  be  obtained  in  the  ordinary  way  of  disnosiii<r   l'!, 
overproduce.  '   'b  or  tiie 

The  cattle  raised  in  th    Geestland  are,  as  before  stated  not  of 
consequeiice  for  breeding  purposes.    In  stature  they  are  .sraajl  oi  r  ■►f '^ 
insignificant,  ^.I^hough  it  is  not  to  be  denied  that  they  dos'sps.       ! 
milking  qualities.    Breeders  exert  themselves  to  improve  (heir     m 
by  importing  bulls  from  the  province  of  Drenthe,  in  HoliaiKl    ni.r; 
stated  that  the  result  obtained  by  the  cross-breeding  has  boeilvo,      " 
isfactory,  although  the  lightness  and  sterility  of  the  soil  do  unt    ''"•': 
them  in  producing  such  cattle  as  their  endeavors  deserve.  ' 

SUPERIORITY  OF  THE  OLDENUURG  CATTLE  FOR  EXPORT 

For  exportation  to  the  United  States,  the  Oldenburg  cattle  nisni 
the  Weser  marshes  must  be  put  down  as  one  of  tiie  best  nnilifid.i ,.   °" 
To  all  parts  of  Europe,  to  the  south  of  Germany,  Prussia,  east  ar  1  wliiT 
Kussia,  Galicia,  and  even  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  these  (••.»],'' 
been  exported.    To  Galicia  last  year  there  were  exported  thirtv,'i"i^' 
head  of  exquisite  registered  cattle,  destined  to  serve  there  ms  fliV 
mencement  of  breeding  this  ra(!e  pure.    Those  cattle  were  bon-rtt  C 
by  a  commission  of  the  Koyal  Agricultural  Society,  at  Leinb('r<.     r 
this  year  the  exportation,  including  the  number  bought  by  this  mnmi" 
sion  and  private  estate  holders,  not  obtainable,  is  said  to  "be  still  lir.  '' 
For  several  years  the  cross-breeding  with  the  Shorthorn  raciMvisiml,?'' 
prominent  here,  but  since  the  laws  of  Great  Uritain  proliihitocri'i, '  / 
portation  of  live  cattle  to  the  English  ports,  the  farnieis  have  i,.|,v,ii 
in  favoring  this  race,  and  returned  to  the  pure  Olden bur<.'  biwd  nm  . 
to  their  own  satisfaction  and  profit.  '    "" 

PRODUCT  AND  EXPORT  OF  MARSH  CATTLE. 

To  compare  the  production  and  export  in  the  Weser  marshes  I  ww^t 
here  the  result  of  the  census  taken  thereof  on  the  lOth  of  .laiiii-irv  I'ss' 
This  census  was  taken  at  a  very  unfavorable  time,  wlien  all  s'dlhie 
beasts  had  been  disposed  of  an<l  the  new  production  had  not  ivlill..,! 
the  place : 


District 


Nnmlipr  of 

Catfli'       ,i,llli.  vx- 

I'dtiiidildii   liuricil   1,1 

Jlllllliuy    (    (lilfriiMll 

ID,  IbS.'l.     I'liuiiliicnin 

I    Kiiroiii', 


In  tlio  Wpser  marHh I         -n  iiu  !         m «  . 

inthe(}e..HtumiH i"::::::":::::::::] i^m     -;i;?;l| 

'^•"''' i~r?3;sM; 


I'D.ii;; 


In  the  present  year  the  demand  for  cattle  for  breeding' pui poses  lias  i 
been  more  active,  in  conseijueni'e  of  which  the  stock  of  first  nitc  cattle  I 
is  rather  low  and  prices  rule  higher  than  belorc.     Lust  veju'  the  iiitdiiiiii 
l)rice  for  non-registered  bulls  of  one  and  a  half  to  two. veins  was  Siool 
to  IlL'o  ;  for  <'l(ler  animals  of  this  sex,  lir.O.     ("ows,  deliveri'd  from  two 
to  four  calves,  cost  !!<l(i(>  to  $12.").     Heifers,  accordin-i'  to  (inalitv,  .«i|(iO  to 
1225.    Bull  c'llves,  $(J(),    Cow  calves,  H 3  to  $55.    For  reyiste'red  cattle] 


'^»y>  tiio  uiiit<.,i 
;H;t',s,ioui,k.ti,e 

lisposing  of  the 

^tednotofanv 
•small,  or  rjmjpj 

y  possess  good 
:)ve  (  i.'ir  cattle 
>";"'<1,  aiKlitis 
«  been  very  sat. 
''  ''<>  I'ot  assist 

'0. 
EXPORT. 

•iittle  raised  on 
qualified  ruces. 
,  east  and  west 
!st'  <'attle  have 
tHl  thirty-eioht 
"i-e  as  the  eoni- 
le  bouf^ht  here 
Loinb(>rs-.  Po,. 
y  this  coinnii.s. 
bo  still  larger, 
race  was  nion- 
liibited  Ihee.x- 
■*  I'live  relaxed 
■«•  breed,  luuclj 


irshes  I  re])eat 
'January,  188;{. 
K'li  all  saiabk' 
Kl  not  relilJed 


Xiiniliprof 
':il(li'       liiiil,,  ,.s. 

iil.ihiii  ijiirlid  t(p 
iiiiar.v  -  (liU'ciiMil 
,  IdK).     (■(iLiiitiiirtin 

I     KiMujIi', 


I 


7!l,4t8 

'M,  m 


i;.i,r.u6 


li,  163 


piirpo.ses  has  i 
rst  rate  ealtle 
irthe  niediiiiii 
■ars  was  llOOJ 
■red  iroiii  twej 
iality,.«il(iOf() 
listered  eattle  | 


V                            • 

,^*fta| 

'  ■■j*»»s"«"ii"'«»i«pp»" 


■^ 


.■A  ■■•< 


If 

!^ 

m  ' 

i' 

§'' 

i 

i 


0 

U  i 

2 
0 


c 
I 

LI 
N 

(T 
Q. 


i 

1 

^^n 

1 

Ei.^^^ 

n 

i 

ilBH 

-^i 

:« 

Mill 

,.  i 

*A.. 


O 


III 


1 

1 

■ 

f 
■^ 


5 
-J 
_) 
< 

O 

u 

u 

N 

a: 

Q. 
(J 

o: 

CD 
Z 
kJ 
Q 


1  MS 

^^f 

u  \ 

„    .-'.t 

tlic  IIIICCS  wcl 
tdtlK'il'  (Icsccti 
iii;^-  ilic  jdirt'-b: 
the  pure  Older 
iicviT  saw  OId( 

EX] 

As  to  tllP  l)(!t 

is  (loiio  l).v  flio 
.sU'iim  to  New  "5 
pmwii  lu'iist  w 
Nliippinj;'.  Tlio 
would  aiiioiiiit  t 
in;'  on  l)oai'(l. 
jieiids  on  tlio  iin 
\iiiit('i'  is  nccossii 
iiboiit.SlOO,  liioi'i 
same  amount  to 
or  liottci'dani  to 

I'OUTRAIT 

III  order  (o  coi 

Im'd  in  Holland, 

tnj;rai»lis  of  tlic- 

aiiriculturai  fair 

Xo.  1  of  tlieaw! 

of  rather  tlie  old 

answer  tlie  requi 

tlie  liead  and  ne 

>lionl(lei's  and  tin 

but  the  root  of  tl 

islyiujf ;  the?  form 

is  not  fuli  enonf;li 

ankle-bones  luv.  i 

kick  answei's  Imt 

Tlie  animal  sliows 

iiiC  easily  fatteiKM 

mlnir','-,  on  a  niixe 

star  on  tiieforeiu'i 

No.l'of  tlieacco 

liieed.    Owin;^  to 

licad,  she  does  no; 

!lliisis  innelj  to  Ik^ 

"I  tlie  form  of  tin 

stmiuiitlined  l»ael 

wtli.    The  ankle, 

rw  she  has  a  ver\ 

I  iii)  liirnierly  was  s( 

il'"-  liind(|narterN 

■^^'ii.    The  milk. f 

i>itliU'k  and  white, 

No.  M  afidll)I(,(. 

]alwa>  hred  in  tin 

emauds  which  aro 


OKRMANY. 


I  tlio  lirict'.s  wcio  rcmarkablv  Iiitihcr  fVum  in  *«,  m 
,  tll.ir  .l.-s.rr.t  and  (,,mli(  v.     r     hV  s    i   ,  .  i   '?"  '"''  '■•-"^•'  »«<^' 


419 


ivcr  siiw  Oldenburg  nor  llolsteii 


accord  injf 
'  in  bnv- 


KXPOET  OF  CMIXE  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
As  to  tlic  best  way  of  transnorWo"-  <-ihi«  f..  ^i     tt  •     , 
is  done  b.v  fl.o  way  of  I^mkSrd  ^d nm  fo  T>!1?  ^1"^'"^  ^'"^os,  this 
,s,ea.n  to  xVew  York,  Baltimore,  S  'w       1  !^^ Js  ^E'li^^^^-''^/''^'^^ 
pnnvn  beast  will  amount  to  about  $;ioVo  ^30  i„  h?,*;*  ^^''<^ '*''' '^  ^•'''■ 
sliippin-.    The  cost  for  transport  and  ma  nten  .',.  1  *''",<='"'•"'<•<»  way  of 
.0,' 1.1  amount  to  about$5  to  810    e    S  iui  1    b  ^i'r'S"''  '"^  ^'*'>'^>«'' 
i,,;;  01.  b(.ar(l.     This  cannot,  however  1     i/Jw'r  ^''^''''"  '""'  "'"t" 
peiKls  on  the  nu,nber  of  anin'uils  ^u^  Hm^^^ti'^  Tl"!'  '^'■ 
uait.T  IS  necessary,  who  would  cost, passive  S^'^n.!?         ''"^  V'^'"  '* 
about  .SlOO,  moroor  less,  aecordinff  to Vhe  .Te,.n      5v'     •  '"*"""-  "'<*'"<I^'<1, 
sa.,.o  a,n,.unt  to  ship  by  way  of  Han  bSr-'h     r  In  J  '      TT'"'^'   '^^'^ 
orK..tter(lam  for  cattle  froin  East  Frieshmd.  ^  '     Amsterdam 

I'OUTUAITS  OP  OLDKNBUKa  AND  EAST  VRisiAN  CATTLE. 

Ill  order  lo  compare  the  cattle  bred  in  thn  .......  i 

liiHl  ill  Holland,  France,  anti  S,    •»  <    F   ,^.  T''  ''''^''  ""'«''  '^'"""^Is 

to^-raplis  of  .iM.'oidenbm^  ami  Sfc'j^^S '7'"  ,  «^'veral  pho- 

a,^Ti(:.ilt.naI  fair  at  llamburfr  this  y,^ir         *  "  '  ^'''''''*'  ^'''"«  ''^  the 

Xo.  1  of  theaecomnanvin"'  idinfrwrr.mi..,  « 
oi  nitiu.  the  old. st^,  Hhon'amfSr:^^^!^;^!;;.?'^^'^^  ^"" 
answer    he  requirements  of  the  herd-book    mi  ,.      t       ^^^^<J<>^'«"<>t 
the  head  and  ne(.k  is  coarse  and  fails        bn      Vi""  ^""'"^ti^"  ot" 
>l,o..I,lers  and  the  formation  of  to  ;^  Is    "r    i     v^  ■....  ^  ''^  .V",'"^'"  "^  *''« 

but  the  root  of  the  tail  lies  too  hi^^a;  tlVl  ind  on^^^r^^^^  ''""  ;'^'^-^'''>P^^«^ 
,  islyiufr:  th.^  formation  of  the  llesh  m^u  the      H.  '"''  ''"''*">'  ■""^■ 

I  i^^  Jf  /''li  .""on«h.    The  animal  shows      oo  ed  "^^^^^  T'^'^VT 

ankle-bones  an;  normal.  The  unim-il  is,  tZtl  .  v^  '  "'f''<'"«b  the 
l)aek  answers  but  in.perfectl  t  e  reoVi?/,  "  f/ir^'"''/  "'^^  ''"^^  "*'  tl'« 
Tlie  animal  shows  but  i.^y  «L!  mK^  ^  ''  ,  ^^'H''-''''''  ""■"""• 
m;  easily  fattened.  He  was  raised  on  •inolt^.u!  V"'  '^'""'^  "^  ''t'" 
^"Kur.-,  on  a  mixed  soil.  Jlis  c^  or  is  wt  '"''';''  ^^''''^^'  ""<'  <>'<»- 
>t:iroii  the  forehead.  ^'''^'^  """*  ^^'"f'',  with  a  white 

,  ^.ad,  she  do..s  not  rq>res,.  tie  Sfs  fW^  *''^  '^'''^^''-  '^"I''  ''»''' 
Tins  is  much  to  be  reiretted,  as  ?h  T, If,  I  ''''  ''^^  ""-''^  ^'^^  ^^'■^'""•l- 
"""",*•'>""  <'nhe  b<^Kst,  wl  idVi  ,,  f  ,;^^^^^^^^^  ";'t«ivea«oo<l  idea 
.^tmiditlined  baekbon,..  '  Finer     d,      i,   1      '  J'V'I  ""'''  ^^''1'  'i  verv 

Kitl..    The  ankle,  le^-bones,      ,1  '     i  -..N      "^'"  '''''\  ^•■'•'•••"  "'^'^ 

r.r  sl„.  has  a  very  fi„e  hea.  an     b     '  sF-      '    '■       '/  '";''"="'  ""•'  ''"'  ''*''• 

N  I'-nnerly  was  seldo,,,  u.et      if  ,      T  .'  ''''''  "'  ""'  '''f'^'''  '^^  •^leh 

hiP^lnnd(,,,arters,an    fhil.s    '     •so.)        •""'  '''""'  '^''-'l<l^'r.S  ribs 

;i:ii;.;;r-;--;;-^^^^^ 


II* 


k 


mt 


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-  H 

1:  \m 


J.    . 


420 


CATTLR  AND  DAmv  rAHMlKO, 


blades  are  very  good,  m  well  ius  Mu^  h-.wk,  hips,  and  hi  i  '  ""^•''' 
NeverthoIoN8,llio  l.reedcrH  in  th<^  iMar.sh.>sovitii  oidv  a  sii,.'  >...': '.'''''• 
do  not  approve  of  this  v.wv.  7lw  <«xt  iviik'  format  ion  of  fir,l  ,. '  ^l"'"", 
the  tail  is  not  desired  in  ni(>  interior.  For  that  r.'ason'f  1',./  ,  '"."^ '" 
race  m  preferred.    The  tiiigh^of  the  animal arehi<,'hlv(hn.'         ''    ' 


others.  The  waiter,  as  well  as  the  ph(.tof,M-apiier,  did  not  ■  ,  "■\""' 
they  were  about;  otherwise  tlie  head  of  the  cow  w(»n!d  i,,,m  .,?'  7'"" 
held  as  represented,  the  bactkbone  reeeivinff  thereby  an  ai ...'.!  *'''" 
It  It  was  not  Htraijjhtlined.    (\)lor  is  white  and  br();vnisi.  ,,',''' "' 

No.  4  of  the  photographs  is  a  prominent  bull  of  the  Oid.M.i,,,,, 
Lud.ia.  inger  raee.  TlH^  pietun^  does  not  do  justice  in  this  'IT%?' 
animars  In-ad  is  kept  far  too  high  and  out  of  plaee  bv  its  w-i\i.n  L  '','' 
which  the  backbone  does  not  show  tlu^  straiLdit  line  it  n  •'  K  ,  "'' 
by  nature.  The  8tan<linK  of  the  liind  !<'f.s  is  a,  normal  On,.  1,  ir''"*"'' 
the  thi«hs  perfect,  as  also  the  form  of  the  breast.  'J'Ik-  r,,,,,',  ,  ,1 !  ','"  "' 
answers  the  original  Oldenburg  tyi)e;  shoulders,  back,  hii.s  m.i  .1 
formot  the  hind  quarters  or  ,Tonp  ar.^  ^'ood,  wlM-n-as^h.^i'i;  1 S 
lavo  been  of  a  more  round  or  barn'l  form.  I  n  general  t  lie  <.  u  s  ,  1  ' 
breed  combine  good  milking  with  fattening  .inabties.  C,)!,,,-  I,|..  1  "^ 
white,  white  legs,  with  white  star  on  forel^'ad.  "'^""'' 

No.  5  of  the  accompanying  pbotograi.hs  represents  a  i,e,fpr  nl,„nf 
three  and  a  halt  yeiu;s  old,  by  Magnat,-,  out  of  an  ( )ld.-Ml..,rg  w 
Oldenburg  breed.    The  form  of  the  neck  and  head  seareely  nnZ'iS 
re(pureinents  of  the  herd-book  union.    The  n.-ek  is  short  a ..<(!,. 
head  rather  full  and  heavy;  back  and  form  of  ribs  good     s  •  il      ' 
form  of  the  hips  and  of  the  hind  .piarters  or  <T(mp;  tJ.e  thi-hsCs'.    '' 
factory,  but  the  breast  is  too  much  truss,Ml  up.    The  ankles  or  s  ,  ■    ' 
joints  are  good,  whereas  the  breast  might  have  been  a  liftl..  dooiu'r '  ul 
iner ;  the  signs  o  easy  fattening  are  mon.  i.rominent  than  those  of  „,' 
Color  white  and  black,  witii  blase  on  the  forehead 

N.yj  represMits  a  bull  of  (he  Kasr  Frisian  race,  ll.ree  years  old,  1.01,, 
near  .leingum,  l-.ast  ]'  rwsland ;  is  a,  goad  speeiim-n  of  its  rare.  HI,,,  vs  I 
the  unlucky  position  in  whieh  the  head  is  kept,  a  sii-lK  ,|o\v..\v'.n 
curving  in  the  backbone,  which  in  nature  is  not  the<-a.M'-  (lie  iim' ■ 
otherwise  i)reseiits  itself  favorably,  and  its  ollspring,  a.-.-.ndiii.r'to  ll',' 
stat(Mnfiitot  its(>vner  are  ren.,wii,.,l   lor  being  U'il   fat  aiul  sliowinir 
good  inilk-tokens.     Ocdor  black  and  white,  four  white  legs,  and  ;i  i.lis^ 
on  the  fondiead. 

No.  7  of  the  aeconipanying  photographs,  a  Polled  .Angus  I.iijl.  j,,,. 
ported  from  hngland,  is  kept  on  an  estate  in  tlu^  sonilM.r  llolstcj,, 
Ihe  farmers  in  the  marsh  do  notaj)prove  of  this  liu-e,  wliereruiriisiniio" 
duction  here,  though  tried  several  times,  did  not  siieeeed.  TIm'  pictiiio 
shows  the  bull  very  favorably,  but  also  shows  far  too  iiiai.v  (•(.riicrsdM 
the  fore  i»art  of  (he  hind  legs.  TIui  ]»ictiire  is  mentioned  'lieiv  onlv  tn 
show  the  dinierenee  between  the  several  races.  ('(.lor  blutk,  witji 
rather  niousec-olored  himl  legs. 

\>y  the  kindness  of  ]j.  Vissering,  esq..  King's  eonnselornf  tbc  ;ii;ii 
cultural  department  and  president  «»f  the  priii('i|,al  agricultural sdci'itv 
ot  Fast  l-'riesland,  at  Dorniini,  I  am  enabled  to  present  (he  |iiiot(i- 
graphs  of  cattle  bred   in   Fast    I'riesland,  Nos.  «,  !>,  and  1(1,  LernvKli. 


!"'  f^lioiildor. 
""'  Miiiiiicrs 
''';;;^w|itu,ii,  I 

alt  lie  root  of 

'''•l><'<l.u,su'H| 
IKl  Ixtiio  f,),.. 
">'""iiil  iiiikip, 
''iiiillv  rokt^ns 

\VilS)i\Viii.,|(,,| 

'  iiiiilt  lis  til,. 

KiKlW   wlijit 

ot  li;iv('  !)(.,,„ 
I'l><'ai;iiic(,  lis 
•('(I. 

'I<l<'iiliiir;r  or 

H  <MS(..  Til,, 
'(•'fjtliroiljrli 
"y  POSNCSSCS  i 

)  <  lt<'  loriii  of  I 

H.ftll,.  ||,,j|,| 

"l>«.  and  III,. 

<'  libs  I||i;;||( 

cows  or  this 

'I'    I'lilclvlllKJ 

K'lfcr  iihoiit  i 
"A  <'o«-,  pun. 
answers  |,]ie 
and  tlii('|(|j 
as  also  the  [ 
flisiircsfiti.s 
s  or  NpriiiK- 
(loopor  and 
(>s(>(»r  milk. 


rs  old,  horn  |  ^ 

Shows,  U\ 

(lowiiwanl 
IIh'  anjiiiiil 
tliiifrtothc 
i«I  showiiij,'] 
itid  a  lilaso 

s  hull,  iiii- 
f  llolstcin.l 
rcilsinlro- 
'lit'  picliirc 
corners  on  I 
I'l'e  only  to] 
loi'k.  wit 


'  tbe  a,i,'n'- 
ral  society 
he  pliolo 
herewith.! 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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1.6 


PhotograDhic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


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No.  8  h 

of  the  I'iK 

Iialf  bliic 

during  in 

No.  9  if. 

in  tlic.  pot 

men  I  of! 

to  be  tl'3S( 

years  old, 

this  i'iU!e  1 

No.  10  1 

old,  raiscil 

the  (leiaij 

tiiii'est  spe 

and  is  lilt! 

tone.    Till 

riitlior  i»ro 

tail.    Tliet 

the  ocean  i 


Ileiewitl 

tiicr,  to  en 

in?  of  the 

Theciittl 

the  oi)en  ai 

8onie  I'ood, 

pensated. 

plants  or  Ik 

or  -5  acres, 

crease  of  \v 

Ibllowinf,''  St 

From  May  i 

urin;,'  I'O.ioj 

and  calves,  1 

of  which  tli( 

iiig'  one  hu 

from  517.1."> 

hifjhest  inei 

aii>onntod  I 

increase!  nui 

niiirshcs  las 

h;id  lost  diir 

When  jnit 

•  H't.  and  Noh 

Iweijfhcd  a 

mentation  of 

per  day  per 

tlie  \ulae  of 

In  tliu  niai 

<if  cattle  Ilia 

"viTjiIus,  in 

usually  sent 

paid  for  sneli 

coiirse  doL'8  i 


GERMANY. 


421 


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No.  8  is  an  East  Frisian  cow,  lopreseutinff  one  of  flin  flno<.f  ^-n 
of  the  race.    Color  black  and  wl  itc,  wl  i  ?2h8o  fh  n  w.  ^^  "i'""  *'*'''« 
I,alf  black,  half  white;  i«  a  iii^tmte  u    LfeSi  ^fr^^^^^^ 
duririfl  in  all  climates.  "'<iKci,  tasiJy  led,  and  very  en- 

No,  9  is  likewise  an  East  Frisian  cow,  bred  in  f  h-.f  ^t.^.,;.       i    ^ 
i„  tlM,  possession  of  a  Mr.  Peters,  coun^dro  •  tb^-  JS    !S 
lueiit  ofPonieranii),  is  a  very  fine  si)ec.meii  of  tl.ir.S,'^'  ***'P'^''*- 
to  be  descended  Ir^n,  the  An^^lia,    iS     C^,  il.?^^^^^ 

years  old,  a  very  «oodn,ilker,Tu,dvI-vbar'iv     tZw  ''^'"'■^  '*^^*'" 
to  .ace  are  raised  in  tlu^  dis  riot  of  ^^A:.^^'  '''''"''''''  ^' 

No.  10  rcpr<'sents  an  East  Erjsian  bull,  now  thrfe  'uul  n..«  i.ou- 
old,  raised  in  East  Friesland,  now  the  pn)!)ertv  of  f  L .  ""^ •  '^'^'''''"^ 
tl.eGer:.an  En.pire.  The  an'in.al  is  a  iuKpeciS  e  /  if'no^^ 
fairest  specnnens,  ot  his  race,  bnt  shows  rather  1  w  onn  Hnn  n"f  *^^ 
and  is  rather  lony-k-yea,  with  a  sli^'htdowmS  cu  vh>t  in  «?  """T' 
tone.  The  formation  of  the  liead  i.^  nornri  1  ,J  H 1  ^J"  H?  ^^^''■ 
.ther  ,,ron.inen.  Color  black  alKlVStrftase  wttoTogs  "nd  blacM 
tail.  These  cattle  are  veiv  endurinjr  and  will  «Von-i  ..  ^  '  "^^^ 
t^o  ocean  as  well  as  the  Olden bu/jj  or  Sj^dLger  race?*^'^^'  ^'^''* 

HOUSING,  FEEDING,  AND  BREEDING. 

Herewith  I  close  the  descrijjtive  part  of  the  cattle  ni^i^ii  ;»  ,«    ^• 
tiict,  to  enter  more  particnlaHy  npin  the  lu^^^ing  fee^ii  Z^l  ^'T 
in?  (.f  the  catth-,  and  the  disposition  made  therwf  ^'  ^'^*'**' 

The  cattle  ni  the  marshes  pass  from  six  to  seven  months  nf  H.n  x^^ ,    • 
tlieoi)en  air  on  meadows,  which  L'ive  nlentv  nf  l.n^S  •       "'^'^^ar  m 
mu.  ibod,  by  which  the  more  or  le  s  s  i"  wileS 
lieiisated.    The  j.astnros  are  abundant  in  ^mss. J  W^  V,  ""^  *''*"'■ 
Plants  or  herba.is.    For  sevei.teen  Sd  l^^^^k^^^^^^^^^  '' 

or  1'5  acres,  are  required  of  -ood  mid.llii,..-  marsh  I  ...St  n*^'  .  "^^.'^^V^' 
cease  of  weight  (If  <,-attle  grazing  <^^^  goo«  aS,^^^^^^  h  "^  '^'''',*''«  "'■ 
following  statement  was  given  mc"b  Ave  trwll  Al^  the  marshes  the 
F.OU.  May  to  October,  latt  y  ■^  ;'^,'/u,!^i  J^  -^^^^^^^ 
uiing  I'O.lOy;;  hectar(>s,  or  about  4(J  acil^s  fSv  iwo  ov  ,  f  ^ ^  'T'''- 
aii.1  calves,  and  onefill>-.   For  thirteen  dav^^^^^^  sixteen  sheep 

I't  wliich  the  grass  had  been  cu  be  o  i  ^l"e  3t  of  ?K^ 
ins-  one  hundred  and  sixty-two  days  on  meadows  ft..  H.  '''^"'^'  ^'"■• 
from  517.15  kilogran.s  at  the  beg  nni  g  o  7JJ  1^  *Z  t  ''''?' ^l;"^^ 
lii«l.est  increase  in  weight  was  3(«  lurogmn  s  or  G  cw  '%7.«^  ^''? 
iin'oinitod  to  -'1  kilogKuns,or  nearly  to  4  c^U  Th!  .* '  *^« 'T««t 
increase  amounted  to  1,bout;{  pou  Is-  \n7.fh, .  V  ^^'"^ ''.^^'fSO  ihiUy 
marshes  last  year  fed  ei-    t  ov.  .  ,     i.i.  ,t"i't'"^^' <'""'<'i-  "»  the  Weser 

paid  lor  such  ree,li,,g   'i  ■  U  W,m  i?  1  io'    ''T'  ^V  ^'V  '^••-    ^'''^  price 


)  i,:. 


if  ill 


422 


CAl 


AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


mals  mostly  beiug  fed  oq  straw,  so  that  in  general  these  cattle  r«f 
in  a  very  lamentable  state  or  condition  when  the  grazing  tiina""" 
menees.  For  some  time  several  of  tlu^  farmers  in  the  Wewr  ir  .r?'"" 
Jeverland,  and  East  Friesland  have  desisted  from  this  old  i>  ,,  **' 
are  finding  for  their  cattle  better  and  larger  accommodations  uwi  ♦•  "1 
them  during  the  winter  with  more  nourishing  fodder,  consistiu .J  of  ' 
cracked  grain,  and  the  diflerent  sorts  of  oil-cakes  and  rice  Tlio  ""' 
forage  is  used  in  its  natural  state  uncut,  while  cabbages. 'turniLl'^" 
are  cut.  '  ""luips,  ,^'c.^ 

The  housing  of  the  cattle  during  the  winter  corresponds  witi.  .u 
method  in  Holland.    The  feeding  cribs,  contrary  to  the  metl.<  In     ^^ 
in  the  south  of  Germany,  are  situated  a  little  lower  than  thpflln"-® 
which  the  cattle  stand,  so  as  to  give  them  more  ease  when  risin./   -r/" 
whole  arrangement  in  the  stable  enables  the  farmer  to  keen' t h «"    77 
cleaner  and  clean  them  easier  than  otherwise  would  be  the  cise    Ti 
18,  also,  a  considerable  saving  of  space  and  litter.    In  the  m-dkht.T 
<;alvingofthecowsin  general  takes  place  in  the  mouths  fronS 
ber  to  February,  as  this  period  is  considered  by  all  interest^l  tiuf     l" 
tavorable,  as  it  enables  the  breeders  to  bring  the  vounir  ciIvo«  f  T' 
grazing  grounds  early  in  spring.    If  brought  there  when  youncrpp  f 
animals  would  hardly  be  able  to  withstand  the  inclemeiu.v  5  J. 
weather.    The  new-born  calves  are  not  allowed  to  suck  at  i'Jl 
The  milk  taken  from  the  cows  during  the  first  three  weeks  onlv  « T^^' 
to  them.    After  this  time  they  are  fed  on  buttermilk,  bread  ZH? 
accustom  them  gradually  to  a  more  consistent  food.    Cnu  -imi  i!  n 
calves  are  fed  just  the  same.    To  many  of  our  farmers  ii    tbo  Unih. 
States,  this  feeding  may  appear  irrational,  but  experience  shows  ti.'. 
calves  fed  in  this  manner  progress  far  more  fiivorably  than  tho  J  1 
for  a  longer  period  on  milk,  as  these  come  into  the  pasture  gmm 
with  a  tender  stomach  and  with  a  luxuriant  layer  of  flesli  om  tiH.ir..l 
casaes,  which  is  not  desired.  mtirur 

The  young  heifers,  after  the  completion  of  their  second  year,  are  led  to 
the  bull.  By  this  time  these  young  animals  have  reached  the  m  „ , 
ment  particular  to  the  cattle  bred  in  the  marshes,  so  that  thev  ■,  h u 
to  support  the  embryo  and  to  calve  without  injury  to  theindolves 

BifUs  when  thirteen  to  fourteen  mouths  old  cover  cows.  Jt  is*im„.i. 
to  be  regretted  that  for  some  time  the  breeders  of  these  valuable  ani 
mals  when  they  are  at  their  best  development,  sell  the  bulls  to  lorei^n 
breeders  without  any  consideration  as  to  the  want  at  home  TIipS 
ernment  and  the  unions  of  the  herd-book  try  to  put  a  stoii  to  \hkTu 
jurious  di^sposition,  but  without  any  avail.  The  i)rices  paid  by  foreim, 
breeders  being  so  high  as  to  enable  the  proprietors  of  such  biilKs  toiv 
turn  the  premium  they  received  on  the  condition  that  the  auimal  h-i.i 
to  remain  at  least  one  year  in  the  district  for  which  the  lueiniuni  wis 
granted.  '■  * 

Another  factor  ii;  the  breeding  of  the  cattle  in  the  marshes  is  the 
climate,  which,  to  those  not  born  and  bred  there,  ai»i>ears  less  thin 
agreeable.  The  average  fall  of  rain  amounts  to  about  707  .nillinieters 
annually.  In  consequence  of  this  climate,  of  which  the  middle  teiii- 
l)erature  in  summer  seldom  raises  over  8°  lieaumur,  together  with  the 
more  or  less  hardy  rearing  which  the  cattle  in  the  marshes  must  endure 
the  latter  may  bo  classed  as  thoroughly  sound  and  healthv.  Jn  no  part 
ot  the  northerly  marshes  do  less  diseases  anioiiL--  cat  tie  appear  thim  hen'- 
contagious  diseases,  if  any  prevail,  are  brougiit  here,  and  are  sooner 
extirpated  than  in  any  other  district.  The  broad  chest  of  these  cattle 
and  their  Bound  lungs  prevent  any  pulmonary  diseases.    For  a  series  ol' 


I'EEOENTAGE 


■m 


GERMANY. 


423 


years  no  contagious  diseases  have  been  observed  in  this  district ;  if 
brought  in  from  flolland  and  other  adjacent  countries  they  always  were 
localized  and  arrested  in  the  places  infected,  wherefore  I  can  only  repeat 
ny  former  assertion  that  the  cattle  in  the  marshes  are  the  most  hardy 
and  healthy  race  of  North  Germany  and  Holland. 
Having  alrea<ly  reported  in  the  foregoing  on  the  disposition  made  of 
the  overi)roduce  of  these  cattle  by  the  breeders,  I  only  need  refer  to 
tie  annexed  tables,  in  which  further  particulars  are  to  be  found. 

"AMERICAN  CATTLE  AND  HOGS  IN  OLDENBURG. 

Concerning  the  importation  of  live  cattle  from  the  United  States  to 
this  district,  I  have  to  state  that  so  far  I  find  it  to  be  confined  to  a  few 
liead.  These  did  not  come  up  to  the  expectations,  showing  too  much 
of  the  Shorthorn  blood,  thereby  taking  a  long  time  to  fatten:  so  that 
this  importation  ceased  after  the  first  trial.  Lately,  however,  live  pigs 
of  the  Poland-China  race  have  been  imported  from  the  United  States 
with  some  success.  These  importations  would  no  doubt  have  been 
more  numerous  if  a  reliable  connection  with  breeders  in  the  United 
States  was  easier  to  obtain.  As  it  is,  the  commission,  shipping,  and 
expenses  charged  greatly  enhance  the  prices.  A  respectable  commis- 
sioa  appointed  liere  for  sale  or  exchange  of  cattle  for  breeding  or  graz- 
ingf  piiri)oses  would,  no  doubt,  greatly  assist  in  the  transaction  dt  the 
cattle  business^  and  certainly  in  a  short  time  would  render  a  good 
account. 

IMPORTS  OF  MEATS  AND  DAIRY  TRODUCTS. 

Of  Other  cattle  produce  imjwrted  here  by  way  of  Bremen  and  Ham- 
burg, 1  have  to  mention  besides  canned  meats,  salt  beef  in  barrels,  salt 
pork  in  barrels,  butter,  and  cheese.  The  salt  beef,  not  only  used  for 
ships'  i)rovisions  but  also  for  inland  consumption,  is  of  some  moment 
wiiilst  the  importations  of  salt  ])ork  in  barrels,  by  reason  of  the  pro- 
hibitive import  laws  of  Germany,  consist  only  of  those  qualities  used 
for  ships'  provisions— Bait  bacon,  as  well  as  refined  lard,  for  inland  con- 
sumption being  strictly  prohibited,  the  import  thereof  has  entirely 
ceased.  In  oflicial  quarters  in  Berlin  it  would  appear  that  the  seafar- 
ing people  of  Germany  are  not  considered  subject  to  trichynosis,  other- 
wise the  exemption  as  above  stated  would  not  have  been  allowed. 

The  importation  of  butter  or  margarine  is  limited,  as  butter  is'over- 
proiUiced  here,  and  commands  in  the  Bremen  and  Hamburg  markets 
prices  nearly  10  to  2o  per  cent,  higher  than  other  butter.  The  consump- 
tion of  American  butter  and  margarine  is  more  or  less  confined  to  the 
more  saving  class  of  the  population,  whilst  the  poorer  classes  eat  none 
at  all,  in  lieu  thereof  eating  raw  smoked  bacon. 

I'KBOENTAGES    OF     THE    DIFFERENT    BREEDS    OF    CATTLE    IN    THE 

DISTRICT. 

The  percentage  of  the  inno  bred  Oldenburg,  Joverlaud,  and  East 
Frisian  cattle  is  about  05  to  75  jmt  cent,  in  either  province,  whilst  the 
Shorthorn  cattle,  bred  only  in  the  Weser  marshes  by  one  or  two  breeders 
amount  to  about  10  per  cent.  The  remainder  is  of  a  mixed  breeds,  not 
necessary  to  enumerate.  For  dairy  puri)ose8  nearly  25  per  cent,  are 
bred,  the  remainder  lor  bnu'din-,  Kljiuglitoring,  or  exportation. 

TiKHX  CATTLE  FOR  EXPORT  TO  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

1  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  best  cattle  to  bo  imported  into  the  United 
States  Irom  Germany,  to  improve  tho  breed  thero.  without  any  doabt 


424 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


are  tlie  OI«l«aburg  or  Budjadinger  race.    Exact  prices  are  not  ohf»i„ 
able,  as  they  vary  Irom  $1(M)  to  $200,  according  to  age,  qiiality,  &c 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS  OF  THE  MARSH  CATTLE. 

In  conclusion  I  submit  answers  to  the  questions  transmitt^.i  »;m 
circular,  giving  naines  of  breeds,  country,  size  of  cattle  at  i  n  nS 
niilkmg  qualities,  origin  of  breed,  topography  of  country,  substrSm 


Name  of  breed. 


Oldonbiirg,   bred  i  n 
tli«  Wusor  murHhus 

Jevurluiid  nwjo 

OiHtHMitiid  racex 

Ost  KriHlHD  raco 

StiortUoru  raco 


Aunual 

avoraito 

yi..l«l  of 

milk. 

Milk  to 

noiindti 

ufbutt«r. 

Milk  to 
poiiud  of 
choose. 

Size  at  maturity,  : 
measuriMl  on      \ 
till)  foro  parts  (in              Wve  weight 
uioturH). 

i 

i 

Cow. 

Bull. 

1.51 
1.42 
1. 30 
1.47 
1.62 

Ox. 

Cow. 

Owt. 

14  to  15 
12      13 
U 
12      14 
U     10 

Bull. 

Owt. 
lOtolS 

14   1,1 : 
11 ' 

16      17 
20     22 

Owl. 

01 

08 

50 

04  to  84 

00        00 

36 
38  to  au 

3H 
35        38 

33 

Not  made. 

10 
Not  inado. 

16 
Net  niadu. 

1.4!) 
1.3tf 
1.34 
1.32 
1.50 

1.57 
1.48 
1.21) 
1.61 
1.00 

Breed. 


WoMcrniash 


Age  at 
maturity. 


Team. 
31  to  4 


Jovurluud  . 


Geeslland 

Out  Fricalaud 


Wolftlitof 

moal  at 

maturity 

of  ox. 


Owt. 
8to» 


Ox. 


Owl 

17  to  20 
15     17 

n 

18  2(1 
2«     22 


Color. 


Description. 


«    0 


0   0.72 
9  II 


Shorthoru . 


10  12 


Black  and  whitu 
with  white  star 
on  fureboad. 


White  ami  black 
Hud  four  white 
foot. 

WbiUiand  black.. 

Bliu;k  and  white  ; 
wliiteli<;{H;  star 
on  forehead  and 
black  saddle  on 
back  ;  aliout  2U 


llea<l  shorter,  as 
with  Ihu  Hol. 
htnd  race ;  sliort 
loKS;  Htruoturo 
JMjrfect. 

iluad longer;  logs 
UnorandlonKcr; 
very  good  milk- 
ers. 

...do 

...do 


per  oont.  red. 
Wliite   and   red ; 
some  blue-blauk 
or    mouao-u  ol  - 
orud. 


Fine  looking  ani- 
mals hut  -ather 
toofatfuriiilaiid 
consumption; 
rei|uireat  liiast 
one  year  more 
Brazing  than 
the  other  races. 


How  long  bred 
IHiro. 


■A-  liinn  limo,  ex. 
•'•opt  uow  ajiii 
lli«neru88alwltli 
hliortliurua. 

A  long  tiiiio, 


Do. 

Si»id  to  bo  of  the 
Angliariiilcn; 
brood  u  long  tlmt. 


Twelve  to  fifteen 
yt'ai'8. 


Proiluct 


BrtMMl. 


Origin  of  breetl. 


Labor. 


Moikt. 


-I- 


Wesemnirsh I'uro  Oldenburg  brood  with  >  (*)  ♦OOtollSu 

I       few  (fxcoptions.  |  I 

Jovorhuid Original  brmtil '  (»)  | 

(leestland Diverse  bieo«l I  «50  to  SKO  | 

Ost  FrioaUud |  Now  sahl  to  be  original ;  now  ( ; ) 

mid  tliencrosaudwitlillol-  I  , 

I      landbre'<d.  ' 

bhorthoni 'England '  i'\  I 


100 

125 

7(» 

KO 

V, 

1)0 

(«) 

85 

<.m 

70 

«fl 

Milli. 


170  to  $80 


loo 


vi-j  :  BO 


Cliwtse. 
(t) 


o 


»2.'i 
25 


'  None  required. 


fffSiTtniiish.. 

Jrvcrliwiil 

(icislliuKl 

0»t.  l''ri<rtl;»nd. 


ffesennarsli . . 
.Ii'VPi'liind  .... 
(lo(>8(I:inil  — 
(tat  FrieMland. 


WeNorniiiish  . 

.Irvci'liKiil 

(!eesthitiil  ..   . 
U.tt  Kriesland 


Wi'sennarsli 

iJcvcilaiid 

(ioo.sllanil 

Odt  Friuitland  . . . 


Method  of  Ini 
ami  wiiriii  in  t 
h)<i  on  lh(^  iiip: 

Fcvdivij. — Cii 
of  t((ni(|w  in  ^ 

Unrttiiiy. — 'I 
liook  is  ()|ii>ii  I'l 

llavdlhig  prt 
Uxift,  or  ail)  HI 

(liH|IOMf(l  of  lit. 


t  Nuuo  produced. 


;  Not  aaed  for  labor. 


are  not  obtain- 
luality,  &c. 


LE. 


insmitted  with 
a  at  maturity! 
y»  substratum 


Live  weljrht. 


GKRMANY. 

Topography. 


DiBtl'iot. 


Soil. 


425 


fffmrmiiiHli. 
JcvitIiuiiI  ... 
(Iccsllitiid  ... 
0«t.  l''ricrtl:ni(l 


Altitude 

ubove 

Mnaii 

lilBh- 

teiniinra. 

Summer. 

wiitor 

ture. 

mark. 

Feet. 

OR. 

°n. 

2  to  15 

6t4>n 

7toH 

3      lU 

5      7 

»      » 

15      40 

7      8 

7      8 

2        2i 

&      6 

7      8 

Wiuter. 


°Jt. 
liU*2i 

U 

1        2 
li      2i 


5| 


District. 


WpsmniHsh I  Kntirely. 

.Ii.vprliiml !  i 

(loTOlIiiml  ■-■ I  I^omi. 

list  Friesliuid ,  ^ 


Siihutratum, 


How  long  bred 
iniro. 


A  loni:  lime,  ex. 
«'.o|it  uow  a,irt 
lli«nc,ru8S0(lwlth 
oliorthurua. 

A  long  tiuio. 


• 

DIstHot 

Liinefitoii 

WoHoruiiU'sh -- ,. 

J(^vrrliiMtl .-■., 

Ortt  Kri»w)an<l 

Nuno. 

None. 
N'<mt'. 
Noiio. 
.Nune. 


None. 
None. 
N(>iu<. 
Nune. 


Clay. 


All. 
All. 
None. 
i 


Oravel,  &c. 


None. 
None. 
) 
None. 


CulUvalcd  grwiaea. 


Do. 
Suitl  to  1)0  of  th6 
AiiL'liariiiloti; 
brueUulonjjtlmt,. 


Twelve  to  fifteen 
yeai's. 


Clifese. 


m 

(t) 

80 
fiO 
80 

70 

1 

(11 

DlHtrict. 


Wiwrinftiwli  . 
.lovcrliiiiil 

(iocstlanil 

Odt  FriuHlunil 


*  Natural  xniBsos. 


Timothy, 


(•) 


Clover. 


(') 


Rye 


(*) 

None. 
None. 


an 


Method  of  h,,um»<i.-lH  stiibles  Imilt  of  bricks  iHi(U,liatcbe<l  vviMi  ree.l,  v«rv  beahl.v 
1.1  win  Ml  Ml  tho  vvintor.    I.,  sui.iiricr.  from  April  ilO  to  November  1,  aiiin.alB  are  feeJ^ 

/'■<rrf,H.7.-CiniH,s  in  Huiinner.  Hay,  grain,  beans  bruised,  .)il.cake8,  iMul  difloront  sorts 
ot  (iinii|)n  Ml  winter.  '     "'"'"">"" fc  sons 

IWv,dhuj.-Yy.  l.iillH  nscd  for  public  use  are  selected  by  acommiHsiou.  The  henl- 
iioiik  IS  ojicii  lor  rciristry.  ^uiiimni- 

llavdiwg  produdH.-TM  live  eatHe  are  either  sold  at  jMibllc  sales  or  by  private  eon- 
tract,  or  a  e  sent  into  the  interior  by  private  commissioners.  Hutter  and  cheese  re 
(liHpoMfd  ol  at  Hreiiien  or  Hamburg.  cnct-se  .»re 

JOHN  U.  WILSON, 

Consul. 


ibor. 


426 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


CATTLE  IN  SAXONY. 

REPOliT  BY  COXSUI.  ilASON,  OF  DRESDEN. 

I  have  the  honor  to  rei)ly  to  circular  issued  froiu  the  Denarfmn^.  . 
State  July  18, 1883.  ^^-partment  of 

The  importance  of  the  subject  I  immediately  comnrelieiidod  -...i 
to  work  to  furnish  all  the  information  I  couhl  obtain,  and  liencVfi    '*^* 
parent  delay  in  respondiu^,'.  n'tap- 

I  found  the  greatest  difliculty  in  procurin<r  the  desired  iiifonn.r 
esi>ecially  that  which  wouhl  enable  me  to  complete  the  tables  *.,ki?' 
furnished  by  the  Department.     At  last  I  applied  to  the  statis  ir^  J"!  '' 
.reau  ot  Saxony  for  what  information  they  could  furnish  me  to'.. ..     . 
the  Department  of  State.    They  replied  in  the  IbUowiu-  ^ommSm- 

[Xiiiuelution.J 

The  resi.pctf.illy  nndersignea  board  of  iiiaiia«..|fi  .lot-ply  ivjrrot  Ijeiinr  ,„„., ,  ,  , 
to  answer  1,ll.MHl.^stl<.lml•olltail.^>(l  in  the  cirfiiliir  issued  l,y  tlu)  D.'i)n.'ri„  f  ,'•'  '^^'"^ 
^yaHhlUsto.l,  on  tho  18tl,  of  July  last,  as  in„,.iri,.s  ivlativo  to  tl^.C  , ?;',■''''«' 
nous  breeds  ot  cattle  and  tho  f.'c.iiidity  of  tli.^  ..|lH|.iiii.r  to  bo  ni.^t  w  .  i  ^''"  ^'»- 
thecountry  have,  np  to  this  tiiiu;,  not  bwn  insulutod.  Jtv  nieaMs  .  f  .  .  ''"'""Kl""it 
made  in  the  year  iMriO  concerning  the  anionnt  of  bulls  kept  throuKlu  nf .' ,  '■'■'"'■'f<^''«« 
some  vah.able  information  has,  however,  b.-.-n  gained  with  rcKar.  It  I  ri'''""!''-^' 
bulls  used  lor  breeding  purposes.  As  one  is,  at  a,ny  rate,  able  to  'raw  , ';,;',''•''  "^ 
from  the  bulls  in  exn*euce,  to  the  cnt  or  tend.^ney  of  th.»  bn^ediu-r  t  ,  ,i  """""' 
board  of  managers  have  tho  honor  of  submitting  to  the  consulate  th,/, 11,  r'**'':"*^'' 
investigation  under  consideration  in  one  of  the  sup.deinents-  in  iVl.liHn  *  "','''o 
we  beg  to  subjoin  to  the  circular,  which  wo  do  hereby  return  a  v.  ..,.*"  ^''''«'' 
appertaining  to  the  areas  used  for  farming  i.urposes,  the  live  wei-ht  «  ,1  I'l  J^Hi'.'e" 
va  ue  of  the  beasts,  togeth.T  with  the  results  of  the  lat.^st  eensiis  of-\     , ,,  '"  "'"'"S 

Ihe  Kingdom  ot  Saxony  does  not  only  import  vast  .inantiti.s  of  c'.t  '.  i  '  , 
ered  for  the  market,  but  also  introducs  numbers  of  Ol.lenbur.'  ■  n.Tn  t  "  ^""'■^■ 
ing  fresh  nulk,  or  great  with  young,  which,  sul.se.iu.utlv  to  bein.r  nXa  '""'.^r- 
cease  to  yield  any  more,  are  slat>ghlere<l,  or,  like  imnorted  heifers  u  c d  J  '  r'^ 
purposes.  Only  Voigtland  draft  oxen  and  fatten,..!  ones,  ..rs,'h',m!ie  ,'"'!"*-' 
a  course  of  feeding,  are  exp..rted  in  rather  large  .,uanti(  ,■„.  Tl  e  Vol  t  .n  r'^'ul'^ 
which  lormerlywero  in  very  brisk  deman.l,  n.7t  only  on  acconi  of  n  1  -""'"' 
richness  of  their  u.ilk,  but  also  by  reas.n.  of  their  b.-ing  strikin- "  '  «l. ,  ,  ,  T'":"?," 
fed,  and,  n,  particular,  owing  to  their  servicableness  as  beast^  o f  ■'  f  ,  •  ^'^f' 
quently  used  ..r  bre.Hling  purposes  than  they  formerly  w.-re.  Tl  ./ext.  l.'s  , ''T/,''."- 
breed,  which  is  the  only  ..ne  indigenous  to  this  count'ry,  i«  but  very  t  ■  Ih  "'!' 

IS  not  to  bo  met  with  anywhere  excej.t  in  the  vicinity  of  Planen  oi  I,,  ''^".^''r  " 
bach  con8e.,uently,  wi  an  area  of  142,027  hectares.  The  stock  of  p'„n  V  S;  '  ,^"T 
had  formerly  been  diminished  by  exportation,  which  was  ..lii  "'''''''''''*''* 
lengths.  Tho  efforts  made  by  hnsbandinen  ami  farmers  of  lat.  t  ,  „  i"  '';""<"''™"^ 
with  as  much  milk  as  p.issible  has  more  and  more  di«h,,lge  ^^  ;',,'" '''''^^'^^ 
cows.  The  Voigtland  cattle,  a  reddish  brown  or  bay-,.olore.l  br...  I  o  !  iV  '^' n'"'' 
stature,  have  white  horns  with  black  tips,  and  tailswith  white  e,l,,r;;oi',!t's'''''''"'^ 

Accompanyinp:  the  above  communication  were  a  set  of  tables  enibodv 
m^  all  the  inlormat.ou  obtainable  from  their  cattle  census  oflS^" 

While  they  do  n...  conform  strictly  to  the  renuirements  i^f  ti.,>  I'.i    . 
table.  iurniehe<l  by  the  Department,  I  Imye  tllol^  "u  a     i    J,  '  J^ 
best  to  copy  and  transmit  then,  in  the  form  receixed  f.ou,  tl    1  tt.s 
cal  bureau.    T;he  labor  was  great,  ami  the  cc.,.rt,^sy  coit,  ,   nd    !  \  v 
the  statistical  bureau,  which  1  duly  acknowledged  in  appr.nlriato  ^rms 
and  promised  reciprocal  courtesies  at  any  time  by  this , '),,sulate^.      y 
Department  ot  the  Government  of  the  United  St'ites,  when  .lesiivd     ^ 
Thecourtesy,  not  only  in  this  instance,  but  at  all  times,  aiid  hN- i,l| 
departments  oi  the  Saxon  Covernmeut,  has  always  been  complete  a 
satisfactory,  and  it  gives  ine  great  ph-asure  to  assure  the  Depaitin'nt 

United  States  Consulate,  (^.J,jj„; 

Drcidcn,  November  20,  1880. 


GERMANY. 
SAXON  AGRICULTURAL  AND  CATTLE  STATISTICS. 


427 


Areas  that  hare  proved  producHve,  in  an  aflricultural  point  of  view,  together  with  the  areeu 
appropriated  to  herhuge  for  fodder,  in  the  Kingdom  of  Saxmiii. 

(Prepared  at  the  royal  Saxon  statlHtJcal  office,  and  t>HnHlati'd  and  tranBmitted  by  Consul  Mbrod  of 


Dt-partnientB   of    ad- 
iniiiiatration. 


,.£■•3 


SbrievaltieB: 
Jiautzen  — 
Dreitdcn  — 
Lcipsio   — 
Zwickau  — 

Kingdom  . 


s 
o. 
o 
9^ 


Jliet 

'.'H5.  2 
'J!)lt.  4 
170.3 
4««.yil,  10'),  141 


3r)l,32e 
TUT,  82'J 


30a  1  2, 0T2, 80S 


Beet 

240, 073. 33 
433,  flHr..  73 
3M),  T35. 44 
4U1,  am.  01 


Area  that  proved  prodnctive  In  an  aBrlcnUnral 
point  of  view  In  18T8. 


Arable 
laad  and 
landcniti 
\atfd  n» 
uardeuB. 


Beet. 

124, 138. 04 
240,  fiK4.  01 
24-^,  2T0. 08 
203,274.31 


1, 400, 204. 31 


872, 288.  24 


Meadow 
ground. 


Heel. 

34,  538. 27 
49,0,57.12 
8.5,  286.  42 
87,  255. 87 


188, 137. 18 


Pr.Btur- 
ago. 


4, 280. 93 
3,820.31 
2,  826.  OT 
4,  502. 46 


Vii.«. 
yards. 


16, 529. 67 


1, 282. 95 


Sum  t4>tal. 


3ect. 
162,  »j7.  TO 
204, 734.  H8 
2t;2, 403. 70 
275, 12?.  26 


1, 015, 218. 04 


The  following  herbages  for  fodder  and  graases  were  •ultlvated  as 
main  crops  or  produce  in  the  year  1878, 


Departments  of   ad- 
iniiiiatratinn. 


Slirievalties: 
r.aiilzon.. 
Hicsdeu.. 
Leipxio  .. 
Zwicliau  . 


Ihet. 
1.5,560.62 
26, 800. 20 
24,727  13 
23, 237.  CO 


Jlcet. 

30.  8; 

30. 32 

6.61 


Kingdom i  90,  ;m4.  55:    81, 78   231. 07i  7, 106.  55 


neet. 

204.  an 

17.  00 
9.00 
0.  34 


Ilect. 

0.88 

3,10.5.66 

5.5.  16 

3,  944.  85 


& 


e 

» 

a 
Hi 


llfet.    Ueet. 

2a  04  18.01 
1,50.  ,50  221. 10 
317.63;  214.15 

81.  07     66.  00 


P  to 

132 
«,  ** 

.si 


Beet. 

228. 2i 
4,  ,140.  04 
1,794.96 
6, 108. 70 


570. 14:  520.  22i  12, 650.  91 


•a 

I 
i 


add 


Beet.         Beet. 
16,079.121  2,18a  .13 


34, 769.  94 
27, 123.  70 
83, 527. 46 


11',  5P0. 22 


811.80 
101.08 
308.02 


3,478.13 


Breeds  ana  number  ofhulU  used  for  breeding  purposes  in  Saxony  in  1880. 


Low  country  breeds. 

.a 

a 

To 
a 
M 

34 

21 

34 

6 

95 

Spotted 

mountain 

breeds. 

Dt'partinonts  of  aduinist  ration. 

« 

3 

o 
.a 
a 

s 

a 
0 

1 

e 

•a 
5 

i 

a 

£ 

B 

a 
® 

n 

a 
a 

CO 

1 

6 

8 
4» 

63 

e 

i 

ShrievaltioH: 

Hautzi'n 

232 
130 
261 
181 

266 

1,003 

620 

373 

1 

10 
8 
3 

r)rt'H(l(<n 

Ijpiimio 

10 

1 

3 

1 

4 

18 
1 

8 

9 

46 

68 

It 

Zwicliau 

8 

* 

*  "  ■  * 

6 

IT 

•  ■«  > 

Kingdom 

813 

2,162 

22 

u 

3 

14 

428 


m 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


Jlreed.  and  numbc-  of  bulls  uscdjor  breeding  purposv^  in  Saxony  in  1880- 


Continued. 


DepartmentB  of  wlmiuistiutlon 


ShritvaUicx: 

KlVlltiltM   ... 

UnMtloii..  . 

LlljpHJU 

Zwickau 


Kinndooi 


JW'oion  or  extension  of  the  various  kinds  of  n^olds  or  vegetable  earths  in  S^uon,. 


CollnctivH  ivrtm  bolouKini;  m— 

Diluvium 

(rniiiiluuntl  Hyunito.. ..!."].".' ' 

G  UtlJHH ' " 

<;iiiynliito ."!.'."'' 

U liiiinioi  (ilauj  (<J limnlei'mlilofer) 

Ilm  loiinalimi  ,,f  p.at  (l.rown  loal)!:;;;.'; 

I'liipliyruiMlimlaidiyr...  

Wliilosloijb ;...         

S;iu;MuHtono(l)ioa«lbtiino).'.".V.V.' 

jDlabaso  (piiiiiitivo  rock) 

Xeu  other  uiulUs 


TotjU . 


Hectares. 


34S,(M8 
231,  LTS 
2U6,;t7l 
1«1,;)7« 
98, 509 

«■"',  m 
7h,  ;iutt 

7J,7«7 

4U,  5!(7 
■(■»,  Wil 
.'11,711 

40,  m 

l,4i)l),70f 


Per 

tout. 


a  21 

!r..4L' 
l.f.  7« 
1(1. 70 

c.  r,7 
■i.  m 

■I.  22 

s.oo 
;i.  48 
a.  u 
'.'.  m 

2.  II 
2.fi0 

1IM.0V 


STOCK  OP  CATTLE  IN  IDE    KINODOM  OP  SAXONV. 

tlio  cattJo  kept  in  tlie  «  mtrv      li.  '^r,..'       <,' «  "i"«tive  wcisbt  of 


Ilorncil  caltlo  in 


Slicep  ill  (jeneral 


Swino  ill  gimoral 


QoiilH  ill  goiioral 


U(iriit'(lcBtllt<iii  ( 


Swino  ill  general 


GERMANY. 

Tlie  sanio  is  composed  as  follows,  viz : 

Number  of  live  animaU. 


429 


DtiRoriplion. 


Naniber. 


nortt*. 

Fnnls  less  III'"' """>'"'"■  •'•"'•:•, 

KoiilM  IV..III  on.'  I'i  I " o yeaiH  iil«l    

YmU  lioiu  I  wo  to  tliiro  voniH  old ..... ... . . 


total  viUiio. 


l.HM  i 
.'1,001 
4,t»W  ' 

•iw : 

117,  Till  I 


Marin. 

3;n,7!»r) 
1,100,01;) 
L',  121,  ;i«it 

107,  OK.-i 

70,  !i;i0,  :).vi 


VhIho  |ior 
hvful. 


Unrkii. 
170.3 
;mi.;i 
ri'J7. 1 

1,071.0 

n7H.fl 


Horw'H  . 


120,880  I      83,000,210 


Muhn  mill  liiniiii>s. 
Asufls  (iloiiko.vB) . . . 


18 


20 


!l.  tKIO 


Neat  nr  homed  caltle. 


ago 


mivcH  lc».s  Minn  .six  wookHold 

,;„lv.w  lioiii  Hix  w.'..kH  to  MIX  inontlm  ol<l - 

•  WHS  or  voiiiiK  iininiiilH  Irom  oimlmll  .yoar  to  twoycnrw  olrl 
Hulls  I  wo  vt'iirs  ol.l,  uiid  «'xrw.llnK  tlmt,  ii(io  . . .    . .  . 

OlhtT  oxtii  or  l>iill«  'wo  yi'MH.  iioil  oxccPtliiiR  that 

CowH  two  yiaiB  olll,  ami  rxocrdiu^ihaMiKo 

Il.irncd  cnttio  In  Rcneml ; 

Shfep. 
FiiiP  wooUmI  hIiw'P  lc<'pt  *"'"'  sl'oai't'K  piirpoRcs,  1(>»h  tlmn  ono  year 

Fi'i'iiVwiMiliMl  hIk'cp  kept  lor  Hbeaiing  pnrpospR,  on«  year  old  and 

(ililnr. 
I 


in,  000 

40,:)«' 
llH,7(Vt  ; 
4,003  I 
21J,6»I5  I 

442,  ono  I 


457, 104 

2, 4:i;i,  ,im 

14,720,004 

i,2iu,  5:hi 

7,730,081 

10(1, 427,  or..-. 


0.'il,32ft  j 


ninrovc'd  sliPi'p  I>v<>d  lor  linti-lior,  loss  tlmn  ono  your  old 
111!  irovcil  slicM'ii  lived  lor  liiilcl.rr,  ono  year  old  and  older 

III htr  sIkm'P  lortH  lliii" "'""  .V"'"'  <•'"'  ••,-.•■■•.•,■■; 

(Mlicr  .slio('|i  ono  year  old,  and  pxcooding  that  aKO 

Sliccpin  (icnpral 


Swine. 


.Siickiiii;  pit's  «"<•  porkors  loss  than  ono  year  old  . . . 
nreclinil  sows  (farrows)  upwards  of  ono  yoar  old  . 
(Illior  s\vine  ono  year  old,  and  fXcoodhiK  that  ago 


Swinoiii  (jonoral 

(loats. 

Kids  li'ss  than  ono  yoar  old 

(iotttw  ono  yoar  olil,  and  oxiocdinf!  that  afjo 


OoatH  in  gonoral '    110,547 


1,1*70,82.1 


218.3 
78.3 


20. 3 

00.3 

124.  0 

a.'vi.  8 

•Ml.  4 
240. 7 


Tlie  live  weigrlft  has  only  been  ascertained  with  regard  to  horned  au- 
iuiiil.s  and  swine. 


DoHciiption. 


]  NunilMir.  i Total  woiu'ht.;  ^^fydf® 


Ilomeil  calllc.  j 

(JiiKps  l(>fls  than  six  wcoksold ;  ir>,  COO 

(blvi's  rrmo  six  w    ^'lis  to  six  nionf.lis  old '  40,382 

Kawiis  or  voiiuj;  aninials  from  a  half  year  to  two  years  old i  118,703 

I'lills  two  M'ars  old,  and  cxpot'diii!:  that  nRo 4,003 

(lllirr  oNi'ii  and  hnlls  two  years  old,  and  oxeredinK  that  auo i  2!>,  n8ri 

Cows  two. \  ears  old,  and  exceedinj;  tlmt  a;;o j  442,0.'>0 


Pounrh. 

1,512,17.'-. 

7,  .Wo,  120 
47, 488, 723 

4,(H7, 113 

2(i.  3.-,S,  .'KiO 

3,'-.l,  131.(I.V. 


Uorncd  eatlloin  general 1    0.'>l,.'121t  ;    438,717,.'>,'>5 

flirine.  I 

Riickiuu  pi^s  and  poikers  less  than  ono  year  old 


Utvedin^  sows  (funows)  one  seai'  old  and  olde 


.1    08?,  ."iOS         lfl,2,'>n,  158 


28,  287 


Oilier  sH  ino  ono  year  old  and  older 44,  CO," 


Snlnn  in 


Rene 


ral 


3.'>r>,  550 


I 


0,  2.'7, 407 
11,821,811 


:i4,  308, 400 


PtmniU. 

iw.  n 

187.7 
400.1 
!M7. 8 
887.  i» 
704. 3 


.17. 5 
io.2 


2-21 
•Vi. 


204.  5 


430 


CATTLE  CENSUS,  OR  BRUTE  POLL,  OP  THE  KINGDOM 

('^"•kenJanimrylO,  I8«;i.| 
CattU  belonging  to  houtahoUs  (farms)  including  moh  heatU 


Dencriptton. 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 

Of'  SAXONY. 

a»  are  temporarily  uhmt. 

Total  In 


Namber  of  nwaorH  of  oattlo  :* 

(1)  Sottltiil 

('•!)  UuRflttlod. 


SlirioTolty  of— 


Bsotcen.  Oremlen. 


I<eipaia. 


CalvBH  up  to  0  nionthg  oiii'; 
(>'l)  IJptuUwHoka 


H)  From  0  wi«k»  to  0  iiiontlVnYnVaKw 
(J)  From  U  wi-okH  to  0  niontlm  (fu. 

lualcs) ' 

Fawns,  oryonuu  "niiuttlnfroiiVone-hiiif 
yuartoa  venrsold: 

!!f!  5")'."",'"'  '"""'o  <■<>■•  l>roe(ling)... 

(7)  Oeldedoxcn. 

(«l  FoDialo  fawns ] '  ] 

(0)  BiiUocks  actually  used  for  brcliijV 
liiK  purpoHoH  (In  0) 

""■"f,;!  "i""'"  ^  J*'*™  "W  «n<l  over :  " ' 

(10)  Bulls  (cattlo  for  brcoilinc)  at 
least  a  years  old 

(11)  Any  other  bulls  or  oxen. 

(12)  Cows 


33,  8no 
1,247 

2,  fi3S 
1,411 

5,  40r, 


2,508 

i.iao 

14,  424 
1,10& 


OHO 

n,  230 

71, 12« 


Total  number  (3  to  8  and  10  to  12)       |02,  KJO 


43, 463 
4,  lUO 

4,440 
2, 443 

0,030 


3,  705 

3,  111) 

2«,  940 

1,874 


1,611 

6,456 

133,  r>40 


30, 773 
5, 224 

4, 270 
1,  504 

7,420 


4, 455 

25,482 

1,794 


1,119 

2,  CIH 

115,  873 


191,744 


10;i,  512 


Zwltikau. 


50, 352 

2,  «U0 

4,  303 

3,  5tll) 

9,()04 


2, 857 

7,  588 

25,  743 

1,277 


1,284 
17,  39!t 

121,  now 


1883.        In  1873. 


198,243 


•The  number  of  owners  apply  to  all  live  st«uk,  cattlo,  horsesT^-IuliiraH^^.^iJ^ep: 
horses,  mules,  and  asses  in  Saxony, 


im,477 
13,213 

31.4J8 


13,585 
I2,5:'9 
92, 58U 

6, 050 


4.  Mn 

'-'II.  (is,-. 

•ll:',o,Ki  ! 

«5i,:f!i 


'■'AM 

l-',50fl 


M,«I3 


6,8«5 
1  113,317 

«,t)«5 


■<tUI3 


Boats,  and  swine. 


Description. 


Shrievalty. 


Bautzen. 


Foals: 

Less  than  one  year 

From  one  to  two  years ." 

From  two  to  three  years 

Horses  three  years  old  and  over :  " 

Stiillions  for  brecdlD!:  purposes. 

used  for  aRriouItural  labor   . 

F  or  uiilitjiry  purposes 

All  other 


Dresden. 


251 
425 
461 

3 

10,  502 

02 

2,957 


649 

705 
830 

103 

20, 179 

:t,  114 

9,444 


Leipsic.    Zwiekan. 


Total. 


14,721 


Foals  bom  in  the  year  1882  . 

Uules  and  hlnotes 

Asses 


174 
2 
4 


40,  930 


013 
1, 113 
1,611 

39 

28,  (521 

2,  801 

8,  895 


T.itnl  In 
1883. 


Total  In 

i«7;j. 


43, 593 


294 
0 

7 


422 

7 
12 


437 

818 

1,  IIU 

11 

17,  Old 

07 

8,192 


27,042 


— 

3,  (Mil 

4,o:m 

150 

«2,  -m 

«,U44 
29,488 

1,^8 
-',  153 

70,475 

5, 7t« 

27,r,ll 

128, 8W) 

l,l(i4 
18 
2li 


115,792 


Sheep  in  Saxony. 


Desciiption. 


Finewooled   sheep  for  sbearine  pur- 
poses, merinoes : 

Less  than  one  .year  old 

Oho  yes  r  old  aiid  over 

Improved  sheep  bred  for  the  butcher': " 

l.es»  than  one  year  old 

One  year  and  over 

All  other  sheep:  

Less  f  hsn  OQc  .^  ear  old 

One  year  old  and  over '.'" 


Shrievalty. 


Bautzen. 


Dresden.    Leipsic.    Zwicknn. 


ToUl. 


1,032 
2,608 

2,689 
«,U91 

2,441 


16, 337 


2,  597 
8,  743 

3,864 
12,  338 

2,  200 
8,433 


1  Tntnl  In 

188:1, 


18, 


20, 


,  259 
,278 

,178 
,  233 

411 
815 


38. 181        74, 174 


OflO 
2,038 

I,C81 
5,211 

2, 28!)  ' 
7,  568 


fl,S4« 
31,267 

15,412 
42,473 

10, 782 
3!),25J 


Total  in 


I  108,405 
I  50, 238 
]■    48,130 


20,345 


1411,037 


206,833 


Swine ; 

|„.HH  tlmn  one  yen 

HiuiklnK  |ilK«  ••• 

One  vearold  and  » 

iSri'ediiitf  HOWH 

Other  swiuu  at 

Total 

Ooiif « : 

I,«8H  than  one  yi-ar 
One  yiiir  old  luid  o' 

She(!oats 

Any  otlier,nt  U 

Total 


GKRMANY. 

Siiint:  ami  fjoata  in  Saxouy, 


481 


Description. 

8hrU<»«lty. 

Total  In 
1883. 

ToUlIn 

lUntzen. 

DnNuIen. 

Lelptlo. 

Zwlokan. 

1873. 

"'l^'U  tliirn  orio  your  old,  Including 

:iO,  182 

2, 2fl.-> 

4.B7H 

80,210 

11,500 
12, 427 

114,772 

11,7.'V4 
l.'-.,7H2 

61, 308 

2,000 
11,008 

283,608 

28,287 
44,006 

HUiikliiK  ]>tK«  ■ 

OuBVOiiroliUlKlDvnr: 

IlrrmliiiK  »0WH  (Iiiitowh) 

OtliBr  Bwlno  at  loaBtono  yeor  old. 

Total 

;i7,  325  1     110,  212 

142, 308 

66,705 

359,660 

301, 300 

""lo'hh  tlian  oiin  yonr  old  nnd  kldH 

Olio  yiiir  old  luidovor: 

0,645 

30, 7.10 
1  410 

6,287 
24,040 

9    <U1 

4,025 

12,207 
1,403 

4,600 

10,777 
2,178 

21,460 

87,  44.1 
7,038 

Any  othor.ut  leoHt  oue  yt'iir  oUl . . 

38,720  i      3;i..'>08 

17, 0U5 

20,004 

110,  547 

105,487 

BeeB  in  Saxony. 


Shrievalty. 


Bantien  

Drendi'ii < 

LiMiwio 

Zwickau 

Total  In  loss 
Total  in  1873 


Total  nnm- 
bor  of  bee- 
hives. 


11,344 
15, 657 
14,783 
11,072 


Hlven  with 

movable 

honey-combs 

auonK  this 

total. 


5,375 
4,300 
6,304 
6,801 


63,750 
64,367 


21,870 
18, 670 


li 

:  ;i 

■  I: 

■ 

j  ■■ 

'  J.. 

SILESIAN  CATTLE. 


BErOIiT  BY  CONSUL  DITUMAR,  OF  BltESLAV. 
INTRODUCTORY  AND  EXPLANATORY. 

In  accordance  Avith  instructions  contained  in  the  circular  of  July  18, 
I  iaclose  liorewifli  the  result  of  investigations  repardiuf?  the  altitudes, 
climate,  soil,  and  cattle  food-products  of  Hilesia  and  its  natifo  an<l  otl'.er 
breeds  of  cattle,  "with  such  iuforination  as  was  obtainable  regarding  the 
best  breeds  for  the  dairy,  for  work  and  for  slaughter,  the  jiereentage 
of  the  various  breeds  kept  in  the  jirovince,  and  the  amount  and  mode 
of  export  heuce.  In  the  absence  of  any  printed  statistics  on  these  sub- 
ject.s,  and  of  any  work  describing  the  native  cattle  of  Silesia  and  the 
foreign  breeds  and  crosses  considered  most  desirable,  I  have  been  ob- 
lijjt'tl  to  deponr,  upon  personal  inquiry,  verbal  and  in  writing,  and  on 
the  assistance  of  several  gentlemen  who  were  In  position  to  obtain  the 
most  trustworthy  information  on  the  subject  of  the  inquiries;  notably 
Mr.  A.  Kiirte,  author  of  a  standard  work  <m  "The  wool  sheep,"  whose 
business  in  tlie  last  six  weeks  obliged  him  to  traverse  the  province 
nearly  from  end  to  end;  Professor  (ralle,  dean  of  tiie  ]»i»ilosophical 
faculty  of  the  l5r<'^■:!au  University,  who  fuvjiislied  tlse  altitUjie.Haud  nscan 
teinperatnre  of  the  (country;  Dr.  Neefe,  director  of  the  Breslau  statis- 
tical bureau,  and  Messrs  Leo  Sachs  and  Paul  Pusehmaun. 


48i 


CATTLE  AND   DAIRY   KARMINO. 
Rir.KSrA— ARKA,  CLIMATE,  HOIL,   TOI'0(;ilAlMrv,   KTC. 


Hilosin,  Iho  soufhojistorn  province  oftlie  Kinc<loni  of  fiimwi„  i 
ftroji  of  ir>,5r,0  8q„arc  n.il.H/oxnMulinK  Iron,  norU.  la    tuclii    i  m;  ?^i: 
and  from  ojwt  lon^Mtmlo  .'{1.21  to  MM.    It  is  dividod  into  tl  r  -     ""*' 
Htrafvo  (liHtricts  Upper,  L<.wor,  und  Mid.li.^Silei;  ,     ^^^       ft 
by  the  lufmeH  ot  their  capitals,  Oppeln,  Lie^nit/,  and   Mi  «:,,''  1'' 

Silesia  I  he  sonthern  i)art8  of  Middle  at.d  Lower  Silesia  are  ..m  •'*' 
ojjh;  the  rest  of  (he  province  is  dat,  with  (he  ex.Tption  of  ho  '  '"■ 
n  the  <5.ant  Monntuins,  which  rise  abrnptly  fro, ,  the  I  ,w  ,  i T 
Ind,,,,/  11,11s,  and  the  hilly  portions  of  IJ  ,p'or  Hih-sia.  A  loi  '^;'  ""^ 
c^ntot  the  area  ,s  hilled  land  an.l  ^aniens,  JM.7  n...,d(,w    ",  ,i   /K 


tor  observations  have  only  recently  been  n,i,del  and  U.e  n.T^mV.'' 
yet  been  fixed.    Breslan,  situatnlnearly  in  the\i  L"  of   hi.  ,    l? 
at  an  altitnde  of  nearly  400  feet,  has  a  winter  n,ean  of  -')'??' 
snnnnerinean  of +17.;{C.  ^**<iui      i..iL.i\\ula 

The  ffreater  j>art  of  the  province  is  drained  by  the  Oder  Ifivnr  „ 

small  portion  „,  the  sontheast  by  the  Vistula,  the  wedce  slVro^i    „  .' " 

extrein  ty  and  the  luonntain  distri(,t  near  tl  e  s^.uW    u  p  I  o7sn'" 

8.an  s.de  of  the  Giant  Mountains)  by  the  latter  river.    As  h.^.ntv 

jrouffh  wh.ch  theO<ler  flows  is  for  the  .nost  part  but  littVl  i'l      £ 

the  surface  of  the  nxi^r  at  ordinary  hifyh  water,  th(.  stre.m  ns  ,ai  " 

be  ddced  neariy  ts  entire  length,  the  dikes  at  so.ne  plSd,  f.  t  V,^ 

a  fi^w  yards  of  the  nver  bed,  atothers  nearly  half  a  ,nile  liS.t     IZ 

or  twice  ineach  year  all  the  lan.l  within  the  dikes  isiniin  I'S  irwi     ? 

.nf ,.eq,UM,t,ly  the  water overllows  tly^  banks.    With  ,    le  K  V        ! 

nay  be  termed  alluvial ;  not  n,uch  effort  is  miwle  to  eul  iv  ite  if    ,,/ 

Ks  good  meadow  land  and  yields  fine  crops  of  hay       '"""'^^^  '^  ''"^'^ 

fn.,j  '«M'^''''''"''"."V'"'  ^'^"'^♦'^'*'  ^«"ee,  with  their  valleys,  nossoss  •, 
I^  w  «;i  f  "|-\'^'i'  ''^  u'  Preat depth, iK^in^r  „„<lorlaid  by  ^.a  ,  tH  ^i 
sandstone, slate,  basalt,  and  old  limestone  """•,^0*11 

The  soil  op  the  lelt  bank  of  the  Oder  is  mostly  clave'y,  with  a  coi.si.l 
erable  swlmixture  of  sn„d,  but  isesteenied  for  all  auric,,  tun     11, Zi' 
superior  to  that  on  the  right  bank,  which  is  mainly  sfu.d  «,,'&' 

tion).  The  al  ,tude  ranjjes  from  about  .'WS  feet  at  the  point  wl,  1  "' 
Oder  h'aves  the  province  to  af>out  2,i;{J)  feet,  the  highest  cnltvl 
|>o.nt  ,n  the  (J.ant  Mountains,  and  4,200  feet,  the  hiS,K  i '"  .-^^^ 
rKTM^'f-  ^'"^  ^^^'l  |'iffJ'«st  peaks  are  the  Sd.neeVo  ,k,  u  lie 
(,iant  Mounta,ns  over  .^(MM)  feet,  and  the  Schneebcw  in  he  (}],"/ 
Mountains,  over  4,r,00  feet.  (These  names  are  applie.l  t.,certuium' 
tions  ot  the  mountains ;  the  entire  range  is  known  as  the  Sudctics.) 

CATTLK  PEKDING  L\  SILEXIA. 

0»7i««<j«.— Thr  ,-n^8wp  CK'tivati'd  are  red  (clover,  white  clover,  (Imotliv. 
l^u\ii\Z^l'"^F'^''''  ^'''"  '■'""•••^'oue  soii),  lucerne,  ii  IK  I  smiulcllii.  in 
audition  to  tit^^n  jj.aHses,  Indian  (torn,  sown  in  diill.s,  is  cut  j?reenfor 


OKRMANY. 


438 


f.MMcT  {••'•'  K'"'"  '^'"'^  ""*'  '■'pt^'O?  «""l  liipinoH,  vt'tchcH,  an<l  foddor  boiwis 
„„.  al.>^"  lj"f,M'ly  |)laiit<'<l. 

Ill  iii.v  aiiiniiil  H'porr  lor  1H70  tlio  nuinliorof  hoctare8  80\vii  in  uniHHOH 
mid  otln  r  loddcr  pliiiilM  was  Kiv«n,  and  an  the  pruportion  dot's  i\ot  i)rob- 
iiblv  vary  tnatrii  dly  from  year  to  year,  «'x<'e|»t  that  a  larfjer  amon..^,  of 
iii(iiaii  (imii  stalivs  is  now  ])rodu<!ed— the  tlgiireH  are  hero  roprmluceU. 


ArttolM. 


I.iiplncs 

Velolii'ii 

fiHlitttr  iH'ftU* 

MalAH 

Cliivoi   

LiK'i'rao 


neotariMi. 


2(i,  2nr. 
81,  rn 

1,H77 
H.WIH 

■.'0:i,  1H7 
n,u4i 


ArtklM. 


H(>rr»»li>lla 

KHirarHelte , 

Kv0K>'>tHM 

TImoiliy 

OtluM'  Btannl'ii  ... . 
Otlifti'  foililxr  planU 


n«wUrM. 


a,3no 

1,  'JTIt 

1,1)09 

470 

OHR 

IB,  7o;) 


Poot  fted.—VriniuiU'.ut  anionj;  the  articles  of  food,  jilike  for  dairy  and 
for  Mil'  It  eartl",  are  the  potato  mash  "  swill  "juodueed  by  lln^  iM'Ulis- 
tiljorics  within  the  province,  the  "yraiiiN"  from  its  \Uir>  breweries,  the 
iH'st  rt'siduuiM  or  ,.alp  from  its  50  siifjar  factories,  and  the  oflal  of  its 
iiiiiiu'ro'  ;  j)otato-starch  factories.  I  have  bef(»r(^  me  a  statement  show- 
ing the  .iiiiouiitof  arable  land,  of  wood  and  meadov/  lan<l,  water,  &<;., 
(it  nil  estate  of  (317  hectares  in  Lower  Silesia,  wlmrein,  in  the  colnmn 
(IcvotJ'd  to  live  stock,  occnrs  the  followin}? :  "  Cuttle  fatteniiiju— food  pro- 
(iinul  from  mnnr  factory  and  distillery."  The  exceptions  to  this  method 
ot  fW'diiijj  are-the  cattle  farms  ami  stables  in  whose  immediate  neij^di- 
iHirliood  the  factory  oflfal  is  not  to  bo  obtained.  Jn  such  jdaces  potatoes, 
beets,  and  turnips  form  a  part,  of  the  winter  food. 

HOIIHINO. 

As  a  general  rule  cattle  are  coniined  in  stables  the  year  round,  the 
liiiid  bciug  considered  too  valuabhi  for  j-razing,  excrept  for  a  few  weeks 
ill  tilt'  late  summer  and  autumn,  before  the  stubble  is  plowed  under. 
The  stables  are  mostly  warm  and  dry,  and  surrounded  by  the  farm- 
yard, into  wlii<;h  the  cattle  are  sometimes  turned  for  a  few  hours' airing. 
Exceptions  to  the  rule  of  dry  and  Avarm  stables  are,  however,  not 


OATTLEBREEUlNa  IN  SILESIA. 

As  rofiards  cattle  breeding,  this  is  systematically  neRleeted  by  the 
small  fanner,  while  many  owners  of  large  estates  view  the  matter  solely 
with  iiiieye  to  i)resenti)rotit,  without  i«'gard  to  the  permanent  improve- 
iiH'iii  of  tlieir  sto(!k.  They  pay  little  attention  to  blood  or  iiedigree, 
(((iitcntiiig  tlieiiiselves  with  the  i)uiehas(M)f  a  few  line  bulls  selected 
lioiii  some  stock  of  good  rei»ute,  either  at  home  or  abroad. 

DAIRY   FARMING  IN   SILESIA. 

i¥(7/.-.— More  care  has  been  l>estowed  v]wu  the  treatment  of  dairy 
pnulncts  in  recent  years  than  lormerly,  resulting  i>artlyfioin  the  estab- 
lisliment  (if  a  (Jovernnient  <lairy  school  in  Upper  Silesia.  Dairy  asso- 
ciaiious,  (lisjKtsiiig  of  8.(H)U  io  ::(),(>()(>  iiiers  of  milk  each  per  day,  are  of 
recent  origin,  but  are  already  numerous.  Dairy  farms  within  easy  dis- 
H.  Ex.  51 28 


434 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


*ff  «.P,f  *'''f  «i<^y  g«t  21  cents  per  liter  for  their  milk,  retailors  .on- 
It  ioroj  to  4i  cents ;  m  tiio  country  the  usual  contnict  i»rico  {«'.;"'"« 
per  liter,  *         ''^  -y  wiits 

BuUer.—Tho  good  reputation  of  Silesian  butter  dates,  it  is  ...orf  , 
from  the  middle  ages,  and  is  still  deserved.  As  an  article  thiAvm'^''' 
and  therefore,  aclapted  for  exporting,  it  is  considered  (H,,n  „'?' 
Meclvlenberg  and  Danish  butter.  The  mountain  butter  at  nro.  'n  ""' 
mands  the  highest  price  in  this  market.  Good  table  butt 'i  cit!  f"'" 
J8J  to  3oi  cents  per  pound.  In  midwinter  the  price  is  Wn  T 
higher.  '^wniently 

C/icesc.— Cheese-making  has  not  attained  any  great  Dorfpof; 
proportions,  and  little  technical  skill  has  been  develoned  Infl.  ^' 
tacturers.  Besides  some  imitations  of  Swiss,  Limbmger.uwi  TfT 
cheese,  smal  Silesian  cheeses,  called  *' koppenkase,"  arV  n.  n?f 
Tliese  are  sold  mainly  in  the  province  and  in  the  Berlin  ret  li  ,n  f ' 
foreign  cheese,  notably  English,  Dutch,  French,  Swiss  If.  ir'^i 
Eussian,  is  sold  here  in  considerable  quantities.  '  '  **"*' 

OATTLB  PAIRS  IN  SILESIA. 


the  best  bulls,  cows,  and  cixen  1ms"  bc^n  Tiu.ited  am^gXZZ'n; 
the  larger  estates  by  these  exhibition'  ^  "^'^^  ^^ 


CATTLE  IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS  OP  SILESIA. 

Although  many  foreign  cattle  are  imi)orted  for  breeding  and  dairv  nnr 
poses,  but  ew  animals  are  purchased  abroad  for  fattening.  SiE?'' 
coarse  cattle  are  brouglit  Irom  tlui  east  and  southeast  bv  de^wliVi  ' 

attcmed  for  the  market,  but  their  number  is  comparatively  ^^^: 
Cattle  are  exported  hence  to  Si^xony,  Berlin,  the  iestern  an,  d»^^^^ 
inces,  and  some  to  Hamburg.  From  Hamburg  they  some  2^0 
Knglan.l   but  the  slnpm<'..ts  to  that  country  from  hero  direc  aro  inf.. 

ue:it.    The  export  of  iiit  cattle  from  Silesia  amounts  to  fmm  "I  n  > 
70,000  head  per  annum.     Besi.les  the  best  qualities  of  ^l^Shi:^^^: 
some  working  oxen  are  also  exported.    Among  the  best  cat  J  Sox 
por    hence  are  the  Ohlenburg  breed  for  worldng  ox,l^^  \;^^.l'^ 
hoofs  and  great  endunu.ce  ;  the  Wilstermarsch  (Ilolsteinr^  a'j) , 
cross,  an  abnndan..e  of  milk  and  good  meat;  Shorthorn  andXlet 
cross,  the  former  making  much  fat  the  latter  much  meat,  an  1  clS 
producing  the  best  butcher's  meat.     The  Shorthorn  I  as  a  s  ?  C, 
disqualifying  it  as  a  worker.  ''"'' 

The  freight  from  here  to  Hamburg  for  a  car-load  of  10  to  13  cattle  of 
an  average  weight  of  ]  ,400  ,,onnds  is  $4.oO,  including  faro  ,.f  atte  1  u 
Time,  24  to  30  hours      Tiie  cattle  are  closely  t,.there(l  t.  tl.o  I         £ 
car,  and  are  neither  fed  nor  watered  on  the  road 

As  a  rule,  the  best  slaughter  cattle  are  i)urcliased  hv  the  dealers  for 
export,  leaving  the  poorer  <les(Tipti()ns  for  consiimptio.Mvitliin  fho  im  v 
ince.     At  the  ast  cattle  market  in  this  city  Ml  liead  wore  oil'  m      7 

«14.04  to  $14.L'.S  i>er  cwt.,  exclusive  of  market  fees  or  octroi  hv  lor 
"  prune  "catlle,  $11.00  to  8ll.!)0  for  mediun,,  and  *0.(;(5  (,,  ,^7  If  Jo,- 
poor  lots.     hx{)oit  cattle  fetch  on  the  liiniis,  live  \vei^lir,!i!li.r.L''|Kn(!\vt. 

■■"  "or  good  quality,  and  >^',.<Mi  to  ,mG..|;5  for 


for  prime  steers.  i5<7.1  I  (o  i«<S.r>i>  t  .  „ ^ , 

lean  animals.    The  cattle  lor  expoi't  are  sliippeil  jit'st 


city  and  pay  no  city  dues 


ippcil  at  stations  beyond  the 


GERMANY. 


435 


CIIABACTERISTIOS  OF  SILESIA.N  CATTLE. 

',Mie  number  of  cattle  in  Silesia  on  the  10th  of  February  last  was 
1,304,14").  The  breed  peculiar  to  the  country,  known  as  the  Silesian 
laco  (Schlesisches  Laudvieh),  has  many  excellent  characteristics.  The 
eows  .yield  a  fair  quantity  of  rich  milk,  and  both  cow  and  ox  are  highly 
priztni  as  draught  cattle.  They  are  hardy,  of  great  en*'  irance,  easily 
fed,  and  tlieir  flesh  is  palatable  and  nntritious.  The^  .^re  essentially 
the  poor  man's  cattle,  and  are  to  be  found  in  their  original  purity  mainly 
oil  the  smaUer  estates.  Their  color  is  red,  and  red  and  white,  and  their 
horus  are  siaiilar  to  those  of  Ayrshires.  With  their  long  legs,  broad 
chests,  and  small  haunches,  however,  they  do  not  meet  the  demands 
eitlier  of  the  cattle  fancier  or  of  the  English  butcher. 

An  offshoot  of  this  race,  differing  but  slightly  in  appearance,  but  giv- 
iiio'  a  still  better  quality  of  milk,  though  less  in  quantity,  is  called  the 
•  Silesiaii  moiintain  cattle"  (Schlesisches  Gebirgsvieh), also  red,  or  red 
aii<!  wliite,  but  usually  white-backed.  These  mountain  cattle  have  been 
crossed  with  the  Simmenthal  (Switzerland)  and  the  A Igau  (Bavarian 
hislilaiuls)  cattle  with  the  best  results.  The  few  animals  from  the  Zil- 
lerthal,  in  the  Tyrol,  brought  hither  by  some  Protestant  exiles  many 
years  ago,  nave  also  been  crossed  with  the  Silesian  mountain  and  the 
Siininentlir  breeds,  but  without  any  marked  improvement.  A  cross  of 
the  lonland  cattle  with  the  Shorthorn  cattle,  continued  through  sev- 
iMiil  gcner  itions,  has  produced  abreed  known  as  the  Silesian  Shorthorns, 
ciimbiMing  the  best  qualities  of  both  races.  The  Silesian  cattle  are  thus 
described- 

Sileniaii  cattle  of  the  plains. 

Xiiiiie  of  breed  :  Silesian  lowland  cattle. 

Aiiniiiil  average  poniulH  of  milk  :  .5,000. 

Milk  to  j)<)iiii(l.s  of  butter:  14  to  1. 

Milk  til  ))oiiii(ls  of  cheese:  7  to  1. 

Si/.f  at  maturity  :  Cow  140,  bull  and  ox  IfiO  centimeters  high. 

Livi'  wei^lit  at  maturity:  Cow  1)00,  bull  1,200,  ox  1,000  pounds. 

Aj^o  at  maturity  :  Four  years. 

Wi'ijjlit  of  uu'at  at  maturity  :  (500  to 700  pounds. 

('olor  :  K'ed,  and  red  and  white. 

l)(  sniptioii :  Long  legs,  medium  breadth,  normal  chest,  snuill  haunch,  horns  com- 
piirativoly  Kinall. 

Orij,'iii  of  iirecd:  Known  only  as  Silesian. 

Prodiut :  Oxen  i,nd  cows  esteemed  as  workers  ;  meat  re>rjirded  asmiod  :  milk  of  ex- 
cellent (piality. 

Silesian  mounfaiti  catlh: 

Xamo  of  breed  :  Silesian  liijfliland  c.itle. 

AiiiiiKil  average  i>onnd.Hof  milk:  :i,t)0O. 

Milk  to  pounds  of  butter:  12  ))onnils  to  1. 

Milk  to  i)()iinds  of  elnu'se:  (i  pounds  to  1. 

Nariieof  country  :  (liant  Monntain.s  and  eonuty  (ilat/. 

Si/n  at  maturity:  Cow  V2:>,  bull  140,  ox.  KK)  centimeters  lii<>-h 

Live  Weight:  Cow,  700;  bull,  1000;  ox,  IHIO  pounds. 
Ap;i'  iit  maturity  :  four  years. 
\Vei};l\t  of  meat  at  maturity  :  500  to  (iOO  jiounds. 
Celtir:  K'ed,  and  red  and  white,  mostly  white-backed. 
Df.seriptioii :  Louft  legs,  broad  chest, 'small  rump. 
()ni,'in  of  breed:  Silesia. 

!'r,.,i,u.ts:  (;,,,,d  working cattlo;  difTicHlt  to  fatt.-n,  hn 
oti'xiejlriit  ((Uiility. 
These  cattle  are'  highly  valiu'd  by  the  small  larmers 


nu-atconHidered  good;  milk 


Ihey  ure  hardy,  mid  can  bo  kept  Rtmu6h  less  cost  than  imported  breeds 


ill  the  mountain  districta. 


1! 


^^^  CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 

IMPORTED  BREEDS  IN  SILESIA. 

the  food,  orperbaps'tor^,t'J^^:,*^  FresuSkI  i?  ^^^^»i«-eS  i  1 
years  by  some  farmers,  others  import  o.X  fresh  b  ,1^17"^^  '^'^^^^ei 
Zom'"!  other  breeds,  such  a^the  8  LS  SwiT  Jf '^'"  ^ 
«?«r.?o^K^"'?-    ^^«  ^"tch  cattle,  ^vith   hroxccuilon  nf  ff  "f ''■''  ^^^1 
sterdam  breed,  are  black,  and  black  ami  vlH?e  ^li  2  i^'i*''*'  >a'g<Um. 

0,_000^^  7,000  p„„„.3  per  a,„r,.%7,Srilvi''„"eS^ 

THE  FAVORITE  BREEDS  IN  SILESIA. 

Taking  at  random  400  of  the  larger  estite^  in  v.,,; 
province  in  order  to  ascertain  which  is  the  mos    f  v^^^^^^  "^  "'« 

that  on  these  estate&the  following  cattle  are  kept^  ''''  ^  ''"" 

Breeds  of  cattle. 
Diitcl.  cattle  of  more  or  less  pure  blood  .  Estates. 

Datchand  Silosian  cross...:  U) 

Dntch  and  Oldenbiirff  cross.. "     r, 

Dntcli  and  Swiss  cross....         ""    .t 

Dutch  and  Shorthorn  cro.ss.:.':; i.'.""    in 

Dutch  and  Zillorthalcro.ss.  « 

Dutch  and  \VilHtormar.sh   cross ."."."■  i 

Dutcn  and  EnolLsh  cross l', 

Dutch  and  Cxernian  cross  1 

Dutch, oi,io„,„„.^,,,inaswis<;'cro.;,;:: :::::  ? 

Dutch  and  Miirzthal(Stvrian)cro.ss     U 

Due,  and  East  Frisian  cn's*^  I 

Sl.'ff  !'     Tf;  •■"'•'  WilHtermarsh  crosV  ; 1 

Dutch  and  Algau  (Bavarian)  cross       1 

Dutch  and  panizijr  cross  :. 

D     c   'n?  1  A  ■''''i''^'  ■■'"''  Wiistcr.narsh  cross  W. 1 

Dutch  and  Aynsliire  cross  1 

Mixed  Dutch  and  other  raco.s I 

SiIesianLowhmd....  14 

Silesian  Hi;,'hland  27 

Silcsian  and  OldeninuK  cross -".'"     1 

biicsian  andSwiss  cross  1' 

Silesian  and  Sc^hlcswi.rcros^ 1 

Si  csian  and  Sliorti.orn  cross 1 

S.osian  Highland  and  Swiss  cr<m.; :! 

SIcsi.an  and  lYi.sian  cross  '<-' 

Olden linrji; 1 

OI(hMilM,rjran(l\si;„7fi;orn'VrosV ••■■•■•  1' 

Odcn  Mir««nd  WiJstcrmarMhcros; ■' 

Olden  H.rj,  ,i,„,  s.viss  cross                ■ :! 

East  Eri.sian...                      1 

Wilstermarsh,  MontafunramVswVs^VrosV ', 

^V    stm„„,,,,„,^,^,,,^^^^.j  .ss.,o.ss 1 

W,\>>f.vnutv.h»n>lnuxrd  hr-.-d"    •'"'" '' 

Shorthorns  and  Ayrshires ■^ 

Hhorthorna  and  juixudbroeUa." !,'.'".".  "J ,! 


GERMANY.  43  y 

lireods  of  cattle. 

Ayrshires '^• 

Swiss '* 

Swiss  with  various  crosses i> 

Dautzif,' ......'.'. '} 

Miirztbal | 

Algitii \ 

Old  Gpniiiiu •> 

Itolcrii 1 

Mixed  broc(l8  of  v:iriou8  rjices _" * 

PRODUCTS  FROM  DUTCH   COWS  IN  SILESIA. 

Tho  following  answers  were  received  to  inquiries  addressed  to  two 

largo  estates  keeping  Dutch  cows  : 

From  :he  vUdnitij  of  StrMcn,  midway  between  Brealau  and  the  mountaim. 

lirccil :  Diitrli,  of  pnro  blood. 
Aiiiniiil  iiv('ijijj;n  (|Uiintity  of  milk  :  2,800  liters. 
Quantity  of  milk  to  pound  of  butter:  100  liters  to  7  pounds. 
Country  of  orijjiu:  Holliuid. 
Si/,()  at  iiiatiiiity  :  140  to  UM  centimeters  hi"h. 
Live  \VL'i;;ht :  1,000  to  1,200  pounds. 

A;;ii  at  maturity :  Four  years.  * 

\\'i'ii;iit  at  maturity:  5!J0  to  650  pounds. 
Color:  IJiack  and  white. 
^Description:  Broad  chest,  broad  haunches,  small  neck  and  tail,  horns  curved  for- 

Si?  ami  in:^';!;.^:!"'  •"'^°'''  •'  ''-"''  "^  ^'"""^  '^^^^^  ^""^  "^U-^^i  every  three 
Lalior:  Vaiiujd  at  4H  cents  ])er  day. 
Meat:  Worth  •'5i7.K")i  to  |8.57  per  cwt.,  live  weij^ht. 
Mill; :  We  ^I't  2}  cciits  per  liter  from  clieeso  factory 
Cliccsi':  Worth  at  factory  .1?.j.71  to  .fr>.!).''>  per  cwt. 
Method  of  housin<;:  In  plastered  stables. 
IVedinK:  Nine  mouths  dry  ;  three  months  green  fodder 
Urucding :  For  dairy  and  fattening  purposes. 

From  MimclwUz,  on  the  Oder,  a  few  milea  ahovn  Brenlau. 
JV  koop  an  average  .,f  (iO  cows,  2  bulls,  24  working  oxen,  and  15  to  30  slaughter 
Tlitu'ows  are  mostly  Hollanders,  with  a  few  SiloHi'iiw      'ri....T  „:„i  1 

Hr£:T;:^m;l^Se  ^''"-"  ^'"-^•^f^-SaiSSJ^rb^??-^ 
.s^^s;i;t;;s^^;;:;i::\i^,;:^-it'c:;s,;s^^ 

1,10(1  to  1,4(10  pounds.     The  ...lor  of  l)ut.:  le  ij  us  nllv  b^ 

tc;v  an.  also  ,luu  and  white  :  hea.l  and  tl.l\:.^iluC:::r^^M^^:^:;'  ^^'^•''  »*»'  ** 

llie  Ilolland.rs  were  kept  pure-ldooded  for  ten  vears      I'.st  v,....    L 
"itliSiniim.nlhal  bulls.  i  lo.   u,u  yt.irs.     l.ast  j ear  began  crossing 

The  milk  is  noIiI  to  city  dairies  for  2|  cents  per  liter 

Jheworking  oxen  are  o,  tho  IJavariau  breed;  red,"large  horns;  quick  gait ;  yoke 

Soil  in  partly  loam,  iiartly  sand. 

CENSUS  AND  DISTRIBUTION    OF  CATTLE  IN  SILESU. 

ortSmuT  l'it'w';s'r-.K  n. n"'"  T  ^''*'  '•''"^■'"««  «»  tl'e  lOtii 

i,  .^,,      -l  '•'^'^  ^^•'.*:  l)""^l>'>.    Of  these  tliere  were  in  IJDner  Silosi-i 
VJ-m  Lower  S.Iesia  lll>,(;o;j,  and  in  ftfiddie  Silc^la  S'f^'"^: 

iofa,  tiu- iiiiiiiiicr  nf  i'lif  lb.  ill  d.,.  ....<^; ;_  .  .._:    :-:■-" ' 


438 


CATTLE   AND  DAIRY   FARMING. 


n  V' 


n 


er 
entire 

old  In  1840tlm^e^e^m:^\^of'c^S^Sw;^  S^'^nJ'''' 
ward  of  two  years  oldj  and  in  1816  the  figures  were  081  201  entira'  "" 
ber,  and  398,106  cows  over  two  years.  The  proporUon  of  ZtVlT 
entire  number  in  1 883  I  was  unable  to  obtain.  "^  ^^  ^^^ 

HENBY  DITHMAR, 

United  States  Consulate,  ^'*'"*"'- 

Brenlau,  November  16,  1884. 


CATTIE  IN  THURINGIA. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  MOSUER,  OP  SONNEBERO. 
DESCRIPTION  OF   THURINGIA. 

Thuringia  is  a  mountainous  district  in  Central  Genmnv  i,.; 
about  280  to  30O  longitude,  and  about  50°  to  51o  45' hStS     ^   ^^  '" 


-.,  .. —  v,v...„>3.wu,.i  UU13  yiuves  oi  ueccu,  oak,  and  nuiDle      Ti.n  « 
sandy,  wi  h  a  substratum  of  clay-slate  in  the  southeas  em  it     ■  „,i  nf 
porphyry  in  the  northwestern.    Fertile  meadows  ami  ,  k  ,sn    , 
abound  throughout  the  district,  which  yield  a  good  ,m^^^^ 
sweet  grass     The  cultivated  gra'sses  are  xea  clm'i^iTi,    h  ■  J.I''  '""^' 

The  inhabitants  are  classed  as  an  agricultural  poonlo  I  f  V^  «', .  f 
worthy  fact  that  nearly  all  the  manual  labor  of  e&,  ti  e  lout 
the  sowing,  the  planting,  the  haying,  the  harvestii..'  •  1  L  i  7 
n.g,  is  do,«  by  the  women,  while  the  men  art  tMVher  i.V  ,o  ■  nv  ir'''' 
engaged  in  the  manufactories  for  dolls,  toys,  slates  ,  o, id  i,;,, "  '""' 
ware,  which  abound  in  this  region.  '  '  i'^'^*^'*""'  '^i'*'  slass- 

DEtsORIPTION  OF  THE   CATTLE  OF  THURINGIA. 

/W.v.-The  cattle  in  Thuringia  embrace  a  variety  of  breeds  sucli.s 
he  Allgauer,  the  1  eilhronnor,  theFrankish,  and  tl.i  (Jla.  alU?  i  S 
have  sprung  Iron,  the  Bavarian  race,  which  is  itselt"  a  ,  iV.  .'  to 
Swws-brown  and  the  Fararlberger  breeds.  For  the  n unK  es'',  t  « 
report  itw.U  be  sufficient  to  confine  attention  to  tie  Al  "a  kt  r^^^^^^^^^^ 
which  are  bred  in  .Southern  Thuringia  towards  the  lia  u  Tu,  f  o^i^^^^^^^^ 
o  the  Ileilbronner  breed,  which  is  a  cn.ss  „f  the  re.l  Simn  en    '  I ei' 

Duivedom  of  Meiningen  ;  and  to  the  Glau  race,  which  is  tl.e  prev  1  ' 
stock  in  the  metre  mountainous  regions  J>u\.iiiin^ 

iJdZ  ^'^"''^r  W-It  is  the  concunent  testimony  of  ail  dairvmen 
isr^^ilS  t^;?"'"'  \^  satisfactorily  bred  in  Thui'ingia.  The  S 
hS  J  ;^  nt  Z^  "  '!'  ^':^;,"'>»^''-"  i'"'ti.u,  of  the  distriel,  in  the  val- 
Ent  ev«n  !..;«.''''  •'"'  ^^  ?'^"7;«attle  are  found  in  tl.e  best  eou.lition. 
mt  even  here  there  .'s  u  noticeable  modification  of  the  finer  Oliaructer- 


GERMANY. 


439 


istics  of  tbe  breed,  as  it  is  found  in  Frankish  Bavaria.  The  liea<l  is 
borne  less  proudly,  the  eyes  are  less  bripflit,  and  the  horns  are  less  sym- 
metrical. The  neck  is  short  and  stout,  the  back  strong  and  rather  long, 
tbe  chest  and  rump  broad,  the  body  deep,  the  ribs  barrel-shaped,  the 
bag  iieiirer  square  than  round,  the  teats  long  and  with  a  tendency  to 
llatness,  and  the  color  varying  from  a  dark  brown  to  a  whitish  yellow. 
They  are  not  dainty  in  respect  to  food,  and  easily  adapt  themselves  to 
cliiUiKcs  of  location  and  diet.  The  cows  of  this  breed  reach  a  living 
veiftlit  of  from  900  to  1,200  pounds.  They  average  about  2,500  quarts 
(5.000  pounds)  of  milk  per  year,  the  milk  being  rich,  and  the  quantity 
contimiiiig  without  much  variation  until  the  animals  are  from  twelve  to 
sixteen  years.  While  at  pasture  it  is  reckoned  that  about  10  or  11 
quarts  of  their  milk  produce  about  1  pound  of  butter,  while  in  winter 
lioiii  113  to  15  (piarts  are  necessary.  It  is  also  estimated  that  with  these 
(ows  100  pounds  of  hay  produce  25  quarts  of  milk  and  2J  pounds  of 
Imtter. 

The  UeiJhronncr  breed.— The  ITeilbronner  cattle,  which  appear  in 
Mciiiingen,  are  excellent  milk-givers,  some  of  them  producing  as  many 
as  1(5  (iiuirts  <laily,  but  the  average  is  about  10  quarts.  The  milk  is 
rich,  and  tliey  can  usually  bo  milked  until  about  four  weeks  before  the 
time  of  calving.  On  an  average  about  10  quarts  of  their  milk  is  re- 
quired for  1  pound  of  butter  or  for  5  pounds  of  cheese.  They  are  more 
iorai)act  than  the  cattle  of  the  Allgauer  breed.  Their  color  is  not  uni- 
form, but  varies  from  a  dark  red  to  a  yellowish  hue.  They  have  a 
well  shaped  body,  a  deep  and  broad  chest,  a  heavy  rump,  a'smallish 
Lead,  bright  eyes,  short,  smooth,  whitish  horns,  fine  hair,  symmetrical 
legs,  and  a  brisk  motion.  They  weigh  from  750  to  1 ,000  pounds,  the 
ox  being  about  30i)  pounds,  and  the  bull  500  ])ound8  heavier  than  the 
cow. 

The  Ulan  breed.— The  Glan  cattle,  which  are  really  the  cattle  of  the 
country,  are  somewhat  rougher-looking  animals  than  either  of  the 
breeds  already  mentioned,  and  this  is  doubtless  owing,  in  part,  to  the 
less  favorable  circumstances  in  which  they  live.  Their  origin  is  respect- 
able, sinc^e  they  came  from  pairing  the  red  Swiss  with  the  old  and  now 
extinct  native  Thuringian  cattle,  but  hard  usage  and  a  somewhat  rig- 
orous mjimc  have  eliminated  many  of  the  finer  qualities  of  their  ances- 
tors. They  are  stout,  rough-haired,  dirty-hued,  unintelligent-looking 
aiiiuiiils,  varying  in  size  from  that  of  the  compact  Jersey  to  the  average 
American  ox.  The  weight  of  the  cow  is  from  700  to  1,000  pounds,  the 
ox  1,100  pounds,  and  the  bull  1,400  pounds.  They  are  supposed  to 
attain  their  maturity  at  the  age  of  five  years,  but  they  show  no  failure 
of  strength  and  i)roductiveness  until  they  are  from"  eleven  to  fifteen 
years  old.  They  average  about  0  quarts  of  milk  and  one-half  pound  of 
butter  per  day. 

SIZING  CATTLE  IN  THUKINGIA. 

Cattle  are  sized  in  this  country  by  taking  their  height  from  the  ground 
to  tiie  top  of  the  fore  shoulder,  as  horses  are  sized  in  most  countries. 
The  Kirtli  is  never  taken  into  account.  The  Allgauer  and  Ileilbronnor 
oow  stands  about  140  centimeters  (4  feet  2  inches),  and  the  bull  and  the 
ox  abunt  150  centimeters  (4  feet  (J  inches).  The  Ulan  cow  stamls  about 
145  centimeters,  and  the  ox  and  bull  about  155  centimeters. 

cows  AS  DIIAFT-CATTLK. 

A  noticeable  feature  of  industrial  life  in  this  region  is  the  almost  uni- 
versal use  of  the  cow  as  a  draft  animal.    In  the  labor  of  the  farm 


440 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


I 


women  take  tli«  place  of  men  and  eows  the  Dlaee  of  o^.u.     /- 
.vely  few  horses  a.ul  oxen  are  seen,  bnt  ne  r  y  o^x^ry  Siv     '""''"^»- 
m  the  country  and  small  vilhi-es,  o  vns  at  least  one  ..nl'^ '/'"''^^^'''Ilv 
then.,  either  sin^My  or  in  paiivs,  for  a  I       n  it  o^    X;orr'  '[''^  "« 
of  a  yoke,  a  narrow  piece  of  wood  passes  across  the  ford  e-  d  i '' .  ,'"^'*''«l 
the  horns  to  eacli  end  of  which  a  chain  or  Sthorr:'!':^ 
pa^sinj;  thence  through  lug-holes  in  a  TnrcinHo '^^^^^^^^^ 
whipple-trees  that  are  fasten.id  to  the  load      Th  .1  ♦         i''«vvaistt( 
upon  the  forehead  and  neck.     Ti?e     owsuLr    ^  '''''' 

They  are  worked  the  year  around,  U.^rownerrcH     in    h'    '^''  "•^•^"• 
but  little  .liOerence  in  either  the  qVanVi^y  or  on  ilitv^  ^'"'^  '^  "''''<e,s 

grades  of  cattle  are  used  in  this  way,  e^ertel'u.tv  An"  """^■-    ^" 
sought  by  mai.y  farmers  primarily  on  In^^ount  of  tS  ^''"'^ 

anin.als.     Such  usage  through  msiny  geiier  t  ons  uTl^TT  "''  ''^'ift 
a  kind  of  masculine  grossnt'ss  and  st'outi  esT  i     .^'iJ  I""'l"ced 

m>t.ceai,lo  in  their  naUve  homes  and  noimai  eondiUon?   '  ''"'■''  ''  "«' 

HOUSING  CATTLE  IN  THUBINGIA. 

storing  fo,lder.     But  it  is  a  veiyLmnon\ti  to  Hnfl  "S  *''^^  '''^  *or 

n.g  on  the  larm,  the  familv  occu.Ty  ng  one    ml  o f    L"^      "'"^  '"'"'1- 

the  cattle  the  other,  with  the  fodder    n  S^  loft  ^V),   f,^'"'.'"^'"^  ""d 

ment  may  be  given  to  the  cattle,  te  famiW  ami  th«^-  n  *"  ''i'''^^"  ^^^''^■ 

«eco,u   lloor  between  them ;  or  e  sV  tirfi^^ni^^^   -xt  ^   S'^  ff'''  ^''« 

second  story  and  se.uls  the  fodder  int.^iratk     Suno  i.  ''"''  •"'  ^^'^ 

against  this  practice,  especially  in  the  lai'  er  tovn.s  uui   '" '^  "'«^«'"«'t 

«uiance  companies,  because  it  is  bc^^ieA^"  'to  bo  r."       ''"'.'V'^'  ^''«  "'• 

[mtiiy  Hres.    The  bedding  most  in  u^  H  i    t^^  ^^  hS^'^  '  '''  '''^ 

but  in  the  country  and  most  of  the  towiU  V,  i  .riu       ^^  *"'^''^'  ^f^aw; 

growu  part  of  the  spruce  ami  th'^hif^X  ,1^!  \i^f  JJ^f  ^^;;!;''«  "owly! 

the  branches  being  retaini'd  for  lire  wonrl      if  /i    i  •       i^"'"«^i'  J'iU't  of 

Of  bedding  i.,  «.b.%„oMti;\';hJ;tieru  da«u,frttVtal':''"  ''"' 

CATTLE-l'EEDINCr  IN  THUItlNGIA. 

hay,  straw,  '^scalded  n,o.l,Cd  "^^^^  •^;,^''^,^;;^  ^^^ ''    ^•■«- 
or  e^ich  cow  is  an  equivah'nt  of  25  pouu   s  of    ay    ai'lv     Ti "'  °"'"'*^' 
braces  red  clover,  lucern,  and  the  native  m-M  J  l^+'^"     -^''"  ''">'  ^'"i" 

<!oiisists  usually  ,)f  rye-bran  brr)//.  m  nV  .  ti  •  *'  '"coldweaflicr, 

water,   which  is  su   pose     t     s/i^,    h  ""f  "'e  of  oat.noa!  a„,i 

Owing  to  the  use,  if  The  cows  ^^    r  >  aninnl'J  '  '"n*"'"'"^'  """'<^''^- 
pnictice<l  in  most  countries,  "iSnluuJunZ'fcr ''"""''  "  ''  '' 

IJUEEDlNO   CATTLE   AND  HANDLING  TUEIU   PROI,U.rLS. 

There  is  uo  "gentle  breed ii"-"  of  sNu-I-  h,  h; 


■u 


GERMANY. 


441 


escaiH'*^  tli«  butchorvs  kiiile  wliiKi  lio  is  of  tender  sifje,  must,  as  a  rule, 
^prve  iin  iftnominions  {i|)preiiti(!eKhi|)  in  tlie  traces,  preparatory  to  being 
liitclied  to  tlio  ])lo\v  or  to  some,  otiier  wearisome  load.  There  la  rarely 
over  ii  warm  pla<!0  prepared  i'or  tiie  cow  at  the  interestinj;?  periods  of  he'r 
life  and  the  calf,  dropped  upon  a  cold  stone  lloor  or  upon  a  bed  of 
,igj,',]le-]ike  spruce  tips,  nmy  consider  itself  fortunate  if  it  is  allowed  to 
f(.('(l  in  tlio  natural  way  the  first  fortnij^ht  of  its  existence,  before  being 
broivlit  to  tiie  skimmed  milk  trou,!.',h  <u'  to  the  sour-milk  bucket. 

Bui  1  shoidd  say  that  t  lien^  are  several  "  nxxlel  farms"  in  the  district, 
wlicre  tlie  Ijest  Swiss  stock  is  kept  and  where  the  housing  and  care  are 
iiioiv  comiortable.  Even  here  the  verdict  is  that  the  best-blooded  stock 
will  ]iot  breed  pure,  and  tliat  the  cross  between  the  Fraidcish  and  Sim- 
iiicnthaler  (tattle  gives  the  best  results. 

The  treatment  of  the  calf  is  about  as  follows:  Sweet  milk  until  the 
(Mfi-litli  or  ninth  week,  in  daily  quantities  of  about  onelifth  the  weight 
iirtlie  calf,  Mith  one  half  ])Ound  of  coarse  oat-meal  and  1  pound  of  hay 
ill  the  ninth  week  ;  in  the  tenth  and  eleventh  weeks,  about  14  quarts 
of  milk,  L'i)()unds  of  coarse  oat-meal,  and  5  pounds  of  hay  daily  ;  in  the 
twclilh  week  eight  quarts  of  milk,  4  pounds  of  oat-meal,  and  10  pounds 
1,1' hiiy  daily ;  in  the  thirteenth  week,  4  (pmrts  of  milk,  3  ])ounds  of 
oat  meal,  and  10  jjounds  of  hay  daily,  by  which  time  the  calf  is  sup- 
iioscd  to  be  able  to  gradually  abstain  from  all  liq  uid  food  and  to  confine 
tst'lf  to  grass  and  hay. 

THUIIINGIAN  BUTTER  AND  CHEESE. 

Very  little  cheese  is  made  in  Thuringia,  the  reason  being  that  it  is 
considered  more  economical  to  sell  or  consuuK^  butter  and  milk,  which 
me  eaten  very  freely,  and  buy  tdjeese  from  Holland  and  Switzerland. 
Cliecse  nndiing  was  tried  a  few  years  ago  at  theliosenau  farm,  in  South- 
em  Tliiiringia,  but  it  was  soou^jiven  up  for  lack  of  satisfactory  results. 
The  ordinary  Swiss  cheese  retails  here  at  30  cents  a  ])ound.  Milk 
lotiiils  at  about  4  cents  a  quart  and  butter  at  30  cents  a  pound.  Tak- 
ing idl  cattle  together,  the  average  yield  of  milk  is  about  L*,400  quorts 
yi'inly  for  eleven  years.  This  would  represent  a  money  value  of  about 
i?l,()."iO.  Ten  <]uarts  of  milk  are  supposed  to  yield  1  pound  of  butter, 
which  would  represent  a  money  value  of  $7015. 

KKSULTS  OF  mJEEDINO  IMPORTED   STOCK. 

It  is  generally  held  that  imported  breeds,  such  ns  Ilolsteins,  Short- 
iiorns,  and  Jerseys  are  sui)eri(u'  in  the  United  States  to  what  they  are 
ill  tiieir  native  homes.  Such  a  icsult  is  not  obtained  in  this  country, 
but  I  am  convinced  that  this  is  owing  <|uite  as  much  to  lack  of  proper 
location  and  treatment  as  to  any  other  cause.  Such  stock  is  almost 
never  "  trained  for  condition  "  here,  and  the  indill'erent  treatment  which 
it  receives,  and  the  hard  work  to  which  all  grades  of  cattle  are  put,  do 
not  furnish  suitable  data  for  judging  what  any  bieed  is  cajjable  of  be- 
coming. The  most  that  1  ieel  warranted  in  saying  is,  that  there  is  no 
bmnl  here  whose  i)resent  condition,  whatever  may  have  been  its  ante- 
cedents, would  warrant  the.  experiment  of  inqmrting  them  into  the 
United  States. 

DISTRIBUTIVE   STATISTICS. 

The  population  of  the  district  under  consideration  is  about  1,800,000, 
and  tlie  miinher  of  cattle  is  estimated  at  475,000,  of  which  lOi  per  cent, 
are  of  the  Allgauer  breed,  10^  per  cent,  of  the  lleilbronner  "breed,  31J 


i'J 


r 


t  > 


442 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FAKMINO. 


through  the  rural  districts  the  covr  7,H..?bo  ^  Jo     dr    • '  ''^•*''^-     ^11 
then  the  more  milk  she  cives  the  better      ft    nn     /i        ^"*"'""'^'.  "iid 
tively  had  results  have  attended  tt  s  metl  o  i  of    el^.f?n '^  ^'"^^  '"'^ 
whde  the  cows  quite  -enerallv  sum'rse.l,,  nvl.  .. n!i  ^*  '^^^"'W'  cattle,  for 
and  in  miscellaieous\lra  v  f^'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  i'^'"  "'  ^'""'•fi 

rather  rich  n.ilk.    The  stock  of  c  Ule   s    ust^.Znflf'f  *'"""tifv  of 
demand  for  food,  but  that  is  because  the 'S^.)i^?^  !"  ^''«  J'<'"h 

rather  than  great  meat-eaters     The    Ifdf  tVo  ?n;f?f  ''T'^-^'^^^'r^ 
Villages  and  large  towns.    The  flesh  is    Urly™^^  but  It  i'^l  ?\''' '"  *''« 
able  either  tor  its  sweetness  or  its  juiciness     iKllV,/^ 
I-ened  b.  the  amount  of  sausage^u.d  otL  i^^^^^S^- ^J^^ 

n.o?er;?;SSr ';''*^  ^^^^^^^"^«  ^^«--  ^-ts  of  this  report  m  a 

GEOKGE  F.  MOSIlEij, 
United  States  Consulate.  C'oniml. 

Sonncbirff,  November  10, 1883. 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS  CONCKJtMNG  TIIUIUNGIAN  CATTLK 

»t  inaturity  :  Cow,  4f,() ;  ox    L  0(0  •  b   I      r,()      f-nl,       i  ^^'^ ' "'  ^''"•^^''-    '^^''^^'Sl^t  <>f  ,„;', 
.aloimu    Fmnkish  probably  one  Inn  .Ir"   art  ifLv^.V-     n"'"  ^•'^:^''^'''"  «">'"'«■ 

t.'.Hled  to      Stock  iH  l,an.ll,.,l  rirtdv  „  ,  'wi        *       .    ^''•^^''''K  ""t  caidnllyat. 

«un.cd  „i  d.tnet.    Milk  and  buttcrUrU'nla^,;^  .;;^:^.!:;if  ^Hllt.  '''''  '"" 


VOIGTLAND  CATTLE. 

iJ^i-o/er  liY  ooysvL  bullock,  op  annallko. 

Sf  Jifi;;x^  "^^,i:^™:,  z;;/'::.^;:'  r-^* '  ^-^'-•^  ™«- 

*  From  {rroiiiid  to  toj.  of  foro  shoiildor.  ^' 


I 

■    '1' 

w 

P     % 

m 

fif   :■ 

if: 

'I 

t  i 


i 


Iff 


pi 

ill 


^n,! 


uJ/us  Sien  (f  CoJjith. 


VOIGHTLAND       COW 


i 

If 

1 

PLA 


^i2 


pfiilz.  Voifjt 
tionof  li'"><">  I 
The  iinnuiil  i 
last  snowlall  ( 


111  the  eail.\ 

lirdiiji'ht^^  i"*" 
laud  cattle  di 


The  follow! 
The  body  eol< 
yellow,  and  u 
brauc  of  the  ( 
and  well  arch 
and  soit.  A> 
(Inctiou,  375  1 
are  easily  fat 
liowever,  not 

The  nieasir 
save  the  folic 


l.ine  liotwcfii  liOI'ii 
Xarinw  jiiiit  i>r  foi 
liroai\  pnit  i)f  i'i>r«' 

Chei'k •••• 

I.euKlhof  lieatl... 


iMate  1  sh( 
tlie  head  of  i 


I.iiii'  lirtwi'i'ii  lion 
Niirrnw  iiiiit  (if  Id 
r.iDUil  pail  irt'  Ion' 
Ll'llL'Ill  «l  liiii'l  •■ 
WeiiiM  (if  luM'k  .. 
lU'i;;lit  (if  iMiiiip  ■■ 
Li'ii;;lli  of  trunk.. 


riate  3  sh( 

of  l-SS'J. 


AKNAl5KIi( 


VOIGHTLAND      BULL 


GERMANY. 


443 


vh\7     Voigtlautl  is  a  well  cultivated  highland,  with  sin  average  eleva- 
nof  1  -iOO  feet,  and  an  annual  mean  temperature  of  48°  Fahrenheit. 
Tl  0  inii'iial  rainfall  is  20  inches,  and  the  time  between  the  first  and 
list  snowfall  of  the  year  is  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  days. 

ORIGIN  OF  THE  BREED. 


Ill 

liroii 


the  early  part  of  the  present  century  Zillerthal  (Tyrol)  cattle  were 
■lit  into  Voigtland,  and  the  origin  of  the  present  breed  of  Voigt- 
li'mroattle  dates  from  the  time  of  this  cross. 

CHARACTERISTICS. 

The  following  arc  the  distinguishing  features  of  this  race  of  cattle: 
The  body  color  is  chestnut-brown,  without  marks ;  the  tuft  of  the  tail 

ollow  and  udder  bright  red.  Bright  red  is  also  the  color  of  the  mem- 
hrauc  of  the  eyelids,  of  the  tongue,  and  of  the  mouth.  The  body  is  long 
niid  well  arched,  the  back  broad,  with  full  thighs,  and  the  hide- is  thick 
111(1  soit.  Average  live  weight,  750  to  850  pounds.  Yearly  milk  pro- 
(liictiou  375  to  400  gallons.  The  cattle  of  this  race  are  very  hardy  and 
arc  easily  fattened,  and  are  much  sought  after  for  beef.  They  are, 
'lio\vcver,'not  of  rapid  growth. 

The  nieasnrenients  of  a  bull  and  seven  cows  of  the  Voigtland  race 


gave 


the  following  results 


LiiicB  of  measnrcnient. 


Iineln'twcfii  hajlis •■ 

N.iriiiw  piiit  (>r  ToiohriKl 
i'.rirail  part  of  iorrhfiid  ... 

CliCfk • 

Lcuglhof  lieml 


Bull. 

Cows. 

Inehe*. 

Inchei. 

fii 

6 

7ft 

6i 

7J 

9 

«| 

6J 

17 

17 

I'iate  1  shows  the  head  of  a  three-and-a-half-yearold  bull ;  Tlate  3 
tlie  head  of  a  four  year-old  cow,  with  the  following  raeasurements : 


liincs  of  meaauritment. 


I.iiii'  liclwci'ii  liDnm 

Narrow  iiiiit  (if  lorclii'atl 
i'.iimil  pail  irf  f(in'lif;i(l  .. 

1,1'llL'lll  of  lll'llil    

Ilciclil  of  liiic'k  

ili'i^lit  of  iiiiiip 

Li'ui^lli  of  trunk 


Cow. 


Inehet. 


Oh 


riate  3  shows  a  Voigtland  cow  exhibited  at  the  Bremen  cattle-show 
of  ISS'J. 

GI'X).  E.  BULLOCK, 

United  States  (Jonsul. 
AKNAHKiai,  Aptd  30,  1884, 


,    * 


444 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FAKMING. 


CATTLE-BREEDING  IN  WURTEMBERG. 

SliPOKT  JiX  COSaUL  OATLiy,  OF  STUTTGAUT. 
CATTLE   CENSUS  OF  WURTEMBERG. 

tlie  10th  (lay  of  .Tanuiirv  lust,  showed  tliit  Hir.r«.in  >  ■  .  *^"^'>erg,  on 
on  that  day  004,131)  l.eaiofStt  e?'^  „e  i  at^S4^>^l  "'«  Ki"& 
$dO,000  000),  and  wei^hin^,^  in  the  .f?g4  to  yr^'l'T'^^  ':''»^'^«  C^bout 
were  subdivided  in  ago  and  sex  as  follows     ''''*'-^-'-'^^  l'o»'"l^'.    They 


Description. 


Calves  under  6  wooks 

Calves  (I  weelts  to  0  moiitlm..!'  " 

i'  roru  «  inontliH  to  2  ynii-.s 

KiillB  anil  oxoii,  2  years  and  ovoi-' 

Cows 


Number. 


Total 


Weight. 


Kilnil. 

«.-'i;i,«2 

'«2,4l'J,oil 

•>7,.^84,ai,'> 

167,, 'lis, '.'Sa 


Val! 


34, 185 
!)H,  200 

211,262 
*1()0,  la;, 

459,  737 


WI4,  139       2U7, 100, 148 


*  Inoluding  7,524  breeding  Imlis. 


lie. 


ilnrh. 

1,019,089 
.P.  "40, 615 
27.399,161 

l''5,4l)3,6!)0 


^as  1,971,118; 
of  cattle  to 
square  mile 

There  are  to  be  found  in  the  Kinrrrinm  ;,.  ..n   <• 
the  Simnienthaler, Montafonei^AnS^  "li    bu^^^^^^^^^  ''reeds • 

the  two  lirst  of  whidi  are  imp/irted,  the'others  'S  stotkf '''''''^'"' 


»> 


THE  SIMMENTIIALER  BREED. 

As  early  as  the  middle  of  the  last  century  the  imDortitim,  nf  «• 
thaler  cattle  from  Switzerland  into  VVurtem bemK?  Z     ?'"''''*^»^ 
in  small  numbers.  _  This  breed  derives    Um;^-'^.; ''^^"f^'''  'i*  Arst 
Siinme,  from  which  l(>calit  ^t  seen   oriLin  Hv^  ^^'  ^•>^'l'>y  of  the 

most  of  those  at  present  purchM^l  c  iS  fn  ^  t  e  (  ui^in  rf'  "''"^^'^ 
some  from  tiie  vicinitv  of  J],.rne  l)r  V,.i.  pLft-  r  :  ^'I'lnis,  am 
Veterinary  School  in  this  ,  i  v  fn  h  sU.k  onu?;.-  ^T.''*^^^'' ''!  ^''^^^'H 
thinks  that  many  in<licatio;is\\oi  '  o  tl  is  1  e  i  \?S'[.;  "^  ^^'""4" 
Germany,  and  tiiis  .ipinjon  f;a  ns  all  the  mor    wei,.irt  /"'.'.  ""*^  ^"'' 

the  Simmenthalcr  race,  Iieth'r  Ih'  n    mv     n.     i"^^^^^^^ 
conditions  (brcc<ln.^,  n.ill>  andhlbor   r  ,,S;      'H  ,[1^^ ';5  ^"^ 

Kottw^,,i.din,<^;!;i;:/;;.;'wa;bn^^^^'^^ 

iubn.,en,  use   the  Simmeiithaler  bre^l  Ir  the'^.;;;^;:;^';^^^ 

..fn^au:;;^:^^^^^ 

av,.™,.., co„»„,„„u„„ ,:;,„;V,;i;.  t'l     „r,',; » „Mnv  Alt,','/;," '';•''■'■ 

l«v,ous  rcckoulnj-  u.ado  at  .1,0  »a,„e  i-h^e  thtX'o  «isllt,?f',l,: 


wm 


OKRMANY.  445 

cows  wiis  l-'5(>n  to  1, •■•'•"»<>  |)<)mi(l.s,  iiiid  of  bulls,  li,2()0  to  2,300  pounds  on 
tl„,  boot".  Tlic  ti'ii  inoiiths  <!;ittlo  of  tliia  breed  are  found  to  consume  an 
aveni^ro  of  1!>.1"»  pounds  of  hay,  and  gained  during  six  months'  daily  ob- 
servation 1.1  T)  pounds  m  weight  per  day.  Of  summer  fodder,  i.  c.,red 
clover,  Uicern,  and  bran,  tiio  one-anda-lialf-year-olds  consumed  20  73 
,)onn.ls  (estimating  4.}  pounds  of  grass,  clover,  &c.,  to  1  of  hay),  ami 
jTiiiiKHl  (hiiiy  1.98  pounds  in  weight.  The  older  cattle  consumed  exuctlv 
aponnds  of  stall  fodder  to  every  100  pounds  of  their  own  weight.  To 
keep  the  fully  grown  stock  in  good  condition,  however,  oidy  the  equiva- 
lent of  1 J  pounds  of  hay  for  every  HH)  pounds  of  their  own  weight  should 
be  fed  tliein. 

Animals  from  three  months  to  one  jear  old  are  fed  daily  19  i)ounds 
to  an  average  weight  of  47.'>  pounds,  i.  e.,  about  4  pounds  for  every  100 
pouridii  of  weigiit. 

Cattle  in  their  second  year  are  fed  daily  22  pounds  to  an  average 
weiplit  of  700  pounds,  i.  e.,  about  3  pounds  for  every  100  pounds  of 
weight. 

Cows  while  with  calf,  and  in  their  third  year,  are  fed  28  pounds  to  an 
average  weight  of  1,000  pounds,  i.  e.,  2 fV  pounds  for  every  100  iiounds  of 
weight. 

There  is  reckoned  to  every  100  jiounds  of  fodder  an  average  increase 
ill  weight  as  follows :  Cattle  of  both  sexes,  3  months  to  T  year,  7.()t 
pounds;  cows,  1  year  to  2  years,  6.12  pounds;  cows  (in  calf)  in  their 
third  year,  3.82  pounds. 

As  the  result  of  observations  conducted  for  one  year,  it  has  been 
fonud  that  the  Simmenthaler  cows  average  7,294  poumls  of  milk  and 
one  calf,  averaging  90  pounds  weight,  per  annum.  In  a  year,  subdi- 
vided into  174  days  of  winter  fodder,  134  days  of  summer  fodder,  and  ,57 
(lays  of  autumn  fodder  (305  days  in  all),  they  average  17,193  pounds  of 
fodder,  or  47A  pounds  daily  ;  or,  on  an  average  weight  of  1,.500  pounds 
to  the  animal,  .3.14  pounds  of  fodder  to  every  100  pounds  of  weight. 

On  i;  basis  of  100  pounds  of  fodder  to  every  0  pounds  of  calf  pr:iduce(l 
there  may  be  reckoned  also  4')f^  pounds  of  n'lilk  for  every  100  pounds  of 
fodder.    The  Simmenthaler  milk  produced  at  Hohenheim  yields  12  to  15 
percent,  of  cream,  and  contains,  according  to  chemical  analysis,  U  to 
13  per  <!ent.  of  solid  substance. 

Characicristks  of  Simmenthaler  cattlc-^Tho  distinguishing  chaiacter- 
istiesof  the  Simmenthaler  cattle  are  as  follows:  Small,  light  head,  with 
gentle,  lively  expression,  and  fine  horns  itointed  well  forward  and  up- 
ward, and  in  most  ca.se8  ratlier  Hat  at  the  roots,  more  oval  than  round 
ill  form,  and  in  the  bulls  often  somewhat  rough,  and  jiointing  back- 
ward and  downward.  Neck  line,  rather  short,  with  a  strong  dewlap- 
body  well  rounded  at  the  ribs  and  locked  at  the  loins.  The  hind  quar- 
ters are  broad  and  long  and  frecpiently  with  prominent  caudal  boJie. 
The  latter  characteristic,  though  a  natural  one  in  the  races  of  mountain' 
cattle,  is  nuieh  c(nidemned  by  many  in  (lermany,  though  it  involves  no 
real  ground  for  i)r(',judice  to  the  animal.  The  liindament  is  V(>ry  low 
1111(1  remarkably  regular,  the  upper  parts  are  strongly  provided'  with 
miiseles,  the  parts  umler  the  knees  are  line,  and  thehoofs  well  made 
iiiid  hard.  Tlie  udders  are  well  formed,  though  not  giving  tln^  same 
How  of  milk  found  in  the  (Jerman  cows.  The  hide  is  in  some  <!ases  very 
tine  and  tender,  but  in  nmny  others  very  coarse,  with  rouirh  hair  atill 
Willi  a  NOMiewliat  bullish  look,  in  this  respect  a  marked  difference  de- 
clares itself  between  the  SimmentLaJer  breed  and  the  Frntigor  breed 
uud  its  exidanation  is  found  in  the  varied  conditions  of  pasturage  and 


446 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 


Climate.    TJie  disimsitiou  of  the  atiinmls  of  this  breed  w  . 
good-natured,  almost  playful.    Their  ^niit  is  vorv  mn  i  '  m  "'''''^''I'lv 
might  almost  say  graceful.    The  weight  on  tl  e  U of    v."       ""■''  '»"'^' 
pure  Simrnenthalers,  about  J,40()  pounds,  and    u  tl  e  stoH -^f '' '"  ""^ 
them  1,000  to  1,200  pounds.  '  *'^"''"^  ''red  fro,,, 


THE  MONTAPONER  BREED. 


This,  the  secona-nientioned  inijmrted  stock  in  Wurtembor,r  • 
veloped  from  the  8chwytzer  stock  by  breeding,  and  Sm^'i  "^ '^« 
n  climate,  pastnre,  and  conditions  of  soil,  f  u,  Mo  S  .'  *-^'  S""g« 
lighter  than  the  Schwytzers  and  heavier  than  t^ie  A  l,:^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
averaging  about  1,000  to  1,L'00  pounds.  Their  (olol  is'  ''i*''*^«ows 
brown,  with  the  same  charac'teristics  as  the  SelnvX  1,  tf  '''^''^ 
uXTinS".  'I'T-^.^'^:^,  ^  *>*^«'''  light-shaded  stri  ,S  m  r'  'l  J«'.V, 
1.?,^ tiff  ^ '''?•'"  "f  *'•''"'"'  the  head  is  shott,  with  wio  ill '""1 
and  the  horns  white  only  af,  the  base,  the  remainc  er  bii  '  . /"'."'^''^f'. 
neck  IS  short  and  compact,  with  thick  folds;  ?be  sboul  t^  "'H'  ^^e 
anu  the  back  has  a  tendency  to  curve  <lownwar.ls.  T  «  i  .f '''"?  ^r««<l 
also  broad ;  the  caudal  bone  often  too  high  •  the  1  ...il  !  '''""'«'^e.s  are 

T\  'oo7S''^  '"T- .  ^"  ««"'^  ^«^«  thel^ni^il^^y  :  *i  f'^;.^^^ '  «;out, 
as  1,900  liters,  and  of  a  quality  giving  0+  pounds  of  i!  '«'i«l'ish 
pounds  of  cheese  to  every  100  liters."  Tl^o^,  a?*  i'^/'f  '""M"* 
hauling,  and  are  quite  easily  fattened,  but  give  a  coarso  S'  T''  *«'' 
The  origma  home  of  this  breed  is  in  th^  Mont^tfoner  vS  u  ^  ""^''^*- 
intx)  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Ehine,  a  few  h..urs  list  in/  fl'il''' "''''•'« 
of  Constance.  Inasmuch  as  the  MontafoiuV  J'ws  ^e  not  ^o  l^'l}'^' 
as  many  others  u  reffanl  to  f.ui.Ur.  fi.^,.  „„ .   '''^^  ""^^'>  fiistidiops 


THE   ALLGAUER  BREED. 

This  breed  is  to  be  classified  ainoiiir  the  d-irl-  hrr...... 

and  is  the  smallest  and  most  varS  fi.  shaK^^^^^^^ 
pally  found  in  or  near  the  Swabian  Alps,  but  oS  "if.  ,  'J?"*"'- 
has  spread  over  the  lowlands  as  well  is  found  i,il.."i  ^  ."•^•^^"■"ess 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Wangon  n  IJ^nrtL?  '^'' '''•''' "'"'''^^^^^^ 
ported  in  large  numbers  for  CMWptin;oU;s^v;f '"'!'.'  T'^'  '^  ""■ 
sia,  Bohemia,  Poland,  and  IJungar!%    ^""I*"'^*^^"  Saxony,  l!u,i..„,|.,„,. 

The  cows  average  800  to  000  nouruls  in  «-->!,.i.f        i 
color.    The  head  it  small  an  I  h a  dson  el     WrZ    '  h'"'  "'"?,  1^'^^^  '» 

vsr;id^r'rpr;i>i^s^ii^.::''^--rS^^ 

Plaineclof  asbeinghollowsl  o  Id.;^! :  a  bs^o  ^inll^ii"""  I'"'  ''"'"• 
wide;  the  belly  it;.elf  i,  broad  ml  lo  an  t^w  u  ^^^i^'  '""''f' 
and  compact.  The  oven  are  sfriliM,.il  .1  ^  .*  ""'"<^  "  "'"'  "iiiwiiliir 
cows  and  bulls.  anS  ^b^IX^u'lJ  'l  I'^l  :\.i'''^«*' '^«"''U«'''^  ^vith  the 
large.    Cows  weiL^hino- 70(  Vn  xiio  .       1"      V  *'^""  «"^"*pi''l'<M(io,mtelv 


!«■ 


GERMANY. 


447 


It  takos  10  liters  of  tlieir  milk  to  make  1  pound  of  butter.  According 
to  11  (joinpiirative  triiil  made  in  Saxony  tlie  AUgauereows  produced  29  38 
liters,  tlie  Holland  eows  li5.2(J  liters,  and  the  Saxon  cows  only  23.16  li- 
ters of  milk  to  every  100  i)onnds  of  hay,  or  its  equivalent,  consumed 
The  iiK'at  of  the  Allyauer  breed,  on  the  other  hand,  is  less  valuable  thaii 
tliiit  of  the  other  breeds  mentioned,  its  fiber  being  coarse,  dry  quite 
red,  and  very  touyh.  >      ^>  i 

THE  LIMBURGEE  BREED. 

Under  this  title  two  breeds  exist,  one  originating  in  the  i)rovince  of 

report  more 
in  Wurtem- 
ofGaildorf, 

,      ,„,    .        ,      .  „     — *,  •».id  Baron  von 

Wollwarth.  Ilieir  <!olor  is  tawny-yellow,  pea-yellow,  and  silver-yellow 
(s(7/jer/(///>),  mostly  without  any  marks;  the  skin  is  fine,  so  that  it  not 
only  falls  in  graceful  i'olds  upon  the  neck,  but  also  frecpiently  in  trans- 
verse folds.  As  distinguishitig  marks  of  the  race  nuiy  be  mentioned 
yellow  liorns  and  hoofs;  as  well  as  llesh-colored  and  almost  hairless  skin 
around  the  eyes.  The  head  is  long,  narrow,  light,  and  in  many  cases 
with  curved  prohle;  the  horns  fine,  round,  and  in  most  cases  projecting 
upwards  and  forwards.  The  chest  is  but  little  developed;  the  "shank's 
irenerally  Hat.  wit ii  but  few  muscles,  and  ungainly  in  shape.  It  is  a 
ijnht  country  ])reed,  giving  a  good  yield  of  milk,  and,  moreover,  notice- 
able on  ac(;ount  of  the  line  liber  of  its  beef.  The  cows  are  very  small  in 
comparison  with  the  oxen  bred  from  them,  weighing  only  GOO  to  700 
lionnds,  while  the  oxen  weigh  as  high  as  1,500  to  1,000  pounds  on  the 
hoof.  The  cows  give  about  1,800  liters  of  milk  per  annum,  10  pounds 
of  the  milk  giving  about  1 A  pounds  of  butter. 

THE   NECK  A  R  BREED. 

This  is  a  race  special  to  Wurtenjberg,  having  its  origin  in  the  neigh- 
borhootlof  Ileilbronn  on  the  Necikar,  wiiither,  as  long  ago  as  the  end  of 
the  last  century,  bulls  were  imported  from  li<'rn  for  crossing  with  the 
native  stock,  but  later  this  crossing  was  carried  on  in  such  a  manner 
that  an  especial  value  came  to  be  attached  to  the  thoroughly  red  cattle 
resulting  in  the  development  of  an  intermediate  breed,  rarely  parti- 
colored, which  now  widely  exists  in  the  counties  of  Heilbronn,  Neckar- 
siilm,  and  Leonberg.  It  was  formerly  much  easier  to  obtain  cattle  of 
the  single  color  from  the  Simmenthal  region,  inasmuch  as  here  as 
everywhere,  the  ellect  of  prevailing  fashion  in  cattle-breeding  made 
itself  felt,  though,  of  course,  limited  somewhat  with  reference  to  the 
animal's  usefulness.  Thus,  for  instance,  llvchner  relates  that  formerly 
ill  the  Canton  Bern  only  red  cattle  wen^  in  demand,  while  later,  a  de- 
iiiiind  suddenly  sprung  up  for  particolored  ones,  even  though  the  latter 
were  prejudicial  to  trade.  Formerly  only  delicately  imide  cattle  were 
soii,i,dit  ior ;  al  K^rwards  th«'y  could  not  be  found  coarse  enough,  l-'or  years 
past  the  Neckar  breed  has  maintained  its  pure  red  color,  with  a  large  and 
somewhat  heavy  body  and  low  belly.  Its  form,  as  regards  the  head  and 
lionis,  IS  lighter  than  is  found  in  the  breeds  sired  from  Swiss  bulls 
The  folds  of  the  flesh  are  thick  ;  the  breast  finely  developed,  and  the 
haniu'hes  regular,  with  a  much  better  caudal  bone  than  is  fountl  in  the 
Siimueiithalers.    The  bones  are  short,  the  hind  legs  somewhat  curved 


448 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 


atid  1 10  skill  ratlier  tUiok.    A  (iow  on  the  hoof  avoraijcs  1  ooo  f„  ,  „ 
poun.ls  AvoiKl.t.     This  bmul  jjivos  a  better  (,ualitv  of  mi  i    ?, ,?  ^'^"^ 
«h,rer  l,e.>t  tha»  the  Sini.nonthuier.     The  oxen  are  also  .  m  •  hi'     ,,?  ^''"• 
IS   draft  animals,  and   can    be  fattened  to  a  weight  of  1  S(         """."' 
Calves  wlien  born  are  ^^enerally  hirge  and  heavy.  '       '""""'»• 

PUKIES  OP  WUUrEMUERa  CATTI.K. 

The  avera-c  priee  at  which  a  ball  or  a  cow  of  the  live  hieo.l. .,,. 
(h-scribed  can  bc^  purchased  in  the  h)calities  wiiere  thev  .  w  !> '.  "? 
on jjinate  is  as  follows  :  *    tuc^   »«N>mivelv 


Ure«(l. 


Siiiitiipnthalor 

AllKiuior 

Montarunrr 

Llinliur;;oi' 

Neokor 


Hull. 


'■Varh.  iiarh, 


Cow. 


(idii 
4.011 

ma 

Soil 
4.")U 


*  Tlio  iniiik  c(|iinlM  2:1.8  ciaits. 


I'm 

4(111 
3,J0 


w 


WEKIUT   OV   WURTEMBERO  CATTLE. 

The  aver-ifre  weiglit  of  a  bull,  o.v,  and  cc  w  of  the  live  differenf  hm  i 
hen  slaughtered,  is  as  follows:  «»'ntruit hreeds, 


Breed. 


Siimiienlbnlor 

AII-llll.T 

iNf(ii.t.:r.nn'r.. 
l.imlMiicer . .. 
NeikHr 


"■ 

■ — — 

Bull. 

Ox. 



A'/7»». 

Kihu. 

tiOU 

.'.Iitl 

400 

;i,'iO 

r>(N) 

4(11) 

m 

4.'j|| 

4UU 

;i,-.o 

Cow. 


Kilos. 
4,".0 

:iiio 
;if,o 

4011 


(JATTLEBREEDINa  AT   THE  AGRICULTURAL   SCHOOL   AT  IIOHlONllEor 

In  the  i)reparation  of  this  report  I  have  made  it  my  duty  to  visit  tU 
a^M-icnltural  school  at  IJohenheim,  about  5  miles  to  the  (."sf,v  I,    J 
this  city,  and  Ion- and  widely  known  throughout  all  Emonciis  m,,' 
tli('  loreiiio.st  institutions  of  its  kind  on  the  continent.    Tlie  schn.   n- 
cnpies  a  larfre  .mllection  of  buihlin«.s,  whi,.li  were  built  as  an.,; 
for  the  Duke  Karl,  of  Wurtemberff,  about  one  hundred  y.'ars  .'...o  '.     i^ 
surrounded  by  spacious  farm  lands  <|<.voted  to  the  iiracticil  AJnml  f 
cation  of  the  instruction  given  in  th(^  various  branches  of  ii..n,ul      ' 
I  rominentanionff  the  branches  to  whi(!h  attention  is  «iv('n  isnt  1" 
breedmjr,  whuth  is  here  carried  on  sysl.uiiati(!allv  aiul  on  flic  latest  sci 
eiitihc  principles.     I  was  much  j-ratilied  by  bein-  enahled  to  niako  a 
personal  insi)ecfion  of  the  line  collection  of  Himmeiitliiiler  stock  some 
eifrhty  or  „i,„>ty  in  all,  formiiifr  flic  finest  collection  in  Wiiiteinlx-iVriuwl 
probably  one  of  the  finest  in  (Germany.     Through  the  km.lno.ssof'^I'ro- 
les.sor  J)r.  V'ossler,  a  leading  and  ellicient  member  of  the  laciiltv,  1  am 
so  fortunate  as  to  have  Invu  platted  in  i)os,'^es.si((n  of  a  great  variety  of 
interesting  information  on  this  and  kindred  subjects.    I  subjoin  here- 
with I  rofessor  Voseler's  auswen;  to  my  various  questions  as  follows,  viz: 


GERMANY. 


449 


Qnesfion.  IIow  uuxny  browlsof  oa  ttio  aro  to  be  found  in  Wurtemberir?    WhirhnrA 
itivo  1111(1  which  imported  I  uiitmutrgi     wniciinre 


nativo -     -      . 

Ammn:  The  broods  of  cuttlo  in  Wnrtcn.berB  may  be  classifled  as  followH,  viz  : 

NATIVE. 

Yellow  and  red  (of  wliich  bnt  fowoxiHt).— (l)  Alb-  fa"*  TooU  •  fi\  n„i.„  i  •    u  tt  ,, 

< ...  foregoing  broods  witlx  otherH,  ct.ofly  with  yellow,  red,  and  parM/corred  Seu^ 

Granish  »'•«"•»•-(«)  Allganor;  (7)  Ireeds  resulting  from  crossings  of  Alluauers  with 
ScliwitztTN,  Moiitaloners,  and  SinimenthalorH.  »""»  aaigauers  witu 

IMPORTED. 

li(d  <uid  spotted.— (S)  Slmiuenthaler. 
<;r(i!iiili-hrowii.—('J)  Montafonor;  (10)  Schwitzer  (Rigi) 
Xoi('/((»rf  irt'e</8.—( II)  Hollander  (striped). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

(l!j)  AiiNhadicr  (Triosdorfer) ;  (13)Dnrliaiu  ;  (14)  Ourtenvieh  •  r1r,^ +},»  w».u    t> 
,nsl.iii  ,si,)ulv  from  the  royal  gr<.t.nd8  at  KoHeuMtei,.;  """^"^'^'^  '  (^^)  the  White  Ros- 

(^iHHtioii,  Do  tho  imported  breeds,  when  siiitaldv  lopato.l  mwi  ,„o«„„„  i  , 

W.df.inhng  oflspring  .superior  to  tiaat  I-roduc^./liVtlur^amo  b  eT  if  L'iV'^ 
l,,„,,.s ;,  aiHl,  It  so,  IS  tins  super.or.ty  ,uore  marl<ed  in  the  succoeding'g'l^eralShaa 

A.isw.r.  Tho  breeding  capaeityof  the  Sin.menthaler  and  Montafoner  races  rom-iinw 
it"  M.:u.wlmt  "      "  '"  '      ''""  "'  *^'  '''"'•"'  '■*""' '""  yi"lrtof  niilic  X.i  dimin! 

uSl^^^t  triSi^d  ^lI.l^V"'  '"^*  "'''•^"'^  ^^  -!'-'-«  *^-e  ^-ds  fxon.  Wur. 

Auswer.  Young  cattle  from  good  Htocli  iniL'lit  iimli'ihlv  i.n  «-.,,,„-*„  i  .j    , 

were  taken  that|onng  c.alv..sf.ml  cows  in  .■.'it\i:[4tni\^.j:^fft''o 'gl^^S 
on  thoBoa  voyag.-,  and  that  the  ec.stsof  transportation  wrenoc  to  .  l^«h     ""^"""S 
oSmVliomif       '"         "''"''*''"  l^"'-''^'»«'"«  Pr'^"  I"*i'l  f"r  »i  bull  audV'cow  in  the 

Answer.  For  animals  of  tho  two  races  nrincinallv  imnnp+o<i  <•«„  -, 
proving  the  native  Wnrtend3erg  stock,  tirfldhlS^ln^  Ses  aro  imi.[,  vir'"*-'  ""'^  '""• 


Description. 


Simmenthalcr : 
HiiU 

(Jow 

Moiitufoucr; 

Bull 

Cow 


Aee. 


Teari. 


I' 


Weight, 


Kilot. 

000 
800 

5))0  I 
450 


Prioee. 


Mark), 

I,  L'(K) 
IjOOOtol,  «U0 

600 
400 


oS;  bn;,;?'*  •'  '^"  '"*"""'''^  ^'''"'^ '"  Wurtemberg  of  a  good  bull,  ox,  and  cow 

Answer.  Of  (lie  Slinmcnthaler  breed    ii  bull   •lOi!  tr,  i  onn  „      ^ 
n,a.k,s ;  and  a  cow,  ;]..(.  to  .10(1  ^^uuiToScr^^^^^^^^^  ^Z'rT  '"  '.'^ 

m  ..X,  :i()0  t..  COO  niiirkH ;  an<l  a  cow,  200  to  400  marks  '  ^°*^  """'"^^ ' 

Question.  What  is  the  cHtir-iutcd  number  and  value  of  cattle  in  VVn,f.„  v. 
kfi'd,  according  to  the  iant  census  f  "'  '°  VVurtemborg  per 

Aimner.  According  to  (lie  eiimneration  made  without  reimr.l  t«  r..  m     ./.  ,     . 

J:u.,.,ry,  18KJ,  there  were  in  Wurtemberg,  of  t  lo  cat  o  t"'»rLed  n/n  '  '''"  ^"^''^'^ 
tinn  iihout  two-thirds  Simmentlialers  and  cross  hSsoVs  m  nenVL  ^'"^  ";">'"''?•'- 
...-■k,  i.,d  the  remainder  of  .Ulgauers  an<l  .rosHings^'wi    it  he  ,?    ^^"'' ''  '"*''  """^••' 

QweH*.on    What  percentage  is  bred  for  the  dairy  and  tlie  I    tcher  f 

and  oxen,  which- have  been';';«:;utiaf;Vhali'^rBO^^^^^ 

years,  are  sent  to  the  butcher  ^viuf,  ooi  vt  u  as  <irait  animals  lo.-  several 

QiieHtiou.  Docs  the  stock  increase  or  decrease,  and  what  is  the  cause? 
11.  hx,  51 29 


i 


450 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Answer   The  stock  of  cattle  increases,  but  that  of  sheep  decreases  q<.  «;ii  > 
oy  the  following  statemout :  ^»ouaes,  as  will  Ix. 


NOOl; 


Tear. 


1840 , 

1883 

Incrcage  

Decrease 


Cattl.. 


SI,,.,.,: 


jas'j;:!:; 

ijawi 


Question.  Is  the  stock  of  the  country  sufficient  for  homo  demand  ntwi  ic  .> 
surplus,  what  becomes  of  it  f  """lanu,  and  if  tjicre 


ISil 


--.-'.  -"!••'•■-  ".."...i^iui  luiii  1/  lo  every  lui;  inUubitiints.  The  nurn\uu  ■  °"'"^ 
principally  to  France  (as  b....f),  to  Ravaria.  and  to  North  Gon,.w''L''  'il^I'-t^vl 
draft  purposes)  The  export  from  Upper  Suabia  and  the  BicicF.r  '''''"- ''"<' 
goes  o  Switzerland.  Importations,  and  those  only  for  bi"llT,  .  „r  r^'  ""'""""v 
principally  from  Switzerland,  and  very  few  f.om  Holland  "  P'^-poses,  hio  ,ua.l'o 

brJe'ST-  '''"'  «-*-"«*•  Wuitemberg  is  most  favorable  for  grazin,  a„,l  cattle- 

Answer.  Strictly  speakini;  a  regular  svstem  of  ijiistiirn.r«  ia  ,...i.  e 
r.,,ion  (counties  of  Wangef;  and  Leutki\Si     bn    t  u?3  t;,^     ^^^^^^^^^^^^      'l'"  Allsau 
breeding  are  everywhere  favorable.     The  places  at  whid    ti.m.  if.    ' /''.''''''''-'■ 
thalers  and  breeds  crossed  from  them  is  conducted  most  systems  icv" ''    *^'"""^"'- 
are  Rottweil,  'he  Folders,  Hohenheim.  and  in  the  vicinitv  otTr.   i      "^  '»'><1  carefullv 

Question.  What  proportion  of  the  populati  n  is  eng  Si\  T,    "':!!•'• 
cultural  pursuitsf  ""b'S'^i  »n  c.ittle-raising  aud  agii- 

Answer.  About  48.2  per  cent:  of  the  population  are  employed  in  s„M, 
eluding  cattle-breeding  and  the  dairy  business.  «'"P">Je(i  m  such  pursuits,  iu. 

STABLING,  FEEDING,  AND  BREEDING. 

Stabling.— The  stabies  iu  use  are  ffeuerallv  strono-iv  i.niif 
which  the  cattle  are  tied  to  the  fodcler  tro- ^h     Ss         i -r;,'" 
cattle  can  ^yalk  about  are  seklo.a  used,  aud  the..  o..l     or  v  ,  r   er'   '" 
nials.    Duuff  is  removed  daily.  "'".>  lor  .\  oungcr  um- 

Feeding.— Calves  up  to  twelVe  or  fourteen  weeks  are  fed  on  inili-    p  , 
little  prepared  and  much  cut  fodder  is  give...     Iu  s.i  .nnm  in   f    ^' 
green  fodder  is  given.    Pasturage  is  found  oi.lv  i.^    e  lli  ,  it'''" 

Breeding.-In  the  main  carefully  co,.ducted.  Stock  is  re^i^LVR"" 
purchase  of  foreig.,  bulls.  Bulls  are  «mciallv  i.ispe etc'  limt  Sli 
thoroughbred  bulls  are  annually  sold  from  Hohenhehn  "^ 

BULL-KEEPING  AT  KIKCnHEIM  UNDER  TECK. 

In  the  course  of  n.y  inqui.-ies  on  the  subject,  I  have  had  occasion  nnnn 
the  coiarteons  invitation  of  Oberamtmam.  Loeflui.d/iSrt  ;?'?' 
Agricu  tural  District  Association  at  Kirchhei.n  u.,d  4 IV  ?  to " hit  t  t 
town,  the  center  of  a  fertile  and  i)rosperous  ffri^irU  dtL^J  ,\^''''^ 
about  two  hours  from  Stuttgart,  ani  Sp  ct^hj'  yLto'biuk^ 

Slows  f"''''  ''^^^  '''  ^^^^«  P^«^-    ^^«  ^«««lt  4TerirS 


OEBMANT. 


46i 


Statt-menl  slmchig  ths  annual  and  atjyreyaU  coats,  expenses,  and  losws  of  purchaehK/  and 
maintaining  six  breeding  hulls  at  Kinhhcim  under  Teok,  in  Wurtemherg,  during  a  period 
of  Jive  years. 


KXrKNDITUHKB. 


Piirrlmni'-iiK'nPy  •• 

FoiUlei' 

Stiiiw 

tr^iitniont 

Sljiblocxponsijs... 

Salt •, 

CoBtflofsolo 


Totnl 

liECBIPTS. 


Service  of  bulls  . 
Dung  II  ml  ;;Utte. 


Total. 


Excess  of  expenditures  over 
rteeipts  


X878-70. 


Marks. 

i,2!)n.  no 

1,  H7U.  L'S 
4o)>.  Ill 

an.  7(t 

37.1.9 
11.00 
10.04 


3, 724.  37 


1,  564. 00 
040.  20 


2,  204. 20 


1670-'8O. 


Marks. 

n7S.  75 
1,521.88 

240.  03 

I2.no 

41i.  tii) 

12.  no 

0.70 


1880-'81. 


2,  530.  95 


718.00 
517. 10 


1,235.10 


1,520.17     1,205.85 


Marki. 

l.nin.  2.1 

1,  303.  45 

2(ii.n6 

14.  til 

10.07 

14.40 

7.flO 


1881-'82.    1882-'83. 


Marks.   > 

1,  423.  20  I 

1,517.44 

817.81 

17.00 

14.50 

11.20 

13.06 


Marks. 

8H7  "  J 

1,421.01 

450.  08 

6.  23 

24.07 

10.00 

0.70 


2,748.79     .3,315.71  I  2,810.15 


700.00  I  1,714,00 
578. 40  I      52.3.  80 


013.00 
5;i9.  fiO 


1, 308. 40  I  2, 237.  80  I  1, 452. 00 


1, 380. 39 


1, 077.  91     1, 300.  55 


Total. 


Marks. 

6,  328. 80 

7,  733.  UO 
1, 740. 04 

79.09 

143.  22 

67.00 

45.00 


Yearly 
average. 


15, 138.  97 


5, 099. 00 
2, 799. 10 


8, 498. 10 


0, 040.  87 


Marks. 

1,005.70 

1,540.61 

348.  in 

1,5.94 

28.68 

13.52 

9.13 

3, 027.  81 


1, 139.  80 
559.  82 


1, 099.  62 


*1, 328. 19 


•  To  thi.t  ahonlil  bo  added  tho  amount  paid  the  bull-keeper  for  gorviccs,  420  niurkg,  mnkine  a  total  o{ 
1,748.19  marks  in  all. 

TOPOGKAPIIY   OK   KIHCIIIIEIM   UNDER  TECK  (WURTEMBEno). 

Altitude:  310  nioter.s  (1,017  Engli.sli  feet)  above  the  level  of  tho  sea.  The  highest 
point  in  the  district  if  810  ineterH  .ibove  tlio  Icvol  of  tlie  Hea. 

Mean  temperature :  (Yearly  av('rii<;c):  Celsius,  H.H'J  ;  IWaninnr,  7";  Fahreuheit,  4rto 
Stimiiier:  (in  August):  Celsius,  17. ti'^;  R<Saiimur,  H'^ ;  Fahrenheit,  64".     Winter  (iu 
Jnnimiy):  Celsius, —1.5-';  Rdaumur.  — l.-jo  ;  Faliiviiheit,  2l)<=. 

Soil:  Alluvial.  Tho  valley  hottouis  are  partly  lilled  with  soil  from  tho  mountain 
slides.  Loam  everywhere  predominates,  and  rarely  mixed  with  .sand.  Clay  is  foniid 
everywhere.  In  tho  lower,  brown  jura  sand  is  very  plentiful,  us  thi>  product  of  .saiul- 
stoiio. 

CATTLE-BREEDING  AT  ROTTWEIL. 

Amoiiff  the  points  in  the  Kin^'doin  where  cattle-breeding  has  been 
carried  on  scientilically,  with  more  or  less  success,  is  the  neighborhood 
of  Kottweil,  a  tlonrishing  town  in  tho  Black  Forest  secition.  With  a  view 
of  obtaining  such  intormation  as  was  practicable  in  that  (juarter  on  the 
subject  embraced  in  this  report  I  addressed  a  letter  of  inquiry  to  Oeco- 
uoinii'iath  Burkhardt,  president  ot  tho  Rottweil  Agricultural  A.ssocia- 
tioii,  and  received  tho  following  reply : 

Rottweil,  October  21,  1883. 

In  rc])ly  to  your  favor  of  the  19th  instant  I  have  tho  honor  to  state  as  follows:  Tho 
county  (district  of  Rottweil)  has  for  many  years  past  ranked  among  tho  loremost  iu 
regard  to  cattle-breeding.  Although  tho  sale  of  animals  (or  breeding  purposes  is 
always  a  very  considerable  <mo,  .and  tho  extraordinarily  high  prices'ltbtaiuedfor 
cLoico  stock  result  in  tho  sendiug  elsewhere  of  tho  finest  specimens,  yet  no  reaction 
isuoticcablo.  Bred  since  forty  years  in  one  direction  (crossing  with  tho  S^immcn- 
tlialcr)  a  lioniogencou.sncss  of  race  has  been  developed, so  tliat  experts  at  once  rocoi'- 
DJzn  the  animals,  even  when  exported  to  long  distances,  as  the  "Rottweil"  bri-ed  A 
very  cflicient  cause  of  tho  present  condition  of  our  cattle-  breeding  may  be  mentioned 
the  keeping  of  township  bulls  as  practiced  in  tho  district  for  forty  years  iiast 

For  tho  leuowal  of  stock,  which  takea  place  every  three  or  four'years  with  ori-'iual 
Siuiiiunthaicr  bulls  (no  cowa  have  been  imported  'for  twenty  years  past),  onl v  well- 
built  and  delic.ately-shftped  specimens  are  seleoted.  the  tliick-.skiiined.  hollou-'.shniil. 
ileivd,  iioavy  breed,  that  yields  little  milk,  having  for  a  long  time  been  abandoned 

In  consequence  of  tho  system  of  cattle-shows  with  promimns.  introduced  by  tho 
ceutralstello  for  agriculture,  a  considerable  progress  iu  eatl  le-breeding  has  been  noted 
m  Wurteuiberg.    As  at  prcsout  in  tho  district  of  Rottweil  tho  boof  disease-showing 


t« 


452 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY    FARMING. 


however,  uo  malignant  Byn.ptouiB-prevaib  quite  generally,  the  present  ni...„«,,» 

be  unfavorable  <or  an  iimptction.  ^ »"""*'"''«'"» laoiiioutwuni^ 

I  have  bad  the  honor  toMtate  herewith  that  which  in  in  genernl  lunst  ,.«,..,„•  . 
oerning  cattle-breeding  in  our  diatrict.  and  I  leave  it  to^  the  cSerri    ,  '''^°''- 
honor  to  favor  us  perhaps  at  some  other  time  with  a  visit.  *-»"»'«Jeratu.ii  ot  your 

With  highest  regards, 

Ooconoinierath  BURKARUT 

Prtaident  of  the  Agrknllurul  r«i„„. 

CATTLE  BREEDING  AT  KIRCnBERG. 

At  Kirchberg,  in  the  Black  Forest  section,  great  attention  h  i,  ,id  . 
cattle-breeding,  and  several  distinctive  points  of  IntereHt  in  (.„,''•" 
with  the  subject  will  bo  found  in  the  subjoined  letter  fr ,  n    ^  ^""^ 
luierath  Schotfer,  the  president  of  the  Koyal  Farming  Seh   ,1   H'*^" 
point,  who  writes  me,  under  date  of  October  2L',  as  follows:  ^^ 

KmCHBKUG,   NKAIl  SULZ,    October '1-^    Nv, 

In  answer  to  your  favor  of  the  I'Jtb  of  October  I  have  to  say  that  the  brn^.r'  f ' 
stalled  here  is  identical  with  that  kept  at  the  Royal  Academy  utUe'li, ''''''" 
that  111  regard  to  the  rearing  of  young  cattle  only  this  diftorence  .x  hN  ■  ''  "'"^ 
Kirchberg  a  thorough  system  of  grazing  is  carried  out.  Near  tb.7  fW...  f"  m"^  '" 
there  lire  two  inclosures  of  about  a  hectares  each,  provided  with  fiuillii?.  ,"''''"-'» 
njg  J  he  animals,  where  the  vo.iiig  cattle,  Irom  spriug  (al.out  May  mluVa'n'''^''- 
f  October,  graze  without  the  supervision  of  herdsmen      So  lon.r  dnrin '         '"'  ™' 


in> 

autumn,  as  the  nights  are  cool  amriiiV-H^nortrmuTrsomo  th"/at"imaVs'i'Ill'^!''''!'";''>'il 
to  graze,  returning  in  the  evening  to  their  stalls,  where  they  are  d'lirJwi  /'"''" 
soon,  however  as  the  summer  days  grow  warm  and  Hies  begin  to  .r  .m;  '''  ^^ 
animals  are  allowe,    to  graze  from  4  o'clock  in  the  uftornooi,  „„  thro,;  '"^''.f'^'' 

night  III.  to  8  o'clock  in  the  morning,  remaining  during  the  duvtiine  i  i,  "'V"'"''' 
While  tiiere  they  are  provi.!..!  witlfas  much  corn-straw  as  thl"^i  ".J  ,''V  "'''"'''• 
wet  weather,  they  seem  to  prefer;  no  other  fodder  is  given  tiiem  in  t  l/'V  "?« 
two  grazing-grouuds  are  ordinarily  used  alternately  for  four  weeks  .i.f'*'  ^'"' 
the  herbage  gains  strength  before  the  cattle  graze  upon  it.  As  so.'.n  ,«„'""'  ^?  "'"^ 
has  remained  lor  some  tiuie  idle  the  dung  is  carefu  Iv  broken  iin  i ,  f  '  '"<=  "sure 
mown  oft-  Besides  the  dung  of  the  grazing  animals  f he  gr  ,  ,  a  ,  "t::'^"^  ■"''■ 
every  few  years  with  woo.l  ashes.  From  the  age  of  about  six  moul  is  ,  t  ?f  """""^'^ 
pregnancy,  which  is  here  about  two  and  a  half  years,  only  the  fe  1  /' ,  ""Soof 
during  summer  whilst  the  young  males  are  ear.^d  f.,r  the  same  a.  a  1  lw:,i  '"*'''''^" 
very  strong  bodily  development  and  excellent  health  are  found  l/y  „.''.' '"'"'•  ^^ 
thirty  years  to  be  the  results  of  the  above-described  system  of  r'aWn"  ./"""•' "^ 

This  18  the  on  y  feature  distinguishing  cattle-breeding  here  from'th.  t"  r"w1' 
heini   and  I  think  that  it  would  scarcely  be  worth  while",,  come      r«  n'.r       V,"''"'- 
pecially  as  at  present  the  grazing  is  over  with  for  this  jear  I'«™'"all.v,  e^- 

With  highest  regards, 


Oeconomierath  SCHOFFER 
Preaidetit  of  the  K.  Ackerba 


■ivkei-buuachule. 


CATTLE-BREEDING  AT  RAVENSBURG. 


From  Ravensbnrg,  situated  in  the  Swabian  uplands  near  Lukt^  fo., 
stance,  in  the  southeasterly  part  of  the  Kingdom,  it  is  report  Ma  S 
hist  chamber  ot  commerce  report,  as  follows :  ^ 

The  new  law  about  bulls  will,  without  doubt,  contribute  vcrv  innrl,  f,.  .i.  • 
entof  cattle-bree.ling,  although  the  poorness  of  the  soil  n^oShi^^ 
ime  dlfi  CU  tv  and  rnndt-rn  tlin  k..,...i..„  ,u-  t „i.:..   ,..  .,        .    '-'"^-rSCUwaben  cause 


ment 


causes 


some  difflcu-ty  au<l  renders  the  kee  ,Tngo7  town  lip  bu       a  nost  n  ..r, ',"  T' 
to  be  hoped  that  through  a  better  cl.oico  of  bulls  the  brown  ca  th,  wm/  f  '''■    ^\  '' 
the  Oberland,  and  will  be  able  to  resist  successfully  thoT,  crS  b  .^J     of  h'"'^'" 
colored  race  as  far  as  dairy  uses  are  concen.e.l.     Where  brS  "- '  n  liu  fi  ''"  '"["• 
growing  parii-colore.l  cattle  are  in  their  right  place  an    sTuViddi  >'!'"''''" 
whilst  the  aimless  system  of  crossings  bet  weenh,n,wnaKd  cut^^^^ 
in  ni^ny  places,  should  be  o,,posed  by  every  possible  .nV4n       ^£1    tC  \,  enin  t? 
a  better  breeding  and  rearing  of  cows  will  be  the  higher  price  for  tlwnikn 
in  many  honseliolds  and  dairies  in  Oberschwaben  tCl^^^rthe  L     S^^ 
cold- water  m.-lhod,  which  we  are  glad  to  state  is  ••oming'moro  and  11 0^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
On  y   ately  the  dairy  at  Sigmarshofon  was  remodeled  according   othiTsyln.    r,; 
-Molkerei  Geuossenschaft »  (dairy  association)  at  AichstetteK  mk.t^ayerv 
showing  in  It  8  last  year's  business.  " 


very  good 


GERMANY. 


453 


CATTLE  BREEDING  AT  HEIDENHEIM. 

From  the  district  of  lIei<kMjlieim,  in  tbo  iiortbeaHterly  part  of  the 
(vin^'(i<)lll,  it  is  roportpd  tliat  the  .stock  of  cattle  has  both 'increased  and 
lUipiDVt'd  (lining  a  sciich  of  years  abundant  in  food,  tbrouKb  a  more 
ireuonil  introduction  of  tbe  8imnientbal  blooded  stock.  In  the  district 
relerrc.l  to  there  was  founded  in  188U  "die  Molkerei  Genosscnschaft " 
(dairy  association)  at  Gerstetten,  numbering  lifty-sevcn  members,  and 
producing  daily  from  1,100  liters  of  milk,  05  to  80  pounds  of  butter,  and 
150  to  IGO  pounds  of  cheese.  The  butter  is  sold  to  Ulm,  Stuttgart,  &c., 
and  also  somewhat  to  North  Germany,  the  cheese  princi|)ally  to  Clm. 
From  Uottwoil  it  is  reported  that  the  condition  of  the  cattle  is  satisfac- 
tory, nnd  that  in  just  recognition  of  its  importance  greater  attention  is 
directed  to  itfrom  year  to  year.  The  race  bred  in  the  district  has  found 
a  lively  sale  at  good  prices;  unhappily  many  a  line  young  animal  must 
besold  to  meet  the  deficit  caused  by  the  bad  i)rices  of  corn. 

Ill  the  district  of  Heidenheim  the  total  number  of  cattle  brought  to 
market  in  1882  was,  to  the  12  fairs  in  Crailsheim,  3,793  head:  the  12  in 
Ellwangen,  15,005  head;  the  10  in  Giengen,  5,701  head;  the  13  in 
Gmund,  0,877  head. 

Prices  of  Heidenheim  cattle. 


Cattle. 


Ox 


BuU. 


Cow. 


llarkots. 


CralUhclm  . 
EUwttugon  . 
Giengt'U  — 

Gmuuu 

Crailshoira . 
Ellwaugen  . 
Glongon  — 

Oinund 

Crailsbcim  . 
Elhvaiigon  . 

Gieneen 

Gmund 

Heifer i  Crnilslioim  . 

;  Ellwaugen 

GiuKon 

Gmund , 

Crailsheim* 
EUwangou* 

Giongen 

Gmund 


TearliBg. . . 


Highest  average  prioo. 


Monti'. 


November 

df 

Angnstand  Soptombor. . 

August 

do 

March 

September 

do 

Deremher 

NiiviMuber 

Deeerabev 

Foliruary 

July.... 

May  and  November 

September 

Juno 


Price. 


Marki. 

444.50 
410.00 
38,").  00 
423.  50 
243.  50 
ai.'i.  00 
2i:t.  00 
262.60 
230.  00 
2tH).  00 
240.  60 
226  00 
100.00 
225. 00 
225.  00 
129.  00 


December  ..     

September  and  October. 


112.20 
202.50 


Lowest  average  price. 


Month. 


April 

December  . 

April 

■January  ... 

October 

July 

April 

Kcbriiary.. 
November . 

May 

January ... 

April 

Kebruary . . 

January  ... 
Docemlier  . 


Price. 


January  . 
April..., 


Markt. 

317.00 
380. 00 
245.  00 
321.00 
175.00 
285. 00 
180.00 
235,  00 
105.  UO 
200.  00 
181,00 
190  00 

63.50 
205. 00 
150.  00 

7,5.  00 


135  00 

130  00 


'Here  the  yearlings  are  not  separated  fh)m  the  heifers. 
AT  HEILBRONN  ON  THE   NEOKAE. 

In  Heilbronn  a  district  cattle  exhibition  took  place  from  the  12th  to 
tbe  14th  of  May,  to  which  one  hundred  nnd  twenty  nine  exhibitors  sent 
one  hundred  and  seventy -one  cattle,  all  more  or  less  worthy  of  notice. 

OATTLE  TRANSPORT  VIA  THE  ST.   GOTHAED. 

The  chamber  of  commerce  at  Heilbronn  reports  that  since  the  open- 
ing of  the  St.  Gothard  tunnel  100  to  ;U)0  oxen  of  the  best  quality  have 
beeu  sent  from  Italy  to  South  Germany,  costing  per  100  pounds  on 
the  hoof  only  20  to  30  marks  ($5  to  $7.50)  in  Milan  nnd  Alessandria, 
and  bringing  38  to  42  marks  ($0.50  t(»  -SH'-oO)  in  Mannheim  and  Frank- 


P 


E».'  II 


J!- 


ail  •' 


454 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


.1    !i.l^''*'^'"'"^*'•^  ^'"'^  ^'"'  '''••'i*^'''^  '■•>'•  tl"'««^  oxen,  inclusiv,.  ,.f  o. 
m.rks  (1.1)  ,lutv,  .■.n.o.u.l.s,  In.,,.  MM.ui  f.,Ma,.,.l,oi,„,  fo7(    ,,  ,'  s  • ,     "'^ 

3.a  „,arks  !,(.,•  l„„„lnMl  woi^^ht,  at  wl.i.l,  |,i;.h  rate  ot'  ro  r  ir^""  "' 
l)io  .;ib  e  that  tU.  d.-ale,'  ...a.v  l.av..  pai.l  a  po.^ti,,,,  .,fi„e  Ih  ''  '•^*'"'» 
l{iitt,i8  „e\v  (■ni„|.etifioi.  will  not  j»i-()ve  l)erma,iei,tlv  <liii.'..  r 
...q„al.ty  of  tlu.  ,neal  of  the  Ilalia,'  ox  does  not  o  i  e  u  f  7 ':;  ''• 
the  ox  ,a,fie,l  ,„  W„,1ei„l,e,-j,s  an,!  .loe.s  not  keej,  so  w !  T  '  '" 
pnees  ,n  Italy  aie  a«<;,il,e,l  t.,  tl,e  fact  (I,a(  Anstiiun  cattle  a,v."  ? 
it(>(!  II)  Ci'rtiKiiii-  oi-i  #1.,.  <•..♦* I  .    ...1    <■  .  '■'»"  »"iiie  Hie  pioiiiij 


CATTLE   TRADE   AT  OALW. 

From  Calw  it  is  reported  :  "  The  prices  of  cattle  are  evervxviu.r.  , 
and  constitute,  with  hops,  the  prindpnl  source  of  ,i[eome  of  I  ffl^""'"' 
In  consequence  of  the  use  of  spoiled' provender  the  S^l  so  1 1^^^^^^ 
to  have  quite  generally  attacked  the  cattle.  Although  iMs  iasdv  t nw"".' 
t  has  yet  caused  great  disturbance  in  the  cattle  t,-a(le  tm! '),.??  '''' 
been  a  lively  one  during  the  entire  year  past,  fat  a,,«l  lUvshv  cutr  ?.t  •"" 
always  in  demand  an.l  fat  oxen,  which  for,,  a  pri,  e  , ,  ^tfl  '  '7''? 
port  fron,  the  southwestern  pa,t  of  the  Black  l^St  uL'^^  r '"• 
at  the  fairs  and  out  of  their  slalls  by  the  pea^'aufs  to  ttcier'  n  fwl'?^ 
sale  dealers.  M, h.h  cows  and  cows  aboit  to  calve  were  a  .^^  *i  "  ''"''; 
and  brought  good  prices.  "^  "'  (leniiiiKl 

CATTLE-FAIRS  IN  1882. 


of  1,750,39.}  marks:  "foTh^e  tluw  cattle^Ihrrs  'rK'nuS'*" '''  ^"*'''  '""''"<^^ 
1,2(.9,  sold  400  head,  with  a, .rilucof8^ 

hundred  weight  on' hoof:  fattened  cattle  3^  "i^a-Lsfffi^^^^ 
marks;  young  cattle,  18  n,ark8.    To  the  cattkMU  ,  il.  El  ^'^t     ''.v 
hea.  were  brought.    At  seven  cattle-fairs  in  Calw  veie  so     S,',. '  ,^n 
head  of  cattle,  300  to  400  horses,  and  about  1,500  pigs  '"*  ^^^ 


CLIMATE  OF   WURTEMBEKG. 

The  Kingdom  of  Wurtemberg  lies  at  a  varying  elevation  of  fm.n  vr 
to  1,151  meters  (on  the  a\-erage  500  ,neters)  aboveX  i<  vol    r  .? 
and  extends  from  2.5°  .32'  20"  to  ^so  9'  3C''  ij^^^Mon;;^^  1  }^^  ^''' 

35' to  490  35'  30"  north  latitude.  longitude,  a,„l  fr«,u  47o 

The  mean  temperature  for  the  hiHf  t/.n  vo......  ^vrsr-T^i  t  i^—ni- 

the  year  round  ^in  spring,  +"'6.4o7  .sumliiei  '  +  13:iro';\+um;m  ^^+^ 
and  m  winter,  —  0.2°  K.  '  «iiirii»in,  +  b.yo 


OEEMANY.  466 

In  n>)?iinl  to  apfrioiiltnre  tha  climate  ranges  from  "  siimmcrcorn  "  to 
.,,„i,l(lliiig  wine"  climiitp,  the  *'  winter  com"  diniiiti^  piedoiniuatiiig. 

S|)iiii«  bejjins  in  tlio  latter  part  of  MarcL  and  lasts  till  the  end  of  May, 
fallowed  by  throe  warm  summer  months.  Heptember  and  October  are 
usually  very  snnny  autumn  mouths,  while  November  forms  the  transi- 
lioii  (()  wiiitiT,  which  in  jfeneral  is  not  severe  or  vt^ry  snowy,  on  thecon- 
iiiiiy,  oft(Mi  loo  mild  and  rainy.  On  the  whole  WurtomberK,  like  all 
\\Vstern  Europe,  has  milder  winters  and  warmer  summers  than  are  to 
ha  i'xpe(!ted  according  to  its  moan  ueoprraphical  latitu«le. 

SOIL  OF  WUUTEMHEnO. 

AccordinfT  to  its  pfeology  and  the  character  of  its  soil,  which  is  inti- 
mately (connected  therewith,  the  country  may  bo  divided  into  the  six 

following  jrroups: 

nerlarci 

(iri)iii»  I.  CoUiriMl  Hiiiul»tone 142,  U70 

Group  2.  81i«ll  liiiio .'J0l,r>14 

tJioiiiiX  lieil  iiiiirlH i!tn,()14 

ilroiiit  4.  Black  unci  brown  jura 'iiKj,  -JU 

Groui)5.  White  jura 3-^7,a84 

(jroiipG.  Tertiary  Hamlstono 404,:J83 

Area  of  the  whole  country 1,950, 37'J 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  AREA. 

The  entire  area  of  the  Kingdom  is  subdivided  as  follows: 


Description. 


Bnililin){9,  courts,  streets,  and  roads 
Oultiviited  lands 

lleadowH . 


Gardi'iHand  fields. 

Viui'Viiitls  

riirttmoliind 

Wooillunil 


Hectares. 


StreaniH,  hikes,  &o ,••-,••■ 

Biirrciirt,  ([oarrles,  marl  pits,  and  saud  pits 


Total . 


1, 990, 370 


For  cent. 


50, 683 

2.0 

82H,  385 

42.5 

277,  880 

14.2 

8H,  20S 

2.0 

20, 135 

1.3 

84,180 

4.3 

01)4, 018 

31  0 

12, 881 

0.7 

27,298 

1.4 

lUO.O 


i 


MEAT  SUPPLY  OF  WUETEMBERG. 


The  veterinary  surgeon  of  Stuttgart  reports  that  during  the  year 
1882  there  were  slaughtered  in  the  city  limits  the  following  number  of 
animals,  viz : 


Description. 


Oxen 

Bulls 

Cow.s 

Teivrlings . 

Swiuo 

Calves 

She«p 

Total 


Xomber. 


5,611 

524 

7i)0 

7,  ()93 

24,  807 

40,  OHO 

2,  250 


Total 
wei);bt. 


Average 
weight. 


Pounds. 

'i,  340, 184 
327,410 
299,500 

2, 305, 124 

3,512,481 


81,724 


Poundt. 
595 
624 
300 
324 
141 


M!l 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 

Stuttgart's  population  is  about  oneLveSnth  of  ?i.n .  'i'"^  ?'''ent  tha 
berg.  As  above  stated  by  Professor  D^CsL  of  Hnh^f  •^^•"'t^" 
beef  18  exported,  principallv  to  Franoe    to  S.     ""'^^"^^^"n,  mucb 

MEAT  PRICES  AT  STUTTGART. 

I  append  herewith  a  statement  showing  the  currpnf  ,»• 


Description. 


3ieef 

„  Do.... 
Pork 

Do.... 
Veal 

Do 

Matton 

Do 


t^         I'ricoperloOpounUs- 
Slaughtored. 


On  the  hoof. 


Kotail  price 
Pouudii), 


ASSOCIATION  DAIRIES  IN  WURTEMBERG. 

Agriculture  is  carried  on  in  Wurtemhero-  ..ImoA.  i 
and  consequently,  in  the  inclividiuXrchTs^of  aS  .1?'  "f "  ^"''"^r^, 
the  technical  and  economical  aclvantages  peiLm  ,  '^  l^^^      Pro^luction 
can-ied  on  on  a  large  scale,  can  only  bf  enSyS  Kl  .  ^"T^^  ^^•''^'" 
Wurtemberg  agriculturists  by  means  yiX'atm./''^^^^^^ 
eflorts  have  been  made  forsonie  years  nasttrTi.h,    ^"'/^'«  I'^^^sou 
ized  associations  among  the  rural  no.»w«f£.-.^''*'.^ 
guarantees  tothe  members,  and  fo     iTi Ir  "os^.  TLT'  ""/^  ^'^^^ 
cheese  trom  milk.    Uj)  to  the  nrese  t  St t'^    Producing  butter  and 
been  founded  in  WuItemEg'  ^ncern  u^r.^^^^^^    ^'^sociatio.s  ha?e 
methods  of  which  the  foUowing  remar  s  fun^^^  '"-^titutio,,,  and 

connection  with  the  acconipanjing  ivg^latL/.s :      ""  '-^-^I'lanation  in 

THE  DAIRY  ASSOCIATION  AT  AICHSTETTFN 

kreis),  and  dista'nt  ollly'Z  f'a'ki h     eu  ffi  ,;;^^  ^".^''•'  ^<'""" 

on  the  little  river  Aitradi   •m.l  ,.,?  h  V  '  '^*^'  J^i'vaiinn  fvoutii'v 

fro^  Leutkirch  to  Memnllng     ,  i    Z  i^tt^Xr^n'^"''  '''^"^'-^^^ 
af     ?  f\'r\^^  f'"'  place  l,ei'ng  (00  me  e  s  am  ^tlt^  ,    • 

at  hand,  the  climate  is  rather  harsh  d  ,,n.    V?      '^'^' Alps  hem- near 
especially  marked  by  sucld en  c^J^  o^  ^vin.ly,  „„1  is 

boar  and  s],ring  frosts  and  late  Hmiim  t Lo  '  i-  '"'''  "'"'  '■'■*''l"^*"t 
on  the  whole,  favorable:  but  as  tl  e  SV.t!.  ;=""^^'^'»»«  <'»'  the  soil  are, 
of  commercial  products  and  fmi  s  rii^  ^  t  ''''"  '"  ^"  ^ ''*'  cultivation 
the  farmer  chiHIvtlu/rtj  "1.1  A\^^\'"''^'" 

of  corn,  and  the  ded\ig  oi^t^  SSd  n^r.'^^^  thecuiUvation 

keeping  of  cattle.  I'lmupal  part  of  his  revenue  from  tLe 


GERMANY. 


457 


Aicbstetten  numbered,  on  the  Ist  of  December,  18S0,  826  inbabitants. 
Its  area  comprises  1,441  bectares,  of  whicb  800  are  arable  land,  260 
meadow,  21  i)asture,  and  300  wood. 

Tlie  livo  stock  amounted,  according  to  tbe  census  of  1873,  to  117 
iKirscs,  1,010  bead  cattle,  and  120  swine.     Sheep  are  not  kept. 

The  classification  of  property  of  those  citizens,  numbering  about  100, 
ffho  diiefly  occupy  themselves  with  agriculture,  is  at  present  as  follows : 
Fiinners  who  oavii  above  20  hectares  are  counted  among  the  large  pro- 
inietors;  farmers  with  10  to  20  hectares  among  the  middling,  and  those 
iiudcr  10  hectares  among  the  small  ones.  According  to  this  division 
there  are  at  present  at  Aicbstetten  twenty  large,  forty  middling,  and 
forty  small  proprietors.  There  are  no  large  estates,  properly  so  called  j 
jiccording  to  the  rating  generally  prevailing,  and  especially  in  North 
Gcrinany,  concerning  landed  estates,  the  large  proprietors  would  count 
among  the  middling,  so  that,  according  to  this  scale,  only  middling  and 
small  farmers  are  to  be  found  at  Aicbstetten. 

THE  ASSOCIATION  DAIRY  AT  ALLGAU. 

Dairies  have  been  established  in  the  Allgau  for  a  long  time  past,  and 
there  is  considerable  cheese  manufacture<l,  not  ordinarily,  however,  by 
thi'  farmers  themselves,  but  by  "  cheesers'-'  (Kaser),  to  whom  the  formers 
tiirnish  the  milk  at  a  lixed  price  (for  some  years  i)a8t  at  8  to  9  pfennigs 
per  liter),  whilst  the  waste  of  buttermilk  and  whey  is  returned  to  the 
fmnisbers  of  the  milk.  Under  these  conditions,  the  sale  of  the  milk 
has  become  more  and  more  a  matter  of  monopoly  for  the  "Kaser;" 
thoy  fix  the  price  of  the  milk,  and  the  farmers  have  been  able  to  do 
uotbiiig  against  this  one-sided  arrangement,  as  the  individual  farms  are 
iiiojitly  too  small  to  enable  their  owners  to  manufacture  their  own  cheese 
profitably,  and,  moreover,  as,  owing  to  the  lack  of  larger  towns  in  the 
viciuity,'a  direct  sale  of  the  mdk  is  imiwssiblo.  Besides,  dairy  nianage- 
mi'Ut  liad  not  kei)t  pace  with  recent  imjjrovements,  and  the  preparation 
of  butter  had  in  many  cases  continued  defective.  A  thorough  iinprove- 
mout  of  these  (!onditions  could  oidy  be  looked  for  by  tbe  formation  of 
associations  among  tbe  farmers,  who  would  Jointly  and  j. Tactically  look 
after  Ibe  making  of  butter  and  cheese.  At  the  same  time  it  was' to  be 
expected  that  the  introduction  of  the  principle  of  association  into  agri- 
culture would  exercise  a  favorable  effect  also  on  its  other  branches. 

lu  order  to  attain  the  desired  aim,  it  was  lirst  of  all  necessary  to 
bring  tbe  new  method  of  dairy  management  to  the  notice  of  the  farm- 
ers in  tbe  Wurtembergish  Allgau.  An  agricultural  exhibition  held  at 
Leutkircb  in  tbe  autumn  of  1870,  by  the  twelfth  agricultural  district 
association,  ottered  the  wisbed-for  (»(;casion.  With  it  was  connected  a 
dairy  exbibir,  in  which,  at  the  expense  of  the  royiilcentralstelle  lor  agri- 
culture, the  making  of  butter  and  cheese  after  the  latest  methods  (to- 
};ctlii'r  with  tbe  separator  arrangement)  was  for  a  few  days  practically 
illustrated.  This  sj)ecial  exhibit  aroused  the  highest  interest  among 
tlio  {ircat  number  of  country  peo|>le  wb>  attended.  On  the  28th  of  Sep- 
tiiiilH'i'.  cifjbt  resident  farmers,  owning  ir)2  cows  in  all, resolved  ujton  the 
foiuiding  of  an  association  for  the  common  handling  and  sale  of  the 
milk,  and  charged  a  committee  with  tbe  jtreliminaries  for  the  establish- 
iiunt  of  a  dairy  building  of  their  own.  Ibit  various  (»bsta(^Ies  caused 
(May,  and  ii  was  not  uniil  iln-  2r»ib  of  January,  IHHU,  that  the  assoeia- 
lioii  WHS  deliintely  organized  as  ''The  Wiirtembergisehe  Molkerei 
Aishstctteu,  eingetragene  Geno.ssenschaft  "  (registered  association). 


I 


I 

is. 


IF 


458 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 


•lUg. 


The  principal  obstacle  vanished  when  a  copious  supnlv  of  fr^^i. 
water  was  found  at  an  easy  depth  and  attaining  even  in  ti.l  i  ^"" 
summer  weather  a  temperature  of  not  over  lOo  Celsius     TIii«     i  "^^^ 
discovery  necessitated  the  construction  of  a  pump  work-  hnf  nc\  "^^'^ 
by  steam  also  recommended  itself  as  cheaper,  cleaner,  anil  rnn,.     ^'P^ 
reffulated,  it  was  decided  to  purchase  a  boiler  of  six  atraosn  wm    '^'''^'''^ 
motor  of  4-hor8e  power.    The  latter  pumps  water  and  worksTl  f '  f  "'^ " 
while  the  steam  heats  the  cheese- vat  and  warms  the  entire  hni  it ''^"^'^' 
the  cellars  especially  has  the  moist,  equalized  warmth  en" en^l  ^'"i  ,^" 
steam-heating  proved  unusually  favorable  to  the  ripening  of  l^     ^^' 
Upon  entering  the  dairy  building,  which  is  built  in  apleasino  ?f' 
on  a  small  hill  in  the  center  of  the  village,  and  forms  one  oi^iS  '^^^''^ 
ments,  we  first  come  to  the  vestibule,  which  serves  at  th^  I  ,  ""I^^' 
for  the  reception  of  the  milk.    According  to  the  regulations  iS    ""' 
be  delivered  unstrained,  as  in  this  state  the  presH^jceTlbr"'^:    T 
stancesaudot  impurities  can  be  much  more  easily  detectofl     u^"  ^i?^- 
strained,  then  weiglied,  and  the  quantity  delivered  by  cachfarn!'i       ' 
credited  in  his  milk-book  and  also  in  tiie  register  of  the  assof.  ,Hn   ''r'^ 
the  vestibule  are  also  a  number  of  test-glasses,  used  in  de  ermi  ?n; .?" 
percentage  of  cream  which  the  milk  of  each  furnisher  coS*  *^^ 
At  the  left  of  the  lobby  we  enter  "  das  Aufrahmungslokal ''  •  hi^i,      , 
well  ventilated  hall,  provided  with  long  cement  troughs 'sunri'?^ 
floor.     In  these  the  milk  vessels,  containing  40  liters  eafhar^ni,  '!^^ 
ath-racks;  the  capacity  of  cooling-troughs  is  ±300  liters     Tho.""' 

tSeroof."^  ''"''^"'"P''^  "^'"  ''^'■''*^"  ^•««'-^rvoirs,which?re  under 
During  the  first  one  and  one-half  to  two  hours  the  water  i«  nii-.  , . 
flow  in  and  run  oft'  with  full  force,  after  which  no  furtheTflow  is  nioT^  *" 
According  to  the  method  of  Swarz  the  principal  procls  of  exS^^^^ 
the  cream  takes  place  after  two  hours  and  is  finished  in  tSvl?^ 
hours;  any  farther  extraction  of  the  cream  is  avoided,  as  otheml?"' 
tJheese  loses  in  weight  and  becomes  tliin.  '      °^^^^^  'se  tbe 

The  cream,  which  is  taken  off'  after  twenty-four  hours,  remiin.  ft... 
another  twelve  hours  in  cold  water,  so  that  it  is  put  into  the  Hrrnl^^, 
a  temperature  of  lOo  Celsius.    The  churn  used  is  an  imnrovp;i  T  ^ 71? 
';KoIlbutterfass"fromthe''Centralmolkereima^izrn'T^^^^ 
at  Muncheu.    It  contains  250  liters  of  cream  and  can  turn  out  50nnni' 
^f  butter  at  a  time.    The  churning  process  requires  fS-^e  1 C! 
the  butter  is  taken  out  of  the  churn  at  12o  Celsius  is  loft  fm-  .,,.•' 
fresh  water,  and  then  put  under  the  kneadi.fg  na'chiue     'klklZ  '1 
butter  18  then  made  into  rolls  of  I  pound  each,  which  are  'tm]^^t 
the  stami)  of  the  association,  packed  in  wet  parchment  mi  o    ...    I 
again  placed  for  an  hour  in\,uite  cold  water,  aX?   S' Sev'";'" 
shipped  away  by  post  in  boxes  of  ^  kilograms  each.    Tlie  Aiclisfeth^ 
butter  has  grown  greatly  in  favor  on  account  of  its  fine  tasteS  oHt" 
keeping  well.    The  daily  shipment  amounts  to  75  kilogn nu:  "ud  th 
demand  cannot  be  supj>lied.    A  yield  of  3^  te  3i  kilogra.  "s  o   buter 
from  100  kilograms  of  milk  is  about  the  highest  result  ob    iuec. 

At  the  right  of  the  lobby  there  is  the  "  Kasereilokal,"  where  staucl.  a 
cheese-vat  with  a  capacity  of  1,000  liters.  It  is  of  u'ood,  cop,  Jr  bo 
tomed  and  warmed  by  steam  from  l>elow.  In  mauulactu ring  "Lck 
stein  cheese"  the  skimmed  milk  warmed  to  33o  Celsius  is  curdled  litl. 
liquid  rennet.  The  Aichst.«tt.m  "  Ha^'t-^-i"  "  -.i-..^..^,  ^  ,■  "J"'*^'.'  ""," 
besides  its  good  appearance,  by  its  excellent  t7^\e^ am\X  mteTit 
^Ze  '  ^^^^^    ""^'*  ^^'"^  ^'^^''^'  ^'''''^^  P'"^^*^''  this  sort  of 


GERMANY. 


459 


Besides  "Backstein"  cheese  round  cheese  (Rundkase)  is  manufact- 
m.ed.    Also  here  the  milk  is  curdled  at  33°  Celsius  aud  worked  to  40° 

Bound  cheese  is  sold  at  present  at  80  pfennigs;  'Backsteiu"  cheese 
at  CO  pfennigs,  and  butter  at  2.20  to  2.40  marks  per  kilogram,  while 
peasants'  butter  sells  only  at  1.60  marks.  The  yield  of  cheese  amounts 
fioiu  9  to  10  kilograms  of  Backstein,  and  a  little  less  round  cheese,  from 
„veiv  100  kilograms  of  milk. 

Tlie  whey  is  given  to  the  milk  furnishers,  who  take  back  on  every 
Slcilograms  of  furnished  milk  2  kilograms  of  whey,  and  on  every  10 
kilograms  of  milk  1  kilogram  of  buttermilk,  which  remains  perfectly 

'  From  the  *'  Kasereilokal,"  in  which,  besides  the  cheese-vat,  are  placed 
tiie  butter  kneader,  the  stretching  table,  and  the  press,  we  come  to  the 
machine  hall,  where,  in  addition  to  the  horizontal  steam  engine,  the 
puni])  «ind  the  chux'n  are  placed.  In  a  separate  room  stands  the  boiler, 
ivbich  is  heated  with  Ruhr  lump  coals.  The  daily  consumption  of  coal 
is  2  centners,  which,  at  Aichstetteu,  costs  1^  marks  per  centner.  The 
eutire  si)ace  underneath  is  occupied  by  the  cheese  collars,  which  are 
lijirb  and  well  ventilated  and  fulfill  all  the  necessary  conditions  for  the 
proper  ripening  of  the  cheese. 

The  whole  establishment,  with  its  carefully- scoured  cement  floors,  and 
tbe  cleajiliness  prevailing  everywhere,  gives  a  very  favorable  impres- 
siou,  as  compared  with  the  old,  smoke-blackened,  cheese-kitcheus  of 
tlic  Allgau  district. 

[Juder  the  roof  are  apartments  for  the  cheese-maker  and  the  appren- 
tices, aud  room  for  storing  wood,  &c. 

The  dairy  was  opened  on  the  5th  of  July,  1880.  The  eutire  plant  cost 
l!j,G28  marks,  the  chief  items  of  which  are  the  buiidiug,  11,710  marks; 
tlie steani-eugiue,  the  boiler,  and  the  fountain,  7,255  marks;  the  inte- 
rior tittings,  4,539  marks;  the  ice  cellar,  707  marks,  and  sundries,  1,364 
marks.  To  cover  these  utlays  a  loau  was  raised  under  the  joint  aud 
iudividuul  guarantee  of  all  the  members  of  the  association.  Accord- 
lag  to  section  12  of  the  statutes,  on  every  kilogram  of  milk  furnished 
todie  dairy  1  pfennig  is  due  to  the  treasury  of  the  association.  One- 
balf  of  the  money  thus  raised  is  a[)plied  to  payment  of  interest  and  the 
cauceliug  of  the  loau,  while  the  other  half  goes  to  defraying  current 
expenses  aud  to  the  accumulation  of  a  reserve  fund.  On  every  kilo- 
gram of  furnished  milk  members  receive  on  account  9  pfennigs;  what- 
over  beyond  that  is  obtained  by  the  management  is  paid  to  them  yearly 
a>  their  share  of  the  profit,  after  the  deduction  of  all  charges.  The 
quantity  of  milk  daily  used  averages  1,500  kilograms.  The  [)rice  per 
kilogram  amounts  to  12^  pfennigs,  without  the  whey.  Every  kilogram 
is  taxed  1.3  pfennigs  for  the  exi)enses  of  the  association. 

Thi-s  new  enterprise,  to  which  Ilis  Majesty  the  King,  upon  the  sugges- 
tion of  the  ministry  of  the  interior,  has  graute<l  a  considerable  subsidy 
Irom  thefundof  theroyal  centralstelle  for  agriculture,  shows,  afteralmost 
two  years  of  existence,  a  steady,  thrifty  progress.  As  the  best  proof  of 
the  recognition  it  finds  anmng  the  peoi)le  it  may  be  stated  that  the  mem- 
bership of  the  association  has  increased  from  eight  to  thirty,  owning  iu 
all  two  hundred  and  eighty-five  cows.  The  association  exercises,  both 
directly  or  indirectly,  a  salutary  influence  upon  the  revenue  of  its  mem- 
bers, who  thus  obtain  an  assured  and  more  profitable  sale  of  their  milk, 
while  the  growing  of  provender  and  breeding  of  cattle  are  imi)roved. 
But  not  less  important  is  the  favorable  influence  which  such  au  as- 
soeiation  may  exercise  in  a  moral  point  of  view  on  its  members  as  well 


460 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


mi 


as  on  the  whole  community  through  the  fact  that  working  anrl  „  • 
for  a  common  enterprise  draws  men  nearer  to  one  another  an  A  'i'^^ 
them  the  better  to  agree  together.  The  system  and  SuhS«i'^^.'« 
pensab  e  in  the  dau-y  business  find  their  way  by  and  by  n?o  S  cV',',^'«- 
the  cattle  and  the  dwellings  of  the  families/bringing  vWh  them  «n'' "^ 
blessed  sanitary  benefits.  ^ '^"'^'^lemalltheir 


THE  DAIRY  ASSOCIATION  AT  HELDENFINGEN. 


Sooner  than  might  have  been  expected  the  example  of  Aiphaf.*.    , 
been  followed  and  a  second  Wurtemberg  Dairy  Ass?citio,f if  ^"^  ^'^'* 
organized  at  Heldenfingen.  ^''Wcutiou  has  been 

The  village  of  Heldenfingen  is  situated  near  the  eastern  fmnf 
Wurtemberg,  in  the  county  of  Heidenheim,  belonging  tyS^f  °^ 
distru,  on  the  elevated  plateau  of  the  SwabiLn  Alps,  about  e^V'^^^ 
above  the  sea.  Its  climate  i.  severe,  belonging  to  the  zonl  nf  '"•''"'« 
corn,  windy,  rather  dry,  less  favorable  in  general  to  the  ZJl  ^p'"^^''- 
mercial  products  and  fruits.  The  soil  is  a  strong,  cScareo^us  T  L/'"'"- 
the  ijroduct  of  the  disintegration  of  the  white  JnrarpSvfla/?. ""'' 
and  frequently  too  dry,  as  the  surface  water  is  quickh  abL?&'^""y' 
Heldenfingen  has'  830  inhabitants,  owning  in  all  an  a?ea  of  on , 
res,  used  for asrricultural  nnrnnsou  .  fi.^^o  ^„.  oZ\^^..^^^^  of  950  bee- 


tares,  used  for  agricultural  purposes  rtbere"Srr8ihectarra?.S 

40  hectares  pasture  laud.  '^"' 


30  hectares  meadows,  and  ,„  x.....»c»  ,m«ture  laua. 

ihe  stock  of  cattle  amounted  on  the  1st  of  April,  1881  to  ^k  i 
531  head  of  cattle,  and  SO  swine.  '         '  *"  ^^  Worses, 

The  distributiou  of  the  property  in  areas  is  as  follows  •  Ti.« 
proprietor  has  GO  hectares  ;  seven  great  p-oprietws  W  .t,  f^^"'^ 
hectares;  twenty  middling  propriftors  haTeach  10  lo  30  liV' ^*^ 
Sectarel'""'""  ""'  ''^^'""""  ^"""  ProprietTsNiave^afh  SS 

This  shows  that  small  proprietors  are  in  a  large  majorit    in  hm. 
flugen  and  that  real  estate  is  here  still  more  cl^^vi.l"  d  u    Hnn^?-^'"" 
Aichstetten.     IJnder  these  circumstances  greSrc4     ^  "1?  '"f 
economy  can  only  be  obtained  through  the  association     an     ^     '  "^ 
In  Heldenfingen,  as  in  the  whole  Wurtembergish  Alps  region  h..     , 
tiyation  of  corn  has  occupied  hitherto  by  far  the  grt/iter  ,  p   '.  ^    " 
stituted  the  princij.al  source  of  income  of  the  Ixumr      4  So  IT" 
stock  ot  cattle  has  been  considerably  improved  in    he  1  itf    S    " 
the  increased  growth  of  clover,  which  is  eipeciall,   mpoVt; mt^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
of  (he  small  area  of  meadow  land,  yet  the  farmer  couhl  i.of  1.^/  i", 
benefitof  it  as  the  direct  sale  of  I'nilk  was  tm^Z^£  Tu:to  t if 
tancefrom  larger  towns  and  the  railroad,  ai  d  dairy  .  a,  >,  1  Jf  1'" 
unkijown  or  confined  to  the  preparation  of  an  infeS   m  htv  oH  t  e/ 
which  had  to  be  sold  at  correspondingly  low  prices  (1.50  nia.L  pSo! 

Whilst  Aichstetten  is  situated  in  a  localitv  where  dairy  u.aijarrp,,,...^ 
has  been  in  vogue  for  a  long  time  and  forms^the  most  i    nor  an?f^^^^^^^^^ 

nn  of«"".-^1'- '  '"*^"*'^'^''  '''  ^^'^'^  ^^'«  ^"•-'^tion  there  coi  tS  IreT  n 
an  essen  lal  improvement  of  an  already  existing  branch  of  tSrhP 
improved  da  ry  system  as  introduced  in  Heldenfinge  iwa  for  A  I 
quite  a  new  branch  and  one  hitherto  unknown  there  '""'^''''^^'^''^ 

^sll'tlXfj!^}f'fJ^'^^r^^  eiyenin  Heldenfingen  in  the  autumn  of 
nrpVnr  H. wV  .  r"^-  "^"^^^^d  Dy  the  itinerant  instructor  iu  affricult- 
^  f.  IL      ,'^/»,S«/.*'!«^"«f  concerning  the  recent  progress  made  in  da  y 


GERMANY. 


461 


In  the  lecture  it  was  also  pointed  out  that  one  of  the  most  important 
conditions  I'or  the  successful  management  of  a  dairy,  viz,  pure,  fresh 
water,  now  existed  through  the  parish  of  Heldenflngeu  having  but  a 
Kiinrt  time  before  joined  the  rough  Alps  water- works  system,  thereby  re- 
piviiig  good  spring  water  in  abundance  from  the  pumping  station  in 
t^  Eyb  Valley,  near  Geislingen,  29  kilometers  distant. 

0,1  the  5th  of  December,  1880,  thirty  farmers  resolved  upon  founding 
g„  association  for  the  common  handling  and  sale  of  milk,  and  charged 
;,  cominittee  of  live  members  with  the  work  necessary  for  the  carrying 
out  of  the  resolution. 

Xlie  members  of  the  committee,  under  the  guidance  of  the  president 
of  the  association,  SchuUheiss  Bosch,  visited  the  dairy  at  Aichstetteu, 
anil  from  the  favorable  impression  thus  derived  soon  agreed  to  estab- 
iisli  a  similar  institution  in  Ileldenflngen,  and  in  so  doing  to  protit  by  the 
osperieiices  gained  at  Aichstetteu. 

But  as  there,  so  also  at  Ileldenflngen,  the  final  realization  of  the  en- 
terprise encountered  various  difiBculties.  Doubt  as  to  the  usefulness  and 
profitableness  of  the  business  took  more  and  more  hold  upon  not  only 
the  adversaries,  but  also  upon  those  who  had  hitherto  been  friends  of 
the  project,  and  the  president  of  the  association  very  properly  reported 
to  tlie  Royal  Centralstelle  for  agriculture  in  regard  to  the  discord 
among  the  members  of  the  association  that  "a  regular  April  shower 
hiid  occurred,  followed  by  heavy  spring  storms." 

But  when  the  members'  disposition  had  finally  grown  more  favorable 
it  was  found  possible  to  commence  building  in  June,  1880,  and  the 
Jairy  was  opened  on  the  10th  of  October,  1881. 

The  dairy  building  is  neat  in  style,  and  is  constructed  like  that  at 
Aicbstetteii,  according  to  the  newest  plans,  but  is  more  spacious  in 
dimensions.  It  has  the  necessary  facilities  for  the  Swarz  skimming 
rai'tliod,  for  the  working  of  the  cheesery  by  steam,  and  for  the  steam 
beating  of  all  the  rooms.  The  total  cost  for  building  and  construction 
amounts  to  24,000  marks,  viz  : 

Marks. 
For  the  lniildiiij:ot'tbo  house,  incluHive  of  the  purchase  of  the  bnildinglot..     14,000 

Forboilii,  5  steam  etovoH,  Mteain  and  water  pipes,  dairy  coiistructious 6,000 

Fortho  ico  cellar,  water  reservoir  for  cooling  water  with  ice,  construction  of 
andevator  in  the  cheese  cellar,  fencing  in  of  the  ground,  &c 4,000 

To  meet  these-  expenses  a  loan  was  raised  under  the  joint  and  indi- 
vidual guarantee  of  all  the  members,  the  interest  on  which  is  paid,  and 
the  cancellation  of  which  takes  place  according  to  the  statutes  here- 
after i)riiite(l,  on  the  same  safe  basis  as  at  Aichstetteu,  1  pfennig  on 
every  kilogram  of  milk  furnished  being  first  withheld  for  the  treasury 
of  the  association. 

A  water  puinj)  was  not  required  in  this  dairy,  as  the  water  from  the 
pipes  of  the  rough  Alps  water-works  rises  by  its  own  pressure  as  high 
as  the  upper  rooms  of  the  building.  The  water  has  in  winter  a  temper- 
ature of  (i°  Celsius,  in  summer  of  10°  Celsius,  and  must  therefore  in  the 
latter  season,  through  the  use  of  ice,  be  cooled  to  its  winter  tempera- 
ture. 

The  new  dairy  at  Ileldenfingen  may  be  considered  a  gratifying  re- 
sult of  the  establishment  of  the  Alps  water- works,  built  by  the  aid  of 
rliedovernnient,  lor  otherwise  the  fonnev  lack  of  water  in  that  region 
won!'.!  have  reisilered  th.i'ideaof  fo'siMling  a  h'.rgcr  dairy  impossible.* 

As  at  Aichstetteu,  the  making  of  fine  table  butter  and  of  good 
Backstein  cheese  is  the  aim  of  the  management. 


6   ;  II 


*Seo  report  on  water-works  in  rough  Alps,  Consular  Reports,  No.  10,  p.  268. 


462 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


■>■■;>  J 


lii 


only  C  kilograms,  ^bowing  that  the  new  enterprise  offeS  iv„!"l* 
smallest  producer  an  opportunity  of  profitably  selling  hi^^.nm  ^"  ^'"^ 
portnnity  which  he  formerly  lacked  entirely.  ''  ^^  oP' 

At  first  650  kilograms  of  milk  were  handled  daily,  from  whir.i.  , 
21  kilograms  of  butter  a.id  ■>(»  kilograms  of  Backstein  chees«  I'^T 
^onn*l'..^'"*'^'"'^'"'^'''"'*'"*«  '''^^e  been  made  looking  to  tlol!.,  if  ®  *^''- 
1,300  kilogran)s  of  milk  daily.  The  butter  and  cheese  are  of  ''"^  «^ 
lent  quality,  and  the  former  finds  a  ready  sale  at  2'>0  mn/i  ,®^*^^'- 
ordini.ry  peasants'  butter  brings  only  1.50  marks),  the^latw r  w^"i*^ 
pfennigs  per  kilogranu  The  butter,  like  that^Vrom  Ithstln '' '"^ 
shipped  pnne.pally  to  Berlin,  I^ipsig,  Stuttgart,  and  othtJ  hS  '"'  '' 
Members  receive  tor  every  kilogram  of  furnished  milk  8  pfen,  i„  °?'' 
IS  obtained  beyond  that  is,  after  the  deduction  of  all  ei  3''^^^?^ 
divided  in  shares  of  profit.  expenses,  yearly 

To  this  enterprise  also  His  Majesty  the  Kinc  has  nnnn  ^.^ 
tiou  of  the  ministry  of  the  interior,  granted  a  considerable  «„i     f"^^^«- 
the  funds  of  the  Centralstelle  for  agriculture  "^  ^"bsuly  from 

AVhoever  enters  the  dairy  premises  and  notes  the  clenni;,, 
systematic  detail  everywhere  prevailing  gains  an  extreSf''  ?'^ 
impression  of  the  new  enterprise.  One  c-an  well  uuder?tnL  T'"^'' 
people  of  Heldenflngon  speak  with  some  pride  of  tftaiw'"^,  ^''f 
Hi  the  whole  neighborhood  and  even  beyond  wins  a  uan  e  Ih^Ll^''^' 
Alpine  village  and  promises  to  become  a  source  of  raatSl  wpfe*^";'^ 
Its  inhabitants.  '"'^'^^»'ai  welfare  for 

CONCLUSION. 

The  latitude  given  by  the  circular  of  instruction  callintr  fnr  .i  ■ 
port  has  enabled  me  to  cover  a  wide  range  of  sub  ec?r^i?,w' ^^"  ''• 
details  and  statistics  which  1  trust  will  prove  of  SV.  i  «^ 
stock-breeders  and  those  engaged  in  kindred  nnrsiSf  x  "^"''V^'"' 
already  stated,  Wurtemberg'^is"  the  lead  ng  San  st.t'  ^'"  \''' 
branches  of  agriculture,  and  the  subject  therefore  Svim  in/'^'l 
iniportanceforthisconsulardistrict.    As  appendices  ^oii^^/^pSSe 

^^Trauslatiou  of  (he  statutes  of  the  Dairy  Associatiou,  (rtgietered  company  at  Heldeu- 
^  Table  showing  cost,  expenses,  an.l  outlays  of..ull-keopi„g  at  Kirchbei™,  „n,Ier 

Tabic  showing  the  perccnfaKo  of  area  in  each  geological  .Toiin  ..n,i  ,-,  *.        .■ 
kingdom  of  VVnrteniberg  8iibdivi<l..<l  as  ivgar.ls  rnltivation  ' '  "  ^^'^  *"'''« 

Table  showing  the  percentage  of  each  ..f  the  various  kindsof  ..rn,l„Pf»     •    > 
the  arable  surface  of  each  group,  an.l  of  the  entire  Kintrd„„,       ^     ''"'^''  ""'"'^  "l'"" 

llio  characteristics,  jiroductiveuess,  &c.,  of  theSimnientli!il..r  ,..„!  ah 
of  cattle,  and  their  respective  crossings.  6i">'uentlmler  au.l  Allga.ier  breeds 

I  also  forward  as  inclosures,  &c.,  aceomnanvimr  ti.i«  m..^  >■      ■ 
illustrative  of  it,  the  following :  'iccompanj  ing  this  report,  and 

Six  models  (in  papier  machd)  of  breeds  of  cows  mentioned  in  the  report  viz- 
(6)  Ne'ckarT™ '  "''  ^^';°'"'^^'  '-"^  ^"i^^vcbiscn  nail.-.  •  (4)  Limburger;  (5) Alb; 


•  Published  in  the  supplement. 

t  Published  in  body  of  rejiort,  ii 


as  inserted  by  the  consul. 


GEBMANY. 


46a 


.'Molit'iLlieiin  Tliior  Album,"  being  a  collection  of  twelv«  photographs  of  animalBcf 
..'virioim  breeds,  taken  from  life. 

i'DioKiicen  des  Rindes, "  an  illustrated  work  by  Dr.  von  Rueff,  late  director  of  the 
v,.teriuary  school  at  Stuttgart. 

Photoi'raph  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  School  at  Hoheuheim  (near  Stuttgart). 

nfflciin  copy  of  the  law  providing  for  the  keeping  of  township  bulls  in  Wurtemberg. 

Plan  of  the  royal  domain  at  Kirohberg,  Wurtemberg. 

I  desire  to  express  my  obligations  to  Professor  Dr.  Vossler  of  the 
Koval  Agricultural  School  at  Hohenheini,  to  Assessor  Zeeb,  of  the  Eoyal 
reiitiiilstellefor  agriculture,  to  Oberamtmanu  Loeflund,  president  of  the 
nigtrict  Agricultural  Association  at  Kirchheim  under  Teck,  and  to  Dr. 
vol!  Kueff,  lat^6  director  of  the  veterinary  school  at  Stuttgart,  for  val- 
„niilp  information  furnished  me  in  the  preparation  of  this  report. 
""  .  GEOEGE  L.  CATLIN, 

United  States  Consulate,  ^  Consul. 

Stuttgart,  November  28, 1883. 


Tabkshowinn  the  percentage  of  area  in  each  [leoloyical  group,  and  in  the  entire  Kingdom  of 
JVurtemberg,  subdivided  as  regards  cultivation. 


DesoripUou. 


1 


Bnildinffs.  courts,  and  roads >  2.  52 

Cultivatou  land |  ^- 'J^ 

lleadows  .■...■ '•«" 

(Jnnlens  and  fields |  1- }" 

Vincyanls I  0.1b 

Wo.«l9 ]  "'-M 

StrMins,  liike;),  4iO -  •  j  f •  *» 

Pasliirc  land * 

Birrcns.  (luames {|  "•"' 

Mall  aud  sand-pits J| 

Total I  10000 


2  05 
52.01 
12.  U 

1.00 

2.75 
23.20 

0.50 

3.&0 


100.00 


"S 
a 

■a 


a 
> 


3.00 
30.11 
15.17 

2.42 

3.&1 
39.47 

0.67 

5.52 


2.72 
40.00 
18.97 

8.10 

0.55 
28.24 

0.49 

7.03 


100.00  I  100.00 


1.82 
48.77 
8.69 
1.05 
0.05 
32.  79 
0.18 

1«.65 


100.00 


hI 


2.31 

48.05 

17.48 

1.81 

0.10 

24.95 

1.23 

4.07 


•s-S 

'  01 

»  a 

I'M 

§£ 
£■■3 

is 


100. 00 


2.8 

42.5 

14.2 

2.0 

1.3 

31.0 

0.7 

4.3 

5.7 

1.4 


100.0 


lahk  showing  the  percentage  of  each  of  the  various  kinds  of  products  raised  upon  the  arable 
surface  of  each  of  the  above  groups,  and  of  the  entire  Kingdom. 


18  report,  and 


Description. 


■Winter-spelt 

Oats 

liarlev      

Other  winter  nud  aummcr  com 

(.'lover,  lueern,  &0 

Piitiitues 

ilaiketabli'prodnctfi,  hops,  tobacco,  &c. .. 
Escnleut.s,  red  boet«,  sweet  tamlpa,  cab' 

!i.-,EC,  iic 

Beans,  peas,  uud  (»reen  com 

Follow  fiiound 

Total 


".a 


oo" 

'l  .< 
[a 

S| 

o 


O 


Per  oi. 
15. 40 
17.98 
2.73  I 
12.21  ' 

9.45  I 
11.90 

3.22  I 

3.46  ' 
2.07 

21.58 


Ptr  et. 

21.98 

12.  49  , 

11.  23  1 

11.90 

10.  62  1 

8.63  ' 

4.53  < 

4.79 
8.87 
0.97 


Ptret. 
22. 85 
13.  72 

8.08 
14.22 

9.38 
11.29 

8.86 

8.89 
.^08 
8.93 


@ 


2- 


o 
I.. 


Per  et. 
20.o;t 

10.15 
10.11 
8.89 
9.09 
9.98 
8.70 

3.30 
2.52 
9.03 


Per  et. 

?3. 42 
18.84 
U.44 
8.38 
10.70 
5.36 
2.03 

2.1G 

2.28 

17.33 


o 
'•I 

£ 


Per  et. 

2.i.90 

14.44 

13.  42 

0.17 

12.  00 

5.  .'>8 

3.99 

2. 73 

2.  !!8 

10. 39 


100.00      100.00     100.00      100.00      100.00  '  100.00       100.00 




M 

IL 

Per  et. 
•IX  04 
14  00 
10.76 
10.  43 
10.  00 
7.88 
3.73 

•5.49 

2.90 

11.07 


464 


11' 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 
OHABACTERISTIfS  OF  WUETEMBERG  CATTLE. 


The  charactoristics,  productiveness   Srn    nf  ti.A  «■ 
Aljgauer  breeds  of  oaftle  anrS\tectl''LtS' t*;  "J 

and  bronil;  horns  oftoi.  rather  lieavy;  back Vtraiffht  •  r-n  ,,?ni^.     '^  '"'""'1:  '^eck  sbn 
^,y  i«  ?.«  C«".o^8:  Height,  1.45  meters:  lenirH^  y  KL.„£^.^•''''' "^ tEo  co«  ft 


AlOO  to  i>,4W)  kilograms;  no  to  iW  kiloerams  Drodni^inH  i 'In  "  "*'  "*'l^  '»  fnim 

|r^^f  ..k  producing  1  kilogram  .A^r^^i  SS^^al^J-^^J  £ 


CATTIE  BREEDS  OF  BADEN. 

XEPORTBT  CONSUL  SALLOW   OF  KEUL 
MESSKIECH  CATTLE. 

The  finest  breed  of  Badeu  is  the  iMesskirch  cattle 

which  is  called  the  Heuberg.  TMs  ch^n  of  iSV  *^"™'  '?  l^^^^^"" 
about  2,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ThJ  t^f  '''''  •"'"'"^*^  «*' 
pally,  of  gray  an.l  yellowish  Hmeetoue.  There  ?s  T.r.T'^''  "^T^'. 
water,  on  account  of  the  inauv  crevaasPH  in  Tiff  ^^^'^^  scarcity  of 

the  rains  and  prevent  the  fo?maSrsources    Si  "'t'^'^  f  ^*^'''^ 

tr.bu.ed  ,0  .he  •^^.^^J^^^^^J^'^S^^^^^S^ 


GERMANY.  465 

the  Mt'SHliin'li  (li.strict  were  miuiU,  of  u  fine  HtriKitiiie,  red  iu  color, 
short  but  pointed  lieiul,  and  stioii;^,  .short  horns.  Thoy  were  very  pro- 
,l,„;(ivc  in  iiiilli,  iiiid  friisal  re,i,Mr<liii<,' their  fmhier.  Toward  the  year 
l,s;iO,  however,  the  Htoek-l)reed«M-.s  begun  to  import  bulls  from  the  8wl)S8 
tiintoiis  olZurieh  and  Schwytz,  and  soon  a  great  change  was  observed. 
This  was  lust  done  in  I\lesskir(!h,  but  the  example  was  wumediatelv  fol- 
low cd  by  nil  stock-breeders  in  the  whole  district,  so  that  twenty-live 
veins  afterward  th(^  Swabian  Alp  cattle  had  very  nearly  disapi)eared. 
The  viiiiety  obtained  by  this  interbreeding  is  distinguished  by  its  great 
lleshiiiess,  abundance  in  milk  on  the  one  hand,  and  strength  and  en- 
(liiiaiice  Ibr  labor  on  the  other.  The  importation  of  cows  from  Swit- 
zeiiiiiid  (lid  not  have  good  results;  they  did  not  become  used  to  the 
cliiiiate.  The  nund)er  of  cows  in  the  Messkirch  district  was  5.000  in 
ISSI).  and  7(»i)iill.s.  These  bulls  are  the  i)roperty  of  the  comnumity, 
Hhicli  pays  for  feeding  and  attendance.  I-lven  the  stables  where  thes(' 
;„iiiiiii!s  are  kept  belong  to  the  community.  The  Government  ])rescribes 
tiiiit  one  bull  must  be  kei)t  for  every  eighty  cows.  The  inspection  of 
thebidls  in  l.SSli  in  the  Mes.skircli  district  gave  the  following  result: 
Among  seventy-six  bulls  there  were — 

KiN-iliiHH  ( very  i:»m\ ) Uf, 

Soi;oihI-cI:im^  (Ki>n<l) IJO 

Thiid  rl;is.s  (|ir()|)i'r  for  bic<i(Ung,  but  of  ugly  Mhapo) 10 

l'i)iirili-i;l;iss  (unlit  for  breeding,  with  tUfectivo  constitution)    .'.'.'.'.".'".".'  1 

As  a  rule  cows  are  covered  for  Jie  first  time  at  the  age  of  one  and  a 
haltyoiirs,  and  calve  generally  at  two  and  a  quarter  years.  Cows  which 
ciilve  before  they  have  reached  their  full  growth' never  become  very 
stroiif,'  nor  i)rodnctive  in  n)ilk.  The  inclo.sed  idiotographs,  for  which  I 
am  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  his  excellency  the  state  minister  of  the 
Grand  Duchy  of  liaden,  are  all  of  the  J\[esskirch  breed  and  show  to 
liood  lid  vantage  their  build  &c. ;  they  were  purjjosely  obtained  for  this 
report,  and  iiie  good  average  specimens  of  these  cattle. 

PECULIAKITIES  OF    THE  ME«SKIKC1I  CATTLE. 

Tim  Me-sskirch  cattle  are  nearly  all  checkered;  the  dillerent  kinds 
are: 

(1)  Yellow  checkered,  light  yellow  or  dark  yellow  on  the  back  with 
irre;;ular,  (dearly  defined  white  spots. 

(:')  lied  (;lie(!kere(l,  hair  on  the  back  red,  mostly  red  or  yellowish 
/iometimes  dark  red  with  dim  whit*^  sjxtt.s.  ' 

(.'))  White  eiieekered,  white  back,  Hanks  ivaI  hair,  headatid  feet  white. 

Desides  tlie.M'  there  are  animals  which  are  either  all  red  or  all  yellow' 
die  Ik^ikI  is  wliite,  .some  have  little  yellow  or  red  spots  around  the  eyes! 
Statisticid  eoniparisons  made  in  1S7;{  show  that  the  yellow  and  red 
eheckcred  caAov  is  most  prevalent  in  the  Messkirch  district. 

The  nostrils,  the  same  as  the  membranes  of  the  mouth-cavity  jire 
without  color;  the  horns  and  hoofs  are  yellow,  resembling  wax.'  'The 
tiit'tof  hair  over  the  ears  is  of  the  .same  color  as  the  hair  on  the  back. 
Tlieeiid  of  tlie  tall  is  mo.stly  wliite.  lihurk  or  brown  sjjots  on  the  nos- 
tril.smv  marks  of  the  descent  from  the  originul  Swabian  Alp  cattle. 

l!eil  or  yellow  eheekenid  animals  with  white  head,  yellow  horns  and 
hoots,  colorless  nostrils,  and  white  end  of  tail  are  most  freiiuent  iu  the 
Messkirch  district. 

fl.  Ex.  51 yo 


466 


CATTLi:    AND   DAIRY    FAUMINQ. 


mZK    AND    WEIOIIT. 


Viiiy  coii8i(Ioriibl 


SizoiiiKl  woij,'lit  of  all  bimulH  ofcuttlo 
kircli  brt-ed  arc  no  oxceptiou  to  this  iul«.    Animals  whicirL^.'f  ".."*'  >'*""' 
sibundant  foo<l  will  b«  n.ucli  lieavit-r  in  weifrlit  tlia.i  ihos"  wi,,,?'''"'  ■'"'' 


y;  thoMto,. 


by  actual  uw, 


ii.suflidcut.    The  IbllowinfT  table  will  ■8lio;rtho"aVeril!^r«i/!'v'!!i  ?'"'' '« 


Kind. 


i 


(!<)WH '    . 

Ox.n   , 

Foiuulo  uulvoB  (.voiirliu^'s) . 


I    VunilMir 
of  ouluialH. 


Avcriiu'd 


/•■(.  i„, 

4  •> 

t  1 

:i  10 


Avorairp 
'•■iiKlli. 


Tlionioiujuiemcntoi'ei^rhtyanin.aLsat  maturity  gave  avem,...  i   ■  . 
4  leet  1  uich  ;  leiifjth,  4  leet  10  iucUes.  've  avciagc  liajrin 

The  weight  is  aa  ibllows  : 

C'ul veH  lit  tlio  tiino  of  tboir  birth ''""mU 

AiiiiiialHofoiie  your ] 70  to    >,-, 

Aiiiiiiiils  oCtwo  ycivrss I;i0       (|;(| 

Cowf*  roach  a  wtifjht  of 77(i    |  o.Ki 

Ox.Mi  roach  u  wci-ht  of '..'.'.'.'.." i"'"    I,'lil0 

liullMrcach  a  woifrhtof •-•  MoO    ]  ;|(ki 

i.'^wi  -S.m 

I     MEASUUES  OF  SEl»AUATE   LIM13S. 


The  length  of  the  neck  is  on  an  average  1  foot  '» iii(.l,r.M      ri      , 
the,  neck  is  line  and  wrinkled.     The  withers      e  1-    ^r      ,  "'^  '''"' 
me  in  a  ln>rizuntal  direction  with  luVkhv  ini m^ls     ^h' l';  /k?''' '" 
average  length  of  II  inches.  "    '•*""'  '"i^«' -i 

Ji'vrayv  mtasuninail  of  dijfvrait  parU  of  unimah 


ot 

tuid 

it  II 


Kind. 


"a  - 


■_  J,      -  - 

~  ^   ■      —  a  5 


(Jows 

Fimmle  cuJvch '" 

HulJa 1(1 

0 


'■'(■  '■«.    luchit.    htclwH.    lachn 


1     !l 


I'll 


•J 
In 

L'l 


IIKEEDINC    AND   TEEDINCJ. 


OKKMANY. 


4H1 


<*«»'  wlios,.  j„„,,  i 
««  «izi'«  ()l,tai„i,i 


''Ulilli. 


ft. 


Ft    i„, 
4        '< 


'  average  licigin, 


Hwri  (''«•"""■"'  '"'""  ^^^''i  ^'"""  *■<»'"  'iit'ul  in  it,  jumI  a  IIuIm  liiiy ;  tliis  \» 
,,„ii(iini((I  (or  six  iii(»iiUks,  Mumi  tlio  call'  «etH,  aiiiiiig  Uuco  moiitlis,  hay 
■Hid  wali'r  mixed  willi  nait  and  cornineal. 

Ill  winter  IIk'  food  of  the  K«»>"n  np  eattic  HMmiistis  of  liay,  cliopiK-d 
sUiiw,  iiiid  beets;  twiee  a  week  Wie.v  f,'et  a  niixturoof  malt  and  oilcake. 
Tlic cuttle  of  the  Ninidl  larmeix  are  moNlly  fe<|  (i]H)n  straw  antl  very  lit- 
tle liiiy  ami  very  olten  on  l)eet.s.  In  Kummer  the  food  comsists of  W'vved- 
isliiuid  liicern  clover.  The  wtableM  iiro  very  <lefoctive  and  unhealthy 
lortlie  tnittlc.  The  ^-realer  pari  are  too  low,  too  small,  and  often  over- 
(;iottd(!(l.  (ioo<l  and  spacious  slaliles  with  excvjllent  ventihition  arc 
t„iiiHl  oil  the  hnj-e  farms.  The  temperature  in  the  stables  of  the  little 
oiaiUrni  houses  is  always  loo  warm,  hut  notwithstandinj,',  the  health  of 
these  cattle  is  excellent;  this  is  jHirtly  explained  by  the  fact  that  they 
iiieiiseil  to  poor  (juarters;  it  als(Mlenu>nst rates  that  they  are  very  hardy 
stock  and  do  better  under  such  circumstances  than  any  other  breed  of 
fiittle. 

MEAT   I'liODUCTloN   AND    I'A'I'IKNINO. 


''"lllKJ.v 

*0  to    ,s-, 
^       (1711 

i"lll     I,. 1(10 


f'N-  The  ski  not 
and  niuiid,  and 
•'-  loins  liiive,  iiii 


Calves  which  are  sold  three  or  four  weeks  after  their  l>irth  to  butchers, 
liave  a  live  wei},dit  of  KM)  to  IL'O  pounds;  calves  which  su<!k  {;ood  ndlk 
liiive  a  weij^ht  of  from  L'Jjt)  to  o(H)  pounds  after  two  to  three  months. 
Theaveraj^e  price  paid  for  calves  by  butchers  is  as  follows:  calves  from 
three  to  four  weeks  old,  $10;  two  to  three  »nonths  old,  $30;  three  to 
tour  months  old,  |45. 

An  ox  of  lirst  «pnility,  luivinj^-  a  wei^jht  of  l,r>00  pounds,  juoduces  «40 
IiouikIs  of  meat,  IL'O  pouin  s  of  tallow,  IC  ;  pounds  skin,  and  100  pounds 
must  be  deducted  for  tlie  head,  feet,  and  bowels. 

An  ox  of  second  <juality  produces  080  pounds  of  meat,  m  pounds  of 
tallow,  100  j)ounds  skin. 

A  (;o\v  of  llrst  quality,  of  a  live  wei|,'ht  of  1,;{00  p(ninds,  pimluces  680 
IKUimls  of  meat,  1)0  pounds  skin,  H)0  pounds  of  tallow. 

A  cow  of  second  (juality  produces  550  i)Ounds  of  meat,  80  pounds,  of 
lalhw,  00  poinids  skin. 

The  average  is  about  103  pounds  of  meat  to  200  pounds  live  wcijjht. 

MILK  I'RODUOTION. 


eacli  year  are 
lers  aio  often 
"'  of  tlie  male 

:  tlie  majority 
•eeks  and  soill 

lale  as  well  as 
!  tlie  ealf  gets 


In  tlie  ycaioi  named  ei};hteen  cows  produced  the  following 


r 

i-Z  - 

t( 

>J 

u 

'*'. 

Inclicn. 

lllChf^. 

' 

-- 

'.0 

(i 

•M 

)K 

K 

•n 

L'l 

lh78 

\m 

YOOTH. 


Quantity     Prico  per 
ut'iiiilk.    !       nivr. 


Total 
value. 


Litem. 
•J7,  KK) 
1!(1,  V.W 
a7, 4-.".' 


CVitt*. 


I 


»         *I,()M 

:i^  ;        !h:. 


Total. 


80,000    M  JMO 


From  this  must  be  deducted  milk  used  in  the  house,  ;j,*J8r»  liters,  milk 
lurlood  of  sixteen  (uUves  which  are  born  on  an  averaije  in  a  year  at  1  \ 
Uiiilon  a  day  during  two  months,  5,7(J0  liters,  leaviii},'  a  total  of  71  (;i5 
liters  or  17,"Jt)l  gallons. 

Atow --f  the  MeH.skiieh  breed  produces  each  dav  on  an  average  ]* 
gallons  of  milk,  or  nu)  galhnis  a  year  in  three  humlred  milk  davs 

llies[.ecilic  gravity  of  the  milk,  fresh  irom  the  cow,  ir  Irt.m'liO  to  M 
pwceut.    Alter  twenty  four  hours  the  cream  shows  10  to  IL'  per  cent 


468 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY    FAItMINO. 


OiM' and  oiuv fomJ h  piIh.iiH (»f  milk  fiirniHh  I  ikmiikI  of  cIkp^,. .  <•     ,. 

A  rH8Um;|,  |,n"n    IS  «,„(,  nik'vwv  to  any  of  tho  best,  iiulk-|,r  „|„,i  ,       "r 
of  AiiHtria  and  Tyrol.  "»  im„  |)|,.,.,|^ 

EXHIBITIONS  Ol'  (JATTLE  AND  MAllKETS. 

At  tho  Inl.iiiational  (Jattki  Kxhiliitloi!  at  Vienna  in  1.S7  t  fi. 
ot  pro^iTHs  was  awardtMl  to  ll.c  AKiic.dtnra!  AHsocJuti,*.,  „r  J  !',;','.•'''!' 
or  tlio  I'xiiibm.Mi  oC  twvnty  yonn^  coxv.s  and  two  bnll«.     A(     ,<,..',''!' 
ion  III  MaiinluMin  in  ISdU  llic  al>ovo  naim-d  associulim,  (.It'    ,*i'li'" 
nist  pnzo  lor  a  (collection  of  tlio  bust  broodiinj-cattlo.     Mnl  <■»   .      .   , 
t  10  firNt  of  every  month  in  ti.e  eitiesof  Messkirel,,  I'fnlle.'id.Mt  Vn'.ri,  !' 
t.M.       n  ISS(»  .Lere  were  Hold  at  these  markets  about  ('ii  l|  ,  iu      /^  ^ 
syventy  (jxeii  am    cows  and  abont  sixteen  hundred  V(7un;,M  S'' 

Messkireh  eattle  have  already  found  favor  in  Mtn-.-ral  to,vi7-  ,  .om,^    ' 
A  great  many  young  cattle  are  sold  everv  year  to  tin*  st.H-k     ■,  •'' 

A  saee,  Wum.nbe,^.,  and  ev(>n  in  Swit/erl.^nd.    Cows  ISl^iiZt^  I" 


THE  HAAB  CATTLE. 


Th«^  district  (tailed  tho  JJaar  is  a  plateau  in  Eastern  IJad....  «i.:  i  • 
l.<>.n;ded  on  the  north  by  the  IJlaek  Forest,  lu.rtheait  by  t lu,  xt^'' r 
south  by  the  Swiss  Jura,  and  west  by  the  Wutach  Vallev     T  h  ,.  r  ' 
extends  Irom  north  with  a  slight  descent  towards  the  so,  f  I     '  f  n,'.: 
northern  part  ot  this  jdateau,  extending  in  a  southern  dir  c  "..n    i 
are  three  parallel  chains  of  nHuintains;  IM.e  .'aster  iicl  lii   it'       '  '''/''" 
the  r.laek  Forest,  and  consists  principally  oim^tirvi     n','?"' 
.strips  of  anhydrite;  the  middle  chain  conimeiices  at  D  n,  ,  .  •"" 
where  the  sources  of  the  Danube  are,  and  eu'l^at  ll-^    ^^'''I'f''' 
mountains   consist   mostly  of  shell-lime  and  d„l„miter  fi,r„.:' '?!' 
<•'    Ml,  which  commences  at  liochemmingen,  in  VViirteiid.cin  i.   ,    ■  " 

us  nature  At  the  foot  of  these  tlir.re  ci.ains  .  sV.tm.^^^^^^^^^^ 
idam  with  ri(;li  meadows,  which  are  abundantiv  watered  bv  '  , 
watercourses.    Thn.  part  of  the  15aar  is  one  ot^the  mo    t  '  t    :1^^^ 

The  13a!ar  cattle  are  a  checkered  cattle;  they  are  red,  li..|,f  ,,,,|  ,,,,, 
yellowish  in  color,  mixed  with  wh  te.    The  red  sn.,ts  n.  ..w.  i     '  /. 
back,  neck,  shoulders,  flanks,  and  shanks.    Vl  o      /^^^    "',;;''     •' 
are  generally  white.    The  skin  in  general  i«  coIorU:!:':  t    '  li:        S 
hoofs  are  light  yellow.     The  si/e  <,f  this  variety  is  not  ahv. ys   i   'vim 
in  some  parts  ot  thedistrict  theoxen  aremueh  str()n..eri  il  !•  I'm     ' 
in  others,  while  the  dillerenee  in  the  size  of  cows  Is  no  m      S.      ' 
J  he  average  height  obtained  by  measuring  thirty  animaLs  w         ,      i 
ei't  1  inch;  oxeii,  4  feet  7  inches;  bulls,  4  feet  4  inches.    ^|, .  |!  .'',1 
taken  Irom  the  top  of  the  shoulder  to  the  uj.i.er  part  of  the    |,i.    is 
cows,  5  feet ;  oxen,  5  feet  2  inches ;  bulls,  5  feet  L'  inches.    The      ^  i  s 
coiKseqnen  ly  HI  per  cent,  of  their  length.    The  head  of  the  li.ar  n  tti ' 
Ks  broad,  strong,  and  bony.    The  forehead  isstraight,  sinoot!.,  '.ml  ;   t 
out  any  cavities;  it  measures  between  tlu*  horns  S  to  ihncliVs  <m  (i,,. 
temples  1)  to  10  inches.    The  upper  end  of  the  forehead  is  l.'Iavil    , 
ered  with  ban-  which  spreads  downwards  in  tlie  ion.,  or  a  sni.i  ciici... 
1  h(^  length  of  t  he   orehead  is  10  inches.    The  total  leiigtl,  of  the  li.'ad  is 
1  foot  b  inches.    Ihe  ears  are  straight,  and  stand  in  a  lioiizoiital  posi- 


OKRMANY. 


4C9 


tion 


"■'•'liH^iii;,'!),.,.,.,!^    I    '•' 


Tlic  eyes  luo  lively  ;  tin;  f,'l:inct>i  '\h  cli-iir,  quM,  and  attontivii ;  tln^ 

is  of  iii(u^  brown  rolor.     Tlic  iinpc  is  Hf  ion;;,     Tii<>  hii(!k  is  strong  and 

Iniisciiiar, but  has  UiodiHadvaiitiiKcitr  belli;!;  sonunvliat,  tcMiiowaini  deep; 
tiic  IJiulish  veterinarians  claim  liiat  Uiis  is  eaiised  by  defecitive  feeding 
(luring'  the  tinio  afttu-  the  abhuttatictii,  and  by  tin",  fact  that  th<^  <!rib  is 
nliiccd  bH)  Iii},di  for  the  yoiin;,' animals.  Tlieleii;j:tli  of  thebaek  is:  eows, 
I  feet;  oxen,  4  feer  1  iiieli ;  bulls,  I  feet  I  inehcs.  The  slvin  of  the  iJaar 
(■iittln  is  roiifih  and  thu'k;  it  In  a  ^^oo*!  tanning  mattuial  on  account  of 
jfs  durability. 

Tiie  live  weipht  of  cows  is  from  1,000  to  2,000  jiomids;  oxen,  whicli 
,iic  not  fattened,  weigh  1,200  to  1,100  pounds ;  bulls  reach  a  weight  of 
|,>,(MI{)  pounds.  Tim  sizes  of  the  animals  vary  lutcording  to  l>lie  section 
ot'roiiiitry  where  they  wi-n'  raised,  and  the  food  and  atteiidaiK'.e  w!:i,  li 
liiis  lieeii  given  to  them. 

Tlio  best  and  largest  animals  of  the  iJaar  (rattles  are  to  be  found  in  the 
villages  of  Mundellingen,  IM'ohren,  Aascii,  Hiindthaiisen,  (Jeisingeii,  and 
Uiiadiiigen,  whi<!li  are  tln^  central  points  of  the  bree«l.  Twenty  years 
iij^o  tlicy  (!ommenecd  introducing  this  bree<l  into  the  I'.Iack  l''orestdis 
tiict,  and  it  has  tlonrished  in  the  limestone  section  of  this  range  of  hills, 
liiit  ill  the  red  sandstone  <listrict  it  has  not  done  W(dl,  and  i'vw,  if  any, 
(litlicse  cattle  are  now  to  be  found  in  that  section. 

The  food  and  manner  of  f«>eding  the  calves  is  the  same  as  with  the 
Mi'ssliirch  cattle.  In  sinnmer  tln^  grown  ii])  (ratth^  are  fed  on  clov«'r, 
liKTi'ii,  and  esparcct  grass.  One-half  of  all  the  cattle  arc  driven  to  the 
pastures.  In  winter  the  food  c(»nsistsof  hay,  straw,  beets,  lentils,  &c. 
Oxen  tliiit  are  worked  get  mostly  (chopped  straw  and  becits.  In  summer 
llic  animals  are  fed  three  times  a  day,  in  winter  twice. 

The  dill'erent  kinds  of  fodder  cnltivati'd  in  the  I5aar  district  are,  the 
ivdiiiover,  the  white  clover,  and  other  grasses,  smdi  as  Lollum  jH'rennr, 
llidicum,  Arena  elatior,  Dacti/IiH  fflonu'rala.  liiiciTii  and  espann't  are  cnl- 
tivntcd  on  a  large  scale,  as  they  furnish  three  crops  a  year.  It  is  a  gen- 
eral ciistoiii  in  this  district  to  grow  fodder  jdants  on  a  fu'Id  during  two 
years,  and  to  plant  it  with  corn  or  barley  th(^  third  year. 

STABLES. 

The  stables  are  nsually  (connected  with  the  barns  and  dwelling  houses. 
Tlifi  height  of  the  stables  is  on  an  average  H  feet,  the  width  10  feet ;  the 
IiMiKth  depends  upon  the  nnmlH'r  of  cattle.  The  lloors  are  mostly  of 
wood;  miderneatli  the  floor  there  a ni  pits  or  reservoirs  to  receive  the 
urine.  Those  stables  1  have  seen  were  insullicieiitly  ventilated  nn<l 
li;;lit(Ml.    C/iibs  and  racks  are  made  of  wood. 


MILK  rnODTTCTlON. 


The  cows  of  the  Tlaar  cattle  are  v«'ry  abundant  in  milk.  The  average 
quantity  ]>rodu<!ed  by  a  mid<lle-sized  cow  is  2,100  liters  or  .VJO  gallons 
IH'iyeiir.  A  cow  Ki»ecially  -fed  is  able  to  i»rodiice  2,000  liters,  or  (JOO 
^'allons.  Three  galhms  of  milk  furnish  1  jionnd  of  butter,  and  lA  gal- 
lons produce  1  pound  of cheese. 


FATTENING. 


The  fattening  has  of  late  not  made  much  jjrogres.i,  because  cheap 


food,  such  as  the  distilleries  and  sugar  factories  can  furnish,  was  scar 


and  tl 


<'e 


le  existing  breweries  could  not  produce  all  the  material  re(piired. 


470 


m 


C/VTTI.K    AND    DAIRV    FARMIXfJ. 


Tl.o  IJiiar  cattlo  arc  inu<-ii  iiso.l  lor  lahor,  for  the  JJaar (lisfri,.^       . 
lostly  of  small  farins  and  the  fannors  Drofer  oxon  f o    n  i    V  ^^  *'"'''*'"^'^ 
.0  nclds.     Tho  bony,  strong,  an.l  sto.lt  c^  ,sZ  i m  '^  ■:S''T'''" 
and  n.nHcnlar  ]v^^,  togothev  with  ifs  safe  pait,  mal  i-    L        ^^  '""''^ 


NUMTJETl   OF   CATTLK    IN    TIIK   7UAU   DISTIUCT. 

Tlic  .minb,'r  of  mttio,  oxistiiiff  in  the  Uaar  district,  ,s  "7  tm  .     , 
Tl.o  lUMTontaffo  of  tho  livo  stock  as  to  ago  and  sox,  is  as  Wlow"!     '"'' 


Cows 

Yoiin^  C(»WH  f)V(>r  I^- Y<'.'irs ['.' 

( )xi'n  (»v(>r  1  ]  yoars  .' "  ]  ] 

(;o\vN  from  ;{  {„  \i  inondiH.!! 

Oxon  from  :{  fo  ly  moiiflis ! 

('.lives  l(>n,s  tliiiii  :i  nioiiilm  ol(i!!.' 

IJiiIIh  over  li  ycjuH  . 

HiiUhL-sh  Miai'i  li  ywirs.. :'.".'"■.■. 


I'm'  (iriii, 

•  :«•,: 

•  II. 'J 

•         I.').;-, 

•  11.11 

11.11 
(I,  •< 

O.'l 


PurcKs  or  r.wn  oattle. 
loOhVS.       ■^'^'  ''■'"  '^'""'  ^''^^^  ^'•'<>"r  yoars,  .t70(o.«lL.,;;,i: 

TIIK   TlLACTv    I'OIIEST   CATTLK. 

Tho  IJIark  Torost  variety  exists  all  over  these  monntains  nndf-n,  i. 
call(>d  t,h<^  proper  ori-inal  I'.aden  <Mtt,lo,  exeei)t  in  i      v      f',.;  '    '' 

nous  to  Swifz,.rln.nd,  where  (hey  have  h.^  ,    n  v:,l  vvVi    i    •'' '''^ 
The  jl.st  inum^sion  'these  anin.^ds'',,.:;,'::  Is^.    'r',:,'  1, '"'?i,;?^  ; 
snjain  hon,    {  (<.ot  4  inches  to  ;5   feet  S  in.-lH.s  in  h'2^       'hI      i' 
.{    oet  ,s  M.ehes  in  hei-ht.     The  animals  of  the  l.u^     ;;;;.,. 
yollowj  facean<l  sknll  white;  the  .shape  is  line;'  tie  1  el  hi    ,1 ' 
same  as  to  the  snmit ;  the  honis  are  thin  and  not  I  . .    •  .   ,    n  i       . 
and  strai«:ht;  the  Hanks  are  sln.n.^Iv  l.n         tie  s  -  .'n  -  n- ^^^        \ 

>nnno:.^er;  thele^sarevijvorons,h,it;:;|:;.V  i  ,;  •'  ;    "^^ 

unl  sw,         As   o  ehara<'ter,  the.se  anin.als  -vre  v.-rv  ,r  >^  n  /   r  1  f 

nn  \,!!MfM>H  j,l   haden,     In  summrr  the  oxen  and  n.ws  are  (iiivni  1 1 


'mm»rm 


GERMANY. 


471 


Tlio'i'iict  tliat  this  brrod  has  roinainod  pnrc  during  several  centuries 
•  cxi>laiiicd  by  tlie  fact  tliat  the  farmers  in  the  mountains  <lo  not  have 
'  wiiev  eiiongii  to  introdiuH'  foreign  bulls.  In  the  districts  north  from 
t'loltlaek  Forest  the  foddiu*  j)lauts  are  more  abundant,  and  the  breed 

f  cattle  there,  although  bearing  a  great  resembhuice  to  the  above- 
described  breed,  are  inueli  larger  and  more  Hesh y.  Tiie  (!attle  of  this  dis- 
Iriot  iiave  been  cross  bred  witli  Sinunenthal  and  15aar  c;ittle.  Tlie  prin- 
piniil  occupation  of  the  farmers  of  this  section  is  to  raise  young  animals 
until  tliey  are  tAVO  or  three  years  old,  and  to  sell  them  afterwards  to  the 
adjacent'countries,  such  as  Alsace,  Wurtemberg,  &c. 

ODENWALD  CATTLE. 

In  the  Odenwald  there  is  a  bree<l  which  are  adapted  to  Dw  i)ooriiess 
of  the  soil  (colore(l  sandstone).  These  animals  measure  on  an  average 
3  feet  10  inches  in  height  ami  1  feet  (>  indies  in  hmgth.  Tlie  hair  is 
ooiierally  brown;  tlie  head  narrow  and  short;  the  back  is  ji, little,  bent; 
riic  l('"'s  are  weak  and  the  shanks  thin.  The  milk  production  is  not 
lir-'c  nor  are  these  animals  lit  for  fattening.  Cows  st^U  for  f  ,ir>,  oxen 
tbr'$3(),  and  bulls  for  $42. 

THE  NECKAR  OATTLK. 

In  the  northern  hilly  part  of  Baden,  embracing  the  districts  .4  Uretten, 
I'.riiclisal,  Heidelberg,  and  Werthein,  <'xists  a  variety  which  is  generally 
("illed  the  Neckar  catlie.  Thesis  cattle  me«»t  the  re(iiiirements  of  the 
small  fiirmers,  as  they  reach  maturity  very  fast.  The  average  height 
is  f)  feet  0  inches  lor  oxen  and  .">  fi'et  for  cows.  The  average  leugt  h  for 
oxen  is  T)  feet,  and  for  cows,  4  feet  1<>  inches.  The  cohu-  is  mostly  browu 
or  hrownish  red ;  the  head  small,  the  neck  short;  back  straight  and 
tl(\shy  logs  very  short  and  muscular.  The  breed  is  less  lit  for  dairy 
than' for  fattening. 

ireiijht. 


Itcsrriptioii. 


(hof  fdiirycurs  ... 
I'liwdllliii'n.vi'iirH 
CaH'nriiiiirti'cii  iliiy 


Mont     I     r.ivn 
Wfijilit.      woiiilit. 


mm  I .  (rj(i 

I'.'O  7. Ml 

no  1(111 


I'.iills  cost  $(i()  to  i?*?.");  cows,  $'}()  to  ${>();  calves,  ^7  to  *1». 


fATTLi:  CENST'S  OV  lUDEN. 


Tlie  r>adish(5overnment  has  done  very  much  for  the  improvement  of  the 
live  stock  of  l'.aden,esi)ecially  by  importations  of  Swiss  si>otted  catlie 
(Siiiiinenthaler),  and  by  a  law  establishing  the  cpiality  and  number  of 
hulls  to  be  kei>t  in  every  «'ommuiiity.  The  last  cattle  census,  made  in 
I SSO,  states  tli<>  total  nund)er  of  horned  cattle  in  lladeii  to  b(>  Oi'.UJSO 
had;  itulls,  S,;{!>7  ;  cows,  471, fM.".;  oxen,  1  ll;,rir.!) ;  .  alves,  ;{|.«k;'.).  This 
Sivcs  ;ni  avrrage  luiiiiber  of  5S  cattle  to  a  «<iuare  mile. 

I'or  the  inclosed  jdiotographs  of  the  Messkireh  breed  (if  cattle,  1  am 
iiidchtcd  to  the  courtesy  of  his  ('•xcellency  t  he  states  minister  of  t  he ( i  rand 


I?  i 


472 


CATTLK    AND   DAIRY    FARMING. 


/il!!f'S  Of  Baden,  who,  upon  hoariuff  tJiat  I  was  oucnsed  i„  fi. 
ticii  of  a  roi>ort  ou  the  Badish  eatUe,  instruote,    thfnri     ^  ^'"'^^^^'^■ 
have  these  photographs  taken  and  «e^.t  to'Xee  of  K^  ^'^^^^^^ 

PKANK  M.  BAUOW, 
United  States  Consulate,  ^'^nsul 

Kehl,  Baden,  October  J  4,  1884. 


Special  DtotisHca  of  Badish  cattle. 


Namo  of  lireod  and 

(li.stri<:t,. 


Mns.i)iii(lirn(tlo;  <lir- 
tiirt.  <it  MesHliircli, 
U:i(l('7i    

liaar  latt'o;  grcatnr 
|(iiit  of  tho  (liHtiict 
of  DoiiaiioRcliiiijreu, 
ituileii 


MKSSKUiCH   CATTf.K. 


liijriicr  tliiui  (li„  witli.TH.  "     '  "'"•*"'"*r,  tijo  crou])  ih  almut  2  inclirs 

/WrfiH//;  Tl,,,  i,rre(lin,!,r(.oninioi,o,.,lfortv.n  ti„.      •   •     , 


llAAIt   CATTLK. 


5:?%;iff.i;^?^;s;-^j^.i,--i;r,-;r,n!;;;i,,.,,„,,,,,,„,, 


V.lllh 


•  list ric-t  ...iKnit  ,„M>  l.Mn.Ir...!  voa.N  'i','                   "  """  "'■'■•'  *'''^'  i"t'"<lMml  in!,,  this 
.l..ali;j;'an.n:i:^;.^^l^:''  '""•••■•  "''""•"  "-^  '-^  'li-.  .lity,,ni,U  or  n,i,l.l... 


PLATE    215 


i,i,'iimlcaUlowere 
""■•    It  was  very 

''"KtliaiKleiidiir- 
iil<nt,  1111(1  or  ex. 
loivciiHcinetlKin 


n;  lieadaiKl  frut 
I'dfK-,  and  (hin, 

iial  South  Itadcii 
<'<lnw(l  into  this 

milk  of  iiiiddh> 


COW,     MESSKIRCH     BREED    'BADEN 


f  I 


^|-:f'  I 


lo 

h 

¥ 
r 

V 

In 

li 

Id 

Ir: 
In 
lo 

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PLATE     218 


BULL, MESS  KIRCH     BREED    IBADEN 


1^ 


^^B:; 

m 


i 


j 

i 

ji 

Tl 


CAT 


Miti. 


I  have  the  ho 

Department  off 

iiiiiLs  ill  the  C  nil 

primitive  uifiimo 

j/razinff  herds  iii 

'"  liaden  possess 

wider,  Messkin 

Aa  iiiiportiuit 

fed  on  soil  wliicl 

:iii(ls:iiiii  is  not  f 

liiiio  exists,  riilre 

nt'fi'esli  animals, 

I  ofliiiitries  have,  1 

soil  is  sandy,  vit 

Tlio  best  ea  ttle  f  o 

produced  by  a  cr( 

(ifrattle  liave  ast 

Iklor  inHouthCJ 

puiiilly  tliesc  hn 

The  (!(»lors  are 

Iliutennildcr.— 

}lesiilHn'her. — I" 

I  rrti, 

OilcnicnJdcr. — C 

\'eckar.—\hi])]) 

Tiie  total  minil: 

The  jiereentn^i 

liiri'lior  altDiit  (iO  | 

Tlie  aiMinal  pro 

The  increase  or 

prices  efliay,  tun 

tollMlOO  heads. 

Ill  1S7(I,  wlien  tl 

niillo  in  Hadeii  w 

wisplciitil'iil,  the 

The.  slock  seerii) 

(it'u(l,(l(l(»  head  ali 

,:.'rm'nil  rc(|iiir('ine 

liiiM'diiinion  peopi 

There  is  no  «>x('( 

ported  tlicy  eoiiic  ( 

viiriii.    Tlic  iiisMlli 

Oil  ecciisidns  \vl 

Sili'sia  and  upon  tl 

Iniiii  tlicre  to  I>ad( 

('little  snpplies  a 

I'.'ittlcol'r.aden  an 

stall  iVtl  Ircni  thci 

t'niziiiii;  animals  ot 

liuniaiid  niarhled  \ 


GERMANY. 


473 


CATTLE  AND  CATTLE  PRODUCTS  IN  BADEN. 

REPORT  liT  CONSUL  SMITH,  OF  MANNHEIM. 

I  have  the  l»o"or  to  report  i,,  rej.ly  to  circular  letter  issued  from  tlie 
Dopartmont  of  Sta  e  July  18,  18S;},  that  the  breediug  of  domes?  c  airi^ 
,„;,ls  m  the  Ciraud  Duchy  of  Baden  is  conducted,  in  a  very  limited  ad 
Sns  hS'S  seir""""  ^"""'''  ''"•'  "<^""Py  «'"^»ft^rms.  No  lai^ 
"liad^n  possesses,  peculiar  to  itself,  four  breeds  of  cattl.s  viz,  Hinter- 
wider,  Messkirclicr,  Odenwalder,  and  Neckar  'i'"«^i 

An  i.nimrtant  result  (mu  only  be  realized  in  Haden  when  cattle  can  be 
IH  ,m  soil  winch  has  a  substratum  of  lime.  A  substratuu)  of  granite 
,id  siui.l  IS  not  hivorable  to  the  growth  of  foivign  cattle.  Even  where 
I  |i,no.x..sts,  refreshing  of  the  bloo<l  is  required  byconti.uied  hnportatK  n 
othesl.  animals  especially  nude  breeders,  lireeds  original  to  m  i  rs  Iv 
,oiiii(ri("s  have  been  transferred  to  the,  plains  of  the  JIhine.  where  the 
s,,,l,s  sandy,  without  success  m  retaining  their  original  charact.>risties.' 
The  best  cattle  for  transportation  in  UadtM.  is  abreed  called  IMesskircluM- 
„odi)(M'(  by  across  with  a  Swiss  breed  (tailed  Simmenthaler  liieedeiN 
rfrattloliaveascertainedto  a  certainty  that  the  breed  called  KimineP- 
Iklor  nuS..uth  (.ermany  is  the  best  for  crossing  with  othiu-  breeds,  es- 
I  puiiiily  these  brougat  up  on  a  lime  soil.  ' 

Tlio  (!oIors  are  a^  follows: 

///H^e/'!<7/Wcr.— Dappled  white  and  yellow 

.l/mh-»r/<er.-Dappled  white    and  yellow   and  dapi)led   white   and 

Oiknirnldcr. — (rrayish  brown. 

.\V('/,rt)-.— l)a])pled  white  and  yellow. 

Tlio  total  number  of  cattle  in'jJaden  is  050  000 

Tlio  i.ercentnge  of  (In.  different  breeds  is' Ilinterwalder  and  Mess- 
tiirhcr  abou   (.0  j.er  cent.,  Odenwalder  and  Neckar  about  40  percent 

llie  amiiial  imxuiction  of  milk  is  abouf  480,000,000  lifers  '      * 

nuMiinoase  or  decreas,' „f  cattle  stock  depen.ls  upon  the  crop  and 
IlSio  lleadl!'''"''"'      '■'  "'"''  '"'''"'^  or<Iecrease  vailing  Iron!  5,0(M) 

111  ISTd  when  the  crop  of^"  grass  was  very  small,  the  total  number  of 
iiiillo  Ml  .a,  en  was  only  ;.(J8,000;  yet  in  1870,  when  fh<.  crop  of  gn-ass 
lilt'iitiliil.  the  to  a    w:is  <  ( ;i  (ir»»  '         *,'«*«« 


\V;lS 


The  stock  seems  to  be  siitlicient  for  demand.  From  (he  aver  i-e  stocl- 
"t-<M;<K.  h.'ad  alH>ut  l.'00,0()0  hea.l  are  killc-d  .>aeh  yem  e^ioioh  for  f  .t 
^mnilrnimrenients  of  the  i.eopl,..  There  is  not  much  n.eat  eafn  Iv 
ili;;"in'<ion  pecpl...     M,,,t  once  a-  week  is  the  usual  cusfomarv  diet 

llu'ii'  is  no  exress  in  the  demand  for  foreign  cattle.     If  cattle  are'im 
I«iitoil  t  ..■y  coin,,  from  the  a.ljoining  <.onntries  of  Wurtemberg  ami  I     .' 
>  i™.    1  lie  ii.siiilH.i.Miey  for  a  home  <Iemnnd  iM  not  noticeable 

11  ornisions  when  th.-  cu'op  of  grass  has  been  very  poor  in  Upper 
Nbi  an.l  iipun  he  marshy  groumis  of  Holland,  ...ttl  lav,'  been  sent 
Ironi  th.'ie  to  I'.aden  and  sold  at  low  prices 

(';jttl..  supplies  are  not  drawn  to  Baden  fmm  the  United  States.    The 
o  1  0     .a.Ien  are  mostly,  with  a  few  excepti.ms  in  the  Sehwnrzwa 
*''!  irnn  their  birth,  making  a.  d.tlerent  m.-at   from  that  of  the 


474 


CATTLE   Amy   DAIUY   FAKMINO. 


Tiilcss  stiill-l'cd  cattle  were  sent  fo  ]\m]v\\  ilic  niciit  would  bonliii.ot  ,i 
1<)  l).v  IJiMlcncrs,  who  lucrcr  loan  .stall  fed  meat.     ( •()iixc(|ii».|itlv  tiio  I 
portatioii  of  Ain(Mi<!aii  (tattle  to  Itaden  lias  not  taken  place.      '        '■'^' 

I'V)rllie  traii.sportation  of  cattle  tlic  bent  and  usual  inetliodin  (l,.),,,.,, 
is  hy  ra-l.     Cattle^  are  fed  and  watiMcd  in  (he  rail  waj^ons  and  on  uiiiv!'\ 
at  destination.     The  wajcfons  are  disinfe<:te«l  iiu<l  fumigated  win,  <nJ!l 
euro.  "  ^'"^ 

Sheejt  when  transjmrted  lonjj  distances  are  taken  front  tlic  wunn,, 
and  allowed  to  },'raze  several  times  upon  their  journey.    Tlu^  sjicoiri. 
eompanied  by  a  shepherd  an<l  his  doe:,  iire  rai)idly  conducted  U)  sml 
neishl)orin;>  lield  where  fiood  ffrazinj;  can  be  foun«l.     When  tlic  wjiijt  , 
of  the  eniLiine  notifies  lli<^  shei)herd,  he  notifies  the  doc:,  who  wid,  .,xt'^,, 
ishinj"-  raiiidity  collects  theslieei»,  and  with  the  obedience  and  nm'isini 
of  <lrill(>d  soldiers  ihey  return  to  ilie  wagons  and  i»roceed  uiion  f|„.i' 
jonrnoy.  ' 

The  estimated  (^\•l)en.se  for  attendance,  and  food  en  rou Ids  nUont,!^' 
per  head  lV(un  Mannheim  to  the  seaport ;  tint  time  eniiiloved  iiltont  Cnm' 
days.  ■  " 

EDWARD  M.  SMITH, 

ITnI'IKI)    StATKS  CONSrLATE,  """  " 

Ma7inlicin>,  fhmvnry  L'a,  1S84 


ShiHxtiral  tahic  rrr)nrtlivfl  Ihe  mllh'  of  Untlrii. 


N:iii  eoC  Idecil. 


Aniiii:il  iivpi-  SiziMit  mnliirily. 

(Nmnlyoidis  ii^n  ino-  Asrat 

li'ict.  iliiiliiiii  <il'  '"!'• 

milk  |MT  cow.  Cdw.        Itiill.         Os,     : '"'ily. 


(.ivo  weight. 


<'i"v.    Dull,     Ov, 


A-(7..s. 


11  ill  ti>r  «  ;il(l  1' r  l!I:lcl<  [''(irrst .  1,  (((Ml  to  l,fi(K)  I.O.^I  I    III 

(I'.lilcK    iMllfsl). 

.MrHMkiiilnr 1!imI.ii  Sec  . . .  l/JOd  to  3,  000  I,4()  I.  M) 

Oili'iiuiililcr Oilciiwiilil.    .  Htld  to  l,(liKI  I.  Ill  l.iMI 

iNi-rkar Ni^kar I, '.'(id  Id  :t,  immi  |.:i(1  i.r.o 


Mctrr^.  .  it,l.^,    .lfw.j-«.  i  ivarsv    A-,7,,,,.  A',',.*  K;u 


(.'onnlv  or  ilis- 
I  lie  I. 


I'llark  Kiiirst 
lliiiliii  Sii>.... 

OilriiwiUil.... 
Nrrkiil- 


Allididf 

iiliov  i> 
sril  Irv.l. 


itrlert. 
"ltd  to  I.IHU) 
.'iild 


To|)<i^;i:iiiIiy, 


Mraii     ■ 
li'iii|Hi,'i     SiiiiiMH'l.     WinliT. 

llM'l'. 


Hid 


H  .   I)i  to  |H 

K  Ifi  ll>  IH   I 

H  l(i  III   1? 

K  IH  III  '.Ml 


1.  IK 

i.fin 
i.iid 
i.dd 


Soil. 


'M)      4'nl  I 


2  lo  'i      l.tiaiii 

•2  lo  r,  '  Alluvia  I,    I  nam, 

I  anil  rlav 

'_'  111  "i      I. nam.  ni'IiiIv 

1  to  (I        .   lilt     ■ 


.VKl 


4     rm  ■  m  i    miii 

•">      -m  :    4(10  :     4-* 
1      too '  unii     m 


Siiliilnitiim. 


liiaiiilr,  cravi'l. 
l.iiMi'slniii'. 

Saiiilfltimii. 
LiMM'stoiii'.  i;rnvH. 


I!!-.MAI:K.'<. 

/Hiitirtralilrr.  'I'liis  is;i  lintiKvlirril  r.ir<<,  <il':i  tl:i|i|i|i'i1  wliitc  iiiid  yi'llnw  coliir;  liny 
;ilii  use  Cm  I  ;is  wot  l<  «;iltl<',  liir  (In  ir  meal,  ii.nil  Cor  milkirij,'.  'I'lic  yiclil  (if  mi  IK  is  lai>,'i' 
Mint  (ir^'.iiiiil  i|iiMlil  V  ;  'Jt  iioiiiiilsol'  milk  1 1  I'm  I II  IT  I  |iitiniil  of  liiilli'i  :  |i)  iiiiiimliol'  inillv 
I  I  "III  111  I  iil'tliccsi'.      Ill  HiiiiiiiKT  lliry  !Mc  |iii(  (Mil.  lo  ui;,v(.^  ;ii,i|  ji,  \\  i  M  (ir  ,sl  ,ll  Mill . 

.t/iNx/,  .)i /(()".  'litis  is  ;i  JiiilTii- lilril  l.iii>  iliis.scil  Willi  Siitiliiriil  li.il  ;  tlii\  h.iM'  lirtli 
Im  il  imrc  im  .iliiiiir  (illy  y>:ns,  (In'  (iii;^iii;il  fniiiitii;  liiim  Swil/ri  l.inil.  Tlioiiilor  is 
uliilc  :iiiil  yrlliiw  iiiiil  wliilc  iiiiil  rcii.  As  iiiilkiTs  ;iiii!  liiillor  iHdilin'i'is  lliry  niiil; 
W  itil  llii'  llililci  w  alilrr.  Mini  :ilf  iisnl  fur  Ilir  siiliir  |iliriiiiHr.s.      SI, 1 1  Moil. 


GERMANS'. 


47t) 


OdmiuaUhr.—ThiH  raw  is  lmni(>-l.ip<l,  ol  ■■>  jrrjij  i.sli-lfrown  color ;  tlioy  aro  nsod  aw 
wdik  i-iiMc  and  aio  Rood  iinlkoiH;  iil  ixiiiikIh  of  nii'.k  yield  t  pound  of  "buttor  •  vprv 
|ittl<^»"li'*8'' ""^""''"''""'*'''-     Stall-led. 

,\irkui:—A  Iioiiie-bred  race  cnmHe.d  with  Siinnieiitlial,  llie  original  coniiii-  from 
SwitzorlMiid  ;  tll«^v  have  been  bred  pure  for  alx.uMifty  yisars.  In  color  they  aPe  <la|.- 
plcil  while  and  yf^llow.  Ah  niilkerH  and  butter  )>rodneer8  they  rank  with  the  Odeii- 
waliliT,  iui.l  are  used  for  tho  Hanie  piiriHweH.     Stall-fed. 

Tiie  weight  of  meat  at  maturity  in  all  of  the  above  is  oiin-half  of  tho  live  wei.rht 

The  iii.'imilaeturoof  eheoso  is  inHijj;nilieant  ;  only  Home  eonmioii  eream  and"h'Uid 


(|ic(',s(>  Ih  made. 


The  onliniiiy  method  of  houHiiii;  Ih  jjursned  ;  hay  after-Rras.s,  roots,  turnipH  carrots 
lintiiloe.s.  TiiMothy,  clover,  rye,  frrass,  Ac,  f;ro\v  ev<irywhere,  I'.reedini,'  is  at  a  low 
,,„iiit.  and  does  not  fnrniHh  a  (jood  example  for  other  countries.  I'rodnets  are  mostly 
iiMcd  for  home  eonHnni[ition.  '     • 


BAVARIAN  CATTLE. 

hepout r,Y  coxsil  iiAhTF.n,  of muxtoit. 

TIio  iiciif  caltlc  of  Bavsiriiv  arc  poofl  for  tlic  roiiil)iiioji  pnrpo.so.s  of 
(lrart,bwf,  milk,  butter,  and  dipcso,  but  no  variety  amons  tlicm  oqnala 
tho  Sliortliorn,  tlio  Jcrsov,  or  tbo  Ilolstcin  in  its  .special ty. 

Tlie  use  of  the  ox  extensively  jind  of  *]io.  cow  occasionally  f(»r  draft 
lias  i)robiibly  been  the  main  obstacle  to  the  dill'erentiation  of  superior 
dairy  qualities  in  ]5avaria,  as  well  as  in  some  oMkt  countries  of  conti- 
nental I']aroi)e,  The  breeds  that  would  take  tho  lii^hest  prizes  and 
command  the  highest  prices  for  (he  jiroduction  of  butler,  cheese  and 
hecf  must  not  be  praised  as  the  J?!ivariaii  cattle  are  for  nec^l'  and 
strength  in  harness.  The  yoke,  if  not  unknown  here,  is  at  1  -ast  a  i-reitt 
rarity.  The  ox  pulls  by  traces,  attached  to  a  stick  about  10  to  18  inches 
loiifT,  lyins'  across  his  forehead  and  tied  to  his  horns;  and  he  works 
oitlier  singly  or  in  double  team,  as  occasiojt  reipiires. 

It  is  only  within  a  jjeneration  or  two  (hat  the  breediufj  of  neat  cattle 
for  dairy  specialties  has  been  commenced  in  JSavaria,  and  if  any  vtiriet  v 
liiis  had  time  to  aciquire  ii  defiinte  character  with  8ur])assinjrexcellen(!e 
tli(>  fact  has  not  yet,  been  made  known  by  fj;eneral  lep'itation.  ' 

I'.avaria  has  no  dairy  product  celebrated  for  quality  or  (|uantity.  Ft 
lias  no  world-famous  brand  of  butter  or  cheese.  It  exports  beef  ca'ttle 
but  not  in  larf,'(^  nund>ers.  It  will  i)robably  never  import  mu(!li  beef  oi' 
(l!iiryi)rodtu!e  from  any  source;  nor  do  I  see  any  reason  to  anli<'iaa(<' 
lliat  there  will  ever  he  nny  very  fjrcitt  increase  or  decrease'  of  the  s(o<'k 
ol'iiciit  cattle.  The  <lairy  breed  will  doubtless  continue  to  imi)iove  Ibr 
many  years  to  (!ome. 

Since,  in  my  o|)inioii,  (here  arc  no  neat  cattle  here  that  can  l»e  o\ 
imrted  to  the  Uni((Ml  .States  with  profit,  I  have  not  (hon<,'lit  ii  desirable 
lo  study  (he  melhods,  roule.s,  and  costs  of  exportation 

JOSKni   W.  IIAIMMOIl, 


Unitki)  States  CIonsitlatk, 

Munich,  Janvnrif  14,  I  SSI. 


Vnnxvl. 


■rorOOKAI'IlY    AM)   TKMI'RItATriM-.   OK    IlAVAIilA. 

It  isinipossihlelo  pve  the  exact  avera-e  (cn.peratnre  of  oi.tnv  disl  riets,  but  on 
0.1,11.- a  plneevvln.h  represents  the  len.pen.  In '  the  elinmte  in  .m-Ii  .bstriet. 


Iv 
.  ■  .  !'■  "■mi"'''aMii<'oi  iiHM'linmtein  e.i-h.listriet. 

ANtI  r  dinri,.n,.e..|  I  he  tei:-pei  atures  in  th.-  wh.de  Kin-<hmi  of  havMia  is  n<.|  v.tv 

Horn  tl,..  (oll.nvn;..  tab!.;  ' ""^    "'  "'"'''  "^  '"^^ '•\'  '  •''  'M-|'-=..s 


^'^^  CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   rARMTKO. 

Thi^  bf,ij,rlit,H  ai.d  f  oinpcraturen  refer  to  each  selected  iiluc,.  in  1 1,,,  „iirii|.,|  dist  ■• 


l)i»tiiia. 


U)ii)or  Biivarin : 

N<Mriii(Min  tains 

MoiintaiiiH 

Lowi  r  Haviuiii : 

Koar  Ivilliciiii   

F'alutinati' : 

Nditli   

South      

Niiiili  rpiHT  lalatiiintn. 
Uppi-r  Kraiiciiniii ; 

M:nM  v.illi'v  ■  -  - 

l''iilil(  1  MiMintn 

Miildlc  Fiiuiiiiiii 

l^iiwt!!-  I'liiciiiiia,  111,1 
Swabia 


Koim'si'iitathd  place. 


I  Mmiicli 

.]  TiaiiiiHtfiu  . 


runs  . 
1.1  in  V 


Ullr 


r.egenHlmij, 


(liiinatadt 

'  iindaii 

vV'ciik'n 


Alti- 
tiiiiti. 


Feel. 
],U80 
I.OJO 

1, 10,') 

470 
1,  290 


'''""""■■■'y^-lMS;;;;^"^-"' 


Itamlicrfr 7f!4 

l!ayn!iitli I  1,  no 

AiiMliacli  I  ],;i'jo 

W  iir/.liiii}; t  r,('p;) 

Kciiiiitiu I  OUO 


Jnly. 


10.  no 
17.  i«  I 

17.  2.S  i 

IS.  88  i 

I8.K0 

lO.K'i 

17.-11 
Ki.  .VJ 
l(i.  HO 
18. :«» 
10.  .10 


January. 


-X  90 

-4.27 

-xn4 


-Ttii 

-•1,47 

-;i.fio 
-■1.7;) 

-■(..02 

4.11 

-5.0!t 


Year. 


7.C) 

7o; 


0.(11 

itii 

7.(1^ 

7.70 
7.  Oil 
7.:i;i 
Rli8 


The  above  amnios  are  calculated  by  tlio  Koyul  Havarlan  inetco.ological  central  statioD. 


SOIL   OF  HAV.\I!I.\. 


.Ilhiritil :  Alluvial  .soil  oxinf.s  in  tlio  valleys  of  all  lap'  or  iiv.'r>i  r>f  (1„ 
npallv  ihoH,.oftl,ol)an„l.oa.>.l  Hh  t  ril.ntari.-s  a.xl  of  tl,,.  hMu.,,. ,.   d  M./ir"!,'?' '^"'' 
vial  lonnafmiisor  thoDaiml.o  foi.sist  iirrndpallv  of  ....ars..  and  lin  .    x     J       i"  ""l'' 
.ln....s...s..    Tl...samo,.|,araH:..ri.tMvad...;  <h.  alhuial  of  (1,..  ..In         .si  '1  """^ 

-onniiiT   ,,,.n  1li.>s„„tl>,  viz,Iller,  Lcvh,  I.sar,  a.i.l  Inn.     Jn  1  hos"        ,',.,,'     '•'"'''.''■ 
iiu.  norM,,  v,z   Iho  Naah,  R.-en.  and  Ilz,  t.s  allnvial.s,  ,|naf.x.,  ni,  ,      !   ,'        ,  ,r"'"  ",' 

h:;:^;;;:.!:;:''"'''''^'''''''*''''''^^-^'''''^'^''''^ '^A-...-.;^a,,d'S.l;:;?;;;:;;'!;f 

Tl..' allnvial.s  of  tlioRliii.o.-ousiHtdiidly  of  <|nartz,indd,!,.,s,rlav   ai„ls„„l      I,.  .i 

l.ouni:  Sn|.|.,).s,M;,r  Inani   trn.iind  to  l.c  tl.e  oi.posito  of  liniv  or  iiim.Iv  ,.|.,v  „,        , 

.«>  (..Mow,,;,;  ..„,.  ,|H,  pMndpai  l.-ralif irs  wl...ro'  it  is  fonn.l : '(       A  '       ,     .  ,.f  rif 

liavarian  Alps  in  Uppor  Bavaria  and  Swabia.     (:J)  In  tl..-  li.-i  ■■„",;/'  '''"^"' ,""■ 

oni.o..a..n.„.,ofSwa.iia,U r  iUvaria,  a.,d  Lo«lr  Hava    i    "     i"^^     ^^ 

•.anron.a-.l.u'a,  Iron.  Dn,  over  .\o.dlin-.-n,  HiH.stadI,  and  KV.^r,  sl  ,  ,  ,     ,,      ,         .''' 
a,vr..n.l,  a.nl  LiH....nfols,  in  11...  di.sh",  ts  of  Swal.i,    a  ,  I  ft  , !,    ''.h;       ,^   T^^ 
^..ln..on,a.ndl;pp,.rlM■an..on,a.     (4)  In  .1..- sl.HI-li,,,,.  plat.  ,  i  ,  .w  v  '^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
W  nrzl,,..';;  to  k,,ss.M..u..n  an.l  MH.i.d.sladt,  in  tl.o  disliirts  of  Mid.ll,.  ,  ,    n  S^^^ 

jVl.im'         •  ""■'■  '^'^•'■""""■'^ S,H<.n^^..,..|Ii.l,,  to  Landstnhl,  .n.d  i„  ,),;'  ,,|';i,,;;ni,|: 

(la,,:    I'ndrr    ,  lit-    Niipjiosiiion    .„.if,.rniM-  loan.    -I'o.ind   ahov..    imntiimnl    .l,, 
HM.nds,  nnxrd  wnhsan.l,    .,   ,1...   i^Howin;,  distri.-ts:  (I)   h.  tho  „„     ,  i,  ,   ' 

I     !i-l..M.M,;,n  -ind    Ipp.T    •ala.in.at..    forrsls.  .list  n.-ts  of  Low,.,.  I^.vaii    ■  ,,      '    , 

•ii'i ;":::,.^: ."'! i*; 'jV'"' >i-';!-.-n„i  i., <iuMiistri..t ..f r,  " .  , 


pi'l'    I'  r:il1(.|||)l;i, 

lanciiiil:.,  aiiij 


(:i)  III  so;ni' places  in  the  K-np.M- (crritorv,  ...  fli.»  .lislriVt  .I'f  Miii 
liii.illy  in  111,,  coal  l.'rnlory  ..f  (li..  wcst.-rn  part  of  tlio  J'alatinat.' 

.Sr/H,/;  Sa::<l,soil  p.-..d.i.ninal..s  li..ro  and  il.rr.s  nii.N,..!  willi  loam,  i,,  ll„.  Molass..  tiT- 

Iislil.ts.,1  I.a,,t    i.uaria.  T  i.p.-r  I'alatinato,  an.l  how.'r   I'.avaria,  .iiid  ii,  i nnii,. 

""•""'i'.'"^ '"':'<■ k''''>l''-rKraii,..mia,ai.lintlM.K..,.p..rt,n-,V.oivo  M   lli;.    m- 

.;...mi,     Pp.Ml,an...,n,a,..n.lapait.,f  IIpp..r  I'alal^  .I.M..mt,'r   ,If, |. 

M         ..;'''t<r'''i.'','  ^"^'''■  ''■•""•"""i  («l'«^.s.sl.a...lt)  an.l  at   t .i.l  „f  tl„.llamli 


M.>iiii(aii.,s.)f  tilt!  J'alatinat. 


Limculnnv :  I.i 


ST'nSTRATL'M. 


anioKt.in."  ,s  tl„'  Milistialnni  .d'  tli,.  h.mI  in  t  ho  (ollowiii!,' s....|ioii,s  of  tho 

'""   "'  ';.'  ,""■  '•^"! (••MMall  .spot  ,..s..,-p|,.. iw..,.|i    AlMMisl„.r^.:nid   K,..r,.MNloir..i, 

11.  ll.<..lis(i.rls.d   Sua!,!..,.  I', r  I'alatinat,-,  Mi.l.ll.,  an.l   L..w..r  Kiaiin.ai;..    Ci)!,, 

111.^  Kl„.||-|ini..t.-rnt..ry  ol  Mid.jl,.,  Lower  and  I.'pp.r  I.Van..onia.     (1)  In  tli,.  sliHIIiiiM' 


district  of  South 
Mount  aiii.s. 

Sun  (In  I II  lie  :  Sal 
,il'  till',  country  : 
districts  <d'  l'i>l>«' 
•liiiHof  Middle.  1 
Clay  slate  alteri 
l<'riiDcoiiiaforc.Ht.s 
(,-,)  Mixed  with 
lliiiirdi  Moniitaii 

tiiiiili'- 

(ivdiiilc  :  (irani 
III  111,,  lollowiiifi 
Iliivaiia.  (■■i)  111 
th,.  middle  of  111. 
rpiM.rFraiiconiM 

Ifniiiir^'. 

('/,(//;  Clay-slo 
|i,iil  id'  ri)iM.r  I'i 
tli|.  Ficlilcl  Mom 
siiulsloiie  in  the 
tbun;  ill  III"  l-1'l 
liiiiiti..  (■'')  III  1 1 
in;;-,  niiireldiol'ell, 
llhiiic  Valley. 

drtircl :  (i.'avel 
.illMviiil  soil,  prii 
Ujiiier  and  J.owci 


Timollni :  Tiii.o 
tJiiLsi'  districts  wl 

t|i..  ,l|.Vt'lo|HII,.llt   I 

!t7-H  i.'i  Bavaria  I 
cattl,.. 

('/(/rcr;  l>c<l  cl 
l;iif;|.st  ai-rea,^'e  ol 
rniiii'iMiia,  t  111'  Sti 
iillkinils  of  soil  A\ 
vatimi,  lia.H  hccoii 
livatcd  with  Hiic 
|i;istiii't.s.  Jaicen 
Es|iiu'sclt.>  clover 
lime  dist.-icts.  V 
li|.st  in  the  win,;  r 
M'l'il  clover. 

/i'i/(.  (/rrt.s'.s',  .('t.  ; 
\;ili.(l  seldom  as  li 
i.;illivaliii,L;  new  I 
(.Iroai  tliilior)  is  i 
kinilH  of  clovc'r. 

not' 

Ml'llw/ls  of  /l.lH.V, 

liililf.  The  r..ce!i 
ii|i|.n  ilraiiis.  In  t 
vi'iitil;il<.il. 

I'mliidj :  In  the 
lii.twi.cii  May  an.l 
"Illy  imt  .ml  to  I'al 

Thf.  |ias|iii-.<  in 
iiiaiiiirt'd  an.l  cliai 
rjijii.r  liavaria  llu' 

In  ^,.10  r.il  the  f( 
lmld(..r  cultiviiiion, 
uf  v(.getable  wasti 


' I  'listiict. 


Jiiiiuary. 


-X90 
~4.->7 

-3.04 

-2.77 
-l.tU 
-4.47 

-.■).no 

-4.7.1 
-4.  .52 
-4.11 

-5.01) 


Vcar. 


7. 04 

7.07 


a  01 
if.ii 

7.li; 

7.  TO 
7.0!i 
7.;i;i 
ROS 


GERMANY. 


477 


ation. 


'  ••niintrv,  pim 
■'"I.  Tlic  iillii. 
■<:i'i(l  ;iii(iiii;irlv 
"'■  till' J);iiiiili,. 

lill'il'.S  IJMillcr   ji, 

ill  l"'li'iit's, 'mill 
'"I'liitz  limy  al 

1  sand,    li,  till. 

'''•■II'  Wlll'/.lpiir;; 

y  clay  frmniid, 
':it'  piii't.  (iC  (h,. 

■■''•'•■Ill    Slllltlldl 

I  111' territory  (il 
,  iKirHnvan'l  tn 
liiiatc,  Mi.ldli. 

II  lldllll'lllllir;;, 

il  l.invfr|''ran 
■;;■,  Hlirska,sti.|, 
II'  jilaiiiiirtlir 


(IJHtiict  of  Southwest  Palatiiiiilo,  aiitl  on  a  siiiull  striii  on  l\u:  vnnt  lino  of  the  Haardt 

jjoiiiiliiiiis. 

/^iiiKlntiiiir :  Siimlstoiio  (oriiiations  oxiNt  in  tlio  H!ili.sti'iitiiiii  of  tiio  foilowini;  sections 
„(•  tjic,  coiHiliy  :  (l)Miii'ly  .s.'inilstonc.'i  aifciniito  in  M  o  .sontii  ISiivarian  |)latoan  of  tlio 
ilJstriclHof  l'|tpi'i'l!avarla,  Lower  liavaria,  and  .Swaliia.  (-J)  In  Ihi)  K(hi)h':- Monnt- 
•ijliHdf  Miildli'.  Lower,  and  Uiiper  Kraiiconia;  iiiso  in  pans  id'  I  ho  Palatinate.  (;<) 
(lav  ."^lati'  allernale.s  in  (lie  northwest  partH  (d'(iio  Fielilcl  Monnlainn  and  in  the 
|.'iii'iicoiiiari>i'e.sts.  (■!)  In  the  Sijewhardt  and  adjoining;  .seetioim  of  l^ower  I'Vanconia. 
(j)  Mixed  with  hawilt,  in  the  Kliono  Monntainw  of  Lower  Fran(;onia,  (('.)  In  the, 
llaardi  Mninitains  of  tiie  I'alatinato.     (7)  In  tlio  coal  distri(;!sof  iiio  western  I'ala- 

(Imiiilc:  (iranite  and  mountain  roek  (;rneiKs  nniealate)  etunpose  the  NuhHtratnni 
jiilhr  iDJlowiii^  (liHtriet.s:  (1)  In  Iho  bavarian  and  i\en))nr!ier  forestH  and  Lower 
Kavaiiii.  {'■i)  lu  the.  forestH  of  IJi)per  J'alatiiiate,  alon.ij;  the  lino  of  Ifolujniia.  (:{)  In 
tlic  middle  of  (ho  Ficlitel  M(uintaiii.>4,  and  in  the  Munelil)er;r  ;;nois,s  circle,  district  of 
rpiicrFraiiconia.  (1)  In  the  Lower  SjiesHhardt,  near  Lower  Franconia  and  Ascliaf- 
Ifiiiinrj;. 

Cliit/ :  Clay-stouo  ((lay-nlate,  coal-slate,  pottcr-Hlate)  is  foiiinl :  (J)  In  tho  northern 
iiai'l  lit  l'i)per  I'alatinate  (environ  of  AValdsassen).  ('J)  In  t  he  elay-slato  <liHtrict  of 
thr  I'ielilel  JMouiilains  and  Iranconia  lorests  (Upper  Fraiieonia).'  (o)  Mixed  with 
siiuInIiiiio  in  the  Keniicr  districts  of  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Lraueonia,  hero  and 
tlitii'  ill  (ho  Upper  I'alatinato.  (4)  In  tho  coal  nioiintains  of  tli.'  western  Pala- 
linati'.  (•'')  III  the  norlliern  part  oi  tho  Bavarian  plateau,  [i.-rt  icularly  roar  .Strauh- 
iiif;,  I'liitreiihiileii,  in  tho  main  district  of  Lower  Urancoiiia,  and  in  tho  plain  of  tho 
Kliiiie  Valley. 

Crtinl :  (iravcl  in  a  conglomerated  lorio  is  found  in  the  territories  nientioned  as  of 
.ijliivial  soil,  ]iriii('ipally  at  tlu^Uasoof  tho  Alps  o.xtendinj;  tlirou{;h  tho  districts  of 
L'liiier  and  Jjowcr  JJavaria  and  tiwabia. 

CULTIVAFED  GKA88KS. 

Tmnlhij:  Timothy  (Phlrinn  imitvnsc)  is  cultivated  in  preference,  hut  not  often,  in 
tliiw  districts  where  there  are  no  iiieaihtws,  niix(!d  with  clover  and  other  i.;r'issos  for 
llirdcvt'liiiHiieiit  of  new  meadows.  Ac'coruinj;  to  tho  cultural  statistics  o?  tho  year 
!67Hi.'i  Bavaria  HM  jier  cent,  of  tho  total  averaj^o  is  cultivated  as  {fiaziiii^'  land  for 
cattli'. 

f7(/w;  l>ed  clover  (I'rifuliuin  iiralawe)  is  cultivated  most,  and  monopolizes  tho 
lai;;v,st  airea,^'!'  of  land.  It  is  used  fireen  or  as  dried  clover  hay.  For  j;reen  fodder  in 
I'raiiciMiia,  1  lie  Sleyermarker^rei  11  clover  is  preferred,  h'ed  diivcr  prospers  in  nearly 
all  kinds  (dsoil  where  tho  vej;etation  (d'  this  specialty,  liecanso  of  too  'i'e(]n"Mt  cnlti- 
valimi,  has  hccoiiie  uncertain  ;  tliero  the  Swedish  clover  {Trifoliiim  liiilirkliim)  is  eul- 
i.ivati'd  with  success.  While  (dover  is  cliielly  cultivated  lor  speeia'llv-niado  sheep 
paKliin'.s.  Liicern  clover  {Mcdiroiio  catira)  is  most  in  favor  on  the  .Jura  idafcau. 
llspiusclto  clover  {OnobrUhkmlira),  rurkish  clover,  is  cultivated  chielly  in  tho  sholl- 
liinc  ■lislricts.  French  clover  (Trifolium  iiuwiiutiim)  is  uncertain;  it  )>!'ospers  tin* 
lii'st  in  the  wiiu'  re;,'ioi:s  and  is  nio.stly  cultivated  as  a  siibstituto  in  case  (d' failure  of 
M'cil  clover. 

Hijc  (jraxs,  ,'i'('.:  Italian  ryo  irrass  mixed  with  red  clover  instead  of  clover  is  cnlti- 
\atnl  scldoiii  as  hill-sidi'  seed;  also  mixed  with  other  kinds  (d"  Ki'i'."s  and  clover  for 
I'MllivaliiiL;  iK'w  lanils.  Tho  Eii;j;lisli  rye  is  hut  seldom  cultivated.  The  French  rye 
(.IroiK  (lulii)r)  is  used  as  a  top  <rr:i!>>i  for  cultivating  fodder  grass  mixed  with  ditlerc'uL 
kiudH  of  doviM'. 


ilol  Sl.NCi,    I'KKDINO,    ANI>   HUKKDING   CATTI.l,    I.V    llAVAItlA. 

Mdlimh  iif  liiiiit^iiKj :  The  slahles  are,  with  few  exceplions,  •^ikhI  ones,  and  solidly 
liiidf.  The  recently  huilt  ones  aro  mostly  with  iron  arches,  stones  pave.neiit,  anil 
(i|iiiidniiiis.  Ill  the  mountain  regions  tho  stahlcs  are  still  (d  wiiod,  low,  and  I'ladly 
vnitilalcd. 

/(•(</(»(/•■  III  llie  iiHuintaiiis  a  greater  part  of  tho  eatth?  feed  in  tho  .Mpino  jiastiires 
lii'tttvca  May  and  Octoher.  On  tho  plaii.K,  (hey  aro  gencrallv  fed  in  the  stahles  and 
"iilv  imt  out  to  lall  i>astnre  alter  tho  v.>  adou.-.  are  mowed. 

Ihcjia.sliiie  in  ilie  Alp.s,  where  no  ovei  'iowclin-i'  lakes  place,  where  pastures  aro 
Mi;iiiiiit'd  and  cliaM.;;vd,  is  excellent,  part;,  .liarly  la  Allgaii.  In  the  mountains  of 
i  pju'r  liavaria  the  Alpine  economy  is  si  iil  not  as  good  as  i(  sLould  ho. 

liiHi'innil  the  feeding  of  cattlt!  has  liccomo  hitter  in  edu.seinieiK'o  of  more  extended 
liKldciciiltiviviion.  Tho  v.'getable  cultivation  has  increa.s.'d  considerahlv  and  tho  uso 
ut  vcjjctahle  waste  and  strou<r  fodder  is  important. 


lti  ij  I 


•'v 


478 


CATTLE    AND    DAIKY    FARMING. 


Ill  pIi»c»)H  where  tho  culliviitioii  of  Kr.iiii  jh  curiiid  on  k.  a  (liHiiroiiDrli,  ,„, 
or  w  .010  li()iH.-.iuis!iif,'  innvailH,  tho  iioiit  cuttlo  Mtill  huIIw  f„r  tho  wlint .  ('  n  l'."^^''"' 
IiiKoLstailt,  .Slrjiiihinjr,  and  in  tho  wliolo  liotthal  Vunoy.  '""u.aHii, 

Ihrodiii;/ :  Whom  tho  hioodom  posHosa  MiillicicMit  kiiowKtlt'o,  jind  uiirl...  i  , 
NU|.oii<)iity  un.l  vahio  of  native  j)uro-bml  Htock,  their  jivocatioii  i.-,  Imi|.  i  '  ^  "" 
oils  uuioiiH  liiivo  hooii  forimd  for  tlie  oiicouriigoniont  of  ii.iprov.iiui.'ts  i  ,"  , '^"'!l''- 
Htock.  homo  yours  a«()  a  proforoiico  exintod  in  favor  of  tho  Siiiii„on(h'.i  ''.iii'  '"- 
■  Switzorhmd,  wliich  wore  fioquontly  crosHcd  with  other  breeds.  Now  ti  m  ,  'i  '?"" 
dmapiioannj,',  and  tho  conviction  prevails  that  wlion  well  cared  for  and  vv^.  ,"'  '" 

bavarian  cattlo  are  e«jual  in  every  way  to  the  Swiss.  "'''  ^''" 

HANDLINU   CA-nXE  I'HODL'CTS  IN    ItAVAUIA. 

The  most  of  the  Itavarian  l;reeds  fnrnisli  excoHont  cattlo  for  workin.r  .,„,!  i.u 
and  tlio  Jiavarian  boef  is  well  and  favorably  known  at  homo  and  aT.,,:, .,''''«• 
mands  a  ^ood  price.     The  oxon  are  tho  |.rincipal  source  of  incom.'  ofc 'il'    .  I       *i'""" 
aii.i  (h(^y  are  bred   with  excoHont  jiulKiiient.     Itoiii-  iraino<l  to  work  Ih,'.       "'''''''';• 
soufrht  after  m  tho  many  cutlle  markets  by  dealers  from  other  coiintrioH  .  i,,  "n'' 

luMutntuonoir*' '"'''''  '''"'''  ^"""^  "'"  *'"■'"  ""' '""'  ^^^"'^  "^'''  ^'"'i'  ^'"^volS 

Tito  IJavarian  oxen  are  oa.sy  goinK,  fiwt  stopp.TH,  roprosonted  to  be  botb.r  ti, 
horses  m  pace,  and  are  very  endiirin^r,  tmiKh,  .r,„„i  .,,,.1  frii-al  eaters,  IHttei,  nnj,  h  " 
attain  h(>avy  woiKhts,  and  furnish  a  teiubu'  and  palatable  nuiat  'l"'«lvli-, 

I'litMlairy  biisiiioss  is  carried  oi.|art;ely<)nly  iu  tho  south  .ifliavaria  but  nIiw.   u 
l.-ist  hvo  Years,  has  been  oxtemlm-.     The  All-aii  olu'ose  now  compares   ■iv  rZ     ■  u 
KmmeiKhal,  but,  as  yet,  in  <).i.-ility,  isnot.iiTiio  its  equal.  1 -*"« '■ivo..,l,|y  wm, 

Itavarian  table  butter  from  tlie  contiifiij,'a.l  dairies  Kocs  in   lar'M ■,,,tiii,.„ 

n.  .m  .iiisalt...l  slate  to  North  (iormany  and,  slightly  salted,  to  Kui;  '''{viTi?''' 
iiun.useot  dailies,  broeilin«  and  latteningof  liogs  has  also  hicrea.4.1  t,].  u  '  J' 
lity  ami  ijiiaiii^  in  Uavaria.  '   """ 'Q 'I  I'ln- 

.        Special  statisticn  of  Jiaiarian  catllv. 


Nuiiiii  of  hici^il. 


2 


_!  H    lioiinilsur 
g;g  j     butter. 

a 


Xiiiiio  of  Uirttiiil 


IUfi«iit  ridiii 

I      (11(11111(1 
!  to  witlu  rs. 


bcii^'lli  ul'    ''i'llilit'liiiul 

lll'lH. 


I 


PillHKUIHT  *... 
MiOHl»a<'lior*  . 
SiniiiuMithuli'i  - 


AllMltilllllT" 

Kclliiiiuor* 


Allxiimir* .  .. 


l.lin.     Quartn. 
'>,!.m  II).  .itor.'.  ;i 
ii,  (inoio.  5     11.4 
.">,  000  10.5      11.4 


.  5,  ."iOII  10.  -. 

.;i,  300  u.ti 


11.4 
11.4 


o  I  a 


Sou 


Int.  In,s.  I  us..  lux.  /„,v.  /,„,  /„.,.  i,^,'i 
■>j      _•;■.-    ..   iliJ.lMll.d..      7,«.  7 «!.!-! 
M.  I  .....  1  (H.  Dili  I .  (■  (i  1 .  0  IKi.  u  711,  (1 7«.  7  !M  1 
.%.  () -.5.  1  111.  .'.,01.  0  (il.  (I  7,;.  ,s  ;„.  u  -g^  -  ;,|'., 


ny.  :i;o:;.  7 


l<il.4ll-.'.  !1 


■)•-'.  ai-M.  3  CO.  oil!'.'. !)  (1-j. !)  (i-j.!)  71);  7^1;; 


li,  liUO    0.0       11.4 


■»i.2."ir..  1 


(11:111  Di.iiiicisIm'I';;*!!'  I . 
8»;|j«;iiilililLi  I 


.  4,  (fill  III.  .■> 
.  4,400  10.  .'•. 


It. 


lil.O  . 


.  lil.diil.li ... 


71.1)77.1 


71  :i. 


KlliimrrI 

Voij-tliiiiiltirl.... 


.  i"),  fioo  10.  .'■)      ii;. ,! 
;i,aooio. 5     II  I 


M  iiruiiii' Wnriliiiil'olHitr  I . 
liuyruulliur  SchiHtki-nl  . 


4,  !l.')0  ID..-. 
4. 400  10.  .'> 


11.4 
11.4 


Uppir  Uiivaiia.   . 

(Ill 

i)i»lH!im'iltlirmi;.'li 

iioarly  all  ISuvu. 

I'in. 
Mi(lill(\  l'"iiiiif(>iiiii 
III  Miilillc  KiiUK'o- 

iiia  and   L<i\\i  r 

Jtavai'ia,  and  <  s- 

Iit'ciallv   ill   I  p. 

iM'vl'atatiiiatti. 
In    Siial.ia.    N'(  ii. 

linri.',    rppii' 

Uavaria,   and 

pailly  in  tlic  re 

III  a  ill  i  n  ^    i\[». 

tiiil.s. 

Palatinate M.'IM.U  . 

Ill  tliK  tliicc  Kian-    -."o.  1  ..S.  I  01.  4  «■_'.  miL  4  liU.'u77.  ri77  1  si'li 

lonia  diHliicl,-) 

and  ill  Hill   t'p 

p«r  I'alalinali . 
Miildlu  l''niiM'iiiiia. 
I'ppir  Kraniiinia 

and  I'ppcr  Pal. 

aliiialc 
I'pjK'r  Uavaria  ... 
njipi'r  Kianuoiiia  . 


.0.1. 1  r.:i.  0        lii.oit'.  il.... 

40.  «  r.l.  •.'  00. ,") .")".  I  Ii'.'.  0  DO.  !l 


'.'^.  7  Ml. ;,' . . . 

■^'.ii'D.HSXIl 


.'HI.  0  M.  :,  on.  7  01.0  "i7.  0  li'J.  I)  70.  !l 


,.r\,'i!'.''i:'i';'', '•  'i'''''ii'''''",'V'';7'', '■''''"'''''.  ■'  '"'*'"'  ''■"""  ■-'■-' '"  -"■ '  I""""'"  "'  ■•"■''  "'"1'  ■■  2»--'  m  :« lioiiiHl,. 
(it  liall  .sliKiiiiird  niilli :  ;i.i  ti>.(7.4  poiiiidH  ol  Nkiiiiiiicd  milk.  i"""' 

-  •»•■«";  '•!  P'Hin.l.M.l   I,inili,ir:;,.r,lH.,.Hc  it  !ak.'M  7  11  .piartH  .,1  s<,iii  luill. ;   l.l  IcM' Miiait.s  „r;;„,„l  ,nill, 
o.-' I'l  U.l  iinait«  ol  liall  ,skimiiii»l  niilk. 


.N'.iiiii'ol  liiocU. 


riiiNiiiiici' 

MiiMbaclii  r 

j^iiiiinciilli'ilt'i' 

,\ii.fb:iiii'  1 

Kcllll'ilHOl 

.\ll;;;iii(ii 

(ilan  II  'niicr»lier;;('r. 
SolieiiileliU  r 


Voisllaiidc 


.Miniuin-WfidiiilclHc 
liaviviitlu'V  Hclietlii'ii 


Of  llii.tni-ilild  it 
arc  iialuduil. 


Of  all  the  raci :^ 
lliico  years  of  ai. 
Iiv(!  years  of  a;;e. 

Altliueiidof  tl 


'"'''NaiMi  111,. 
•■^'11  liiceili,,. 

'■'I  <;iiiM.  iro,;; 

>.iH  m,,i]|,„l  i„ 


i'li'l  laUciiiiij, 
'"■'1(1  1111(1  com! 

ijlllc-l)n;c,l(TN, 

'."■>■   ill't!    lllllHl 

'■'•'H.f.specilllly 

'y  iii'»^  woikeil 

'0  iHitlcr  tliuii 
'ittcii  qiiicklj', 

l»ii<,  Nincutlu. 
iivoiiibly  with 

itilic'H.  iiiostlv 
"!•  Witlilir,, 
ImUi  ia  (|'iiiii. 


if 

(iir 

Milieliidd 

11 

ihIiihiI- 

u 

z> 

u 

■^      w 

im. 

//i,i 

IllK.  his. 

7.S'.  7 

K\.l''  . 

i.U 

'ai.( 

7«.  7  !H.  1 

i.  s 

iu.  0 

7eS.  7 

ui.:j 

7(1.7 

77.  !l 

.!) 

:(;.7 

l^l.^ 

7.\7 

71.  i)  77, 1 


GERMANY. 

Spivial  slaltHtiv.'i  of  Huvarian  ta^/Zt— Continued. 


479 


Mvu  Wttiirbl 


Naiiicol  III  Old. 


a"! 


(,'uliii'. 


J>e)ti'i'i|itluii  III'. 


Cow. 


Jliill. 


0.1. 


:§ 


awt.  (hot.     I       Oivl. 

lI.H-15.  7  I'.'.T-l.'i.  7  II.  7-l!l.  (i   .VJ-50'  U.d,    Im.hmi.   ami      WiOl  r.iiiiiid    aiiiiiialN. 

wliilt  iiiitlirliark.       will)  ili'cp  IdhIv  Hint 

t:iMi(lil(iV(li)|n«l  lU'uh. 

!).  ti-13.  7  Ij.  7-17.  7  U.  7-17.  7    17-11)    Vclliiw  hikI  .-ipiil        .MiiUllr  lo  laiKc,  I'lillicr 

I  I     U-'l.  lli'Hiiyi    lai'^tvlioiicil. 

11.  H-17. 7  17. 7 -lU.  (i  LI.  7-17. 7-  17-4!». . . . .ili. Vi  r.y  liiif:"  im<l  lifiw.v ; 

I  lU-U  llcHliy ;  lipni;li!;;8i»ii(i 

i  luipt'liiiiivir 

ll.h-i;i.  7  ll.H-17.  7  l.'i.  7-17.  7    ."lO-.'i'.' ilo l.aitioaiiil  heavy,  H<llll(^ 

\vitli1iiii<;lt'.^H:  IikiikI 
\      (.'lilclly    ill     lilt)    low 
>  )i\m\iu\H. 

Ikllii'iliiO" H.K-IU.  ;i^  U.H-ll.M  1L'.7-I5.7  /lU-.').')    It.  il  liiiiwn,    Willi       l.iylil,         tii       iniili 

I  I  '  n|i(ii  (HI  ilif  luiail.        Wdi^lit;      Will  ■  pro- 

I  I  I  '  poitimiitl J  viiy  I'lu 

mil  and  Ioiil;Ji. 


I'innsiiicc  ■■■ 

Mii'ibailii'i'.- 
>,iiiiin(iillial(^r 

,\ii»biu-iii'".-- 


Allsiiuui 

(ihin  llinncralifrKCi-.. 
Sclieiiil'i'ldii' 


I  „ 


7. 8-  0.  «i  H.  « -1'.'.  V    !).  K-15.  7    r4)-:.."<    I'laiufjiay I,i;;lil,        to    '  iiKMliiiiii 

I    ■  \mi:;lil ;  well  |irii|ior' 

I  tioiii'd,     Willi     t;u<.id 

milk  iiiarkH. 
,M)-.'i."i'  J'liiiiiyi'lli.w,  with      Mcdiiiiii  weight,  with 


H-K).  7  10.  S-ll.  7  11.7-17. 


1 


«.  ,H  1(1.  H  1 1.  8-15.  7  I-J.  7-10.  7- M-a')! 
I  I  i     111.0 


li);lit.  liiitl  kH.  lair  t'liriim ;  tint;;  ^ood 

milk  marks. 

do Mcdiiiiii  W(^i;;ht,  with 

tail  liiMiiH;  lino;  <;oim1 
milk  marks;  i\<iid- 
li'nl  1(11'  work  iiud 
l';tlt(Miin^;  partii'M- 
larly  nni'd  in  North 
{iKiniiHiy,  and  in 
iiuiuli  diaiiami. 

Klllii^jcr I  8.  8-11.K11.H-10.7  r.'.7-lti.  7- .W-j;'.    I'lain yellow,  with  iJo. 

I  I  lU. 0  tiark  niaik.H. 

VolKllamlir 7.3-  'i.'i  7.  8-11.  8  1X7-1.J.  7   .f-OO,  Plain  liylit  Inowii,     Miiliiim   wflijlil,  with 

with  liuht  iiHMitli.        t'xeilleiil  biHly  ;  very 
straight  andtiet'p  ;  iu 

.Mmimu-Weldenlelsei-.:  0.8-  U.  8   8. 8-1'.'.  7    U.h-l,-..7    :>-l-M    I'lain      yollow-  Katlier     laiKe;'    wWI 

hitiwii,willi(^ark  I'oiined;  ileliratt;. 
marks. 

liayiviitlier  Htheckuli..,  8.  8-1'.'.  7  11.8-l.'i.  7  11.8-17.  7    47-4l)|   Vt'llow   ami    ted.  I.aiMii  lo  heavy  ;  rat  her 

I    allotted.  Ilfsliy;  large-honed. 

Of  llii.i  niijjhl  it  iaiindei'slodd  that  the  meal  in  the  founniarleni,  •villi  tallow  and   kiilney  urea.se, 

arc  iiicluileil. 

Of  all  till'  raws  llio  MifMliiiflur  atul  SimiiicntlialiT  arc  tins  imc^hi  iiiatiiit^  at  two  to 
Uiice,  yiaiM  til'  aj;(;.  Tin:  KclUeiniDr,  Scheinltiltlcr,  uiiil  V«iigtlan(li  r  iiiiitiiic  only  at 
livi!  years  of  vl'^v.. 

At  the  end  of  the  liiist  year  all  those  aniinulH  ivacli  lialf  of  1  liiir  wiiolit  at  nialuiity. 


•  ■71  .■!.  .    .... 

. !)  77.  ,'i  77. 1  ai.  (i 


. .  7h.  7  m.  :\ ... 
II 7:'. ;)":(.  USX  II 


il7ll.  II 


1!  to  :t3  iiodiiilH 

>  iil';:<i(iil  mill 


1 

T 

1;? 

;J 

'      -i 

\'-    lli- 

1 

1 

480 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


MuuioofhriiMl. 


I'lnHjiiHitT  . . 


MiuHbaclicr   . 

SiiiiiiK'ntliiilt'i' 

AiisliiU'licr 

Ki'lluiiiicr 

Alljiimcr 


(ilim    DoillH'IH 

Schi'iiilVlildr. . 

lOllillL'I'f 

Vi>lv;|lrt|Hl()|'  . . 

Mniii.iii-  \V(!i'- 

lIlMlti'lHCr. 

lii'.v  I' tt  II  Ml  or 
iSclit'cki'ii. 


Iliivv    llll|„' 
lllCll    pllU^ 


A  riiitiiiy 


;iO  .vcaiN  . . 

..  <lo 

l-."i.VriilH   . 

A  riiitiiiy 

.  <lo 


...(In 

<lo 

«0  Vdill  H       . 

A  I'ciitiiiy  . 
■-'(I  Jiiux. !. 

Slill  ill   Coi 
iiiatiiiii. 


Origin  o'f  briii^il. 


Iliiviirliui  iiicu . 


riiiH^uii  mill  Slniiiit'iitlialt'i'iiHH 

SwIkm 

Oil  1 1  it  N  anil  Unii 

liaviii  iiiii  1-,11-n 

SW1.HM  (>;i.iv  mill  lirowii) 


liiivaiiaii  iiicu 

, ill. 

Kill  llavariaiiaiiil  AllKaii  nii\cii 

'I'vnil       

(iiay    SwiM^,    Wiiizllial,     n'liii 

iMiiiili'liiirii'r  iiiiNid. 
liuvarijiii,  iiiixnl  willi  limn  and 

MiiMliaili. 


Working 
qiiiilil.y. 


l!!\<  rlloiit 


I'-alr 

....ilo  ... 
Kxri'lli'iit 
...il.)  .... 
...(Ill  .... 


....(I..  . 

...  till  . 

...ilo  . 

...ili>  . 

..  .Ill 

I'"alp  .. 


I'liiiliiii. 


Meal. 


I'Mihl,  rail' 


Mnrli.liiii 
mil  (iiii.. 

-.  <lo  .. 

Fair  .... 
il"  .... 

I'itlli'iiiiil 
iiiilill'i'i'. 
cut. 

Fair 

...iIo  .. 

•  •  ili>... 
--•In... 

•  -.do  ... 


Milk. 


'''i'iriiiiilv,.|v 

KII'mI  I|I,;,„ 

'''''ii'logoijtl. 


!'!ii»l  rut,., 
iMir. 
'''iiNt  riiln, 


Mnili,  jiiit 
not  liiii'. 


''"Oil. 

I'}iii-. 

y'l'.vKdi,,!, 

I'aic. 
(ioiiil. 

I''ai., 


^  I  .-iv  I  iM.y  ni.k,.  run,,.    ..l,n.Mi-H  likr  1 1„.  Swi.s,.  i„  for,.,,  ,„„l  i„  1 1,,  it  |     , .  ,      ■\"":'i"' 
>v.„an„„^^  pari  o(   It.uarin  II,..  .hmy  i.s  n..l   n,„.:h  ,l„y.a„iK.l,  as    iT,'     I      „    „  '"/i"' 

CATTLE  IN  THE  DUCHY  OF  BRUNSWICK 

i;i:rouT  iir  vossvi.  fox. 

..  ''',*;!"';•;''""•'•'"'*'•  i^'PartmcntciicuIaror  Wnly  IS,  ivccivcl  (),.toI„... 
..,  INSJ,  I  liiive  tlic  iK.iior  to  tiaiismit  licicwitli  :i  ivpoil  <„,  (|„.  v,  in ,! 
ImrdH  of  .•attlc  miiintaincd  in  the  Diicliy  of  IJiiinswick.  1  I,,,,,,. Tim 
iiblejo  iiiiiko  a  MipiiU'incntaiy  ivport  in  icfranl  (o  the  siihJ,H;i  at  an  (-ai'ly 


morial,  arc  no.s.sci  with  tlir,  impoitcd  Jlolianil  and  Oldrnmn.r  ;,„j,,,,,i, 
t  10  olls),n„f.;  ,r,s..|nl,lii,^r  ,1,1.  latter  to  ii  -real  .".xt.nt.     Thi-  iniporiat'io,; 

ot  the  ollspnn;.- into  till' United  Stat.'.s  could  hardly  he  icnmiim imI 

ius  the  onirinal  hiccds  would  most  naliiiallv  have  (he  piclciviKr  Tin' 
llarz  annual,  on  the  other  hand,  lias  i)roven  to  he  a  most  suitable  oiio 
tor  the  raw  elimatc  of  the  Ilarz  Mountains,  and  attempt.s  to  cn.ss  tlinii 
witii  other  breedN  in  order  to  obtain  better  individual  (iiialities  Inve 
always  rcsult.-d  in  failure,  no  that  now  the  jrreatcst  caiv  is  .,h.s,.,  vnl  to 
breed  them  as  pure  as  jiossildc.  Wheiev<'r  au  iiiteii.M'  system  of  icni 
culture  IS  maintained,  especially  in  those  parts  of  tiie  diKiiiv  <levot,',ri<, 
the  culture  ol  the  suffar-beet,  and  where  f(»od  is  plciitv,  Hie  HoIIuihI 
and  Ohlenbuij;  bleeds  are  to  be  found,  they  ha  vin-  been  citiuiiiniMiited 
directly,  bred  Iroin  iui  lorted  uniiiials,  or  are  the  result  of  crossiii".   Tlio 


Harz  cattle  lorexjioH  l.i  tho  ITiiilid  Klahs"  iiiinn.liaulv  l'..llow»lhisri' 


iiiitiual  c-ir( 
will  liiive  }ii 

sihI.V  <!i"'  k' 
l,y  the  i)ei» 
OliloiilMirj; 
biitclicr  is  i 
close  tidiles 
stiitiKti<!s  in 
i;Miiiswi(!k 
llui  several 
hiitcluT  is  1 
tlKihutcher 
years  for  (hi 
siiiiil'tioii. 
,it  .steers  an 
Oldeiibiirj,'. 
ihiii't  oxen 
(ilaucr.  Sh 
Older  to  iiic 
ill  small  iiiii 
iififrlihoriiifj 
I  ho  larger  ci 
local  cattle 


Unitiou 


( oiiqiuitlUci   HI 


Di^itrict.s. 


I 

II 

Ill 

IV 

V  

VI 

riiliiliiMliii'liy 


jj.  !:> 


jinrt. 


OKUMANY. 


481 


Kcttpiri^i  oniK'seuiiiiiiiil.s  isdi'iHiiiU'iit  iiioro  upon  tr/<nioiiiinil  tliiui  upon 
iijiliiiiil  circumslHuri's,  iiiul  jih  uiy  (M»IIt'ii|;u«5«  in  (he  Viirious  iliistridH 
will  liiivo  ^;iv(ii  nioro  poili-ct  inCorniiiMou  in  iv/^anl  to  tlicni  Miun  I  po.s 
..jhlv  <!iin  f;'«''i"  ''«'''*S  '  '"i^'^'  oniilUMl  tlioin  in  lilJinj,'  out  tiu;  I'ornis  sent 
i,y  tlio  l)oj»iirtin(^nt.  With  j^ood  littusiuf,'  iind  licdin;,'  tliu  llollnnil  iin<l 
Oldonlun},'  «':iMli!  piospir  iiw  well  hnr,  iin/l  tlio  .vi<'l(l  lK)Lh  lor«l;iiiv  aud 
Initdicr  is  uh  iibundanl,  iits  in  the  KindM  (»t'  tJH'ir  nativity.     I  lu';,''f,o  in- 


i;l(is« 


tiil)lt'«sln>\vinjj  tho  nundM:idf  (;atllo  in  l>run«wiik 


a.s  well  as  oIImt 


.  jtistiijs  in  vvniud  to  tliuni  tala-n  fntni  tlio  ollicial  ivpoit  of  \\n)  Diu'al 
|iMiiis\vi(!li  I!ui(!au  of  StiitiHtios  lor  the  yinir  l.SS;{.     Tlir  pi'r«;('nta;^t',  of 

oi- 

Ol' 


lliti  HCA't'ial  brirds,  aH  well  as  tlii'  idTcentajii-  l»iv«l  for  dairy  and  t 
luitclu'r  is  not  to  ho  obtained,  since  the  iuiinials  an-  rarelv  reared  I 


tli(!  hiilclier  (-xelusively,  l»nt  the  cows  and  <ixen  are  used  lirs't  lor  several 
y(.;ir.s  lor  dairy  and  labor,  respectively,  before  they  jir«'  faltened  for  eon- 
siiiiiption.  The  stock  is  not  sullieient  to  supply  the  (leinand  ;  nnndM-rs 
olKtocrs  and  itresnant  heifers  are  annually  imported  from  Jlollandand 
OldoiibiU},'.  For  the  be»)tsuj;ar  industry  u  lar^e  nnndier  of  lUivarian 
(liiil't  <».\(!ii  are  importetl  and  a  smaller  niindxr  of  l!reilenber.<,'er  and 
tiliiucr.  Shortlauiis  are  also  imp(uted  and  cnissed  to  some  extent,  in 
Older  to  increase  tln^  meat  i»rod net.  SwisM  cattle  art;  to  be  found  only 
ill  small  numbers.  1"liei»>  is  no  e.\i»ort  worth  menlionin;,' exttept  to  the 
iioifrli boring  I'russian  province  «)f  Jlaiutver  and  of  faltened  animals  to 
llioIiUKer  cities.  In  Hanover  the  Drunswiek  cattle  are  crossed  with  the 
local  cattle  in  order  to  obtain  draft  animals. 


WILLIAMS  C.   I'OX, 


I'NlTHiJ   STATl'iS  (JONSL'LATK, 

I  Ir  una  icicle,  JJcccmbvr  I,  IMH."}. 


(JonHid. 


1  ' 

I   ' 


iJttUNswicii  <;attlk  statistics. 

« 

Imiiuidliii  Mlaliiiuiil  >,lti>uiii<i  the  iiumlur  <if  talllv  in  lltv  Diicliii  of  IouiumvuL   m    llu: 
j/iarK  Iri7;!-V;i,  ititli  invrtum  and  dnicanv,  irKiiiciinhi, 

|l'"ioiii  (illiciul  niiHim  Uikiii  .(aiiiiury  10,  Iwa.l 


I  Wliolo  iiiiiiiImI     liirKiiHcorilcdtiiHi'      A  vi  iin;(>  t4i  1    wjiiiiltt      A  vii|j(;ii  (u  |  (loo  iij),;,!, 
!        <()iiiilml.  Miiu:«'  IH7;i.  kiUjincIt  f.  itaiitM. 


Dititi'ictH. 


IK7;i.    I    im.l    ,  -  (Ic.-rciiNr 

I  llllMlllltt'lj'. 


[  .... 
II.... 
111... 

IV... 
V  ... 
VI... 


21, 1175 
47,  HU!» 
l.',.W.t 

•J,  n7;i 


:i,  'M  t 
:i,  III) 

•J'J,  h7H 

40, 411:1  ; 

J2,4II!I  i 
l',(i47  I 


HI 

lor. 
I ,  I'o:! 
:i,  i»i 

IKO 
71 


Tiil.iliiiiliuijy.!  Wi,  17:;  i  yo,  787 

n.  Kx.  51 31 


^''■■'   I   I87;i.      mx       '•;;••       iK/a.      i«ki.   i 

••III-  Clllt. 


1.111I. 


i'.r 


-'j.4;i 

-.i.-M 

t  r>.  "i.'i 

fH.  til  ! 
-I.'J7  1 
\'2.HH 


10.  IN)  , 

10. 7;i  i 
10.4:1  ' 

V!I.(H  ; 

•jx.  so  I 

46.  !M  I 


in.(i;i 
lo.  :i<i 
20.  .".1 
:it.<m  '< 

'-•H.  4!l 
4(i.Ho  ! 


-0. -JT  •j4,-..!l,'i 

-0.  ;)7  if^r..  70 

I  I.UH  'JCMil 

I  :,m;.')  i  401,(111 

I  0. 40  fioo.  :,n 


'-•:■(!.  40 

"(.l..''.o 
401.0!) 

I  r.o.\7u 


iO.iii    (ill. 01  I  (a(i.Hi 


-- 10. . >■..■• 

-  ::".  17 

-  0,  14 

I  :i.  110 
I  :i:t.  V'J 

t  15.  .so 


1 4.(ii.'-.     I  r..;i5  '   'jxaL- ;   iM.ta     t  i.ai    :i.-,o.4i  '■  a4u.4H  i  -  oak; 


482 


« 


CATTLE    AND    DAlliV    I'AKMING. 
rBUJKS   AND   WKKnriVoi-    ItUUNSWIOK    (lATTLK. 
rABi,K  li.-tl(almvHt  Hhowini}  «W/»«j/ i>rUvmui  li,;:  w,iyl,t  of  nttll,  i,i  U„  l,„  /.     , 


wkfk. 

(Krom  oflloial  oeiiitUM  taken  Jaiinary  lo,  Isaa.  J 
TOTAL  SELLING  I'ltlCK. 


/')„ 


UllltliutH. 


r 

II 

Ill 

IV 

V 

VI ; 

Totiil  III  duchy 


CuIvcN  not  0 
wonkM. 


Calvi'H  friHii  'Aiiltniil»froiii 

0  WI'.'kH  tob    UlllOlltllH  to!" 


Mark*. 

4,  (180 

;t,  71» 
2r.,  7<)(i 

.IH,  7;)() 
l»,41l) 
3,U50 


110,  074 


lllOIllllH, 


Markt. 
IH,  ;i40 

8,7-8 

1 14,  H'r> 

U74,  IMO 
84,  770 
18, 240 


819,  o;j3 


ycuiH. 


Marki. 

HO,  880 

(14,  Ofl.'i 

n!IU,  410 

1,  8(in,  400 

.'IIIO,  (lllli 

118,350 

3, 171i,  341 


'i  yoaifi  anil  i,vi 


HiiIIh 

(llit'ltlorH.) 


Markt. 

7,085 

lU,  2(10 

44,  8(M) 

2{M,  4(10 

211,  UdU 

2,  000 


•'■''•'t'ImilMl 
iivmi. 


Marh 
II. 

1,711, 


251) 
■.7.'f 
(IMI 

lidd  I 

lUd 

•lOU 


<  'owh 


^  l''7,  !«l|| 
2,  I.'ID.WIO 

'►It,  ii;,u 


'^^^  I     -.  1-".  ««5  jlTa:^ 

.,^/'!'""'"i^,1*'"'  •■  ^«''  "•'  ""'•'"•'*>•,  two  mid  a  liul;  v.-ars;  wH.rl,.  „f 

urn  imi.r.l  hack.     ]{ui„|.  nixl  (ail  .-pipliVHiH  hII^'IiMv  lii.'li      IJihl!,  ''■'"'■'>■  ''"'■; 

a.i,     fi.Hubon,;,!,  small  and  vrry  c..„,  -act  I.-.n?./  T    V  ha  .  •     i'  '• ,  ''''•'*  ^'"'n 

Ih;{(».     TluM.i,;,ri,i,.rhn.,.,l  wan  a  <T..8i  of  tho  local  ar.ilnijs  u  it  "•' '  .l','"'^  ^i'"" 

a..  8,h.nded  draii  ...i.nais.  Tin,  meat  in  of  -i.i.iii;:;""ii;v;^!i;r;;:;':i;i,'';i-! 

in.T.ll.i,(.'(ol!i'^;   wniUT.l.r.hMoO.r.o.     Soil  traii.sitic  n  fio.     ll..  n  ;'    *  ' '  ' 

.s'-;/-,Wr«/«m  .-  Ancient  cr.Nstullino  hIouo,  «4w  a'k c  h  L      !   ,        Vi'/'''  ''iV  '"-""'• 
ol  .horil.)  and  iiorjihyrv.  vvi«,ivi,  m.U(,and  cliiilK,  will,  imxtmo 

^'iillivnlcd  ijranKiH:  Kdl   clover,     Trifolium    m-ulinMr     ..it,...    .   •      . 


HAEZ  CATTLE  FOR  EXPOET  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

iiUi'i'LEMi:.\TAur  Ki'.i'oirvuY  vossvL  FOX.  or  luawswirii. 


The  price  of  the  cattle  will  he  about  as  follows : 

Vcarlmt,'  hnllH 

Vcailinj;  hcifci-H .'.'.."."'." ^^J  1'" 

lM-c;;haill-  hcilei-s -'."..".'."!.'.*.!!.'.'!!.' 'ri  '" 

i'oilll'r    'OWS Tl?    I;' 


!11h1  ClVl'l'. 


Vim.       I     '  ()«H 


arkn, 

ll.'.'.Ml 

Hi,.,7ri 

Tll.lillil  I 
77,  lUII 


I 


l^.  I''7,  lidii 

",  i;!ii.wi() 

■►ll,!l,-,ij 


»"".««s|  i6,aa5,ifio 


'■''•  ■•il  iri.'itiiriiv 
'•'if.-lMiiMinm:,; 

'•■I'liciihiilv  ii,„.. 

';'"•  '-'•;!«  nIkiii 
'"■'■•'  I'lin^  siiici. 

•■"•  ».l"l'vnil,  ,i,„| 

'■■it.   iUlll    cliffs,. 

'"  '''  <'•;  •tiiiii- 

'I'l  <'I:i,V  liiM/id. 
'■■>  "ilh  iiiixtiuy 

'     \\illl      IlllKlliiy 


:ate£ 


/r/v 


1     lit-    tOMiy 

lot'  l)rci'(liiij^ 
'  iuid  licilcrs, 
leliniiisuiVIv 

r<ir  inroi'iiia 
'liiisc  or.siicli 
^<sM|■.  Kri'is 
,M'iitl('i]i;iii  i^ 
iuiiol' breed- 


i;l7  (1(1 
;jr>  7(1 
r.7  I',' 
?;;  ."lU 


D 

r 
> 


1: 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


k{0 


1.0 


I.I 


1^128     |2.5 
^    US    12.0 


1.8 


1.25      S.4 

16 

^ 

6"     

► 

^^ 


<^ 


<?. 


ew 


■=#   ^sy 


PhotDgmphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


As 


<v 


^ 


V 


\ 


\ 


A 

'%^ 


^\  ^\ 


^^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  87il.4503 


^4'^ 


Mi 


'•^^  »r«i 


n 


■'f'l 


> 

H 
n 


S',1 


GERMANY. 


48d 


Costortraiis|.uitiitioiilrom  Bluukeuburg  to  Uaiubuig  uu.l  Bienieii 

'snectivt'lv :  ' 


resi>t'< 


Hiiicli  

t'urtaul  (lu  C0W8  or  la  lii'iiurH). 


HHmburg. 


91  •10 
a?  II 


Bremen. 


$7  04 
•SJ  97 


cowis  or 
provided 


Nino  s(iuaro  rnett-rs  is  takon  as  lialf  a  car  load,  in  wliicli  four 
Ave  hcirciH  can  l»c  placed.  Tlio  person  acconipanvini,'  must  bo  i 
with  a  Uiird-dass  railway  ticket. 

WILLIAMS  C.  FOX, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

BruHHickk,  January  18,  1884. 


SPKCIAL  STATISTICS    CONCKIUNG    HAKZ   CAITLK. 

'J'lii^  l(>llowiii«  iiiConimtion  wan  rfi|ucati(l  in  ordc^r  to  nroiiuilv  louir.-  m..)^..  wi,.,;i  . 
,..,n.li(ions  in  tl..  Jn.U.l  «,.(..«.  sud.  JoroiKn  ^^>y..^Mj.^Z^t!:y.^^:^^ 
Idm;;  ixi(crienci)  lo  liavo  born  iinilitablc  m  their  uativo  bouius :  »"voii  uy 

(,i„;aitit,voiinilk  lo  1  pouiKlofbutter Vu,      '    ' '-""  \"  '  •  <'"IJ 

(,Miiiiti(v  orniiik  to  1  [lonnd  ofcbeese..-. ,l„  ittol!- 

'''^"  "•^'-'"^"•"•^ -■■"■■:""  ikmuuih::     Tootoaui) 

Ikllmh  of  hmmntj :  In  smun.er  the  «.W8  uro  driven  into  Hhed.s  at  niirlit;  the  heifers 
„,n,i|i.  m  the  aids.     Onuccouutol  the  sciruity  of  straw  the  auinml.s8t:uid  ou  boards 

VinUnij :  Uiiy,  with  a  Niiiiplcincnt  of  corn. 

/;,r«/.«r/ :    lireclin-  very  extensive.    Calves  are  snckled  by  the  mother  from  six  to 

lhndnn;nnvdu<t>> :  The  milk  is  placed  in  earth,  n  pans;  after  the  eream  has  been 
h,k,M.  oil,  It  IS  heated;  small  round  eboese  (Hurzkase)  aro  nuunifaetmed  from  the 


CATTLE  IN  THE  GRAND  DOCHY  OF  HESSE-DARMSTADT. 

liKrouT  111-  coitMi:kci.\L  auKm-  anirii,  of  ma  xesce. 

DESCKIPTION   OE  DUCHY. 

I  have  tlie  honor  (,>  inakc  (be  iollnwinj;  srat<M,:ent  in  response  to  cir- 
•■iiliii' "'«tru<-t ol  tlie  l.Stb  .Inly  last,  received  October  '{ 

ThoCiriMMl   JMiel.yot  IIesse-l)arnisla.lr,  within  which   tins  consuhir 
ollH'c  IS  situate.],  lies  between  the  deyfees  of  49o  24'  i.nd  r,(»o  ni'  „„,'  . 
.nt,ide,a„d  2503- and  27^  IJ,'  east  longitude,  at  the  norttrn  V^^^ 
iromity  ot  the  upper  valley  „t  the  Rhine,  which  stretches tVon.  I'.asle  to 

avfiice,  possessing-  a  Iength()f  ab,)ut  1«)0  miles  and  a  l,readtl.  of  about 
1;  0  J.S  miles  with  an  elevation  above,  the  sea  at  Uasle  of  800  feet  -u  1 
;it  Maycnce  ot  208,  and  sinkinjj:  from  south  to  north.    In  Ilesso Vw 
stmt  this  valley  has  its  ^neatest  width  and  lowest  liepmsiilur 

lliiMliidiy  IS  made  ui)  of  three  provinces,  two  of  which  are  south  of 
H.*;nvcr  Main,  undone  north  of  it;  between  whicliijvvo  divSonsruns 

'  1  liler  =  ij.ll3  j)iuts,  ~  ~  ' 


484 


CATTLJi   ANIJ    DAIUY    lAKMlNCJ. 


a  iiiinow  Hliip  of  IViiswiiii,  tciiiioiy,  wliil,.  tlr<i  IMiiii(>  (lows  1m>|\v > 

W<.  SOI,    |,<  ,M     IMOVIIKTS,   WIH.^I,     pM.VM.r.-.S  U, V,     lu.OW.,     i..S  .Slu.K  '      '      '" 


J^'\'''!;;''*.-T'4  ;'''*'  ''•'"''■  "^'T- .  '*'''^'  '"■•'''"'  ^'"'  «''iiii,Mi»,,i,v  • 


klmK.  h.s«r,  ami  HI  1, I;M.|;{  i,.  I),,,,,,,.  Ilos.so;  u|km.  win.;]  ,  i„  I'^M  '  "I 
an;  li<ri,(iJl  i„  i;,,,,,.,  Ile«.s..  OC  the  1,S!)7>.1.71  fj  ^s  ,  '■■^'^':' 
puilKwos,  as  (ollow.'s:  '".)'i'*U  <'i  loicsi 


I'll 


I 'III  III  It n.l      <i'«HH.i'i<;iul-: 
Kiiiilni  liiii.l.  '      "w.  iin.l 

|(;iHiiiriliiiiil. 


Viiiiluh.l.       I'll 


I'-MjihI, 


Stai'kt'iilmr;;. 

ItllillC    llr.H.SK    . 
l'|l|>C|-   lltSKU 


:i  II!,  Still,  iiir. 
•JM,  fhiti.  um 


T..(ai ill .iiuli.v ^   u.io,(ma.au 


SiiuareitfiTin. 
H.'i,  iri.-).  till 
I'",  IM). (iri 
1 17,  f<0(l,  15  . 


l^'liiiircdi'f.H, 

l,ll'i|,:ill 

-'1,  Mil.  1(1 

•I.-..  :;t 


■■Il'l,!i.')7.  |;i 
^'i-'.VH.H;i 


-■'«■'«'•'"        •-•■Mil.uu   ~^^^ 


'"K'M.'M 


htaikcii bnry-,;ai,  },.■  In-st  .losi^jnatctl  as  tho  <lislii<,t  lyinj.  i,,...,, „ 

lil..m'  iMa,..,  an,  N.-cka,-,  hy  wl.i<-l,  rivors  \t  is  ah.H.sl  u,  i  ,  '  :' 
e.irlci  .  'J  li„  vulh..v  ..f  1  he  liliiii,., ibr„.s  t !..•  w«-sk.,i,  part  „r  1  ,,:,'"■ 
t«.  wlMj; h  on  (IH,  no.M.  Mu,  valh-.v  of  VU..  Main  is  a.l  oi.n/w  ,";?'• 
east  ot  tl,<.,  Jon.H'i  of  tlu's,.  vaiievs  ainl  in  a  ho.iI1i,„Iv  »liriT(  ,,,...  '" 
lathM-  iuus  11.0  Odenwahl  Mountain  ran-o.  This  ()(I.m  w-  1  1  •  '"  '"; 
.Mountain  «lisl  .let  ImMwccu  J>a.n.stadt  a'.Ml  lloi<l(,llH.  '.  ,  iV  m '"''rf 

of  J.l>out  10  miles  an.l  a  Inea.ltl,  of  Iron.  L'  t  to  oO.       t^iXn.     ?'"''' 
I,ir51M,«(J!),  I,8;]|,  l,(J7!>,and  l,«lil  IW-t,  ,v«,UM,,iv'  y/  *;;    ^         I  ?*' 
hall  orrf(arkn.bu,«  is  of  a  Hat  charact.-V,  i^M^sislin^lb     |  ^  ,  j;;""'; 
o   a  san.ly  s.nl,  wind,  toward  O.lenwal.l  soen.s  to  hi.  much  .  i  el  w  (  ' 
hcronuunsol  rocks  ol  a  primitive  au<l  volcanic  ori^ri,.  h  Ti^h 
lK,ar.nf.ca,pacily,s  materially  raised.     Sn.all  scattered    lacts    t"  1 
.; lay  n.arl,  h.ajn,  and  tt.rt  al.o  appear,  which  hrin;^  ,a,outa  hi 'l    uSj 
ot  (ertdity.     1  n  its  most  northerly  ,,art, in  its  toreparts,  an.l  In  , I'S 
the  Oerspren^c  Valley  the  ()<lenwal.l  exhibits  an  ex(-ee<lin»lv  ■  H    „ 
soil;  m  Its  entire  western  part,  so  Car  as  a|,nicnlt..rallvaN^i  lahl '  tS 
sesses  dnelly  a  loau.y  to  clayey  soil ;  while  in   its  entire  eSaS 
vailt"    ''""  ^         ''  <-'<"'"i.oner  l(»u,my  soil  of  colored  san.lXne  pi" 

lihine-IIesse  is  the  most  fertile  of  the  three  i.roviuees  and  th.t^m.iii 
;^t.     U  ,s  of  a  hilly  nature,  and  is  bonn.led  on  the  m,  j    '    .   '^ 
the  Kh.ne.     ll.s  s.,,1   ,s  compose,!  of  i.dermiuKled  an.is  of      h^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
nmrl,  day  marl,  porous  sili,;i()us  earth,  and  chalky  l(,a.ii.  noi  njis      .  ,.l 
q.iar  /.-sand.    Th,-  soil  of  the  province  is  throu.^dM,ut  vm  He  i    S^ 
lers  in  certain  J. hices  from  dryness.  ^  '»  n,  initHiil 

I  ;|.i>er  Ilcsse  lies  hi^h  ab.»x'e  the  sea,  and  i.as  no  lar-e  plains.  It  is 
II.  part  of  an  undulaM.i;;  diarader,  an,l  partly  of  a  ni.e.!,  ,i,  i.  i 
iMountamons  nalure.     The,-as(erna,ul  western  divisiousol  H  !  t 

:.re   wholly  unlike,  the  soil  of  the  western   portion  beii..-  y,M'     S 
winle  that  of  the  easlerii  is  very  poor.  "       '  ' 

CLIMATE  or   IIJiSSE-DAUMSTADJ'. 

Ill  Starkenl.urH  in  the  valh'ys  of  the  Jihine  and  Main,  tl.o  cljiiiiite  is 
11.  genera  lo  a  mild  South-CJennan  type,  whi.di,  iu  cons^iuencooniie 
Vicuuty  ot  the  wooded  Odeiiwald  and  the  iidlueijce  uf  t)jc  idiiim  awl 


fit'.imAVY. 


485 


Mftin,  iiro  Hiibjccif  to  w«'uUior  ('liniifTon,  miil  rspi'ciiilly  to  fop^s,  vliilotlijit 
partoHlio  Hat  laml  lyiiipf  holwc(ui  tlio  IMiino  and  (Moiiwald,  which  i» 
wiflioiifc  lonwtM,  Hiill'tTH  in  Hunimor  al  tiniOH  ironi  dryiioHR,  bocause  tho 
Htorms  and  <5U)ndH  upon  paHsin^  tho  Khino  hiiHt,cu  to  the  ( >donwaUl.  Tho 
()(l(*nwidd,  with  Hlif,'ht  exwptioiiH,  posseamiH  a  very  fine  niomitain  oli- 
inivtc  tlmtirt  mild.  Tlio  diniato  of  Upper  llosso  in  niudi  rawer  than 
tliiitol'Htar!<enl»ur{?,  and  more  lilio  the  e.liniate  of  Nortliern  (lerniany. 
Uhiiio  Hesse,  hilly,  i»oorIy  watered,  and  alnio.st  foreatlesH,  is  a  warin 
vinelinid,  whose  soil  and  air  become  very  warm  at  midday  dnrlnp:  the 
siiiniiu^r  months  and  cpiiekly  eool  at  eventide,  so  that  in  the  spring  time 
IroHtMiit  nif?lit  are  oft<'n  productive  of  much  damage  to  vegetaticm. 
Tliiniverage  temperature,  fall  of  rain,  ike,.,  of  IleHseDarmstadt,  taken 
from  the  observations  of  fourteen  ycMrs,  from  IHOO  to  187!),  inclusive, 
at  Darmstadt,  Starkenburg,Mayence,  IMiinellesRe,  and  (lie.sscn,  Upper 
Ik'sse,  are : 

Anrage  lemjmatnre. 


H<mH()nH, 


Wiiilnr... 

Sprint!  ••■ 
SiniiMii'r.. 
Aiiliiiiiii  . 


Vov  tlio  ynnr  . 


Average  fall  nfrain. 


SlUlWIIIH. 


Wintiir.. 

SpiiiiK  •- 
Siimnii'i'. 
Aiitiiiiin 


DanuRtoiU. 

Mnyonco. 

OiimHi'ii. 

-f-i.:il 

7.711 

l.l.  (M) 

1            7.1« 

H 

1  0.  n 
7.14 

i.s.:ti 

7.  HI 

"K. 
i  0.  W 
0.02 

1:1.  no 

O.HK 

8.00R 

7.042 

6.K4n 

1 
iDnmiHtiKll. 

Mayonce. 

OieHaoii. 

1        ... 

1            14. 211 
15.  W» 
21.8.1 
10.110 

i:*.  on 

i;t.  «•_> 

10.  'JO 
!.■..  12 

10.  2h 
1:1.  LI 
11).  H.l 

in.  'ji» 

Fiir  tlioyoiir. 


08.  SO 


GU.8D 


05.f.7 


Arirn(/e  niimhcr  o/rain;/  and  minwii  dniis  mvh  year. 


Darmstnilt. 


SimHoii. 


Itniny. 


Wint<r :  ;i!).4n; 

SiiriiiK 47. 14  ; 

Siiiiiiiii'r i  40.0!  :. 

Aiiliiiiin l'>.,SI)i 

Forllinvonr 1H1.04  i 


Maypiiro. 
Snowy.  I    Rnlny.      Snowy. 


M.W) 

4.  o;t 


:i.  HO 


—  

;!i  no  1 

n.io 

•IS.  .10 

40.  HO 

4.n;i 

4-.'.  00 

4:1.  00 

.  .    ..... 

4S.21 

.■!H.  (Kl  1 

1.70 

4:1.  .'^^O 

OclBHPn. 


Kiilny.   I  Snowy. 


laoo 

O.UH 


a.  SO 


2;i.  53 


li>2.  HO 


10.73 


l..'.2l 


27.28 


OATTLE   IN  TRK  DTTCin-. 

I lofl.so  Darmstadt  is  adai)ted  to  the  raisinj?  of  cattle,  but,  inthetrans- 
liitfld  huiguage  of  thefjeneral-Re<!re|;iry  of  the  Ducliy,  "the  breeding  of 
(iiitUo  ill  Hesse  is  an  old,  but  ahi.s,  in  lio  wise  a  very  "sal  isfact^ry  slory." 
Tlio  iiatmal  fypes  of  the  cattle  of  t Ik  ()denwald*'and  \'og(>lsberg,*"as 
well  as  those  of  the  Doniiersberir,*  were  of  such  a  character  that  they 

*  Moiiiitniim  in  Iloaso. 


48G 
would  Inn 


CA'VTLK   AND   DArUY   rARMING. 


imfavoiabl,,  l,.  .•alt,l,..r„isM,.!  ■•'  ',"  )  ,,  v    m'     ,     ,'  ''l'  '71 '•  i"  "•  ' 

lIlCll   (.IK,  , Hid    till,    VoL'clslllT.r    a    Bill  i         li.V.^i  '"'''""' '■"NtI'v 

..ml  ;l™a  ..ir„„»,.«,  i^n  m.:H^.';.S!Lwrf;,r'' TiiJ^itiS 


exi«t,  uro  „mv  being  u.S(m1  with  mnch  hS^v'^c^^'''^}!  ''  '^'^''1  f" 

poruMico  with  tho  Schwit/,  tho  coiuso,  ivcl  srmtte  ^^-S    f^l''  ^''''^  «• 

Oborhi,,.  were  selcete.l,  l,„t  as  the  n  i  4iNin^('  u^^^^  «<'r"^'«o 

.a.l  receive,   httle  or  no  utteutioi,  In.in  t^^    "sw K'-  \^^^^  t'Ks  species 


ful  .reeding  has  been  the  want  <)f  i     do  i ^^^rU  bv^ 

small  size^in  general  of  the  farms  in  Hesse     ml  dso^'i.  ?  T*!!'  ""^  ^^' 

agenicnt  from  the  state.  '         '"^^"  * '"^  ''"''^ «'  <^iicoiir. 

CATTLE  STATISTICS  OP  HESSE-DARMSTADT. 

Aceording  to  an  enumeration  of  eattle  made  in  1S"t  ^i 
Ml  tho  Duchy  the  following  number  of  aninmis:  '      '''  "''"^'^'^n 


Young  cattle  0  iiioiithH  to  2 
yoars  old. 


Animals  over  2  years  oM. 


I'roviiic.s. 


("alvos 

losH  than 

I!  uinntlm 

old. 


Slarkenbiirg 

I'pper  FIosHO 

IHiin,-  IlesHo , 

TotulOiandDncliy 


12, 104 

n,  4'.':) 


I5('twflrii 

0  rnoiitliH 

and  2 


23, 1.IO 

ni,,'in7 
11, m 


DuIIh  for 
brot'din^.l 


.'■.24 
(if)  I 
4.'i5 


Total. 


.-13,  sTfi      or,,  Km 


1,040 


62, 030 
79,  !K)9 
42,  U<)3 


184,938 


Branding 
stones. 


024 

717 
342 


Other 

steers  and 

oitin. 


3.913 

K,  7:(7 
1,017 


Cows. 


Grninl 
total. 


'.409         97, 2M 

<(i,  4.'>r)      i'>7  ■1.4 
<i,ej4|     .w.'.wij 


1.C83         1,1,007       109,  .M       :HW!) 


'Ouo  lioctare  Ih  a  v«iy  littTo  less  tLau  ^Y^i^.  ~ 


GERMANY. 


487 


(|iiaiitity  of  milk  i)er  cow  was: 


I„  Upixr  HcMMO.iil.out }.««< 

iiiUiiiiK'-IIedHfv  ttlmiil, ItlJlJ*' 

liinriiiHl  Diirhy,  iiboiif, * J.W'O 

I,(ki0 

It  is  also  (..stiinatod  tliat  FIosso  is  (»I,li«,..l  to  draw  aminally  from  out- 
si,!,-  sources  tlio  llesli  ol  about  seven  tliousaijd  rtvo  hundred  and  fUtv 
oxen.  •' 

Ilesse-Dnrmstadt  tluis  presents  a  poor  Held  to  tlie  view  of  those  who 
me  seeiviii;,'  line  types  ot  breedinf,'-(!iittlo. 

.JAS.  IIIONltY  SMITH, 

UNrTKD  STATKS  (JOMMEBCIAL   AgKNOY,  ^«"'^«»-'^'>''  ^'^1. 

Mayence,  Norembcr  2'^,  1883. 


CATTLE  IN  THE  RHINE  PROVINCE. 

JlKPOnTIir  OChVSUL  Sl•ACh'^fAX,  OP  COLOONK 

In  rei)]y  to  circular  of  July  18, 188.1,  requestinj?  information  as  tocat- 
tlobrecdinp:  in  this  (consular  <listnct,  1  have  the  honor  to  report  as  fol- 
lows : 

There  is  no  cattle-breedinj--  of  any  importance  in  the  immediate  nei-h. 
borhood  otLolofine.  '1  he  sloel;  in  the  jrreater  part  of  this  <listrieris 
not  sii  le.ient  lor  home  demands,  but  the  deliciency  is  -enerally  sMPi)Ii,.d 

IS  about  1,/()(),(10(>,  mc^ludin^'  Irom  8(K>,(t()0  to  !)()(),()0()  cows      The  diIm 
cipiil  breeds  are  the  iJirkenfeM,  WVsfrwahl  and  lOifel,  uam"ed  after  the 
sectjons  ol  (touutry  m  which  they  are  raised. 

TU'F,  BIRKENPELD   BREED. 

T1.0  host  kind  for  exi)ort  to  the  Um-ted  States  is  the  Birkenfeld  Tf 
well  ed  and  pi'operly  <rared  for  they  jrrow  very  lar-o  and  fjive  a  ioo,| 
sn)i.yot.nilk,theybeiuor  stron-er  than  the  other  kinds  and  bet  er 
ablotoemlnre  severe  weather.  This  species  is  the  saino  as  thecele- 
.rated  Oldenbiu-  breed,  IJirkenfeld  now  belouffiuff  to  the  J)ucl  v  of 
t)(lpi.bur«:  an<l  beinj?  a  narrow  strip  of  ground  neai-  Treves  and  soi.H 
0  the  river  Moselle.  The  cattle  were  formerly  sent  frol^OIden  o- 
tohirkenleld,  and  have  since  remained  a  pure  breed.  At  the  nrTXi- 
tour  years  the  best  animals  (ionunand  the  followin.'  prices-  For  'i  cmv 


THE  WESTERWALD  BREED. 

Tbo  Westerwald  is  a  mountainous  rejriou  east  of  the  TMiinn  nn.i  k„ 
tween  the  valleys  of  the  Sie<r  and  Lain,:  and l^e  cltSl?  in'jhl^  dSrS^ 


'A  kilogniin  =  y.v.>04(Wl:<  pounds  avoir.lnpois. 


t  A  liter  =  1.7G077  piuts. 


k 


I   N' 


1^ 

\i 


(JATTMI    AND    DATUY    I'ATfMTNO. 


arc  .sniiillcr  Mum  llio.m^  in  Hirknifold  hikI  fli..  lOilrl,  Imt  tlio  nn.ir. 
tlM^ir  meal,  is  niiic.li  (liior.     A  {,'ooM  row  roHts  altoiit  *l  |()  iiiid  .       '^  " 
l>iill  |I(5r»,  whiln  a  oim«  year  ol.l  l)iill  ran  !»o  li(»ii;,'Iil  lor  i|<7.-,  '"  " 


f 
'HI  ox  or 


TItR   KIMCL   imKL:i>. 


Tlio   lOIH'I  JH  also  a  ninnntainons  distrlrt,  abonl    ir»  nii|,s  ;,,  i 
and  L'l  niil«>M  in  hicadMi,  .sifnatrd  lM't,\v(«««n  tln'  iiv*i,s  K'iiin<.  m  "n 
an<l  \lim\    Tliocalt!*^  lM«r«^  am  V(«r.v  .sfion^',  and  aio  nscd   \nt  ZT  ! 
nial  pniposoH  and  oilvu  in  iilacc  of  li<>rM«s.     'riicy  air  not  ivcdin  n     i 


lor  export,  on  acronntof  Mu^  pwnliar  .'onnliy  ami  noil  to  win  i 
aro  iMUinstomnl.     Tli(\v  r,ost  iiliont   tho  nann^  aw  Mm'  nirkciiC.l.i        7 
altliou^di  they  air  nnndi  Hnmllcr.  '"  '"'<'''. 

IIOrsiNO    AND    rKKI)lN(}. 

Tho  Ronoralily  of  (1ick«>  diflcroni,  l.nn'd.s  of  i-attlc  niv  |<on(  i,,  „.,.,, 
«lnnn«  a.  f-n'atcr  pail  (d"  tli(^  .year,  and  ^nizo  in  t|i<^  ni..iido'v.^  '(?:., 
RiasN  is  rnl.     !»l«.nty  .d'  },'ood  wati-r   is  indisponsuldo  to  i'im'   i     .','' 
oft  ho  animals.     \Vliil(>  in  staldos,  and  if  in  tlio  ncijrl-lKniiood  o(  T.. 
nianniiiHoiics,  tlipyaro  fed  iip<ni  llio  mnains  of  nwcM't  ininins  ,ti  ■  . 
air  considcicd  very  («\c('lli>nt  for  food,  jiiid  in  otlur  plnccs  ti.('vV     • 
lta.y,  hian,  tho  irfnso  from  dislilU.rics,  (ait  turnips,  and  oil  iind  linlTi 

Tlio  only  spr^ics  wliicli  is  in  flio  opon  air  most  of  tli(>  v(.ir  io  n 
l5irlvi'nlold  or  ( d.Icnbui,,'.    Tlipy  ^ivr  milk  Ibr  almost  nim;  m.Wn.M  'r 
tho  yoar,  and  diiriit^'  tho  lirsl,  tliroo  months  iis  mncrh  as  tlii^  ini '  i  .1 
SIX  lo^reihor,  Mioqnantily  varying' ill  tin' Mist  months  fnmi  I  a  to  IK      l*'' 
JMT  day.  •r'muN 

f'ATTLK-MAUKF/r  OP  NK^'HS. 

riH^  principal  markot  for  tlio  sale  of  cattlo  is  in  the  «-itv  of  x,.„uu  „„, 
iir  irom  (Vdo-iic.  Animals  arc  srnf  tliorc  for  siilo  lion,  i|,,>  m  ' 
»rovinc(>,  IJirk(Mif.'ld,  INdland,  *^.?.,  and  a  lai-v  i.nMHaMinn  of  tj,.' i  '' 
rs  an'  I'.cl^jians.  "•* 

.«?nn'MKNT  OF   CATTLF,  TO  TIIK   IINITKI)   STATKS, 

The  most  convonicnt  and  c.lioaprst  way  of  s(Midin<,'<!alil(.totli(iirnifi.,i 
btatvs  Irom   hero  is  by  rail  to  Antwerp,  a  dislainr  of  loT  iniloN  V  , 
C(do^Mi(s  and  from  their  l.y  sl(.aincrs  to  New  York.    The  ears  v.m 
size,  Imt  one  of  IS  scjiiair  meters  aeroniniodates  nino  eattle  aiid'rnstx 
SS.StJ  fnmcs  or  $17.11  fo  Antwerp.     A  man  must  li-MMni.louTVt  it 
rate  of  *1.1()  per  «lay,  to  ae('ompany  the  animals,  and  TrM-enls  isc'lnrffcd 
lor  cleaning  and  disinfecting  the  ear  at  the  end  of  th(^  joimiiov  '  |hv 
lor  leeding  costs  10  eent.s,  making  the  total  expenses  to  Aiit\veri>!i<l/»'{'j 
or  |!i.ir»  for  each  animal.     I-'roin  there  tlnvy  can  Ite  shipped  to  New  York 
III  the  steamers  of  the  White  Oross  Line  at  tln^  follo\viii«^  rales-  Cd  (or 
*L>O.L>0)  <>a.cli  for  lull  grown  cattle,  ,Cr.  (or  .fJ l.;{;{)  eaeli  foryearlii'iRs  juid 
Li  lor  .tn).47)  each  for  calves.     These  sums  include  all  cjiar"('s     ' 

Tlu^  annexed  statements  give  the  statistics  for  (tattle  bieedjn"  in  tliis 
consular  district,  as  far  as  1  have  been  ublc  to  (d)tain  tlieiii       "^ 

HAISIUICL  S  PACK  MAN, 

UNfTKI)   StATKS   CoNSI'LA'I'I'^ 

('i>l()(/nr,  Ih'ci'mhir  lt>,  ISS.^i, 


far 

I 

or 


<n;i{MANV,  480 

Vimiiil  Htiilitillcn  rntiirniinit  Hhiiw  rrnvime  flaltlr. 

Sl^.iMit  iiiiitiirllv.        I^ivi-  nttlclit. 


/\iiiHiiiliiv«rituii>     S-C 


I'liiiniln.       ilillfm.'    I.HftH. 
1»,"0H|  in  I  H 


I'oiiiilrv. 


nirkciil'olil 


c       -j       i3    I  o 


V,.»lrnv;il.l.l        7,  CINMo  H, '.THt  |(t  |  k      W.'hI,,, 

^•if,.|  ...   '    7,7(l«l<iH,i'-|(l    mt(.  17  H      \f.U,.\ 


K      \V«»t,.,wi»l.l 


I'eet   1  t',rt      tWI.      I. hi,       l,hn. 
'     •■•{»  *\  is    1,-Nllt    I.MIKt 


'  A  lil.M'  U  .'.'aHHMWT  ..111  (.'iillnn. 
Tiiinnjniphff. 


1,1,11 

•i,  4110 
I.MMI 
'J.  INN) 


Niiiiit'  III'  <^oiiiitr,v. 


Altltnitn. 


Mi'iiii    trin 
|M^rl^Hlrl^. 


HiimiiH'r. 


Wliifor. 


iiiikfiiri'iii    ;iHM4.  i.n.vi  iiimit 

\Vt«li'i«i»l'l  ■■•  ltS(l  h»l,',:iiiti  ■IMidT 

Kil'l'l IIW)  lo  L',  ;ilHI  Htdfrl 


A' 

III  to  r>:i 

III  IoIkI 
I!  I  lolMI 


'  h. 

jii  to  :in 
'jii  lit  :iii 
-jii  to  :iri 


rbiiioiif  nmii- 

I  \\ . 


Soil. 


Hiilmtrntiiin. 


<'iiltlvnli<il  cnkHHON. 


lllrlirllli'M    . 

Wl'SllTWIlIll 

Kili'l      . 


<:imlk,V I  Wftio 


li^mi'f    HiihuK    .. 

Volr.inir  I  Ilia.  liiiMiilf,  mill  tni-     Volnnilr  lufu,  *n. 

rli.vlK.  anil  in  noiiiii  |iarlHiir  ' 

llin  Kil'xl  IrliiH  riiiiiialiiiii. 


Mill'  (.'fiiHM  ill  nillivHti'il  iIIh 
tilriM,  anil  lu  many  liailM  of 
IliK  I'oiinliy  liiiK  liiiorii  liovi'r. 

KiiiK  uniMM  nnil  itiiniiiiiin  iliiver. 

Hliiirl  uniMM  anil  «  liiln  cloviT. 


OK.^ruii'TioN,  t:u\ 

llirki'iifrlilrr :  'I'lim  brood  in  of  riMliliHli-yollow  (morn  rH  Mmn  yollow)  color;  tho  cow 
inalMiMt,  1  I'lM't  C.  ill!  li('Hlii;;li  iinil  very  Iiiiijr  in  |iiii|Hirl  ion  (o  licij^hl  ;  Mio  ilrwliip  is  voiv 
liiruc,  Intiimoronliiinry  HJzr;  tiny  iiriivc  at  ni.iliii  ity  in  I'onryoarH,  or  nftcr  clianeiii'" 
iNth.  Tho  proiliH't  iMLHIIOlitoiNorniilkoilKlllpoiMnlNorclMM'sc;  nn-af,  I  (fr>  iioiiikIh 
lor  low  Hiiil  l.','r.OitonM(lH  lor  ox  (iIcikI  \v<«i;,'lil ).  For  tlio  lirNt.  foiiior  liv(^  wVckNcalvcH 
inrivo  iiiilU  ilnvcl  lioin  tlio  cow.s  ;  «rti-i\viinlH  llioy  iiro  fed  upon  a  iiiixtiiro  oldnliniirv 
Miilli  ihmI  liiiHi'cil  calio.  Aniniiiln  ariionly  lioiiNcd  ilnrini;  tlioHOvorcHt,  wiiitor  wcillior 
iiiiilllii-iiiilair<linoril:na,iyHtal)li>H.  In  wintor  tIioiininii*lH  arofod  npoii  wliito  lii'miDH' 
liiiUMi'liisi- from  (liHtillcrii'H,  oil  ftHil  linHicd  cnko,  iind  in  Hiiininor  npon  LTasN  iiini 
Iny. 

Ilmlriwiihlrr:  ThiH  lirrod  in  fiiwii  color,  with  wliito  fiicos  or  liond,  vorv  Inrtro  nock 
iiiKJ  iliu  liip,  and  very  lonj^  in  proportion  to  lieiglit ;  tlio  lun-iiH  iiro  not,  very  lonjr  ind 
staiiil  iiim<,'lit.  Af,'o  at  maturity  Mio  HJvnu^  m  Uirkcniold.  Tlii^  iirodnctis  :i  ?(M)  to 
.!,IHH)  litMiH  of  milk  or  -IIIO  to  5IM)  poiindH  of  cIiccno;  moat,  (151)  (tonndH  for  cov,  and  Till 
pi.nnilNlori.x,  Min-ctiy  aflrr  llirir  l.iith  calves  aro  t,ak<Mi  from  tlio  cows  and  fed 
Willi  Koiiil  milk  lor  llic  liiHt  moiiMi,  and  i.ftcrwardH  with  a  inixtnro  of  Hour  milk  niitl 
liiiltviiiiilk  ;  if  tlii.s  Hlmiild  prove  too  mncli  of  a  laxatixe  the  Hoiir  milk  Ih  mixed  with 
npiiHto  innde  ofliiiHeed  powder  and  warm  water.  The  animalH  are  hoiiwd  mo^t  of 
llii^yiiir,  hilt  are  turned  out  in  th(>  fiehlH  after  the  KrasH  \h  cut.  The  feed  In  bran 
HHi'i't  tiM'iiJpH,  aiul  heet-H.  ' 

AV/W.-Daik  brown  color,  witli  white Hpot«,  ordinary  fonn,  the  neck  aiwl  dowhu,  not 
lii'inifso  lar^'e  as  the  ihikenfeld.  Ago  at  matiiritv  name  as  above.  The  iiriMlnet  is 
II.HlHili,  I.IIIK)  liters  of  milk  or  i7r>  to  .Mil)  ponndH  of  i  l„.ese  ;  meat,  7.^0  poiimis  for  cow 
Hiiil  l,O..II  immids  tor  ox.  The  calves  of  this  breed  an^  treated  and  fed  in  the  same 
iiiaiiner  as  the  VVesterwalder.  The  iu.imals  are  kept  in  ordiiiarv  stables  dnriiiL'  the 
wvi'ivst  winter  weather;  tlieir  food  ii.nsiNlJi.jr  of  Inrnips,  refuse  (Vom  distilleries  A  <■ 

llie  l.niirii.al  markets  for  the  sale  of  l„iit,,r  and  i  heese  are  in  Colo-Mie,  (.'oblence 
mill  Miiyi'Mce,  where  they  .ue  neet  by  boat  or  rail.  ' 


490 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


DEISTMARK. 


DANISH  CATTLE. 

liEPOKTlir  CONSV..  liYDJRh',  OF  COPENnACEK. 


I  have  liorewith  tlio  lionor  to  iiidose,  d.i 
to  tl»e  ciicnljir  from  the  I 
re.erence  to  cattle-breedi..„,  ......  ..„  .„„-  „,.„,.,  ,,„,„  ,„„.    ,, 


honor  to  iiidose,  .l.ily  filled  o„t,  the  form  an,>a,  , 
le  D(>i.nrtmentni.(]er  (hite  of  ISth  .I„h  •S^'^'^'' 
iediiitf,  an<lattliesa,iiio  time  Ir.ivc  tl.Vi  V' ^^'^'' 


.nuianci,  wijiist  the  Jilack  Spotted  are  to  bo  foniid  1  r T.  i  '  I''"'^"' 
Jutland  districts.  Side  by  side  with  the?  etioI^^^Jedsm^  'f  "'" 
n;a^wd.stnct.,more  especially  i„  Jutland,  JT'^t^S^r^Sa 


THE  RED  DANISH  CATTLE. 


This  IS  one  of  t!  e  most  noted  milliing  breeds  in  existence^     ti     . 
hns  been  tormed  oy  improving  on  the  well  known  \n"en  J.i"V"*'«'' 
Sch  esw.^^  winch,  with  more  abundant  fodderinrind  en '"  tT-^  ■;«"' 
mark  been  brought,  to  greater  size  and  with  Ker^Z^^^^^ 
nnlkinpr  (jualities.  «'"^ei  <ievelopinei)t  ;.. 


<!a,lvinjr  periods,  they  do  not  gin,  their  full  yield  of  mill    i/'''?  f''^ 
they  rc.(]nire  such  kenenuis  fcMhler/nj?     'iV.ere     r !     Ir-^^^^     ""^''''" 
hese  cows  which  Rive  an  annual  yiehUf  S-OOC^pi  ,?n, Is  of  „;!M-"'f  V'^ 
IS  not  infrequent  amongst  tlie  best  cattle  herds  to  (i        mr.    •      '  f  *'  '^ 
pounds  of  milk  in  the  course  of  a  year.     hhtlVtSS^rSS: 


tto  average  uniiiml  milk  .vi,.|,l  is  „„t  ,lowii  at,  .i,r,(N(  ,„'„'.  ,„„  „ : -:■ 
to  be  lUHlera  00.1  as  lwi„g  the  .-ve.ajj,.,  tw,.Ivi,  i  ror/t  s'  v    i,l ,    .    "?," 

ort  in  her  n;.lk„,g  qnalities  and  begins  to  run  dry  slie  tS^allliy 

BLACK  SPOTTED  JUTLAND  lUlKED 


DENMARt. 


491 


The  Jutland  breed  of  cattle  are  used  both  for  dairy  and  meat  purposes, 
and  are  exported  annually  in  large  numbers  in  a  fattened  condition 
from  Jutland  to  the  English  niarketa.  The  midland,  northern,  and 
more  e8i)ecially  the  western  districts  of  Jutland  have  from  early  times 
been  noted  for  the  superiority  of  their  breeds  and  a  large  number  of 
lieifers  and  young  cows  are  every  year  bought  up  in  thes  districts  for 
removal  to  other  parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

During  the  last  lifteen  to  twenty  years  the  Jutland  breed  has  been 
:;iL'iitl.v  improved,  both  in  regard  to  milking  qualities  and  in  its  earlier 
uiat'.irity. 

The  average  quantity  of  its  milk  yiehl  as  given  in  the  inclosed  circular 
form,  is  attained  by  allgood  cows  of  the  Jutland  breed,  and  this  amount 
isexceeded  by  not  a  few  of  them.  At  the  same  time  tliis  breed  is  of  such 
thriving  character  that  the  bullocks  can  attain  a  weight  of  1,000,  to  1,100 
pouiiils  at  the  age  of  one  and  one  half  years,'and  a  weigljt  of  1,300  to 
1,400  pounds  at  the  age  of  two  and  one-half  years. 

The  object  constantly  kept  in  view  in  Jutland  is  the  development  of 
milking  qualities,  whilst  retaining  at  the  same  time  a  broad,  deep,  and 
well  built  body. 

NUMBER  OP  CATTLI.,  IN  DENMARK. 

In  the  year  1881  there  were  in  the  Danish  islands  580,497  head  of 
cattle;  in  Jutland,  883,581— total  in  Denmark,  1,470,078. 

EXPORTS  OF  DANISH  CATTLE. 

The  export  of  cattle  from  October  1,  1881,  to  September  30,  1882 
was  99,759  head,  with  an  average  export  for  tho  decennium  from  Oc- 
tober 1,  1871,  to  September  30,  1881,  of  84,550  head. 

Of  these  exports  about  G0,000  head,  annually  are  sent  to  the  English 
markets  in  fattened  condition,  and  about  30,000  to  Germany  as  lean 
cattle. 

DANISH  CATTLE  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Parties  desirous  of  introducing  Danish  cattle  into  the  United  States 
as  breeding  stock  will  meet  with  no  <lifldculti(\s  in  the  way  of  trans- 
portation, as  there  has  for  some  years  been  in  existence  a  regular  lino 
of  Danish  steamers  running  between  Copenhagen  and  New  York,  carry- 
ing emigrants  and  cargo  at  about  the  current  going  rates  offrieght 
from  the  English  ports. 

The  cost  of  the  Danish  cattle  will  also  be  considerably  less  than  for 

the  English  Shorthorn,  Ayrshire,  and  Durham  breeds. 

HENRY  B.  RiDER, 

rr  n,  ,  Consul. 

United  States  Consulate, 

Copenhagen,  December  31,  1883. 


Special  aiatist.ca  concerning  cattle  in  Denmark. 


Anmal  average  prndnotion  ofmUk  , 

.Miikiul  iiouiiii  of  butter , 

Live  weight : 

Vaiw 

Hull 

Ox 


Ri'd  DauiHh 
catUo. 


Poundt. 

6,500 

nootoi.^flo 

,  L'OO  to  1, 4(IU 


Jutliind  cattle. 


roiindi. 

n,  «oo 
20 

9U0to  1,  100 

1,4(10 

1.200  to  1,400 


il 


492 


CATTLE   AND   r>AmY   FARMING. 


oS1.n!:;t':?f'(lL2!:'"^'^::'!.'  I-;^-^-;-''^^  l.nttor,an.l  Kldn,  d.ooso. 


Jutland  mllle:  Color,  J.liick  ;  ,,„;,  ,,,t  ii»aT.,it,v;  tJn- ■  rt,  i  ■  ,"  .'.^.'-'^  ■^'I'l'N^i.- 
wo.ffht,  H0(.  Co  !»0(.poan.l.;  product  name  an  Kon.M  1  .  T  ho  o  i,;  '  L,'^  ''"'^V,.,  Ci 
lan.l ;  tlioy  Imvo  al wa.j-H  boon  hns.l  i)iiro.  *'"'  "'  '"' ''I  inJut' 

I  ho  cattio  aro  honsoil  in  cow-.shodH  from  Oolobor  I  to  tho  middle  of  M-,  v     ^r, 
aiKl  beiforo  ar«  liod  into  tlio  .stallH.     Tho  food  for  a  cow  iii   n        s  H  t.'.u.    ""'"««» 

roo  s).     He  r.>rHaro  put  <(.  Mio  hull  at  (iltoon  to  oisbtoc,,   ii  o   Mh  n  i      -  ,''' ''^"r 

nnik  and  ^vll.^.v  aro  nwcd  Cor  f<MMlinK  I'IKh  '""iiiiih  old.     ri„.  |,||,j^  ' 

,,,J?rr2';7''''(i''iT",^'*'':V''^' «''«''»;  ""^•'>'t,on.poratiir«,74-0.;  Hn.n.n.r  r  .  „ 
<'i,(»..S-  (!      .S,„|,  clay;  thoHiihsoil  coimiMtM  oCa  marly  diiv  c)^")!        ».     '' '   '  '"in- 


THE  ANGELK  CATTLE  OF  DENMARK. 

JffJPOIlT  IIY  COXSVL  miHHJ},  OF  COrKNUAril.X. 

A  woody  laiMlscapo,  with  comparatively  fimall  fiol.l.s  sinrnnm  ,, 
shoJtonnjr  hvo  liodges;  a  fortilo,  gonial  soil,  witii  froo.Vm  .    '"'''"'■^ 
nnd  «itth>,  winch,  from'romoto  tiinas,  have  a  wa  •«  iK  rS  d'f 'If''' 
milkii.ff  qnaltitios,  with  a  fnU  i-noriiiff  of  nioiit  nrS?!,  J  ^  ^  ''*'"^''*'''' 
fonner  times,  with  a  conti-actoa'^brced^.^iSLr^^^^^  '•""'*" 

w.ntor  Ibddoriufr,  an.l  finally,  a  cortain  caro  taJccrby  tlfo  n  1'  .?'''•:''' 
watcnnffover  the  roo.I  desc.M.t  of  tho  cows  o„  tho  not'  ors'sff  ^? '" 

There  may  have  been  other  canses  of  which  I  am  i-i.onnf.  f 
amphs  8p(>cial  qnalities  of  soil  and  grasR,  which  n. Uh  C^i  di.^  '\ 
th.sinterweav.nff;  but  to  allow  that  thUngeln  b  i  «  J  ! ''^"''^^ 
<Ioi,btfu  crossings  in  remof  or  times,  that  the  breed  s  n  ,.,' '  ^'^?,  f," 
^Wis  which  one  of  England's  kings  ha.l  present  .dri,isl'''^H'' 
dowager  <lncheHs  of  ITolstein,  is  not  fieeded  to  sl.o  "t  e  ,  !  „  •  '  ^ "' 
t.i's.  A  <,lo.o  observation  will  show  that  tho  same  ca  8e.s  i  .  /  .T,""'- 
<hiys  keep  u,)  ho  Angeln  breed  can  bo  accepte.l  as  uui  ^  w  J  ' '? 
cH'ntly  potent  in  course  of  time  to  form  the  breed  ^       '  '""'■ 

As  the  most  prominent  features  of  tho  better  elms  nf -u.;.    , 
.0  mentioned  a  line,  and,  considered  as  luilkinrrm  s  Tr  L       '  '/""^ 
mn  of  bone,  to  which  may  be  added  a  son  nvS  si mdf     '/^ 
head  (with  long  lower  jaw),  also  fine,  white  sM  flv  '      '    . .  'f ''''^' 
il  lean  an«l  rather  angular  body,  thin,  fine     eck  "     m '  n      ■    '  ''"?.''' 
oose,  smoolh  skin, and  finally  w^U-cleVelopJIi^,',:  /::,;";;  /^'I-lfll^^^^'^v^ 
hirge  hind  cpiarters.     The  Ang<'ln  cow,  as  eoinn- mTvKi    A     -^^^ 

snJbTJ*'""'"'"'^."  features  of  Structure  in  theAng<M„  (,,ws  aro  in 
such  close  connectiou  with  the  gen(Tallife-condi(in..a  .•  ti  n 


DENMARK. 


493 


t  IHH(„|0 


i./eiionil  tiiulc  liatf  not  t'xeicisetl  any  important  influence  on  the  (Uv 
've'loi>iiH'"t  «»^' '-''^  •■^^*-'' "''=* '"^^  l»L*cn  the  cane  in  Juthuul.  The  etlect  of 
tliis  U"i»'«"<'.v  to  forni  iViinilicH  and  races,  which  is  very  general  Jn  An- 
.aliiiKl,  must  not  be  eatiniated  too  lightly,  lor  it  has  been  the  means  of 
kcL'itiii;,'  the  t,'ooa  stock  tof,'ctlier.  Jn  the  Angeln  breeding  the  greatest 
iiiinortiiiice  ia  attacbe«l  to  tlie  cow  and  the  least  to  the  bull.  The  bull 
linic  is  always  young,  but  this  has  both  its  weak  as  well  as  its  strong 
jjides  in  liiii'l  husbandry. 

TIic  <;iittle  interests  in  Angeland  have  thus  in  full  measure  reaped  the 
lieiicllt  from  the  breed,  having  stood  reiuly  and  fully  develope«l  when 
(lieilcinandof  the  present  day  for  iuiprovement  began  to  make  itst'lf 
Iblt,  as  tiic  neighboring  (iountries,  to  a  large  extent,  have  sought  it  for 
bindiiij;-  It  is  only  the  Dutch  cattle  which  in  that  respect  offer  op- 
nosition  to  the  Angeln  breed. 

WJion  the  Angeli!  breed  was  lirst  introduced  into  the  country  can 
swiiwly  be  stated  with  any  rertainty.  The  ohlest  known  henis  date 
tvoiii  tiiirty  to  forty  years  back,  but  it  is  possible  that  the  imjiorlation 
look  i)lace  earlier  than  that  in  the  ishunl  of  Fyen,  which  was  at  I  hat 
time  tiic  highway  for  cattle  from  South  Jutland  to  the  islands  and  to 
Copenhagen. 

li]ven  if  the  chief  jKirt  ot  the  cattle  which  came  that  way  were  from 
north  Hchleswig  and  IJallum,  still  it  maybe  supposed  that  some  An- 
jTclii  cattle  may  have  followed  the  stream.     This  importation  has  gradu 
ally  become  very  coiisiderable. 

Although  there  have  naturally  occurred  several  crossings  with  the 
iilliod  groups  of  cattle  in  the  islands,  still  it  conies  probably  neanir  the 
until  if  one  considers  the  extension  of  the  Angeln  breed  to  be  <lne  more 
to  tlic  introduction  of  the  cattle  on  the  spot  than  to  crossing  therewitli. 

The  cattle  census  of  this  country  shows  very  plainly  what  part  the 
Aiij,n'iii  cattle  jilay,  not  only  in  the  islands,  but  in  Jutland. 

Oil  talvuig  the  census  there  were  aseertuined  to  be  of  Angeln  bulls  and 
bulls  of  native  breed  as  follows : 


Miii(I,iisiiriii(' 


UititriutH. 


Iiitliii  i»lnii(lis 

18«0. 

Ill  \\w  inhiitilH 

1871. 

liiJiitliiiitl - 

III  tlir  istaruls 

187U. 

Iii.liitlanil '' "' 

Aiij;clii 


Nalivo 


1,  »KI 
•JUU 

1(1,  H»4 
1,  KU 

l.'.Nll 

7,  !M)7 

:i(iu 

7.llltl 
.|,;i7U 

[''roiii  I.S71  (he  breed  ol  Angeln  (tattle  malve.s  nipid  progress,  whilst 
IJKiibdderiiigat  the  sanu^  lime  becomes  more  plentiiiil,  and  Mm  itMniin 
iiMMits  for  a  larger  milk  yiehl  is  tiwakeiied. 

On  llie  islinids  the  Angeln  liiUls  have  increased  in  the  last  livr  v«';iis 
:'l  percent,  and  In  .lutiand  l;{  |»er  cent.  With  this  ineivase  il,  r;niiiot 
hudoubtcd  but  that  the  race  has  been  introduced  into  lllladaptabh^  dis 
Iricts.  Accustomed  to  sheltered  fields  in  its  nativ-.',  home,  and  d<dicaie 
ol'stnictui(s  it  naturally  cialls  for  attention  an«l  care  in  its  IreatmeiH. 
lint,  it  Iiiis  also  been  shown  that  it  can  thrive  well  and  imuvase  its  milk- 
in;' powers,  ev(!ii  in  a  severe  climate,  when  it  receives  a  (ioiitiiiued  lib- 
dill  uiul  regular  course  of  feeding  the  whole  year  roiuid. 


I 


rii 


494 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


When  one  in  unable  to  bestow  such  nourisluuent  on  f  Ik,  a  ....  . 
It  woul.l  be  udvM«abIe  not  to.  keep  then,,  becS^  ^^^^^^^^^^ 
to  niaive  ii  return  ior  their  liberal  keep,  thev  are  liable  /n  .    •  /"*'''l»le 
the  soil  clin.ate  ami  natural  conditio^.;  SmLvob/^'   X::.?"^^^ 
they  tall  olt  in  their  n.iiking  qualities,  but  they  sink  umlei     ^  ,^"« 
consumption.  "^  "imer  attacks  of 

When  the  breed  of  Angeli,  cattle  began  to  be  cultivated  in  fi.,\> 
try  strong,  nourishing  fodder  was  far  from  being  eommo     an     .'"""• 
the  arger  estates  much  less  fodder  was  given  than  in    iti  tilr""" 

Ihe  ruling  pru)ciples  in  breeding  were  to  preserve  ,,.,1  ?.' 
develop  the  fineness  in  the  breed,  Ind  ma  nlyTom  a  s  an  v"  '"^''' 
Hul  from  the  early  stage  of  calving  of  the  young  cows  his  i,.'"'"'^' 
at  times  carried  to  a  dangerous  extent.  Gradualy;  however  ?f'  ''■'' 
took  phice  in  this  respect,  and  subsequent  to  the  igrindtm':  ^'^^^^^^^ 
.1.  Copenhagen  in  1860,  there  commenced  a  .len.and  for  i  .'l  f '''^' 
dcvelopn.ent,  whilst  at  the  same  time  a  more  libend  fmlde  t  ^"'^^' 
general.  IJut  it  was  also  shown  that  the  Angeln  Sttle  ?  ?^.H'''''''''^ 
their  natnrul  thriving  tendencies,  for  the  bi^ed  l^  tg  ertiir "T^ 
submitted  to  the  new  requirements  demanded  of  them  S, 'v.  '  '"^'-^ 
herds  where  most  advancement  had  been  made  n  tli^  d  re',  1^'"^'' 

These  movements  in  breeding  Angeln  cows,  and  the  results  ihorai- 
1;  hLS""''"'  ^^"r«"trary  to  the  belief  that  when  tVe  r  Si^'S    " 
iiess  has  been  reached  m  any  productive  breed  and  bee  n  w  f  ^  ^"'■ 
r-ice  or  descent,  that  then  a  very  considerable  sfiLr.V,'^  '^'*^'"  "' 
both  as  regards  bocjy  and  bone  «ur?ace  a  d  the  wi'^r^ 
dc  existence,  may  be  given  to  the  animal  withcmt  anv     ,ST''^^^^ 
{hp:;\;;n^'^"^^^'^'^"^^  '^^  P-aucingpropert^s^lILil^iltJ- 

Sufficient  attention  has  not  always  been  jriven  to  fi.o.,. .  •  . 
hose  who  have  either. received  thel  views  or?he  L  X  Zi'V''''' 
the  period  when  the  general  desire  was  for  elegance,  or  h^u  t  ,1 ,  "!" 
ot  the  present  day,  where  they  pertinaciously  hohUo  lu  s'  .  m,i 'f' 
have  ticarcely  paid  attention  to  the  inovements  '  V.  "i .«;'"' ^'''" 
the  advanced  herds  of  the  country,  ca^i  y^be  a^  o    si  nf  "' 

have  noticed  in  the  fineness  and  socalkd  one  S  i   '  ,  1 V'''^  ""'^' 
;lany  thrift     lu  those  parts  of  this  countn,  w  ex'e  C     h Tt."' 
ater  years  has  begun  to  understand  what  dairy  tl  rift     ^1  "" 

has  been  very  hard  for  them  to  get  rid  of    1  le  Jca  e  wi  1.1    ..^    "^ 

^ai;^.:^';,!;;^'itK:'Al;y;;;^^;i;::^;:i-;;.^ 

stated,  a  weigiit  of  7^^)  to  ^(K)    k.    .<  s^ac     \  ^  (•     S-  i':;?  ''  ^'f '" 
lint  i.v,.„  ,t  „„o  K".>»  nut  <h,m  7.-,l)  (o  .S(jo  pc.mls  lor      v"  v«  h  1,1  ™      ■ 


!!iel 


cows  on  a   !>:l!i!sh    f;!!-!,!, 

•iiid  (;alyed  vyeigiieil  !)1-  pounds' per  head;'  1  i  headoi 


old,  that  had  not  calved 


,>,  « <  «i«-:i«i  oi  cows,  (,  iivr.  .year.s  old,  tlmt 

per  head;  lliiead  of  cows,  seven  1  ycai.s 

weighed  1,058  pounds  |,er  headj  thiceyeuVokl 


DENMARK. 


495 


Gabel  places  the  milk  yield  of  au  Angela  cow  of  irui  f«  yum ,  i  . 
..300  to  2,500  liters  of  milk.  This  milk  fSd  was  oSinP.lli  "^7*'"/',^ 
1  ffing  daily  fodder:  8  to  10  pounds  hay ;  3  pounds  wheiri  In  ->  ^^'^^  '*','' 
pea.;  2  pounds  oats;  1  pound  bruised  mea^ rpount  b^^^^^^  ST'^^ 

b^dta^'  '  ^^"^'^  ^-^^-^  3pou'ndL^aTsr^SdT:K 
It  is  not  stated  what  the  above-mentioned  17  cows  thif  i,.wi ,   1     1 

six-year-old  cattle  of  the  farm  s  herd  will  yield  much  more  durinLf }.?« 
je^ir,  and  which  would  be  equivalent  to  6.2  times  their  weLht  of  bo  u 

li  the  average  weight  is  taken  of  one  to  two  vear  mfi  nf  *  Y* 
tiueo  year  old  heifers,  together  with  that  of  th7l7  cows  wjfif.i*"  " 
ahly  will  not  be  far  from  agreeing  with  the  nronnrMnl  'i  !  ^''  '"'l''- 
,dJr  cows  and  the  heifers  on  the  ffrm  au  averS Srof  sS  "l" 
will  be  obtained,  and  which  for  an  »^verageSk  .Vm^STt  in  f !.«  """l-^" 
,1,0  whole  herd  of  G,100  pounds  will  give^a  prip.^  ^on  of  "bo^t  I'T'  "' 

Thus  here  IS  not  on  y  a  considerable  increase  in  we.gl    of  bmivbut 
also  1.1  absolute  and  relative  yield  of  milk.     Even  siinnosintr       :\  h 
|,e,d  on  this  arm  IS  somewhat  superior  to  those  on  o     r  t^    '   ,  ,^^ 
not  weaken  what  has  been  maintained,  as  most  surely  the  i  eatest  ,n  rJ 
ofthe  AnKt'lii  lierds  in  this  country  will  be  able  to  show  is  ml ..  J 
ihoiigii  it  be  a  somewhat  smaller  progress.  s'tudar,  even 

11 ENIJY  B.  KYDER, 

Consulate  of  the  Uiiiteo  States,  (^'onsul. 

Copenhayen  April  20,  1882. 


BUTTER  EXPORT  OF  DENMARK. 

ItEPOUT  1!Y  CONSUL  KYDEU,  OF  VOPHNHAOm. 

1  have  the  honor  to  pi-esent  a  report  on  the  button-  exports  from  this 
luiiKdoin  to  Great  Jintain,  together  with  the  relative  imsifiim     .1 
hy  this  country  under  this  head  as  compared  with  t he  o  E  b    >c  ^t  tn/ 
aportmg  lands.  ■c  "^uci  uiipoit.int 

The  steady  and  extensive  progress  which  has  been  maintnined  bv  tins 

.,..u.i  the  ibiios^ng  f^^^'ii^:::\z:;i:^^ 

estimated  value  in  round  numbers  of  the  export,  in  the  piS  years: 
Exports  of  Daniah  buthr  /mm  JWK!  to  Ihh;(. 


Yeiir. 

Quantity. 

Cipts. 

(!7.  ;i()r. 

7!l,  4:17 

in;i,  01:1 
iJ7,oi:) 

Hll,  K-- 

I7:),r.7.» 
•-•oi,:.:* 

1«... 

Ml 

ISiS 

I«3 

Kll... 

ifil 

1 

i.^7;i 

1 

i»;t 

1 

Valun. 

♦1,520,000 

'-',  o:i;(,  0(10 

2.  2»0,  OlHi 

2, 794, 000 

;i,  (i'.'H,  OOO 

'i,  noi,  ui;u 

■l,!Kiri,0(IO 

•I,  SI!),  (100 

li,  018,  dtiU 

yetiT. 


Qimntity. 


1875 ^"... 

lu7,i          I  2(l(i,17I 

07I' I  20.M!..-, 

1«72.:::;::;::: I  ^!^^^ 

!«'i; :: f  ii:Un 

ml:::::::: i  ^i^i^ 

rL" i  :!»4,7;t2 

'*''* ,  a53,5»4 


Value. 


$11, 

•', 
(i, 
7, 
H, 
«, 
S, 
8, 
10, 


200,  000 
1172,  0(1(1 
■i.'i(l,  (100 
II7,">,  0(111 
Kiii,  OiJO 
It;i7,  000 
222,  000 
HW,  000 
4u7,  000 


496 


CATTIiK    AND    UAIUY    KAKMINCJ 


111  comiecMoii  with  this  iiiovoiiuiiC,  if,  isuf  iiiUM<iMf,  (,o  till 


!<«  Il(»(,(.  oi' 


iiitoniiutioii  <;.miv«\V(mI  llintii^li  Itlri^Misli  slatistiral  rcdiriis  of  ||,, 
impurlH  jiil,o    fliiil,  Kiiij;<lom   d(niii«  Uio  siiiiH'.  ix'.ijimI  Iroin   n,,.""! 
l>ii(liM<'.\i>«>iLiii«:  laihls,  VIA,  the  UiiiU'il  Sluios,    IJiliriuni,  Kmiin.' 
MoIIhiiiI.  '  '■ 

It.  will  li»i  suflicioiit  \u'.\\i  to  j,'ive  tlicNc  import  nstiini.s  toi  t|,,.  . 
IS.S;J,  wljicli  wtjic  ol  tlio  lollowiiig  iiiiliuo,  viz:  •'*^''*' 


•iiicr 

lIKl 


li'roni— 


Qiiaiiiii 


V;ilu 


Mil 


IT|iil«.ISlaU-H 'JlHl'; 

l;"'^i'"" ::.::::;:;;:::;:;:;:::;;;:     '^ ■'!;:;  *^.™,w, 

l'ltUll•,l^  .     •"■"        l.rr.imi 

".xiami :.:.:::::::;:;;;;:::;;:::::.•;::: :    ^^  ^^^^Z 

Jh«,.(K)      L'(l,|:t;),|„„| 

Upon  ciiticul  iiiv<vstiKati()ii,   liovvovcr,  of  Ihc,  n-tiinis   Ut\-  i,,,  v 
.V«'iirs,  it  is  seen  that  the  hiittfi-  exports  IVoiii  the  UnittHl  atilcri '"" 
been  snUJected  to  (jonsitU^iahie  iMictuations;  tiiat  whilst  tlie.se  .'vim  t 
ISd!)  only  amounted  I7,L>(K{  ewts.,  the.\  had  in  iSTOrejUilMsd  iii)  ti)  lisl  "i 
ewKs.,  eontinuinj--  still  on  the  inerease  for  sonu;  .years,  wliciiinK-'. 
they  had  attained  their  nr.ixirnuui  i>oint  of  .'JOljOoi  owts.     I'V,,,,    i   , 
•  late  they  have  apparently  been  on  the  deeline  until  in  'l«S' ti,,,. 
only  seen  to  junount  to  o1,2K;  cwts.,  again  rising,  however  in  Issi'".' 
12(>,l(;;{ewts.     The  inipoiis  from  Helginni  are,  likewise  seen  to  1,^,  ' 
been  retrograding.     They  would  ;ip|)ear  to  have  rea<!hed  llioir  i,,.''    ' 
stage  Jit  the  elose  of  the  sixth  deca.le  to  the  eonnnenceinent  ..r  th 
seventh,  when,  in  1871,  the  iniports  Ironi  that  country  are  ereditv.lw' 
'M/Mi  cwts.     All  the  subset uent,v«!ars  show  a  gradual  deeline   umI  ■  I 
the  present  day  they  figure  (or  little  more  than  one-half  of  tlio'ai.   ..,' 
attained  in  I.S71.  I'l^  ainouni 

The  butter  ex|»orts  from  Fraiuje  U)  Great  IJritain  have,  on  the  otl..., 
han<l,  been  maintuined  without  any  I Kureptiblc  changes,  whilst  I iJv 
ports  from  Holland  are  found  to  have  uiet  with  a  very  considLiible  i,, 
creasis  but  this  rapid  increase  i.s  more  apparent  thairrea!  It  is  witli 
out  doubt  in  great  measure  due  to  the  very  large  production  jindexnori 
Iromthat  country  in  the  latter  years  of  spurious  butter,  and  whJH  i, 
the  English  returns  are  not  classe«l  under  a  distinct  rubric  but  uoindis 
ciimiiiately  mixed  up  with  real  butter;  thus,  whilst  the  exporis  IV,,, , 
JollaiM  in  1.S72  were  only  L'(i}),(>!)l  cwts.,  in  the  year  18S;;  tlu-v  li-  , ! 
lor  the  large  amount  of  IKSS.'ifUJ  cwts.  As  before  mentioned  this  -TCit 
increase  is  chietly  made  up  by  tln^  heavy  exports  of  butterijto  &(•" 

In  instituting  a  com|»arison  between  the  exports  from  Deiiiiiiirk  f,,, 
the  year  l.S.S;5,  with  those  from  f,he  other  previously  UKMitionn!  Imd-. 
It  will  be  seen  I, .at  the  exp(»rts  from  this  Kingdom  are  iie;nlvtlim' 
times  as  large  as  the  exports  from  the  United  States,  iieailv  .schmi 
times  as  large  as  those  fioin  IJelgiuin,  and  are  only  iiilcrioi  li)  Uiosc 
irom  I<'ranee  and  licdland. 

It  is  at  (he  same  time  of  inten\st  to  examiii"  liic  cslimaled  values 
which  an^  placed  upon  the  butter  from  the  dilferent  eounfiics  in  (|h. 
lOnglish  sta(isti<!al  tables,  these  valuations  in  the  returns  for  tlic  ycai 
1SH;{  being  deiK)t«"d  as  follows,  viz  : 

UiiniHJ.huUor ^^';^ 

;7':"'V''::'' •^^"" 

jtlW<;iilll     llllMOl' .,r     ||,| 

I'liiic.d  .si.tics  I. lit  (or ."...!!!!.!...".".!!..!".'.." J>,-,ii 

i>iitcij  biittc-r , i. '.......,...............  „    -iilW 


DENMARK. 


497 


ThoDimish  Inittertliius  being  placed  at  the  head  of  the  list  asre-ardH 
value  and  at  eoiisu'-Mably  hirjher  rate  than  its  (iompctitors,  next^coni- 
i„jr  Fiance  and  Hclginm,  thereafter  the  United  States,  and  hist  of  all 
jlollaiid;  thcUmv  values  tor  this  cjountry  beinjr  uffain  inlluenced  as  bb- 
liiic  iciiiarked,  by  tlie  large  amount  of  si)nrious  bntter  included  in  the 
jvtuiiis.  The  total  estimated  value  of  these  butter  exi)orta  from  the 
iibovivmentioiied  live  countries  in  1883  closely  approached  $48,000  000 

Wliilst  passing  these  ligures  under  review  it  must  not,  however  bo 
loifrotten  that  the  estimated  values  of  these  tables  are  based  upoii'tJie 
ii^rfiirsate  imports  from  each  country,  and  that  it  chiefly  tends  to  show 
iliiittlic  high  i)ositioii  held  by  this  Kingdom  is  mainly  o'win^'  to  her  ox 
ports  consisting  on  the  whole  of  a  high  standard  class  of  butter  •  whilst 
a  liir  ^ricater  proportion  of  inferior  butter  is  included  in  the  exports  from 
ihcotlier  countries,  and  it  must  on  no  account  be  taken  for  granted  from 
those  tables  tiiat  Danish  butter  at  all  times  commands  the  hi  "-best  prices 
ill  ilic  English  markets,  as  it  is  a  well  known  fact  that  it  by  no  me'ins 
ohtiuiis  the  juices  paid  for  the  fresh,  sweet,  unsalted  cla-jses  of  English 
iiiid  French  butter.  " 

From  Fraiure  the  imports  may  be  said  to  consist  of  two  kinds  The 
„iio  coming  troin  the  northern  part  of  I  hat  country  is  sweet  and  unsalted 
;i;i(l  made  up  in  piccesof  2  to  3  ]>ounds  weight,  packed  in  small  boxes  of 
«illo\v  bark,  whereas  the  other  sorts  are  from  the  collected  purchases 
lioin  llic  smaller  landowners  throughout  the  country,  but  salted  and 
li;i(:k((l  in  ordinary  buttercasks.  This  sweet,  unsalted  "butter  of  Eimland 
iiml  France  can  at  all  times  command  in  the  English  markets  the  higher 
piicc  (if  4  to  0  cents  per  pound  above  that  of  ths  very  linest  qualitv  of 
Daiiisli  butter.  '  "^ 

In  the  latter  case  a  sinallquantity  of  this  sweet,  unsalted  butter  packed 
ill  the  same  way  as  the  French  article,  has  likewise  been  exported  from 
this  country ;  but  the  long  sea  route  and  the  present  rcistricted  steam 
iiitercourse  with  the  English  ports,  have  prevented  any  great  develoi>- 
moiifc  in  the  manufacture  thereof,  whilst  the  French  producers  being  on 
tiio  other  hand  favored  by  a  short  sea  route  and  almost  daily  steam 
counmiiiications,  are  enabled  to  secure  the  full  advantage!-  of  these  cx- 
treuu^  l)rice8.  The  sweet,  unsalted  description  of  butter  is  almost  ex 
dusively  directed  to  the  great  London  market,  whereas  in  the  great 
Maucliester  market  and  other  largo  northern  towns  in  England  Danish 
FrciM  li  (salted),  Dutch,  and  American  butter  is  chiefly  fo  be  inet  with' 

Without  question  the  sweet,  unsalted  butter  must  bo  considered  as  the 
liiicst  and  most  renumerative  description  for  export,  and  which  the 
limtliicers  in  tlie  northern  jiarts  of  Franco  are  fully  alivo  to.  Here  it  is 
(!(iuall.v  i'elt  tliat  more  satisfactory  results  could  bo  obtained  for  the  Dan- 
ish bntter  if  if  could  only  be  exported  with  all  safety  in  the  sweet  un- 
salleil  state,  I)nt.  unfortunately,  it  is  too  liable  to  ui jury  dnriu"'  the 
k'lijlthencd  period  of  tvaiisi)oit  under  the  present  restricted  ineirns  of 
stcniii  eomniniiicatidu  between  the  two  countries.  The  great  importance 
ut  a  nnnv.  rai)i(I  and  more  lre(pient  intercourse  with  the  great  London 
marlcet  is  now  so  keenly  felt  hero  by  the  agricultural  classes  that  pe- 
tiUoiis  have  been  sent  in  irom  all  the  agricultural  societies  to  the  home 
iiiiiiKstry  lor  subsidies  in  aid  of  proposed  lino  of  steamers  to  run  from 
the  i)ort  ol  Esbjen,  on  the  west  coast  of  Jutland,  with  a  biweekly  serv- 
iic.  It  irt  calculated  that  a  sea  voyage  from  that  port  to  Loudon  may 
.H-  atvoinjilisiicd  on  ordinary  occasions  within  thirty  hours,  and  that 
witli  ill!  appropriate  regulation  of  the  time  tables  for  the  dilierent  rail- 
iiys  in  coi.nection  with  Esbjeii,  that  the  entire  transport  can  be  made 


jiisucli  short  space  of  time  as  to  allow  this  de 


scription  of  unsalted  but- 


408 


CATTLK  AND  DAIKY  FAKMINO. 


ter  to  1)0  br(»ii<;lit  on  the  London  njiirkot  in  porlectly  Honnd  condif],,, 
und  it  is  now  eurneKtly  hoped  by  tlic  agricnltnral  conimniiitv  llmtfi  ' 
«o  Ion;;  di'slii'd  Ntf[)  in  lutheranco  of  a  Inlier  devolopincnt  of  tlijsim 
l)Ortanb  brancli  of  their  interests  iniiy  in  the  very  near  future  becariipi 
out  in  one  wny  or  another  with  successful  results.  '      ' 

UENllV:  U.  KYDEU. 
United  States  Consulate,  t'omul 

Co2)cnha(/en,  September  2t),  1885. 


UNION  DAIRIES  IN  DENMARK. 

ICKrOllT  VY  OOSSUL  RIDEK.  OF  COVMNUAaEN. 

I  have  herewith  the  honor  to  present  a  re])ort  on  a  subject  wiiici 
beiiiK  nincli  iliscnssed  in  agricultural  circles  here,  as  to  the  ailvnit  iV^ 
or  otherwise  derived  by  the  class  of  small  landed  proi)rictors  jii  . 
iiection  with  their  relations  to  the  present  extensively  devdoncd  tv" 
teni  of  union  dairies.  '  '       ''*'■ 

It  is  now  taken  for  granted  that  batter  produce,  in  so  far  us  it  i,,., 
bo  intended  for  exports,  ninst  be  packed  in  casks  of  a  net  weiirht  of'-'" 
to  100  pounds,  and  that  it  is  useless  to  maintain  that  the  \m\L  •'* 
equally  as  good  whether  it  is  sold  in  half  lirkius  or  in  packii-'es  of  hL. 
size,  for  the  s'-nplc  reason  that  so  long  as  English  custoiners  dcmnli 
the  larger  packing,  so  long  it  will  be  necessary  to  coinnlv  \vitli  i  , 
Avisbes.    The  small  producers  thus  find  themselves  unable  h)  comn  t 
the  delivery  of  their  butter  in  such  largo  packages  without  it,,.,,  Z 
the  risk  of  finding  the  lower  contents  losing  its  freshness  befoiv   h 
packing  can  bo  comjileted,  and  are  compelled  to  choose  between  t«  , 
modes  of  procedure  viz,  either  tbey  must  dispose  of  their  milk  tot 
union  dames,  which  collect  their  supplies  from  many  small  Drodiicm 
working  the  same  under  one  system  and  producing  butter  therowitli  ml 
a  large  scale,  by  which  means  butter  can  bo  packed  and  brought  into  tl  ' 
trade  exactly  in  the  same  way  as  from  the  largo  estates,  or'^it  is  leff  to 
these  sm  ill  producers  to  pack  their  own  butter,  selling:  it  in  siiiali  hwZ 
the  neighboring  dealer,  who  purchases  butter  in  these  small  m^LZ 
for  the  purpose  of  repacking  after  careful  sorting  into  casks  oMhi. 
re(|uired  size,  and  then  bringip-^-  them  into  the  trade  for  export' 

This  last  method,  in  order  to  meet  with  successful  results  di'iiviiKk 
that  the  butter  i)roduction  amongst  the  small  farmers  shall  liiv'c  it 
tamed  such  development  as  to  admit  of  a  suihcient  sui)nlv  of  .^hhI  VikI 
uniform  character  being  obtainable,  so  that  the  dealer,  with  cm'ful'sr 
lection,  will  bo  enabled  to  oiier  this  jar  butter  when  repacked  in  asks 
m  the  same  good  uniform  condition  as  butter  of  lirst  class  (lualitvVnmi' 
tho  large  estates.  •' 

The  Union  Dairies,  in  tho  beginning  of  their  career,  had  iiiaiiv  dilli 
cnlties  to  contend  with  in  their  attempts  to  produce  butter  oi'  o,„„i 
ipiality;  but  with  the  introduction  and  great  develoj)nient  of  tlic^iTii 
trifuge  system,  these  obstacles  may  now  \w,  said  to  bo  removt'd  iins 
much  as  tho  centrifuge  can  thoroughly  separate  the  cream  from  tiic  milk 
in  a  short  time,  even  in  such  instances  as  where  the  milk  may  have  lost 
much  of  its  freshness  from  tho  longer  period  which  may  have  elansnl 
during  tho  lengthened  stage  of  its  transnort  to  the  dniry.  nwin'r  t,, 
this  improved  system  of  working  tho  milk,  the  Union 'Dairies  have 
largely  developed  during  the  last  four  years  iu  all  parts  of  the  King- 
dom, and  such  sanguine  exi)octations  are  eutcrtainei^  of  their  pjieratious 


DKNMAKK. 


499 


<)l)llU!Ilt 


|„.iii- .•louiK'd  Willi  »;(Miii.l.-t(',  success  (Imt  a  still  (uitlicr  ilcvcl 
i.s  pn.iiiolcd  I..V  till!  j-iviit  iviAhi<r  of  s.ympathv  in  (heir  lavor 

Tiiiit  (lic.sc  iiamcs  ohhiii.  a  lai-c^  amount  "of  butter  lion,  "their  milk 
a„(l  ti.ur,  tlie.vare  ma  iu,s,tion  to  brin-  this  butter  Wired,  to  le 
,„a.Ke  s  and  there  obtain  eciuall.y  as  hi^h  prices  as  Cor  tJie  best  l)utter 
iVo.n  lli.^  hiviii^  estates,  seem,  to  be  the  ^^eneral  opinion  amon-st  tl  i 
small  h.ii.le.l  pi(.}>neto.san<l  that  they  can  obtain'  better  retun.s  I  r 
their  milk  through  tiic  medium  of  these  dairies  than  by  any  otlier  course 
oj  |)^()(■e(lur(^  '       "^  »>"mM' 

The  home  pniduetion  of  batter  amon-st  the  small  proprietors  is  looke.l 
„p„n  by  Ihemas  a  hopeless  contest  a^ains    such  conditions,  partly  Iron 
tl,..  .lilli.u  t.y  in  piodnciii-  a  /  rst  <la8s  cpialit.y  of  butter  with  their  lim- 
il,d  supply  ol  milk,  and  partly  Irom  their  inability  to  dispose  of  their 
bultcr  at  lull  prices  as  eorrespondiii,"  with  its  quality 

Maiiyare  (.f  the  opinion  that  imicli  iUusion  exists  with  regard  to 
these  dairies.  J  hese  l.nion  Dairies,  they  urge,  have  to  carry  (m  tiieir 
epenilmiis  under  very  Kreut  dilliculties,  and  this  is  especially  the  case 

uiliu'tlmilypoj.ulateduistricts  of  Jutland,  where  the  milk  has  to  be 
(ollecled  Iroiii  tlu^  widely-spread  farms  over  a  lar-e  arei 

Tlicse  diniculties  with  which  tlu^  Union  Dairies  have  to  contend,  they 
iiiaiiiliiiii,  :ire  too  iiitich  underrated  by  th(!  i)ublie  just  -is  iniiel.  .« 
tlie.lillieultiesatteiKLinf,'  home  production  are  overestimated*  and  it  tlu  s 
reiiiimis  an  open  (piestion  how  far  ,i,i.s  feverish  hurry  which  has  been 
(lispliiyed  in  the  erection  of  «o  many  new  Union  Dairies  year  'iftei' 
.vcar,  helore  aclual  necessity  has  allowed  sulhcient  time  ior  ample  tests 
ot  experience,  is  really  matter  of  congratulation  tor  the  interes  s  of 
Denmark  s  important  l)raiicli  of  dairy  drift  ^^"^■-'i-^  oi 

V\'W  proprietors  .,f  lar},a.  .lairies  w'iU  be  leady  to  admit  that  it  is  so 
,asyaniattertopro,Iu.ebutterof  the  li.iest  quality,  and  at  the  same 
time  al\va.>s  to  obtain  the  highest  i)rices  of  the  Jirst-class  article  , 

the  contrary,  they  are  too  ol ten  accnstimied  to  receive  complaints  from 
their  cits  omers  over  he  Mi-htest  falliuf,^  otf  in  the  lineness  of  their  b,! 
I,-,  :m,  that  it  is  only  with  the  aid  of  a  yoo.l  <lairy  staif  and  by  eo  - 
,s  antly  beiii-  on  the  alert  that  these  complaints  (.,n  be  imneiited  and 
all  errors  redressed  The  attention  of  these  lai-.>,  <lairy  propric  's 
iscoiitimially  directed  towards  the  proper  feedin-  <7f  the  cows  •iiid  ,.  . 
lully  watchiiif,  that  the  Ib.hler  mixU.ri  are  ^oocFaiufap,;;;;  :^i^'  f/t  nS 
the  milk  irom  su.-h  cows  as  are  not  in  a  normal  condition  is  care|-u  K 
so  aside  for  separa  e  fnatmeiit  lest  it  should  be  iojurious  to  the  otluT 
iiiilk,  or  ev.Mi  a^  doubt,  be  eiitertaine.l  thereof.  Alter  dwelling  on  this 
liliiiseol  the  subject  the  question  must  naturally  arise,  in  what  way  lo 
tie  union  Dairies,  ^vhlch  receive  th(5  milk  from  lifty  or  sixty  <lillS-ei  t 
places  without  havin-  any  knowled-e  or  control  over  the  cows' folder 
mj(  «r  their  |^eneral  condition  contrive  to  carry  on  their  operations  sue- 
mssliil  y  :  I  urlhermore,  whilst  the  lai-*,  dairy  own.'rs  have  always  eon 
Mdeiyd  as  a  mam  point  lor  the  production  of  tine  butter  that  tlie  mUk 
.shoiihlbe  conveyed  as  .puckly  as  j.ossible  after  milkin- to  the  «1  i,  • 
loi  coohiif;-,  and  whilst  it  has  always  been  reijarded  of  absolute  iw.,.« 
.sitytliat^  the  milk  should  be  remoVed  from  tlie  stabiL  a^t  w'  wU^^ 
.hmiiHthemilkiii;,  sothat  U  may  at  once  be  strained  and  c  o  ed  c^ 
ore  lo  u,;;'  any  ot  its  freshness,  or  injured  by  any  acid  formation  or  from 
ho  act, on  of  warm  and  impuie  air-how,  then,  it  is  asked,  do  tZ 
Ln.oii  )airies  manage  to  counteract  these  evils  with  the  evenings  in'l k 
which  has  been  allowed  to  lay  over  night  at  the  supi)lyin<j  far'In  fiom' 
which  It  IS  brought  together  with  the  m^xt  morning's  milk  f  Sy  thus 
s  .c..f;lv  <iuestioii  it  butter  of  Urst  (jnality  can  be  produced  nude? these 
IMicmiistaucetJ.  «tuiici  mcsc 


500 


CATTLE   AND    DAI  It  Y   FARMING. 


I     i 


i:l  , 


"i 


In  Huppoit  of  those  views  It  is  Htated  tiiiit  at  tlio  cxiiil 


lic'Iil  hcioovi-rduir.v  piodiictH,  out  of  romteoii  ('xliil)itH 


•  T     .  IV    •    •  •    '■    '" — 5  •-.■>'./■     •will  iciyii  i.MiiDiin  sOIlt  ill  rr'ninti' 

inon  Daincs,  tl.c  i.osifi,,,.  of  lirst-ciass  btittc-r  was  m,t^  a  /^^^^^ 
tlRMM  in  any  siMKlc  case,  and  it  must  not  bo  si.pposfd  tliat  l^" 
dno  to  want  of  proper  nianaffruicnt  intlie  dailies,  as  it  is  lullv  ■ ,  l'"'* 
i'd^c'd  tl.at  ti.ese  are  conducte.l  witl.  a,  very  ablo'statlof  i  a '  .^^^^^^^ 
assistants,  but  niust  ratlier  he  attributed  to  ti.e  ditlicMiltieswriHr 
liiivo  to  eonten.  witl..  wliich  ti.e  ablest  of  dairy  farn.ers  is  ■  .  ''?' 
ovcrronio  entirely.  With  the  Union  Dairies  it  is  not  sin.pl  ,;?> 
o  sl.ol.t  e, .  ors,  but  rather  an  ..nlavorablo  eharacter  throufth  ,  /  2  7 
in  part  is  .lisplaye,  ,n  the  shape  of  an  unpleasant  taste  and  ',,''' 
actory  quality,  with  such  peculiar  outer  apj.earance  that  id"  ''^ 
Sues."  ^''^^•^^'"^''">««  to  the  finest  quality  of  butter  tiln  ZSJ^I 

This  pervadin-  unpleasant  tasto  and  peculiar  outer  charactcM-  ui,;  i 
jiro  characteristics  of  the  butter  f.om  the  Tlnion  Dairies,  lo  es ,  n  ,''' 
but  that  the  same  defects  and  difficulties  are  common  to  loJlur'^^ 

Kor  ho  production  of  iino  butter  ffood  and  properly  trea  e,    n  i- 
hrst  ot  all  the  main  requisite.    WJiether  the  milk  used  iu  the  ,       • " 
possesses  these  requirements  it  is  ditficult  to  say,  and  .  S/.w   .'' 
niiinaprs  themselves  are  not  certain  on  that  score,  as  practS  h  s,.  >" 
.Uff,  It  ,s  received  by  them  without  the  least  control  or  S.oS,    '    " 
i.ature.    But  i    those  dairies  are  not  supported  in  this  revs  .Tt^l.v  tf ' 
lurnisliers  in  the  most  conscientious  manner,  then  the  di'-mHiZ,'^' 
ol  their  work  w.ll  undoubtedly  only  be  a  question  of  t    ,7    rtu 
tunes  ot  trade  it  would  apj.ear  thatdifiiculty  is  often  fo.      "hv  t  i,  f 
disposing  ot  their  produce  as  lirst-class  quality,  and  tii at     o  nr  - 
tamed  vary  between  those  of  first  and  second  ilass   a  ,    u      i  ' S^ 
seasons  the  sales  are  attended  with  considerable  difficulty     u    •  s    .t ' 
stated  in  same  doyroo  as  these  <lifficuUies  have  beei    u.  K^^^^ 
have  the  dificulties  attending  the  homo  production  l.eei      e    s^    i^^^ 
It  IS  maintained  that  no  difficulty  need  exist  for  the  pr,  ,luVt  i      ,      ; 
mttor  by  the  small  proprietors,  as  no  later  than  some  six    r  m.    ye 
back  the  produce  ot  those  small  owners  stood  at  such  a  higl  si'  ,,  •  , 
bat  they  could  display  a  large  exhibition  of  butter  in  ja  is  ;,  h1  hit 
kins,  to  which  nearly  half  of  the  exhibits  were  awanieil  pri'"s  '" 

ihe  want  of  Lnion  Dairies  was  not  then  felt,  and  it  is  (loiihtiiil  ii  .t 
;at  time  these  small  producers  would  have  been  satis  iv, 
prices  they  now  receive  for  their  milk  from  the  union  dairies  , 

c  ays  there  ox.ste,  in  all  the  towns  a  numerous  class  of  b  ttor , 
dea  ers,  who  purchased  this  jar  butter  for  subsecpient  s  ,   i  ' J       "; 
packing     W.thtlieintro.luctionoftheUnioiiDairiesthes     irkit 
all  near  y  disappeared,  for  the  simple  reason  tl.at  too  siaall  Vi    , ,  t'  v 
oUault  less  butter  from  these  small  farmers  is  now  broug      on. 
a.lm.t  of  any  similar  repacking  with  advantageous  results     C,!,, 
ere  f n>quent   howoNer,  on  the  part  of  the  small  i.roduc  -rs  t  ^ 

Ley  (.Id  supply  these  dealers  with  butter  in  Jars  of  best  «  .n       |       ' 
t^^-,  and  which  was  subse,,uently  r.vsold  by  these  dealers  at  tli  ■  f 

r.st-dass  butter,  tl.at  they  nevertheless  had  only  received  at  tin  i  h  i  ,k 
the  i.rice  of  second  class  ;  and  tl.at  they  could  not  be  s    i  i      ,  at 
dealer  should  thus  be  reaj.ing  an  advantage  of  L>A  to  '.}  cei.ts  o„  eve n- 
pound  ot  butter,  simply  because  it  was  delivered  in  jars  ^ 

iii.H  liiiuv!  ,,!  j.tia  .u  tiic  price  (;f  secoiKi  class  that  lie  was  olitiiniiKr  ., 
net  price  therefor,  whilst  the  dealer  who  again  resolVto^t  f , 
lirst-class  prices  had  to  submit  to  several  drawbacks  and  chargL,  s,.4 


JIKNMAUK. 


601 


,i„K.t(Ml  at  r,  to  .  pcrront.;  so  tlmt  flm  ,M,„,p'iai„ts  on  this  So  v,  ro 
more,  iinajjmiiry  tliiiu  real.  "lom  \\(  ro 

Tl.o  nvsults  troin  th«.so  diverffont  vicvvs  wonl(l  npi)car  on  (iKw)nc  Imiul 
toadv.se  cuutiou  on  the  pnrt  of  the  p,a>Iio  i.Ui.e  too  l.nHtvi'rc^^^ 
irn.on  J)a.n(.s  before  Hnfflnont  knowledge  and  expc^rienco  1,"^  cen  „c 
,,nniMl,.ind  not  to  allow  themselves  to  be  too  blindly  led  by  iwTiul.ed 
stntemcMits  mid  calculations.     It  should  bo  remembered  that  vl  ils  iVis 
l„llv  adnntted   hat   hose  dairies  have  been  under  the  supervision  of  ' 
vorv  able  and  skilled  stall  of  maiiajjers  and  assistants,  that  i.ever^heless 
tlMMr  productions  so  Inr  can  scarcely  bo  said  to  have  been  inst  u'um  la^ 
i„  nny  way  towar.ls  raising  Danish  butter  to  that  high  standard  ,1  r  ', 
tatioi.  which  ,  ati.resent  holds  in  the  foreign,  more  especially  the  lOni  is 
„,nl<,'  s;  and  it  nee.l  not  either  bo  feared  that  any  advantages  oS 
wl.icl.  these  dairies  under  various  conditions  have  been  ubh.  toXct  w 
bo  lost  or  injiucd  by  giving  ample  time  for  a  proper  and  ininute  ( onsi  [er 
,tioi.  of   h..ir  system  of  operations,  and  at  the  same  time  the  small    ro- 
,I„,.,"is.slionld  he  taught  that  before  this  thorough  investigi   ion  I.Ts 
,:,l<c.i  place     hey  should  not  jmt  too  implicit  confidence  in  t  e  r  d  le 
opinion    hat  these  dairies  are  their  only  hope.     Thev  should  reniSr 
tliiit  in  former  days  they  were  fully  able  to  1-uruish  a  hi-li  cl^srst  m^^ 
of;imlt..i;,  an.l  that  they  then  wcmt  to  their  work  with  pleas^/'^rt'ir^^ 
.III  again  devote  the  same /eal  they  will  again  real  zo  the  fact  th?t 
.  oes  not  call  lor  a  much  greater  amount  of  labor  to  produce  a  S  od  qua 
ityof  l.nfter  than  it  does  to  make  au  inferior  article ;  it  onlyJeZ    's 
lucre  steady  attention  ami  judgment.    They  must  not  either  pEoo 
Kiea  veight  ou  the  general  complaint  that  they  do  not  obtain  1\  1 1  va 
or  tl.eir  produce  when  they  are  forced  to  sellfirst-class  butter  ns 
for  prices  paid  lor  a  second-class  article,  as  that  complaint  is  witho  t     v 
loal  foundation     It  is  hardly  to  be  imagined  that  the  i.roducer  wl  o  •  n 
0  .ti..n  the  needlnl  assurance  of  making  good  butter,  and  can  disp  s  m^^ 
It  at  the  price  ot  second-class  quality,  will  not  find  it  niore  to     fsTnte  • 

So'unimi  Da'ir^""'     '" '°  ''"^'"'  '"'"'''^'^^  ^^"'  ^''^  «"^«  «*" '''«  " "'"'  to 
Of  this,  however  every  ono  must  bo  left  to  judge  for  himself;  but  if 
these  small  proprietors  remain  of  the  opinion  that  the  Union  Dairies  are 
so  advantageous  to  them,  then  at  least  there  must  bo  such  can  est' eis 
...  their  relat.oiis  to  each  other  that  by  careful  attention  to    ,e  fo  llei' 
...^  of  their  cows  and  by  treating  them  in  every  way  with  the  smiie  c  re 
I....  supervision  as  If  they  themselves  intended  to  use  the  ni  II      s  wel 
;.s  V  proper  attention  to  speedy  straining  and  cooling,  so  tEl ley  wi 
;.t  all  tunes  be  in  a  position  to  deliver  their  milk  supplies  in  jSmIv 
sound  condition.    If  the  Union  Dairies  cannot  place  f ,  1 1  reliance  on  siui, 
Lct.ye  suppor  Irom  the  producers,  their  position  will  bo  Kess  'si 
..oed  1.0  require  a  prophet  to  foretell  that  when  they  pay  Ti  t  for  ihe 
...Ilk  and  only  get  back  three-fourths  of  a  cent  in  the  si"  ape  ot'  butter 
.0  peat  ength  ot^  time  must  elapse  before  they  will  bo  forced  to  brn'i 
their  works  to  a  c  ose,  and  all  concerned  will  bo  of  oiui  mini    th        n 
such  case  It  vyil    bo  a  day  of  bitter  disappointment  uie      'he  sir 
{..oducers  find  themselves  again  compelled  to  nial  e  uso  of  the  mill  i  r 
.011.0  production  alter  having  arranged  their  operations  on  s  cl  fioti   ' 

HENRY  ]{.  ItYDER. 


United  States  Oonsul 


ATE. 


Consul. 


Copenhagen,  Auffiisf  2r>,  1885 


r)02 


f'ATTI.K    AND    nAIIlY    FARMINCJ, 


HOLLAND. 


h  < 


DUTCH  CATTLE. 

ttuvonrv.y  consul  Kcrcsrury.  or  AmmnD.xu. 

IIUNTINCJ   m.   (-ATTLK  HTATIHTICS  IN   IIOLf.AND. 


J.!l.'!?;'l'""V!!:V  "'i!'!  tlHynf  ruction.  co„tain,Hl  in  ti.o  Doparh.uM.t, 

..  tlm  41-11  <tf  ^t/it<>lw...    I  1.. 

fori 


I ^•"i"'"'""  "iiii  iiH)  injsrrncnon.s  conta  ncd  in  \\u\  u 

to  rcfnni  n.  «<.,.!»«  .,v  1: , ,.  "'.*'.'  }  "'.''^0  tlio  li()nor||(.r,.\vi(|| 


to  return  a  sericH  of 
/illt'd  out  and  con 


of  fornm  su.rh  as  «ont  with   tin,  na  d  "ir  •  u'ri?  •'"' 
*  •     ,,         .        ^'"'''''^'»»«'''»«l»anda8  autlHMitic  infV.i,  ..       '  '''"'^^ 
tamable,  and   urtl.er  to  report  on  tl.o  subjocsn^Nvs    '''''''  ''  '^'■ 
OlKscrvinj,'  tlnit  tl.o  matter  at  is8ue  is  re-arded  t     m/.r         .  • 


■4 


u 


\  I 


w 


til  IIIC 

iiiiii 
piir 


Jf«'!iIizinf,'niysliortcomin|,'8  in  these  rcsDccts  it  hpr-nn-.  .i 
sary  that  1  .should  make,  as  I  did,  the Seretrnrf «^^^^^ 
tion,  data  and  n.atorial'of  Huch    i;;;:c^^a^\^^"^:^.  ;:^i"':/|'';^^ 
''''r^ll'•".^f^^'"'t^'"'••ties  on  the  subject  in  thiJ';,;;;,';;"^^  '" '''  '"  '"' 


^  Srn.no;,,  as  it  n.ay  seem,  it  is  i^ver    e  ess   ru     t  ''^ '  •     . 

;^=""  !  <^"';l'l  obtain  no  information  or  In  In  ^^^^IZ!!'  ;V"'^'<; 
Pivnises  beyond  ascertaining  the  names  and  h,  "Pnl. ;  ''  '"  "' 
ta.n  parties  to  whom  to  apply  for  attSn^  n/y  ob  -c         "'"""  •"'''■ 

Amon-st  others  I  was  directed  to  Mr.  JVP.  A  ml  S^       ..« 
persons  most  widely  known  for  possessimr.nf..''^  *''''' ''''''*' 
an<I  inn-ins  n.uch  {mtctical  and  cSS^Ci  "ne  t.^rl'^  l''''f ' '' 
in«-  to  farnnnn:  and  stock-lireeding  &c  ^l"-^'^""'"»  .dburs  p,.rriiiii. 

about  an  hour's  drive  from  this  city  ^J-"i«c<  ui.nn  and  llaiirlnn. 

There  1  calie,l  npon  hin,,  explained  to  him  the  object  oC  ,nv      „       , 

expected  to  ask  for,  and,  if  iSble  re!^Mvl  t         ^'"?  '•'"'."^"■^  ^^'"""  ^ 
•bita,  or  statistics  for  this  report      '  "-'"'""'  nifonnatjon, 

u.<'^ho^^lStrSrJ;X:^lt';;i!;..Kr^  -^'-  the^aaer,  .n.nis,.H 
.^  !:!:"1'?!":^?J"^'^  .^  '''««'^'^'^  l'<>"'  '''»N  !»eHoviniv  that 


my  part  to  sitt  tiiU?  *' 


impaired  the  Viilue  v^r-i 


tnser  ue  the  information  tl 


if,  and  that  f)n  con 


natany  aLtcmptoii 

ley  <'oiitaiii  mijfiit  Imvo 

"M^  into  tlieIiai((l.sof.soni<^ 


.1  J. 


HOLLAND. 


.503 


pprsoii  fully  nn«l<irstfti!<linj;  the  Mubjoct,  ns  it  (loubtlcHH  will,  it  can  bo 
iiiu(i(^  ii\  iiiliiblo  to  better  udvantajfo. 

Ah  I  <:oul(l  not  bo  anywayH  huio,  howevor,  to  wlMit  «xtent  and  at 
wliiit  time  Mr.  Amorsfoonl  wouhl  Herve  nie,  1  considered  it  n^cossury 
toiipply  instill  other  quarters  for  the  indispensable  data  ami  wtatis- 
ticH. 

With  this  object  in  view  I  went  to  Wageu  in  gen,  there  to  conler  with 
,|oiiKki'"lf  <■<»''"/?,  esq.,  the  director  of  the  state  agricultural  school, 
and,  also,  to  JJeverwyk,  to  meet  G.  J.  Hon  tivald,  esci.,  win*  for  a  great 
iiDWiy  years  was  a  teacher  in  the  (lovernnient  vet^^rinary  school,  at 
i;tr('(!lit,  iiiul  who  is  the  author  of  one  of  the  best  and  latest  publislu-d 
worlvH  in  this  country  on  "  Cattle,  its  <liflerent  sorts,  bree«ls,  and  ini- 
proveinent." 

Mr.  Ooning  being  seriously  ill  at  time  of  my  visit  kindly  sent  for  one 
oCiiis  assistants  for  mo  to  confer  with,  and  with  him,  as  in  the*  case  of 
Mr.  Amersfoord,  I  loft  copies  of  the  forms  and  nu'moninda,  after  re- 
(riving  his  assinance  that  he  would  fill  out  the  forn)s  for  me  shouhl  he 
lliiil  it  pra«^tlcal>le  to  do  so,  and  give  mo  any  other  information  that  ho 
could. 

Til-  result  of  my  visit  to  Mr.  Hengovold  was  substantially  tho  same. 

Alter  waiting  about  six  weeks  I  received  from  the  i)arties  mentioned 
(Mitiiin  <lata  and  statistics.    Tho  forms,  however,  they  did  not  till  out. 

The  assistant  director  of  tho  state  agricultural  school,  in  writing  to 
me,  explains  his  reasons  for  returning  the  forms  in  blank,  in  substance, 
itjjoiit  as  follows : 

MiitttTH  ri'latinp  to  tbo  livo-stock  interestH  of  tlio  NetlierlandH  aro  <.f  too  vifftl  iin- 
toportiiiKM)  ptTinit  of  lumworingHUch  radicnl  and  interesting  (nicstioiiH  ns  urn  iiuli- 
(■(iUmI  or  involv<!(l  in  or  by  most  of  tho  hendinga  of  tlio  fornm  dosirod  to  bo  liHed  out 
(itliirwlMO  tbnn  in  tho  most  correct  way. 

Willi  tlio  (bita  at  present  on  hand  for  this  pnrpoHo  it  wonUl  bo  imjiosHiblototb)  this. 
In  Miirh  niannor  an,  with  great  difficulty,  ho  conbl  now  answer  those  questions,  lie 
would  not  want  to  bo  reH]ion8iblo  for  tholi-  correctness. 

Ifo  would  not  say,  however,  tliat  it  was  impossible  to  lill  u|)  Mio  lists  so  as  to  eon 
vcy  perfectly  authentic  and  trustworthy  information,  but  to  do  so  would  re(|nire  pre- 
vidiiH  investigation  and  research  for  at  least  two  years,  and  cause  a  largo  expendi- 
tiliv. 

NAMES  AND  DISTRIBUTION  OP  CATTLE  BREEDS  IN  HOLLAND. 

Ill  now  proceeding  to  answer  tho  questions  contained  in  the  memo- 
landiim  accompanying  tho  cattlo  circular  of  July  18,  ISS.'J,  [  begin  by 
(fiviiig  a  statement  showing  tho  several  breeds  of  cattle  in  this  country, 
luid  where  lociated,  and  in  giving  their  uames  conline  myself  to  the 
designations  given  them  by  tho  assistant  director  of  tho  state  agrieult- 
lual  s(diool,  Irom  whom  I  obtained  my  information  on  this  point,  as 
follows : 

Groninger  breed.— This  breed  is  found  i)rincii)ally  in  tho  province  of 
tl  V  iiame,  and,  also,  in  considerable  quantities  in  Northern  and  South- 
mi  Holland. 

Fminn  orFriesIand  ftr(?<?^.— Outside  of  tho  province  of  Friesland  this 
breed  of  cat*io  exists  in  large  numbers  in  tho  province  of  Drenthe,  where 
tlio  conditions  for  raising  it  aro  said  to  bo  particularly  favorable. 

Holland  or  Hollnndinh  breed. — This  breed  is  found  in  a  pure  state  in 
the  environs  <)f  "Do  Beemster''  and  "Do  Punner,"  being  aj)pellations 
for  (icr tail!  districts  in  the  Drovincse  of  Nortli  Ilolbuiil  rovms^vlv  embrac- 
ing the  long-since  drained*  lakes  so  named.  It  is  supposed  "here  that 
the  Sliortliorna  of  England  descend  from  this  breed. 


504 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Flemish  or  Zeehind  breed. Coiitnrio«  •^<r,^  ti.;^,  k i 

part  ot  the  province  of  Gold(>rIant'l  l>re.sci\t(l  m  tho  soutlie,.,, 

Drenthh  .';rm7._TI,i.s  breed,  ia  ii  ,,„re  shUe,  is  ibmul  in  tlu. 
of  Overyssol.     It  is  roproseiitAl  to  i  le  tli-iH  oi/ hiMn,     i       ,,     ''^'^^'''ifc 
islM^ow^  can  hardly  hi  dis.i^uish^d  Ih  in  ^'^xSe?!  ^^'^'^J  ^^^^"^ 

FrmJandi)rcnihiHh.(leldrimi  hrccd.-Th\H  c. ,,s^l)ree(l  f '>""''»tl' 
provinces  of  Overyssel  and  (Jroninger  m  ^m^tf^^^'''''^ '""^ 
wlioso  naini's  it  bears.  ""  .«i<iuion  to  the  provinc.n 

(''roninf/er-Friesiand-achlrhm  breed.— Thin  cross  bron^i  n  -. 

Flemish  Qehlriun-lToUand  breed.—Thm  is  a  cro^s-bre...l  ^r     .., 
principally,   „  Northern  Brabant,  and  in  I^ndmi'        ^  ""^  '""'^^  ^«''"^1 

^(ltm'  mid  Enolish  breeds. -Th,  only  prov     •    T,".  ,vi.:  i 
of  nativ(.ai.dioiei..,n  (Enoljsh)  ori   ii,     vkr    fn  ?'^'  (-'lUss-brecLs 

This  was   IbrincMy:  also,  nu)        n     .;.    the      ,  o     ''( w'''  '' '''''^'"^^■ 
practice  of  raisi...  this  sort  of  stock  t' il'e  ha'Uen'SS;'"^  ''' 

MISNAMINC;  DUTCH   (JATTLE   IN   THE   UxMTED  STATES. 

th^;'^:'i^.n';;;^;:^s,if.:it;:,!;^;^si;^i'^^^^^^^ 

Ml^'  of  certain  or  all  breeds  of  I       V^  ^ni    -tf     T  i  ?''^  '^l'^'^'<- 

«een.s  t.>  be  very  annoyi...  to  ii.rm e,!^,  ^o ek-i   is^^t  d  Jo'  H  '"  ""'"^ 

II  this  eonntry,  as  there  exists  no  bleed  ();•(-/,*,»  ^  •  f^'rpartit's 

■"formed  in  IJoIland,  nanu  ,l  "  110^011.1''  "*^  '"''*''  '^"'' '''  '  •'"" 

It  notice  wonid  be  taken  of  (his  i(riff,.r  -,.,-1  ti 

u.«continned,  it  would  b,    ™    v  •  '  m^^^  ''T^'*'"  '^^^<™''l  <" 

people  hero.  "^       ^  appiec.at.-d  by  a  lai-o  „„,„i,„,  „,. 

PEKOKNTAGE  OF  THE   .SEVEKAL  BREEDS  IN  HOLLAND. 

i>rS^^Sii:f  ini;;rs;:[i:!;Si:!'^ii;v'^'*"'''''^'"  "^•-<^"  <•'•  ^— a. 


T)eiioiiiin:itii)ii  oC  lircods. 

f;i(]iiiii;;(.t|jier(l 

I'liiHlmid  lirced..  

jfoHiiii.l  or  n.)llnii(lin'li  ImVim'i 

ili'iuHli  ur  ZcJumI  I.ioimI.         

'■I'ldiiiiri  liirnd    ..  

l>MMitlii.Mli  bifnd 

l''riiHland-nii,ntliisb(i;idii,inbrcoU 


I'crceiit- 

I      age. 


18.2 
7.1 
rt.  K 
7.1 
1.4 

1.1.  G 


Dinomin.ilionof  liri'cils. 


j  I'erociit- 
a"o. 


iaenii.sli.(;,.idiian-iroll.indliio(.,l  ,- r 

''"■'' '^..ri^ 


llOLLANt). 


605 


TMPHOVEMKNT   OV  BUKKDS  UV   TUANSKERENOE  TO  FOREIGN  HOMES. 

As  to  ioioi-ii  :uu\  im])ori,.,l  breeds  pioduciiiff  iu  ti.eir  new  homes 
oir^pniif--  superior  tr.  tli.it,  j.ro.lneed  l)y  the,  same  breed  iu  their  or  ff 
iiiil  lionie.s,  and  that  this  superiority  is  more  marlced  in  tlio  succeediiwr 
than  in  the,  l.rst  generation,  it  is  contrary  to  and  not  borne  out  bv  t  e 
ox])erieii'*c  <il  larmerH  and  cattle-breeders  in  this  country 

The  possibility  of  such  results  bein-  attainable  is  urt  gainsaid  or 
r|U(>stioned  Iktc,  but  it  is  held  that  to  attain  such  rer  is  i^eouires  the 
cxistcM.co  of  various  and  most  iavorablc  <!onditions,  which,  in  cerfiin 
parts  of  the  Inited  States  or  in  other  countries,  may  obtain,  but  thev 
(loiiot  seem  to  obtain  in  tins  country,  or  if  they  do  they  have  as  "  et 
not  been  discovered  -^    "'*i- .i.-,  ^t,c 

Efibrts  have  been  made,  tinui  and  a-ain,  in  dilicrent  sections  of  Hol- 
la,,,], by  many  ot  the  most  practu^al  ami  cxiierienced  farmers  and  stoHc 
lHW,Iers  t )  nni)rov,>  st.ll  luither,  if  possible,  native  breeds  by  crossiu- 
li,ci,.  Avitli  best  breeds  bronsiit,  m  from  P]n«land  and  elsewhere  and  so 
las  inbieediuj.-  ot  such  best  imported  breeds  been  tried  nuite  .as  olte 
aii,l  by  many  parlies  lu  many  i)la,!es,  bat,  with  almost  the  inviri- bio 
.•csult  iu  both  cases  of  fin.liuo'  in  the  oifsprins  certain  deterioration  m- 
,io.-oneracy,  so  that  inbreedin-  ot  such  imported  stock  as  a  prac  i ce 
is  abandoned,  whdst  experiment,  from  time  to  time,  has  not  whollv 
ceased.  •* 

Itinust  ,-)t  b(!  understood,  however,  and  as  is  explained  to  me  that 
tlitu,i>q)rin-  of  sucth  imported  breeds  showed  infcrioritv  iu  all  Dartic. 
lais;  on  cue  (contrary  lu  many  cases  the  otrsprinj;-  of  such  forei-v,  breeds 
shouted  superiority  in  one  <,r  u,  another  respc-ct  as  compared  witii  san  e 
breeds  in  heir  original  homes,  but,  as  a  rule,  they  i>roved  inferior  iu 
moieess,mtial  particulars,  and  therefore  the  im])ortation,  breediu-  an 
rinsing  ol  suchloiei^r,,  cattle,  no  matter  how  tine  the  breed,  has  ffener- 
iilly  been  unin'olitable.  '         j^^  '" ' 


BEST  DUTOJI   CJATTLE  FOR  EXPORT, 


I 

ill 


With  reference  to  the  question  as  to  "the  best  animals  to  exnort  " 
believe  that  in  stating  what  Mr.  Amersfoord  says  in  relation  thereto  wi 
be  the  best  answer  I  <!an  make. 

He  says,  in  substance,  this: 

W.wlH.,  ii!  Iliis  ..ounOy    may  ivMso.ial.ly  rlai,.,  to  I.o  ll,.,n,„.l,lv  ••..nvvsant  will, 
tliLsnmtt..-,  .•o„s,u;.r  and  always  .v.m.UMCMwi  animals  oiu-  y.-a,' o!,!  to  1„-  tl  -I  ,  s    ('or 

:uu.lm'  iK.lli  aiilk  a,Ml  IxvCtho  (iron !„;;,.,•.  wluH.,  >„  la.f    I .s,    v  -i        i       ..  I    ,  h"' 
ciltioto  lid  iiu'l  Willi  aiiyuliorc.  '  ""'  "'^  "" 

PRrOi:s  OF  DUTCH  OATTLE. 

IJopirdini.' "  the  purchasing  prices  of  tiie  animals"  if  is  hardlv  nric 
ticalile  ;o  sj-.eak  lu  jiositive  teriiis.  •.««<ii.>  pi.u. 

The  i.iiees  paid  I,.,' tlioroughbred  sto.-k  vary  so  greaflv  al   all  limes 
a  1,1  seem  to  be  c.ntingent  np(,n  siudi  a  variety  of  <arcnmstnnces  t.r 

It  appears  h,  be   d,li,c„lt  to  determ what  realiv  is  the  ivo,   a,'    ri c, 

orhxed  market  value  at  auv  lime.  ,^m.upii<,) 

buriiij.-  the  summer  l:,sl '  p;,sl  wb,'n  eat  t  h>  of  t  his  class  .ounnanded. 


il 


'''0^  CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 

Soiiorally  spcaldng,  a  nuicli  lii/jhor  price  tban  in  tlie  previous  vonr  .1 
l)nces  realized  were  about  as  follows,  Aiz :  '      '  ^"c 

Ciilvos,  heifers,  niulcr  one  year  old I'loriiis.. 

YeiirIin|Ts !*">  tol50 

CowH,  from  two  to  tlneo  years  old !•'•''     DOO 

CowH,ovcr  tlirt'(!  years " 250     459 

Hull  calves,  under  one  year  old ." ^^"     WO 

Un lis,  at  from  one  to  two  years  old  ^"0     350 

-iiiO     800 

TEST   ROUTES  OF  TRANSPORTATION  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Kogiinlius- "  the  best  routes  of  oxi)orL"  I  have  to  remark  tbattl.nf  i 
not  been  recently  and  is  not  at  present  a  matter  of  choice  for  aZvL. 
reqiiu-iiiff  transportation  for  cattle  from  this  country  to  tliR  iffi"? 
btatos  as  for  the  last  few  years  they  have  been  obliged  to  sl.i  h*^ 
stock  they  pnrchased  herefrom  ports  outside  of  Holland,  cWlwhl' 
such  ireight  was  accepted  or  where  transportation  for  "attleco.dd? 
obtained— usually  at  Antwerp  and  at  one  or  more  English  DorfT 

It  18  represented  to  mo,  and  I  am  more  than  disposed  to  believe  ti..f 
the  best  routes  tor  shipping  cattle  from  this  country  to  oirsJrA  ? 
would  be  Irom  the  ports  of  Amsterdam  and  Eotterdani  ^^ 

lint  as  the  steamers  plying  between  these  and  American  uorts  nrn  nii 
carrying  passengers,  and  are,  therefore,  prohibited  from  takiu<r  ciffS 
on  board,  and  as  hitherto  the  cattle  exports  to  the  United  Sti  tes  hn  n 
been  00  unimportant  and  irregular  to  induce  any  steamship  comnam 
hero  to  make  special  arrangements  for  the  cattle  traffic  or  cii  h 
>orts  *^'''       ""'''  ""^  «l'I^»^t""'ty  to  ship  cattle  from  either  of  tS 

COST    OF  TRANSPORTATION  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

As  to  ♦'  the  cofit  of  exportation  and  the  estimated  expenses  for  atton.l 
ance  and  food  en  routed'  I  would  offer  the  following  observations 

1  he  ('attle  of  this  country  found  to  be  best  adapted  and  n.Sdesir 
able  lor  breeding  ijurposes  and  the  improvement  of  the  stock  i  0 
I  n.ted  States  shouh  ho,  and  usually  are,  procured  in  the  piov  „  0  f 
(.loningen,  Friesland,  and  North  Holland.  '  "^'"usoi 

When  bought  in  Friesland  and  Groningen  it  should  be  on  comlitioi, 
of  l)fMi.g  delivered,  by  the  different  farmers  of  whom  obtain.", 1. 
given  time  at  the  nearest  railroad  station  or  at  the  most  convon  e'.t •  ,1, 
terdam  "'  conveyance  by  water  to  Ainster.lan.  or  iS 

The  cost  of  such  transiwrtation  naturally  differs  very  inueji  and  on. 
not  be  exactly  stated.    It  is  in  accordance  M^ith  or  ai  tl.e  mni-  f 
rattle  at  any  time  to  be  shipped  is  large  or  small,  and  tiic  distiinco 
h.nger  or  shorter,  but  it  does  not  amount  to  very  much  at  iiuy  tiino  Z 
licad  of  catlle  in  cases  of  large  shipments  being  made 

Cattle  purchased  in  North  Holland  can  convenientiy  be,  and  m,,, 
ally  are,  driven  from  the  ftirms  to  Amsterdam  or  Rotterdam 

Ihe  cost  ()f  transportation  from  this  jiort  or  from  Jfot'tordaiii  lo 
jTi-avesend,  England,  is,  as  near  as  I  can  ascertain,  about  .CI  Dorlioid 
for  steers,  (;ows,  and  heifers,  and  ]0»  per  Jiead  for  calves 
-J-i^i[*^*^''L*'^^^^^        '''^**^**  f'^^*  shijipingcattlo  in  consideiable  number' 

•  Klorins  —  'tO.y  cents. 


HOLLAND. 


507 


from  Graveseird  to  T^cw  York  ure  jus  lollows,  exclusive  of  cbargcs  for 
atteiidiUK^c  iuid  food  en  route:  "^^h^a  im 


Kiill  grown  cattle 

Yearliiiss 

t'ulvcs 


Per  head. 

£G 

5 

4 


Tlic  expense  for  attendance  on  cattle  en  route  is  ordinarily  not  verv 
,„„cii,  especially  in  cases  of  large  shipments,  as  three  or  fofir  persons 
are  said  to  be  snflicient  to  take  proper  care  of  a  hundred  or  more  he-id 
nf  cattle.  ' 

Besides,  it  would  appear  that  suitable  parties,  farmers,  or  farmers' 
sous  can  almost  al way  be  tound  amongst  intending  emigr.'mts  who  for 
a  reasonable,  smal  sum  of  nmney  are  willing  and  pleased  to  undertake 
the  attendance  and  care  of  tne  cattle,  and  who  in  such  cases  have  no 
passage  money  to  pay,  that  being  included  in  the  freightcharire  for 
the  stock.  "  *» 

Food,  hay,  and  straw  is  usually  provided  by  the  owner  or  shinnerof 
llie  cattle;  the  cost  varies  and  cannot  be  stated  precisely,  but  no  extra 
diarge  is  made  for  carrying  such  supplies.  ' 

When  cattle  are  shipped  via  the  port  of  Antwerp  they  are,  as  a  rule 
taken  there  by  rail  from  Amsterdam  or  Rotterdam.  ' 

The  railway  freight  rates  are  at  present  as  follows  viz  • 


Description. 


Tifooxt'ii,  cows,  or  heifers.. 

(Incto  live  calves 

Six  oxen,  eowa,  or  Iieilers  ... 
IfDCiilves 


From  Am- 
sterdnm. 


Franes. 
•l\.Tn 
21.  57 
32. 3S 
;i'J.  38 


From  Hot- 
tcrilam. 


Francs. 
11.88 
It.  m 
ilL'.  :i3 
'SJ.  33 


III  chartering  a  whole  car,  and  if  not  more  than  IG  lull-grown  animals 
ami  20  calves  are  put  in  the  charge  is  43.14  francs  fro'n  Amsterdam 
mill  20.7()  francs  from  Kotterdam. 

Ifa  larger  number  (^f  cattle  are  taken  in  a  car,  as  is  at  the  option  of 
the  shipper,  the  i)ri(!e  lor  a  car  is  then  raised  L'.5  i)er  cent 

The  pn'sent  regular  ocean  freight  rates  for  shippiug  cattle  from  Ant- 
werp to  New  ^  ork  or  Boston  are,  as  1  am  iulbrined  by  Antweri)  .shin 
brokers  and  agents,  as  follows  (inc^lusive  of  ibod  and  water) : 

Cdw 

Voni'lmg •'-" 

lull... 7 

' (i 

Attendance  en  route  I  •.  ])er  head. 

ill  shipments  of  100  toL'OO  head  at  a  time  better  arrangements  thev 
MV,  can  bo  made.  ^  '       ^ 


!'       ' 
It    , 


508 


CATTLK    AND    llAIKY    FARMING. 


CATTLE  CENSUS   OT   HOLLAND. 


The  ibllowiiiff  tabular  statcmciUs  sliow  tlic  tolal  number  of ,., hi 
dassilKid  under  tho  separate  Iieads  „r  bulls,  mih^li-cows,  cah,-.  .'  ,f  ^'i 
ors  beet  cattle,  and  working  oxen,  iu  the  diilerent  pn.vincrs  ni     .  f?' 
Netherlands  Irom  180G  to  1870;  from  1871  to  1S.'(),  and  i„    ss^ 'j 


Years. 


Hitlln. 

ISCOfo  1870 

1871  to  IHSO  

IfHI 

188l> 

Miiclt-cows. 

IKfiO  to  1870 

)K71  lo  lt>«0 

1881 

1882 

Calves  and  hcl/ers. 

lSnotol870 , 

1871  tolH^U    

1881 

18HJ 

HeefcatUc. 


0, 129 
3, 258 
.1, 083 
3, 142 


O 


332 
3C8 
47 
47 


,'>7, 194  148,  COIiSO,  ;i07 

'11,187  140,  2r)r);40,  007 

.43,007  130,  708,:in,  002 

■  42, 007  1.33,  047  39,  .'■.07 


K> 


1,407;  1,095  900 
1,C72|  1,434,  1,070 
1,702  2,074  1,313 
1,711    1,728,  1,100 


a 
a 

« 

» 

"3 

•« 

.a 

.a 

'A 

a 

tS 

1,218 

2,49f 

420| 

1,404 

3, 005 

780; 

1,^)38 

2,058 

07:J 

1,44.5 

2,  .504 

073l 

80, 009  92, 279  54, 8,54 
83,  4)2  90,  .342  00,  091 
81.090  94,920  00,091) 
81,0,55  91,882  00,472 


a 
a 

2 


3 
.3 

s 


nioj 

830 

.S7:t' 


108,G47!l.30,057'27,4TO  im  oUi-  nio. 
109,  482  140  504  27     j"       ' '  -,o  l^'  ?i?  *"•'.  »"< 
lK).700:i45  139i2M.4;a9:;   -•       ""■-^l 
1 1 1 ,  408;  1 45, 0,50  20  .33*  (i  '  h  "     ' " '  s?J'  ''i ' 


1800  to  1(«70. 
1871  lo  18eO  . 

1881 

11-82 


WoTkir.ft  oxen. 


ISfiO  to  1870  . 
1871  to  1880  .. 

1881 

1882 


7,040 
7,  .571 
8,009 
7,210 


40; 

115 
41 1 


4,787 
4,  075 
4,  r<59 
f>,010 


750  2,823  11,837 
1,173  3,024  1,3,220 
1,325,  2,88713,121 
1,207    2,731  12,  722 

i  I 


25   1,2011  1,774 
30,  ],;125|  1,847 


28: 

u 


1,1.52:  1,713 
1,12,5   1,.553 


974 
1,0.13 
1,401 


41 


3,030 
4,744 

4,971 
.5, 403 


42. 


11,470 
12,041 

12,88' 
13, 083 


3, 305 
4,  584 
4,  934 
5,385 


133 
71 
59 

HI 


9,008 
0, 529 

10,32; 

10,320 


1,00,1 

],o;)5 

1,813 
2,101 


57, 210 
CI,  476 
CO,  ,W4 

<x.im 


4,019j  2, 590i  10,486 
4.^15  2,487110,040 

3,C74  2,330i    8,S92 


The  statement  next  following-  shows  the  total  number  of  cattl.  of 
every  desenpt. on  in  each  of  the  provinces  and  in  the  Xetberlii.  i  frn„ 
185^  h>  1800;  fromlSCl  to  1870;  from  1871  to  ISSO^  Zln'slIZ 


t'M 


if 


Provinces. 


nroniiidon.  ... 

l''ri(\slari(l 

Drcnthc 

Ovcry.ssiil 

<irl(l('rlan(l 

t'lU'dit  .. 

North  IIolliiiKl 
S:iiilli  Holland 

Zpclaml 

North  Ilnilmiit 
Litiibiir,!,' 

Tot.il.... 


1851  to  1800.  18Clto  1870. 


101,400 

i         102,483 

189,284 
.54, 702 

202, 5;i4 
02,  988 

1         108,400 

117,012 

157,104 

171.422 

72,931 

75,  997 

141,043 

141,515 

179,011 

192,218 

47,  504 

.53,  284 

1.50,573 

171, 185 

.58,  -00 

05,011 

1,200,841 

).  3,58, 249 

1871  to  1880.;       isfii. 


07, 845 

9,1, 519 

208, 495 

20.5,  385 

00, 455 

05, 731? 

120,309 

123.  r,49 

184,  039 

1H:',  1103 

84, 235 

f5,  liC.1 

'40,090 

7  49,  OUO 

211,5,84 

21.5,0,12 

.58,  529 

r.9, 003 

178,272 

177,840 

72,  597 

72,  718 

1,435,710  i     1,434,4110 

i 


1882. 


!W.8.S.1 
204, 4rj 

CC,280 
120,  S.V 
180,01) 

80,04. 

i.'io,  nr, 
2i;(,iv: 

CO,  It 
170,  li'i 

72,4" 


],I27, 


HOLLAND, 


509 


iinber  of  ,,ift,^. 

l"<=l';Si„l,li„tl,, 

"<•  Ml  1881  nmi 


■J 

S  I 

2  j     . 

J  !      3 


t-:86l 

87:i! 


|i'"^.«I4  4-,018Kn:,9:4 

l»-'.K!)47,4C3i)    '., 
:|3n,M)U.17;Gfi3  8J:r,l 


lf:«,2f.SlR,0,VI38n,0^1 

I  '''.•!•).,'•.'(),  lor,  4;jj',.„, 

fii,  <jjao,ioci.-,7,io) 


n,  cos 

»,  ri29 

]i),;!S,") 

10,  .'CO 


I.  Offit;  57,210 
l,!lMi«l,4:C 
l.Si:!  C(i,524 
2,101  00,709 


4,C4i)|  2,5901  10,480 
■•."ir'l '.',4871  10,040 
^,  t*l»|  2,  :;38i  0  "i!) 
3.074|2,330l    8,892 


'1'  of  cattle  of 
Iierlaiids  from 
(1  in  1881  and 


881. 


on,  :i85 
iM,7;r 

25,  r,49 

sr,  09,1 

■'.■•,  (iC3 
19,  OUO 
15,032 

•.9,  em 

f7,  840 
'2, 71« 

!4,4ni;  ! 


1682. 


90.8.'%! 
204,412 

CC,280 
120,83? 
180,911 

8G,04j 
i:iO,C7V 

2n,i:/; 

00,  Kii 
170, 15'/ 
72,4,7. 


1,42 


DECREASE  IN  THE  CATTLE  OF  HOLLAND. 


The  agricultural  rei)ort  or  tlie  Netlierlands  coverititr  tlio  voir  ISSi 
and  which  has  only  recently  boon  published,  shows  tfuit  thocohl  ar„i 
rough  weather  HI  the  months  of  April  and  May  of  that  voar  w  s  ov 
tremcly  aamagmg  to  the  pasture  lands,  and  that  fanner,s\vho  alrea^W 
had  their  stock  out;  in  pasture  were  compelled  to  house  them  n-ain  m- 
turn  them  into  thoir  meadows  or  hay  fields,  ^ 

It  was  not  until  June  that  tho  growth  of  grass  began  to  revive  •md 
the  prospect  for  a  good  hay  year  seemed  better.  ' 

Still  the  first  cut  of  hay  turned  out  but  a  very  inditlerent  inodnof 
1,0th  as  to  quautity  and  quality,  whereas  tho  second  mowing,  o  viii"  to 
■ilmost  constantly  prevailing  rains,  resulted  far  more  disastrous  and 
vielded  in  many  places  hardly  any  hay  croi>  at  all. 

Ill  consequence  thereof  it  was  found  that  at  tho  end  of  tho  voir  ISHI 
the  stock  of  catte  in  tho  country  had  decreased  by  over  .'3-/00*0  he-ul 
as  compared  with  same  period  of  1880.  '  " 

A  further  decrease  in  the  number  of  cattlo  is  now  reported  -is  h'lvinrr 
occurred  in  1882,  amounting  to  about  G,500  head;  caused  bv'the  sc'ir 
city  oi  todder,  grass,  clover,  hay,  and  straw  during  the  win  tor  of  1881  N'> 

But  as  tho  last  and  the  current  years  proved  both  to  bo  far  moiv 
favorable  grass  years  and  yielded  abundant  hay  (mo|)s,  the  decre-is  .f• 
about  4,100  head  in  1881  and  in  1882  will,  most  likil/-,  «oVnTe  i mdo 
lip  ior  again,  if  that  is  not  the  case  already. 

STOCK  RECUPERATIVE  POWER  OP  HOLLAND. 

A  temporary  decline  in  the  numerical  condition  of  tho  stock  of  caff  Ir. 
occasions  m  this  country  no  particular  uneasiness,  as  it  is  ffener-illv 
and  well  understood  that  the  country's  recuperative  powers  in  thiV  • . 
spect  aro  very  great,  and  that  under  anyways  favorable  circutnstanct^ 
Its  clhcacy  ior  stock-raising  is  prodigious.  'OLann s 

As  an  illustration  hereof  tho  following  is  stated:  In  18GG  the  stoH- 
of  cattle,  in  consequence  of  tho  cattle-plague,  had  been  reduced   tn 
1,302,«00  head,  and  in  18G7  there  were  agjUn  1  301  3)0    -.tt      in  n 
country  and  in  1870  1,410,800;  thus  in  thcf  cim'pt!;Uveirst'r^^ 
of  tinio  (four  years),  the  increase  amounted  to  108,200  heads 

So  has  it  happened  in  1804  and  in  J 871,  that  on  account  of  the  scarcitv 
ot  grass,  clover,  hay,  ami  straw  tho  stock  showed  a  shrinkagoof  45  300 
head  m  the  former  and  of  34,800  head  in  the  latter  year  as  against  the 
previous  years  respectively,  but  it  was  in  both  cases^-eplenished  in  the 
course  of  but  lew  years.  "'"cu  m  iul  ■ 

I^oiu  facts  amUigures  above  stated  may,  in  a  measure,  be  deduced 
Ihiit  the  stock  ot  this  country  is  more  than  sufficient  for  ho  me  (lem  Zl^^ 
:,ud  that  such  IS  actually  tho  case  will  be  further  realized  bva'Se'' 
at  the  hgures  given  below,  and  representing  the  exports  of  c at  lo  •■on ' 

iiscom.t.y<lur.ng  tho  last  live  years  and  during  thoninomonhs  of 
llic  current  year,  VIZ  :  ""v^  uiumus  01 

Esim-U  of  IhtMi  cattle. 


Tears. 


iffs 

W'.) 

18S0  .... 


Numlior  of 
•  cattln. 


K14,71I 

Ills,  i:i() 


roai-8. 


tf«l. 

1W2 


144,4l'l  :|  18«y  CJiiioutlm)  '. 


Number  of 
cattlo. 


H4,4r,n 

l'>4, 1»l(,- 


510 


CATTLE   AND   DAIllY   FARMING. 


Of  tlio,  .stock  exported  two-Urths  or  tbereubouts  eoii.sistcd  <.r ,  i 
ami  lieih'r.s  (.voiiiik  cattle),  ami  the  other  throe-linhs  of  bed  ,.■,..''' 
milch  cows,  ^Ntc.  '  ''"iK!;iii,| 

The  coiiiitrie.s  to  which  nearly  all  the  .surplus  cattle  werean.l  ,,. 
era)  y  .shipped,  are:  Eel-i.iin,  England,  (Jermany  (I'rus.sii,)' ■«!'," 
United  States.  "/>  '""I  tln' 

IMPORTS   Ol-'  LIVK  STOfMC  INTO   HOLLAND. 

The  iiuports  of  livestock  into  Holland  are  coiuparativeiv  s..  (..iif 

a.s  hardly  to  deserve  mention,  bnt  as  they  lljjnre  in  the  customs'    .    '."'^ 

"^  .%.''"''"^'">'  ^  ^^""^^^  state  that  in  1878  they  amounted  l„  .1    i    /'"'l' 

"M*^^^SlJo^''^^7  ^'"'"^5   '"  ^^^^  to  1,501  head  5  in  1881  t.  .'-r    ""  ' 
and  in  1882  to  1,400  head.  ^  '"-'•'  Iioad; 

IMPORTS  OP  AMERICAN   CHEESE,  BUTTER,  AND  OLEOMAlUiAUiNr 

Whilst  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  thiscountrv  i.ro(l„c,..l  .,. 
butter  and  cheese  than  is  required  to  supply  the  h().nede,n. ',.,■'''' 
very  large  quantities  are  annually  exported,  T  would  rein-   I    nlv     '*' 
loss,  that  the  imports  and  consumption  of  foreif,n),  especially  F,    ,  .i      ,' 
fewKss,  cheese  are  quite  <!onsiderable.  -^  '     i       ".>  i  kik  h  ami 

It  is  possible  that  certain  kinds  of  American  cheese  wouM  ii,  liMni  i 
quantities,  ind  a  market  here  if  proper  efforts  to  introduce  tli,«i' 
be  made,  which  hitherto  has  not  been  done.  '  ^' ""'*• 

That  enorirjons  quantities  of  oleomargarine  are  annuillv  i,..,  .  , 
into  this  country,  and  that  the  bulk  of  it  comes  from  tlie  U  i„  S"  "' 
are  well  known  fact.^.  ^^"hui  btiiUs, 

In  my  rei)ort  on  this  subject  of  Sei>tember  12,  1882  1  ..•,.,. .,.      , 
mated  quantity  imported  during  the  year  ended  June'.Kriss'    'J!' 
nig  been  about  80,000  tierces.    1  am  now  informed  that  the  tnns*';',! 
HI  the  artic  e  have  since  been  most  satisfactory,  and  that  the  i.'.'.r 
It  have  still  further  and  greatly  increa.sed.  '  "'^'  "' 

MEAT  IMPORTS  I'ROM  THE   UNITED  STATE.S. 

The  meat  imports  from  the  United  States,  corned  beef  in  l,.,..,,.!  ■      i 
cans,  ajul  canned  beet;  tongues,  &c.,  have  lallen  off  ^;'  ^1    ^t  m 
the  last  year  or  two,  but  this  seems  to  be  owing  more  (i,      !  f  ,. 
these  articles  no  longer  find  their  way  so  genera'lly  into  tin    i, ,'.',!" 
on  the  tables  of  the  wealthy  and  well-to-do  classed  he  earw^ul 
the  case  than  to  anything  else.  loi-iuiij 

PICTURES  OF  DUTf;iI  CATTLE. 

I  inclose  two  photographs  of  representative  animals,  owiic.!  I.v  Mr 
Anierstoord,  the  breed,  color,  and  peculiarities  of  the  same  hohj  n.mi 


United  States  Consulate, 

Amsterdam,  November  '.iO,  1883. 


D.  ECK.ST1';l\, 

('omul. 


1. 


itfl 


^^nF 

"I 

m 

t  } 

I 

m 


\>>'\  (I'Vln'iiury  ti) 
li-TJ  (.liiiiiiiw.v,  Ml 
I^Tii  (.liinimr'v  to  1 
Ici"  (Jumiiiry,  A| 
lh7H  (.rmiimi'v  to  , 
IHiS  (April  tit Di'C 
ItSU  (Janiwrj'  to  ] 


HOLLAND. 
DUTCH  MILCH  COWS. 


511 


IMravlHfrom  the  mUk  lint  kept  at  the  Jimlliorvc(llath  farm)  in  the  Me  of  Uiiarlcm,  Hol- 
land, 

[Tlio  iiillk  wiiH  wciKtiod  uvcry  Sutiintuy.j 
I'UODUCT  I'lio.M   Tin.;  cow  WOUTJIO. 

Ill,,  Wdiiljo  wuH  lioiii  ill  Mii,v,  1875,  iiiid  Ix.iiKlit  when  ii  cull"  ut  tlio.  iiiiirker,  in  Lov- 
,l„ii,  Sdiiiii  lldlliUHl.     1  lio  lollowiiiB  iH  \wt  milk  iTciml  for  nix  years,  viz,  l878-'ri;J: " 


Your. 


I«7H  (April  III  NovcmiImt) 

\m  I MmkIi  I"  Novi'iiilioi )  

IhHIMMiiiili  to  llrcciiilpi'O  .  •  

IKHj  (,I;iiiii;iry  I"  Kdliniiiiy,  July  to  Di'i't'nilii'i) 

isvj  {,IiiiiN;iry  to  Si|ih'iiil)ci) ......'. 

\m  (I'Vliriiaiy  in  OcIoImii)  

*  Every  kilogrnm  of  milk  mny  bo  congiUerod  a  liter. 
U'oulje's  calves.* 


Totiil. 
yield. 


Kilns.* 
!I4  I         L',7W) 
a8  ;t,  504 

43  4,571 

:«i         ;i,  4'.'.'i 

.■)8  I  4,441 


Whin  l.orii. 


Apiil  I,  IH-S  

)1;miIi;I,  1«7!I 

Miirrli;'.  I*-™ 

.iiilvr.,  \m 

iiiivr.,  i««i ■-. 


Niinio. 


(;i;)"i  I!lm)i<.ii',  remiili".. 
(.'III4)  ClildilH,  iiinlo.... 
(51(11  Diihlla,  It'inalu  .. 

(().'.;i)  KIhikI,  in.alo 

(li'il)  KIdriH,  iiiiiIk 

Nociilf 


IVbruury),  IKKI (.S4I)  Uecn,|o,  rciuiilo  . 


Color. 


lilnok  ;  wliltolioad  mid  billv 

do ;. 

do 

do 

do ;;■ 


Numoofbull. 


('J70)  Zpcnn. 
C-'HHi  Zi.ro. 
(;iJ7)  A  roil. 
(:i!l4)  Chloiis. 
Do. 


liluck  ;  wliito  lit'iul  and  belly  . .      (UH!))  Kist. 
•  FlKiiioH  in  (  )  icpitgontNoB.  of  anlnials  in  Mr.  AnioiMriiordtH  licid  book. 
I'lIODICJT   I'liOM    COW   KlZKlli;. 

Tills  COW  WUH  calved  in  tluiLfiko  <i('  Ilaailoin  Jtarcli  ¥2,  lH7l.     Notliini;  furdicr  is 
known  (if  lii'r  aiilnccdtMils  llian  tliat.  hIio  caiiinof  Diitcli  Iii-immI.     'I'Iih  rci'oid  hIiows  tliat. 
Ihr  Sii/iitto  liad  Iirr  lirst  calf  IVhruaiy  ~t),  1H74,  and  her  siiliM'f|iicnt,  calves  on  M'lyV* 
18".;  May  M,  IH7(;;  May  til),  1H77  (no  calf  in  lrt78) ;  March  '20.  ItiT'J,     The  Hiizutto  \va,s 
..(.1(1,  dry,  on  April 'J(»,  1HK». 

l^ilk  irconi  for  wren  years. 


Year, 


I  Nund)(<r  of 
i    luilkliig 

WfcliH. 


Total 

yiild. 


1S71  (I'Vl.iiiuiv  to  llrcciiil.ii) 

181.1  (J;mimiy,  May  lo  Iliccinborl 

jKTiK.laiiinii'v  to  Frbriiiiiy,  May  to  Ilorcnibor) 
W"  (.limiiaiy,  April  to  Ih'ceinl.cr) 

1878  (.riHiiiuiy  lo  llocDiiibiir) 

1879  (April  lit Di'coiiiborl 

ItSO  (.(amiaiy  to  March) 


45 
4(1 
i-2 
4U 
48 
3!) 
12 


Kilim. 
t,  (L'7 

•I,  w^ 
:>.  I '.'4 

.■•|,-J71 

:i,  !iso 

4,  .578 


512 


CATTLi:    AND    DAIttY    FARMING. 


•ii"n 


■.tto^ 


uj     ;  i  i  t  :  i  :  ; 


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W  »0  O  O  »C  «  O  CI  i.-^  ic  C» 

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ft  n  -     I 


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w  p  CJ  S3  rt    . 

cjj'^.^ii  : 
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"^   .(:--•„-  •  .  »    ~ 

.i'=:.i4*<i'^   ■  c,     it 
V  i;  o  *?  ♦i.  :  ■  — ■    .- 

M   kmm  ;  ;?   ? 

^      ^  2  o  o    ■  o       I 

2  :  o     : 


•  -1-  -  .5 
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in       S 


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a.       T    -1    T   f-    — 


«       «1 


i'!  m  i~  n     ■  irj 

3  o  3  :  o 


HOLLAND. 


513 


a  . 

2  J 


o    :; 


.2      a 


27" 


^  •§ 


1 


=  i»;i'J?; 


=3 


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'^  _.  8  _  2  ■"'  'C  ■" 

c^  2'2  2'='  a  9 


»:  i  r  f 
f]  r  t  M 

i  IS 


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:     if   i 

O  ■  w         41 


a 

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H.  Ex.  51- 


-33 


t'5 

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53 

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1, 

DAIKY    FAKMINO. 


Ill  romp 
,\iiKiif*Mir» 
III'  llollaiKl 

To  ohtai 
1,111(11  Colli 
t'liiiiKi'i't  ill 
rattle  circii 

1,1'  |ll(»S(^    1(1 

stml.v. 

I  liii\  (',  li 
lor  till'  Ki'*'' 
tli'iiiiiii,  aiK 


The  (lillci 

t'ollow.s: 


llniMiii^'i'ii  III! 
Krisiiiii  IiicimI 
lliilliiiiil  iMvcd 

rirniiHJl  III'  Zc 

licidcrlaiiil  III' 

jIllMlllll'  liiccd 

Krisiaiii'ii'iill 

i;r{ii]iii;,'('ii-l''ri 

jlcllli.Hll-IJfidt' 

J|i<{M'liilll((III.S 

Till'  I'Visii 
liriii('i|iiillv  I 

Tin-  lliillii 
»H>v.  ill  tlio 
from  wliicii 
is  still  (loiibl 
iJK'Iiriiiiitivi 

The  Droii 
lliatit  is  iici 
lidiii  an  Ayi 
SallaiKJ,  |)ro 

The  I'Mcnii 
ahoiit  I  wo  (•( 
(i'iflirated  p; 
ill  tli(!  jirovii 

The  Col  low 

A.— Niiiiilj 
(•xcii  ill  eaci 
ihirin;;  1,S8I, 

li.— liicrea 

The  (leercii 
*';tii^-(Ml  hv  (ii 

('.-Total  1 


HOLLAND. 


515 


THE   CATTLE  OF  HOLLAND. 

liEi-our  iiY  voysui.  yviNmn.  or  t{orn:iu)Aii. 
Ill  (((iiipliiiiico.  with  circular  of  Jiilv  IS    iHxt  .....i  ;» 

i:z^i'^'' ' ""™  '■■■" ■"'  '''''•"''"» '^'  ..i-"";;o;;'';h;;'S.r: 

T(M)l»laiii  tlMMim'HSiiry  iiiforiiijition  I  juUlrt'Nsnl  Mr    ('    7   ivr    t 
l,i„lt  ( 'oniiif^,  director  of  ll.o  (Joverninont  aKricuItunii  sclmol  I't  u'!.'.' 
...liMKcn,  and  I  traiisniittcd  to  I.i.n  a  copy  ot"  tlio  forms    i       v.  n  t^^ 
ratth'  curular.     in  \m  r.>pl.v  1,,,  i„ti,„alVd,  !.<>   ever     r^  ^''V 

i  have,  lio\v(!Vc'r,  micccedcd  in  oUtainiiiL'  tlie  followiiwr  !„»;„.„.  *■ 
„„(ii..  Kilter  jKirtof  wl.id,  lai,.  i.idcl   c(l  to  the     E 
,le.n;.n,aMd  the  balance  was  oh(ai,.e<I  Irom  clnldal  and  J^lSK^S; 

TJIK   DlFl'KBKNT  BUEEDH   IN  HOLLAND. 

^^TlHMlillerent  breeds  and  their  percentage  in  the  Dutch  stock  aro  as 


(inmiii^'i'ii  breed 

YrWrnn  luced  * 

Iliilliiiiil  liiccd  

riniiisli  111'  Zeelaiid  breed 

l,i'l(li'rl;iiiil  lireed 

IHiMillir  liieed 

rri>iiilil'ii'lillie-((elderliiiid  liieed 
liiiiiiin^'cii-l'iisiiiiilielderliiiid  l)fee(i. 
||(iiiisli(ieldfiliind-Holliiiid  breed  .. 
Jli<i'i'lliMiioii.s  breedH 


r«r  cent. 

...    7An> 

..    IH.  15 

. .      7.  OH 

..    :t.«:! 

- .      7.  OH 

..     l.-ly 
..  i:t.()l 

..   21!.  HI 

. .  ir...v> 
..     !i.4« 

iind  is 


The  I-'risiaii  l)rced  is  considered  as  very  L'ood  l)reedin»r  oxttu  ...  i 
pn.K-.i;.  i.v  round  in  the  provinces  of  lYi'shu.d  and  J tentlie      '  '""^ 

'ill':  ilo  iMnd  breed  is  principally  found  in  the  Purnu4-       l  the  J5ee, 
m.  Ml  the  i.rovinco  of  Xortli  Holland.    This  is  nml..  hu  f      , 
Irimi  which  the  SliniH.M.n^  I.......  k..,.         .      ,    .    '^  Pl ''''^'AV  tlic  bre( 


in- 
'ed 

t 

IS 


iron,  which  (he  Shorthorns  luive  been  raiscn  b/FSlul  ^,  '"  ^T 
i. still  (hiubtful  whether  the  Flemish  c  tie  ,.  i!wf  i  '  "^^  '/*"«'»  ' 
ll..-l»imitivc  breed  of  the  Shorthorns  "'*  ""^  ^'  consnlered  a 

Tiii'  Drenthe  breed  is  so  nuich  like  the  Ayrshire  breed  of  Ko.^tu.  i 
tliatit  IS  nearly  impossible  to  distiujfuish  -i  thorm  l.  w.n!i  t»  ^?^'''»^' 
Irciii  un  Ayrshire  cow.  The  best  iP  i  s\  wSL^i  '  ^  l^renthe  cow 
Sallan.l,  province  of  ()yeryssel  '^  ^'"'  ^'"'''^^  '"'«  ^ound  in 

Til.-  I'Meniishor  Zeeland  breed  was  found  all  over  the  Netherhmds 
alioiit  I  wo  centuries  ai-o,  and  the  i\ius  of  if  i.-.o  u  -L^trnei  lands 

n'N.nit...!  paintinj,  <,f7.   CV's  1  „lV''    I  .  ,n  so,..'^'"  preserved  in  the 
lii  <l..'  IMo^ice  oi^eelaiul  amU  e  Luthe.^  Ss  oS^  'T'^ 

'  I..'  Mlowin,.  statements  are  lu.ewith  tr!in'sm  tted      "'''  '''^"""^• 

A.-Number  ot    mils,  milch  <;ows,  calves,  ami  he  fers  f-it  e.tth> ...... 

oxiMi  ni  each  province  and  in  the  whole  cmi  trv  nf  fb^,  vu  V^ 

^l"rn.,l,S8I,  and  the  average  nuniber  of  the T^  Te  lyets      '^'''''""^ 

1!.— Increase  or  <lecrease  of  ciffln  in  >><vii    ,. ,  .>«-ais. 

'ri     1  '"tn^.iist^  ui  c.ime  in  loM,  as  com  oared  win.  i««o 

llM'  .lecrease  of  about  ^o,m)  head  of  cattle  in    Klw  .J  ., 

("ii^>i!  Ill-  (!i.i  !     1  >  ,    '/•       """'  «'<   »-<nLie  in  iftM  was  prinemallv 

«.m.H<l  b.^    he  bau  narvest  ot  j^.ass  and  hay  in  ISS]  '  I'tii-'P'Mii 

-:C±!^I'i'^","3^_^[^'ttle  during  the  last  twenty  years. 

•So-called  llolsteiu  cuttlo.        ^  "  ~~ 


^^^  CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  I'AEMING. 

PRICK  OI'  DUTCH  CATTLK. 

Tlio  iivoiasc  J)i;ices  of  cattle  in  the  ])rincii>al  i.iarkfcts  of  rh,.  n,., 
hiiul8  clunny  the  hist  live  years  were  as  follows :  ^^'^^''«''- 


Cattlo. 


Amatorilani: 

Fntciitllo 

llilclurows 

(ililK.S  lalvi'S  ... 

ViimiK  calves  . . 
Liouwaiiloii : 

Flit  catlld 

Mildli  cowM 

(irasH  calvi'n 

Fat  calves 

Vdiiiif;  calves  .. 
Gloiii^leii  : 

Fateadln 

Jlilcll  COWH 

t)rilliiarv  uattlti 
Kottei'ilaiu : 
Oxen  , 


1878. 


Cows 

«!alvea 

Yoiiijc:  calves  . 
Zuoilo: 

Hilda 

Milch  cows 

Calves 


Vlorlns. 

L'SO 

•J»jO 

45 

0 

:)(),■. 

M 

W,l 

vno 
i;ir. 
io5 

liSO 

fif)  i 

11! 


1870. 


Florins. 

L'Kr> 

270 

■M 

0 


2;i() 

42 
51 

8 

200 

iSo 

270 

2;io 

GO 
10 


1880. 


1S81. 


Flaring. 

Florins 

270 

2-)0 

2r.o 

JjWj) 

;io 

;j(i 

« 

8 

2(;() 

;ior> 

200 

l!l(l 

f.«, 

:iii 

no  1 

,'111 

7 

7 

lUO 


2;i.-> 

02 
10  I 

205  |. 
280  I 

18 : 


100  I 


21,0 
a5 


Plii/iin 
Ml 
2111  I 
3li 

1(1  1 


:w  1 

•j.iii 

itj 

I'fi) 

7ii 
lij 


CATTLK   IMPOItT   AND   KXl'OllT   OF   HOLLAND. 

The  foHowiiiff  statement  shows  the  nmuherof  cattle  imnmh.  i 
ciud  exported  from  the  Netherlands  dnringthe  last  iiveVeul's ' 


in  In 


Year. 


1882 

1881 

1880 

1870 

1878 


EXPORT   OF   DUTCH   (."ATTLE   TO  THE   UNPJ'ED  STATEy. 

The  best  methods  of  exportation  of  breeding  cattle  to  the  United 


Ip'llt.        KsiHiil 

■ 

■1    i.romneon 

^M    Kricslaud 

•."■li       l.-il,!i|(; 

■    il:viitli« 

1 ';';.','    "*•■'* 

^M    Ih'iTV'SKi'l 

'.Ml        H4,4'l 

■    CrMiTliiliil 

7.''^7|     ];i«,i;;o 

■    rirwlit 

lili\     m,7ll 

■    NoilliiliillaiKl.. 

■    Siiilliiliilland  .. 

■    ''-'1 

B    Xiirllilirabant. . 

i.v  and  l'L',s 

H    i.iiniiiii'i; 

■^.SL',  (i.|,()(J(| 
ri)iMii\-   'iiiii 

1          Total 

States  are  via  London  or  via  Antwerp.  '"  '  ^'"^ 

The  best  animals  of  the  JJntch  cattle  for  exportation  tbi  hiwdin-r  ,„ 
I.o.ses  are  t  hose  of  the  Jl<,llan.l  an<l  1-^risian  1,  eeiis.    T lie    W  ■      n 


lur- 

80(1 

'or 


lieifers,  and  lliO  to  I;»0  (lorins  for  calves.     The  tlir  )ii..h  nt...  In..,,  I'm 
i^^^i!^^^^^'^  ^:  '^-^*'»;:^- 1'-<>"'  ^-1  to  £5lbr  acahl  Ihliilx- 

*ri()riii--i().v*,eiit.s  AiiiciK.iui.    ' 


Holland. 


ol7 


to 


£C>  for  a  heifer;  and  from  .CO  to  jC7  lO.s.  for  a  now  or  bull  -uid  i,.  .„i,ii 
,„  10  per  cent,  primage  and  sullicicnt  fodder  for  tu^n  v  ihvs 

The  averaffo  price  of  hav is  M'2H  nor  tnn  n.wi  ..*•  ..* I:^      -l'.., 

per  ton 


tioii  10  per  cent,  primage  ;uia  suiiicicnt  lodder  for  twentv  d.v«       

The  average  price  of  hay  is  $20  per  ton,  and  of  straw  ln^n2  to  $14 


United  States  Consulate, 
Rotterdam,  December  27,  1883. 


JOHN  F.  WINTIOR, 

Conftitl. 


i'"i;iii.v  aiid  L'L',s 
ill  1  ■SSL',  01,0011 
•  Cifniiiiiiy,  mill 


to  tlic!  United 


A.—Xumhcr  of  m tile  in  the  Kcthrlamh. 


I'rnviiicos. 


Ilrnnmsoii 

Fiicsliiiid 

lircntlu' 

iirfrynsi'l 

rrfldi'rliiiiil  — 

I'lieclit 

Xiiillilliilliiinl. 
Soulli  Holland. 

Zoilauil 

Xoitli  liraliaiit. 
Liinlinrt; 


liiillfl. 


1871-'80. 


;!,  2iW 
;)C8 
1,072 
1,4:14 
1,07!) 
1,4!U 

:i,  ()(),■> 

THfl 

h;ic 

«07 


Milcli  cows. 


<"iilvi's  anil 
lii'il'cis. 


Fill  eiilUo. 


1881. 


l,7S7l 
a,  OK! 
472 
1,702: 
2,074i 
],;il3 

1,  r.iiKi 

2,  C:)8: 

i)7ri! 

K80' 

(!:i4 


1871-'80.|1881.  ilS7l-80.     18«1.    '  187I-'80.    1R8I. 


0.\on. 


I871-'(''(i.    iHfii. 


r.!, 

44(i, 
40, 

8;i, 

00, 
(10, 

loo, 

140, 

lOL'i 
•17, 


187 

25ri 

O07 
442 

;t42 

091 

482 
.'i(;4 
140 

:!,■)!> 

■iO,! 


4:), 
i;ifi, 
:io, 

81. 
0), 

no, 

110, 

14.-., 

20, 
!)0, 
47, 


007 
70rt 
(:02 
001! 
020 
000 
7011 

];io 

02 1 
800 

oo;i 


■17, 
24, 

;»:, 
"I, 

21, 

:io, 

10, 

di,' 

20, 


2.-)'^ 
OO.'i 
H77 
Ollli 

7!m 

170  - 
07(i 
.'172 
0:i!l  I 

:i:i:i 
lo.-j 


.'•hI 
0)2 

;ii2 

0,-)2 

10-, 

022 
72.-| 
.■148 
071 
010 
2T0 


i:i, 


, '>7I 
,  07.1 

,  I7;i 

,  024 

2  JO 

ort 

4,7(4 
12,011 

4,  nsi 

0,  .120 

i,o.i.-> 


'i'"**!! 10,  :i34   17, 182j  011,241  ^884,014   4:tl,  02.".    m,:,(^ 


8,  0(i:i 

4,  .^.y 

;  2,  887! 

i:i,  121 
I  i,o;!;i 

4,071  . 

12,887 

4,031; 

io,:i2ri 
i,8i;i< 


40 

*> 

30  i 
,  32.-,      1 
,  847      I 

-1 


1!.-. 

3 

28 

l.'-,2 

713 

1 


,21.'; 

,487 


.in 

,810 
,  .338 


03,470    0(1,  r>24      10,010  I  0  21!) 


rrovinco.s. 


ilroniiigon 

Frlcslaud 

liriTitlic 

Ihvryssil 

OflcWiiiid 

I'lrcrlit 

Xiirtlilldllaiiil. 
,>liiillill(illiuid  . 

Z,rl;iiiil 

Xiirllillrabant. 
liinlimi; 


'i'.plal. 


IS.'il-'flO. 


Ti)t.il  . 


101,400 
1  SO,  284 

.■■.4,  702 
108,400 
1.->7, 104 

72,031 
111,04:1 
170,011 

4  7,  .'■.(,4 
I.IO,  .Wi 

.'i8,  700 

1,200,  X» I 


1801-70. 


1871-'80. 


1    102,483 

07,  84-. 

2(l2,r,:i4 

208, 411-1 

1     02, 088 

00,  4.-1.-1 

117,012 

120,300 

171,422 

IHI,  (;:)|» 

7.-|.  007 

81, 2:i.-i 

Ill.-.l.-. 

140,  000 

102,218 

2ll,.Wt 

■i:f,  084 

■  »^,  .-i20 

171,  l.w.-, 

I7K,272 

0,-.,  01 1 

72,  .'.!((• 

I,  :i -18,  240 

1,4:1.-1.710 

1881. 


0.3, . 01!) 

2(1.-.,  :!,s.-i 

o.-i,  7:10 

12.-1,810 
1X3,  OlKi 
(<.-i,  008 
110,000 

2i.-.,o:;2 
.■.:i,  oi;:i 

177,  KIO 
72,718 

1,4:11,41)0 


I{.-77(r  hwrrasc  (+)  or  .Inrca^c  (-)  ofcaltir  in  l.^Sl  „,jai„Ht  l.HSO. 


Provinces. 


Oraiiii;(Mi 

l'!ir«l;Jlcd 

HitiuIm' 

Onri.i.sil  

iMilirland 

rircilil 

.Viiilli  lliillaud I 

Snillli  lldllailil I 

Zrilanil 

N'Tll  limluii! [.'..'. 

I.iiiilinr;,' ' 

Total i' 


BnllA. 


-I    30 
~1,-|3 

!  ;m 

I      8  j 

-I  :in!) 

-hl2H  1 
-105  I 

-288  i 

-  ;i 

—  78 
-20.1  i 

-aso  I 


MilcllCOWR, 


8fi,-| 
4, 7;i7 

1,0:111 
.i,  :!.'>.s 

l,;io:i 

7M2 

;i:!!i 

7,  7.-i7 


Cnlvi's  ami 

lii'ili'r.i.     ' 


I'al  rallli>.  :      ()xf,„. 


Total. 


770 

.•,01 
08.-1 

::i,oii3 


-  187 
-2,170 
-2,  .328 
-1,421' 
-1.400 
:<!) 
-2,210 
+  1,2.30 
4 
■        02 

0. 1:10 


+ 


-I 


44  I 

420  ! 

i;i5  i 
210  I 

100    ! 

41.'-.  i 
170  K 
(100 

42:1  I 

140  ' 


-100 

-  1 

-(■  '-' 

-  3:1 

-  00 

-  0 


1,080 


-     0 

!-     8 
-304 

(10,-, 


-  1,141 

-  0,041 

-  .3,7.><.-. 

-  4,041) 

-  3,(120 

-  17(1 

-  2,8!M) 

-  7,014 
•  I.IIM) 

■  1,1:10 

■  •-',  14-i 

:i.'i,  20:1 


518  CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 

C. — Niinilcr  of  vatllv  in  the  Netherlauih  diirinij  the  last  twoiiii  ijcum. 


Tears. 


Number. 


1,335,  :!00 
1,  374,  (IdU 
1,3S0,  (idO 
l,33f,  800 
I,31»,  1(10 
1,302,(100 
),  301,3(10 
l,;iB8,'.'0» 
1,401,  000 
1,410,800 
1,  370,  000 


Years. 


■N'liinliiv 


1872 

1873. 

1874. 

1875. 

1870. 

1877. 

1878. 

1879. 

1880. 

1881 . 


i.::7: 


■  ■■n.dOO 

■  IC;),  IlKi 

.^■ll,7(«l 

-l!  ■   I.I  ,. 

I'd  "(MO 

'ini,.'(ii, 

•Ifi!).  Ttiii 

^-l.'lltl) 

n 

'^ 

h 

, 

1 

H 

( 

i 

, 

/ 

s 

'  ) 

1 

1 

j 

KuasiA. 


519 


RUSSIA. 


CATTLE-BREEDING  IN  RUSSIA. 

iiKPoiiT  HY  coysnioEXRiuL  staxtox,  or  ST.  VETEitsiwna. 

LACK  OF  CATTLE  STATISTICS  IN  RUSSIA. 

Keferriiif,'  to  the  DepartiueuL's  circular  of  July  is  18S3  T  hovn  +i  « 
lionorto  transmit  h(3rewitli  a  translation  of  a  docmnent  forx^mlcd  o 
tins  oftjco  from  the  Russian  department  of  asTiculture  '"'""^'H  '<> 

I„  the  letter  iieconipanyinf;  this  doenniont  the  director  of  the  depart 
„,ento   ajjncultare,  General  Kazeffsky,  informs  me  that  tie  nnffi- 
tejust  appointed  a  committee  ot  experts  to  innuire  into  the  ^vXn  of 
,.a,tic.breeding  in  Unssia,  both  fro,,/ an  ocono,!)ic  and  te^niSf  p^ 

(1 1  \  I C  \ »  • 

Tl.e  proceedings  of  the  committee  will  be  published  in  a  separate  re 
port  iiiiil  sent  m  due  course  to  the  consulate-general  '"'H«  ic- 

Tliis  report  shall  be  translated  and  forwarded  to  the  ])epart,nent  im 
iiicdiiitoly  u[)o,i  Its  receipt.  '  '""'"^"i'  im- 

I  R-Tcjt  that  the  iiiformati^ou  supplied  by  the  department  of  a-ricult- 
meslionld  be  so  .neagor  and  indefinite,  but  transn.it  it.  hopi,,- U  ,'  nv 
niiitain  possibly  something  of  interest.  "  ^ 

1  urn  promised  full  replies  for  Finland,  and  still  hope  to  secure  f ur- 
llicrdolaiis  for  Kuss,a.  '  --^i-nii.  mi- 

OATTLF.  BRICEDS   IN  RUSSIA. 

Tlic  cattle  raised  in  Russia  a,-e  i)rincipally  local  breeds  and  seldom 
rrosscd  with  fore,gu  varieties.  weiuom 

Thoy  a,'e  n.ostly  small,  (he  height  over  the  shoulder  bein- from  1 
inotorto  1.1;,  the  .n.nimun,  being  ().!)(»,  the  maximum  L.T.  meters  The 
(lilloivnce  in  height  is  due  to  surioundiug  conditio,is 

A -ivat  many  foreign  biveds  have  been  iniported  f;)r  nrivate  o^^^n.«. 

.,t  up  to  the  present  t  ime  there  are  „o  regulir  breedi.  j^e    a  ishS^ 

for  mixed  varieties.  *^    ^'"■^'naiiineuta 

MILKING  QUALITIES  OK  RUSSIAN  CATTLE. 
Only  the  Kolmogoj-y  cattle,  the  product  of  crossiu"-  locil  r-iffl,.  w;,i 

Tlioy  a,ere,,,arkai.le  for  their  yield  of  mijic,  u„d  are  the  favorite  bn-ed 

tagbl    "'^' ""'"''''  ^""'  "•""^'^""  '''■•"»^-  of  thirCed  ;i' 


rirfl'lii' 


!  . 


I'i 


^^^  CATTLE    AND    IMIltY    FARMING 

,i?^m.y  ^iJ^wi'l"^  *'''''"  ""'"'  '"'"'  "='^-t'«'"'"-«  '^«  to  the  Russian  an.l  Kol- 


inogony 


Breeds 


YnroRlnff 

Volojjdii  mill  KoHtidiiia 

fNnvHiiMlid'tiiiiif  imrlHoCTvpi'iNov 
yiinwl.mid  otliciKovi'iiiincnlH,  ami 
on  tlMi  livoi-rt  Okii,  Dniopcr,  &,-. 

iv(ilin();;(niy 


-',W0 

;i,(ioo 


Some  cows  o-ivo  (ho,  times  their  own  weight  in  inilk 

1  lie  proportion  of  killed  aninmls  to  their  live  weight  is  generillv  ^  f  r 

Fml,  uf,.~}iu^sum  eows  are  principally  gra/ecL     The  w  ,h  ,^    ^f'" 

very  n.o.h.rate      Hay  or  straw  .s  the'shrple  lo,,  1   so.n     1        '  ,'"^''\  '^ 

u.g  ;natte,v.s  from  1  to  5  poun.ls  of  Hoar  l,r  bran  per    ^a  ^1^     '  '3f  " 

Form.— Tha  form,  however,  is  almost  the  same  evervwl.or.     t, 
animals  are  small,  a,«,l  mostly  short-legged.     They  w:..  a       ^'"' 
l)0(ly,  a,  straight  or  slightlv  e.oncive  InPl-   slnn  ,  i  i  •    I        •''""Silted 

long  tan      The  n.hler  i^no^er  '  ;^;n Unel  t,t  '  ^,      l!  S^  "'f 
oped  iit  the  npper  part  and  extends  forward!  '  ""■^'"^'i.il'b  devd. 


Rearing  calrcs.—Tho.  imuiner  oC  reariiii  calves  is  vov^r  „,;  i  it- 
oven  careless.  *"        ^'^  '^^  ^^^'^  imddlmo-  ai„I 

IVIKAT    PRODUCT. 

In  the  sonthein  and  eastern  provinces  cattle  are  l.re.l  ■.«  i.n.  ,     • 
burden  and  for  their  meat.  K«'«'<nt-  oiui  as  beasts  oj 


Vnrio(,i(!H 


Hray  Tcliorkaskv 

UluckSwi • 

Don ;;;;;;■'■ 

Oicnbnij; 

Sirnbrisk '.'.'....'..'. 

Sanmru " ' " ' ' 




- 

Jfoat. 

Talldw. 





— 

Kilns, 

•too 

L'8S 
.'Wd 

EUot. 

•in 
32(0  .IS 

.'12      Irt 

i 

Unitkd  Statks  Consiilati;, 

»S7.  rctershur<i,  Ikuxmlwr  L'O,  1SS;{. 


KDGAR  STANTOX, 

CoiisHl-denmiL 


ADDKXn.V  TO  IM'SSIAN  C.VTTLE  RT^I'OUTS. 

the's^;:::t!!;:;::?'^^:.:^f  ;;!.:'!;i'!;:'!'^ -''f  V'^  ''^  "••^'^'«"-"*  "^ 

i^nnatio,^  compiled  princi.iuUn!;:  l^l^lrt'^'^Sl^^Si:. 


A-ussiiui  and  Kol- 


Qniiiitity(iC„||||, 


IVdlM^O. 


TMers. 
iOOtol.SOO 
1.  liUII 


C"      L',  200 
"II      l',400 


Mn 


xiiiinii,. 


liki:i, 
2,  WO 
2,11(10 


2, '100 

■Urn 


8<MioraIly.']to7 

'MVlIltlT  ibod  is 

littio  strength. 
i><l  IxMii.uiidded. 
'>»•«  iii'c  ])eeuliiir 
;i\  black  cottlp, 
•<'<l  prevails  in- 

^rywliero.  Tlic, 
'1^  ill)  (doiioiited 
l-qiiarters,  and 
Klerably  deypi. 

'  iiiiddliiig  and 


!<1  as  boasts  of 

-— 

Moat. 

Tallow. 

Kilns. 

•too 

28S 
.'Wd 
221-272 
(') 
{'■) 

1 

Kitot. 

•IH 

;i2     4« 

■■12      .|H 

(') 

NTOX, 


;ts. 

volopment  of 
isties  and  in- 
iKM-al  Stanton 


RUSSIA.  >21 

nn  tlio  resources  of  llnssiu,  und  Diihlivilmil  !,.  n^,      i      t. 
in  r.ts,.ons(.,  to  tli('  cattle  circular:  ^       ''^'"'^'  *'""'  ^'at  country 

AUKA   AND   POPULATION   OF   TUV.   RUSSIAN   KMPIRE, 

The  Kiis.sian  V.m\mv.  lias  iiii  area  of  iiearlv  'ifK  nnn 
,>r  alx.ut  (...'  si.xth  of  ti.e  lar.d  on  the  .!  obe      K, nm    f ''•^^'''^'"'''il  "'iles, 
-i-<'""'i  a...l  northern  e.xtren.ities,  tiren    uv  7)    '  ,,ul''f ''  ^n ^''"'"'  ^^^ 
"••"■^'<>'>.  extremities,  lOasteap,  t„  kJI  '>^,u,        '"'"    ''"  •'•^«terii 

TlH.  IVontiers  extend  mer  0.;;7(>  «  .,.        ^rr ''^f  ^^^^^ 

wliicliares,>a-e..ast.     nn(av()rabI(Md7 .  ih    m^^^^^^^^^^      ''">  '^'''•''^  '"''^'^  of 

ll,islil.nral,aslarasconMnerce  ..orn'me^^^ 

lions  of  the  Maltic,  iJIaelc,  and  dana-llescVsels     *'"' '•''■'^'v^'l.V  «n.all  por- 

Th..  En.pire  is  divided  naturally  into  thrJe  ^reat  districts,  viz: 

DiBtriclH.  (     ..  "" 

-     --     .._  Kilomoters.      itants. 

Kiiropcaii  Kiissia,  with  Polniid  nnd  Fiiilnn,!  I 

Ijmvwus  1111(1  lians-Cispiau  ilistrirtH  .  .      ,1  .-isn  (!•'«  '    u-  n,m  „„ 

S.lirtiiiiin(ICi>nlnilv\si.i l       '-n'^r?!     8';.0«n,000 

■    ,.  ;?  ■3;:;       "."00,000 

Tntiil \_^^..VmJ       !»,000,0(IO 

- I -'■™-.-'''-  j  ioo.ooo^ 

European  iJnssia,  with  one-iiftb  of  tJu>  f,w.,i  ...       i 
lis  many  iid.abitaiits  as  nil  the  other  disti;  «        '  n^  "early  si.v  times 
generally  into  two  .ones,  the  ().  e    m     !^  d  '  ' .  !  ^f^'?'    -"^ '^  '^'^^''^^^^^^ 
ml  the  other  all  that  with  lUaclce  rlV  t  £//'  J^'^  ^^"'^"''•V  ^^itiiout 
..l..hvid."d  intoninegn.upsof  ffove;",,;,^ntsor       >vi?:"'  ^'""fi"  '-^S'"" 

PROVINCIAL  (UIAUAOTKUISTICS  OP  UUSSIA. 

For  a  more  comjjreliensive  classificjitim.  ..eui 
Stanton,  in  the  report  already  ^^^^^^ 
iiients"asfolh)ws:  '   '^i»n(((  i,,,  j.a.s  ;?rouped  the  ''govern- 

yorfhern  (jroup — Archain-<d,  Olonokf/   .nwi  Ar  i      , 

list  DODulons  districts  r>F  I?.,.'-; .   !'.!.:^.''j  '""!  ^'oloff<la.    These  are  the 


Hnllic  f/roup.—Tlm 


I'niicipa  y  (cultivated,  the  latter  i  M'n-  I.r<  I  ',,«  ^.  "''^  I'"'''^"^^  are 
posos.  OonsiderabI,.  attcM.tion  is  vVm  f  ^'^  "f"^  ^'"'  ^I'stiHin- p,,,.. 
ilM,()()<)  in  this  sroup,  an  ima"  L  ot^^J^'^.^J:::^"^!''-''^;'!/].^,  there  1^.  ^ 
;"m'a.e.I  12  p.-r  cent,  since  IS^l.  ftu^^]^^  ^^'>\  ^''^Mo  have 
'':'<1;    M.eep  nund.nr  1,().47,(»0(),  !M7,()»(i    ,•  ,,!    ^^^^^^^^^^ 

I'MM.Toa.se  .since  ISr.li.s  about  70  .  .-•  ee  t      S  ''  "'\'^'''^  ^*"'"<''^- 

:iyin-  iMcrea.sed  since  1S.5I  ;?;{  ,„.r  .•,'.         1.'     .  V"*'  '"""'»<'••  .'lOO.OOO, 

^"f  ""l-"''.'"..-.-.     Disiilli,,.,..  bn-win'^  ',;,     ,  ill  m'''"'''''  "  "'  •""'■^^'^•"  <>«■ 
ii"l"iMii  (liis.lisltict.  "'   ""'  """'".^  !"•<' <'xten.sively  <,;„•- 


522 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


Western  fp-oup.—T\m  grouj)  embraces  tlio  six  Aovenimeiita  of  Midii. 
le.if,  Vitebsk,  Vihui,  Kdviio,  (Jrcxbio,  and  IMiiisk,  lias  jiii  area  of ,",();;  4-p 
square  kilometers,  and  a  ijopnlation  luuuberins'  (i,18r),0()(),  S|)ii!ii.'m,i' 
winter  wlieat,  rye,  barley,  buckwheat,  oats,  potatoes,  and  llax  aio'ci'iiti 
vated.  Horses  numbered  in  187(5  1,409,(»()0,  and  receive  considoni,],; 
attention.  Cattle  numbered  2,519,(>()();  slieei),  2,(M2,00(),  ;]7i  000  .• 
whicli  were  fme-wooled  breeds ;  swine,  1 ,570,000 ;  ^'oats,  220,000.  VotcmI 
liave  been  greatly  dev,istated,  and  liave  decreased  in  area  more  tliMi, 
:J,000.!)(I0  desiatines  (over  8,000,000  acres).  Distilling,  brewiii<'  ai 
sujjar-makin<>-  arci  carried  on  extensively  in  this  j-roui).  '^'  ' 

Vistula  fjroup.—Thm  groui)  inclndes  the  fornior  Kiriffdom  of  I'oland 
The  consnl-<jceneral  was  unable  to  give  statistics  of  any  accoinitre"''inl 
in<?  this  jiroui).     Notwithstanding  its  dense  i)opulatio)i  this  jrroun'is  i 
praiu-exporting  one.    Horses  in  1870  numbered  7r)4,000:  cat*^'e  '*  ")'>  (Hm 
sheep,  4,bS0,000;    swine,    1,101,000,  and   ;,  ■' .   T./JOO.     l^rests'lim'. 
been  greatly  devastated.     Distilling,  brev    ■      •    '  A  fiugar-niakin--- 'ir,. 
as  adjuncts  to  agriculture,  extensively  earn  ,.  ...     Statistics  conmn' 
ing  Pobsh  cattle  will  be  I'ound  in  the  rejioru  iron)  Consul  Kawic/  ..r 
Warsaw.  ' 

ISoiithH-esfcrn  lUaclearth  (jroup.— This  group  includ(!s  the  three  <'ov 
ernmenis  of  Kief,  Podolia,  and  V^>lhynia,  and  is  one  of  the  most  favoml 
districts  of  Kussia  both  as  to  soil  and  cliinate. 

Jleet  roots  play  an  imi)ortant  role  in  this  gvouj).  About  1  \r>,%7  desji 
tines  were  jdanted,  producing  91),212,0o0  pocds. 

In  1871  tli.  horses  in  this  grou])  numbered  800,000,  haviii"  incrp--n,i 
80  ])cr  cent,  in  twenty  years;  cattle  luunbered  1,500,000,  "laviiM' d',. 
<;reased  11  per  cent.ji  sheep,  mostlv  native  breeds,  2,420  000-  ^^winn 
1,258,000;  goats,  8.1,000.  '       ,  mviik, 

Sotithern  Ste2)pe  (/roup.— Thin  grou])  includes  the  governments  ofl^es 
saiabia,  Cherson,  Yekaterinoslatl",  Taurida,  and  the  Don  Cossacks  dis 
tric.t,  which  are  more  or  less  characterized  by  the  word  steppe. 

The  gr«>atest  part  of  the  grain  ])roduction  of  this  group  is  exported 
In  1870  the  horses  numbered  1,185,000;  cattle,  ;i,427,0()0-  sheen' 
1.'{,174,000,  of  which  7,007,000  were  merinos;  swine,  787  OOO-  <roitV 
];{i),000.  I5ut  little  forest  exists,  and  that  little  is  neglected  or  wlsted' 
and  has  <h'creased  .'35  per  cent,  since  1840.  "      ' 

Distilling,  brewing,  and  sugar-making  are  carried  on,  thoinjl!  tlielaol; 
of  fuel  militates  against  these  industries. 

Central  lilaclrarth  orovp.—Thia  group  consists  of  the  govermnoiitsof 
1\)0]a,  Kiasan,  Orel,  Koorsk,  V'oronesh,  Tambroff,  Tensa,  Ivarkotf  J'ol- 
tava,  and  T(!hernigofl".  Cereals,  fruit,  and  oleaginous  and  lihroiis  i)liiiit,s 
thrive  in  this  group. 

The  i)roi)ortionately  snudl  amount  of  grazing  land  in  this  gronn  lias 
its  inlliK'nce  on  the  breeding  of  domestic  animals.  Horses  number 
4,358,000;  cattle,  4,137,000;  slieej.,  10,841,000,  l,5;i7,000  of  which  are 
merinos;  swine, .3,057,000;  goats,  141,100.  Forests  plavaii  uiiiiiiimrtaiif 
role  111  tins  group,  and  have  d<'creased  20  jxm-  cent.  I'eiisa,  Tiiiiiboil' 
and  Orel  have  the  most,  Toola  and  Poltava  the  least  forest  land. 

Tlier(>  are  in  this  group  08  sugar-mills,  whose  annnal  prodiidioii  is 
valued  at  1.5,172,000  rubles;  745  distilleries,  whose  i)ro(lii(ti()ii  is  valued 
at  80,;!55,200  rubles;  70  breweries,  ]>rodiicing  1,242,700  iiihjes  beer- 
040  oil  mills,  producing  2,150,400  rubles  oil,  and  47  tobacco  works,  iho- 
diicing  ;{,;i04,000  rubles  tobacco. 

Eaatern.  and  SnuflieoHfern  fjroiip.-~T\ui^  group  iiicluiles  the  govern 
mcnts  of  Kasan,  Simbirsk,  Saratoll',  Samara,  Oufa,  Oreiihing,  and  As- 
trakan.  The  soil  of  this  group  is  lertile,  ex<!ept  in  Astrakan,  where  its 
fruitfulncss  is  allected  by  the  salty  character  of  the  earth. 


RUSSIA. 
RUSSIAN    OATTLE. 


523 


Kussia  possesses  more  cattle  tl.an  any  other  ccni.trv  in  Vmrovo  but 
issinpassed  in  this  rospect  by  botli  the  Ui.ite.l  States  and  So  th  An    r 
ica.    Of  the  many  native  breeds  few  if  any  are  wortliv  n..rf  v.,  ..,  ,      ■ 
fhc  ( 'hohnoffory,  originally  a  <  ross  betwcVrj)^/^   i^u  e  -^   .'*.?''• 

,,.e..d  of  Ard-angel   is  the  best  known  race.     U  dal^^  ^,1  '  >ete '';he 
Greats   une,  is  used  ior  nnj.rovinj.-  other  native  breeds,  and  is  ke nt  n 

•■,sa"tt'       ""'*"  '     '^^'"^  ''"''^^^  '■'  •"''•■"'y  '>'v'H'd  by 

\Vilh  re-ard  to  eattle  llussia  may  be  divided  into  threes  /ones  the 
„or  hern,  southern,  and  southeastern.      I„  the  first  catt  e  ar'V  k  'nf 
,.!,K-liy  (or  dairy  purposes  and  manure.     The  breeds  kept  are    ,a  iv 
niton  crossed  with  foreign  breeds,  are  small  in  statiiro  ..,wi  ,    f  '     ' 

l:nly  lar,e  niilkei..     The  Uu.sian  raees  IwcJI^'  i;^"^*,^,  '  1^:^-;, 
,1,,.  a\eia-e  iron.  7  to  H  j.oods  of  <;oarse,  unsaNory  meat      Wes    r„<^i 
;„i.l  Cliolmogorian  ealtle  weigh  from  17  to  20  i,(,ods  '^""^-^'ii" 

In  the  second  /one  eattle  are  kept  as  beasts  of  burden  and  for  their 
,,K.at.    I  hey  are  largely  exported,  and,  though  poor  milkers,  a  e  es   J    e 
loitlu'ir  meat  and  as  wtu'kers.  ,<ii«  i.m«  i  iiuo 

III  the  southeastern  zone  oriental  breeds  are  keot  cliioflv  r,.,.  ,i    • 
n.eata..d  tallov.     Theyyield  less  meat  than  tllosroVtlu  so  tl  ./;;;: 
and  are  poor  milkers.  """un m /.one 

I'ICTUUKS  OF   RUSSIAN  CATTLE. 

Umk>rdateof  Dec,.mberr,,  lSS.J,Consul-(}eneral  Stanton  transmitted 

totlKU)epart.nentsi.Yy  photod.thographsof  Russian  eattle,  whiH^ 
supplied  by  the  director  of  aguriiuiltun^  in  St.  Petersburg     Tl  's  ' ,    •/ 
nrcs  represent  eattle  in  the  nortli(>rn  and  central  groops  oTiI  v  and  i  ,    '  , 

hllKl,  \IZ:  J    <    xi  m    1   III- 

,^r'''',?;;'  •r''^'-~^'',''7"'''*:''^  of  Anjlmugel,  four  representing  e„ws 
of  ti.e  'Cholmogonan"  bived  and  four  of  in.specified  cattle;  Gi.n..,' 
■nent  01  Vologda,  seven  cows  ami  seven  oxen,  evidentlv  ot  the  co  ,  n  , 
hiwds  ot  the  country.  ■  «^<»iiiiimmi 

Central  f/ronp      iioy^yvummt  of  Perm,  uine  cows,  (ive  of  whieh    iiv 

ornless,  and  all   endeutly  the   (-ommon  scrub   race  of  the     u  ntrv 

bom-mncnt  of  ^  latka,  live  cows,  fully  as  inferior  as  th.s^t   Per  ," 

;iiul  cvi.  eiitly  o    the  same  breed.     (Government  of  Jvostrone     1  f t e    I 

rows  ami  three  bulls.     One  of  the  cows  is  designated   -,^   ';/.;. " 

c  others  are  not  designated.     All   are  superior  looking       i„,|s  h. 
those  ot  Perm  an<.  Viatka      (iovernment  of  Yarosloff,  four    ■    vs  s  '., 
riigiy  the  same  breed  as  thosc^  of  Kostoma 

FinUual-A  vmv  and  bull,  breed  not  designated.     Thev  would  se.Mn 
however,  to  be  a  cross  between  the  Finnish  and  Ayrshire  cattle   wl,' 
according  to  the  report  fro.,    Ilelsingfors,  would  seem  to  "nstitVi  e   i 
lar^^c  IHntion  of  the  cattU^  of  I'Mnland.  « onsnruie  a 

As  it  wouhl  serve  no  practical  purpose  to  publish  the  sixty  en^riv 
ings  of  Russian  cattle,  which  accompanied  Consul-Generil  Sl^  ft on's 
report,  selections  are  herewith  given,  which,  with  the  eu  s  of"  li^^  ish 
|attleguTU  with  the  report  by  Consul  Kawicz,  of  WaS  wil      t  i 
thought,  fairly  represent  t  he  breeds  of  the  Empire  '        ' 


624 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    rARMINO. 


CATTLE  IN  THE  BALTIC  PROVINCES. 

liEPOnT  IIT  CONSULAR  AGENT  liOMBOLDT,  OF  JilOA. 

ullv""^  ^Y  ^.':V*''^  to  inclose  berewith  a  report  having  referorirn  tn fi 
breedniff  of  cattle  n,  tiiis  consular  district,  but  I  regret  to  saTt  !/   '" 
inforraat.on  I  l.ave  been  able  to  collect  upon  this  subject  sveYvin. •/'','' 
as  pure  bred  catt  e  are  very  rarely  found  in  these  prSes.  Z?JT^ 

dition  would  not  be  recomraondable  for  export.  The  onlv  cat  i  i  ? '" 
exporting  are  the  Podolian  (prairie  breed  from  thrsS  of  •  '"'' 
which  ,s  renowned  for  its  contentedness  with  regard  toZd  an  I  f '^' 
tion,  as  a  so  for  its  largo  size  and  excellent  quabty  o^nea  T  .•''■' 
ot  spreading  the  cattle  plague  in  other  countries  must  bo  t  Jkon  inn  "' 
sideration  in  tliis  connection.  By  continual  andTvnr.f  nv^^^^ ''"''• 
breeding  the  Podolian  cattle  n  the  United  States  it  S^^^  '" 

whether  this  very  useful  cattle  wouhrSloseftVdi^pS^^^^ 
under  the  inHuence  of  the  soil  and  climate  f  hpro     "ri.!  In .  ?li      '"^"'■'^^'' 
jVonj  $40  to  .$00  per  head.    luSliua    rgesla;ghterr 

a/=?i^^i5^^ 

ln£S^f^.^r^' Jt  S'  ^'^^'^  ^^odoliaS^r C'lli; 

Ti.Twf  ^T}  ''''''Z'f'''  *'^'  ''-^^P^^*^  ^'^ *''e  United  States  would  be  via  Vu„\,.  i 
The  cost  from  Riga  to  England  for  cattle  varies  from  ibouVVi  s  S  1 
per  head.    The  stock  is  increasing  and  is  suflicient  ?i;  hl./^dl   !f" 

PET.  BOMBOLDT, 
United  States  Consular  Agency,  ('onmlar  Agent, 

Riga,  November  8,  1883. 


■M 


Special  utatistica  concerninfi  catlle  in  the  Jialtic provinces. 


Name  of  Iircetl. 


Annual  avo 
aRo  proiluct 
of  milk. 


Habitat. 


Live  woiglit. 


Cow, 


Angiln 

Olilonljurj;  ... 
(JlioliiMigoi'ian 


Pounds. 
4,  !)00 
4,800 
4,800 


ItiiRHia 

Baltic  provinri'M  ....' 
Livoiiio  and  Curonia. 


liiill. 


roiinih.       Ponnda. 

hm\        1,070 

1,000 


Topo/fraphi/ 
iilln 


winter,  !:!■  ]•' 


.illiu  ifil :  u.l  .siUHl,  wiMi  Mom.i  loam  ;  Hubstratn.n,  cliiy. 
Cultivated  fimmx:  Titnotliy,  (■lov..r,  iui.l  ryo  ltusn: 


color, 

'.s,  wIllMI 
loilicstil' 

licy  pro- 

NOi!, 


Jlnedini/ , 
I'roductn . 


I^iik  a;.2S;^:"' ^'"'•"''^"•■^"'^••"•''^^'■'^"'i --• 


ferorico  to  tlu. 
s«\y  tliat  tli(- 
very  limit,.,!, 
wliori!  .stock- 
•prtvsoiitcoii. 
■  «at,tl,!  (it  for 

»   ol"   Ifll.S.siil), 

)u  and  iittoii- 
^fc-  Tiic  risj; 
koiiiiito(!oii- 
peri  men  ts  in 
0  iiscei'tiiiiu'tl 
>»  to  (lisdiisc, 

ttloeost  ll,!!,. 

^tiiblisluiieiit 
enli  meat  t,) 
f^rs,  I'liiiiiiiijr 
"<5  A'oin  tii,> 

nn  Kn<;lan,|. 
t'*18to$20 
i<^  (lemaiid. 
LJ)T, 
lar  Agent, 


vo  woiglit. 


lillll. 


too 


}'ounds. 
I,  ;i:.o 

1,«70 


(itiin^;  mini', 
yfiU's,  wliiMi 
111(1  (Idiiii'stii; 
.  'I'licy  pi'o- 
I'll. 
l:!''r.;  soil, 


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Oy% 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  145(10 

(716)  872-4503 


<x- 


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Ill  comp 
tliii  honor  t 

TliL'ie  is 
import  exc 
poses. 

LTnited 


Same  of  hreei 

html.    Color, 

I  Ayishiro  typo ; 

at  maturity  foi 

I  iiintiirity :  C'ou 

lialf  years  fs  fr 

I,:iil0  poiiiida;  i 

,1,,W  to  ii.OOO  |)< 

iivi'i'aso  ])ro(liic 

Topofiraphij  of 

1 11.7",  July  iJeiii 

from  Novell)  i)or 

jiiiisiitisfiiotorily 

[  clay  glacial  iiiid 

SuhtraUnn:  G 

Cultivated  f/raa 

clover  iscnltiva 

I  uliilo  clover  is  i 

ami  Alopecarua  p 

Tliocattloaro  \ 

I  oat.s  (crushed),  li 

I  (III  largo  f'arni.s  th 

Jlriiiu  Ayrshire;  o 

jwiteil  to  JSt.  Pct( 


1  bey  to  ucli 

lliist,  jiiid  in  roj 

flljocattle-raisiii 

Tlio  mirnbcr  < 

[1111(1  in  IK)  j)ro] 

I  breeders.    Owii 

11111(1  tbo  compet] 

|ot'tlio  foreig-n  bi 

Tlie  purcliasii 

Joxceediiigly  viiri 

[sizes  and  qualiti 


KUSSIA. 


525 


CATTLE  IN  FINLAND. 


UmTED  States  Consulate, 

Hclsiiififors,  June  2G,  1884. 


HERMAN  DONNER, 
^^<^o  and  Acting  Consul. 


.S-BCrA.  SX.TXSTICS  COXCKUXUVO  CATT.K  ^^  Kl...... 

UmcoJ  breed,  .Jc;  Ayrshiro,  i)uro  uiid  half  i.i„    i 
l,ree.I.    Color,  red  aiurwhito,  snotte  "  som iH^'°*^'  ^™«««'^  with  ori.riml  Fin.,;  i 
Ajishiro  typo ;  Iwivo  been  broj  puro  W  th^?^^v  ^    ^  ™'"'.-     '^'"«.V  aro  tbo  woll  knn  '*'' 
;U,.Katnriry  f.mr  years,  wjHMitrwoK'^ 
maturity:  Cow  from  r,0"  to  80";  or  Vom ^.fi'  t?i»  '^*'?'  '"^0  *''  700  poumls      si/K? 


^,kra..«:  Granite,  di^;'^-.^^  ™-»«- g-vel,  dowu  .audra;;:i^S'sr 

clover  is  cltivatod,  I.ut  nioi^  of  Swodfa  Xii& of^'^";^^^  « 

while  ciover  18  mixed;  ryo-grasH  does  i.ot  sUnd  f h.    r^"  •'?  *^*'^<^«'»);  for  ,).^fc  , 

laiHlJ/o;)emr«s;)mto.«,«areinucliu8od  ^"•*  ^^"^  I' i»»'sh  winter:  ir«/^^' '.^.„" 


||J(! 


POLISH  CATTLE. 

last,  and  in  reply  to  trausii,  t  flm  fin      •"""  ''''"'^'  circular  of  Jnlv  1^ 
(lK;cattIe.raisi/,/inclu«j;^'inyJS.  '""^^'''^'  ^"^^•"^^  «"  the  comlS  c^" 

ilio  number  of  the  Polish  mui  f,^w  • 
;•"''  i"  "0  proportion  wi^'  t^'u^e  f  ^  f  o-xceedingly  lin^i^o., 
brmlm.    Owing  to  the  cheapness  of  ^fn    """'I*"'?  ^*  *h«  tol  stock 
^«;"  tbo  competition  with  th^ ^'stepne'  -u  d''"'  """\""^^  "'^^^^^  products 

.^"^5^S^:;-:  -  J5S^^^  ^y  this  count.  1 

m(ts  and  .malitiee.  ^a"(^ute  of  the  striking  differences  in  their 


526 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY    FAHMINO. 


from  JO  too.,  rubles,  wi.ilo  tlii^  ,,ri(,e„f  an  ox  W(.i{r|,i„o'  fro  i    )oo ^  'M 
pounds  vanes  from  ;58  to  1 10  rubles  and  above.  "  ^"  Moi) 

riio  total  number  of  eattln  in  the  Ivin-'dom  of  I'nlii.,!  .. 
V00,000  h..ad,  out  of  wind,  .ni.uber  TOoloml  L^l  i.'o'    '  ,  ^r"^  '" 
largo  laudcil  j)roi,notor.s,  Nvl.ile  2,000,000  head  belong  to  tl ,,.""" "' 

Near  y  tbo  whole  of  the  Polish  eattlo  sto.;k  is  etl  s    e  •?'!' ''>■ 
the  milk  products  to  s.j.j.ly  the  loeal  demands,  and  o.  i-   £  ' 'T' ^'"1 
worn  out  animals  arc  sold  to  the  l)utohers  of  viUa-es  •      "''' ""'I 
towns.  '""ir,ts  ,ui(i  NiiialliM. 


Some  of  the  hu.«er  landcl  l>ropri;t;n;';h.a;;:m.Su  l^;!;;;; 
'xen  Iron,  the  Russian  "  Stei,pe"  governments  of  Volyi       i '3^''''^ 
Jessarab.a   fatten,  and  export  them  to  Berlin  and  VkM     I       '"''"'" 


,001)1 

tlld 


oxen 
Bess 


or 

and 


As  regards  the  home  .lemandsof  the  dairy  products  it  .n.vi.       . 
stated  that  hitherto  ahnost  everywhere    with  th  revr.  .V/ '  ^  ^'^''''^^Ivl 

I'll  ml 

IHa. 

opii- 

production  of  milk  in  the  vicinity.  '^  "icrciisMl 

The  foregoing  data  have  been"  eoUec^ted  by  mv  order  tl.mn  i 
competent  party,  and  as  far  as  1  comiMred  tlieM.uiH.fi         "«''  ^'^""! 
I  nnd  them  fully  representing  t;;e  -leau   ^         .^'^  .«  t^;j£^"5^J 
industry  in  this  country.  < '"clobroedingl 

As  to  the  blank   forms  s(>nt  me,  I  beg  resoectfullv  t.. 
regrets  that  I  am  unable  to  (ill  then,  up    or  w  u      ;,•       *^-'l"'^^'^'^ '".v 

otlices  and  t^he  prohibit <..' l<.<M.iW  suolli^e^  b^;    ,^  f;!  .^ilif  ^ 

I  inclose  live  photognii)hs  of  I'ol.sh  cattle  types  '  '^''"'• 


UNITKD   StATKS   CONSITLATE, 

Warsaw,  November  3,  ISSJj. 


ypi'i 

JOSEPH  ItAWlCZ, 

Consul. 


"■""""'"  foi,i;;i 

'!'"'  "I'loiints  ti, 

"'•V  "'»' old  ;i,i,l 
•*'^  '""l  .small,;, 

I   IvllS.Slil. 

I.V  ;ll>oiit  (m,o()|| 
'^[h  while  til,. 
<'t  ciittle. 

il>lcm.uil,i,,sori 

'•''''"<l<>Iia,aii,i 
im.  ' 

t  '"iiy  bo  safdv 
'I'tiou  of  liirg^l 

\^'"««iUmt(.(iiii| 
'itiiiits,iu,(lHa. 

^^'"^•1W.SI)0|M,| 

'»  I'l-'.^pectivelvl 

"  f 'Hi  increased 

t'lrou^'h  some 
»''•  'Statt'iiKMitsJ 
'iittle-broediiicr 

;<>  cxpros.s  iiiyl 
tlHJ  Statistical 
Hte  parties. 


t 


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ii 

I 


r 


m 


i'A 


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k 


I 


ni 


ta;.i-     y,i.-.iii.^» 


n 


U 


t  f 


1 

1  jyli 

i 

:hb 

if  L 1 

1,41 

■ill 

1  ,.  i    : 

f 

, 

'11 

fl 

1 

1'    '1 

1 

L  1 

MI 


I  herewith  be 
Hliicli  1  liiivc  l)l> 
liiruliii'  of  Jiil.v 
ihiit  iimiiy  of  tl 
by  Uio  Iioiionibl 
tl'io  director  of  t 


As  to  f,'encra 
Jiiiii{?ary  by  the 
1 1111(1  iilso  tlie  re 
breeds. 

Tlioujjii  lluiis 
throw  olf  its  pi 
I'xtont  at  this  il 
hind  is  more  gei 
loiifr-acqiiired  In 

Tims  also  the 
poitaiico  to  the  .' 
;;a'at  coinpetitio 
uraiii-raisiiijj  so  i 
readied  in  othei 
liroper  to  turn  tl 
only  recently  coi 
think  the  state 
seemed  thus  far. 

II 

It  hoiDg  iiatnr; 
of  its  home,  nine 
home  race,  and 
eattle  may  alrea( 
(lie  butcher  and  . 
been  very  few  ex 


Of  late,  howcv 
lirolitablebraneli 
experiments  and 
Tliouf^h  the  expe: 
.satisfactory,  ther 


IIUNGAllY. 


5^7 


HUNGARY. 


II    I 


MEAT  AND  DAIRY  CATTLE  IN  HUNGARY. 

UlCVOUT  IIY  COXaUL  ,STJ':]iNE,  OF  liUDAVEtiTH. 

1  lieivwith  beg  to  submit  nil  tbo  general  iiml  statistical  inlbrinatiou 

Hliich  1  liiivc  bi'eii  able  to  obtaiu  in  lespoiiso  to  tlio  J  department's  cattle 

j  lirculiii'  of  July  IS,  1883 ;  at  tlie  same  time  1  deem  ib  proper  to  remark 

ihiit  many  of  the  details  of  my  report  have  been  kindly  tnrnisbed  mo 

by  (lie  honorable  minister  of  commerce  of  ITunf>iU'y  and  Mr.  Toruuiy 

academy  of  Uuda-Pesth. 


I   K)    1*1^.    *■■ -- ■'-■ —      -' - 

till!  director  of  the  veterinary 


OATTLE  RAISING  IN  UUNGABY. 

As  to  f,a'nenxlities,  I  shall  bejjiu  by  stating  the  results  reached  in 
,  JIiiii{,'iuy  by  the  systematic  breeding  with  tbo  cattle  native  to  the  state 
I  and  also  the  results  reached  by  the  introduction  of  cattle  of  forei-Mi 
I  breeds.  " 

Though  Hungary  has  been  making  great  eilbrts  in  the  last  decade  to 
throw  oil'  its  purely  agricultural  character,  it  retains  such  to  a  "-reat 
ixtont  at  this  day.  Like  that  of  few  other  li^uropean  countries'  her 
liiiiil  is  more  generally  iidai)ted  to  agriculture  and  her  i>eo]>le  arc  by 
loiifj-acquired  habits  more  inclined  to  the  oecni)ation  of  farming. 

Thus  also  the  raising  of  cattle  was  always  an  industry  of  "-rent  im- 
portance to  the  state,  only  exceeded  by  that  of  grain  production  '  The 
;;a'at  competition,  however,  in  late  yeurs,  by  other  countries,  has  made 
uriiiiiraising  so  unprofitable  that,  also  considering  the  favorable  results 
readied  in  other  countries  by  stock-raising,  tlio"^ people  have  found  it 
proper  to  ttirn  their  attention  more  in  this  direction,  and  thou"h  it  is 
only  recently  comparatively  that  .systematic  elibrts  have  been  made  J 
think  the  state  has  already  cause  to  congratulate  itself  on  the  results 
scciueil  thus  far. 

IIUNGABIAN  MEAT   AND  WORK  CATTLE. 

it  being  natural  that  the  native  cattle  is  best  adapted  to  the  country 
ofits  home,  much  attention  lias  been  given  to  iniprove  and  i)erfect  the 
home  race,  and  this  has  resulted  so  successftdly  that  the  ilun-nirian 
lattle  may  already  be  considered  very  superior  animals,  especiaTly  for 
Ihe  butcher  and  heavy  work.    For  these  purposes  there  have  therefore 


the 
been 


eigu  race 


y  work.    l<or  these  purposes „,^  i;ut^ii:iwiu 

very  few  expiniments  made  in  the  introduction  of  animals  of  for- 


CROSS  BREEDS  FOB  DAIRYING. 


Ot  late,  however,  it  has  appeared  that ''  1  irv  farming"  is  the  more 
prolitable  branch  of  stock-raising.    The  couiiir.,  is  tlierefore  makin"-  its 
expernnents  and  applying  the  results  of  these  more  in  this  direcUon 
lliongii  the  expenments  with  foreijrn  breeds  Imyo  uof  iwu.,.  ,,n,,.....,]i.! 
satisfactory,  there  have  been  a  few  which  have  resulted  soweirthai 


528 


CATTLE    AND    J)A1KY    FARMING. 


lor  dairy  laniiin^r  theso  hav(i  already  been  ac(j('i)ted  as  (staiKlmd  shi  i 
and  they  no  doubt  will  soon  largely  replace  the  nalive  catlk'  fop  ti 
jmrpose,  tliouj>h  these  cannot  be  called  nnitrolitable  daiiv   uiin,  1' 
either.  '    '     "'"-^ 

The  most  satisfactory  of  these  experiments  have  been  Imd  wjtii  ti 
cattle  from  the  Alps  (Switzerland  and  tln^  Tyrol),  and  these  mv  il,  1.  ' ' 
l)ra(!ticaliy  bred  in  the  north  and  west  of  llnngary,  also  on  ilic'eii'  '^ 
border  on  the  hijjher  situated  pastures  of  the  Kari)athian  Moulif  ;' " 
and  tiieir  valleys.  Of  the  the  above  the  "  Ked  Spotted'"  (11^.  ^i\y 
{?aner"  race)  and  the  "Brown  cattle"  (the  race  "lirachiceros")  ,]1T 
to  be  specially  mentioned.  '    ^^^^'"^ 

Positively  bad  results  have  been  made  with  the  cattle  liom  HoU 
and  Oldenbury  and  those  from  the  northwest  coast  of  the  c 
yeuerally. 

STATE  ENCOURAGEMENT   OF   OATTLE-UKlOEDIXd. 


I'oiitiiieiH 


In  this  work  for  iiuprovemciif    tiie  peo[)le  an;  ,i,'r(>;itly  assisliii  I 
the  government  of  the  state,  not  only  by  very  instructive  iiiKlco'ii,,,,  ,  , 
able  methods  of  instruction,  Imt  also  by  financial  aid  wIh.i,.  sh 
needed;  there  are  otner  privileges --ranted  as  a  further  siiniiiV,  ,'," 
those  who  will  be  guided  by  the  system  adoi)ted.  '" 

To  go  into  details :  The  state  has  been  divided  into  brecdinu.  ,ij,,,,: 
in  each  of  which  model  farms  liavo  been  establislied,  iiiostiv  on  1,,  i 
belonging  to  the  (Jrown.     These  farms  are  managinl  and  Iidd  eitln'  l ' 
the  state  authorities  or  by  the  wealthy  gentry,  some  of  wlioinsimu    ' 
ceptional  energy  and  enterprise  in  this  field.     They  are  strcl',.,!  v  ri 
the  best  breeding  stock  suitable  to  the  locality,  either  of  tlio  iiitiv 
ioreign  races.  '       '" 

From  t  hese  centers  the  individual  I'.irmer.s  or  breeders,  and  iilso  vill ,-, . 
(!onsumers,  are  supplied  with  breeding  animals  on  very  favor  ihlcf,,,',!;^ 
of  payment,  upon  the  condition  that  the  jirogeny  be  illaced   n  tli,. 
posal  of  tlie  mother  establishment  for  lurther  sale  and  di'stiihnfinr 
liius  the  state  is  oeing  stocked  only  with  such  animals  asli.nc  ii,„n  ' 
by  experiment  and  practice  to  be  best  adapted  not  only  to  (lie  (.'iimt ' 
at  large  but  also  to  the  separate  districts,  and  in  tlie  saiiic  i.n.noriinn 
mongrel,  defective  breeds  are  gradually  being  extinguisliud.    In',  s'  („( ' 
tune  seveulysix  such  model  farms  have  been  criMted,  oneol'v  i,i,.|'|  ,',i'' 
contains  four  hundred  native  bulls.     Willi  such  a  system  it  can  hm  I 
sonably  expected  that  soon  a  c()m[)lete  change  can  be  bioii'dil  ■ihnn  ij 
the  direction  proving  to  bo  the  most  practical.  '^    ' 

THE  WHITE   CATTLl'.   OF   IIUNOAUY, 

There  are  two  races  of  cattle  in  Hungary  which  can  he  called  ii  ,ivr 
the  ■so-called  "AVhite  cattle'"  and  the   '•  I'.utfalo."     Of  these  ivii  iii,i 
former  seems  to  be  very  well  adapted  for  domestication  in  the  Iniu'ii 
States  and  becoming  I  hus  of  s])e('ial  interest.     I  shall  Iutc  give  a  .shori 
sketch  of  the  animal  as  far  as  my  iiinlfed  knowledge  of  tlio  snhjcct  iiii 
its  technicalities  will  safely  permit  me  to  venture,     l'  liopc,  liowcvci  \k] 
peoidoof  t>ie  United  States  inay  I)e  able  to  draw  i)ractical  conclusions | 
Irom  this  sketch,  tlie  foregoing  generalities,  a. id  the  statistical  ivsiilts 
accompanying  my  report. 

I  herewith  transmit  t  woi)Iiot(igraphs  of  ilungarian  eatt!o,'>tlio  Wliitej 
native,"  referred  to  at  length  in  my  previous  dispatch.    I  tliiiik  tliivsc 
iiictuies  arc  very  iiue  oiie.s. 


m- 1.. 


v- 


If 


i 


~1 


'  <-iiuk.  lb,,  ti,;, 

•  '''"l  with  tlu. 
CSC  :ir(.  ,.|Iiv;|,iy 

.""  ''"^  eastH'i, 
laii  -Uoiiiitiii,, 

d'  (tliL-q-,,,,. 

Jeros")  deserve 

,';•;""  nollaii.i 


y  iissislcil  hv 
:>iuU;i)i|||,„,|,|j 

^^■'"'I't!  Slldi  is 
>■  f^tiiiiiiliiiit  t(i 

'<li";;'<listiic(s 
"■^t'y  on  liiiui, 
•"■Idcitlicriiv 

'VllOlll,s||0\V(.,\. 

;  i^tcckcd  with 
'  tlio  iialivcor 

11(1  also  vijhiooj 

ivorahlotenlls 
''il  lit  tlio  (lis. 

1    <li.Sfl'ilMlti(1l|. 

'•■^  li.'ivc  pnivcii 
f<>  lliccdiiiitrv 
"*'  I>fiii)oni()iij 
'<!•    Iiiasliditj 

'»f'\Vl|icl|;i;,)||,, 

it  can  l;t'iv;i) 
•ii«:Iil  ai'oiii  ill 


iMilcdii.iivi'; 

ilCSC    IWII  liic 

in  tlic  riiiinl 
I'^ivcasJKiri 
;Iio  snlijirr 

llOWCVCl',  llifj 

il  conclusions  | 
istical  results 


,''tli('\Vlim. 
tliink  tliosu  I 


I'VJ 


i 


fi-  H  > 


-<«tiM 


Z 
> 

H 

!  < 

I  n 

I 
c 
z 
c 
> 

> 

z 
n 

I  0 


"^■.:'H 


•  x- 


!  ^ 

[  z 
> 

H 

!  < 

I  n 

I 
c 
z 
c 
> 

X 

> 

z 

n 

I  0 


i 


■^s" 


U 
}■ 

^ 


i 


If 

I 

'1 

J 

JIB 

f 

il 

1. 

i:^H 

The  lior; 

As  11 1'iu; 

^rcuiiis,"  C( 

(•red  (|uitc 

thus  far  i 

breeding  » 

Meat  rtW( 

tWOfCiipiU 

and  their 
niiikcs  tlic 
motor,  aiul 
"  Far  Wes 
makes  tlio 
(jiiick  worl 
will  ciisily 
their  fattoi 
ma  I  lire  nn 
Tlie"W 
oil  c\'er,v  c 
est  alluvial 
sea  level  tl 
uiarly  wlie: 
useful  as  a 
ing. 

Descripti 

the  fjood  a) 

The  coloi 

the  tail  end 

with  a  pill  I 

owiii},'  to  tb 

is  small,  th 

thick  and  s 

the  bull  is 

and  more  ii 

Theinime 

of  the  lica( 

meter  in  lei; 

feet  ion  in  tl 

of  the  sifjn! 

value  as  a  s 

beautiful  ai 

quite  a  nob 

The  eyes 

lively,  and  1 

The  eai's 

ing. 

The  neck 

than  the  liei 

The  back 

poorly  sbap 

strong;  the 

The  sides 

which  the  el 

capable  Innj 

animals. 

H.Es 


HUNGARY. 


629 


The  horns  of  the  cow  nre  oxcpptionally  short. 

As  a  raco  the*  *'White  cuttle"  beloiif;  to  the  Kionp  **l{os  taurim  nriiiii. 
pcuiiis,"  commonly  called  "I'odolian"  and  itexiHtHmoro  particularly  in 
Kiisterii  Europe.  Althoufjh  Uni  animal  here  in  Hungary  is  notcou'sid- 
tivd  (|uit(^  perfect  m  yet,  it  \h  cliwmed  that,  ot  the  race,  thoso  here  have 
tims  tiir  reached  the  highest  state  of  perfection,  and  the  systematic 
bm-dinK  applied  will  no  doubt  soon  develop  the  perfect  animal. 

Ment  and  labor  qualities.— 'I he  qualities  mainly  recoinmen<ling  it  are 

two;  capacity  for  fatteninfjandtheqiuintityandqualityof  meat  produced 
and  their  great  usefidness  as  working  animals.  The  latter  quality 
iniikes  tliem  espe(!ially  valuable  here  where  the  ox  is  the  principal 
motor,  and  1  think  that  this  should  equally  recommend  them  to  the 
"Fur  West"  of  the  United  States,  where  the  breaking  up  of  the  new  soil 
makes  the  steady,  heavy  work  of  the  ox  more  practi<!al  than  the  light 
quick  work  of  the  horse.  As  a  sample  I  am  informed  that  u  pair  of  oxen 
will  eiisily  plow  about  U  actres  of  land  (5  inchcH  deep  per  day.  As  to 
tbdr  fattening  capacity  1  must  add  the  caution  that  the  animal  does  not 
maliue  as  rapidly  as  that  of  some  other  races. 

The  "  White  cattle"  is  raised  in  all  parts  of  Hungary,  since  it  prospers 
ou  every  class  of  sod ;  the  poor  sandy,  the  peat  and  clay,  or  the  rich- 
est alluvial.  For  localities  at  an  elevation  of  more  than  3,500  feet  above 
.sea  U'vel  the  animal  is  not  adapted.  It  is,  therefore,  found  more  partic- 
ularly where  grain  production  is  ])racticed,  thus  enabling  it  to  be  made 
useful  as  a  draft  animal,  while  being  also  near  the  distilleries  for  fatt'»n- 
ing. 

Description.— In  the  physical  description  accompanying  this  rcDort 
tlie  good  average  animal  is  spoken  of. 

The  color  is  a  silvery  white  or  gray,  with  black  mouth  and  nostrils,  and 
the  tad  ending  m  a  long  black  tassel.  Animals  of  a  pure  white  color 
with  a  pinky  mouth  are  found  occasionally,  but  these  are  not  popular 
owing  to  their  sensitiveness  to  the  intluence  of  the  weather.  The  head 
is  small,  the  line  of  the  forehead  straight  and  covered  with  a  more  or  less 
thick  and  soft  tuft  of  hair;  the  nose  is  slightly  rounded.  The  head  of 
the  bull  18  more  massive,  with  coarser  outlines,  the  hair  a  little  darker 
and  more  inclined  to  curl. 

The  immense  and  1  -eautiful  horns  grow  a  little  horizontal  from  .  he  sides 
of  the  head  before  they  curve  up  and  outward;  many  specimens  over  a 
meter  in  length  are  found,  those  a  yard  long  being  quite  common.  Per- 
fection m  the  correct  shape  of  the  horns  is  highly  valued,  this  being  one 
of  the  signs  of  i^urity  of  race.  Besides  the  horns  have  a  commercial 
value  as  a  substitute  for  whalebone,  and,  when  properly  mounted,  make 
beautiful  articles  of  decoration.  Altogether  the  head  gives  the  animal 
quite  a  noble,  majestic  appearance.  'timuai 

The  eyes  face  rather  outwardly,  are  very  large,  black,  almond-shaped. 
In  fly,  and  frequently  more  fiery  than  desired.  ' 

_^^ The  ears  are  firm,  reasonably  hairy,  and  point  sidewise,  not  droop- 

ti.!n  *ii"''f  ''1  ^"'''''''^'  "'•"'■'''''^  V^«'''  ""•^ '«  f'^o"'  10  to  15  per  cent.  Icuger 
than  the  head,  measuring  each  from  the  line  of  the  forehead 

nnnrlv  «w''/"''^''  ^T'}'  •"'*^  '''''•X  "'"«*^^^"''«r,  sway-backed  or  otherwise 

ronX.f;;/ •"'"'/''"  ^'"^'  ''"■*''^'  "'^^  '^■*"''  tl'*^  «r«"l>  >«  broad  and 
strong ;  the  tail  is  also  strong. 

wS  ti^Z  ''^"\"  ^'''"'^ ''"'',  ^'"''*'^'  '•'"^''  »"*^  ^l^'^^P'  J»  consequence  of 
Si  ''''''"l  ^''^'''  ''"'^^  dimensions,  whi(;h,  with  their  very 

animais  ""^^'  ^''"^^        ""liual  to  be  so  speciaiiy  wtll  adapted  as  draft 

H.  Ex.  51^ 34 


!■  I' 


ffS 

if 

ilvj^H 

l» 

m 

530 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    lAHMINO. 


The  wltl.«r«  nr«  lon^  and  bnnul ;  aho  tho  h.ii.H,  thou-M.  tli...« 
Bomotirnos  fonn.l  longer  timii  tlicy  .sliould  proiu'ily  be.  ''^  ''«^ 

«Iiai.e(,  j.iulc.mipii<a;  the  f„n.ant.  is  Hat,  very  bioa.l,  a  ,  '  f '"''-V 
w,  hviH.bkwn.KscU's;  (he  knee  is  bnm.l;  th'eshin  short'w  t  o,,  !  7'*'' 
boiicH ;  the  HUiewM  clearly  .leHne.l ;  the  fetlock  very  shaneh  m"  "  ''.' 
porportion  ami  the  hoeCs  ho  strong,  an.l  linn  that 'it  bee.,.,,,.?'  ^'"•'•' 
to  Nhoo  working  annnals  only  on  the  rou^jhest  ioa<ls  "^"^s«ury 

MeanuremeHt  and  wdyht.~T\ni  followinif  '«  a  detail  ineasi..-<.,„    . 
good  average  animals:  '^  "'< ''NnU'iniMit  of 


Uesoriptiou. 

Length  of  hmul „ 

Uieuiltliol  hciiil,  wIdMt  imit '.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'. Mrteri.. 

iin^ad Ml  <]f  liciitl,  nun owutt  part ..'.'.'"" <<>•.. 

LniKtlKifiifik ....  '"••• 

} «tli  of  liftckt«  point  of  liwf  rill  .'.' '"  ■ 

'ilrrli  ineaMiito •'"'  •• 

IJieaillhof  lii|)H .,"'.'.' '  "  • 

Total  leiiKjIi,  iiH  almvo,  of  oxira  aiilini'iiH.' .".".■.'.■.■.'.■.■ ' ,"  • 

lota  luwKlit,a»ab..ve,  offxtniaiihimlM    .  |"■•• 

1  otal  uiit h  iiK'UHui i>,  iiH  alKK e,  ol  iixti ii  arilinalH. .■.■.■.■.■.■.'.■.'.■ ,'i,?' ' ' 

■Weight  of  extra  aiilnialH .' I>oiiihIh. 

do... 


Hull. 


Ul 
(iS 
'.'■.'< 
IM 
UI'J 
.'it 
^45 

ir>7 

l,:iMi 


Cow. 


not  1 

M.,1 

TI 

24.5 

19.3 

Willi 

62 

spt'ci 

2IH 

1.^ 

11)1 

M 

m 

Th 

2\i 

■-'14 

III 

him 


Fatteninj,  (jtmlitU's.— Ah  to  their  capacity  for  fattenin.r  if  „,.,,  . 
as  a  sample  that  a  certain  herd  of  siven 'hundred  an  ^h  ,".  S 
o n^^-worked  oxen  were  brought  in  one  humlred  and  eiyh  e  • ,  h  ■!'  ■ 
fattening  from  an  average  weight  of  l,li(.H)  pounds  to  l'("nmml 
Younger  animals  have  been  known  to  gain  as  much  as  •{  '.4  1^  ' ' 
day  in  distilleric^s  and  equally  goo,l  r'esults  hav^,  b^j/tC  S 
hrstclass  tarm  feeding,  in  short,  it  is  claimed,  after  many  st  S.T 
uomce  of  cattle  will  compare  with  this  one  in  the  reLl^SS:;;^ 

Dairy  qualitm.—l  am  informed,  as  to  their  (luality  for  the  dairv  th.t 
u  more  favorab  h.  localities  much  better  results  hav^,  bee  ireaS  t  m 
those  stated  m  the  statistical  table  herewith ;  that  these  shoS.fal 
only  to  meduim  animals  umler  medium  circumstances  ^ 

i  nee.— In  price  they  range  as  follows:  Bulls  of  medium  to  first-chs. 
qmUity  are  worth  from  $80  to  $1L'0  for  three-year  ohls,  ai,Vt?or$60 
8100  tor  two-year-olds;  exceptionally  fine  animals,  of  course,  in  .ronm 

sex  trom  S-0  to  §40.     Lpon  application  1  can  furnish  the  juldrcsses  of 
breeders  of  the  more  thoroughbred  herds.  -'"un  .sses  oi 

THE  nUNGARLVN  BUFFALO  CATTLE. 

1  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  an  accurate  description  of  tlieotlier 
race  of  native  catt  e  of  Hungary,  the  ''  Buffalo,"  but  fro...  iny ,  er« 
observation  and  information  I  can  say  the  followiii.^  • 

The  Buffalo  is  a  black,  shaggy,  uncouth-lookliig  animal,  with  rather 
hoiizoutaii,/  ;'i>  g  head,  backward  drooping,  short,  and  heavy  horns ; 
It  18  tar  m.  ..;  jiocile  f .  an  its  appearance  would  indicate,  and  oiujccount 
of  severa!  «  r  -;  tij-ts  it  might  justly  be  called  the  mule  of  Hungary. 
Its  extrcijo  foujjhness  and,  if  I  may  call  it  so,  its  modesty  in  rfiqiiirift- 


IIUNOARY. 


531 


nieiit  of  food  and  carp,  iiro  Uh  moMt  n'rrmrkahlo  (imilitioa.     It  is  them- 
fori'  ,s|H'('iiill.v  popultir  in  localiti<^H  wlu'it*  lood  is  ueither  '\UHity  nor  ccumI 
aiitl  everywhere  it  receivcH  tho  tmitmont  of  a  "stepcliii.l"  in  this  re- 

S|)('(!t. 

It  is  fond  of  tho  water  and  thriven  best  in  swampy  sect lonM,  will  in 
tact,  decrease  in  size  if  liept  in  Urn  dry  localities,  *lt  is  a  verv  iiouii 
work  unimul  where  speed  is  not  r<"Miiu.d,  (lisplavinj;  apiin  in  tliis  thu 
e<|iiiiriiinity  of  the  mule.     The  milk  is  noted  for  its  riehness. 

The  Hutt'alo  is  raised,  in  nnmbers  of  any  <;ons(.<|uen<-(',  oidv  on  the 
low  bottom  lands  of  the  Dannbe,  the  Theiss,  and  the  J)rave,  all  these 
(listriets  beiiij;-  noted  fiu-  their  <lampness.  For  the  same  reason  I  think 
heeoaldbe  pnietically  introduced  in  the  southern  portions  of  the  United 
States;  in  Kh»rida,  for  instance,  where,  us  it  is,  the  domestic  calth'  do 
not  thrive  so  well. 

Tlieie  are  also  a  few  herds  of  thor()u;,dibred  Butfaloes  kept  up  here 
Willi  the  object  of  maintaiiiintr  the  <piality  of  the  race.  First  class 
spi'ciiiieiiS  can  be  had  for  from  foO  (o  $1(10. 


i 


riOUSINO   AND  PEEDINO. 

The  usual  manner  of  keeping  the  cattle  here  is  as  follows- 
III  summer  they  are  allowed  the  run  of  the  fields;  these  not  bein" 
feiieed,  the  animals  are  in  eharf,'e  of  herders,  larf,'e  heids  beiriL'  und'-r 
professional  herders,  while  ilie  women  or  children  look  after  the  animals 
of  the  smaller  farmers. 

Ill  winter  the  small  farmers  keep  their  stock  in  stables.  The  larijo 
licrdH  are  kept  in  sheds,  which  are  proteete<l  towards  the  north  while 
the  south  sides  iiro  open  to  allow  the  animals  the  run  of  the  adj'oiniii"- 
imddocks  during  daytime;  sometimes  they  are  kept  altogether' unpr(r- 
ti'cted  during  winter,  since  the  animal  can  easily  stand  Uo  F,  below 
zero.  Hut  all  have  to  be  fed  during  winter,  Hungary  eeemin-dv  not 
having  those  grasses  from  whi(rh,  as  in  our  "Far  West,"  cattle  can  make 
tbeir  own  living  during  winter.  The  small  farmer  feeds  cut  feed,  while 
the  large  herds  receive  straw,  corn-stalks,  a  little  corn,  and  poor  hay. 

nilEEDTNG  IN   UUNOARY. 

Inbreeding  is  never  deviated  from,  crosses  being  altogether  disouali- 
tied  as  breeding  stock. 

The  bull  is  i)ermitted  to  run  with  the  herd  in  March,  remaining'  with 
It  three  or  four  months.  Calves  begin  to  be  dropped  in  January,  and 
It  Ks  claimed  that  these  which  are  dropped  on  the  snow  are  the  hardiest 
and  best. 

Breeding  begins  with  the  third  year,  the  bull  being  considered  fullv 
capable  until  his  ninth,  and  the  cow  until  her  thirteenth,  year. 

Working  cuttle  arc  broken  in  at  four,  and  remain  fully  tit  for  work 
during  eight,  years. 

For  fattening  they  are  considered  ripo  at  four,  but  are  at  their  best 
when  seven,  years  old. 


nUNGAUlAN  nUTTEB  AND  CHEESE  MAKING. 

The  country  consumes  much  milk  and  sweet  cream,  not  so  much 

butter  being  used  for  the  tnb!*^  SIS  ill   «iio  rTi.if".!   Hf..f....     rri, ^,^,„ 

are  \ery  exacting  as  to  the  quality  of  these  things,  and  use  only  sweet 


id 


^^^  CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 

butter.    Lately  the  system  of  making  butter  from  sweet  mill.  i. 
rators  is  becounng  quite  popular.    Cheese  is  ma  "eXr  the '^.Jf,  'J^ 
Holland  aud  SNY.tzerland,  the  ftit,  half  fat,  and  the  cream  T'l°^^  "^ 
I.W.  not^see;.  any  cheese  here  of  the  character  of^.^/'^f^^LSu,! 

CATTLE   CENSUS   OF  HUNGARY. 

for  Z  S^r-  ■■"■•'  ""^  ''"'  «"""«''  """  "-  "™"""«V*K 
The  census  of  1881  showed : 

Native  White  cattle I'croent 

RedSpolted ,•„ 

Krown  cattle ao 

liutliilo  aud  crosses ••----........!.!!... -".!    ]fi 

1() 

The  following  were  the  numbers  of  each  aud  of  all :  ^"^ 

Native: 

BuIIh 

cowH ;;■  • id-Q., 

X«"»ff'=a'tic :::::::":: '^■<m 

O'^"" ;;:::::::: ]■"■■'.':« 

Total — __. 

"l.Ow-iij 

Red  Spotted  and  Browu:  -r=^ 

BullH 

Cows 14 -.,2 

Young  stock 4!t<)'"^7 

O^"" 404, 1-^4 

m.ori 

Total  Red  Spotted  and  Browu  " 

^  ^  1,0:17,774 

Oxen  of  ditiereut  races  in  fatteniu"  ===== 

i^"»aio«s ?.;::: iia,« 

^      ,  'Am 

Grand  total  in  ccn.sus  of  1S81 === 

Grand  total  in  cen.sus  of  1H7I     i">,;)ll,H78 

■ ii/^H),]!);! 

Increase  in  ten  years 

.  This  seems  to  be  and  is,  in  fact,  a  very  small  "incrisefbrsnr.h  ., , '' ''1 
lu  a  conn  ry  which  is  so  well  adapted  for  cattle  raisinr-.i  1  tn  E  "' 
uterest  It  is  as  n.uch  as  I  have  pointed  out.  I  i cHevt'  1  o  o  w  H 
the  next  census  will  .show  far  more  satisfact()i-v  res  ,  t.  ii  ^^^  '  ^'''^ 
matic  ellbrts  have  h.',.,.  l„M.„n  <„.k i/;  1  vViS^'^^ '^'"<i«  the  syste- 


IMPORTS  ni'  CATTLE  INTO  DUNGAEY. 

Hungary  i.s  able  to  raise  and  is  raising  all  the  cattle  nee.l^.i  .t  i,n,„ 
for  any  purpose,  and  produces  a  surplus  in  cattle  fbietdar 

purposes,  and  these,  as  1  have  shown,  conte  nearly  altogether  frotn  tlie 


HUNGARY. 


533 


Tyrol  and  Switzerland.    Besides  this,  the  territory  is  usually  barred 
against  the  countries  to  the  south  and  east,  Servia  and  Koumania 
whicli  are  the  only  states  also  having  a  practical  surplus.    This  prohibi- 
tion i8  in  consequence  of  certain  cattle  diseases  frequently  occurrin"- 

there.  " 


IMPORTS  OF  CANNED  BEEF  FROM  THE  "  NITED  STATES. 

Specially  from  the  Dnited  States  the  only  article  imported  connected 
with  this  branch  is  canned  beef  but  this  in  such  small  quantities  that 
it  hardly  deserves  being  recorded,  and  I  do  not  anticipate  that  the  im- 
port from  the  United  States  will  assume  larger  proportions  or  be  of 
any  other  character, 

EXPORTS   OP  HUNGARIAN  MEATS  AND  MEAT   CATTLE. 

The  export  of  the  surplus  of  Hungary  meets  with  similar  difficulties 
in  the  direction  of  Germany  as  ihat  of  the  United  States,  experiences 
with  the  products  of  swine.  Germany  seems  to  be  as  much  afraid  of 
HuTigarian  cattle  diseases  as  of  the  "dreaded  American  trichinje." 
Sb  Hnents  of  live  cattle  to  Germany  are  therefore  prohibited.  The 
on  '  practical  outlet  is  Austria  and  its  i)rovinces ;  but  to  show  how 
"l)rotection  "  is  becoming  the  "  parole"  all  over  Eurojje,  I  may  mention 
tbat  though  perfect  free  trade  exists  within  Austria-Hungary,  both  be- 
ing within  one  and  the  same  customs  district,  the  former  state  has 
lutely  made  quite  a  serious  attempt  to  exclude  the  cattle  of  the  latter- 
the  attempt,  however,  has  failed,  and  I  will  therefore  not  go  further 
into  the  details  of  it. 

Ita'y  is  open  to  Hungarian  cattle  and  beef,  but  seem-  to  find  them 
too  good  or  too  dear  for  her  demands. 

Kepeated  eftbrts  have  been  made  to  export  dressed  beef  in  refrigator 
cars  to  France  (Paris),  but  the  obstructions  and  difliculties  proved  too 
great  and  the  ventures  failed.  For  veterinary,  sanitary  reasons  (?) 
Germany  would  not  allow  dressed  beef  to  pass  through  its  tevritory 
(somewhat  as  she  objects  of  late  to  American  pork  passing  through'  iii 
transit).  The  beef  therefore  had  to  be  taken  by  the  roundabout  way 
through  Northern  Italy,  which  proved  too  tedious,  and  1  suppose  too  ex- 
])ensive  to  make  the  undertaking  practical  or  profitable.  During  the 
coming  summer  the  new  Arlberg  tunnel  route  will  be  opened,  and  this 
it  is  hoped,  will  give  a  more  direct  route  to  France  and,  at  the  same 
time,  make  Switzerland  a  possible  field  of  export. 

JJniigary  and  Austria  belonging  as  stated  to  one  and  the  same  cus- 
toms district,  there  is  no  oflicial  statistics  kei)t  of  the  interstate  trade 
the  exact  number  of  cattle  shipped  from  the  one  to  the  other  is  there- 
fore not  known.  The  railroads  show  that  during  ]88;i  there  were 
183,000  head  of  cattle  shijiped  from  Hiuigary  toA^istria;  nearly  half 
ot  tins  luunber  went  to  Vienna  alone.  Of  course,  many  were  taken 
across  the  border  on  foot,  but  there  is  no  record  of  these. '  Many  of  the 
cattle  thus  taken  to  Austria,  outside  of  the  larger  cities,  are  work-oxen 
a  good  pair  of  such  being  worth  about  ^'2U{)  to  $220.  ' 

HEALTHINESS   OF    HUNGARIAN   CATTLE. 

The  cattle  of  the  Hungarian  race  are  peculiarly  free  from  disease,  and 
the  experience  of  many  years  has  proven  more  particularly  that  the 
oneutaJ  cattle  plague,  though  it  is  at  home  at  no  great  distance  to 


If  '' 


&  ,  I' 


JAiimii 


534 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMIXG. 


eti.""-^"  fr.o.K.„.,,  caused  i„  other  co„„tr??»"Sf f„i'J\;;:„";;;;;;:,'.;,.j, 

The  ''autrax"  and  "  treumatic  affections"  arp  thp  nnU.  -• 

COST  OF  TRANSPORTATION  TO  THE  UNITEP  STATFS 

states  choapl.v,  m.d  would  probably  be  "atSd  w   iml  ^   ^'^ "'"  ^'"'^ed 
simply  having  tlieir  passage  paid.     ^^'''*'^*^*^ ''''*^^  ^^^  «o»"PeDsation  ot 

ROUTES  OF  EXPORT  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

pe^n.^sncl,  transportation  through  it?tSrv     sS.^^  """^"'d 

induce<l  to  make  un  exception  when  itcan  Kown  tl.^l  ^'' VV^'*^^^ 
does  not  n,ean  conM.«tition  for  any  of  htr  e^'luZu^f^^^^ 


does  not  -oan  conipomSn  t^;^^^l^S'J:?Si"^^such  sy^ 

Another  route  would  be  via  Fiun"e  oJ  TrL^e  o    tL^lt 

•,  would  involve  n..  nvorlnno-  L/J.l?.„l"'J^''<^^M^'''at'c.   This, 


,  v.wiv   ...»uui  ue  Mil  i<  uuie  or  Triesttt  nil  tim  \  i 

ters  sea  ports,  or,  what  would  ^^^e^mt^J^:^:^,!':'''  ''' 
to  Irance  via  the  "Arlberg  tunnel"  and  Switierlaud  '    "'^"^^ 

OUTLOOK  FOR   OATTLER. VISING  IN  HUNGARY. 

meat  and  dairy  product  sup,)liis/  Der  t^.^t^'^l  .t S'  '"  * ^'  ^''^^  «f 
adaptation  ibr  stock-raising  should  hav,.  ,!,.<[;  i  ''"^'  '"",  '""^  l'^'^"l'ar 
it  is  only  of  late  that  she  t^h^u^mW^J::':/^  ■'"'  '"'-^  '^"' 
this  interest  or  industry  to  the  state  not  onh      ,  ,     ^''^' '"il'"if»"<:e  of 

profitableness  but  also  for  otl  er  reaJon s    "^  j\^.^.^^  '\'  ^'^S^ev 

iimg  of  my  report.  ii  a.sons,  as  J  have  shown  at  the  l)egiu. 

I  must  say  again,  however,  not  only  the  Deonlr.  hnf  .,i.    m 
mentof  the  state  are  working  in  the  most  r?,:       .  ','l'' ^^'^  ^''^"^'''"• 
wards  a  practical  reconstruct^  oFitri^sr  T'td 'h'''''"''^",';  ^"• 
doubt  succeed  as  much  as  earnest  andpnScalefloi /''^^^  '""•"" 
ot  success,  pxaciicai  eOoifs  are  deserving 

HENRY  STEILXE, 
United  States  Consulate,  ^''"*"'- 

BudaPcNt/i;  April  10,  1884. 


HUNGARY. 

Special  statistics  concerning  cattle  in  Hungary. 


535 


Eace. 


Height  at  maturity. 


Cow. 


Hungarian  cattle,  "  "White 
cattle,"  "Podolian  race." 

Red  Spotted 

IJrown  cattle,  "Bracliiccros 

Vinzsancr 

Maricnhofer 

IJutfaio 


Meterg. 
1.55 

1.4C 
.  1.22 
1..10 
1.43 
1.38 


Ox. 


Meters. 
1.  U6 

1.27 
1.  .W 
1.52 
1.45 


Bull. 


Meiers. 
1.  .W 

1.  .-.2 
1.28 

1.  ;i« 

1.  i)0 
1.39 


Live-wcicht  at  lua- 
tuiity. 


Cow. 


Lhs. 
1,215 

1,  249 

!):.() 

990 

1,171 

1,149 


Ox. 


Bull. 


Lbs. 
•1,2«0 

1,392 
1, 105 
1,  409 
1,282 
1,304 


Lbs. 

1,  ;)Hi 

1,878 
1,459 
1,430 
],ni3 
1,  193 


Color. 


Light  gray  and  white. 

Rod  spotted. 
Badgor-giay  colored. 
Kod-apottcd,  darlt. 
Light  cream  colored. 
Black. 


Eace. 


Iliiiigariim  cattle,    "  White 
cattle."  "Podolian  race." 

Ki'dSi)ottcd 

Blown  cattle,  "  Brachicoros ' 

PiDZgaiier 

Marienhofer 

Buffalo 


Weight  of 

meat  at  ma- 

tuiity.t 


Age  at  ma- 
turity. 


How  long  bred 
purely. 


Per  cent. 
53.  8  to  06.  0 

56.  7  to  64. 0 
53.  2  04.  8 
52. 0  no.  9 
53.  3  62.  5 
51.  0      59.  0 


I 


Tears. 


2*  to  3 
3'      3i 
3        3} 
2        3 
4 


Always 

Several  centuries 

Always 

Since' 1740 

Since  1728 

Always 


Average 

(juantityof 

milk  per 

year.} 


OaUons. 
180 

405  to  517 
440  550 
380  495 
334  404 
190      214 


Milk 

contains 

fat. 


Per  cent. 
7.58 

4.  80  to  6. 41 
3.  35  4. 66 
3.89  6.11 
3. 61      4. 48 


Eace. 


a 
o  f 


H\ingarian  cattle,  "White 

cattle,"  "  I'odolian  race." 

Kod  Spotted 


Urown  cattle,' 
i'iiizgauer ... 


'Erachiceros" 


Marienhofer  . 
Buffalo 


Pr.ct. 

5.  63 

4.  35 

,3.81 
4.17 

4.18 


Total  result  of  the  products. 


o 

■i 


Trs. 
8 


^ 


Eemarks. 


3i 
7 


Pr.cl. 
fiO.2 

1 
flails. 

180 

60.3 

460 

59.0 
57.0 

494 
438 

,57. 9 

369 

54.0 

208 

Pounds. 
133 

208  to  247 


195 

182 


221 
206 

144 


IM. 
212 

442 

442 
347 

217 


Description  in  text. 

Long,    deep,    heavy    cattle 

with  coarse  bone.s. 
Strung  but  not  coarse  bones. 
Strong  bones,  and  choice  as 

to  (|Uality  of  fond. 
Tender  animals,   producing 

very  heavy  oxen. 
Description  in  text. 


!      'i 


a- 


'In  working  condition. 

t  Percentage  of  gross  weight,  including  some  tallow  in  the  outside  weights,  the  inside  weights  for 
unfattoned,  good  .conditioned  animals. 
J  Calculated  for  three  luin(lrc<i  days  of  milking. 

I  Net  weight  of  meat  by  per  cent,  from  gross  weight. 

II  Supposed  total  of  year  of  three  hundred  milking  days. 


536 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING 

Special  statistics  concerning  cattle  in  Mungary-Continn.a. 


No. 


Origin  of  the  race, 


1 
2 
3 

4 

5 
6 


Hungarian  cattle,  native  of  Hungi 

Simmenthaler,  native  of  Switzerland ^1*^*1  ^^i 

Brown  cattle,  native  of  Bavaria  . .  15  *H4  m 

Eed  Spotted,  native  of  tlie  Tyrol ...  I)  *10  |  24 

Cream-colored,  native  of  Styria. ..     T"* 

Buffalo,  native  of  Dgypt .......;. 


No. 


Topography. 


Dry  or  damp. 

^"■y I  Flat  and  hilly 

^"""P Mountainous 

■-do I do 

..  do 

--•do 


8     Damp  and  dry.. 

*  Reaumur. 

Beat  resulta  have  been  reached  where  marked  "  1 
Detailed  wights  of  the  diffetevt parts  of 


D(.P8  not  do  ao  well 
D<;i8  bent  wliere  in. 
Practical  for  liigh  lo. 
Doi's  speoiciiv  well 

K^;'<ult8  obtained  uot 
HO  favorable. 


"^'^"'^'^  Of  iJ,e  Hungarian  race  of  cattle. 


Live  weight  ... 
Sliin  and  horns 

Blood  saved  

Stomach  and  conti'uts 

I  ddcr  with  contents. 

iict  and  mouth . 

Tallow 

Keniaining  two  <|uartcr8  '. 

Breast 

Entrails  and  lung 
Total  sum 


'-'•« 

1.37 

I'll!  ' 

11.06 

i;.9.5 

■2:]i> : 

r'.M 

4-4 

:' j.  (10 

J«l 

7.P0 

•"i 

2.61 

,');)  I 

im 

(i9  . 

3,86 

iOO.  uo 


1.  774  I 


DOMINION   OF    CANADA. 


537 


DOMINIOK  OF  CANADA. 


PROVINCE  OF  ONTARIO. 

OPERATIONS  OF  CANADIAN  CATTLE  COMPANIES  IN  THE  UNITED 

STATES.. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  PARKER,  OF  BHERBROOKE. 

The  Cochrane  Cattle  Company,  of  wliich  Hon.  Mr.  Cochrane  of  the 
Hill  Hurst  Farm,  Comptou,  is  the  president,  owns  very  extensive  grass 
lauds  near  the  Eocky  Mountains  in  the  British  Northwest,  where  the 
company  is  breeding  and  grazing  largo  numbers  of  cattle.     With  these 
herds  the  managers  are  now  using  Polled  Angus  and  Hereford  bulls  to 
produce  the  best  crosses  with  the  native  stock,  and  grades  of  Shorthorn 
and  native  parentage,  which  constitute  the  base  of  the  herds.    Expe- 
rience has  established  it  as  a  fact,  they  think,  that  the  grade  cattle  pro- 
duced by  this  crossing  of  the  Aberdeens  and  Herefords  with  the  rank 
and  tile  of  the  herds,  endure  the  rigors  of  the  climate  better  and  fatten 
more  easily  than  any  grades  that  they  have  been  heretofore  able  to  se 
cure.    The  Dominion  Cattle  Company  now  has  a  lease  from  the  Chero 
kee  Indians  of  284,000  acres  of  pasture  lancls,  and  also  of  a  large  body  of 
land  near  the  former  in  the  Pan  Handle  of  Texas.     Upon  these  lauds  the 
company  has  located  forty  thousand  head  of  cattle,  mostly  grades  of " 
native  Texas  and  Shorthorn  parentage,  and  not  a  few  of  them  the  chil- 
dren of  second  crossings  of  these  grades  with  Shorthorn  sires.    The  man- 
agers say  that  this  continued  crossing  of  grades  of  Shorthorn  and  Texan 
extraction  with  Shorthorns  j)roduces  coarseness  and  legginess  to  an  ex- 
tent that  renders  the  cattle  harder  to  fatten  and  slower  to  mature   That 
in  short,  the  third  or  fourth  generations  produced  by  that  kiTid  of  cro'ss- 
mg  wdl  not  become  sufficiently  fat  for  butcher's  use  ui)ou  grass  alone 
and  that  lierdsmen  who  have  followed  that  line  of  crossing  persistently 
are  now  only  able  to  sell  cattle  to  the  feeders.    To  correct  this  tendenc'v 
Polled  Angus  und  Hereford  bulls  have  been  introduced,  and  the  result's 
ni  the  herds  of  the  Dominion  Cattle  Company  give  promise  of  bein«'- 
highly  satisfiictory.  " 

The  methods  of  this  company  are  i)erhaps  worthy  of  a  short  di"-res- 
sion  trom  the  main  subject  in  hand.  It  occupies  a  breeding  farm  of  7,000 
acres,  near  Emporia,  Kans.,  which  is  used  not  only  to  breed  the  best 
lines  of  pure  blooded  cattle,  but  also  to  thoroughly  acclimate  imijorted 
stock  before  it  is  sent  forward  to  the  herds.  To  th'is  farm  the  ihor(>u"-h- 
bred  stock  from  Cookshire  and  other  Canadian  breeding  establishments 
and  tlie  imported  cattle  Irom  Scotland  and  England,  after  coming  from' 
the  ninety  days'  quarantine  at  Point  Levi,  are  sent  in  the  autumn  and 
remaining  there  over  winter,  are  sui)plied  to  the  herds  in  the  sprin--' 
lluis  an  eflectual  quarantine  of  seven  to  eight  months  is  provided 
against  the  possibdity  of  sending  diseased  animals  to  the  hertls.  For 
hist  crosses  with  native  caiLle  in  the  West  and  South  nothing  is  supe- 
rior to  the  Shorthorns.  But  for  additional  crosses  the  hardihood,  coin- 
pactues8,and  beeliness  of  the  Aberdeens  and  Herefords  greatly  commeml 


■  M   *■ 


538 

tlieni 
call 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY   FARxMING. 


II.HI  tlie  grasses  and  assiraMate  'tluM""  t  .""f  "  f,!;?''™ ^''™  an<l "m 
snperior  for  gra.i„s  catMe  to  most  "tl  er  bwrt  """  "'■'"'«»  '!■« 

liSlit  in  which  the.v  are  looked  upon  bjthrc.n    liL^^^  ^''«  «'in>o 

ln'Mr"r ';^"^''"^-*"*^  P='«t  fall  il-oTi  twotsten  Tow  sh'rir'T  ""'"''^ 
}Vi  Ml.  Cochrane,  in  Chicago,  from  the  Hill  n.,r«f-  p  ^,  ^'^''*^'^-  One 
Polled  An^us  bulls  and  heife'rs'a  of  which  brouH^n!"  ^"!^''  ''^'  «'«v 
almost  extravagant,  and  the  other  brwPT,i^  5-' '"'''''' ^'''it'-^PPear 
lierd  ThiH  latter  took  place  inSsasCMU-Lwt  ^'T  ".e  Cooksl,  -J 
gus  bulls  and  iieilers  Jere  ^ol^^^^i^'l^^^^g^l^^aA: 

BENJ.  S.  PAKKEIJ 
United  States  Consulate,  Cmsul. 

Sherbrool-e,  December  19,  1SS5. 


THE  MOST  SUITABLE  CATTLE  FOR  CANADIAN  FARMERS. 

«n^^i^''^  "^•'^^  ^ere  23,263  working  oxcm7  TS^oVi""?,*^^^^'^^  188^^ 
8  0  6G1  other  horned  cattle  in  the  j  i  fvi^,ce  '  £  of  ?''',''  .T""'^  '^»<1 
ot  fiit  catt  e  are  exported  tn  Fno-i.,..,  „  i  • .  -^  °*  ^^^^  ^'etter grades 
ing  given  to  the  impro?emrnf  of  Sh"^^^^^  attention^'is  be 

the  stock  cattle  are  marSS  i?^lfe  r^^J^ed  ^  'r^^'^^^^  ''^''^'^  "'«st  of 

ng  to  the  sections  bordering  on  heS 
to  the  States  are  mostly  of  the  native  or  Sad  m  i.f^^,«'«s«  exported 

cija^ye  of  t.ed  and  care  prove  Vront^^ ^^^^^ ^^l^^ 

THE  SHORTHORN  AND  THE  HEREFORD. 

cit!^;S^i?L:::;,;^,;^,S;^^,^.^n;^^^  eighteen  pron.inent 
interests  of  Ontario,  and  wi  known  as  the  Oni- ,  "^  ^'''''T  •^Sricnltaral 
sion.    A  large  amount  o7teSoily^^^^^^^^  ^'^"'"»«- 

question,  and  in  Febrnary  iS  tS  rennl;  w.?J  ^'^^'^^/f  ^  «"  ^'h^  cattle 
submit  as  a  part  of  this  reZr't  in  extTn,?  1.?  1  <^'«"!Pleted.  I  herewith 
arrived  at  by  the  commilsS,  as  follows:      '''''''^''"S  the  concln.sions 

tho  OHtin.ation  in  which  thoy  are  hdTu'vTl,,.  J  HH^^yi  *T      ''"''  "il'""  l""'^"  '•''"^'.  «»'' 
the  s  ron^^est  claims  to  attention  hv  Ontario  hree.lS/"  "'     ^''''^''''  '^''''  ""^'" 

n.i  .kin^SS:  ^^i  J\:^^.:;;;;:i  ^S  Woi^S^  •::;:i^S'f  vr^  ^"?  '»^  •^^*--"-^^- 

vatiDn  and  strict  scrutiny  noisrems,  conimeml  them  also  to  closer  obaer- 

ovS;tif;Lriw'S^;'';;:.^;/ii-^  -^  this  province  it  is  clear  to 

tics,  tho  Jerseys  are  not  t ,  1,  tWH  [  ,'/  T  e",nn";".  ''^  ''"'^fi^'/^'"!  >"ilkin,n,„ali- 
own  particular  an.l  pa.'ili,;  pnri  s  o  f  v  .Min,/^  ■^^'  ^^  '■''K'»'''1''<1  as  nsefnl  lor  their 
as  suited  exclusive.].  ..  ^./tt;S;^i^-l;ll^- -l;-- ^P^T  ofv^^^  ..1 


DOMINION    OF   CANADA, 


539 


^f  sixtv 


'J'Jio  Ayrsliires  have  a  fiir  closer  relationHliin  to  the  coraiiiou  cattle  or  natives  than  the 
JciHi'yH,  possibly  than  any  other  breeds,  although  that  is  an  open  questipn.  And  the 
jiyi.sliiio  bulls  may  be  found  of  service  in  maintaining  and  perpetuating  or  reviving 
the  functions  where  they  appear  to  have  fallen  od  or  to  he  (leclining.  The  Ayrshires 
can  bi^  brought  to  a  fair  size  for  market,  and,  some  tendency  to  milk  fever  excepted, 
owing  to  the  great  activity  of  their  milking  functions,  area'hardy  and  thrifty  race  of 
cattle.  I3ut  it  is  impossible  to  say  that  they  are  the  breed  to'  which  the  general 
faruHT  can  look  for  the  means  of  putting  his  herd  on  the  most  profitable  and  economi- 
cal looting. 

The  Galloways  have  the  merit  of  being  good  beefing  cattle  if  well  fed,  and  of  endur- 
ing hard  fare  if  sneh  be  their  fate.  They  may,  also,  from  the  absence  of  horns,  be  a 
little  better  adapted  for  a  shipping  trade  than  others.  But  they  take  no  high  place 
as  milkers,  unless  it  bo  in  isolated  instances,  and  in  the  presence  of  the  Durham  and 
Hereford  it  is  not  possible  to  say  they  are  the  breed  on  which  the  ordinary  farmer 
should  place  reliance.  There  may,  however,  be  situations  in  so  wide  a  country  as 
Ontario,  not  to  say  Canada,  where  the  hardiness  of  the  Galloway  would  make  it  of 
value. 

The  Devons  as  draft-cattle,  and  rich  if  not  very  copious  milkers,  may  suit  those 
■wild  have  special  need  of  animals  i)OS8e8siug  such  qualities,  while  for  the  home  mar- 
ket they  produce  meat  of  a  rich  and  excellent  quality  ;  but  as  a  breed  to  furnish  the 
grade  steer  or  heifer  needed  by  the  Ontario  shipper  they  will  never,  it  may  safely  be 
predicted,  take  a  high  place. 

Tlie  fact  is,  that  for  the  object  the  commissioners  have  in  view,  namely,  the  several 
combined  requirements  of  the  Ontario  farmer,  the  competition  for  first  place  lies 
between  the  Durham  and  Hereford  alone.  Of  either  of  these  two  noble  breeds  there 
jiro  a  sufficient  number  in  Ontario  to  supply  the  ordinary  demand,  although  the  Dur- 
lianis  being  the  most  numerouij  the  opportunity  for  selection  by  buyers  is  greater,  and 
the  Hcrvices  of  Durham  male  animals  can  be  as  a  rule  most  easily  secured. 

For  attaining  a  given  size  and  weight  in  a  given  time  and  at  the  earliest  period  of 
Its  life,  always  assuming  its  treatment  to  be  liberal  and  Judicious,  the  Durham  cannot 
uc  beaten.  The  prepotency,  too,  of  the  Durham  male  is  universally  recognized,  and 
'Mvo  is  enough  Durham  blood  in  mo^t  of  the  present  farm  stock  of  Canada  to  make 
•i^siimulation  easy  and  to  secure  certain  results.  By  careful  selection,  too,  of  bulls 
fioni  milking  families  the  dairyman  may  secure  in  tlie  Durham  the  means  of  beefing 
his  cows  profitably  when  needful  to  do,  without  diminishing  the  supply  of  the  milk 
on  which  he  primarily  depends  for  his  profits.  The  only  danger,  if  there  be  danger, 
in  the  Durham,  is  that  by  too  close  breeding,  and  perhaps  pampering,  a  delicacy  of 
constitution  may  be  engendered  and  disseminated.  Such  a  possibility  has  been  hinted 
at,  and  while  it  ught  not  to  tell  for  one  moment  against  the  use  of  the  Durhams  at 
the  present  time,  it  makes  it  all  important  (1)  that  no  opportunity  should  be  lost  of 
giving  the  Durham  stock  in  Ontario  the  benefit  of  imported  blood  ;  (2)  that  the  in- 
telligence and  vigilance  of  breeders  and  veterinary  surgeons  should  always  be  on 
guard  against  such  a  possibility  ;  (:?)  that  the  knife  should  be  used  unsparingly  when 
anything  short  of  the  most  vigorous  constitution  is  detected,  and  (4)  that  all  legiti- 
mate encouragement  should  be  given  to  a  sec(md  breed  of  cattle  capable,  approxiy 
mately,  of  holding  its  own  against  the  renowned  Shorthorn. 

That  breed,  so  far  as  Ontario  is  at  present  concerned  is,  if  the  evidence  be  correct, 
the  Hereford.  Strong  in  its  prei)otency,  all  but  equal  in  early  maturity  in  the  stall, 
and  more  than  equal  in  the  pasture  to  the  Durham  ;  with  a  constitution  in  which, 
80  far,  no  trace  of  or  tendency  to  any  weakness  has  been  detected  and  with  good 
milking  qualities,  the  Hereford  may  yet  prove  to  be  a  useful  factor  in  the  great  work 
of  giving  to  Ontario  a  class  of  cattle  adapted  to  the  varied  demands  of  such  a  country. 

THE  NATIVE  CATTLE  OF  CANADA 

The  foregoing  couclusious  sire  based  ui)ou  a  large  amount  of  testi- 
mony given  by  prominent  cattle-growers  before  the  commission,  and 
representing  all  portions  of  the  province.  1  would  also  in  this  connec- 
tion call  attention  to  the  common  grade  of  cattle,  which  are  said  to  have 
considerable  merit  for  beefing  and  dairying  j)nrposes. 

Prof.  W.  Brown  of  the  agricultural  college  at  Guelph,  in  a  report  to 
the  Agricultural  Association  of  Ontario,  in  1882,  says : 

The  Canadian:  I  know  of  no  class  of  cattle  so  well  deserving  a  first-class  notice  in 
these  i)ages  as  the  CiJiadian.  There  is  adistinct  type  entitled'to  this  name.  I  do  not 
mean  those  with  a  touch  of  the  Ayrshire,  Devon,  or  any  others,  not  even  the  Short- 
horn grade;  but  that  moderate  sized,  milking,  wiry,'active  stamp  well  known  to 
the  average  tarmer.    I  claim  that  the  Canadian  deserves  more  notice  than  has  ever 


540 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY   FABMING. 


}vh.cl,cvinnoteo.,,par..witirthes    t  r    Wh^^ 

the  ™„,u„»«l„„,  »„eaks  v.ry  »tro„gl/„'„  Sta'slifer'lfe^r' '""°" 


United  States  Commercial  Agv::cy, 

Otfaiva,  October  3,  1885 


R.  B.  EOBBIXS, 

Commercial  Agent. 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING  IN  ONTARIO. 

nEPORT  OF  CONSUL  PACE,  OP  PORT  SARXi^. 
THE  NATIVE   CATTLE  15 RED   OUT. 

«=o"i.non(lal,le  zeal  an'   much  ^ocMM^utr^^^^^  '"'«  ■^'">«" 

])r<>venient  of  liis  cattle.  IJ v  e?oss'  .  H^^  /•  ''  ^^'''^'^f "»"  of  the  i,n- 
breecKs  fn„n  Europe  the  ok  ttv  e  of  ox  ■  d  ,  o  -h"  '''"'^'  ^i'  '""I'^'f*^'' 
1-ro.n  the  pastures,  the  distincf  vefeSn  i?A  «! '"'"^ 
way,  the  Hereford  the  A  rs  ,re  „[  l'  ,^i  'Y  ^^''''^^^"h  the  Gallo- 
in  t  he  various  farm  yards  of  O  u'tn  i  ,  r^^*''  ^''°  ""^'''^^  oh«ervable 
i-e  purely  native  cattle  V^^fK  1;^^^;!  j^  ^  a  Sll^ ""' ''''  ^''''- 

CAKADrAN  POLLED  ANGUS  CATTLE. 


DOMINION    OF    CANADA. 


541 


1883, 


from  every  part  of  the  buildinj?,  one  Imndred  Ijead  of  these  peculiar  cat- 
tle, some  of  wiiicU  were  imported  direct  lioni  Scotland  by  the  Messrs. 
Geary,  and  others  were  bred  from  imported  stock  on  thefarni  wiiere  I 
saw  them.  In  color  they  are  intensely  black;  they  have  no  horns,  are 
sliortlegged,  heavy-bodied,  with  small  bone,  and  in  appearance  they 
were  \ery  healthy.  They  are  good  feeders  and  very  docile  and  hardy. 
I  am  inlbrmed  that  when  a  number  of  these  cattle  are  turned  out  to 
pasture,  that  they  do  not  scatter  over  the  Held  as  do  otlier  breeds,  but 
are  usually  found  feeding  close  together  like  geese  or  sheep.  The  beef 
from  the  Polled  Angus  ox  is  said  to  be  of  excellent  flavor,  and  the  dif- 
ferent layers  of  lean  and  fat  are  distributed  in  such  a  liianrer  as  to 
resemble  variegated  marble,  and  in  the  market  it  is  frequently  desig- 
nated as  marble  beef.  From  careful  inquiry  in  relation  to  the  charac- 
teristics of  this  breed  of  cattle,  I  am  convinced  that  they  would  be  a 
source  of  profit  to  the  farmers  of  our  Northern  and  Middle  States ;  of 
one  thing  I  am  certain,  the  animals  of  tliis  breed  are  in  a])i»earance 
much  improved  by  the  transition  from  Scotland  to  Canada,  or  rather, 
the  animals  bred  in  Canada  from  imported  Polled  Angus  stock  are 
superior  in  size  and  general  appearance  to  the  cattle  from  which  tiiey 
were  bred.  Some  fine  specimens  of  this  stock  were  recently  sent  from 
the  farm  of  Geary  Bros,  to  Kansas,  and  Mr.  John  Geary  informed  me 
that  he  frequently  receives  orders  by  mail  from  various  points  in  the 
United  States  for  animals  of  certain  weight  and  other  chara<!teristic8 
to  suit  the  purchaser,  and  he  volunteered  a  compliment  to  the  Amer- 
ican buyer  by  the  remark  that  in  filling  these  orders,  as  he  invariably 
did  (he  possessed  suitable  stock  for  the  purpose),  he  had  always  re- 
ceived a  ready  response  by  way  of  draft  or  otherwise  from  the  pur- 
chaser in  full  payment  as  soon  as  the  animal  had  reached  its  destination. 
The  following  extract  in  reference  to  the  Polled  Angus  I  take  from 
the  report  of  the  Ontario  agricultural  commissiou  for  18S1 : 

The  victories  won  by  the  Polled  Aberdeeiis  in  the  prize  ring  would  be  too  nuincr- 
oiis  to  recapitulate  here.  Suffice  it  to  say  it  was  a  Polled  Angus  bullock  that  carried 
oS  Prince  Albert's  cup  at  Poissy  in  18()2,  tho  c(Hnpetition  being  between  all  the 
breeders  of  the  world;  that  a  Polled  Angus  yearling  bull  won  the  gold  medal  of  his 
class,  at  Paris,  in  1878;  that  a  Polled  Angus  has  repeatedly  gained  the  chief  prizes 
at  Birmingham,  and  carried  oil'  the  champion  cup  on  at  least  three  occasions  at  the 
Christmas  cattle-show  in  London,  the  last  of  these  triutnphs  being  at  the  show  for 
18ri0.  The  Tillyfour  herd  now  exists  no  longer.  On  the  '^Gth  of  last  August  it  was 
sold  by  auction  and  dispersed.  The  accompanying  plate  HUi)i)lie8  a  very  excellent 
illustration  of  the  Polled  Angus  breed,  of  which  some  very  liuo  animals  are  to  be 
seen  at  th3  agricultural  and  model  farm  at  Guelph. 

Professor  Brown  says  of  these  Aberdeen  Polled  cattle : 

I  am  very  well  acquainted  with  the  Aberdeen  Polled,  and  it  is  well  known  that  for 
early  maturing  it  is  equal  to  the  Shorthorn,  though  not  so  far  as  our  experience  goes 
equal  to  it  in  improving  other  breeds  or  in  attaining  a  greater  weight  in  a  certain 
time.    At  the  present  time  we  nuiy  call  them  our  second  best  beeting  breed. 

But  in  the  eye  of  the  British  buyer  of  fsit  cattle  Polled  Angus  does 
not  rank  second  even  to  the  great  Shorthorn.  Mr.  Hall,  in  his  evidence, 
says: 

Of  the  cattle  which  come  into  the  English  market  those  which  rank  highest  in 
point  of  quality  are  the  Aberdeen  Scot.  They  are  the  breed  known  as  the  Polled 
Angus.  The  fat  Galloway  ranks  about  equal  with  the  Polled  Angus;  but  a  middling 
Galloway  is  just  nbout  as  bad  a  bullock  for  a  butcher  as  you  can  select;  he  kills  very 
coarse  indeed.  The  Galloway  will  bring  more  per  pound  than  any  other  breed,  ex- 
cept the  Aberdeen,  but  he  does  not  cut  as  streaky  as  the  Polled  Angus.  *  »  » 
Next  to  the  Polled  Angus  or  >Scct  in  point  of  quality  I  put  tlie  English  Shorthorn  or 
Durham. 


642 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Mr.  Hull  iKlds  further  on : 

your  nl'tTvlwTt'llo  "JitTslulitfZ!  ^"'^^"\^  ^^""''^  r«co.,„n..n.l  v„„r  fa.„ 

tlie  Polled  A1.SU8  with  the  Shorthorn       ^  '     ^^  ^^^^e^enee  tocro^^i^' 

liowever,  wo  aio  not  loO  t,.    .    1,;.        '"«  .'"t^^it  woul<l  )m  in  provHi       ,"^'1  *  "''owin 
out  in  tI.o  ,no«t  >le.irJ^: l^^H^Hr^^^t'  '""'  '-"  -o  iou„„  t^o  be  di'stdbureS  ull^" 

PotSd'Xi'hS' i?  rrc.;?/  tl""^"'  ^"  ^^«  I>'"e-nt  report  to  t, 
breederto.^.reecfo^^^^^^^^^ 

NUMBER  ...  BRKEBS  O.  ..OODED  CATTLE  I.  ON..,,, 

By  reference  to  the  tbllowinic  tuUle  it  uili   u.    ^ 
year  ending  M.y  31, 18SL'  (vvhidi  s   he  Ms    .v^  .  ^/j'^^rved  that  for  the 
this  point)  there  we're  but  two  hm  dreil    /.    " 
Angus  cuttle  in  this  province:      ''"""'^^' '""^  seventy  head  of  PoS 

^""'^"r  0/ each  class  of  tkorouf/hhrrd  caHoi,,   n,.,     ■     , 


Essex  .... 

Kent 

KiKiii 

N'oilolk... 

Ilaldiiiiainl 

W.IIan.l... 

Laiiil)t„ii  .. 

lliiiou 

Bnico 

G  re.  y 

Simc'oe 

Middlesex . 

Oxford 

Biaut 

I'eith 

Wellington  . 
Waterloo  ... 

Dufliirin 

Lincoln 

Wentworth 
Ualtou 


240 

34 

\m 

32 

y.'i 

07 

m  1 

GO 

394  1 

23 

lilO 

37 

4?8 

71 

fiK8 ; 

0() 

480 

33 

507  ' 

42 

5H7  1 

51 

,111  ' 

151 

018 

SI 

5!)1 

8 

433 

30 

,125 

30 

070 

13 

139 

8 

272 

24 

316 

30 

429 

37 

17 
87 

24 
50 
40 
14 
34 
40 
41 

51 

54 

65 

24 

10 

23 

77 
5 

12 

34  j 

12  I 


70 

48 

54 

130 

11 

28 

.54 
l,)fl 

80  i 

37 

«7 

77  I 
IflO  I 
10 
48 
62 
42 

0 

5 
110 
49 


434 
550 
408 
724 
490 
281 

ecu 

9«;i 
(i9(l 
67« 
794 
l,4<i8 

9)3 

628 

551 
1, 424 

754 

184 

349 

m 

529 


DOMINION   OF    CANADA. 


543 


'^rniers  to  cross 

'''!'  i'"  It^^cl  A.,K,  H 
•■  l'.Ucl,.,r..-,n,  t 

•''"'■•'•  I'loiiot 
""■•t'  thai,  „u„.,. 
'"'*  Short |,„r„  ^ 
««ttle  into  Knjr. 

'"«  Necrotary 

animissioiiers 
JO  to  crossing- 

rclured,  wliid, 
";•■«'  tl.oro  can 
'Jn  this  point 
een  tric.l  M-itll 
'1  tho  viirietics 
auii  the  poijed 

^uted  throiijru. 

-port  to  tlie 
'■i«an  stock- 
ed a  breed, 
f  cattle},  of 


AlllO. 

Iiat  for  the 

ation  upon 

of  Polled 


aliiies, 


as  re- 


ire.    Total. 


434 
550 
408 
724 
490 
281 

ceo 

9«;i 
(iOO 
078 
794 
1,408 
913 
628 
551 
1, 424 
754 
184 
340 
486 
628 


I  ' 


y umber  of  each  dma  of  thorouyhbrcd  cattle  in  Ontario,  •^c— Conlimied. 


Couiitifa. 


PppI 

York 

OuWrio 

Diiilnim 

Xditlminliprlftiid 

I'linco  Kdwunl 

Lennox  iind  A<l<liii|{ton 

Fronteuao 

Leeds  and  Giouviilo. . . 

Diindns 

Stonuont 

rili>Mt;iiiry 

rrtwcott 

Itiixaell 

Ciirlctou 

Kcnlrew 

Lanark  

Victoria , 

ri'ti'rl)orou(;h 

Haliliurton 

lliistinj;* 

Alcoina 

Muakoka 

Tarry  Sound 

Totol 


Tboronsbbred  cattlo. 


Durbnm.  i  Devon. 


402 
741 
7U7 
4:.7 
S'JH 
142 
lAl 
1S8 
280 
100 

tl5 
13U 

80 

00 
127 

70 
1U0 

io;i 

173  \ 

15 
170  . 

17 

38  j 

26 


80 
2V 

3;i 

S2 
45 
1!) 
20 

7 

18 
17 
23 
20 

5 

0 
10 

0 

2 
55 
40 

3 
48 

1 
20 

4 


Hereford. 

rolled 

O.llo. 

1 

AUUUH. 

w*y. 

n 

28 

22 

4 

27 

0 

24 

21 

0 

33 

12 

4 

28 

14 

1 

82 

2 

o 

25 

10 

ii 

81 

17 

7 

82 

22 

5 

30 

8 

0 

15 

40 

0 

3 

2:. 

S 

3 

•1 

4 

2 

11 

2 

20 

1 

10 

5 

10 

il 

13 

2 

VJ, 

37 

2 

83  ! 

AyrHhlre. 


15, 385 


1,438 


841 


4 
27 


20 
127 

17 

88 
121 
173 
117 
123 
545 
203 
307 
203 
202 

70 
130 

03 
140 

31 

8U 

5 

202 


Totol. 


552 
048 
847 
050 
538 
375 
320 
335 
008 
452 
447 
501 
320 
101 
321 
lti3 
2«7 
300 
427 
20 
400 
;!0 
08 
40 


270 


1,180 


4,4UU 


23,010 


MILKING  QUALITIES  OF  THE  POLLED  ANGUS. 

With  regard  to  the  milkinj?  qualities  of  the  Polled  Aiijfus,  my  obser- 
vation does  not  lead  me  to  sjieak  authoritatively.  On  this  point  I  may 
quote  Lord  Airlie,  of  Scotland,  the  owner  of  a  herd  of  Polled  Anjjus 
cattle.    In  his  reply  to  a  writer  in  North  liritish  Agriculturist  he  says: 

I  observe  that  the  writer  of  tlio  article  states  that  the  Polletl  Augu.s  cows  are  bad 
milkers.  It  is  the  fashion  to  say  so ;  and  no  doubt,  if  you  breed  exclusively  for  show- 
yard  purposes  and  for  beef  producing,  you  may  have  a  nuniberot  indillerent  milkers. 
The  same  might  probably  bo  said  of  any  herd,  certainly  of  the  Shorthorns.  But  if 
you  want  dairy  cows,  aud  select  the  right  animals,  you  will  have  uothing  to  complain 

He  further  says : 

I  liave  at  present  seventeen  Polled  Angus  cows  in  my  dairy.  The  greater  number 
of  these  give  from  12  to  14,  and  sometimes  16  Scotch  pints  lor  a  considerable  time 
after  calving. 

The  milk  is  admitted  to  be  much  richer  than  that  of  either  the  Short- 
horn or  Ayrshire.  As  regards  the  length  of  time  for  which  they  will 
coutinue  to  give  milk,  Lord  Airlie  says : 

My  cow,  Belle  of  Airlie  (1959),  dam  of  Reins  (749),  as  pure  a  Polled  Angus  as  any 
ill  the  herd-book,  used  to  be  milked  all  the  year  round. 

TRANSPORTATION  OF   STOCK   TO  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

By  a  glance  at  the  map  of  Ontario,  it  will  be  seen  that  nearly  every 
township  in  the  province  is  in  close  proximity  to  a  railroad.  The  (irand 
Trunk  and  Canada  Southern  with  their  numerous  branches,  furnish  ex- 
cellent means  for  the  transportation  of  ^Xock.  These  roads  connect  at 
both  the  eastern  and  western  frontiers  of  Ontario  with  the  various 
xVraerican  lines  which  lead  to  6very  State  and  Territory  of  the  United 
States.    Of  course  the  cost  of  transportation  depends  upon  the  distance. 


544 


CATTLE   AND    DAIKV    FAHMINO. 


SfiiroH.     TlK.  vntuvviiuir  linos  (/f  n  i?  vivin  h  ?"'''*""«  '"  tl'"  (J„itJ, 
FEEDING  AND   HOUSINO   CATTLE   IN  ONTARIO. 

with  im  allt^vway hotuocn tlifin  S)ni  Vwi.i  '''"""^''^  '"«'"f^'  eacl.  otl.or 
stalks,  is  u  fuv„nr.  foo<l  ti  cows,  a  s  v  l\  fW?T''  ""/"/^''"•^''•««'-n- 
M.f,'  tho  last  wooks  c.f  July  and  t  ,o  .  o  .tl  i ?  i^ls!'  '"t/''  'J"^^«  ""^ 
flamifd,  keeps  up  a  steady  flow  nf  ,.  i!  .wi ,  "^"1^-  J '»«  food,  it  ]» 
-ndition.  iuuilian  fiSc"s".^  ^^^  h  y  eSr ';^.n''l"""" ^"•^ 
HH'y«ay  ^rrass  allowed  to  shrivel  ai  d  iLS  h.  fi.  ""  *""n«^'l.y,  as 
•"uchofits  iionrishn.euf  h  v  to  ,oMi.  i^^^^^  "'/''*"  ^""  *^"<l  raii,  loW, 
and  dried  quickly  iu  the  su,'!:' '  "  "''""  '^'  «^^*^«tne«s,  must  be  cut  eSy 

CHEESE  JIAKINO  IN   ONTARIO. 

tUe  Ontario  aj^ricultural  col  ?«SrSr^  U  un^ 
kimer  County,  New  York,  settled  i     Oxford   r.n.l'f^'"'' «*"  "<''■ 
rarrn.,.to„  conunenced  the'  mannfocl^ire  oSese  1  t'  1     .'"'"•     ^'''■• 
(lone  in  Is^ew  York  State,  and,  to  use  the  him  ,  ,T^*^ii  '\' *'j'^*^^''ou«lv 
witness  before  the  eonunission  abrereferS  tof'-    -?^^^  ^  «  lantync  (a 
tude  Ks  dne  to  Mr.  Farringtonfor  havL^es^^^^^^^^ 
mff  industry  in  Canada."    To  show  tho'crow      of- h  •  '• 'T^^^ 
;e  l.ern.itted  to  refer  to  the  followT.ig  LCs    Jn  li^T  Z^'T^'  ^  '^'-^J' 
lie  exports  of  cheese  from  Canada  to  theTTm;ii  «f  /'  ^^''^^'  ^"^1 1«-A 
ity  treaty  beins  then  in  f()rc  ^w  s  r>4  ^^^^^  '-^'^ilToc.' 

respectnely  ;  in  1800,  1803,  and  lW47l,lTocwts   Tfcl"^ 
cwts.     The^hijrhest  money  value  of  cheese  ex  w  rill         *''•;  '""'  ^'^8 
years  was  $lU,19f).     1„  1A70  .,„  1  VL,!  .l''^'  ♦'XP"  't'Sm  any  of  the  above 

ada  amounted'to  no  less  tl  au  «  iiT  'r  ^'.omlllf  n  ?T'  ^'■'""  ^""" 
lug  $4,094,040,  or  nearly  10  cents  per  pom  d(?V.i!  i?.  f.'^''?  ^ '''"^'  ''^=- 
was  the  produce  of  Canada,-  ;^(«  0(  0  u<ls  oJ  i.'  %'«^<'  «l"">"»l.s 
the  same  i)eriod  apparently  foun<l  1^/0  America,,  cl„,.sc  l„r 

Canadian  ports.  W.e  loll  "Viir  .  ,1  ',' L^ '/  ^"''^^'S"  """'^^^n  tli.ou^W, 
•"ilk  used,  the  quantity  and  vaJuel  '< tese  niltdr";;,d';!""  ''''''^' 
cheese  on  hand  as  returned  for  three  bund, e  nwi  ^^''1  '"""'^'f-^'  «^' 
cember,  1882.  Also  the  tofal  nn n^be.  nf  A  "^  "^''^  ^actojies  i„  Da- 
the  same  year.  It  wi  be  seen  ZtwhriL/f ''''''?  '"  *'"'  '"'"^•'"^'-  ^r 
«lre<I  and  seventy-one  fiictorSsnfW-  ^''*'  ''•'^""'"  '"''"^^  'o't  Iu.„. 
from  three  hundred  amtixeavi  Jo     'in;. '^^  were  receivcl  but 

^u.  the  province  i^omUiri^^SJr'^^^^^IIlir^^^^^^ 


T)OMINtON  OV  CANADA. 


'iitimliiui  rail. 
'"  tiK)  (Jiiite,! 

"'  tl««  item  of 

'*;"<'''it,Mvann 

'"''•'«,  l>iit  the 
«*' 111(1  rootiiy 

f'>«teuc«I  to  a 
'fJT  eucli  otlicr 
"iitnred  corn- 
1}  cows  (liir. 
|i«  food,  it  ia 
iifiiil  ill  good 
torriRTly,  ius 
'"  lain  loses 
l»«  cut  early 


t^Pt'ii  known 
I'o.  rejioit of 
o'l,  of  II(>,.. 
tiirio.  M,.. 
•  l)reviously 
'"i'lityne  (a 
ibtofgrati- 
V  and  tir-v. 

8tr.V,  I  may 
',  and  isno, 
*^  mjiproc- 
1  ^5-''}  cwts., 
and  1,138 
tli«  above 
from  Can- 
_l_valnt'  1)0- 
'''^^  pounds 
('lifcsc  for 

tf  til  roil  nr|) 

inantityof 
uantity  of 
ies  in  be- 
•viner  for 
four  liun- 
eived  but 
ive  facto- 
the  year 


545 


Cuunty. 


Ki'iit 

KWn 

Nmldlk  

Jliihliiiiiiiiil 

U'iIIiukI 

I.iiiiilitiiii 

Iluriiii 

i'.i'iirii 

Siriiriie 

MiilillnHox 

O'.riinl 

limiil 

I'.rtli 

U'i'lliiititiiu 

Wiitdiiiii    

Wi'iitwiirlll 

IVi'l  

Viiik 

(Mitailo 

llul'liiiiii 

NiirllMiiiiliri'luDll 

I'rincc  Kilwiii'it 

LiiiiiDMiiiil  Aililinutiiii. 

I''iiinti;ii;i(^ 

Li'i'cIh  and  (iroiivlllo  . .. 

DllllllllH 

StoriiKiiit 

(ilc'n!.MiTy 

1,1111111  k    

VIrloriii 

l'ctiilior(»ii({h 

llllHllllHH 

Oilier  ((iiintlfH 


Factorlep. 


Totiil      Nunilxir 

«miiili«r.    "'"'''"« 
rutui-nH. 


I'-' 

IH 

r. 

4 
Vi 

m 

7 
0 

ur> 

HI 
7 

».'! 
H 
M 

:i 
:i 
:i 
a 
u 

lU 

lu 

•-'0 
49 

10 

4:1 

H 

4 

I) 
31 
lU 


'I'otul 


471 


n 
Itl 

4 

;i 
u 

11 
4 
'J 

1(1 

m 
■i 

IH 

7 

K 
.'I 


4 

1:1 
7 

10 
II 

'J7 
4 

14 

42 

n 

,'l 

H 

•J7 


yuo 


Milk  iiHotl. 


Pnunili. 

a,  (IS),  704 
12,  IIVt.nUH 

2.N4I,01I) 

a,  lM:i,4tO 

IViO,  112 

'  7,  aoo,  Ml 

12,2:12,1-5 

:i,  21111,  .'iiiii 

52"),  mu 

22,  (18S.777 

2.'>,  ri7H,  01)4 

1,  »7(),  :i22 

21,  12a,  724 

r«,4(ii,()or. 

«,  HUO,  2iM) 
4,  IU.\HII| 

i,m)i,2u» 
a.vi,  ;i4() 
U44,  a»H 

2, 1(02,  802 

12, 42a,  ;i:i;i 

a,  4llil,  HOO 
H,  454,  H17 

a,  a7;i,  700 

lU,  iaH,4l4 
2,ail8,tllU 
0,  OflM,  770 

Ltl,  000,  0(K) 
4, 101),  440 
2,  370, 02(1 
5, 084,  i;i2 

24,41.5,0(10 
a,  445,  040 


CluHDOiiiniln 


Voundt. 

211.1,  570 

1,  171,1)84 
201),  217 
ai8.  ;i44 

25,  H41) 

7l),\  41)  I 

1,11X1,212 

a  1 7,  011; 

52,  .500 

2,  11II.08J 
2,  4U4.  0:15 

11)1.475 
l,8H.'l,  1)11) 
ft'O,  l)HI) 
oai),  :i2H 
402,141 
lot,  220 
34,  142 

53,  812 
27«.  K.50 

1,228,751 
012,(148 
820,  21)5 
310,284 

1,823,  3.'» 
2ai,!);i(i 
1)10,011) 

2,  UUC,  000 
411,51)1 
2:14,  121 
558,731 

2,  4»2,  857 
341.01)8 


VhIiio  of 
cUuuiio, 


»n3, 070 

125,720 

28, 832 

.5,1)17 

3, 000 

75, 1M)5 

132,  110 

31,213 

5,  ;i22 

241,  130 

208,  550 

21,712 

201),  405 

M,  250 

(III,  52') 

40,  007 

17,073 

a,  034 

0.  n;i5 
:io,7ni 

1. ■1.1,8.53 
37,  320 
80,  700 
37,  ■11)7 

107,  775 
24,  (!;iO 

1(11,(1.'.!) 

300,  (100 
43, 1173 
2.\  454 
00.  202 

271,801 
34,  U75 


Clin  PRO  00 
liiuiij. 


I'oundi. 


401 


324 

5,  •'.80 

50 


2, 221) 


205,  813, 7.55 


25,002,481  I     2,707,086 


12,343 


llie  iiroportion  ot  cream  to  milk  from  wdlfod  and  well-kept  cows  of 
good  breed  IS  Htated  ut  from  14  to  1<{  per  eent.;  this  is  rei^arded  as  aa 
average.  When  milk  is  ex(diaiiffea  at  the  factories  for  cbee.se  (as  is  the 
custom  III  this  country),  th«  amount  allowed  is  1  pound  of  cheese  for  10 
pounds  of  milk. 

TREATMENT  OF  BAIUY  CATTLE. 

In  reference  to  the  treatment  of  dairy  cattle,  I  may  say  that  aiiood 
warm,  wellventilated  stable,  a  liberal  supply' of  food,  and  an  aim  ! 
dance  ot  Ires,  Avater,are  indi^si)en.sable;  coupled  with  these  kindness  and 
gentleness  ot  manner  should  ever  be  characteristics  of  the  dairvnian  I 
would  urge  (even  at  the  risk  of  being  considered  sentimental )*t  be  iirac- 
iceo  iorbearance  and  kindness  toward  all  domestic  animals,  in  rhe 
Inst  place  because  it  is  right  and  in  the  next  place  because  it  pays. 

CLIMATE    OP  ONTAltlO. 

Although  I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  such  information  as  would 
enable  me  0  hll  out  the  forms  sent  mo  by  the  Dei)artment  bavin..-  ref- 
erence to  climate  and  other  subjects,  yet  the  annexed  table  will  1  trust 
be  ot  interest  as  showing  the  comparative  meteorological  reo-istor  l\n- 

i  '*'y'''i  ^Too"*'  ^^'''  ^"^  l^''^^'  "«  r^'«orded  at  the  Toninto  Obs^'rvatory 
m  latitude  43o  39'  4"  north  ami  longitude  5"  17'  33"  west  '^"''"'*"*"^' 
H.  Ex.  51 35 


»    'J. 


54G 


CATTLE  AND  DAIKY  PAKMING. 


Ynai'H. 


Teniporaturo. 


li-'S2.. 
IHHl  .. 
18S0  . . 
IK7!»  . . 
IHTrt  .. 
1H77.. 
IH7«.. 


a  o 


Uaronictcr. 


4ri.  42| 
40.  0(1 

4-).4;il 

44.  10 

47.  on 

40.  lOi 

4:t.  i)8, 


o 
20.  C-.m 

411. It  mo:)]! 
30.  H  L'n.c;tr.o 

•J<X  (i.-).-).-! 
2K.  Cl  2!».  r.(;47 
3.1.  21  21».  C;i4« 

20.  0017 


°        I       o       i        o 

+■  o:t.^,3:  :in  417  of, ...  ,  ° 

+-"l"7i30.ra    28y     I  ■'■■;•' 

-••'■'1-),     0.  1";j   9h  r,~^  •■"' 

+-oih4I.'io.mL-  "h'?.',!  •;"'■ 


Clout]  inoss, 


1^ 


1882... 
1881... 
1880... 
187!)... 
1878... 
1877... 
1870  ... 


71 

7r. 

0.  2G,'-, 
0.  28;! 

'. ; 

70 
77 
74 

0.  200 
0.  207 
0.  2!i;i 
0.  27'. 

;o 

0.  203 

0.03 
0.  (i2 
0.  02 
0.  03 
0.  02 
0.00 
0.00 


-1 0.02 

+  0.01 
+  0.01 
-10.  02 
■to.  01 
—0.  01 
+0.00 


& 

0 

'w 

« 

u 

-^B 

-*^ 

05 

g 

p2i 

0 

N.  47  W. 

N.  no  \v 

S.  80  W.  i 
N.  72  W. 
N.  03  W.  I 
N.  02  W.  ] 
N.  51  W. 


11 

2.  70 

2.  Hi 

3.  18 

-.   'J.J 
I.   t^(» 


c:  to 


Sjl 


10.42 

10.  .Tt 
10.30 
8.  :l- 
8. ;(:)  , 
».  29  I 


St 


8(: 


■P-'.;;,-. 

■12X0 
I II.  711 
i  0.  77 

(1.7;) 


liain. 


Yrai.s. 


. 

C    K 

<=!= 

M   0) 

a 

V.  ^'i 

0 

^  ^ 

S 

« 

if 

Tota 

OS 

1882... 
1881... 
18TO... 
I87!l  .. 
1878... 
1877  .. 
1870  .. 


20 

. 

21 

i:tH  ; 

30 

ii'2'2 

4;t. 

:i!K) 

21. 

88.') 

21. 

003 

-  7.518 
--  0.007 
+  2.817 

-  ,'■>.  .100 
+  1.'">.  28.'; 

-  0.220 

-  7.042 


01 

t*. 

a 

♦* 

a 

"^  a 

c 

1^ 

a 

« 

0 

'A 

H 



Snow. 


110 
123 
140 
170 
132 

no 

117 


42. 5 
57.0 
41.0 

00.  r, 

.')1.0 

37.  3 

113. 4 


2  «" 

a  a 


27.42 
- 12.  32 

-2r>.»2  I 

-  1.42  I 
-18.02  I 
-32.  02 
F4r).48 


cs 

Z^ 

c  a 

a 

t.  ». 

.a  o 
S 

>^ 

02 
04 

78 
70 
"lO 
.'■>4 
70 


9 


a 


200 

101 

i!i;) 

188 
202 
204 
186 


a 


00 
23 
23 
0 
7 
13 
'3 


1'  6~ 


-.^ 


;^ 


204 

187 
108 
101 
10.5 
200 
171 


28  2,100.  r,  I 

24  ... 

■17 ...;:;;:, 

" ' 

,11)  I.. 

33  ...  '""■( 
10 ....'" 


0 

0.47 


I 


VALtIK  OP  WKATIIKU  KEPORTS. 


Ukitkd  States  Consulate, 

I'ort  Sfirnin,  Norcmher  17,  'o/iJ. 


HAM'I.  1).  PACE, 


Coimtl. 


DOMINION  01;^  CANADA. 


547 


irotiictcr. 


•I"  ■iil   28.7S1    ni,r 


-«-7o;i  i.u.,; 


11(1. 


10.42 
!'.!)!   I 
1(1.  .Tt 

iii.:i(; 
H.  :;■_' 

».  29  i 


Si' 


-K.'.;;.-, 
IL'.!!,-; 
■I'-',  so 

I II.  7(1 
i  ((.  77 

11.7;! 


a 

3 

J 

CfJ 

T 

U 

» 

3 

o 

^•9 

as 

''  t: 

''«  2,ico.r,  I 
-I  ... 

" ' 

w  I.. 

i'l  ...  '""'i 

I!)    ....[" 


0.47 


i«,  diroii;,'!!- 
'ins,  is  Diir- 

Coimtl. 


THE  CATTLE  OP  ONTARIO. 

REPOllT  liY  CONSUL  HOWARD,  OF  TORONTO. 
now  ONTAKIO   BECAME   POSSESSED   OF  BLOODED   CATTLE. 

The  province  of  Ontario  was  largely  settled  by  stunly  well-to-do  larin- 
ors  from  England  and  Scotland,  who  bronyht  with  tliem  to  their  new 
iioiiie  not  only  their  native,  social,  and  political  pecnliarities,  bnt  also 
the  iigricultnral  axioms  and  tenets  of  their  fatherland.     So  that  short Iv 
tiiere  api)eared  in  Canada  a  farm,  here,  that  was  a  transciii)t,  as  far  as 
the  Tiew  locality  and  the  chauj^ed  conditions  wonld  i)erniit,  of  the  Seot- 
tisii  farm  and  surronndings;  a  farm  there  that  was,  as  far  as  possible 
a  copy  of  the  one  that  had  been  leit  in  England.    And  in  time  cattle 
fmiiiiiar  to  the  eye  of  the  settler,  and  of  the  sort  that  had  been  in  a 
oeiierous  sense  his  friend  "at  home,"  came  to  be  seen  in  the  new  fields 
and  gave  evidence  not  only  of  their  owners'  i)rosperity,  but  of  Ihat  in 
liorent  sentiment  that  cherishes  old  associations— that  delightfid  con- 
servatism that  clings  to  old  friends.     So  tln^  stately  Durhanis  soon  di"-- 
iiilied  the  fields  of  the  English  emigrant  and  glad<leiiod  his  eyes  wifh 
their  magnificent  projmrtions,  while  the  Ayrshire  cow  fdletl  the  Scotch 
fanner's  heart  with  gladness  and  his  pail  with  milk.    And  at  one  time 
the  character  of  the  herd— whether  Durham  or  Ayrshire,  Galloway  or 
Devon— might  almost  have  been  determined  by  the  name  of  the  owner 
Tins  natural  method  of  selection,  if  it  may  ;)e  caUed  such,  has  not  been' 
without  Its  lasting  benefit.    Through  it  there  has  been  introduced  into 
Canada  a  much  wider  variety  of  cattle  than  would  otherwise  have  been 
the  case— none  of  them  adai)ted  to  all  uses,  of  course,  but  each  race  ex- 
celling in  some  desirable  quality.    In  later  years  national  sentiments 
liav(!  ceased  to  govern  cattle-breeding  in  so  large  a  measure,  and  to-day 
cattle  are  bred  for  certain  known  and  admitted  excellencies,  and  the 
breeder  sele(!ts  his  herd  in  accordance  with  the  object  in  view— as  stall 
leedmg,  grazing,  the  dairy,  or  family  use. 

THE  CANADIAN  SHORTHORN. 

Of  all  the  diflerent  breeds  in  Canada  the  one  first  deserving  of  notice, 
both  by  Its  superiority  in  numbers  as  well  as  its  early  introduction  into 

he  country,  is  the  Durham,  or  Shorthorn,  as  it  is  much  oftener  called  at 
the  present  day.  The  superiority  of  this  breed  of  cattle  for  beef  pur- 
poses was  lor  many  years  uiuiuestioned,  and  might,  perhaps,  be  so  still 
had  not  the  art  ot  Shorthorn  breeding  been  turned  from  its  le'^itimate 
Ime  into  unscientific  and  fatal  courses.  A  kind  of  bucolic  dilett^mteism 
sprang  up  among  biveders  of  this  race  of  cattle,  and  in  the  development 
ot  family  lines  the  general  improvement  of  the  race  as  a  whole  was  al- 
inos  entirely  lost  sight  of.  Starting  undoubtedly  with  an  honest  desire 
on  the  part  of  the  most  skillful  of  the  English  breeders  to  perfect  the 
S  tor  horn  race  ot  cattle,  their  very  success  founded  a  royal  family  of 
Shorthorns  so  jiowerful  in  its  influence  that  it  may  well  be  doubted  if 
the  DuclmH  lamily,  a^  rt/flW»7)/,havo  not  done  Shorthorn  breeding  more 

lann  tnan  good,  j  he  whole  result  of  breeding  in  the  years  that  fol- 
lowed he  death  of  Mr.  J5ates,that  most  conscientious  and  intelligent 
ot  ngbsh  breeders,  was  simply  to  produce  and  perpetuate  a  pedi|ree. 
\  ciy  soon  the  natural  result  of  siu^h  a  vicious  system  was  seen  in  im- 


fiju 

i  1  •: 


lli 


548 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


potent  bulls,  bam-ii  cows  not  able  to  briutr  forth  evn.,  n  ,>„  r 
ened  eoustitutioii,  <limini«li,.,l  si/o  b  it  o-n.^f.?.!  ,  '"i  Ijcxliffreo,  w.^ak- 

';tl.oronshbre.l  l^.lc"  tl.u  "to  hkIuvc'-S  «  S  ^h  ^  n"  '''\'  "'"^ 
ot  the  best  Miarks  of  tlic  earlier  r'li-..  •iml  fi.n  I       •       <      .,  *'"'  '>'>'M'n(.,. 

•17. ,1    +1 i:      •'  .     '^'I'l 


September,  ulu-n  1 1  :,;:;;  s^  r-..  ii  ?  f  ^":  '^f''"'  '^xl.ihi.io.Ma; 
a^es  an<l  ropn-^ciUii..  u  d.^  xSf  ?'hI^  '"  ^'^•"""^'"  <'at(le  of  all 
<'«<'«litable  .li.s,,lav  in.   t  1        l  .n.  h  ./^  tl';M;n.v.nee.     If  was  a  vm 


eel  arivwlicic      'i!m(   v!-'i,> n  -  

''>'"»l  i"  '1''^  J^nifi.'  Wa  es  V^u;^;  K,.r'*^-  '""""['"  '"""''  l"<'''^''''y  I..' 

consHh.,,iblv  lower  In,  wi,;'  V  "'/'""I"  ^'"^^  ^''"  I>"'''''^  ''<'''''•»•' 

man  witl,  us.     I  quolo  at  eonsiderable  Irn-tli  llio 


I  >P<l!ffr(.o,  w,,ik. 
ot  bone  am]  t|,„t 
^or  tJic  ahsoiu.,. 

ti'iu'-  Kk'ii  of  ,ie. 
itio.l.    Tlionoi, 
al  family"  I,,..,; 
tluTclorc  ill  two 
.V">ff  a  pcdio,.,., 
til  tli(^  (U'vcloh. 
'  'Sense  aiid  .yet 
3  iiave  l)(>on  less 
in  fanners,  in  a 
ivc  not  snerveii 
\ve  for  a  "  beef 
to  l>a.v  $3(),(»()() 
te  patiis  of  i,„. 
'''It  the  Short. 
"'•"    ■'f  then,  as 
loi'i*  tofliiMvali 
<>  -say  that  tiio 
(it'll  waved  from 
'ti  and  nnsoieii. 
le  danger  from 
i'«'turii,  for  (lie 
eUallowaws— 
t  tile  l)reedeis 
'  a  better  I'tije 
loi'thorns  were 
the  i)roviMce, 
'present  time. 

0  whom  J  am 
'ii'M^  are  three 

1  llH'J)roviiiee 
H'-tenths,  ami 
-  Shorthorns, 
i^facnhafaf 
•■>,^|'S.S;5.  there 

The  earliest 
;«'.s.srs.  R  w. 

and  William 
K'  Hhorlhoni 
beinj;-  in  the 
tario,  Perth, 
>  race  of  eat- 
.stall-feediiio- 

rapidly.    I 
!«•  iiJXMi'  this 

has  already 
lihitioii.  last 
cattle  of  all 
was  a  very 
lienlt  focv. 
roliahly  lie 
cs  here  arc 

hMi^fth  I  ho 


DOMINION    OF    (JANADA. 


549 


report  from   the  ayTJciiltiiral  (;ulle<,'e  of  Ontario  concerning  the  8hort- 
iKiiiis  on  the  col!e}.;e  farm  : 

\\r  ciiii  spciik  liiylily  (tfUio  inilkin;;  inoix'itics,  in  tpiiintity  :in(l  (iiialily,  of  (lio 
,ii„:l  .)t  (.iii(o\v.st)t  iliiK  lirccd— niiikiiin-  j;oo(l  calves  or  irliahl'c  iiiilkcis,  as' tlicciiso 
iii;iy  liav(^  liccii.  \V((  liav(!  noUiinfr  to  say  afiaiiist  lliosiirc  liiccdiii};  of  tlio  cows,  but 
(iiu-  loi.r  hulls  III  tliCM)  years  luivo  not  nivcii  satisfaction  in  this  rcsiicc't.  Witlioiit  cx- 
,T|ili(iii  lliiy  have canscd  delay,  loss,  tioiilile,  and  extra  expense,  \vliy,l  am  not  pre- 
|i:in'd  (o  say  ;  two  were,  iiiijioi  ted  and  two  ('aiia<lian  lired  ;  none  wen^  ever  in  siudi  lii"ii 
llcsli  as  I  hose  of  some  other  l>n  eds.  If 'tis  said  the  choice,  of  individual  Imlls  wasii.nl, 
ilicii  the  reply  is  that  iliree  iiidepeiidenr  ,iiid|j:es  did  so;  if  marai^^iiient  hy  want  of 
|. radical  l<iiowl(Ml,i;(!  ischar^jed,  then  the  same  mana;;('iiieiit  had  to  do  with'thi*  other 
liiillsllial  have  stood  so  well.  ]f  tlii'  Short  horn  re(|nireH  on  an  averafjc!  more  draw- 
iii^-moni  altcntion  than  other  heelin;,'  hiceds,  then  it  had  better  he  aciriiowledticd  at 
(iiicc,  and  I  don't  think  tlieir.admireisiieed  he,  ashamed  of  the  fact.  AVe  ha  ve  faUened 
,s|iiirlli(irii  j^rades,  Hereford  jurades,  Devon  <;rades,  Ay|■sllil■(^  ^,ia<l«''<.  and  Cialloway 
;;iii(lcs  tor  l»ef  l)olh  in  tli(!  stall  and  on  pasture,  and  nothing!;  ciiiials  the  Shortlnn'n  iii 
^'iviii;;  lliatst.'imp  to  produce  wci;rl,t  in  theshoricst  time  on  Od/ac/o  coHf/i<(«H.s— ''lowtir 
ofyoiilli  on  <^ood  i)astnro  and  iinishinj;  in  the  stall.  ° 

TIIK   CANADIAN  AYRSIIIIIE. 

In  the  report;  of  the  Ajiricultural  and  Arts  Association  of  Ontario  for 
the  year  1.S.S2  the  number  of  Ayrshire  cows  in  the  province  is  estimated 
at  three  liniidred  and  bulls  at  one  liunihed,  scattered  tlirou<«h  the. 
eoiiiifies  of  York,  Ontario,  Sintcoe,  I'eel,  IJalton,  Wentworth,  Fronte- 
iiae,  Lanark,  Carlton,  Kussell,  and  Prescott,  with  a  ihw  in  Oxford  and 
>'orthtimberland.  The  Ayrsiiire  cow  has  lon,i>-  been  famous  the  world 
over  tor  iin  enormous  yield  of  nnlk,  rich  in  (dieeseniakiuf;'  properties, 
and  in  Canada  she  seems  to  have  fully  niiiintained  her  pre-emineuce  in 
this  particular.  Speakinj;-  from  nothing  but  my  own  observations,  I 
should  say  that  the  Cauadiiiu  Ayrshire  would  ave'rajj^e  somewhat  larjic 
than  the  siuiu'  breetl  in  the  United  States.  This  I  think  may  probably 
he  the  result  of  the  natural  beef- breeding  tendencies  of  Canadian  farm- 
ers iind  the  unconscious  iutluence  of  Shorthorn  neighbors.  The  report 
from  the  agricultural  college  concerning  this  race  ol'  cattle  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

We  have  had  a  inetty  thoronoh  test  of  the  Ayrsiiire  <attle.  In  sure  Iirrediie-'  we 
have  no  cause  to  complain  nor  can  anything;  li(>  said  ii^c.'iiiist  their  adaptahili'tv  in 
raisin;,'  a  calf  JOvery  cow  we  have  has  to  he  milked  three  and  lour  weeks  prcvioiislo 
calviii^i— an  imjicralivc^  necessity  to  avoid  milk  iVvcv;  after  calvinji,  two  of  our  best 
have  retfiilarly  suckled  two  calves  and,  in  addition,  have  had  to  be  milked  with  tlio 
hand  lwic(Mlaily  for  I  woorthree  weeks,  deiieiidin-  upon  the  time  (d' year,  whetheron 
t;rass  or  m  stall.  Me  iiave  not,  however,  been  ticated  to  that  coniimiancei  of  milk 
that  I  was  mtimate  with  in  llie  Lothian  of  Scot I;ind— the  j^reat  How  lesseiiin"-  nioro 
iiipidly  and  dribbliiif;-  loo  loii-;-.  I  <lo  not  attiibnte  this  to  actual  |iooi'cr  iias7nre  or 
kcepothcrw!s<',  bnt  to  the  >,'reat  difVerenee  in  cli'iial  ie  condition  and  the  want  of  that 
iiiipoilaiit  variety  of  jiiMsscH  secured  only  in  iion  .iiient  ]>astiiic.  It  is  not  tine  in  our 
cxpenenct^  that  the  Ayishire  (ow  f,nves  a  lack  of  milk  tni  comiiarai  ively  bare  iiastnre 
111  whi.h  regard  she  is  on  an  averaf-e  <lecidedly  inlViior  to  theC'anatliaii,  but  it  is  true 
that  her  milk  is  of  that  blue  type— not  so  rich  in  cream— as  chaiacleiizes  tlu'iii  in 
llicir  own  country.  »  '  »  I'lactically,  t h.  n,  as  i,.jv;„-,is  the  jmre  Avrshire,  they 
icfpiire  >;iiod  trcalment  in  order  to  maiiitaiii  their  famous  milklii"  indp'erties  and  "l 
am  (d  o|iinioii  that  an  iiiliisien  of  new  blood  Isasolieii  needed  as  in  any  other  breed 
-not  so  much  a  cliant,e  of  bull  fiom  other  herds  in  thiHcouiitiv  as  that' of  a  directiv 
iiiipoi  ted  oiHi.  ■  ■' 

As  to  prices  1  am  cpiite  sure  that  Ayrshires  of  jdire  bloodof  average 
oxcellenco  can  be  bought  for  nnich  less  nuuu'v  in  Canada  than  in  the 
United  States. 

THE   CANADIAN   lIintKFOUDS. 

This  breed  is  companitively  a  newcoaier  in  (Canada,  iilthougli  Mr.  F. 
\\.  Stone  began  imiuuting  them  into  this  jHovince  in  IStiU,  much  to  the 
anmsement  of  the  Shorthorn  breeders,  who  had  a  curiously  satistied  faith 


i 


550 


CATTLE    AM)    DAIRY    FARMING. 


the  Ilevelonl  broeaors  will  coiicH^ue  u.  vf     fn       ri      .r'''"^-     ^  *Ioubt  jf 
colleffo  farm  arc  roportcd  as  IbllmvL^    ^       ^^     "^''^  ir^roforUs  on  ti..l 


rel  gious  <luty  to  rop^rt     ,sL  h     •  f  is'  ^    v^ii;.'!;' "'  """""••^'  ''  '«  '•^'"'v..  all  f |,,„.,- 
au.l  no  undoi^tateiMont  oHinvt       ,.  v  fJso.  vor^  ' ;  Hc-n,,  cloriu;.,  „„  ox',       ;:;'^,.""^ 


The  Herelbrds  have  been  Lrainiuo-  verv  rmi.l),^  ,•„  r 
low. year.,  and  are  now  in  ^neat    em m^d  nn  s£       t'"'  ^"^"  ^''^  I-^^^fc 
:iMd  ,n  the  g.eat  herds  of  the  plaint  ^enrominen?  "'V'^'?  ''^"^'"-'■^ 
says  in  a  private  note  to  me :  Prominent  Jlerelonl  breeder 

iii«  very  fast.  '^         ""  (loiiiaiKl  both  liero  and  in  tlio  Wosi  Im  ■ ' 

A„„ther,  a  breoci.r  of  both  Bhortbon.s  and  Ilerofor,!,,  „ite,. 

THE   CANADIAN  DEVONS. 

1' or  a  medium-sized  beefinir  bm.  .1   wifi.  ..  ^'  •  i 
n.ent,  the  Devons  hav.-  the  r  adudr ers     tL v  -ul  -f v^'"'    ''"i''^^'  "^^"'^''• 
ot  cattl..,  dee,>red,  with  fine  sh  peirhorns\m^ 
pearanee.     For  workinir  oxen  th.  v  .,r«  . ?»'       ,      '  ^''''■^'  """'^'"'  '•!>• 
matched,  strong,  and  i^c^tive     m  ^mfl.      '^^  ^''"'-  '""''^vs  well 

of  them  from  tlS  A^rienllnral  ifee"  ll^^i;;^!!.'""''^ "    '''"  ^'^'^""'^ 

under  an  conUitio...    ^^^^  ^n!^  ^2:A^'\;2u:^S^;!!:):^^^ 


DOMINION    OF   CANADA. 


551 


Kliciiloiis.     Tlw, 

'■"tl.olustiow 
,'"t  It  has  lonjj 
''«'•'!  moil.    As 

'•ec(Isuro.ul,«„t 
'«  Hcrelbid  foi. 
"s-  i  iloubt  if 
-r^tords  on  the 

•t  illl  niroiljrii,,,,,, 
*  "•    «'><)il    IIIOlll,.,. 

|i<llii.,k  „,•,,,,„. 
'">  "1  '■<>m|)iui„„ 

<'aes.siir,v ;  to  Niiv 
wii  ii  uiiiC„n„i,' 
v'litor  iUKl  M„i,. 
'■"  'v('oii,s  /af,  „„ 
««ly  .Mioiij-i,,  „„ 

'C  Ol  KOllU'dlill"' 

/^V'"'!'',  nor  in: 

'"«'>  oil  pantiir... 

L,>i;Uiyo],.owi,s 

llii!  Iiuild  is  a 

t  of  tlio  jvlio!,. 

for  t!ic  last 
'.tlHiiiiiiclies 
Ibril  bleeder 

forils  11(1(1..,!  to 
'O.st  i.s  iiicrciis- 

rite.s: 

CiiffI(!!iro  tl)u 
"W  will  iimko 
'"!")ii;  united 

'!ll('r(l(MIIU||(l. 

■  iitcs.  In  (i„. 
''-'iiMliiiid  thiiii 

'  numbered 


l.^oiiie  race 
lilbnii  iip- 
yayK  well 
I'lie  rejwrt 

ondiic't— no 
Kood  doinj; 
-plmiip  ou 


pas! lire  iind  in  {,'()(m1  Leurt  in  tbc  stiill  without  jj,Tiuu.  Tlioy  bavo  also  bi-eii  particularly 
jpood  iiiotlKMH,  iiiir.sin}^  tbcircnlvcs  iu  a  niiiiiiK^r  siiin-rior  to  anytbinjt  in  oiir  exiicri.Mico. 
The  IJuvoii  calf  is  alwayHa  lull  calf  on  its  milk  aiuu(! — rollinif  in  I'at,  and  with  all  the 
liiiild  (if  an  old  aninial.  TIkj  iparticiilar  cbarnctcr  of  the-  lirccd  and  rir.h  milk  ^;ivo 
llirsc  results.  Alter  W(ianin<r  and  all  up  to  liiMltMhood  breeding,',  tlwire  is  a  distinct 
hearlinessand  vij;or,  on  llio  small  scaloasre/^'ardsHize;  tlioro  is  no  stuntinji;  accordin'? 
t(i  tlieii'  kind,  but  one  has  to  know  th((  kind  in  order  to  a|ii)reci:ito  this  dillerenco  Iic- 
tween  Ihcm  and  the  lar^rcr  bccfcsrs.  We  hav(^  never  f;ot  much  milk  from  a  Devon,  but 
ill  (piality  it  is  second  only  to  tlu»  Jersey.  The  bull  attains  a  greater  si/((  and  weight 
|ii()|i(iiti(inally  to  the  eow  than  the  same  tiling  in  most  other  breeds.  »  *  *  'xi,,, 
U(\(iii  cow,  Ihercfore,  is  a  milker  in  (imilily  and  moderate  ((iiantity,  wliilo  the  bull 
c;ives  a  frame  to  the  steer  that  compares  well  with  of  bets  for  beef  carryiiiij;.  But  tlio 
sleer  will  not  mature  so  early  as  the  Shorthorn,  Aberdeen  I'oll,  and  llcielord,  nor  even 
iittaiu  tho  same  weiyht  on  an  average;. 

Tbc  DovoiKs  number  in  tbc  province  about  forty  cowh  and  twenty 
bulls. 

THE  CANADIAN  BLACK  POLLS. 

Tlie  Aberdeen  or  Poll  Angus  is  tlic  same  animal.  Tbc  (Sallowiiy  is 
now  regarded  as  a  distinct  breed,  but  I  am  told  by  a  birgc  importer  and 
ii  yentlemau  vvbo  bas  dealt  in  these  cattle  lor  many  years  that  torty 
years  ago  they  were  all  considered  as  one  race  of  cattle,  but  that  tbc 
respective  breeders,  living  at  the  extreuiei^  of  Scotland,  after  awhile 
naturally  separated  the  cattle  in  their  classihcation,  and  the  one  race 
became  two ;  each  one  with  a  herd-book  of  its  own.  They  are  all,  bow- 
ever,  hornless,  all  black,  and  all  Scotch.  The  Aberdeens  are  larger  and 
liner — more  like  the  Shorthorns — indeed  it  is  not  imi)robable  that  the 
original  ra(!e  has  somewhere  a  Shorthorn  cross.  They  are  immense 
mountains  of  tlesh  and  not  without  an  odd  beauty.  The  Galloways 
are  coarser  haired,  snniller,  and  said  to  be  hardier.  The  gentleman  to 
whom  L  just  referred  told  me  that  he  imported  some  Galloways  as  many 
as  twenty-live  years  ago,  but  that  there  was  no  demand  for  them  anil 
tliey  gradually  disappeared.  Itecently,  Lowever,  they  have  commenced 
to  be  called  for,  and  there  is  now  quite  a  dematid  for  tlicni.  This  month 
he  sent  forty-seven  bead  of  Galloways  from  this  city  to  Illinois,  at  an 
average  price  of  $.')00.  He  brought  them  from  Scotland  in  Seiitembcr. 
Of  the  Aberdeen  Polls,  Professor  Brown  says : 

We  h(dd  the  honor  of  having  introduced  this  brticd  to  Canada.  *  *  *  Our  ex- 
]ierienc(!  thus  far  is  somewhat  irregular:  Health  and  breeding  have  been  very  good: 
niilkiiig  sure,  in  moderate  (|nantity  and  rich,  with  jdeiity  of  llesh,  both  in  stall  aiid 
(in  pasture,  yet  we  have  to  record  an  indefinito  sort  of  instability  ditlieiilt  to  expl;iiii — 
I  sjieak  now  of  the  lirht  imjiorted  animals  and  their  progeny,  not  of  ]HHl  piir(  liases. 
The  instability  in  ((iiestion  has  refereneii  to  a  coining  and  going  of  health,  es[ieeially 
in  Kuiiimer,  as  indicated  by  change  of  coat  and  general  "staring"  of  the  whole  aiiimai, 
lis  if  going  tlivoiigh  a  coiirsii  of  medicine.  Individual  animais  (d"  any  class  often  do 
so,  as  everybody  knows,  but  not  a  wli(d(»  herd  of  oiio  kind.  There  has  been  no  sick- 
ness actually.  We  liavi^  on  hand  four  very  iiiio  steers — the  first  cross  of  an  Aberdeen 
i'oll  with  Shorthorn  grade  cows — with  which  we  trust  to  convince  the  )iroviiiee  ere 
long  as  to  the  eminent  bccling  properties  of  tho  Black  Diamonds  of  the  north  of  .Scot- 
land. 

ONTARIO  JERSEYS. 

There  are  two  celebrated  herds  of  Jerseys  in  this  i)rovince,  and  sev- 
eral smaller  ones.  Mr.  Fuller's  herd  has  been  made  famous  l)y  the  rec- 
ord of  his  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert,  that  made  27  pounds  Oj  ounces  of 
butter  ill  Hcven  day.s,  and  as  a  result  the  Stoke  Pogis  Idood  is  in  great 
favor.  At  one  time  tho  same  danger  threatened  Jersey  breeding  that 
has  been  referred  to  in  speaking  of  the  Shorthorns,  viz :  Family  fashion 


h 

i 

k 

I 

552 


^i 


CATJLK   AND   DAIRY   FAKMING. 


!«  tl.o  ujost  I>.)UM.U>lc,o,I  cle  fe^^^  to  r.l    v    .Tj; 

u  it(",  a  JCurotas,  or  a  Stoke  Po^  s   ^uul' '    uf\'  ''\ '^*^'"''^'  ^'^^"^' <>(•  s '" 
torH  have  a  Lutt.^  re,^  a^'^^'^^^^;"^^!:;.  ^"'^^'^  the  im«.£  ^'^,^!;j' 
las  benefited  iM.n,ea8urab! y  tt  wi  ot'     '      '^";'''"  ^T:'"""  ^«r  a  'it'; 
I  ml  iorever  the  silly  "  faniily  '^b  h   n  ;  n  J  '?|  /^^^troye,!  at  mo 

It  KS  imss.ble  that  the  whole  Jersey  rL  ■      nf      f  ^"''"  "  *=«'«>'• "  <ui  /^ 
that  all  that  is  needed  -ir  .nv  h.I,    '  ^     " '  ^^  '*"'^''  "'i norm  exf.. 

"...I  a mu„ c.«,.a care  to s™;':,:',";;*-  ';rr,r "  ""'^'«.-  s 


CANADIAN  IIOLSTEINS. 


There  are  some  Flolsteinvi  in  r^...  .  i     i 
claim  for  them  size  mri     '?      <-^aiiada,  bat  not  many.    Their  ..,i.  • 

GENERAL   REMARKS. 

I)oit.     it  IS  almost  the  univoi-s.ii  ,„..^L  '^t  the  close  of  tl.isi .,. 


In  the  following  tables  1  h a v e  e m^  ^^'^'^  t''«««  "an.e.i. 

lorm  a.s  possible  the  facts  olfJred  b    H.  >  ?       ^*'  V'*^'^''"^ '"  "« '-ompact  a 
"<8he,l  „.e  information     Se  ivnortV  a"**"'  ^"'•''"^'^'''■^  ^^''">  '''^v'e  h 
«fem^ev  in  these  herds.    iC  n uVsMm.  1    "  '''''"''"«  ^"^^''^  ''^^Preso  t 
were  generally  answered.    Vlfe  !  lif,^.?,",^"^.^'-'''"^'  «oil,  ^ras.L,  .^c. 
m^r.m  localities  were  not  .eneraily'kllo^  S'So'SK^I^ 


DOMINION    OF   CANADA. 


553 


.ier.si'.v  brocd. 

'■t-'"t  'Strains  „f 

J-'^isforiiiorit-. 
«torelhvl,„.|, 

;Jlll(|,j„i,ej,,s 

fHtiiilk.,s".,.sJt 
At  tlie  j)].,.)^. 

iJelloofScit- 
S  '"cans  vci.y 

'wliate  aiit'CN. 

^'oyad  at  oiico 
«olor",;ri,zo. 
,'"  «X(;oIlt'ii(:,. 
le  extra  feed 
)  'lenct'foitli 
i*ri<;t'>s  are 
-vs,  and  if  wo 


"''■  adiuiiers 
111  considtr 


"itich  more 
i<l  inteiTOff. 
<>"«lt  J  (lid 
k'e  received 
of  tliis  re- 

"  bleed ei's 
o'lflis,  and 
"r  beeiinf^- 
^■dvuv.  fsiir- 
Inland.    1 
"c  bloods 
S"  breeds, 
<l  on  tile 
tlH'se  ani- 
ler  direc- 
<1  except 
I'e  found 
lied. 

Jinpaeta 
lave  fiir- 
epreseiit 
ses,  \-c,, 
e  of  tile 
'ivatorv 


oive«  tlie  oluvatiou  of  Toronto  above  Lake  Ontario  at  !()«  feet,  and  tbo 
Mppioxiinate  elevation  above  tbe8ea,;}o0  feet;  tlie  mean  ten  nenituro 
for  1.SS2  was  4r>.4L'0;  liijjbest,  89.l)o ;  lowest,  17.4o.  lei.uuro 

The  Iierds  rei)resented  in  these  tables  are,  many  of  them,  larce  prize- 
winners.  In  one  or  t\yo  instances  there  seems  to  bo  an  evident  anomahu 
l)iit  1  have  «iven  tiie  liynres  as  they  were  jjiven  to  me.  Tlie  same  iiuin! 
ber  refers  in  each  case  to  the  same  lierd. 

WALTER  E.  HOWARD, 

Connul. 
Unitkd  Stait.s  ('onsulatk, 

Toronto,  JJeccmber  L'9,  1883. 


Sjwcial  Hial'tHlica  voncfrnhig  Oiilario  caillc. 


Rrcoil  and 

ll(!I'(l  No. 


Shnrtliorn 
1 

') 

;i '. 

1 

r. 

ti 

Ayi'slilrn: 
1 

4 

5 , 

(i 

llfii'l'oiil- 

1 

2 , 

DeviHi; 

1    

GlllldWiiy  ; 

1  ...".. . 


3 


10 


4r>. 

41 
34  . 

'■"'!■ 

22. 
'J3| 

30 
20 
30  . 

ml 
23I 


100 

"I 
4 

45; 


o 
Lbs. 


4,  O.JO 
7,000 


Livo  weJKlit  lit 
inatnrity. 


c-c',^-:   ■= 


25 


n,  (100 
r>,  700 
r>,  000 


0, 000 


20 


10 


10 


!s 
o 
O 


Lbs. 

1,  aoo 

1,1^00 
1,700 
1, 000 

1,700 
I.UOO 

1,  050 


o 


TJiK.  I  T,bg. 


Weij^htof  meat 
at  maturity. 


o 
O 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


H 

o 


Lbs. 


2,  400    2,  000: 

2,500    2,400'  1,000    l,40o'  1,200 
2,:i00    2,200    1,020,  1, 450l  1,475 

2,000 .  I 

2,400,  2,100    1,22.'.    1,K,-.0|   1,000 
2,200;  I.HUO    1,200;  1,000    1,400 

1,000: :       800... 


Price. 


0.50 
000 


1,0.50  , 
1,700  . 


1,500    2,000 
^ I 

1,400    1,900 
1,300   2,000 


1,800 


.500 


000 


COO    1,200 

07,5   ],.W  1,170 


OJO,  1,250 


$150  $100  $120 
300, 
200 
250 
250 
150' 


400 
1,50 
250 
200 
150 


125, 

150; 

100 

1.50i 

75! 

125' 


450 
100 
300 


125 

ioo 

300 
50 

loo 


200 
1,50 
250 
1.51 
100 


125 
400 


.50 

Oil 

ioo 

25 
35 


$1.50 
.'IOO 
100 
250 
!,50 
100 

50 


10 
30 


300 

7,5] 

200; 


250 

75 

200 


GENEUAL  AVERAGE. 


Brocd. 


SlKiillmrn 
AM'sliim  .. 
llciolMid  ., 

Divdii 

(lallowa.y ., 


a« 

"3  . 

rs 

"S 

C* 

a-^ 

Origin. 

0 
0 

Si 

a 

4; 

as 

8  = 

% 

0    . 

2  = 

r-l    U 

i^ 

•A-^ 

■< 

-')'" 

a 

« 

< 

Lbs. 

'  " 

Englnnd 

Scotland 

0 
0 

1 
1 

220 

238 

1.5!) 

11 

45 

8 
8 

4,  0.50 

5,  025 

25 
24J 

""o'i 

3i 

KiiKland 

0 

do 

Scotland 

20 

10 

n 

■  •-  •  ■ 

■1 

11 

I'll 

'^m 

SF 

«■•  ■■ 

'  i 

111 

mt 

Ifl 

hB 

«w 

SB 

554 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 
Special  stalimrs  eoncnui,,,,  Ontario  m/«r^-C..„tinnc,l. 
OKNKltAL  AViSI{AaE_Co,.tl„„o,l. 


Uretxl. 


Llvo  wniRlit  fttiiintnrlty. 


Woljiht  ()(•  iii,.„t  ut 
iimturity. 


f^liipilliiiiii. 
■A.vif-liijii .. 
Ilricl'diil  .. 

Ttiivoii 

(iiillipwii.y.. 


IA,K. 

I.ltio; 
IMili'l 

I,  r.do 

1,40(1 

i,;juu 


Lhn. 

L',  ;ioit 
i,.i:io 

I',  (100 

I.  iidi) 
'i,  ouu 


Lbn. 
-',  100 

l.HOO 


o 


l,h». 
Ml  1.1 

U75 

u:>o 


3 


IJm. 
1,  .'■>7r. 

OUU 
1,.1U(I 
],200 


o 


PrUo. 


1,170 


.a 

Dully. 

»21fl^ 
K'O 

J  tool'.. 

4.10 

do... 

100 

-ilo... 

:ioo 

■H 


$L'08S 

")L'A"| 
400  I 


*l(il»l 

n4'| 

.'iOO  I 

7.'i  ; 
l!Ou  ; 


1175 

in 

LTiO 

7r. 

L'UO 


Topography,  .f-o. 


lirx 


Sliiirlliiirii  ..      1 


-3 
3 


-1 


aliiro. 


Soil. 


Subati'utuiii. 


•i  ji,i:oo  !7u 
4 


45 


Ayivhir 


Luirii 

<I.i 

Cliiy  anil  luimi . . . 
I'ditru 


Ili'irriiiil 


Alliniul,  Ioiiiii,iii,(l 

••lav. 
Clay'. 

Cluy  and  Itiam.. 


I-lniostono  nnd 

clay. 
Clay  and  gravel  .. 

LimoHtono     ami 
Rravdl. 


<'ul(ival,Ml  «,,,SH,,. 


Tim..(l.ya>,.ln.,|,|„. 

Tinioiliy,   ,,„i   ,,,„,, 
,„.»o-l<'irlianl,-i,,H    • 

i ;»;;;( i(van,i7„;l' ;*.■,„. 

I'lVlW, 


or. 
Tini..t|iy,    rid    , 


ClayaniUravo...    tC^;;;'!^;^:^; 


LiniOHtono   anil 
clay. 


I  2 

I 

Itoviiii J  I 

(i;illc)»,'iy..  .1  1 


"lliivi.il,  l()ani','niu! 

Handy.  .  

Clayaiid  loam....  LimoRlono,  clu y 

!  and  gravel.      '  ' 


(■lay  and  Handy.. 
VaiionH ■ 


l,IUO 


Clay  and  loam. 


170 

M.38I  i!5.i5 1  Aim viai;  •;„;;;,•.- 

anil  loam,  ' 


<'Iay 

LiniOHtonii    ami 
Kiuvil. 


CI 


'.V 


...do  

LiniOHtono    ami 
Kravol. 


and  nrilia,.,! 
ii"">tliyandcIov,T. 


Ho. 
Clover. 

1'i"i'.(l,y  and   ,|„v,.,. 
i-oil-top,  and  1)1  no'. 

Tinii.(l,ya,M|,.|,„|.r 
Imiolliy  ami  r,-,|  ,.i„. 

vei',  ami  a  Villi,.! V  til 
niako  ii,i,.|<  ,,,„,;„, 

iimoUy  and  rcil  ,)«. 
vur. 

Do. 
Tinioiliy  anil   el„v,.r 
aJHiko,    tnCoil,   aud 
orchard  grasa. 


DOMIEION    OF   CANADA. 
Care  and  attention. 


555 


''ri(o. 


? 

<4 

•3 

_: 

■3 

Is 

;:5 

n 

.* 

3 

^ 

» 

$208; 

i;i,V 

i 

im 

1 

.'Uio  1 

■IH 

ILT)  1 

40U  j 

-""i 

'^■•"''il  «rass(.f 


''.V  iiiiil  n.,|  ,,!„. 
'i.v.   r.'(l   ,.l„v,,. 

■>ll'l]il|-.l  ;;i:|,,^     ' 

'X  "'"1  ird  (I,,, 
i.v,   rcl   ,.|„v,,,. 

"■'■'"II  •!  ylilSH 

I.V  "III!  red  c'l,,. 

■''Vi  ri'cl  1111(1 

'  'V'lv.'r,  nhWi,. 

nlianl. 

.V  and  clover. 


■  "lid    y\n\-n 

'.  "'Id  l.liio'. 

■  and  clovrr. 

■  ftiid  rod  el,,. 
iilavari,.(v(() 
"iK'k  liiiNlniv. 

'Hill  red  do. 


■■Hid  elovi'r. 
ti'iCiiil,  aud 
gtasa. 


r.ri'cd. 


Short  liorn 


Ayrsliiro. 


Ildroford 

Devon  . . . 
GiUIowiiy 


IIoiiHiDf;. 


AVami  BtublrH  , 
..  do 


Itank'barn   hIu- 
hlo. 


Ktabli'H  II II  d  u  i 
bank  barn. 

Tied  in  Rtalla  . . 


Stoiio   HtablcH 
iiiulur  barn. 


Kcodluj!. 


Tumi  PR,     liay,    po.iH, 

oa tH  .  an  d    bran 

_  i'iiii|)|ii'd  and  iiiimmI. 

SiK'Idu    falvcH     HCV'cll 

nioiiUiH;  uboppod 
'    food. 


lin^iidlii;;. 


TiirnipH  and  bay... 


Wliolo  liay,  R  1  I  ('("d 
riMitH,  and  li  ii  o  k  ■ 
wlioat. 

I^><ltll  and  liay 


•Si'loct  boHt  bulls 


IlrillMl    lll'llcIH  III,    l|(1c«ll 

iiiontliH,  but.  don't  bl 
tlii'iii  Hiicklii  ealvox 
lliHt  year. 


C  li  a  i  n  «  d     i  n 
warm  Htablus. 

Wornistablos.. 


.do 


S  t  a  b  I  u  H  a  n  d 

HitfldH. 

Staldo   n  n  d  o  r 

bank  baru. 
Stout)  HtabloH 

under  barn. 
Loosn  b(i.\*<H  and 

HtallR.     Daily 

exercise. 


StoainiMl,   ell  up))  oil 

(snrii'HtalkH,     r.totH, 

and  olovor. 
Tour  i|iiurtH()f  ni(>al, 

balf   biiHhol    rootH, 

and  buy. 
TiiniipH,    0  blip  pod 

Hiraw,  and  ball'  Ji.iy. 
Few  lootH  and  nioal.'. . 

Tiirnlpa,  larrotH,  and 
bay. 

Four  qnarLs  of  bar- 
ley twiioiulay,  wot., 

Hniall  (iiuuititioB  ol'- 
tun,  tuniipH  witli 
Htrnw  and  bay. 


Si  tpi't  bi'Mt  bull  to  iiro- 
dliro  tlimll  <|  11  ic,  k  I  y 
niid  early  iiialiirlty.  ■ 

Breed  lloit■(^I.'^  at  two 
yearn  and  avoid  cIoho 
lelationsliip. 


Select  Hires  of  boHt  milk- 
iiiK  Htraiii. 


Umo  best  bull  and  keep 
boKl  fiMnalex. 


Careful  hoIim^  t  ion  of 
pure  bred  biilln. 


Oonumred  with 
, Name  breed  in  na- 
{        live  Imiiiio, 


liiinroved. 


Do. 
Held  their  own, 


Do. 

Am  ;;ood. 
Iiiiproviid. 

Do. 

Quite  eipiai. 

Not  improved. 

Have  lired  hoiiio 

better. 
Ilidd  their  own. 

About  the  saino. 

Iiiiproviii';. 


I 


Some  Shorthorns  entered  at  thefat-atovk  show,  Toronto,  Deoembar  It  utul  15  I8s;J, 


Tlioroiighbrodg. 


Steer 

J)o.. 

Do.. 

Do  . . 
Cow  

Do.. 
.  Do.. 
.Steer 

Do.. 

Do.. 


Ago  in  days. 


342 

;inu 

047 

i;iii 

045 
714 
24,') 
714 

81:0 


Weight. 


Pmindii. 
2,200 
1,020 
2,110 
1,220 
1,920 
2,  2r)0 
1,()90 
2,  ;>50 

2,  a.'-.o 

1,700 


Grades. 


Stei 


Do, 
Do, 
Do. 
Do  . 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Cow. .. 
Do. 


—  -    - 

Agoiudays. 

w 

eight. 

Pounilg. 

I,:t7!) 

2.  120 

l,0!l.-> 

2,  2;io 

1,0».-) 

•-',  l.-)0 

!)77 

I.IIIIO 

010 

i,!i:;(i 

IIIO 

1,  »M 

(MO 

1,420 

(!:i!l 

1,410 

1,  ;i.'m 

2,  0.-.(l 

7^0 

i,r)7o 

Diiriiif,'  tho  two  <la,v8  of  (hosliow  twenty-two  tboroiiRlibn-d  Sliorf  liorim  wcfo  sold  at 
anc Km,  uvoniKiug«l'28;  tho  IiiRbost  ti«uro  rcacLcd  wa«  $375  lor  a  three-ycaia-oJil 
bull,  tbo  lowest,  $40,  lor  a  yearling  boiler. 


ij 


tm 


556 


CATTLK    AND    DAIRY    TAKMING. 


«!1!AI)K   AND   NATIVK   CATTLK. 

Tho  iiiiinlior of  Km.lo  und  mvtivo  nitf lo  in  tlio  i)i<)viii(«  of  OMi„,i<.  i      • 


DeRcriptlon. 


Wnrklnir  oxen 

Milch  cows '.'.'.'.'.'. 

Store ciitdn  (over  two  veiuH)."!! 
0(  lior  cattlo .' ' . . . 


Total. 


IHKI. 


asj,  151 
i,82i,imf 


ihh:'. 


1 1.  r.iiii 

-"■-',  'jiiil 
<ii(»,r..'7 

I,  .'lilTiisii 


111  188-i  tbo  niiiiibor  ofthoroiighbrea  cafctlo  of  all  kin.lH  w: 


IS  cstiiimted  ut  l,t,0(iu. 


CATTLE  IN  ONTARIO. 


nsponr  iir  coxsul  iuzelton,  of  lUMir.Tos. 
I  liavo  the  honor  to  tninsmit  this  lenort  with  iiiclosii„»«  ,„ 

^th^;' Cattle  circuh.  of  July  18,  isi),"^:;;;;;'^'^;^;-;';^;-.. 

^^!^^  ?^!^!"!!5.^':t!'«^»"«V^^«^!^  «'^ttlo  in  Ontario  is  about  2;i,7()4, 


m>rnALfr-  '^"  ,"'"1"  "•> '"«  i^'^"'*^     nicioseti.    Jn  a(l<lition 
htty  llolsteins  have  been  imported  this  year  Irom  Ilnii,,,,,!  *•     i 
purposes.    There  are  several  breederrof  b  oo  e    <  i?  v     '"''''"« 

tario  to  whoM,  I  an,  indebted  for  inforn  ai^  r  e^h-  d  '  '''^  *  " 
breeds  kept  by  each.  Most  oftheir  herds  hi^vn'  been  ISTn  ;?!''"  '''^ 
imported,  which  is  about  twenty  years.  All  «■  v  ihll  t\\.  "  ^"""'" 
superior  in  Ontario  to  the  san.e  Ineeds  in ll  eh*  uU  e  co  »/.'""'''  '■'' 
ta.mn,.  that  the  cold  dry  climate  of  Cumd!  ^i^r^X^ii' ulT 
part  constitution  and  (juality  to  pure-ldooded  cattle  "' 

In  Ontario  the  Durham  takes  the  lead  eomnri«i..„-  /  - 
the  entire  number.    It  is  a  ;,eod  nlil^'^^ci    S  ^  m^  lor'uM;";""  1 
especially  expensive  to  raise,  and  when  crossed  on  ■         i        '  '    '*' 
^rade  is  very  satisfactory.    I^  Js  the  ohlest  ot"  t  ,e  i    pi r  e         'l':.   "; 
K^qualUies  are  better  understood  by  lUrmers  genel?aI^;Vl.!;;;  nl;;' ;!:[ 

The  Ayrshire  stands  next  in  favor,  being  celebrated  for  \u  ,.i. 
j.roducMiir  qualities.    Jt  comprises  about  10  per  cent  of  tf ,,?;."' 
ber,  but  is  not  increasing.  ^  ^"*  ^"^"'' '""" 

The  Hereford  is  hardy,  and  is  chiefly  celebrated  for  its  h.w.f  ..,.,>,! 
qualities.    Mr.  Frederick  ^^'.  Stone,  of  Guelnh  a  ,,  m  'fH.^*"/^'' "''''''''» 
iu  breeding  stock,  writes  me  regarding  EKSai'S;;^':''''''''''' 

;.o;^;;;a!^r-S(;'::;;:^:i';;;;^;;^!r  ,-- 

bive.l  of  cattle,  and  HiiiHuior  to  an-  to  (Tosh  on  thniH^.f.^  ''.^  ''''''  '"'>  !"""' 

AVcntworth  County,  will  bo  fonnd  embodied  in   LTopS'rom^^^^^^^^^       ■'"'T'.:'  ",' 
Saru.a.    For  this  reason  Consul  Ilazclton's  table  ia oSted  ^^'^      '   '' 


'  '«  «ivni  i„  ,|,„ 


IKKI, 


17,  OSii 
)1I|,H(JK 

iiij,  ir>.| 
■i)ii,«ii» 

121,  w 


IHH'.'. 


1 1,  Wi) 
-"■-',  'JIW 

I,  .'lilTiisii 


tod  at  1,1,0(10. 


"  <'<>iii|)liiiii('o 
^'piiil incur,  of 

il)()iit  L';;^7().£ 

•,»''5'S  iVvoii, 
Ii^i'scy. 

'"»  province, 
)  these  iil)()iit 
<oi'  lueedinu 
Ka.st 


t'ln  Oi 


iicerniM; 


I'liie  .siiieo 


0  Itreeds  jue 


itrie 


f^,  Miiiin- 


fi(te(l  to 


iin- 


piT  cent,  or 


bed 


,  IS  not. 
ive  cow  (lie, 
luced.s,  and 
mil  (hose  of 

• 

its  cheese- 
t'litiie  nniii 


'-JHodiiein,^ 
i  experience 
)\vs : 

.V  lircrd-i,  jilsi) 
rNipfjiiiy  niiKi 
Western  ',•111(1 


s  cdvcicd  liy 
vi^  .Jci'.scys  id 
I'iK.c,  of  I'oil 


•*; 


Icri 
ccti 


<|lli 


to  ipL' 
t(»  t\V 


tai'io 
tioii 
farm 
he  i'o 
iiiii'  i: 


SMl'p 


tiiciy; 

iKM'illJi 

let  tor 
LaMibi 

(IIIC    ill 

has  I'x 
lii.yii  p 
varion 


Novel 
Iroiii 

tlic  l»i 
raii;;ii 
lli'ife 
milch 
altciK 
tlieai 
attciK 
These 
and  ill 
(h'stiii 
I  iiii 
heit," 
the  o\\ 


T 


le 
hiiiiie  I 
ill  the 

orti 

ihiiry  i 

'I' ' 


DOMINION   OP   CANADA. 


667 


L^  > 


m 


Tlw  I)(.\o:.  possesses  many  of  the  qualities  of  tlie  Durluvu  and  is  nre 

(iallmvays  comprise  5  per  cent.     These  are  without  horns,  are  aver 
ii^e  milkers,  and  i)rothice  an  excellent  (jualitv  of  beef- 
^^  The  Abenleen  Poll  is  also  chiefly  celebraie.l  for  its  beef-pro.lucinff 

The  price  of  bulls  of  th(.  several  breeds  above  named  rau-n-.s  from  «-.0 

0  mu  each,  according  to  age  and  (p.ality,  those  from  o.  e  a  ,d  o  ,e  haU" 

to  two  years  old  beuig  preferred.  ^ 

Tiie  number  of  each  of  these  breeds,  excei)tinff  the  Durham   in  On 

ano   .s  so  small  that  they  may  be  fairly  said  to  be  ou  tria        V  d     ,,    " 

tion  to  investigate  the  (pialities  of  the  same  exists  larovjv  iuno   -  th  ," 

(aimers  however  and  a  small  number  of  one  of  the  cl  o^e  breeds  u    v 

lllg  Imqlol^s!""     ''  "•  ""  '^"'^  ^^™^'  ^^'"^"-^^  ^"^^^'  '^'^^  '^^'Pt^i^breelf. 

N'ery  fcware  sold  outside  the  proviucessso  far  as  I  can  learn  but  tiie 
.siir|>lus  hiids  Its  principal  market  at  home.  '  ^ 

KXPORT   OF  FANCY  JERSEYS   TO   TIIE   UNITED   STATES. 

The  number  of  Jerseys  in  Ontario  is  so  small  that  it  was  omitte<l  en 
MciylromthecattlereportsoflSSli.     There  is  a  her.h.f  th  .^  m-d     u," 
1.01  iiig  eighty-hve,  near  ITamilton,  owned  by  Valancev  K    K,  ii .     ' 
l-tter  I  inclose.     In  this  herd  is  t/.e  celcd^rieVcow '^:^^L  V' A   nL  o  S' 


lor 

w 

It 

to 


Lambert,"  whi(,h  has  made  an  average  of  ;U  pound^of  ul  .;;er  d^  n 
(wie  hundred  and  hfty  consecutive  davs.  The  renutiHm  n  •  /i.i  ' 
has  extended  to  the  United  States,  resiJlting/u  a  S a  ^  >  .1  r  es-" 
high  prices  In  answer  to  which  Mr.  Fuller  has  sohl  an,  iJhe  ;  d  to 
various  parties  in  the  United  States  ,luring  the  months  of  Oc  oi»  r  ind 
November,  twenty-tour  of  these  cattle  of  various  loes  -tt  IX..! 
from  ><4(.0  to  80,000  each,  amounting  I'thr^^^'uo 'h  ,■'";:;'''? 
J^10,000  no  otlu^breeding  cattle  havhig  been  sln^  i::rLm  h  ^  Z  ," 
Hie  i.ast  year.  These  have  been  shipped  from  here  bv  r.il  .f  ,  Vv  " 
laiiging  from  *25  t.>  $oO  each,  a.-cor/ling  to  (lisllmce  i^, ;  'j  -i  ,:^  [  i::^ 
lle.fers  and  young  bn  Is  are  delivered  with  k>ss  cost  a.,,1  ,-  bi  ,':;• 
.m  Ch  cows  aiul  older  bulls.  With  the  latter  a  man  is  us  la  sen  o 
a  tend  ►he  same  as  re(,mred,  thereby  increasing  the  ,.,st  <)f  lelive    ■   u 

.  t.iidant.  bexeral  ot  the  yearlings  have  been  delivered  by  exor.  ss 
lliese  were  ti.'d  ,n  small  movable  wooden  stalls  made  for  tit  ,  u  oCo' 
;.ndn.  that  manner  put  on  board  the  express  car  and  car.inl'^oE; 

limli.se  cuts  of  the  celebrated  dersev  cow  ".Marv   VnneofSf    I  ,... 
u.t     and  ''Oakland's  Cora/'  of  the  same  her<,,  iuri^isi!^;r;.:'t:;^,[;:^;;^ 


MISCELLANEOUS   INFORMATION. 


The  increase  of  stock  in  this  province  is  ,.ousiderablv  iu  evcess  of  the 

!;;zt;;;Ssta/;r"'''*'''^  "■  ^"'^"'^"''-^  <i..<isitspnucip.d^m^.il:; 
nai:;t'i;;:'i;; l!  the'bun:,;:^^^^^  '"  ^"^'""'^"^  •-•'-'^''^^'  i"-  *-•  t- 

^  J  !- -ds  of  Ontario  are  variable,  but  all  a.v  well  adapted  to  grazing 

.liiHl  v' Fh!;"m  T  li""'*''  ^'"\  '"■'*''"'^"  ^'"''•^'  '^  "  "'-^''^t  depth  of  alluvium 
""•">  '-^"eand  Saugeen  days  and  Arteiuesia  gravel,  whh.h  form  the 


I 


i 


558 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRV  fARMlNG. 


does  i.ot  exceed  f  few  feet,  a  iTsgeneAllv  ofT^^^^  "^t^'^  ^^"  ^""^    n 
on^.n.    The  middle  sectio.'.  parta^L  o73  e'^natu  S  bM         ^r^"**"" 

J.  r.  nAZELTON, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

Uamilton,  January  10,  1884. 


S^eoial  stalkticB  concerning  cattle  in  Eastern  Ontario. 


Nanio  of  breed. 


Aniimilav     Milk  to 


oiiiKo  yield 
of  luilk 


Ayrshire ''""^'^^ 

''"■•stem :::      «'«2" 

•'«•■-> olm 


poiinil  of 
butfer 


Nameof  breoil. 


Poundn. 
•£l 
24 
22 
22 
24 
2t 
20 
20 


Milk  to 

pOUlKl  of 

cheese. 


Pounds. 
10 
10 
10 
10 
lOJ 
11 
12 
10 


Live  weight,  average. 


Cow. 


Lbs. 
HUU 
UOO 
itOO 

l.UOU 
9.-.0 

l.UUU 
050 
800 


Bell. 


IM. 

1,200 

1,500 

1,500 

1,0U0 

1,500 

1,6U0 

1,500 

1,200 


Ox. 


Zhs. 

1,400 

1,000 

1,000 

1,HU0 

i,(kJ0 

1,800 
1,000 
1,400 


Age  at   .^V^e'Klitof 
luaturity.'   '"eat  at 
luatiirity. 


Color,  &o. 


A  I.  .,...„  l«o!I  ...     I  r.Iack  ;  no  horns  ;  hoavy 

Du  In, I  H:,Ti  =  '""«''!""'■"•  ^veii  shaped':::: 

'^■»""w"v\::::;:::|{!\'^\'^'""p^^^^^^^^^  

liereforil  ii"^  "  ;'"•  uorns;  iingaiiilv 

HoE.:"-::::  ^^d'buitt^^r'V''^''' ^""Kiiodiei::::: 


How  long'  _  ,  , 
bred     I  Origin  (]f 
pure.     I     bleed. 


Tears. 
20 

10 
20 
25 
10 
20 

is' 


Seotlanil. 

Do. 
Euglaud. 

1).). 

Do. 

Do. 
Holluud. 
Jersey. 


Topograplni :  Aliitn(lo,250f.!et  above  tliolevfil  nffi,-,  o 

r;;,^;.y;;iTr/rj,,'^ri^r'fc:;r;;;;txi'r»f 


Iloilxittn    fi>,„i:„,.     e.„    .   m.-  ...  _  '     '     Jo'""' 


.TI.n.SKY.S  I.MI-noVKD  BY  IMPORT, 

Mr.  l-alancv,!  A'.  Fuller  to  Consul  Itazelton. 

Dkau  S,K  :  As  you  ar.  ..waro  tl.o  ..hanrf..,.  .If'ib "'™'I'.  ^""'V  ^''''''^'"' '''  '^• 
p<»m  a  l.Kht  HH.Mly.  Kn.vHIy  H„il  f    a  h    "  •    v    J^iuT'^  "' an«Uro,„ul  Hamilton  is 
l)y  liiii.'8f.)iio.  ^  """  '"'.v.  '""I  thin  part  of  Ontario  is  nnderlaid 


DOMINION   OP  CANADA. 


559 


.lirseya  liave  been  bred  within  CO  niiles of  Iljiuiilton  for  tlio  luist eight  to  ton  years. 

J  have  now  on  my  farm  5  miles  from  Hamilton  tl^  >  largest  herd  in  Canada,  ninnber- 
iiM'  85  head.    There  are  in  Ontario  about  (iOO  thor-^.ighbred  Jerseys. 

Til  my  herd  is  the  cow  Mary  Anne  of  St.  Lambert  (four  years  old),  who  has  made  the 
lai-ircst  weekly  yield  of  butter,  27  pounds  9i  ounces  in  seven  days,  ar.d  the  largest  y  u'ld 
cvei made  for  five  consecutive  mouths  of  one  hundred  and  lilty-tive  days,  ."ill  pounds 
^'|  ounces,  and  an  average  of  3^  pounds  of  butter  per  day  for  one  hundred  and  lifty 
ooiiHecutive  days.  She,  like  the  majority  of  my  herd,  was  raised  in  Canada,  near 
Montreal,  as  were  a  majority  of  her  ancestors,  proving  clearly  the  Jerseys  are  capa- 
1)1('  of  standing  our  extremely  cold  dry  climate,  inasmuch  as  the  thermometer  goes  as 
low  as  20  degrees  below  zero  at  Montreal,  and  the  winter  there  is  a  very  severe  cold 
one.    It  is,  however,  very  dry. 

My  experience  of  the  Jerseys  bred  for  any  length  of  time  in  Ontario  or  the  province 
of  Quebec  is  that  they  increase  in  size  very  materially ;  that  their  constitution  iri 
very  greatly  strengthened,  and  that  consequently  they  "are  larger  milk(!rH  than  with 
less  constitutUm  and  size.  This  size  is  attained  without  losing  their  characteristic 
faculty  of  being  able  to  convert  their  food  into  milk  very  rich  with  butter  fat.  I 
attribute  this  increase  in  constitnton  and  size  very  greatly— 

(1)  To  our  climate,  believing  the  same  experience  holds  good  with  cattle  as  with 
lunnan  beings,  the  nearer  wo  approach  the  north  polo  the  more  robust  and  vigorous 
do  the  race  of  men  (and  1  think  cattle  also)  become.  Tbo  dryness  of  our  winter  pre- 
vents tbe  extreme  cold  being  so  much  felt,  and  imparts  vigor  to  the  system.  I  con- 
sider the  cold  bleak  winds  of  the  Atlantic  coast  far  more  trying  to  the  cattle  than 
our  climate.  Certain  it  is  that  (save  in  very  extreme  range  of  temperature)  the  .Jc^r- 
•seys  yield  (piite  as  large  if  not  larger  quantities  of  milk  in  a  cold  tlry  clear  day  than 
in  a  I'uildcr  damp  one  in  winter.  We  have  no  artificial  means  of  heating  our  stable  s, 
vet  the  cattle  never  sutler  from  the  cold.  They  are  let  out  daily  ;  in  fact  our  custom 
is  to  rear  many  of  our  finest  yearlings  in  the  barn-yard  and  we  consider  the  results 
most  beneficial.  Certain  it  is,  that  when  our  Jerseys,  imported  from  the  island  of  Jer- 
sey, have  spent  two  to  three  winters  with  ns  they  not  only  improve  very  materially 
in  constitution,  but  are  heavier  milkers.  Their  progeny  begot  and  dropped  in  this 
country  have  better  constitutions. 

(2)  Th(^  limestone  which  underlies  all  our  soil  in  this  part  of  Onatrio  also  contributes 
largely  to  the  development  of  bono  and  constitution. 

(;i)  The  rich  clover  which  abounds  on  good  farms  has  in  no  slight  degree  assisted  in 
making  the  Canadian  Jerseys  famous. 

You  have  passed  for  me  in  one  month  stock  sold  to  the  United  States  amounting 
to  no  less  a  sum  ti  m  $40,000  for  twenty-four  head,  m.any  of  tJiem  under  two  years 
old.  These  prices  demonstrate  the  value  they  realize,  and  I  am  convinced  that  in  our 
cliniate  and  with  our  grasses  and  y)astnre8  the  Jerseys  will  thrive  and  improve. 

The  avtnage  production  of  milk  in  my  herd  is  about  4,000  ])ouuds  per  annum  for 
luMlers  two  to  three  years  old,  and  from  r),0(JO  to  7,00(J  pounds  of  milk  for  mature  cows, 
though  I  have  cows  who  give  from  7,000  to  8,000  pounds  of  milk  per  annum. 
Yours,  truly, 

VALANCEY  E.  FULLEK. 

J,  F.  IIazelton,  Esq., 

American  Connnl. 


ps;  rye-grass 


CATTLE  AND  CATTLE  PRODUCTS  IN  SOUTHWESTERN  ONTARIO. 

RKPOltT  liY  COMMEKVIAL  AGENT  liVFriNOTON,  Ol'  CUATIUM. 

I  liavc  t'>o  lionor  berewith  to  submit  the  report  requested  by  the 
cattle  circular  of  July  18.  I  regret  that,  owing  to  un  iusuflicient  num- 
ber of  accurately  recorded  experiments  by  tlie  breeders  of  the  district, 
many  blanks  in  the  tabular  form  remain  unfilled,  while  many  of  the 
statements  lilled  in  cannot  lay  claim  to  more  thtm  approximate  accuracy. 

OATTLE-BREEDTNO  IN  THE  OHATIIAM  DISTUICT. 


It  is  only  within  the  last  few  years  that,  iibirmed  by  occasional  fail- 
ures of  the  grain  crops,  the  agricidturisLs  in  this  district  began  to  de- 


560 


CATTLE  AND   DAIRY  FARMING. 


vote  special  atteutiou  to  the  imDrovpinonf  of  h,..;^  i      i 

principles,  and,  as  yet,  the  ni  me?  able  to  state  vvi?"^'  'V  '^'^'^^''^ '«" 

Mist.rution  would,  from  the  luiXrof  its  studJ  ^  «f ''^/"^'/'^"'^  ^'-Vthis 
I.rccmted  by  the  a^jricnlinral  co.nZ mitv  1T te^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
which  are  Ireely  (circulated,  luri.ish  ii  brraation  n  JS  ^"^  'V'*'  ''^'l>o'f«» 
.ties  of  the  various  breeds  of  c,S  &c  f^^VSv^^^^^^ 
averap  farmer,  lew  of  whom  have  either  ftcIit^^L^^^'V"''^  ^>"  tl>o 
ute  the  comparisons  there  conducted  audwS  n  J'''*"'"*'  ^"^  '"^f- 
herd  owner.  'M^-ii^",  ana  flhich  are  so  useful  to  tiie 

The  number  of  thoroushbreds  in  this  distnVf-  ,•«  ,.^f  ■ 
and  n.ostof  them  are  sefected,  im  orS  ,na£^  '^,  f„;»«0"«i.lerable; 
animal  is  the  Durham  ffrade-either  a  flr^t .-  J'^^  ^'^^'oi'^^  shippi,,  j 
breed  n.ale  ot.  a  conunon  or  grade  cow J^whfcMs '  n'^  >"^  '?f  "^  '''  ""'^ 
peculiar  merits  claimed  for  it     ro  vT,T,i  f.  "  ^*''*^'"*^' ^'i^'w.    Tlic 

«ar«e  si.e.    Some  phe.omena5  w^hts  L^^"^^^^^^^^^^  -'^^^-'^.V'  " ':. 

^eneral-pjn-pose  ^radS^^mSoS  iS'Si;;^,^^^^^ 
Ihe  native,  or  Canadian  breed-theold  buf^^™i    ?  '^• 
Laps  a  strain  of  liner  blood-is  agS  mi  k,^r   uuV  to^"^^^^^^  I"^'" 

produces  exce  eut  irener-il  mnn^.^V.  .f.,  "niut r  .imi  to  a  Shortlioiu  bull 

a  thoroughbred.  i^^'i't-iacure  and  diet  riiiiioius  to 

C^)  a  good  tbra  'el;  (4)  tine  lil-s  1    Kint^,  ^011^/-?  ''"'"?  ''''''' 
iuui  good  nurses.  "Miiimum  otl.il;  (;,)  sure  Inewlors 


DOMINION  OP   CANADA. 


561 


Mipon  sciontific 
'  grocofdet:^ 


ly  do."' 


1  breed,  reduced 

)roduciii8-  coiiii- 
lie  wininoi,^  or 

rood  irrjKle.sii  11(1 
reputation  i,.s, I 
''.Vjiistitied  |)y 
"■'■f's-  Until  n,. 
s  to  bo  (loiivod 
<^rs  to  consiiiiio 

emeiitto.sto(rk. 
i"i  affrituiltnnil 
'ff  on  scientific 
ftordod  l).v  tlii.s 
to  be  fully  ap. 
rs  and  reports, 
'  relative  qual- 
luable  bv  the 
tience  toiiisti. 
>  useful  to  tlic 

considerable ; 
oi'ite  sliippin.r 

rossof  iiinirc 
il  favor.  Tli(! 
i^aturity,  mid 
\  at  a  period 
ning. 
Ices  excellent 

ow,  with  per- 
lorthoiu  bull 
iirdihood  and 
it  ruinous  to 

(1)  a  weiffht- 
three  yciirs; 
are  l)reeder8 

irni  them  in 
id  stall  Urd- 
)n;  (.'{lAber- 
«  for  liiirdi- 
sure  breed- 


RELATIVE  YIET.DS  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  BREEDS. 

To  aid  in  an  niKlerstanding  of  the  relative  merits  of  the  respective 
breeds  I  embody  lierewith  a  table  showiiifr  the  results  of  nearly  five 
thousand  tests  made  at  the  Agricultural  Colloffe  and  Model  Farm  • 


Breed. 


Sliorthoin 

.Sliorthoni  irrade 

Alieiilccn  uratle 

AbeTilccii  I'oH  (jrado  . 

Ifpii'ford 

llcrelord  grade 

Ildvnn 

(Jalloway 

Ayrsliiro 

Avrsliiro  grade 

iTorscy 

Cuuadiun 


.a 
M 

'3  . 
itic 

Co 


Lbn. 
1,  .170 
1,4.50 

i,;)oo 
1,  ir>o 

1,340 
1,100 
1,030 
I,2.'>0 
1,000 

i,o;io 

710 
9S0 


as 


O  £ 

"5  " 


Dai/g 
170 
22(1 
170 
190 
I  HO 
200 
200 
100 
210 
220 

2(;o 

240 


Lit. 
2,  .^50 
3,0f)0 

2,  3H0 
3,040 
2,310 

3,  .'■.70 
2,800 
2,  470 
.5,  2.'>0 
4,400 
2,  5110 
4,800 


07 

100  i 
III  [ 
10!)  I 

07 
100 
113 
lO.^ 
101 
102 
103 

o:> 


105 

.'■>( 

133 
7* 
2' 
0.^ 
4| 

34 
OJ 


•a 


£ 


Butter 
I'roni— 


Lbn.  '  Lbn.     Lb». 


5'  2j 

0,  SJl 

4\  2 

flj  2J 

«  I  3J. 

nj 

H  3l' 

5  I 

37    . 

8    . 


£ 


lAm. 


Value  per  sea- 
sou  ol — 


12  l>19 

40  111  ;(0 
40  llj  18 
23 
17 
27 
21 


OOJ 
40 


115 

7 
l«i 

Hi'  39 

.-..I  33 
....!  19 
Hi!  80 


111 

lU 

n 

95 
5J 

llj 

I'A 
8 

21 

11 

57 

m 


$22 
18 
10 

'n 

18 
19 
11 

35 


29 


$.30 
42 
27 

20 
20 

45 
23 
58 


54 


NUMBER  AND  KINDS  OP  CATTLE  IN  THE   CHATHAM  DISTRICT. 

The  number  Of  cattle  in  three  counties,  as  per  report  of  the  Provincial 
Bureau  of  Agriculture,  with  a  classified  list  of  thoroughbreds  is  ffiven 
below.  "  '      fj  '^" 


1 

•a 

t 

o 
.a 
H 

434 

.5,50 
(i(i0 

Grade  and  native. 

Hilch  cows,  all 
breeds. 

-- 

County. 

t 

O 

its 

09 

o 

10,292  i 
17,  (iJO  i 
20,202  1 

rr: 

00 

a 

Essex 

251 
161 

447 

9,(180 
10,  900 

15,  (hSO 

4,033 

8,  022 

11,145 

9,742 

17,  035 

"" 

Kent 

25,202 

L:mil>ton 

4.S,  OIK 

ir',787              47,701 

iotai 

l,C44 

42,  320 

24,400  j 

48,  210 

42, 504 

117,032 

Uiu'bam 

Devon. 

Uereford 

33 
41 

8 

Aberdcei 
•      I'oU. 

'  Galloway 

.  Ayrshire. 

Kssex 

24G 
391 

488 

34 
32 
71 

25 

1 
5 

17 
37 
34 

. . 

Kent 

79 

I^anibton 

48 

M 



RELATIVE  VALUES  OF  CATTLE  FEED. 

The  following  results  of  a  critical  test  as  to  the  relative  value  of  va- 
lous  diets  111  their  effects  on  the  different  breeds  will  not.  I  conceive,  be 

[I'"roni  Modil  .arni  Report.  ] 
Corn  f.)(l<ler  tjcwly  cut,  uii.l  draw,,  fro.,,  11,,,  Ir.I,1  when  t'lVfi,  cnt  into  in.l,  l,.,„r<l.. 

tor  an  lud.diiiiio  tiiiin  in  „  ,.,..,-iifi;.„  ix,  i-.._  ....■':....''  '.•••  •  I-  '!",i'''t''"f;  ""'ii  :i  wall, 

'ost  notoxcoedii 


,  e.xclnHJvo  of  (iultivaf 


KJii,  e.xcinHivo  ot  (iUltivaf ion. 

n.  E.K.  51 30 


I's;  §1 


\H' 


a  poorer  niiiiketahlo  luilter  i„  color 


erijiivo  l.',  percent,  less  milk, 


i  in 


562 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 


ikIh 

^ 


DamnKftl  wliont  can  ho.  voryoconomically  used  in  the  fafteninirof  rafflo    <, 
p«r  hoa.l  per  <}a.v  jrivo  a  <lnil.v  incroas.,  of  2  ponn.ls  p."   ],  a(l  i"f  ,Sv  at  „""    'I''"' 
cents  pur  pound  to  the  live  weight.  '  •^'  "*  ^  *'""f'  •"  • 

Kico  meal  in  tLo  fatteninj;  of  cutf  le  uavo  a  dnilv  iiuTnnH«  ,.f  i  >ii  ,  i 

per  day.  by  the  nneof  «  ponlid.  per.H^.fl^Hlr  d.!^  Ift  a    osrcU'l  n'VlZ's  n.!;.  ^  '"'",'' 

IJarley  nipal  in  cattle  fatteninL'  reiinircHa  lame  unionnt  <ifnt  ■('.,>  •  '  '  '""""!• 
and  Hi  pounds  per  head  per  daj?  gaVe  aXiff  Vn^Z  oV  2  4  h  mU  T.^IT  '.' '""' 
day,  at  a  cost  ot  7  cents  per  jionud  live  weight  I'"»"(i.i  j.,  i  i|,..„|  j,,,^. 

Corn  meal  took  the  liifrhe.st  plate  in  a  dullv  rate  of  inprmse  in  tlm  f,.t.      • 
tie  ;  !»i  pounds  ,.er  head  daily  «ave S.:U  p.    nds  per   i e  Her  ,C        ["^"'""'F/''  <a(. 
per  i.ound  of  the  added  animal  weight.  ^  P'rdaj,  at  a  est,, I  r,i,.,,,(,H 

,. I !'.*"*  "A*^i"\?^''\?  *''"  *"'.''"'"'  '"'***  '^"''y  ™*«'  of  increase  at  the  least  cost  of  .,ii  .. 
nlir  cattle-leedinK  K'ainH.     Eiftht  and  one-half  i.o.u.ds  per  In.   I   hi  i;    L      "'"/'"- 
a.iWponnda,  at  a  cost  of  0  cents  per  pound  of  the  weight  uhleoS^^i,  /'  ''^"  "^ 

A  i)iire-l)red  Shorthorn  steer  can  he  hron-'ht  to  a  weJ.Kht  r,f     -  ri       '''"'  ""^'■, 
month  nn.ler  two  years  old.  or  a  .lally  rate">f  i,H;;ea:"."     /    o''^'  o   mu  t"^       "- 

II.TefordKrade  steer  calves  can  ho  made  to  av.-ra«e  UU  pounds        '>'i        ''•^'• 
rate  of:;iJ  pounds  Iter  day.  .  "  I'ounos  in  ^„s  days,  era 

Aberdeen  Poll  ^nido  st-er  calves  can  be  made  to  average  7:i0  pounds  >.,..-.,  , 
or  a  rate  of  iiij  ])()iinds  per  day.  pounds  iii  J,.!  ,i.,yj,^ 

Dnrins  winter  a  !,0()U-pouud  steer  will  c  .nsume  daily  10  pounds  hnv   •!  i 
turnips,  4  pounds  bran,  and-,  ponu.ls  of  a  n.ixtnro  of  gra  „,'  Z  ,  whh^^^   i     '"i',"'"^ 
i-'.ll  jionnds  to  its  live  weight.  '     '        »nieli  a  will  ■u\,[ 

One  p<.n.id  of  added  weight  to  a  1,000-ponnd  steer  can  bo  obtaine.l  (Vnm  .i 
various  materials  that  contain  11  ponn.Is  of  dry  substances  chemi        ,•  "'"  ''"'  <"' 

Jiy  .1  large  variety  of  experiments  with  several  cdasses  of  cattle  audin.nv  i  •  ,  . 
foo,  ,  we  (ind  the  actual  cost  of  adding  I  pound  to  the  live  weii'  it  ,  •  ')  '^""'^  "' 
ima  lis  .cents  to  tho  feeder  who  grows  his  own  materials,  mu  le  I'  :,';;'''''/'''■ 
the  iood  IS  bought  ,n    he  regular  maiket-niannre  and  nianaMen  int  1  ^  ,      '/  "''r' 

Sugar  beet,  weight  for  weight  with  mangels  an.l  turnips  Tin  as.:       ''■'•, 

o;!SJ';:;:in:}::^eKSr  •'^'^  '^"•^^'  ^-« "-  •"«»-  -tuLs-^r  .SHaS; 
SfijlrKSlES'pl:;-!,!:-^^^^^ 

omuls  under  conditions  similar  to  mangels  and  sugar  bee't        ''  "'"*  '''"'"''"^'l  '-""l 

i  "'r'Mseither  a  simple  natural  reasmi,  or  a  hidden  chemical  one   i,,  th,.  c.t  ,i    , 

by. the  use  ot  less  gram  and  more  roots,  ciUtlo  gave  a  greater  "hui;  nt. 'am  K 

COST   OF   CHATHAM    CATTLE. 
Sellii.ff  prices  vary  Avidely,  not  only  with  the  breed  bnt  also  wifh 
the  particular  merits  of  the  animals.    (Joo.I  pure  bred    utHs  ^it 
service,  can  be  had  at  from  !{(1()0  to  $300,  and  vouiifrer  ■  nhn  U  . 
SHlerably  lower  prices,  althouj^h  it  is  not  unnsuart^^  [.ear  o     u.cv  nS 
beiny-  paid  for  extra  good  stock.  -^  ^^^^^^ 

BEEF  EXPORT  OF  THE  CnATnA:M    DISTRICT. 

The  beef  trade  is  principally  with  Great  IJritain,  and  is  fomid  to 
grow  more  prohtable  as  better  stock  is  introduced.  Beeves  "^1 
pounds  and  upwards  pay  well,  and,  as  is  obvious,  the  per  (-ai)!  i  er 
ot  marketing  a  steer  of  1,000  pounds  or  one  of  1 ,80()  to  L\0 1(  m^^^^ 
be.n^^  the  same  size  ks  for  that  consideration,  as  nIcH  as  a  de.n 
the  loreicrn  market  for  heavy  stock,  a  desirable  attainment.  T  e  o  . 
age  ruling  hirnres  lor  some  time  past  have  been  from  r,.\  to  5nivo 
rl^'uired!   '    '         ''■^'"''^''  ^'"''''*  '"'''^  '"^^"'^  '''-'''''''  ^'«tter-stock  Ling 

in  '.innTf  !'""  ■''^'■."-f  ^''>"  "f  tl'o  reciprocity  treaty  considerable,  traffio 
1.1  <;attle  \as  earned  on  between  the  IJnite.l  States  and  tl.is  province, 

^  t  IvS"'-''?".'  ^^^''V'V  "r^  *^"**'''*''  ""^'^^">'  ^''«  •''<^^^'--  This  has  sin,  : 
frieatl,\  diminished,  while  the  export  to  the  Urit-sh  markets  has  iar-elv 
increased.  ""o*-'.) 

^  Notwithstanding  the  small  proportion  of  thoroughbreds  in  UuMlis. 
.ne.,  {iiere  is  always  a  lai-e  surplus  of  excellent  stock  suitai.h;  forlxvi; 
a  lair  pro.  ^>rtioii  ot  which  passes  muster  for  tlie  export  tni<h'.  Tlieie 
18  no  lack  ot  buyers  at  the  barnyards  and  at  tlie  agricultural  fairs. 


rcattlc-<j,H,u,„lH 

',V,  lit  a  COHt  of  41 

ponndH  iMT  li,.;„i 

CCIltH  1.,!,-  p„„||,|, 

'<  HinasHociiKioii 

"•■*    l>»'l'    llctld    p,.|' 
fatlfllili;;  ()(•  ,..i( 

<i(">.stofr,J,.,.,i(,s 

Nt^nill  (h,.  n.,r. 

1'  animal. 
ioiiikIh  wIkim  0,1,, 
"His  iici-diiy. 

I'    -W   dilys',  (ir  ii 

Kls  in^7;!dfiyH, 
lia.v  :M  pounds 

■•"<•''  ilwill  ;,(l,| 

IVoiii  Uic  ii,s(>  „(• 
y. 

'  "i"M,v  liiiidsdC 
1i"<"I-||(iuim1  aii- 
y  I'i  ciiiifM  wlieii 
lot  noiisidciv,! 
WNCM'iatioii  Willi 

I  fet-fliri;;  cattle, 

)tfllONlInr,qrI„.,.f 

t  wt'i<,'be(l  l,Oiil 

II  tie  fac't  tliat 
Y  rctmn  in  Ijvu 


lit  also  with 
I'lills,  lit  for 
iiiials  at  cou- 
liiiicy  ])rices 


is  Ibiiiid  to 
I'es  of  ],-)()(» 

cnpihi  cost 
,<•()()  pounds 
-  (Iciiiaiul  in 
Tli(i  aver- 
I  to  5f  livo 
.stock  boiii"- 


-able  traflSc 
■s  province, 
is  lias  since 
lias  larjfeiy 

ill  I  lie  (lis- 
lie  tor  lieel", 
(Ic.  There 
1  fairs. 


PLATf       ;,, 


FARM     BUILDINGS    OF   THE    FUTURE 


.'u/iits  flianJ  ro/iitti. 


P  L  A    I    f. 


'    67 


*<■'>- 

C*o 

/^ 

W-* 

/ 

^v"? 

\ 

^% 

\ 

0     \At 

\\  « 

k              VX  0 

0    i^ 

w 

. .  *l 

'■O 

b! 
f- 
< 
-J 
Q. 


I 


o 

2 


3 
CD 

o 
o 

I- 


Q 

o 

s 

u 

I 
I- 

o 

z 
< 


5 
i 


O 

z 


3 

CD 

o 
o 


u 

Q 
O 

u 

X 

(- 
u. 
o 

z 
< 

D. 


p  L  A  r  F 


f'rc;  7 


I 


« ; 


.10. 2B 
per  cent 


Hfifldid 


•M 


40. 50 


11 


Short  H,„u(h\;,lv     fhrrl,.,,/  <;,■,„/,.        ]/„r</,.,;,'i,o/ 


;lii,:.  BiK. 


Hi  !■: 


MILK,    CREAM    ft    BUTTER    TESTS, 


L  A  r  f 


/'()// 


II! 


HI 


(C 


u 


lO 


l^ 


^. 


ftv-V 

r- 

■/ 

^ 

^( 

% 

•Ni 


ki  - 


h 

hi 

h  : 

QC  ^ 

h ; 

u  . 


< 

u ; 

J 


s 

> 

0 
X 

r- 

5 

(Ti 

^ 

hi 

h 

Ti 

K 

r>; 

3 

r 

CO 

1-- 

a 

1- 

s 

,t 

< 

u 

X 

u 

1 

i; 

II 

n 

1 

F"!*^ 

N     *-,-    .-                        * 

1 

^MiljyM 

I-  -I 

CO 

UJ 

h-  ■ 

a:  ^ 

u  ■ 
h : 

D  - 
OD  - 
oft; 

5S 
<  : 

UJ   - 

cc    \ 
u 


ii 


o 


UJ 

r 
< 

-J 
Q. 


h 

y 
f- 

tt 
u 
h 

H 
DO 


2 
< 

UJ 

u 


Mjjg»a.S»gga.-p»^»j 


-a 


-irt^ 


;. 
o 


h 
W 

u 
h 

lE 

u 
h 

I- 

DO 


< 

a 
u 

J 


Nnmc  of 


CAiiadiuii  . 


Slioithorn 


llnreloril... 
Aliiirilppii 


Ilt'l  r  (onl 

uracil', 
Shmtliorn 


Ilevoii . 


(liilloway  .. 
Ayrsliiro... 


nOMINION   OP   CANADA. 


563 


CATTLE  IMPORTS  FROM  THE  UNITED  STATES  NOT  PROnABLE. 

I  iuii  not  iridined  to  tliiiik  thut  any  (JonHiderable  importation  ofcaltlo 
lioin  tlio  Uniteil  States  in  likely  to  oi^'iir,  as  the  only  reqnirenient  here 
is  tor  No.  1  tlioroiit;lil)re(l.s,  and  the  Mido-iiwake  .sllippers  are  keeidv 
ciiticLsiu;,'  {orMiiii  Htoek,  of  whieli,  owinjr  to  their  traiiH-Atlantie,  trade 
opportunities  ot  maknifr  selectioim  Ironi  the  niost  fanion.s  herd.s  are  not 
liickinjr. 

I  I.iivc  plea.surc  in  attachiiifr  to  this  report  a  j.lan  of  the  model  stoek 
Imihliiif;,  Lxpenmciita!  Farm,  Uiielpli,  tru.stinK  thai  it  will  not  l)e  <:on- 
sidered  extraneous  to  the  subject,  and  an  illustrated  test  of  the  milk 
cream,  and  bntter  prodnoinff  capacity  of  several  breeds,  made  by  Pro- 
fessor lirown,  under  the  direction  of  the  Ontario  (lovernment 

II.  C.  lUJPFINCTON, 

.,  „    .         /I  Conwiei'i    il  Affcni. 

United  Statks  (^ommkroial  Agencv, 

Chatham,  October  'A,  188.'J. 


Special  atatiniinH  concerning  cattle  in  Soiithwiattrn  Oiil,  r 


10. 


e 

« 

, 

bf  . 

■3 

2^ 

a 
a  h 

::;  y 

is 

u 

Nanif  iif  liii'od. 

r^     O 

zS 

5l« 

..<" 

S'S 

=J  ' 

a  0 

Lhn. 

r.b». 

;^ 

IM 

(,';iiiiuli .      

4,  HUO 

L'.'i 

\\\ 

SIkhIIniIu 

2,  .IfiO 

2L'.^ 

12 

Ili'ivfcinl 

•.',  ;)4I) 

•J4 

lU 

AliiTiii-cn  urailii . . 

J,  ;t)-o 

IT. 

11', 

Ucii'ldTil  miidiv . . 

i,  :•'() 

'.'» 

t 

Shorthorn  unitlii. ., 

1,  um 

24 

11 

Devon ... 

i.  nw 

8;i 

m 

(lalloivav 1 

i,  470 

25^ 

»\ 

Ayrwliiru 

5,200 

24 

114 

*  "uVV 


Un. 

1.  r,,-«i 
i,;i(iu 
i,:iiK) 

I,  HIO 
l,4.V) 
I.O.-iO 
1,2.'>(I 
I.UOO 


JAvo  wclgbt. 

P 

1,. 

a 

St- 

^•c 

rt 

S 

0  3 

Color. 

Uiill. 

()\. 

es 

< 

^ 

£6* 

Lbi. 

Mimlhi. 

Us. 

I,  '  'HI 

24 

O.-iO 

Vai'iiibUi, 



1,766(02,606 

22-24 

I,  000  to 2, 000 

Do. 

1,500 

28 

1,^110       1,500 

Do. 

1,500      ],00O 

no 

i,:ioo     1,500 

Do. 

:i2 

l,3uo     i,r.oo 

Do. 

1,400      1,800 

22-24 

1,4,50 

Do. 

-.  1.200      1,400 

2.V27 

1,000       1,200 

Chiollv  ml. 

i,:ioo     i.Doo 

30-;i4 

1, 250      1,  :)l)0 

Cliietlvilark. 

32-30 

1,  000 

Vaiiablo. 

-  --    



Nnnip  of 

l.rwil. 

l)eH(^ri|>tioi)  of 
bretHl. 

Orijiin  of 
brtu'd. 

Canadiun  .. 

sliortliorn  . 
Udreiortl..- 

Small,  (]iiirk, 
wiry. 

Oood     frame ; 

i|iii<:k},'row 

cr. 
Oood  fi'cdiirH; 

l)Iiim|i. 

Woll  Ipllilt; 

not    1  on.sid- 

crcd   liaidy 

Htock. 
rill  III  |i   a  n  d 

iiiKl!<'d. 
I.aryo ;    ra]»id 

(jrownr. 

Small  1)0  nod 

Native  stock 
with  per- 
liap.saHtraiii 
of  Dnrhnni. 

iioiith-Ila  t»H 

f'XIiilicH. 

Aliiirilopii 

erailo. 
II err  ford 

Cros.<» 

uradc. 
Sliortliorn 

{{liUlo. 

Ilovon 

OroHs   on  na- 
tive orjirado 
cow. 

(ialloway  .. 

am!  phiinii; 

caMJly  led. 
Thick  Hi't  and 

hardy. 
Small, '  clonn- 

1  i  III  1)  0  d  , 

;)luinp. 

Ayrslnro... 

Prodnct. 


Labor. 


<iO)mI 


Fair  . 


Moat. 


V    k. 


Kltsli  Kood 
but  too 
Huiall. 

Kxcelli-ntand 

lU'UW. 


I''i..< 


Very  fair . 


Oooil FleHli     (rood;      Moderately 

i      tooliuUt.  bo<m1. 

luditloroiit  .    llniicrliKlit ..    ..  di> 


Good  . . 
Strong . 

Too  small. 


Litflit  but  ex- 
cellent. 
—    Lnrgo   and 


Fine  bntliulit 


Good 
Kair.. 


r  \  Kood 
Kx  eel  lent . . 

Good 


liatlier  light..    Fair 

Toolinlii I  Superior. 


Cbeese. 
Uootl. 

Do. 

Do. 

Very  ({ood. 

Siipeiior. 
Very  good. 

IndifTHmnt. 


5G4 


CATTLi:    AND    lUIUY    I'ARMINO. 


rJV'TV   "  •■  ^'  '♦""•'  XVr.V  litMn  ul.ovo  M.o  I..vol  of  L.vko  Saint  Clftir,  wliirl,  iN„|,n,„ 

Dcrcuilxir,  .limiiaiy,  iukI  I'cltniiirv,  inriiii  •,';(.  r'.  '        j>  h       , 'h.i  , 

.!.>.■•;  rl.iy,    .,  ,..„•  ,n.t.,  :t  to  .|  iVrt  ,1. ;  ar,  ,,..,•  .•.■nt.  Han.l.v  ln:,„,  au.l  univHIv 

lli.T(,,.s  alm„lntrly  ,m  h.mI  .„•  snl.Miatnin  in    ll.is   lurality  which  nu,  nropr.iv  l,„ 
.IcNiKinU...!  as  Ntoiiy.     Tli.Tr  i.  ,.„Msl.l..nil.l.<   l.nvhm.l  and  Hon,,,  nnirnhoH  not     f  f 

KrowMiK  ^jja.n.     Mo.(  oHh,.  1. ,,h  a  iM.avy  yllow  or  hino  ..lay  HnhHtnt     , ,      , 

n.     Htat.Mho  ,M>r  .rn  .,    ,„t    l.y  (Mr   (!,.•  nr,,u..r  area   n.ay  l....lHm  H«mh..,1      A  s  ,     i 
l.artol  11,0  No.l  near  I  ,o  iaUn  •>  l,jj|,t,,  ,„„i  |,„h  KravH  or  Nan.ly  hoII  as  a  hm1,.|,,    l  ' 

c«nt.      Iho  prinripul  Kiass  .rops  aro  timothy  an.l  .lovvr,  H.,n,o  corn  lo  •  C,.,.,   i,,,,  ,' 
a..  /r"l  m'win'jl!,,''''''"'  "•'' "'  '"'''"'" «''"'''"" '  '"'«"  """"»!*'<'« "»"  wh.-at  un.l  o.l,  Hh'at 

,l/W/(w/,  rj/'  hoim,,;,  fivdhiq,  ,(>. ;  Most  calth-  havo  rnn  of  harn- vanl  and  H(ra\v.si.„.i. 
.UMl  aro  only  housed  whrn  hnn^  .stali-f...!.     Opn,  .sl,..ds(a  K,,„aio  ns,,allv      ),■,:; 
«ood  sn.ltj.r.     In  so,„opla,;..syoMni;Nh.,.U  nro  l.adly  nofrh'.'t.'d  in  (ho  mat  .'.i  o  f  ,  , 

(ndv  thoplan  inrlos,.!).     Nosynt.. f  f,...di„n  ;   vo„t,K'  Mo,  k  arr  allowed  (of.  ..r^ 

NolvoH,  and  .■.(fnlion  only  hooins  (savo  with^dno  animah)  wh..,,  iin    ,  t  •    I      ,   '  "r 

""    '"•'"•      "'"  •"-»'  >.|'I"'.v..,l  l„ lors  ,n,ss  (ho  hest,  attainal.lo  of   .".,'■ 

l.iv.lM  on  ..on,„.on  or  Kiado  rows.     No  l„.l|  is  sndrr,  d  to  jjo  to  his  own  pro     ',  T'  a 
Hwond  or  thii-d  cross  IS  prftcrrcd  to  a  (irst.  '(""„' i,.\.    a 

llandliu,!  ,m„lurh:  No  l.onldc;  plenty  of  hnyers,  who  aro  always  travcljn.r  ,|,.. 
7ri"c.s'''^  "  "''  '"'""''^ '""•  "'■'''■'•''  >'"i«kWH  and   local   hntchcrs,  keep  ,,{  ||„' 


CATTLE  IN  PRESCOTT.  ONTARIO. 

hepout  i'.y  coxsrr,  sLAoifv,  or  vuEscorr. 

ClIAHACrrKRISTU^S   OF   THE   VAUTOUS  lUlEKDS. 

The  prodtKrtioti  oCii  sdiuM'ior  (tla.ss  of  cuttle,  such  as  arefoiin.l  ainoii"' 
the  best  herds  ni  this  c,.Msiil;,r  district,  has  been  sdCiM'ssfiillv  acconr 
l>iished  by  a  caretul  sehrtioii   and  use  of  thoioiif-hbred  balls  oiilv'  iiid 
experience  has  i)n)ved  that  the  Durham  and  Hereford  stand  DiVomj 
nent,  the  Hereford  bein-  the  lar-er  and  capabh'  of  attaininol,,  .J  hirr],,,' 
standard  in  wei-ht  as  beefln^^stcMdv.    Ibitfor  snndlness  of  bone  and  ruiv 
n.atnrity  the  Dnrhan.  is  the  favorite,  and  ai)parently  more  numerous. 
lie  iMirhani  bull  is  serviceable  b.r  breeding  imrposes  at  lifteeninontlis 
-   Ihe  Ayr.shire,  or  a  well  .selected  Canatlian  cow  served  bv  a  Diirliaiii 
bull,  pr<)diic(>s  excellent  results,  nivinj:  a  hioh  ^-rade  ofaiiiinul.com. 
binin-    most  desirable   (lualities   for   tlu^   dairy  and  also  f(.r  hoHin'' 
stock.     It  IS,  however,  by  }r<,od   fwdinfr  and  proper  honsiii-  that  aiiv 
preerenceis  claimed  for  tlM«  Durham;  if  tlu^  animals  ar«^  exposotl  to 
cold  and   hardship,  or  insnllicietitly  fed,  the  Hereford  will  .surpass  his 
ccjmpetitor.     The  cows  at  present  comprising'  these  herds  are  lar-'oiv 
of  the  Ayrshire  strain,  and  under  Judicious  inanaf-einent  the  avcni"'.' 
product  of  III  die  i)er  cow  is  .-.,000  pounds  durinjr  the  s.'ason,  and  wli?ii 
made  into  cheese  10  i>ouiids  of  milk  is  recpiired  for  1  pound  of  clico.sc 
JjOO  pounds  of  full  cream  (dieese  beinj.-  jdaced  to  the  credit  of  each  cow 
111  the  lierd  annually.     For  richness  of  milk  the  i)rize  is  conceded  to  tiie 
.Jersey  cow.     The  special  excellence  of  this  herd  is  maintained  hv  the 
n.se()t  a  tliorou;.'libr»'d   Durham  bull,  and  L'O  per  cent,  more  hiitter  is 
claimed  for  tlii.s  herd  from  a  fjiven  fiuantity  of  milk  over  tiny  other  lieni 
111  this  district.     The  (Canadian  cow  is  placed  bv  (lompetent  authorities 
here  as  havni'4-  been  ori-iual!y  imporied  from  Normandv.     These  weie 
j^()od  milkers,  and  j)aitook  very  much  in  ai»peararice  of  the  , Jersey  and 
Alderuey  breeds.     iJy  cross  breediiio'  they  are  now  clas.sed  at  one  tomth 


DOMINION    OK    CANADA. 


nerj 


Thoy  ;iro  very  o.HluiiM-  iiiHl  do  ^oo.I  ^servi.•o  in  tlic  daiiv 


Hliortlioni. 

labor  I  him  lor  niilkinf;  or  iM'i.nnKnni         s    ».       !^^^  <<>Mlinr 

I)ISTIIJJ.;by.FKI)   (IATTLE  Foil   K.XPOUT   TO   JINOl.AND. 

Tli,-...  an,   l,L'0([  lH.a,l  of  cattle  latto.HMl  for  ...arkct  aun.mllv  U   (Lis 

..'..lock  ...    he  inonm,.     ul  ItlH.  hay  tlu-y  will  ,.,(   i.,  t    ■  H,    .Ps       A     S 

I.,  m.,  .nasi,     n,,,,  tho  <l..still..ry,  ,,„ito  tlM\,k  witiM,,,.  }/ s        ;;,  (h,  ,  ' 

At  n.)0.i  iiiii.sliafjfaiii.aiK  at  li  o'clock  i»  in  Iiu-       \fV-,         .,  ^  "'' 

an"  lilUMl  with  .nash,'a,.,l  the  c.il.s  w  t  '     k       i...      '.  .^  "I:,  ""i  •'?"^'"^ 


1 


alHmi^lwmMna^li'a      V^;i;„;^i^ 

Pb  n,r  Iho  ni;,ht.    'tl.s  ^ystcMn'^l  !  m   n^  i^'    i     ;^^^ 

li.M.sinji,  aii.l  produces  vcrv  choic.^  I.,...i'     ti     ''*••"'''*""•'  ^^'f'  f.^'»'»<- 

i.r.ii..;aHhcr:.i,nie.crib:d^:iz  setose  :;i.r;i.s'!;:d^ 

.attic  aro  take.  Inun  the  tW.li,.;,  «tall   the!  \ vc^  'iV     ^     '"1     '(^u 
|.m..i.ls  per  head.    The  valnatioi.  on  the  ,sp„t  williv,  r,. ,'   *  .  <    '\^^^^^^ 

Thcyarea(,once.hippe<ltoE,,.|a,,,l,a,..l||H,n^^     :X.o^^^^^ 
L.vcrp..ol,  .ncludu.j.'  ...snrar.ce,  atte..de„c,.    an.l  f..,.  I    I,  S 
a}j.-,doc,s  not  exceed  $lil»  lu-r  head      The  ■  v    ,.  h     "•"" '^  tl»'\<'.v- 
..a;.c,s  are  Inan  $,,„  t..  8  50  juVta.l   neltin'  a'   ^^i^:     '^   ^f '-" 
llie  i.r.ccs  (oryom,.-  cattl,.  lu-re  are  the  follovNl,,- ;  K  r       !s<        rVen 
...oi.tl.s  old,  .s,,..  to  $100 ;  lu.in.,s,  yearlin^rs,  $20  t,  $  50    e.  I,  u    "  S  < 
stock  ,«  not  .supposed  to  be  pure,  ulthoui],  classed  ari.iil.o;:;;!;,  ^^'"'' 

EXI'OIIT   TO   THE   UNITED   STATES. 

Tiansportation  t.,  the  IJnite.l  Stafs  by  dire.it  and  .-ontinnons  r.il 
r.)a(l  connections  at  verv  small  cost      Tlw  (u-,.i,-,.  f   V  ""'"'  "'"•^  ••i"- 
n.cnpic.1  i,.  transit  n.,,,;  hj"    t        ,  mi,  '   (        A'   u!    "'^'l  •^•■.  ""•■ '"""■s 
dispcscs  with  the  ad.litional  eo  t  t^  eari  an     w,  «„^"'^';'  ""'T 

nite.1  States  are  constantly  in  Ca„a.liin,''m;,rk  L  f  >r'^    n.    'e'u     !' 
beeves,  however,  are  seldon,  exportcl  (o  the  llnib-d  Sh^;:"lv.,m  nlSs 

ill  view  of  the  impoi'tant  qnestion  of  profit  or  !,,««  t,,  fi„.  .^  ; 
wlien  the  a.iimal  pass.-s  the  a«e  or  for  oil  -.Jul  I  '^''=  '•.V'""" 
(ocntribnte  p.cfitably  to  the Vbd^v  i  t.  t  oi  '  '  ;r  ^  "';"'  •'''"•'^' 
l.odi.„Mp,aliti'es,  an.l  what  appt-^\\  1,1 '^^  ';,,;;!  '":;<'<''^^'<l /o  .bs 
»K'l  that  will  attain  to  thesiea  est  wei-  iTt  i.  hVs'l  .  ■  f  ^'''''^V""' 
iH'  i..inii<...slyaflecte.l  by  iMn,aS  i^,   bod    rcb.^  T.       "V"^  ?V^ 

..nalities  n,ayl,e  tally  ndied  "I^.n^'chanlc'-H^   ^^  ^,      ^j^;,,;  [i;;^* 
ici(l..nl,s.    Theretoio  ,t  is  n,y  humble  opinio,,  that  these    ,-et^w 
breeds  to  export  to  the  United  States.  ^""^ 

HAIIUY  L.  SLAGUT, 


United  Stat 


ES  CONStTLATE, 

'rescott,  April  S,  1SS4. 


Consul. 


:    ^   f 


56G 


CATTLE    AND    DAIUY    FARMING. 


General  statiniicH. 


\ 


I    ] 
I    I 


Nuiiio  of  breed. 


a  ^ 


X6«. 

r>,  Olio 


-\  jrsliire 

I )  mil  mil '.'..'.'..". 

cann.iia>,":;:::::;:::::;::;:::;;::.::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;i  «•;;»;; 


Naiiiii  nf 
biocil. 


Ayrsliiip  . 
Diiiliiiiii  ., 
Jloiclbnl  . 

•Icrscy 

Canadian  . 


I*i(iilii( 


Ori;riii  orbii 


Sciitland 

j;ii;;laud ' 

.-do 

Island  (if  .leiHi'y. 
Normandy '. . 


*  Nono  nindo. 


t  Milk  and  croam. 


Jr. 

•at. 

Milk. 

j  !f:^s 

(10 

ifl.'IO  00  1 

,j,i 

00 

Mi  00  \ 

X, 

00 

.'iO  III)  • 

>i"n(>. 

il.'iO  00 

L'8  00 

:iu  00  j 

^^^:i^^z^7^.:X'^::^^j^:i^^         ^-  <■•«  '>■>• 


luT, 


n>  m 
■'i'l  no 

Noiii'. 
■i^  00 


vl'I'SH  lif 


, ...  ^        .      ,  Icniand  (or 

talvos  in  exteii.sivcly  ciigascl  in.     C'.ivho  i.s  , 


"•■■'illc.n.l  civaini.  1,;:       K,,      Z' 
oxportcd.  "^       u.iiMii- 


CHEESE  DAIRYING  IN  HASTINGS  COUNTY,  ONTARIO. 

itEPour  r.y  coxsul  j-uixci:,  of  nKhLEyii.i.ic. 
CATTLE   AND   TIIEIU    IMl'OUT   AND   KXl'ORT. 

TIkm'o  iiic  vcr.v  few  pmv-b.va  (-iittlo  in  tliis  ili.stric,(.     I  ,,„il,l  (in.?  Imi 
two  or  tlueo  po.vsons  who  ina.lc  an.v  i.rehMi.sio.i-s  to  ra  si,  ,         ,         "^ 

wiflMu  a  lew  inoi.tli.s  |.a«(),  sovcraUinc  l)inln.  s    ,  fv    •       """;''."<'•'•' 

<i()ii  ot\so,n.>,  otlK-r  bmMl.s,  and  n.oro  interest   n    .i     Vt   .      ,  '''' 

the  breeiliiii^of  l.nre  stoek,  all  of  wl.i'i       ,    l      ll    ,  n    u    ,     '  I""'," 

cl.anjre  the  rl,araeter,,rth(^-attle  here  '  "'"  "'""™"-^ 

1  lind  that  in  tne  connty  of  IIa.stin«,s,  eoniprisini^r  tlie  lar-vst  „  pf  ,.f 

Cttttlo 

Hoj,'s 31,n''.i 

Sheq, 10,.™ 

JIorst;8 '..''„," ^^-^1^ 

=•  =  •=.-  —  •..-.........., 11,1;!:' 


'ittsisML 


rtr-i 


DOMINION   OF    CANADA. 


.007 


I-ivoweiKlit. 


Cow. 


IM. 
000 
I,  100 
1, 100 

KlIO 

uoo 


liull. 


I,  "iiio 
I,«(IO 

l,(iuo 


Ox. 


I.TUO 
l.TOi) 


Uoo;  Noiio. 


Jlciit. 

$-J«  00 

.'),">  ()() 

a.'i  (10 

Nono. 

L'8  00 

I'rodutt. 


*'"'k.    Clioesc, 


•WO  00       .^;,r,  „„ 

tl:.0  im  j  N„,|,,. 
^!»  00  I      a.-.  00 


'•.•■;.'>  IKTCL.iit,     Exc™„f 

Hiiiiiiiin-,  (K;    ;  ,vi„(,.,. 
'l.v.A-u.    .Siil,,stialiim; 

t(\ 

■  "'■••'■Ii  .■iiiiiiiiil.    TIkt 
"Ni'il  ;is  ,'iii  ;il.siii'li|.|ii, 

lltJii'iM*  tiliicsii  wci'l; 
^'••l.V  lidlc  hiiftcicx- 

'■^     '■•ir-C.        Iv'ili.silHr    „!■ 


ONTARIO. 

)Ii/'. 

1  <'<»iil(l  (iiid  hiii 
'ii'«':i  I'fltfiiiiiiii 
Ih'cii  iiilnxliic'd 
yi'shiirs,  claiiiini 
<'<»i'  tlic  iiiti'ddiic. 
!t(«'Mti()ii  paid  to 
',  will  iiiiilci'ially 

i^  largest  part  oi' 
turns  .show  live 


.  10,.™ 

.  11,17!.' 


l.iy  nin,.t;..„.(  wonlietl.s'.    Nono  arc  rS  d    r  l/m/lTer    Kno;;^ 
,n<,st  <;!  . iK.tn  a,v  <,f  a  .s,„all  .size,  ,so,n.,  w]hm.  (.oCl  w.Vh     u>  i v  ;,,i,^^^^^^^^ 
u.'i-liirij-  less  tliaii  J,;JOO  luamd.s.     Tl  e  Durcr  tlio  Im',  <1  H.    i     '^  ':^liii('.s, 

c-onic  iron.  <listricts  wost.  ITonc  arc  drawn  IVo^TtL  U.  k  I  sE"?^r 
arc  any  cxi.ortcd  tint  her  of  any  iiiiDorf-inpn  v;, '  i.  .  '"^^*'  atates  iior 
to  England.  I  lind  that  in  tl.lf  hs  K^rs^o^m.rJ'Sm^^  fj* 
of  cattU^  have  been  .sent  to  the  United  Staf cs  Wm,.  ?i.:  •  ;V</'<>"*V?''^'' 
at  ]....,•  intervals  and  of  orclinary  ^Jnu^^^^^^  *  ^'"'  '^''^'''*'  '"'*^  ^'^'-^^^ 

CHEESE  MAKING. 

The  main  interest  here  in  this  connection  is  the  dairv    f  i,.>  »..*;.  i 

net  u.  fact  ^_oin^^  to  the  clieese  factories.  Tl  r>ieW  JT^.  ?'  f  i  .J''"'''^' 
|nMnud,on  the  aycrafje,  over  and  above  what  ^^ ted  i  c^^nilv' 
t  ioi,f,'h  in  one  instance  a  party  who  has  a  fair  herd  (.f  1)  rl  ,,  .  ,,  <'  a  ^' 
.sillies  says  his  yielded  him  $10  j,er  season  for  e'.cl  ....u    I  ,  '*  ,-^-^  '' 

.such  as  he  used  for  his  own  family.  """"  ''''''"  ''"*^  '^^^^^ 

1  have  analyzed  the  returns  of  three  of  the  dHium.,.,!  ..i.         v    .    ■ 
and  I  tin.l  as  follows:  Milk  toeach  poun"  ofXs     N    furn^^'T^ 
.\...  L>,  !».870  ],ounds;  No.  ;j,  !).5J0  pounds.  '  '    '  '^"  ^''""'''^5 

Paid  each  j.atron  or  stockholder  dci-  sif.,„/i.,r,i  /  c  •>  <„>,> 
c,  which  i.s  suj.posed  to  rcpZent'  1  e  -ivei^  o  f!  ^"*  'N^'^^'^.P-U'^ls)  <>f 

i  was  unable  to  lind  any  one  who  kent  siwh  •i(.<.M„,.f..  „ 
l.i.n  to  «ct  at  the  product  of  his  cattle  h/XfZec'.^  "'"^*l" 

&c.,  or  for  the  balance  of  the  year      As  st  it    1     i.  .    "     '  ^'/''*"'  '"*^''f' 
IModuct  -oes  to  cheese.  ''  ^^'^^  "'^"'  ''^'"'"^'  <>f  t''*^ 

The  .lortliern  i)ortion  of  this  count  v  ('IT•l.Jfi.urv:^  fu  ,  1    •     i, 
lor  ^razin.  an<l  the  beef  and  ZZn\  ^T^Sr^'^'T^^'^^'^'r^ 
better  (,uality  than  the  southern.     The  w         i  .  n  f  '''"''r''^  '^ 

LInitki)  Stated  Consulate,  (Consul. 

BcUerillc,  Dcvcmhtr  J 5,  bSS3. 


Spvcial  statwtkH  of  citic  in  the  Ilclhrillc  dMrirl. 


lirccil. 


iMiiliam 

Ayrsliiro 

Onliiiaiv  nviuUs 


Cdlor. 


Hill,     1111(1    red 
mill  wl.iti'. 

...ill) 

White  iiml  red.. 


Milk  to  1 

piMlIlll  of 

butler. 


Poutidg. 
L'L'J  to  2-t 


Milk  to  1  ,..,  .   .  .     - 


PnundH.  Pounds. 

OitoOJ  I    1,400  to  ],.5U0 


PnumlK.      i 
»W  to  UOU      liillivillo. 

Kon     non    outaiio. 

coo       700  ' 


;?n««,7„s.-Tlu.  .vi,.l,l  „!■  milk  .Imiii-r  the  ".sensoii  "  -is  p.ill,.,l    ..f  n       . 

■    ' '    '""^^-     ^-""^  'i""*^  '--'"^.  -y  two  yca.l,  very  lo w ^bsohltdj X 


■i   I 


:l)    i 


568 


CATTLH   ANJ)    ])AIUY    FARMING. 


CATTLE  m  THE  CARLTON  COUNTY,  ONTARIO. 

hepout  is y  comml'i^via l  a oent  uomsim. 

The  coiiMiIar  <listii(tt,  of  Ottaxva  embraces  a  lame  extent  of  em...^  I 

with  a  ureat  variety  of  .soil  and  climate;  but  foP  the    u  rpo  ,s     '  ^  I   " 

re. ortl  shall  confine  my  investigations  to  the  county  of^cX^^^^^  " 
which  Ottawa  i.s  the  county  seat.                                     "^         ^'Ulctoii,  ot 

TOPOGRAPliy. 
As  tlie  published  otlicjial  reports  fail  to  show  th<^  m......  f 

.Vm/i  tetnjxndinr  in  lach  quarter  of  the  year  IHHl. 
Stations. 


Pt'iiilinikcv 
Corn  will  I  .. 


Winter. 

Spring. 

Summer. 

fl7.  4 
67.4 

Autumn. 

.•i;).  r, 
.'is.  4 

Ye.ir. 

4:'.  (11 
4J.,ia 

0 

IT).  2 
17.7 

o 

."■.i.o 

5i5 

SOIL. 


sandy  ^nill^Sr^^^^^ 

is  a  ^..od  (h-al  of  li.nesfone  r   .        All     Le  eul  iv  f    1'"'  '"""V  ""■'" 

'i"'<'tl'.-  ;n,d  clover  bei,,i,Mhe  rnlim    e    L'  ,    w     ^"•''^"^•"■^•"'."•■11. 

Jil")iit  one-half  is  reported'is  (  r^V/.    1  '^}'^^^''^;  \>i  the  impn.vnl  Imid, 

"-wnaH....„,.,. ^'s;::':;^^z-ilz:z;^x^::^i^z':!;:r 

IS  considerab  e  swainpv  land  'i«  v,.t  .,,.n-wi  '       ',  '  '""y  tJ.iss.     Urtc 

"f  i-H,  .s„  ,,,„,,v  „»  ,„'  Ik.  ;;;;;lt';;:V.  c  S™;;;;',;;;:^  'ir-'  "•;" 

IS  generally  well  watered.  '■•uio  cuitivatKm.     I  ho  (ouiify 


AVERAGK   PRODUCTION. 


wS,  •■iriSeir;!;;;''.':::,,''''  *•"■?'"'  *;- i"  "■i""'«' "» «■"««:  i-»ii 


■u^ 


•luiiii  and  AyrsliiiL-N  in  (||j, 
i;li  asiHnwdiiilhofaiiiiiv 
loiivcrafjo,  aniii(liciit(.(l||,: 
■w  yciii-H  of  a}f(>. 
Ill  '^')()  to  !,:«)()  iv.ot  al)ov,. 
tl<'au  tciiipMaturii,  17  jj, 
Alluvial,  loiiiii,  JUKI  (la,..' 
strict,  Silurian  liiiicsiiin,' 
in  8iiiall  iioitioiiH.    Tim! 

o(1h.    During  t!u»  milj;,,,,, 
iici!  ii  day.  " 


ONTARIO. 

0  extent  of  comidv 
tlio  i)nrpo,s(>,s  of  ti,'jj| 
iiiify  of  Carlotoii,  of 


I'  inean  toiii|H'ratmi' 
'<"'S  viz,  Pcmbrok,, 
borinvjill  .south  iiiid 
cliciito  till',  toiiipoia- 


IH8I. 


iimmor. 


07.4 
67.4 


Aiitim 


38.4  1 


Tear. 


4'.'.  (II 

4,1  ,ia 


OWiLships,  liiitclay, 
'liiite  viciiiify  tliciv 
'<!  ffi-iisscs  (i„  well, 
tiie  iiiijtntvcd  la,i,|, 
ill  piirpiKscs;  ahoiit 
third  chis.s.  TIrtc 
.s  ill.so  11  liiml  (IimI 
itioii.     The  couiitv 


(1  ius  foMows:  Fall 

iirU'.v,  -jO  bii.sliiis; 

corn,  25  biislieiti; 


DOMINION    OF    r-ANADA.  5(59 

,M,(a((H-s,  I50I.ii,slu3l.s;  (iin.ip.s, -ir.O  ImlsIu'Is  ;  other  i()..t.(Mo|).s,  4"0  hush 
els;  hay,  1  ton  per  acre.  '    '  ' 


Al/l'ITIIBJC. 


Othiwa  Ilarhor,  at  loot  ol    Itulcau  Caoul,  i„  the  cKv  of  Orh.wa    i.s 
L'  .7a  leet  above  tule-water  nuirk  at  Thr,H.   Itiv.M.s,  ;    point      i  I  '■, 
hetweeii  Quebec  ami  Montreal,  and  tVon,  whieh  ollieh,!  n,ea«,in'n.en£ 


EXPLANATION. 


Si>ecial  statisliva  concerning  cattlcin  thi.  Ottawa  (Uslrivl. 


'2 

u, 

Naiiii' 

"lliit'od. 

Scv. 

V 

a 

C3 

a 

a 

a 

C3 

^ 

Is 

a 

M 

M 

1j 

<\ 

m 

?= 

Color. 


Piiihaiii  . 
Din-dii  ... 


]!iill 
Kiill 


Yrtt. 


(■(IW  . 

4 

Avrsliin^ 

Hull  . 

5 

<'ll\V  . 

4-.-) 

K'Wf*    liolwccn 

Cow  . 

•-'-;! 

Diii'liaiii    hull 

iiiiil   native 

(OH. 

I'Driiiiioii  III-  11a- 

Cow  . 

a-.t 

tiv.'. 

s 


60 

a 
o 

w 


Origin  oC 
liiui'd 


Feet.  I 

4!  I 

4"! 


IM. 

2,  000 

,400  to  :,0(iii 

1, 'lOO 

:ioo  till.  400 

••iOOtol.liOl) 
«00  to  DOO 
UOO  to  1,000 


Rr<l  nml  roan 

....do 

Iteil... 

...do , 

Jtoaii 

do 


Tm. 


Kn;;laiid 
...do  ... 
...do  . 
...do  . 
...do 
.do 


:.••'"•: -'5  I. ...do... 

Kod  and  roan. Canada. 


SOOlo     yoO      All  colora... 


...do 


CONCLUSION.'^. 

There  are  a  few  Jerseys  aiul  a  few  Oallowav.s  in  tliiv;  <li«tii,.f   u„i    . 
.1.;:  pure  bloods  the  Dnrha.ns  are  the  lavoi^e^r       m   dh  ^^'^,v  best 
inloniiation  the  pre<ion.inanl  elas.s  of  eattle  in  this  district  is  lenLC 
♦"•"*'"  tl-    )";La.n  bnll  and  connnon  or  native  eow      he    nm^ 

;n:dS:l>  ;;r:!;;s>le:'"^'  ^"^^^"'""^ """--'  -^  ^^-^-^  ^-^  ^^i-; 

The  Iriends  of  the  hevou  claim  that  eipially  f,^ood  resnlt.s  follow  from 
I  lie  cross  ot  u  Don,,,,  bull  with  the  native  cow,  and,  as  a  n  at    '    <  f  f ,? 
a    crosses  ot  the  pun,  blo<„ls  with  the  native' cow 'j;  .J  tv,p,oe'll; 

:Sof^^rS::;^;:;;;;^.:iLf;srti^^ 

II.  r..  liOJ3BINS, 

iTvcri?!^  y-ri-,,..  /1  .  Commercial  Aficnt. 

UNIILD  brATE.S  COMMERCIAL  AGENCY, 

Ottaica,  October  3,  1883, 


ii 

i :        i 


I!  1 


!: 


570 


CATTLE    AND    DAIIIY    FAUMING. 


CATTLE  IN  THE  SIMCOE  DISTRICT. 

iu;ruiiT  Jtr  commelvul  .uhcm- jaues. 

TIk,  i.rii.dpul  breclsof  catt'(3luMearotl,o  Durhan.s  an,l  the  Dn.i, 
^."'•'''f';M'*l  soinc  AyivslMivs  to  a  limited  extent.     Tl.e  hit  ,,,,  tho,i'''. 


li.tri.vt  ,u  in,.i„ally  lies,  is  s„n.e«l,ere  in  the  nel;,I.bo  hm  1  o  ' -^ on  '  r 
i.r^est  penM.ntase  o  which  a.v  ffnules.  Aho,^,  40  or  .5  ,;;  ''  ''' 
•le.l  (or  tlic  (lair.v.     T!ie  stock,  I  thinic,  has  sli-htlv  (h'civ  li  ,  '"" 


the  shi,,n,ents  f,  the  U.nte.I  States  anil  tiu.^Mcoun  rv  T^e  f '' 
III  <  xcess  of  th<;  home  demaiul.  As  regards  tlie  bree.lin.M  ^th  J  ." 
.red  Dnrhams  ,t  is  ionnd  that  animals  of  sni.erior  bre  'din  """"'"«''• 
here,  and  are  annually  bonj  •  ■  * 

hi       •  ■ 


iiie  I'liiscil 


e  and  are  a.mually  bonj^ht  up  at  very  lar«e  sums  a,nd  ex^.o   o  ,   J 

my,    ,.en  able  to  carry  auay  prizes  Crom  those  bre.l  at  hom         'i,'  ? 

.ad  a  :  the  answers,  as  far  as  possible  to  obtain  them,  «ive    i„   ,'■''' 

closeil  lists,  and  trust  that  such  may  prove  satisfactorv  "" 

IIENllY  m:  -IAMKH, 
UNiTiOD  Stati.;.s  CoM^noiauAL  AdKNcy,  ^'^»^mirdal  Ijcnt. 

i<mcoe,  Jk-reinhcr  7,  18.s;{. 


Sprrial  ^lalitlicH  roiiirniiiig  ctilllc.  in  (he  Simcoc  dixtrict. 


N'aiiio  111'  ImvoI. 


AviTjiuBJ  Milk  t<i  „.,,  .  Livi.  u-..i.,i.( 
.\i'>l<l  ..!•  1  pound  !  ^""'  ^'  J''v««i'iKl>t. 
niiikpei!    . .111,11,   !    .1',""""     _... '    A-(.,il 


<h.,v. 


tfl-. 


iirciiiicsc. 


Cow. 


Dull. 


Ox. 


On, bju„ „„..  i„„„a,„ «,.aae ''"""t '  '^[o^::  \  ''"""'\ii ' ''7 1' ''":'::!!::■ ''t'''''  • -- 


ill.v 

illlllilv 


l>iirli<iiii  iiiitl  Diirhnm  ijmde :  Tlics.?  aio  Ijir^ro  stock    i.f  ml i 

'•'-""  i:''.^'.''!.!,  an.l  hav .on  l,r..,l  p.nv  To,  ,n  „n  y  /..^h      \  V   .m     :;;''?:'';''■'"''' ' 

m,ll<n.s:      l.al.Hl.s,  '  •■j:,,....,,  Shan,nH,"a„,l  "SanpariHs,  -,„.,  i,;K,.£!;;;;';;:.  ^^ 

s..iS:o;x:,-.'';:;;v;'i:::ii^.;;iV;;;;:;Snr^^  

;..u..n. ....  ,.a,.  live  ..i^ht.  They  an,  ^iji  ^:L^':^ ':^:z:i' cz:\i;z 

Tills  district  is  in  Norfolk  Coimfy^  Oiitiirio 

roiwfirapln,,  ,Sr  :  Altilml..:  IK)  fJet  jihov..  |".ak<^  Kri(!   or  from  TOO  tn  7U\  c,  ,    . 
sea  l.vcl.     Mci.n  tcinneraf  lire :  lH7r.  -Jit  '  •>•  lH7tl  4';o  4       •  in    <1      i    }?    '  , '"''  '''''"^'' 
..neci.M.ti,  clay.au.i  ,l.ree..i.|.,;;iH;j,;/J>'':;;j;,;;    ,;/y^ 

arc  either  tl.u.onghl.re.l,  or  iu  ea.e  ol' .ra.les  l.re.i  to  thoJouKhhn.l  uJu!  "'''    "'"^ 


DOMINION   or   CANADA. 


571 


rilOVINCE  OF  QUEBKC. 

CATTLE  RAISING  IN  aUEBEC. 

llEroitT  Ur  CONSUL  VAIIKHR,  OF  miiltniiOOKE. 
INTIJOliUCTORY. 

1  l.ayc  tlie  honor  to  transmit  hcnnvitli  H.ich  answers  to  the  in(,uiries 
,„a(U'  by  the  Department  of  State  relative  to  the  vario.us  b  ee  Is  of 
cat  le,  amount  ami  quahty  of  products,  and  the  niethods  of  a'u IM.  ^^ 
and  disimsing  of  the  same,  as  I  have  been  able  to  glean  from  tl le  Im'e  F 
ons  and  dairymen  and  stock-fjrowers  of  this  portion  of  the  p  vi  e^of 
(,)„el..T.  I  am  aware  that  in  many  particulars  the  rer.oi  I  is  neon '  leto 
a.,.1  t  hat  ,n  others  results  are  only  approxinmted.    lU.t  I  lave  C„d 

conM'Jini  '^    ^'  "'  '''""""  ""'"  ''"^  '''"'^^'^^  inlbnnation  S 

A  few  general  observations  will,  I  thi„k,  serve  to  "ive  -i  betf^r  .... 
derstandinfj  of  the  cattle  i.ulustry  in  the  Eastern  Townsl   ,  Vof  t      ,u   v-' 
H..r  of  Quebec  a..u  of  such  features  thereof  as  mav  be  of  nterest  t      lo 
luTdsmen  and  larn.ers  of  the  United  States  than'  any  tabuh  ted  s  a  e 
iiieiit  can  do.  •'  '^'"'""''^*^'^*  m.ul 

THE  NATIVE  OR  FRENCH  CATTLi;. 

The  native,  or  French  cattks  as  these  are  called,  form  the  basis  .iwon 
winch  the  various  crosses  with  the  imported  breeds  aie  nn, le  T hoi 
<.attle  are  ,jot  large,  but  they  are  hanly,  light  ea  J^s'J  d'  i,!,  '  ' 
.li.anftiesot  good  nch  nulk,  well  calcnlate.l  for  proli  abh  ,ise  i„  li 
M.a>M.ta<;ture  o  butter  and  cheese.  Cattle-breeders  who  have  g  ve"  e 
stih.iectcarelul  at  ention  are  of  the  «)i)inion  that  these  r,  Uive  e '.t  ' 
wine,  were  .ntro.luced  by  the,  early  French  colonist  'b^,g,f^'^ 
peat  (Jiannel  family  and  are  nearly  related  to  the  Jerseys  and  (Jnern! 

THE  BEST  DAIRY  (^ATTLi:. 

Senator  Cochrane,  who  owns  and  oju'rates  at  Compton,  near  Sher- 
hn-oke,  the  best  appointed  cattlefarm  in  Canada,  possiblv,  ex'e  ,  m- 
he,  great  Government  establishments  at  (Juelph  an.l  Roui;  m.m,  ^s 
lo-.ml  by  long  experience  Nvith  the  best-known  breeds  that'll.r^^'  se  s 
|uv  by  ar  the  most  prolitable  and  best  suited  to  this  .-liim  te  of  anv' of 
tiie  iMghly-bred  cheese  and  butter  producers.  The  ollsi.rin  ,  f  I  i  v 
.rosscl  upon  the  native  Cana.lia./stock  are  better  di  a  tImu 

ise  HI  j.Iaces  where  good  shelter  and  thorough  caie  in  win     '.n,, 
ahvays  attainable      JJut  good  results  can  only  be  sec,  ■"<;.    ',:',' 
orlv  housing  and  feeding  stock  during  the  long,  cold  winters.        ^    ^ 

CLIMATE  Ol''  v^TElJKC. 

Ill  a  climate  where  the  Mcn.iry  often  sii.ks  to  LT,  and  ;5()  dcrees  be 

..wze.o,and  occasuMially  to  ::»degreesbel(.w,the  in 

Miielter  and  food  must  be  fully  realized.  ■■"i^oi  piojui 

CATTLE   FODDER   IN   ttUEUEC. 

The  seasons  being  too  short  for  corn  to  mature  othe'-  food  Drndi.rf* 
n.u«t  take  it«  place.     Among  tlie.o  hay  aiul  n)ot^  are  nle  ilrlml^illu 


I  I  i 


572 


CATTLK    AND    DAIRY    rAKMIN(}. 


iX  'wi'Cii.s,..    Til, 


ts  iiiv  tlic  white  Swede  turiiiiKs,  sn;,'iirl)eets,  and  canois-  n,' 
eiiifjf  the  favorite.  I'\)r  yoiin^' cattle  these  are  boiled.  iiiiliKd' 
ed  with  chopped  elover,  hay,  and  either  oH  eake  or  cotton. L,,i 


The  country  produces  timothy,  (ilover,  and  red  top,  or  heid  .-r  iss  i, 
f-reat  abundance.     JJefore  the  deveh)pment  of  the  cattle  in<ltrsli  v  'i, 
inense  <|iiaiitities  o'  hay  were  exi)orted  to  the  United  States,     p.ut  '„„' . 
much  of  the  hay  croj)  finds  a  market  witti  the  cattlemen,  and  th,.  slm 

nu'iits  IVom  this  immediate  locality  show  a  correspond inj-  ' ■- 

best  roots  '         

turni|>  bei 

.in<l   iniXe(  ,.^„        ,  .>..  v.,   ....,,  ,  .....^  vmni    wai   ,  .uvi;  (M-  COIIOIl  siMil 

meal;  while  they  are  sliced  or  led  whole  to  mature  animals.  This  is 
of  course,  on  well  managed  cattle  ranches;  amoiif;  ordimirv  rMiinci ' 
they  are  simjdy  fed  whole  in  connection  with  hay.  It  is  i)rol)al)h.  tli  ii 
('anadian  cheese  and  butter  owe  more  of  their  excellent  (pialiiv  tu  tlii 
diet  of  rich  and  suc('ulent  roots,  and  to  one  other  cause,  than  to  tlie  i,.^ 
cnliar  breeds  of  the  milch  cows  that  yield  the  milk  and  civ;mi  fi„„, 
which  they  are  imuie.  The  one  other  cause  is  the  freipieiit,  rains  (liiiin'' 
the  summer  and  fall,  which  keep  the  ^rass  always  j^reen  and  i,.,:,!,.?. 
until  the  frosts  kill  it  <lown. 

TIIK  MOST   .SITITAIJLK  UUKEDS   1<011   gUKIJEl!. 

The  (\inadian  minister  of  agricnltine  (Mr.  Pope)  is  also  lai-clv  .. 
fiii.iied  in  breedinfjfllne  cattle  at  Cookshire,  in  tliis  consular  disi  Wet  umI 
the  Dominion  Cattle  ('omi)any,  of  which  Hon.  \V.  J5,  Ives,  iii,.„il),'.r  ,, 
Parliament  for  the  counties  of  llichmond  and  Wolf,  is  the  ii'iami-ci'  ins 
its  liead(|uarlerM  here.  JJesides  these  thereareother  breeders  of  lii'umi|,.'|,' 
breds,  and  a.  nrvni  many  extensive  raiseis  of  fjood-nfrade  stock  lor  t'lic 
butchers  and  exj/oi  lers.  The  united  testimony  of  all  these  tends  toilic 
coiielusioii  that  the  Polled  Anf>iis  or  Abenleen  stock  and  liic  il,.i,. 
fords  are  the  best  (calculated  to  i)ro(luce  pxxl  beef  cattle  in  this  cliiiiau- 

They  are  hardy,  lar^e,  mature  early,  and  their  meat  is  of  the  j)i.,s! 
lire  -ku's  also  re;>ard  them  as  much  the  best  for  crosses  with  tiie  n  itiV,' 
frrades  here,  and  under  certain  circumstances,  in  the  South  and  \\,.si 
also. 

THE  .TERSEV.S  VS.   NA'I'IVE  FUENCII   OAT'l'Li;. 

As  before  remarked  the  .lerseys  and  Jersey  crosses  with  native  cu 
lie  are  nsost  i)0])nlar  here  for  dairy  i)iirposes.'  Mr.  Cochraiie  and  uihvr 
breeders  of  lari>e  exi»erience  regard  them  as  beiiiju,  in  nianv  ivsikmis 
superior  to  the  (Jnernseys,  Ayrshires  or  Devons.  The  ease'witii  wliidi 
they  are  kept  in  j^ood  (condition  and  the  richness  of  their  milk  arc  tiic 
points  iirj-ed  in  their  favor.  Some  breeders  have,  at  times,  clicriNlinl 
preferences  for  the  (iiiernseys  on  a(!'couiit  of  their  superior  uci-lit  iiiii 
further  experience  has  tauyht  them  that  their  inferioritv  lo  citluToitlif 
tiiive  <,Mcat  beefprodiKiinji;-  breeds  is  too  i)alpable  foV  tlieiiitol.c  ic 
l^arded  with  favor  for  b'ltcher's  stock,  while  their  smaller  yield  of  milk 
and  I)iitter  will  not  i»ermit  them  to  become  rivals  to  llil-  .IcisevsHn 
dairy  purposes. 

It  w(»uld  not  be  fair  to  the  native  stock  of  cattle  to  fail  to  add  liciv. 
that  in  the  (piabties  re(piired  for  the  farm  (hiiry.  the  ('anadian  calili-. 
even  without  the  benefit  of  favorable  crosses  are  really  stroii-.  Tiny 
are  thoroiifrhly  .icdimated,  -;ive  fair  (piantities  of  milk,' and  tlie  viclddf 
baiter  and  cheese  is  j^'ood.  A  competent  dairymaa  e.stiiiiates  that  tlic 
avera.ti'e  Canadian  cow,  with  ordinary  treatment,  will  yield  ")  quarts  (»!' 
milk  (hiily  for  at  least  six  months  in  the  year,  after  which  it  will  slowlv 
fall  otr.  ' 


NlIlM 


l';iii;i(lhiii 

Siinilh.im  .. 

IliT.tnnl.... 

I'cilli'il  Aiinilf 

AliiTili'di. 

•  Il  IM'Y 


tic  iixltisliv,  iiii. 
f:»t('«.  I'.iitii(,w 
'II,  and  t!i,.  sliip. 
«•  'wi'Cii.s,..  Til,. 
md  cari'ois;  n,,. 
'  l>oil('(l.  iiii||i(.||_ 

;i'  or  <'<)tt()||-.siMMl 

linijils.  This  is 
rdiiiiir.v  t;iiiiM.,,s 
i.s  i)rol)iil)l(.  iiijii 
It  (iliulily  luthis 
.  tliMii  to  t\n'  |,(. 

»II<1    CIVMtll    fidlii 

t'lit  mills  (liiiiii.. 
tx'CMi  and  ii.||,i,.r 


iEC!. 
also  Iiirj;(.|y  ,,,, 

••i'l'disllict,;,!),! 

Ives,  iiiciMlicr  I'l 
lie  ininia;>(.|',||;is 
k'i'.snflli()i,)||H||. 
k'  stock  for  th,. 
it'sc  tends  to  i  lie 
iind   liif  ll,,|.,,. 

'ill  tliiscliiiiiiU', 
is  of  lilt'  lies!. 

\vitll   (lie  |i;|fiv,. 

oiitli  and  Wcsi 


DOMINION   OF   CANADA. 
DISPOSITION  or  CA'l'TLE  AND   OATTLE  PRODUCTS. 


573 


As  to  tlie  disi)osition  of  i.rodiictH,  beef  cattle  arc  largely  (consumed 
at  lionie.  TIjo  people  of  this  section  of  Canada  make  use  of  a  }«reat 
(jciil  of  meat,  mostly  beef  and  mutton,  ])ork  being'  used  c()mi)arativeiy 
little,  barge  numbens  of  fat  cattle  are  shipped  to  England  and  Scot- 
land, and  a  small  number  reach  the  markets  of  the  United  States. 

iiiitter  is  made  by  the  families  of  farmers,  and  either  ]»rinted  or  made 
into  rolls  for  the  local  tra<le,  or  i)acked  in  tubs  for  exi)ortati()n  or  lo 
supply  the  home  nmrkevs  during  the  latter  part  of  the  winter  and  tln^ 
early  spring  months,  when  the  cows  are  mostly  turned  dry.  (Mieese  is 
made  l».v  farmers'  families  and  in  small  I'actories,  and  sold'tt.  hxtal  deal- 
ers or  to  exporters.  Much  Canadian  butter  and  cheese  reaches  the 
markets  of  ISIew  Kngland.,  its  superior  quality  enabling  shippers  to  i)ay 
IJie  duty  of  4  cents  per  pound  to  the  American  Covernnient,  and  still 
Iind  ready  and  often  prolitable  sales  among  our  people.  The  shii)ments 
(it  Canadian  butter  and  cheese  to  England  and  Scotland,  where  they 
are  highly  prized  and  bi  ing  fairly  remunerative  i)rices,  have;  been  grow- 
ing larger  year  after  year,  and  in  the  last  three  years  hav(^  doubled 
Miimially. 

CONCLUSION. 

1  have  thus  endeavored  to  present  the  o])inions  of  tlu^  stockmen  and 
(liiirynien  of  this  section  of  Canada,  and  the  results  of  their  varied  ex- 
periences—gleaneci  lioui  numerous  conversations  and  interviews  with 
theni— uncolored  by  any  notions  of  my  own.  1  sincerely  hope  that  the 
record  may  contain  something  of  value  to  the  stock  growers  and  farmers 
of  the  United  States. 

liEN.T.  S.  PAliKER, 

(Jo  ti  sill. 

Uniti'.d  Sta'I'es  (Consulate, 

ISherhroohe,  Decemher  1!>,  1,SS;5, 


villi  native  cai- 
raii(>  and  dtlicr 
many  respects, 
'ase  with  wjiicji 
'ir  milk  are  tlic 
imes,  eherislinl 
■ior  weight,  hiii 
1<>  eithcroi'thc 
tlieiii  to  lie  re 
■r  yield  of  milk 

I  lie  .leiseys  Hir 

il  to  add  lieiv, 
iiiadiaii  ealtli', 
stroll;^'.  Tlii'V 
ind  the  yield  (if 
mates  that  tlic 
eld  ")  quarts  d 

II  it  will  sliiwiv 


I 


Sjiic'Ktl  ulalixlirti  I'onvcviiuKj  caltlr  in  llic  eusli-ni  towiinhii»<  "/  Qi«'hc<\ 


Amiiiiil  iivcr     Mill<t()l    MilUiol 
N'liiiir  ulliiicil.       iiftii  ylclil  or       iiimiid  lit'   jHiuiul  |,c 
I'liilk,  liiill.!-.       chumi,. 


Cow, 


Live  weijjht. 
Bull. 


Ox. 


I';iii:i(lhin  . 


■      l.tilllMi.  I,!M1()  10  .  r,   ,         7||„,„  ,._,„„ 


Silnllh.ini 

ilil.tnnj 

I'lilli'il  .\ii;;iisiir 

AIk  rili't'ii ' 

•lii«',V ,    L', (1(1(1  111'.', 400 


l.liUU        I,«UO 
1,200       1,H00 

1,200       l.fiOO 


J'ditmls.  I'liiiiiiln. 

'.Mill  to  i,:,(i(i  '     Slid  ti,  i,.iiio 


l.KiiO       2,4(1(1 
1,WIU       'J,  400 

I,  MM)       2,40(1 


700      1,  luo        !,(o     i,;)oo 


1,70(1  2,4(10 

1,(100  2,  :ioo 

1, 0(1(1  L',  :»•() 

trno  i.Udo 


Kned. 


•  'aiiMiliun 

SIkiiUhiiii 

llcivliiid 

l'<llll'll  AlifJllM... 

■  Irlscy 


:     Ajir  ill     Wciylil  (if  iiu'iit 
iiiatiiiil  ..    at  iimlii.ity.  • 


(.'dim'. 


Origin  iiriiiii'il. 


r«or».    I       /'oun*L*  ] 

.1  I       7(10  to  I,, 100  Pawn,  roan,  spof ted  ..■  Suiiposcd  tcili.ivr  b..  ii  In  tlio 

2  I   1.200       ;;,400  1^.I,  roa,,,  wlill..  ....  Kui'andr' '''''''''" 

l,ao(l       2.400      l;ud  and  vvliiui I  l)„ 

1,200       •J,400      liliick Scotland. 

.00       l,.)0(i     I'awM iHlandotMiTscyintlioKiiKllsh 

;  Cliuniit'l. 


•  Tbfiso  aro  siohh  \v««*tH ;  Hnbtiuct  nt  leant  oiiefoiirtli  to  obtain  ii.'t  wpigl.ts, 


ill 


1 


674 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


(•■Htm  i,t,.,l),  .!;.'  above  z.i„  ;  HmiiimT,  (id-  iil.ovo;  winter,  1(H  above.  Tli.. '«  „,;  '^'' 
r.'i;or,Is  kept  hvw  ..xcopf  tboso  kept  by  Mio  Gniii.l  Trunk  Hailrond.  I  ,li,l  „ ' ^  T  "» 
IMH  in  funo  tr.  srenro  .(.rr.-ct  (i-nr..H  tn.ni  lb.'  Grand  Trunk  n'^uvvti]  ..ffl,.„  at  M  Itr  >' 
llM.  K,„l  varn-s  in  <Ut\\'u-ut  lo,.aliti..s  so  tbat  it  in  fairly  <M,,nM.t  t<Mk.siVm,(7  i?  ' 
l";iin,  cbiy,  and  Hand,  in  ((jnai  proportiouH.  '<-»'),Mai.,  ,nixe,i, 

I'lUliraliil  iirdHnii  an^  tiinnrliy,  clover,  and  red  top. 

lli„iH,n,i,j,Hi„(i,  .fr. ;  Tlie  eiittleare  k.^pt  inslallHnnd  bxme  boxen  (.nirronn.l  n,. 
o     Mrn.saMdslu.dM      Speeial  earo  is  tak,..  on   .be  breeding  faru.H  for  tW    !|  7? 

stoek.  (^•Htlenre  MniM-dinbasementHotniainbarnHwill.havan.lHtraw  M  r 
<■.•  l-us n..ar at  band  Ae.  The  lee.l •■..nsist.sotbay,  turnips,  vovu,  barlev  .a  m^-^.fc^^^^ 
...l-c.Mke,  eoiton-see.l  meal,  Ae.  Tin>otl,y  bay  tod  wboll..  but  .dovr  1  ay  el  1'  l',',' 
..nxed  w.tb  pu  pe,  f  nrnij.s,  also  will,  n.eal,  bran,  mu.I  o.l-eake  foryonnKe^  ■  '1'' 
ed  who  e  or  sliee.l  (or  mature  stock.  Good  ^rradc  cattle  are  nuide  l.y  cr.  ssin.r  «  " 
borns,  llereronl,  or  I'.died  An^rus  on  to  native  Canadian  stock.  TbobeZh  ?^^^^^^^^^^ 
.«  pure  C;,na.ln,n  or  ,,ure  .Jersey  or  crosses  of  ( be  two.  Much  care  in  takei  v  in  '''^ 
ers  to  keep  1  h.-irstrams  pure.  Mncb  of  ibe  beef  j.roductsaro  Hbij.ped  alive  t,K,'?'; 
;""'  ^';."/^'V  ".'"'"'""■'"  i'^  <^<'i.«.Mned  at  bon.e,  wbile  a  fair  per  cent.  «  "^  i  P  " 
kets  ot  the  irmte,  Stat-'s.  Heef  cattle  are  K-'ueruIly  wll  handled.  MnH,  ,„;',■ 
chc.'se  IS  produced.     'J'he  <hee,se  is  excei)tionally  amnX  and  the  butter  •  b  ,  '"' 

lb.'  iivera-..  butter  of  the  United  .States.  ■'"""  ''I'"'' '» 


CATTLE  IN  THE  GASPE  BAY  DISTRICT. 

ItEl'OIIT  ItY  COSSVL  IIULT. 

Littlo  attention  lia.s  been  «ivon  to  the  impiovoniont  of  tlie  lueed  of 
cattle  oil  tins  eoa.st,  eoiLseciuently  tliey  are  small  and  inferior,  and  of  no 
value  to  tlio.se  who  are  interested  in  the  selociion  of  animals  for  bm'i 
inj--  iiinposes.  Tliey  consist  mainly  of  mixed  breeds  from  Polled  cnttlA 
roin  the  I\la,i,M!alen  Islands,  and  Jerseys  and  Canadian,  of  an  aver  m- 
live  wei^'ht  of  from  4  cwt.  for  the  cow  to  ii  cwt.  for  the  ox,  and  violdim' 
about  1(10  pounds  of  butter  per  cow  annually.  ^ 

(JEO.  1[.  HOLT, 

Unitkd  States  CJonsulate,  ^''"'*"'* 

Gaspe  Pumin,  Ocfuher  (5,  ISS.'J. 


CATTLE  IN  PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND. 

lilil'OliT  IIY  ('<K\SV/,   WOJIDLX,  OF  ClIAliLUTTETOWy. 

I  have  the  honor  lo  forward  herewith  the  form  which  accoiiiDaiiicl 
the  cattle  circular  of  July  IS,  I88;{.  Many  causes  have  operated  to 
Jiinder  its  cominlation,  and  now  it  is  with  consideralde  doubt  a.s  to  its 
availability  that  I  send  it  to  the  iJeiiartnient. 

Ft  is  only  within  a  few  years  that  the  farmers  of  this  iirovinco  have 
beo'un  to  comjirehend  the  advisability  of  improvius?  the  native  cattle  In 
im|)orlati()us  from  Kn<:lan<l. 

A  farm  was  jmrchased  by  the  local  fjovernment  some  vears  since 
and  a  number  of  pure  and  well-bred  cattU'  juit  upon  it.  Tlieir  progeny 
have,  fnmi  time  to  time,  been  sold  at  auction,  and  gradnnllv  tiietfWe 
ot  the  cattle  now  bred  on  the  island  is  beinj,'  improved.  This  farm  is 
maintained  at  the  expen.se  of  the  local  {<overiiiiient.  No  pains  are  taken 
to  ;;ive  the  farmiiiff  community  the  advaiitapre  of  the  .stock  raised.  At 
present  the  character  of  the  stock  is  not  equal  to  that  of  Ontario, 


DOMINION    or   CANADA. 


575 


above     T ,..,,,  ,„„,„'; 
•a.l.     I  <li,l  not  l<n„«. 

ml  offlcc,  at  Montreal 
■  t(»  (k'Mignat.!  mxu,\ 


>x<'H  ()nfrroiin,innors 
'iiH  for  tIioi(,„)r|,i„,;i 

ii'lHlrawinlort.s.r,,,,. 
iirley,oiiliM,.al,  I,,.,,,, 
v<'r  luiy  clio,,,,,,!  ,„„i 
yonn«Ht(.ck.  1{,„„, 
l<'l.yfr(i8Hin- .Short. 
UiolmstduirvNtock 
f<!  18  taken  liv  hivviU 

p<'aaliv.)to|.;nj;laii,i 
'lit.  fjocM  to  tli(.  mar- 
(1.  Much  liiiitcraiKl 
iitttT  alion(  (.(iiiiii  („ 


Imt,  I'lom  obycrviition,  I  cousider  it  superior  to  tiio  cpiioral  avora^-o  of 

1  (loul)t  if  the  fecdiiif,'  of  cattle  receives  tlin  saino  amount  of  caro  tliat 
is  fjiven  to  tlio  Bystom  in  Ontario.  Duriiifjf  tlic  Nunimcr  the  island  is 
iidiiiiralily  ada])t<'d  for  j;ra/in},',  and  it  seonis  wh  tiioufrli  a  trade  in  eattle 
with  the  United  States  niij>Iit  be  of  as  nmcli  importance  as  is  the  trade 
ill  the  otlier  ])rodnct8  of  th<^  provin(!e.  The  Boston  market  would  seem 
lo  i»resent  a  favorable  opening'  for  this  branch  of  industry.  At  ])resent 
IK)  ciittlo  are  sent  to  the  United  Stales  from  this  consular  distii<;t.  A 
(cw  Imyers  of  sheep  and  lambs  find  theii-  way  to  the  island. 

VV.  A.  \V()lti)l<]N, 

^,  „  CohhhI. 

llNiTKu  Statks  Consulate, 

Vliarlottetown,  Prince  Edimrd  Julaml,  Autjnst  7,  1884. 


Special  itlaHalic/i  concerning  rrincv  Eilumrd  Inland  callh; 


t  of  the  breed  of 
iferior,  andofiio 
nimals  for  breed- 
•om  Polled  cattle 
II,  of  an  average 
ox,  and  yielding 

J.  HOLT, 

Vonsiil, 


N.imoofbrepd. 


Annual 

avdinjjo 
ol'milk. 


Sliordiorus 

AyrsliircH 

Cm  11(1(1  Short  horns 

Ollii'i-  (rriules  (eroHHlnj;  between  tho 
Ayrslii™  aiKHiurnsoy  bulla  uud 
the  native,  cowm) 


Pimnds. 

;i,  oou 

5, 800 
0,000 


5,  500 


Milk  to  1 

poiinil  of 

biilte; 


rounds. 


Milkfol 
ji'iiiml  of 
ebecMo. 


lilvo  weight. 


Pouniln. 
10 


Cow. 


Ihf. 
1,400 
1,  000 

i,;ioo 


1,000 


Hull. 


T.hy. 
I.HllO 
1,4(10 
1,700 


Ox. 


TJis. 
l.dOO 
l,40U 
],&00 


1,  ;ioo 


WclRbt 
of  meat  at 
maturity. 


I'liunils. 

xiio 

t'OO 
7hO 


GOO 


D. 


Lfmarl-s:  Iho  Sliortl.oniH  aro  well  Bhaped ;  eolorH,  while,  roan,  and  re.l.     Tiicv 

were  (•npnally  iiiiprte.l  from  KiiRland,  and  have  l.een  bred  piin^Heven  to  1  went v-livo 

.yei.ix     J  he  AyrsliireH  and  Orado  ShorthoriiH  are  Kiniilar  to  the  Shorthorns,  e'xeei.t 

hat  they  are  of  n.ixrd  ecdcrs.     Other  brt^eds  are  of  mixed  color.s.  n.edimn  shape,  and 

have  been  bred  pure,  lor  one  liundred  yc^ars;  origin  not  known 

Toiyraphy,Jc.:  Altitude,  :iG  feet.    Mean  tenii)eratiiro,  :«».:»>;  Hiiininer,47.r.H":  win- 

,''■;•:"•'',•     '^"''=  J^«;;M"'<;''iy-«';<l»n"d.     Snb«tratinn:  Sandstone,  clay,  and  Kravel. 

(.'iiltivatedfJiraNses:  Timothy  and  ch)ver.  .  '       .*>'    ibi.n».i. 

Ilmmn,,  fecdiun,  <K;  The"cattlo  are  k.,'i)t  tied  np  or  in  loose  boxes  dnrin^  winter 

0  s,x  months.    liay,  t.mothyand  clover,  roots;  tnrni|.H,  mangels,  potatoes,  gr^rin,  oats, 

find  barley  aro  fed.     Grain  is  Loimed  or  stacked,  anil  tl       ■     •  •     -  '  ^      "> """". 

housed. 


I  I 


"hi! 


■ 

I  r 


thnwshed  in  barns  ;  bay  cliietly 


ich  accompanied 

five  operated  to 

doubt  as  to  its 

^  province  have 
native  cattle  by 

me  years  since, 
Their  i)rogen.v 
Uially  the  grade 
1.  This  farm  i.s 
pains  are  taken 
ock  raised.  At 
hat  of  Ontario, 


r>7G 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  TAUMINO. 


MEXU  (). 


CATTLE-BREEDING  IN  NORTHERN  MEXICO. 

itKvoitr  ity  ao\srr.<ii:Mu,:ii,  .sr/ro.v,  or  mmwmohos. 

I'rclmi)iari/.~A  dctiiilcd  inid  irliahlo  accdiiiit  of  \]w  biccdiii.r.,..,,,],, 
iriKortlicni  Mexico,  as  <!iill."d  for  in  f|,.>  circular  and  nicnmrandi'  I, 
vcrydinicidt  task.  Nnprcvions  data  ix  inji  availaldc,  I  liavc  had  ti.Visi' 
lli<^"rancln»s"andiii(|nir«'<liri't  llyof  "rarn-iuTos."  1  la viny  selected  th 
cattle  I  ilcsired,  tlie.v  were  idioto-raplicd,  Micasnicd,  and  \vci-!i,.,l  iM,i.,J 
tall  a  description  ^'ivcn  as  jjossildc.  )'""i.is 

(>ri(i;n.—  \\\  all  the  histories  of  Mexico  and  of  individual  States  wlii,), 
1  iiavc  examined,  they  are  spoken  of  as  the  catth-  of  the  c(Mnllr\  ,1, 
sceiided  from  those- l)ron,tj:ht  over  by  th' S|»aniai(l>i, 

/,V<y7/.v.— Itonjihiy  speakiiifj,  there  is  only  one  Inced,  hut  in  this  tliciv 
arc  varnitions,  showinjr  that  at.  least  three  breeds  were  ori'-inu'liv  im 
IMuted,  tln^  Lon-horns,  the  Shorthorns,  and  the  Polled  cattle    ' 


no- 
'  ill 


f/.vc».— These  cattle,  as  a  whole,  are  only  j;ood  for  and  onlv  used  for 
heet  and  lai.or.  Milk  and  cjieese  are  (»idy  nnide,  in  sniidl  aiuoiints  H..' 
local  consunii»fion. 

MiU,\—h\  this  city  cow's  milk  is  sold  alon«-  with  -oat's  milk  iii<l 
rather  exceeds  the  latter  in  (piantitv.  In  most  <d'  flu.  <.tlier  cities  'iiid 
towns  of  >,'(.rther)i  Mexico,  cow's  milk  is  usually  scarcer  and  more  .''.nfs 
nnlk  is  used.  Tin-  incrrase  of  foreign  iiopulalion  has  incn-ased  i|r.',i,.' 
mand  lor  cow's  milk.  I  know  of  no  attempt  to  iiicreas((  the  mV 
dncinjr  (pialities  of  cows.  The  cows  are  '•  corraled  "  at  ni-ht,  mJlluM,  „ 
the  nn)rniii<r,  and  herded  during  the  day  on  the  open  pastures 

A  fair  avcra-e  cow  will  ^ive  alioiif  \  ipiarfs  of  milk  per  dav  for  tluci 
months.  Alter  three  months  the  amount  diminishes  and  t'iie  (|iiiilif\ 
('cteriorates,  so  that  milkinj;-  is  finallv  stoi)pe<l  at  about  or  ciHit 

months  after  the  calf  was  dropped.  ■" 

The  milk  in  j^ood  seasons  seems  to  i»rodn<'e  a  liynt  creiiin.  and  is  re;i- 
somibly  ^ood  if  ^ot  pnr(>  and  clean.  Venders  of  milk  sell  it  at  so  iikiiiv 
cnpfnlslord  «'ents.  TIm^  nnmber  of  cups  varies  with  the  seasitii,  itiil 
the  piicc  avera-es  from  .-)  to  I.")  cents  per<|nart.  It  lacks  the  taste' iiiid 
(|ualily  loiind  in  jjood  American  cow's  milk  ])rodnced  from  the  iicli  iiiid 
Juicy  f;rasses  in  the  i:nited  States. 

/,'///^r/-.— IJutter  niakin;;'  is  almost  unknown,  altlioii;;h 
"  lanchos"  up-river  where  Americai:  "  ranclieros"  haved 
considerable  butter  for  local  consumi)tion. 

(;iirc.sr.—A  small  amount  of  a  sort  of  cheese  is  made  and  has  a  liiiiiled 

sale.     It  is  usually  made  into  loiind  Hat  cakes  wei^ihiii- aliout,  a  imiiiihI. 

t  resembles  what  is  loc  illy  called  ''  Dutch  (dieese"  in  some  paitsoftbo 

United  States.     The  j^^encral   jfct  up  of  the  artich;  was  not  iiiviliii'' 


Iliere  arc  siaiit' 
lilies  and  iiiiikc 


iSiiSijiSi.     lS..li  . 


it 


the  l>lV('(Ii||;r.,..„(|„ 
•1    Illt'lllUIJllulll,  i,s;| 

-  I  llil\('Ii;it|(,,  visit 
liiviiij.-, selected  tJK, 
ii«l  wc'i^lied,  1111(1  as 


J,  I»iit  ill  Ihi.s  tjieiv 

'■<'i'<'  oiiuiiiallv  iiii- 

I'll  (Mttle. 

11(1  is.  so  Id  s|)('iiI<^ 

lylKiriiN  ;ii'(>  to  lu' 

aiid  (»('casi(»iiiilly;i 

I,  iiiiiiieiise,  i;;ii'iiit 

i><l«'r.     Tiie  I'ollnl 

(I. 

and  only  used  for, 

•small  aiiioiiiits  for 

JiOilt's    lliilli,    ;,||,1 

"■  other  eities  ;iii(l 
•'land  iii(iiej,'oiit',s 

increased  ihede 
case  tlie  milk. pro. 
t  iii;^lit,  milked  in 

pastures. 

per  da\  lor  (luce 
<  and  the  (|iiidit,\ 
hoiit  six  or  eiV|if 

'icaiii.  and  is  reii- 
sell  it  at  so  niany 
li  the  season,  hut 
cks  the  taste  ami 
IVoiii  the  rich  and 

li  there  are  soiiii' 
'dairies and  make 

and  has  a  liiiiilcil 
i;;'  al»oiit,  a  immiimI. 
some  j)arts(irtlio 
ivas  not  iiiviliiiL' 


Ml  XICO. 


end  lull    lO  <MI<!Oli      1-,     IIIO   to  I  :ik 

Hiii(k  tilut  wliilei  (Ii('i(f  lue  ll, 


Me(-(»ii(l  taste, 


III 


577 
K     eral  it  iimv  l»o 


milk  is  a  «lif7'  mU,  lliiiif;  (,   ol)t 


..ii.s..mls  of  eattlo  williii,  Hifr|,t,  ,i  „i 


liii,  and  butter  and  ol 


a.ss 


Viifiutio      of  hrmL—Uu  the  hMvIands  tl 


IkidI's  spi 
aiiiiir 
rt';,''iti 
footed 


out.  t 


U' 


imi>.s  art!  tliieUer,  Hit;  lioi 


u't'HO  are  uiiknow., 
cattle  frrow  !ar;,'er.     Tl 


(rally  adaitt  tiiofii.solves  toll 


iiM  are  louf-cr.,  nil  tl 


10 


i<»o(,s  ure  Hiinii'ir  an 
t'l.v  lianlv. 


!l«ll 


loirsuiTouiMlin-N.     lutiioliini, 


KIht;  tlio  iiniinala  iiru  a<'ile 


Niiru 


Volo      -lii  all  this  re 


II  til 


tlie  most  prevalent,  eoior,  with 


<    eoloj" 


flu'  spotted 


'»r"piiint"eati, 


MiniieroiLs.     JVilnips  red  i.s 
IJesides  the  plain  (rolorn. 


lu,  idiT'il  glossy  hail 

Ums.^i'H,  cIy-.-IaII  these  »-attl« 
llie  wild  •,fraNS(S  and'   i.slie.s.     Tlu 
State  the  most  eomi 


I'Hn.'creuiiieolored  cattle  I 


lave  very 


run  niUl,  and  feed  the  year  round  on 
'"  glasses  are  very  iiuiiieroiis.     Ju  this 


^Miiia  grass,  Ittid'aio! 


•,     .1  ■■        .      ^    •>.",T    •i<tnii.:i  Hill 

I.S  the  inez(piite  grass.     l{esid,.s  th 


)Uiiel 


I  a  large  iiuniber  of  others.     After 
ties  an^  often  found  along  tiie  road  with 


g'rass,zacaliuizte  grass,  l5orinud 


IS  are  the 
u  grass, 


Other  JhodH. — Mesides  tlie  ■'•i 


leans  of  the  iiiez(iuite  bush  or  tree  [Al 


I  rain,  fifteen  or  tweutv  varie 
III  a  sh(ut  distaiiee. 

eaves  and 


isses,  cattle  feed  upon  the  1 


Tl 


ies(^  heaiis  ar(^  very  fatteninir.     " 


'iinroh'ta  (jlamluk 


cacliis  are  also  utilized 


111  certain 


luses  these  are  gathered  in  piles,  .uol  most  of  t'l 
lliiit  the  cattle  can  eat  then 


more  readily. 


tmi  of  dray). 

e  nopal  and  other  varieties  of  tho 

^ons  as  luod  for  cattle.     In  some 

le  thorns  burned  oir,  so 


IV^r.— -Water  is  allorded  by  tl 


le  various  hi  I 


The  value  of  a  pasturage  is  largely  <lepend 


livers,  and  jiools. 


tioii,  (|uality,  and  periuaiience  of  the  wate 


pendent  upon  the  amount,  1 


ticiilarly  near  the  (Julf 


i-siipply.     In  this  State, 


fresh  water.     Some  of  tl 


or  river,  are  in  the  rainy  season  larjie  1 


the  higher  country  wat 


lese  remain  through  tlu*  longest  d 


from  lack  of  water.     1 


er  is  scarcer,  and  in  dry  season 


.scarce,  and  the  lake 
all 


tivers  in  Northern  Me: 


oca- 
par- 
iigunas  of 
lought.     In 
H  many  cattle  die 


s  are  still  scarcer.    Th 


over  Mexico,  and,  as  the  rainfall 
tlie  year,  renders  irriirati 


xico  are  comparatively 


IS  IS  a  condition  which  obt 


f,'atioii  necessary  foragricult 


i.snot  evenly  distributed  throu<'l 


111  US 


ure  for  grass  and  water  for  sto(!k  is  ofte 
raising  on  many  otherwise  line  past 


ure.    Sutlicient  nioist- 
n  unattainable  and  renders  stock- 


Tanh 


In  some  sections,  dams  have  I 


iires  very  hazardous 


iido.her  deiuessioiis  iu  the  soil  w] 


)eeii  constructed  across 


To  some  of  these  the  catti 


lere  the  water  is  held  in  lese 


(irroi/os 


that  th 


IS  .system  of  tanks  would,  if 


Ne  come  long  distances  to  drink.     1 1 


I've. 


iilie  land  into  use.     lu  T 


.Viicees  County,  who  h 


,  -is  thought 

proper  y  earned  out,  bring  much 


lias  made  a  large  number  of  tl 


SIS  one  ofthe  largest  stock" 


from  their  ellect,  or  from  oth 


.section,  between  the  N 
iiig  and  becoming  iuok 
notes  th(!  advance  of  tl... 
I'liiKheds  of  thousands  ot 
open  jdains.     'J'li 


ranches"  ill  the  worhl, 
ler 
lis 


lese  tanks  with  excellent  results.     lOitl 


er  causes,  Capfiiii  King  thinks  that  in  1 


neces  and  the  Kio  Grande,  th 


V  evenly  distributed.     With  this  ch 
■e  niezipiite  bush,  which 


e  rainfall  is  increas- 


lores  which,  ten  or  lifteei 


iiii^'e  he  also 
now  partially  covers 


ij;vi;.;;i:„n„4's:" '■'""""■"• """'«"  ■-»  -i-i,;.™  n;«i;si 


>  .^"ears  ago,  were 
in  the 


JMPOUTS  OF  IMPROVED  STOCK. 


II 


yw 


e 


/a 


/ 


<rW/     j^  *M      V 


■<»  -V    •Si 


*% 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


^1^  11^ 

'i  MS    12.0 


L25  M  1.4 


1.6 


moiograpnic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


fe 


/Aa 


o 


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f/. 


^ 


,\ 


\\- 


^<b 


.V 


^ 


678 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Stock  arc  roported  by  Consul  Scott,  of  Chihuahua,  as  haviuff  1,^..,,  ;„ 
fho  froiltiS-  **'"'''*'  '"''""^  *"*" '''  ^'''''  *'^''*'''  i"U>ortatioMs  illojl 

METHODS  OF  BREEDING. 

Cattle  graze  o-i  the  plains  the  year  round.     Generally  tliov  k«,. 
pretty  close  to  one  portion  of  the  range,  changing  somewhat  with   ? 
time  of  the  year  an<l  the  supply  of  water  and  pasture.  ^^"^ 

Bulls.— The  bulls  run  with  the  herd  all  the  year.    Calves  are  <lrnn,   , 
all  the  year  round,  but  most  generally  in  March,  April,  and  Ma        '"" 

The  bu  Is  serve  cows  at  eighteen  months,  but  are  most  eflectivn  <■,« 
three  to  six  years.    After  that  age  they  get  so  heavy  that  tl.ov  ,?.     "' 
so  serviceable.    They  are  then  castrated,  and  brS.  to      f;\:2''^^ 
kdled  lor  beef.    The  bu  Is  arc  not  usually  changed  from  herd  to  i,  J 
and  hence  breed  in  and  ir,  to  the  great  deterioration  of  ll.o  stoci        ' 

When  lull  grown  and  ten  or  twelve  years  old  thev  arc  very  !•  -.o" ,. 
wild  and  .xerce.    A  iev^  are  used  for  bull  lights  durin-  fairs  .rn.iV'', 
their  way  to  the  slaughter.hoi>se  afterwards.    To  illustrate  tho,!"' 
tion  of  the  wild  bulls  it  is  stated  that  south  of  Soto  de  la  Mar  . ,    ?H.r 
State,  some  roads  are  at  times  impassable,  because  the  bulls  •  t^  r.   ., 
thing  which  comes  in  their  way.  d.iu,tk  any. 

O^en.— Bulls  and  oxen  are  used  indiscriminately  for  woiic  n.,,,. 
One  of  each  are  often  yoked  together    The  male,  ^rc'ot  c"     S 
until  two  or  three  years  old.    The  "rancheros"  think  tl  a  t  ^       ' 
larger  and  faster  by  this  method.    They  are  often  simivti  if,''"" 
pounded.    As  a  I'esult  they  are  usually  fery  stagS^  i.r'S.r^         1'' 
as  their  final  destination  is  the  «la«ghter-houseftLte       ';'!;!!:  -' 
comes  home  to  those  who  eat  beef  here  with  peculiar  Ibico     iZ  i 
of  oxen  are  longer  than  those  of  bulls  and  otten  reach  a  «V.aV  .r  i? 
Th(^v  are  very  strong,  hardy  animals.    They  are  worked  wii;  i  S  i 
made  of  a  straight  stick  of  wood,  in  which  are  cut  slight  curves  J,J 
neck.    These  sticks  are  lashed  to  the  head  and  horns  by  ,>,'    • 
eather  thongs.    The  pole  of  the  two-wheeled  cai'^i    iS,   Uivo,  , :'(! 
the  yoke  stick.    They  are  guided  by  a  driver  who  goes    ,  W  1, 
carries  a  long  pole  with  an  iron  brad  in  the  end.    This  he  us  nil    , n: 
o  rest  beh.ml  him  on  the  yoke.    He  accelerates  thd    p  co  b  :  Z,  ?,? 
ing  the  offending  ox.    A  turn  is  made  by  punching  oi.e  i^  JniV      . : 
ribs  and  striking  the  other  over  the  headf   A  full  sU  ,V       i  i     ■ 
tmg  both  over  the  head  and  getting  in  their  way,  Si  '^"t     /^^  it 
&c.    They  will  usually  stand  patiently  so  long  as  the  goad  .«  rS 
on  the  yoke  m  Iront  of  them.    In  muddy  weather  or  on  tie  n,a,  t 
are  guided  from  the  cart  by  punching,  hitting,  and  the  voice  ' 

6otr«.-Heiler8  take  the  bull  at  about  two  years  of  nge  an.rcows  usu- 
ajly  drop  one  ca  f  a  year  in  March,  April,  or  May.    The  calves  ?uiiwtl, 
the  mother  unt    she  turns  them  off,  occasionally  return    gt>^  tail! 
share  of  the  milk  supply  for  the  next  calf.    With  good  yeaPs  who   th 

^ZZ  rr"^  ''•'^''  ;"■'  ■\'^»"^^;'''f'  t''«  'average  annual  increase  in  air 
about  00  per  cent.    Droughts  or  hard  winters  will  rodu,;c  this  incm 
Cows  are  never  milked  except  ne.ir  towns  or  where  a  lew  are  selected 
Iroin  a  ^  rancho '  to  supi.ly  the  milk  needed.    These  are  tben  milk 
daily,  with  or  without  the  calves,  for  a  few  months,  then  turned  out  and 
their  place  suppiied  with  fresh  ones.    Many  of  these  cows  grow  to."., 
immense  size,  and  the  horns  are  as  long  or  occasionally  longer  than 
those  ot  tlie  oxen. 

Sranding.—X  very  important  pioiarding  is  tiie  branding,  which  occiir.s 
generally  in  the  months  of  November,  December,  and  January. 


bavins  l)mii„|, 
portiitioiis  iiio,|„ 


srally  thoy  km, 
nowhat  with  the 

Ives  arc  (lro|)|,n,j 
aiulMay.  ' 
>st  eftective  fVoui 
uat  they  arc  not 
to  Uw  yoke  Of 
>ni  lierd  to  lierd 
f  llie  stock.  ' 
'  very  lar-e,  very 
S  lairs  and  tinii 
■rate  tiie  disixisj. 
I  Marina,  in  thjij 
J"lls  attack  any. 

work  purpusc's, 

0  J'ot  oastratcd 
that  they  grow 

i>I'I.V  twisted  or 
ippearaiico  and 
^I'ui  "hnil  beef" 
I'ce.  The  horns 
a  great  length. 
iil  witli  a  joke, 
t  curves  for  the 
y  means  of  raw 
sliod  directly  (o 
es  in  front  'and 
>  usually  allows 
pace  by  punch- 
L'  animal  in  the 
is  made  by  hit- 
iif,'  their  noses, 
goad  is  resting 

1  the  road  they 
voice. 

■!  and  cows  usii- 
waives  run  with 
ling  to  take  a 
ears,  when  the 
•se  in  a  herd  is 
i^  this  increa.se. 
'w  are  selected 
re  then  milked 
turned  out  and 
ivs  grow  to  an 
ly  longer  than 

;',  which  occiu's 
iuuary. 


r 


A 


'1-  i 


P  LA  T  E    26( 


A 


Jt.;^.J:^.J.}^ 


^ 


1 


H 


3" 


J^  .  X  .K     $  .7^ 


7S/ .  I  .X-A-A- 


^  .N-. 


-t 


1A.^ .AT  ^.1,;^ 


Julius  Bimi  .fCu.Inth. 


MEXICO.  ^79 

Mi'zquito  posts  are  set  upright  so  jis  to  make  a  large  "corral,"  into 
winch  the  animals  are  driven  by  horsemen  who  have  rounded  them  up. 
Thtsc  iiro  very  interesting  occasions.  One  set  of  horsemen  bring  up  one 
Iicid,  iuid  by  dint  of  shouts,  lassos,  &c.,  finally  secure  them  in  the  "cor- 
ral." 

All  those  which  have  no  brands  are  lassoed,  led  out,  thrown  down 
ant!  branded  with  the  owner's  mark.  This  brand  is  usually  some  letter 
(,f  letters  of  the  name,  but  is  often  only  a  design.  The  idea  is  to  make 
II  mark,  usually  on  the  left  side  or  hip,  which  cannot  grow  out  or  be 
blmied  or  obs'ured  by  another  brand.  Besides  the  main  brand  is  an 
ear  hrand,  and  some  cut  is  usually  made  in  the  ear. 

Wiien  sold  many  sellers  round  up  the  cattle  and  add  another  or  sell- 
ing brand.  All  these  brands  are  matters  of  record.  Cattle  cannot  bo 
moved  from  one  district  (in  Tamaulipas)  without  inspection. 

When  sold  the  seller  invariably  gives  a  writtenbill  of  sale,  on  which 
the  brands  are  *'  painted  "  or  rather  written.  To  illustrate  more  fully 
tho  apj)earance  of  the  cattle  after  branding  1  give  herewith  some  speci- 
lucDs  of  such  brands  on  file  in  this  oflQce. 

Wild  cattle.— Besides  the  cattle  which  are  regularly  guarded  and 
which  are  comparatively  tame  there  are  in  the  southern  part  of  this 
State  many  cattle  belonging  to  large  "  ranchos  "  which  are  absolutely 
wild.  Many  of  these  are  never  branded,  are  fierce,  and  roam  about  in 
their  section  unmolested  by  man.  A  very  intelligent  gentleman  who 
has  a  large  ranch  in  that  portion  of  the  State  estimated  that  there  mi"-ht 
bo  50,000  such  animals  in  this  State.  * 

Gastratmg.— With  a  few  "rancheros"  V\  castrating  is  done  when  the 
stock  are  branded,  but  the  great  majority  ieave  this  until  they  are  throe 
years  old.  In  other  cases  they  are  "  twisted  "  or  pounded.  It  is  claimed 
that  11  worm  causes  some  trouble  when  stock  are  castrated,  but  this  is 
denied  by  tho  most  intelligent  stock- raisers.  The  latter  tell  me  that 
there  is  no  danger  in  castr.'ition,and  that  it  should  be  done  at  six  months 
and  that  this  method  gives  a  better  growth,  finer  stock,  and  much  bet- 
ter beef. 

(Quality  of  fief/.— The  beef  is  dark  red,  and  when  reasonably  fat  is 
juicy  and  fairly  tender.    As  beeves  are  never  fed  even  for  slaughter 
and  as  so  much  is  bull  beef  or  very  staggy,  it  is  not  so  good  as  it  mii^ht 
easily  bo  made.    In  hot  weather  the  beef  is  very  watery  and  the  wei""-ht 
of  the  carcass  ."s  greatly  diminished  by  drying  after  slaughter.         '^ 

Near  Soto  la  Marina  the  beef  is  said  to  be  finer  than  at  any  other 
poiut  in  Mexico.  Tho  grasses  are  particularly  nutritious  and  abundant 
and  the  prevalence  of  salt  in  the  atmosphere  keeps  the  stock  in  good' 
health  and  gives  a  finer  taste  to  the  meat. 

BetaU  prices.— The  prices  vary  in  different  cities  and  in  different  sea- 
sons. In  this  city  (Matamoros)  where  some  fourteen  are  killed  dail  v 
the  price  of  tho  carcass  is  about  5  cents  per  pound  Mexican  coin,  and 
beefsteak,  say,  10  cents  American  coin. 

IIoio  beef  is  sold.— Most  of  tho  beef  is  cut  into  thin  strips,  tho  bone 
being  left  out.  Formerly  a  roast  or  steak  could  only  be  bought  bv  nre- 
vious  arrangement,  so  that  it  would  be  properly  cut.  The  American 
Idea  has,  ho^yever,  prevailed,  so  that  one  can  now  get  meat  properly  cut 
ior  steak  and  other  purposes.  More  than  half  is  still  sliced  off  into  thin 
strips  to  bo  dried  for  future  use.  All  the  stands  in  the  market  have  tho 
price  per  pound  printed  above.  This  price  is  regulated  by  the  city  which 
owns  the  market  building  and  rents  the  stands.    While  the  price  is  thus 

ton  Jn'-^'i        'I'^'P'  ^"-^  ^^'  *^°  P^""'^-    T'*^  ^"J'cr  picks  out  what  he 
wants  and  negotiates  to  see  how  large  a  piece  or  how  many  slices  ho  can 


580 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 


Ret  for  125  or  25  cents.    A  Himiil  i)ieco  is  aliuost  always  thrown  in  m 
*'  pilon"  or  gilt.    The  meat  not  sold  is  sliced,  salted,  and  hunir  oiif  tn 
dry  in  the  sun.  " 

Beef  at  various  affes.—From  six  n)onths  to  three  years  the  beef  is  com 
paratively  good  and  tender.    From  three  to  seven  years  it  is  very  tomrl 
After  the  seventh  year  it  ngain  begins  to  grow  tender,  and  is  at  its  biwf 
in  the  fourteentli  year.  ' 

-4<7c.— Cattle  mature  at  five  or  six  years  but  continue  to  fill  out  a  vi-ar 
or  two  longer.  With  fair  care  cattle  live  fifteen  to  eighteen  years  Thpv 
rarely  live  more  than  twenty  years.  ^        •       ^y 

VALUE  OF  MEXICAN  CATTLE  FOB  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Breeding  cotca.—Tho  chief  value  of  these  cattle,  so  far  as  regar«lN  tim 
United  States,  is  in  the  cows.     These  when  exported  to  the  pliins  n! 
Texas  and  the  West  make  the  basis  of  the  finest  herds  in  tho'worl 
As  I  stated  in  a  recent  report  (see  Consular  Reports  No.  31,  July  iss'l" 
these  cowa  breed  very  rapidly  and  surely.    They  and  their  (lescen.l 
iuits  retain  the  large  size  and  red  color  of  meat.    They  grow  ranidlv  irn 
hardy,  wild  enough  to  be  good  ♦«  rustlers,"  and  the  second  cross  wiiii 
good  bulls  makes  the  best  grass-fed  beef  that  goes  into  our  Eastern  citiM 
The  first  thought  of  the  Western  ranchman  is  to  get  Texas  cows  wliieh 
are  tlio  same  as  the  Mexican  cows,  except  as  improved  bv  botfoH....w) 
ling,  for  the  foundation  of  his  herd.  "  ''"'" 

J  f  prices  are  too  high  in  Texas  he  comes  through  to  Mexico. 

Experience  has  shown  that  with  one  or  two  cr*  sses  these  cows  mo 
duco  u^uch  finer  and  more  profitable  beef  cattle  than  do  the  iveruLT 
cows  in  the  United  States.  They  are  not  so  domesticated  or  cflFeiniiiated 
and  hence  are  better  adapted  to  the  rough  ways  of  ranch  life  u  i,s 
not  at  all  likely  that  they  would  be  of  service  in  improvin"-  oni-  l»i.>n,i 
of  milch  cows.  "^  ^^ 

Beef  cattle.— When  prices  make  it  profitable  large  quantities  of  Youiiir 
cattle  are  exported  to  the  United  States  to  bo  driven  to  the  ranies  to 
grow  and  fatten  for  our  markets.    These  cattle  are  simply  frames  ind 
Jattened  on  the  juicy  grasses  of  our  West,  make  good  beef  at  four'and' 
five  years  of  age. 

J)utics.— All  cows,  heifers,  and  bulls  entered  for  breeding  purnosi's 
are  free  of  duty  in  ts.e  United  States.  Beef  and  other  cattle  pay  "o  i)er 
cent,  on  the  original  cost  price.  i  j  "  i 

Y<//mc*.— The  prices  of  all  kinds  of  live  taimals  as  cattle,  Imm 
mules,  sheep,  goats,  have  greatly  increascvi  .vithin  a  few  years.  Herds 
of  cattle,  which  five  years  ago  were  slow  sale  at  $d  ahead  as  thov  ran 
now  bring  f  10  to  $15.  Kanchmen  hold  cattle  so  high  that  buyers  bavd 
Jnlleii  oft"  greatly  and  the  morement  is  slight  at  present. 

i:;rport  duty.— The  demand  in  the  United  States  sent  a  good  iiiaiiv 
buyers  to  this  State  last  year.     The  export  of  cattle  so  alarmed  the 
State  authorities  that  they  passed  a  law  levying  an  export  tax,  amount 
lug  to  $L'.50  per  head  on  cows  and  $1.25  on  other  cattle. 

Tliis  tax  applied  if  cattle  were  moved  from  one  Mexican  Stale  lo 
another.  Largo  transactions  wore  broken  oft" and  sa'.os  for  ji  time  aliuosi 
entirely  suspended.  By  a  late  law  this  tax  has  been  reduced  to  $1  iier 
iiead  on  cows  and  47A  cents  on  other  cattle. 

Marlets.— The  principal  market  and  that  which  takes  perhaps  two 
thirds  of  the  surplus  is  the  interior  of  Mexico.  After  supplyiiijf  the 
small  local  demands  about  one-third  goes  to  the  United  States tbi<  ugh 
Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona.    Sonie  hiiv«^  lioeii  shipped  by  vessels 


MEXICO. 


581 


to  Havana,  and  in  thefaturo  this  may  bo  an  important  market  lor  these 
cattle. 

Priving.— They  are  driven  in  herds  by  horsemen,  getting  food  and 
water  en  route.  Those  for  the  interior  are  fattened  outside  and  mar- 
keted in  the  city  of  Mexico,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Guanajuato,  &c. 

Those  for  the  United  States  are  used  for  breeding  or  fattened  and 
shipped  East  by  rail.  The  opening  of  railways  in  Mexico  will  cause 
xoine  shipments  to  be  made  by  rail. 

(lasts,  (Co.,  of  driving.— The  cost  and  risk  of  driving  vary  greatly  with 
the  route,  season  of  the  year,  grass,  handling^  and  condition  of  thestock. 
From  the  interior  of  this  Stute  to  this  frontier  the  country  is  compara- 
tively open,  very  level,  and  in  good  seasons  has  plenty  of)  water  and 
grass.  My  averages  show  the  losses  on  this  route  not  to  exceed  4  per 
cent. 

In  the  upper  country,  where  grass  and  water  are  scarcer  and  the  road 
inach  rougher,  the  losses  have  reached  25  per  cent,  on  the  route  from 
the  place  of  purchase  to  the  border.  The  cost  per  head  from  San 
Fernando  to  this  city,  not  including  export  dues,  has  amounted  to  $1 
per  head.  This  included  going,  buying,  and  returning  pay  of  drivers, 
losses  en  route,  &c. 

The  best  routes  are  more  or  less  direct  lines  to  the  nearest  American 
town. 

EXPORTS  TO  UNITED  STATES. 

The  total  of  live  animals  exported  from  Mexico  to  the  United  States 
for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1881,  was  $314,272,  and  for  the  following 
year,  $455,917,  valuea  in  United  States  coin,  nearly  all  of  which  passed 
over  this  border.  Of  these  amounts  probably  more  than  one-half  were 
cattle. 

IMPORTS  OF  AMERICAN  CATTLE  PRODUCTS. 

In  the  year  ending  June  30,  1882,  Mexico  imported  from  the  United 
Stfites  (values  in  United  States  coin) : 


Description. 


Horned  cattlo 

I-oather 

Maiinfocture.s  ofloatlior: 

Hoots  and  shoos 

Saddlery  and  liarneos 

All  other  nianiifacturo8  of 
IlMf: 

Fresh . 


— head., 
.pounds.. 

...pairs.. 


Saltwl,  or  cured ..'..'.".".'.'.'.' .'.".'.' V.V ™nii<ii" 

Butter .!".!!. .....!;.!!".;!."i!?.X^ 

do... 


Clioeso  . 

Condensed  milk 
Tallow 


.pounds. 


Total. 


Quantity. 


793 
2,502 

CO,  610 


None. 
13,626 
104,597 
44,40a 


543,000 


Value. 


*18, 002 
8t>l 

85, 327 
34,497 
29, 344 


1,501 

20, 105 

0, 885 

1,362 

43,708 

248, 252 


Vm 


■.' 


•'^^^  '  CATTLE    AND   DAIRY    FARMING. 

MEXICAN   DTJTIKH. 


Ilonu'd  cattlo 
l.catlun-,  not  woiRht 


Frofl. 
$t  43 
HU 


lw",!'.'i'J''b ."''"""'"  "'"".'^  ci'ii I i motors  (7.09  iiir.lioH)  of  h.,1..  ..nor  iloJion     '  in  ■  . 

OloiUf.skln,  Di-iutoMtloulliorofHumotlinioiiHlouH..   '  1,1  ,',5  ;' 


^V'^lKllt.liiiv 

111"""" 

'--"  l")iiii(N) 
CruHi. 


II  01 


Klioi 

pathor,  nil  oIuhhoh,  for  men,  hiiiiio  dimonHlouH uerilozKn 

lIiirncHs  lor  ourriattoH :  

Common,  kio8»  woiglit kiloirramH 

»roaf.s:  ""  ■• 

not  wolslit,  iiK'liidinK  in  tlilH  tlio  wiij,'ht  of  tlio  inner  wrapper,  kilo- 


(I) 


I  IKI 

1   Ml 


ums. 


SiMokod  or  Halted,  not  wol;;lil kilo-^r 

l.nttor,iinotwoi«lit,  in(dn(lin^'intlil«tUatoflhoiunoVwrainior'  ( 

'ramM"        '     ■  ""'  ^^■"'«'"'  '"•'•'"''"« '» tl'is  tliat  of  tl.e  inner  wrapper,  kilo. 
CondonHod  niUk '. 

Tallow,  all  ciasBou.  net  weight .'.'.'.'.:  Hi:"]": .['.:::  i'.;:,: :: :  ."kiioKr,;;,;;;. 


*  Kilojirani^2{  pounds. 
In  odditlon  to  above  dntios,  add  -'  per  cent. 


(I) 


■24 
•24 

U\ 

un  I 


M 
,'K) 
50 

,00 
7t 
,10 


I  Plft} -Uvo  per  cent. 


would  keep  g.,o(l  longenoughto  niJtko  tiurjou^noy  mlll^^'ljiieked";!;-^ 

CATTLE  CENSUS  OF  NORTHERN  MEXICO. 

The  total  of  cjittlo  can  only  bo  estimated.     Statistics  cannot  ho  ol. 
tamed  except  in  some  cases,  and  tliey  are  (jhielly  remarkable  b.    1,1. 
unre  lability.     In  a  toriner  report  I  estimated  the  iinmber  of  St  c 
Korthern  Mexico  at  1,500,000.    In  thi,s  State,  I  am  inroniiot     hi   ,I 
list  handed  in  to  the  State  treasurer  gave  the  total  ar,  about  mm     , 
a  counting  up  by  sections  and  "rancheros"  gives  nearlv  or  nnitrT' 
000.     Consul  Campbell  forwards  a  similar  list  Iron   N    /  o  L  o    'i     :: 
the  total  at  127,738     That  list  is  probably  more  nearly  ,;;,    .I '  T. ^ 
ornWn  """""/'T'  ""*  9^ttle-raisiug  is  not  the  chief  iiuliistrv.    IVrlr 
1>50,000  would  bo  a  tair  estimate  of  the  number  in  that  Stite 

The  lollowing  is  a  rough  apportionment: 

TaiDiiuliiiiiH 

Niiovo  Leon ^.W'U 

Coaliuila '■^'AOm 

Chibiiahn.'i '<^«'''.Wi« 

Sonora,  uart ~'i'"),(i()(l 

' .'.0,()(iO 

'^''■''' F^:^ 

Of  this  total  hardly  more  than  1  [)er  cent,  are  ever  milked.    This  totiil 
Jias  been  considerably  reduced  within  the  past  three  years.    The  into- 


MEXICO. 


588 


iattio 

!l"»l    (Mill, 

rincipnl 
(Inty. 

"11  100 
vllni-iiin,, 

uruH», 

Frnn. 

41  43 

KU 

li'oi 

Id  :iO 
L'7  00 

I  1,0 
1  IKI 

7  (K) 
r>  00 

(1) 

1  n\ 
Till 

80 

J  110 

II 

72 
■24 

m 

.'KJ 
60 

U 

(1) 
0(5 

50 
76 

cent. 


enoriillyiiiiiost 
vpryih"ely,l„,t 
1  «"ui  import, 
ta.ste  it  once  ii 
<'I.y  that  butter 
'  packed  in  ice 


cannot  boob- 
'vablo  for  tiieir 
'er  of  cuttle  in 
fined  tiiiit  tiie 
lit  l.S(),()00,b,it 
'  or  quite  7u(),. 
■()  lii'on  ;,'ivin;;' 
correct,  us  tlie 
ti'.v.  i'erliaps 
tatc. 


"M.OOO 

auo,0(i(i 

225,0(10 

L''.'r),ooo 

no,  000 

i.i'ioo.don 

d.    Tliistohil 
vs.    Tlie  int(i- 


rior  deniand  grows  each  year,  and  has  greatly  increased  since  railway 
buiidii'K  began.  The  biglier  prices  in  the  United  States  have  inc^reased 
tlie  export  tliat  way.  Then  the  local  demand  has  been  doubled  by  the 
coming  of  so  many  Americans  to  the  border  towns.  These  demands 
which  have  raised  prices  so  greatly  have  made  the  "rancheros"  more 
careful  to  increase  their  stock,  and  will  in  time  cause  some  improvements 
in  methods  of  handling. 

DISEASES. 

Tliero  are  various  local  diseases  which  occasionally  attack  these  cat- 
tle, but  I  have  not  succeeded  in  getting  any  reliable  information.  While 
the  reports  promised  me  on  these  diseases  are  not  to  hand  yet  I  have 
been  unable  to  hear  of  anything  like  pleuro-pneumonia.  The  diseases 
wliich  1  have  heard  of  are  local,  and,  being  caused  by  lack  of  water  or 
grass,  or  from  heat,  are  not  infectious  except  for  the  time  and  place.  I 
have  not  learned  of  any  losses  which  would  exceed  twenty  per  annum  in 
one  thousand,  except  such  as  were  obviously  caused  by  bad  weather  or 
lack  of  water  or  grass. 

CATTLE  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

Tlie  following  weights  and  measures  are  from  actual  experiments,  and 
while  of  course  other  animals  would  vary,  these  were  fair  average  ani- 
mals of  each  class,  live  or  six  years  old,  and  may  bo  considered  a  fair 
average.    The  weights  and  measures  are  American  : 


Animal. 

i 

o 

It 

n 

■am 
teg 
a  o 

3* 

1 

1 

ja 

.a 
C 
3 

Int. 

78i 

78 

7i 

■1 

Weight  of  dressed 
meat. 

§ 
o 

i 

a 

1 

-.:> 

J3 
tt 

|_ 

XBx. 

100 

95 

05 

Lbt. 
10 
no 

40 

1 

IS 

o 

1 

i 

a 

Hull 

in*. 

C4.i 

r.0 

53 

Int. 

89 
'A 
874 

Lbt. 
050 
C50 
460 

Lbt. 

noo 

470 

Ott. 

Lhg. 
ir,i) 

140 
85 

Lbs. 

100 

100 

65 

Lbt.  !  Cit. 

40  1       M 

Ox 

Cow 

^nn          R 

00           5 

•* 

55 

7 

SOIL  OF  NORTHERN  MEXICO. 

The  mountain  ranges  in  Northern  Mexico  are  of  the  same  formation 
as  the  Eocky  Mountains  in  the  United  States,  of  which  they  are  simply 
the  southern  continuation. 

The  soil  is  strongly  'mpregnated  witL.  limestone  deposits;  near  the 
coast  are  found  large  saline  deposits.  The  •'  vegas"  or  low  bottom  lands 
are  alluvial  deposits.  Some,  particularly  near  the  Rio  Grande  and  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  are  black,  waxy,  and  very  fertile.  Others  in  the  higher  pla- 
teaus are  sandy  or  gravelly.  The  ranges,  or  grass  lands,  are  thinly  cov- 
erwl  with  soil,  with,  in  many  sections,  large  quantities  of  stones. " 

The  coast  portion  of  this  State.  Tamaulipas,  extends  back,  say,  50  miles 
and  IS  particularly  good  for  cattle.  The  first  plateau  is  considered  good 
pasture  for  horst  s.  Farther  back  the  country  is  divided  into  valleys 
by  hills  and  mountain  ranges.  The  nopal  and  other  varieties  of  the 
cactus  family  are  found  all  over  Northern  Mexico.  There  are  large  sec- 
tions where  stones,  cactus  and  thorny  shrubs  cover  the  thin  soil,  so  that 


^84 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY   FARMINQ. 


CLIMATE. 

r,™?'^  average  temperature  of  the  coast  lands  of  TftmnniiMno  •     , 
770  Fahrenheit     The  coldest  weather  is  \"suaSyirJaSv' t^ 
VartulrT  ^'""'if  oc«"r  every  winter,  and  occasionally  a  litSe  snow  m' 
Lartlerdown  the  coast  th»j  winters  are  much  milder     Ti.n"""' 
heat  iM  usually  in  June,  when  lOOo  FahrenSin  the  s^mdn  L^''''^?*'^^ 
ally  reached.    The  temperature  ranires  in  the  ,,in«ffA«  i  "'^ 

.nonths,  May,  June,  July,  and  August  '*"'  ^""^  '°'"«  '"«"'• 

mo  f^  ir5"®mP*^  between  maximum  and  minimum  daily  heat  Im  ..k  . 
100  to  150  The  northers,  a  strong  wind  from  the  north  wTA.  ^"'.'^ 
out  .ain,  blow  ,t  intervals  in  the  c&der  moS     These  C^-l.l'''. 

of  which  often  comes  in  the  autumn.  Up  river  tie  extr^S  r'"^'' 
much  greater  the  temperature  sometimes  rSrr?gn7o^^^^ 
the  shade  The  absence  of  the  tnwlo  wind  with  the  great  h  v,/  '" 
the  climate  very  trying.  In  the  winter  the  noXrs^  Wow  w  h  ' 
force,  and  the  temperature  goes  lower  than  near  the  cZfn^''J^"' 
higher  plateaus  the  climate  is  more  equable.  Someportrns  iiS<l''f 
tillo,  have  a  magnificent  climate.  portions,  like  Sal- 

ELEVATIONS. 

j^Tlte  coast  portion  of  Tamaulipas  is  from  100  to  200  feet  above  the  sea 

This  city,  Matamoras,  is  1G5  feet:  Nuevo  Laredo  ^f)af^^4.    «■  , 
Negras,  1,401  feet;  mouth  of  Pecos  2  027 flfltr^on.Vf-'^^'  ^"''''"s 
2,779  feet;  near  Paso  del  Norte ToffitTlfp^^^^^  ^''^'^ 

CATTLE  IN  COAHUILA. 

The  sudden  death  of  Consul  Wadsworth  nf  Snifiii«  „.i  •  1 
on  the  8th  instant,  has  been  u  «eV^ousToss  in  th^m^^^^^^^ 
port.    At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  preparing  fSt  .0  1    .'?.  '"■ 
the  points  suggested  in  the  circular  but  ui  on  "tLrrSfl.n  ^l"'! 

in  expecting  a  very  valuable  report.  ^  '^*™"* '"' 

CONSUL  SCOTT'S  REPORT. 


ennesa  is  <: 


'aused 


aulipas  is  nlmt 
.Tanuary.  Near 
nttle  Hijow  falls. 
•  Tlio  groiiteNt 
mdo  IS  occaNion. 
s  lor  some  four 

y  lieat  is  about 
J,  with  or  win,. 
^pn  lightand 
Pnl.    Tluuiiost 
Juration  is  Irom 
puratively  (-ool, 
tlis  tiio  wind  is 
I  bo  almost  un- 
nearly  onehalt 
mes  of  heat  are 
^  Fahrenheit  in 
iat  heat  makes 
•low  with  Kreat 
coiwt.    On  the 
■  tions,  liice  Sal- 


t  above  the  sea 

'feet;  Piedras 
idio  del  Norte, 
tions  are  those 
I  Central  Itaij. 
iihuahna  City 
3rth  gives  the 


hich  occurred 
ionof  thisrp- 
iiotonlyuiwii 
» 1  had  asked 
in  Saltillo  to 
s  on  the  coast 
a  warrant  me 


ansmitted,  is 
id  ownership 


^^c 


J 

It 

z 
< 

0 


1 1   ,il 


w 


ms^ 


i:;^*.V^ 


.-Ili! 


Ibegl 
8ul  Caini 
and  OoDf 


I  give  J 
cow.  Sh 
She  Lad 
tame  it  vi 
tlte  view. 
The  "oft" 
old.  The 
staggy.  ' 
goad  are  i 
red  with  1 
wild  stooi 
guarded  I 

Tliese  V 
Enrique  J 
14  league 
so  as  to  b( 


As  Mr. ; 
desire  to  e 
given  but 

I  also  b( 
of  Browns' 
tie  ''ranch 


United 


With  tw 
live  Mexici 
Texas  cattl 
same  maun 
from  50  to 
brand  is  su 
must  say  tl 

The  laws 
country,  an 

There  are 
to  the  Unit 
have  been  s 


^,  J 


MEXICO. 
OTHEE  REPOETS. 


685 


I  beg  to  call  particular  attention  to  the  reports  transmitted  from  Cnn 

IIXCSTEATIONS. 

I  give  herewith  four  Views  of  cattle.  The  firxt.  in  Hmn^o,.„~.  >  ■  . 
cow.  She  was  about  seven  years  o  l/of  dark  briwn  .mTIK*^?'"''' 
Sbe  bad  been  millted  about  three  months  uZLhl^^!'  °,.°'°?- 
iamelt  was  with  difficulty  that  sbe  Sood  lass^e'd'^n^^g  moSlo'fl 

s,^"K;Trfar'brbtrs'sw^ 

wild  stood  fairly  still  "when  drivrintoa'c^Se^Tthf  .'.co°™r?aS 
guarded  by  four  or  five  men.  t^orrai    ana 

These  views  were  taken  at  the  "  Matanza"  ^slaughtering  place)  of  Mr 
Enrique  La  Pierre,  a  resident  of  this  city,  Who  owns  a  Sch^^some 
14  leagues  from  the  border.  They  were  all  carefully  selected  bvZ! 
so  as  to  be  fair  average  animals  of  their  respective  classes  ^ 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

As  Mr.  La  Pierre  refused  to  accept  any  payment  for  his  trouble  T 
desire  to  express  here  my  obligations  to  him,  Lt  only  as  to  the  v  ews 
given  but  as  to  much  valuable  information  concerning  cattle 

I  also  beg  to  express  my  indebtedness  to  Don  Feliciano  San  Roman 
of  Brownsville,  Tex   for  information.    Mr.  San  Eomn  2L  a ifge^^^^^^ 
tie  ''  ranche  "  near  Soto  de  la  Marina  in  this  State.  ^ 

WARNER  P.  SUTTON, 

TT  o.  Consul- General. 

United  States  Consulate-Geneeal, 

Matamoros,  December  31, 1883. 


CATTIE-EAISING  IN  CHIHUAHUA. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  SOOTT. 

Wrth  two  or  three  exceptions  the  herds  of  cattle  in  this  State  are  na- 

T  xaf  PnS^^f''^'?  ^''  ^"  "^'*  "^«P««t«  «^°««>y  ^"i«d  to  the  ordinary 
Texas  cattle  of  a  few  years  ago.    They  have  been  raised  in  much  the 

rem  r/lTr' ™r'°/ """i!  "?^"*^«  plains,  frequent  rwandering  off 
hrlfi  ^  "''^l  ^?"  *^®  hacienda  whose  brind  they  bearVwIiich 
brand  is  supposed  to  be  respected  by  neighboring  haciendado«  ZnT 
must  say  that  property  is  generally  securf  from  theft  ^''''  ^"'^  " 

couittTufTv  iif §  cattle-rearing  are  as  good  as  can  be  found  in  any 

tnS  tV-?  To?*?^^  *°  *^'«  St^te  that  would  be  worthy  of Tmportation 
to  the  United  States  for  male-breeding.  As  a  treneSl  riilo  thA  laX 
have  been  seriously  injured  by  long  inkeding  S  a  sujJlus^S^^^^^^^ 


686 


CATTLE  AND   DAIRY    FARMING. 


balls  on  the  haciendos.  Tlio  cows  are  much  superior  to  the  bulls  ind 
those  crossed  with  Shorthorns,  llorelbrds,  &«.,  make  very  desirable  ani 
malSc    The  most  marked  improvement  occurs  in  the  first  cross. 

The  nature  of  the  climate  (Chihuahua  being  within  what  is  termed 
the  "  summer  rain  belt")  demands  a  class  of  cattle  that  will  travel 
lon{?  ways  to  water,  Avhen  necessary  eat  the  grass  as  they  can  fltid  jh 
as  no  other  food  is  ever  prepared  for  them.    Such  a  thing  as  a  hav' 
.stack  or  straw-rick  I  have  never  seen  in  the  State. 

No  shelter  is  over  prepared  for  them  except  to  probably  plant  soino 
Cottonwood  along  the  ditches  and  streams  of  the  farms.    In  ukuiv  in 
stances  nature  provides  this  shade. 

The  climate  is  dry  from  October  If)  until  the  following  June  whm 
the  rainy  season  sets  in.  During  July,  August,  and  September  tlio 
vegetation  grows  very  rapidly,  and  the  plains  soon  become  covered  witli 
a  rich  growth  of  flue  grass  of  the  beech,  buffalo,  and  gramas  kinds 

The  cows  are  line  breeders,  but  I  consider  this  more  on  account  of 
climate  than  of  breed. 

Chihuahua  is  a  table-land  sloping  east  from  the  foot-hills  of  the  Siern 
Madro  Range  (where  the  plains  are  about  0,500  feet  above  the  sea)  to 
plains  and  valleys  divided  by  small  ranges  of  mountains  from  4  (Mm  tn 
5,000  feet  elevation.  ' 

These  cattle,  when  driven  to  Colorado  and  Kansas,  fatten  on  tlie  mi 
tritious  grasses  of  those  States  very  rapidly,  and  make  good  meat  fcr 

Tiio  cows  kept  for,  dairy  purposes  are  few  indeed.  They  are  noor 
milkers,  not  averaging  more  than  a  half  gallon  a  day,  and  are  oiih- 
milked  once  in  twenty-four  hours. 

]}nt  little  butter  and  cheese  are  made.    Butter  is  worth  02*  cents  per 
])0und,  and  i  very  ordinary  article  of  cheese  15  cents  per  pound     IJutter 
I)ays  a  Federal  duty  of  2U  cents  a  kilogram  and  cheese  14*  cents  a  kilo 
gram,  and  in  addition  to  this  they  both  pay  a  State  and  city  duty 

The  State  of  Chihuahua  (80,000  square  miles)  contains  about  twobini 
•Ired  and  hlty  thousand  head  of  cattle  and  not  a  fence,  except  around 
some  planted  grounds.  About  twice  a  year  each  hacienda  gatlieis  its 
cattle,  which  they  term  a  '<  Rodeo."  To  these  rodeos  the  nei^liborinn 
farmers  are  invited,  and  when  the  cattle  are  all  in  a  bunch  eacli  set  o( 
men  select  the  stock  of  their  respective  iarms  and  drive  them  lioinc 

The  (ilimate  is  art  that  could  be  desired  for  a  stock  country.  It  sel 
dom  snows  and  is  free  from  the  cold  north  wind,  termed  "  Norther.s"  in 
'it'xas. 

'I'he  j)ercentago  of  calves  is  .large  and  would  bo  larger  if  tliev  paid 
more  attention  to  the  bulls,  and  killed  oil"  the  old  ones,  which  aie  only 
in  1  he  way  of  .service  of  their  more  vigorous  juniors. 

If  .some  attention  were  given  to  proper  food  for  the  cattle  during  liard 
seasons  ;  if  hay  were  cut  and  stacked  convenient  to  water,  well-bred 
grass-raised  bulls  from  Texas  introduced,  &c.,  there  would  be  a  iniirked 
difference  in  the  cattle. 

Suflicient  crossing  has  been  done  to  show  the  great  benelits  wLicli 
will  result  from  systematic  crossbreeding. 

The  Polled  Angus  has  not  been  tried  in  this  State  as  yet.  Their 
color  is  against  them  in  a  clear  climate  where  the  sun's  ravs  iire  so 
I  lot. 

There  have  been  some  small  herds  driven  out  of  the  State  into  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona,  principally  for  l)reeding  purposes,  which  1  am  told 
have  done  well.    They  go  out  via  El  Paso,  Tex. 


MEXICO. 


58? 


They  haiuUe  the  cattle  rougiily,  even  killing  them  at  times  in  running 
them  over  tbe  range.  In  this  manner  the  cattle  become  wild  and  fail 
to  make  that  flesh  which  they  otherwise  would. 

LOUIS  n.  SCOTT. 

Consul. 
United  States  Consulate, 

Vhihtiahua,  Mexico,  November  1,  1883. 


CATTLE  IN  THE  STATE  OF  NUEVO  LEON. 

JiEPOltT  JtY  CONSUL  VAMI'IiKLL,  OF  MONTERFjY. 
DIFFICULTY   OF   OBTAINING  STATISTIC^. 

I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  a  report  ou  cattle  in  thf»  State  of  Nuevo 
Leon,  Mexico,  as  per  instructions  from  the  Department  of  State  July 
18, 1883. 

Owing  to  the  great  difiiculty  of  procuring  exact  and  reliable  infor- 
mation as  to  facts  relative  to  cattle  in  this  State  my  re])ort  will  be  nec- 
essarily meager. 

I  have  interviewed  numbers  of  the  most  intelligent  and  reliable  gen- 
tlenien  of  the  city,  many  stockmen  of  different  parts  of  the  State,  be- 
sides more  than  a  dozen  butchers  of  Monterey,  from  all  of  whom  it 
has  been  impossible  to  elicit  the  desired  information.  Some  of  them 
had  only  a  general  vague  idea,  and  most  of  them  none  at  all.  The 
butchers  could  not  tell  the  average  weight  of  any  class  of  livestock, 
nor  the  difference  between  the  net  weight  and  live  weight. 

After  boiling  down  the  many  conflicting  guesses,  and  mixing  in  my 
own  observation,  which  of  necessity  has  been  limited,  I  have  gathered 
together  a  few  facts  which  I  think  "an  be  relied  on. 


snefits  wliicii 


THE  TOPOGllAPIIY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NUEVO  LEON. 

There  is  comparatively  a  small  portion  of  the  State  utilized  for  stocik- 
ranges.  The  northern  part  is  generally  too  dry  and  poorly  watered  by 
earns,  besides  being  covered  with  the  stubby  and  thorny  chaparral 
which  overshadows  the  grass  to  such  an  extent  as  to  render  it  unfit  for 
grazing  cattle.  The  middle  and  western,  and  a  large  part  of  the  south 
of  the  State  are  divided  by  mountain  ranges  into  narrow  valleys,  which 
are  used  lor  the  purpose  of  cultivation,  leaving  the  eastern  and  south- 
eastern i)ortions  for  raising  cattle  to  any  extent. 

There  are  very  lew  extensive  ranches  in  the  State,  and  even  the  lands 
in  these  divisions  devoted  to  grazing  purposes  are  generally  overgrown 
by  chaparral,  rendering  it  extremely  difficult  for  stockmen  to  corral 
their  cattle  in  order  to  count  and  brand  them. 

THE  CATTLE  OF  NUEVO  LEON. 

Breed. — The  breed  of  '  attlo  is  almost  entirely  of  the  old  Spanish  or 
Mexican  blood.  They  lsa\  j  large  frames,  arc  of  various  colors  and  are 
hardy,  good  rustlers. 

Meat. — The  net  weight  of  beef  slaughtered  for  market,  I  would  judge, 
is  about  the  same  as  cattle  of  the  same  grade  i.i:d  age  in  the  western 
part  of  Texas,  and  the  meat  is  tender,  juicy,  and  of  good  flavor.    The 


588 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Stock-cattle  m  the  eastern  aud  soutbeasteru  part  of  tbe  State  k^^^n  i, 
excellent  conditiou  the  year  round,  and  are  generally  of  line  size     '  '" 
WorJc-oxen.—The  work-oxen  are  generally  large  and  well-kent     Ti. 

!l?e  cba^arml'  "'"  ""'""""'  ^"^  "^""^""''  ^''^"  ""^  -^okZoJl; 

NATIVE  PREFERRED  TO  FOREIGN  BREEDS. 

hrl!i^  Stockmen  are  paying  no  attention  to  the  importation  of  foroim, 
breeds,  preferring  the  native  stock,  which  they  say  arc  more  bar.  i ! 
tei  adapted  to  the  climate,  and  hence  better  feeders,  which  is  V,!' 
important  consideration,  owing  to  the  difficulties  before  mention(>/l  ^' 
Cattle  are  only  raised  in  this  State  for  beef  and  work  stock  •  n,i .,.. 
they  already  possess  the  qualities  adapted  to  these  purposos  ti,e  iJ! 
PJ' ff ««"  ^0^  ^  change  or  any  improvement  bycrossiug  these  witl.  otb  -r 
breeds.  The  improvement  of  cows  for  milk  and  butter  puriJes  h  In 
firlf  overlooked  and  not  thought  of,  although  there  is  aniple  ^ 

MILK,  BUTTER  AND  CHEESE. 

Good  niilch  cows  are  very  rare ;  in  fact  you  might  say  that  then,  nm 
none  at  all.    Goat's  milk  is  universally  used  for  domestic  purpose   i 
but  er  18  as  rare  as  manna.    Nearly  all  the  butter  used  is  oleomS 
ine  imported  from  the  United  States,  of  a  very  inferior  quSft?Si 
retails  at  60  cente  a  pound  in  Monterey.     Of  course  sich  be^nl  £ 
facts  thereis  no  cheese  manufactured  from  cow's  milk  in  this  Stitfi    a 
little  of  an  interior  grade  is  made  from  goat's  milk.    All  tbe  cbeese^nn 
sumed  here  18  manufactured  near  Monclora,  in  the  State  of  CoaSS;" 
and  that  is  not  of  the  best  quality.    It  is  retailed  hero  at  abouuScenS 
a  pound.    I  am  satisfied  that  if  the  stock  was  crossed  by  the  W 
Ayrshire,  or  some  other  good  milk  and  butter  yielding  breed  a  vS 
fine  milch  cow  would  be  the  result.    But  as  there  is  very  SdLS 
here  tor  cow's  milk  or  butter,  outside  of  a  few  hotelsfl  am  SS 
t'^e'^periS'"'  ^'''"  '^"^  «°^  ^"^  ^^^^  *^«  enterprise  to  £;[ 

CATTLE  EXPORTS  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

At  least  one-third  of  the  cattle  of  this  State  have  been  sliimiPri  ta 

hanced  their  value  very  much.    Two  years  ago  cattle  could  be  bo,  S 
"  this  S  ate  for  an  average  of  $5  a  head;  now  they  command  from  $2 
to  $14  a  head,  which  has  put  a  stop  to  large  purcbn,ses  fo    s  Sent 
rlfH  "ot  compensate  any  one  to  buy  cattle  at  thu  present  pr  S  to 
far  from  railroad  facilities  and  attempt  to  drive  them  through  the  coun" 
try  any  considerable  distance.    The  difficulties  are  numerous  amUx- 
pensive     It  would  bo  cheaper  to  buy  them  as  near  as  posSe  o  the 
oint  where  the  prospective  ranch  is  located,  even  at  ap],arenl5y  eT 
b  tant  prices.    I  know  of  one  party  who  purchased  1,.50(J  bead  of  cattle 
ast  spring  near  Leuares,  m  this  State,  and  attempted  to  drive  tbcni 
I  Ipm  hlfii!i*'°""*''*^  to  a  point  near  IMedras  Negras,  who  lost  500  of 
,«^    fi  ^  f'''''*'''®'^  J'^  destination.    Another  party  started  from 

neai  the  same  place  to  the  same  destination  a  month  later  with  .S.SOO 
head  and  lost  iJU  per  cent,  of  them,  although  he  shipped  the  most  of 
them  by  rail  ho  greater  part  of  the  way.  These  losses  were  caused  bv 
the  unreliability  of  Mexican  herders,  by  which  was  caused  stampedes 


MEXICO. 


589 


en  route,  when  the  cattle  would  scatter  through  the  mountains,  chapar- 
ral an,l  niesquito,  getting  beyond  the  control  and  recovery  of  the  herd- 
ers '  others,  for  want  of  sufficient  pasturage  along  the  narrow  valleys, 
would  give  out  and  have  to  be  left.  So  by  the  time  they  reached  their 
respective  localities  their  cattle  had  cost  them  25  per  cent,  more  than 
original  cost  and  a  world  of  trouble  and  vexation. 

The  cheapest  and  best  mode  of  exportation  of  cattle  from  the  eastern 
or  southern  parts  of  this  State  is  to  drive  them  through  to  this  place 
(Monterey),  and  ship  from  here  via  the  Mexican  National  Eailroad,  on 
account  of  the  difficulties  and  uncertainties  and  expenses  before  stated. 
They  can  reach  Laredo,  Tex.,  from  Monterey  in  eighteen  hours. 

Cattle  census  of  Nuevo  Leon,  1883. 


Mnnicipalitica. 


Abasolo 

AaniilfBuaa 

AUende 

Apodaoa 

Aramberri 

nuntamanto 

Cndcrcita  Jimpncz 

Cannon  and  Coralvo... 

Ciencgado  Kloreg 

China  and  Dr.  Arroyo  . 
Dr.  Co88  and  Escobedo. 
Galeana  and  Garcia — 

General  Bravo 

General  Teran 

fi  enoral  Trevlno 

General  Zuazua 

Gnadalnpe 

Ilipueras 

UualaliuiaeB 

Irtnbide 

Jaurcz  


Nnmbor 
of  head. 

Value. 

260 

$2,500 

050 

6,600 

050 

5,500 

580 

6,600 

050 

0,500 

aoo 

3,000 

12,700 

127,  000 

1,500 

15,000 

500 

6,000 

8,200 

82,000 

970 

9.700 

9,000 

00, 000 

!        0, 400 

64,000 

20,200 

202, 000 

3,200 

32,000 

480 

4,800 

450 

4,600 

150 

1,500 

350 

3,500 

450 

4,500 

1,600 

15,000 

MunloipalitioB. 


Lampazos  do  Karanjo 

Linares 

Los  Aldemas 

Los  Horrorns  and  Marin  . . 

Meiry  Norioga 

Mina 

Montemorolos 

Monterey 

Paras 

Pesqueria  Chlca 

KayonesandSabinas  Hidalgo 

Salinas  Victoria 

Santa  Cataina 

San  Kicolas  do  loH  Garzas, 

San  Kicolos  Ilidalgo 

Santiago 

Vallociilo 

Villaldama , 

Zaragoza 

Total 


Number 
of  liead. 


5,600 
3,000 
2,600 
:i,  800 

450 
5, 000 
3,000 
1,000 
1,650 
1,250 
12,450 
2,000 

400 

238 

12,000 

1,900 

000 
1,000 

200 


127, 738 


Value. 


$56,000 
30,000 
25,000 
38,000 
4,600 
50,000 
30,000 
18, 035 
16,  500 
12,600 

124,500 
20,000 

4,ono 

2, 380 

120,000 

19,000 

6,000 

10,000 

2,000 


1,278,515 


AN  ENEBGETIO  DAIRYMAN  WANTED. 

In  conclusion  I  would  state  that,  if  some  enterprising  dairyman  would 
start  the  ball  by  bringing  to  market  pure,  rich  milk  and  fresh,  palatable 
butter,  it  would  create  a  taste  among  the  people  for  these  luxuries  and 
a  crying  demand  before  mach  time  for  goodly  quantities  of  both. 

ROBERT  0.  CAMPBELL, 

Consul. 
United  States  Consulate, 

Monterey,  Mexico,  November  15, 1883. 


STOCK-RAISINO  IN  THE  STATE  OF  NUEVO  LEON,  MEXICO. 

SUPPLEMEN2A11T  ItEPORT  BY  CONSUL  CAMPBELL.  OF  MONTEREY. 

I  have  the  honor  to  submit  a  supplement  to  my  report  on  cattle  in  the 
State  of  Nuevo  Leon. 

In  regard  to  cattle  I  have  nothing  more  of  interest  to  add  to  my  former 
report  on  this  subject. 

This  State  is  generally  better  adapted  to  raising  sheep,  goats,  hogs, 
horses,  mules,  and  asses. 


hi 

i^  t 


Li 


590 


III 


CATTLK    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 
SHBEP-FARMINO. 


Awordint,'  to  tho  latoat  attainable  statistics,  tho  number  nf  «i       ■ 

I.Ks  State  apj.roximato  200,1)13,  the  average  value  (.f  v    ch  i^  V«  m'"'  *" 

1   ;;  breecl  ,«  abnost  entirely  the  con.mon  Mexican  or  «„u,isi,"T- 

I  icy  attain  a  medium  size  at  maturity,  andareceuerallv    op  f     t"^' 

yield  about.  2i  pounds  of  nvooI  each  to  tho  cHp,  t\S     'vl^^^^^^^    ^'l^.v 

bru.ffs  .1.  this  market  from  12  to  14  cents  a  pound.'   Sulv  ^Uu  "''"*^^'' 

produced  ,n  this  State  Is  marketed  at  Monterey  verv  ifti    1  '  ?  ""'•' 

ported     It  IS  shipped  to  various  factories  in  Mexfeo  JoV^n  u.nf  5  '' 

.     .Mto  articles  of  wear.    The  grade  of  wool  is  general  yconrsrS'  ''•■''' 

niiseis  are  beginning  to  open  their  eyes  somewhat  to  thadVnf.  ''''''■ 

iinprovinf:  their  breed,  both  for  an  increased  yield  of  w  o    .  i  '  'P.?^ 

grade.    liu    these  people  advance  very  slowly  and  LmHmis      .  '"f 

any  innovation  upon  tho  old  and  well-known  way.    A  few  Tcvn.?  "'^'^' 

bucks    larn  hof.ii   imr.r.i.«-««i    k.,*.  *i i "^    „    r '"'^  ^^exas lueiiiK, 


,„  .     „  '  imported,  but  the  advantages  of  the  crosv^  i«  ,.  ^ 

'*"^^'?'i  -Y  i^PParent  to  induce  many  to  attempt  the  cxneJimnn   "  \'^ 

coiit  of  $25  apiece  for  bucks.  ^•^Ptrinioiit  at  the 

Tlie  ilocks  being  generally  well  guarded  by  shepherds  nui  f,  •     , 
dc>gs  iiro  seldom  invaded  to  any  extent  other  dogs  or  wild  •il    "'''''' 

'J  hey  are  to  some  degree  afflicted  with  scab,  but  norLSi 
claim  serious  attention.  '    ""  ""^  *^""if'ieiitly  to 

There  are  few  very  large  flocks  in  tho  State,  ranoiun-  from  ti..     .u 
sand  to  tour  thousand,  but  the  largest  flock  number's  forKi      ^'^^'l' 
The  greatest  drawback  to  sheop-raising  is  occaSml  dro,  ;  .k  .r'"*^' 
which  sometimes  fi-om  5  to  10  percent Derish  fo.  1.     -  If"^      '  *'"'"'"» 
mutton  retails  at  8  cents  a  poifnd.  '  "''^  "^  '''''^'''-    ^^resh 

GOATKAISING. 

Goats  are  about  as  remunerative  as  sheen  as  tl.ov  ..r-> . 
not  subject  to  as  many  diseases,  and  can  get  about  t  te."  m-  ''J^' 
mountains  and  among  the  thorny  bushes  with  wl.  • .  Vi  "^^  *'^*^ 

thickly  covered.  "'"-^   ""''"^^  ^^"^'^  ^^l"eh  the  ranges  are 

Xear  towns  and  cities  largo  herds  are  oxclusively  devoted  to  tu.  . 
duction  ot  milk,  as  goat's  milk  is  almost  exclusiveirusel  fir  /''["" 
purposes  ami  for  the  manufacture  of  cheese.     The  aven  'e  •  el  TS 

^'VT^^  If  ^  ''"r^'  ''^'''^'  '^«"«  '^t  12  to  14  cents  e^miait"'"' 
Most  of  tho  male  animals  are  slaughtered  for  tim  ,n^  i  - 1'  .  ,  • , 
fmni  three  to  four  months  old,  and  are  woith  ?5  Jents  J  f  ''  'f"  ^''^' 
of  the  common  country  breed,  and  tho  in  rm^ne nt 'i  '  ,",.  Tl'^'"' 
never  dreamed  of,  though  lam  satisfied  tl  at^hrAUlfu-o  K '' 
most  handsomely,  even  by  exporting  tho  Mohair.  *  "'"^  ^'"^ 

IIOG-RAISINCt. 

Hogs  are  uot  raised  to  any  great  extent,  as  will  b(!  seen  fro...  tl...  «„i> 

srZaSr-^  -"  ™-^-  "»"•»••  '"--^  -b  "«:.'ci<o,.''iyr,,.'': 

The  average  weight  of  those  killed  for  market  is  175  pounds    Thnv 
ni?i  ?"'r^"f  slaughtered  chiefly  for  the  Ian],  wh  cli  Sgs '>oS 

ported;  ftom^hJ^l^S''£Si  ia"S^  ^^  ^rSr^i^iS" 
cured  hams  are  worth  from  GO  to  75  cents  a  pound!-         ^         '    ^  '' 


MEXICO. 


691 


Al>()ut  llvo  UofiH  aro  hi  an  filtered  a  day  to  Hupply  tho  pork  demand  ol' 
Monterey  of  r>0,{)M)  jx-oplo.  Tlio  people  are  fond  of  it,  but  the  majority 
arc  (ioinpclled  to  catcheapc"'  iiinit— bocf,  kid,  and  mutton.  Tho  jjreater 
itintof  tlio  lard  conmimcd  is  bronglit  from  surrounding  haciendas.  No 
disposition  is  nuinifestecl  to  im[)rovo  their  Htock  of  hogs  by  foroign  im- 
nortatiouH,  Huch  as  tho  (Jhester,  Berkshire,  and  tho  like. 


l)or 


IIORSE-RAISING. 


Horses  are  raised  to  a  eonsiderablo  extent  when  the  po|)ulation  is 
(•oii«i(leret1.  The  average  price  of  horses  raised  in  this  State  is  $13.50 
cacii.  They  are  principally  of  the  Brancho  breed,  of  medium  size,  well 
sliiiped,  and  very  durable  and  hardy. 

lie  is  much  better  suited  for  the  general  purposes  for  which  he  is 
needed  and  used  here  than  tho  larger  American  horse.  lie  can  travel 
fill  flier  in  a  day  on  less  water  and  food  than  tho  American  horse. 

Tliere  aie,  however,  a  good  many  large  sized  horses  raised  in  the  State 
IroMi  imported  stallions,  and  the  number  will  be  increased  as  heavy 
Anieiiean  i)Iows  and  general  agriculture  demand  them. 

A  great  many  horses,  especially  mares,  have  been  bought  and  shipped 
to  tlie  United  States  this  year.  1  think  25  per  cent,  of  tho  horses  in  tho 
State  have  been  purchased  and  shipped  beyond  tho  Rio  Grande  iu  tho 
last  twelve  months. 

MULBBAISING. 


s,  and  is  im- 


All  the  mules  used  in  tho  State  are  raised  here.  They  will  average 
11  hands  high,  aro  generally  avcU  proportioned  and  very  hardy.  There 
iirc  some  larger  mules  raised,  but  very  few  over  15  hands  high.  Many 
liavo  been  bought  by  the  Americans  and  carried  into  Texas  this  year. 
They  arc  used  entirely  for  wagon  and  carriage  juirposes  here,  having 
never  been  able  to  displace  tho  ox  from  tho  plow. 

THE  BURRO. 

The  buno,  or,  as  he  is  called  in  the  United  States,  tho  ass,  though  a 
modest  and  small  anrmal,  occupies  a  very  important  place  in  tho  in- 
dustries of  jfexico,  as  is  generally  the  case  in  all  mountainous  countries. 
Ue  is  iudisi)cnsableaud  can  never  bo  superseded  by  the  horse,  mule,  or 
locomotive. 

Perhaps  when  aerial  navigation  is  iierfected  his  dominions  will  bo 
somewhat  encroached  upon,  but  even  then  ho  will  hold  an  important 
place  in  the  industries  of  Mexico.  Kind  by  nature,  patient  to  a  fault, 
economical  in  his  diet,  ho  will  eat  his  allotted  rations  of  cactus  at  home, 
and  enjoy  a  modicum  of  old  rags,  paper,  &c,,  when  ho  comes  to  town 
without  complaint.  Burdened  with  loads  larger  than  himself,  ho  sub- 
mits to  the  cruel  whacks  of  his  master's  "baston"  without  murmur. 

Ue  is  faithful  and  true.  He  bears  his  rider  with  unerring  step  along 
precipitous  mountain  ledges,  and  packs  ponderous  burdens  of  gold  and 
silver  ore  from  otherwise  inaccessible  mountain  heights  to  the  valleys 
below.  Fruits  and  agricultural  products  aro  brought  by  him  Irom 
"  quiutas "'  among  rugged  hills  to  the  hungry  of  tho  cities,  and  with  equal 
good  grace  he  tugs  with  his  heavy  loads  of  fire- wood  from  forests  high 
>.ip  the  mountain  sides  to  warm  the  shivering  denizens  of  tho  city  and 
hamlet. 


592 


CATTLE   AND  DAIRY  FABMINQ. 


With  till  Iu8  valuiiblo  ([ualitics  and  great  utility  ho  in  worth  oi.ivi^ 
111  tho  market.  "■"  *>* 

Largo  droves  of  the  ma  are  uHcd  to  transport  inerchandiBo  from  ,.ij„ 
to  viHago,  and  from  hacienda  to  t(»wn  over  roads  too  rugged  for  w.i  - ,. 

KOBT.  0.  CAMPBELL, 

United  States- Consulate,  (^'(^mul. 

Monterey,  December  ;j,  1883. 


m 


CATTLE-RAISING  IN  THE  STATE  OF  TAMAUIIPAS. 

nK PORT  BY  OONSVL  SMITH,   OP  NUEVO  LAREDO. 

In  responsototho  cattle  circular  of  Jnly  18,  1883, 1  have  fli«  i.,.,,. 
to  submit  tho  following :  j-      ,      oo,  x  nave  tiic  houor 

1  rn  "^•^*'''  purposes  of  this  report  inquiries  have  l»con  made  on  a  teiritorv 
160  miles  long  and  75  miles  wide.  "^"iiory 

THE  TAMAULIPAS  CATTLE-RANGE. 

The  features  of  this  territory  have  often  been  described,  but  itn.av 
not  be  amiss  to  state  that  tho  greater  part  of  it  is  a  plain  n„t  irS 
praine,  but  resembling  very  decidedly  rolling  prairie  bro laM,  by  2 
ranges  of  low  hilla.  ^  *"""^ 

Coycring  this  whole  territory  there  is  an  abundant  growth  of  a  sl.nrf 
nutritious  grass,  upon  which  cattle  tiirivo  very  finely. 

Cattle  require  neither  feeding  nor  shelter,  or  what  would  perLansdo 
scribe  tho  ordinary  practice  more  correctly,  they  receive  no  care  m 
such  as  relates  to  herding.  ^^^ 

The  soil  is  for  the  most  part  a  sand v  loam  with  a  substratum  of  sand 

extent.    Chalky  limestone,  which  makes  excellent  lime,  is  foiin  lin 
some  localities.  '  "  "' 

Water  is  very  .scarce  and  is  often  found  at  long  distances  only.  10  to 
IJ  miles.  Thjs  is  a  great  drawback  to  cattlcraisers,  it  being  rsotLat 
cattle  must  of  necessity  be  driven  several  miles  to  water.  A  drouS 
means  loss  and  damage  to  cattle-owners.  Tho  drought  of  the  nresenf 
year,  which  was  exceptionally  severe,  was  absolutely  disastrous  to  many 
men  and  seriously  decreased  tho  number  of  animals. 

THE  EFFECTS  OF  DKOUGHT   IN   CATTLE-RAISING. 

It  is  estimated  that  there  arc  now  about  40,000  head  of  cattle  on  tbis 
range.  The  larger  part  of  these  aro  held  by  men  who  have  lurce 
ranches  and  own  tho  water  they  need.  Small  cattle-owners  aro  larcelv 
damaged  in  time  of  drought  for  the  scarcity  of  water,  and  because  the 
scorched  grass  is  innutritions. 

There  aro  not  many  cat-tic  near  tho  Rio  Grande,  because  of  the  facility 
ot  escape  by  cattle-thieves  across  tho  river. 

Tho  old  Spanish  breed  of  cattle  is  tho  only  one  found  here.  It  is  as- 
serted by  stockmen  that  tho  heavier  breeds  of  cattle  cannot  be  made 

f""~ ' "&  '■'^  '""  '^'^"^^  '^""''  ^^^y  •oiiuiiuL  uuuure  me  longinps  to 

and  from  water.    They  say  it  does  not  seriously  hurt  these  light-bodied 
animals  to  go  10  miles  a  day  for  water,  but  that  heavy-bodied  animals 


MKXICO. 


593 


would  surely  biouk  down.  Wlititlior  or  not  tlio  HUpiiosilioii  it*  correct. 
iimI  so  Ciir  iis  1  ciiii  h'lini  it  is  only  suppoHitlon,  it  HervcM  iiw  an  eflnliiul 
object  ion  to  the  intioiluelioii  of  otiier  l)ree(ls.  I  huvo  no  inCortnatioii 
tliiitiiiiy  attempt  has  been  niiule  to  introduce  uny  other.  I  can  con- 
ceive tiiat  when  some  man  (lenu)nHtrateH  the  I'eaHiUility  of  makin^'  wcHm 
80  as  to  insure  u  good  water  supply,  the  whole  tiuestiou  will  be  chunked. 

MILK,  BUTTEB,  AND  OHEESB. 

Millv  is  oidy  an  incident.  A  man  is  content  if  he  can  K*^t  milk  enon;4:li 
for  iiis  family  fioni  ten  to  twenty  cows.  A  cow  is  popidarly  supposed 
to  vii'ld  a  gallon  of  milk  a  day,  but  half  that  quantity  would  be  nearer 
the  truth  here.  . 

I'.utter  is  not  made  to  any  extent.  The  milk,  as  I  haveoliserved  it,  is 
very  thin  and  ])Oor.    Then  the  excessive  heat  renders  butter-making 

(liilicult.  .   ,  .         ,      ^  , 

A  little  cheese  is  made,  put  up  in  little  cakes  wei{,djinK  about  a  pound. 
Tliey  look  as  digestible  as  marble,  yet  people  eat  them  and  live. 

THE  OEASSES  OF  TAMAULIl'AS. 

There  are  no  cultivated  grasses.  The  short  grass  found  on  the  plaiiiH 
..rows  under  api)arently  unfavorable  conditions,  and  while  there  is  pruc- 
Tieally  a  limited  range,  there  is  no  motive  to  cultivate  grasses.  I  do  not 
tliiiiU"  that  any  one  of  the  ordinary  grasses  cultivated  elsewhere  would 
succeed  here."  I  think  the  excessive  droughts  which  prevail  would 
make  their  successful  cultivation  impossible. 

(JATTLE  EXPOETS. 

• 

Comparatively  few  cattle  are  kept  on  the  ranches  to  maturity.  Tlio 
sales  are  mostly  of  two  and  three  year  olds.  The  price  is  agreed  on 
between  seller 'and  buyer  with  reference  to  an  average  as  they  stand, 
the  buyer  stipulating  that  they  shall  be  in  good  flesh. 

Only  a  very  small  number  of  fattened  animals  are  driven.  For  the 
iiioNi  i)art  the  beeves  exported  come  from  small  owners  near  the  point 
of  exDort. 

The  larger  part,  almost  all  the  cattle  oxi)orted,  are  taken  to  points  in 
Texas  and  farther  north  lor  fattening.  The  cattle  on  the  range  are 
neither  sheltered  nor  fed,  and  are,  therefore,  in  better  traveling  con- 
dition than  very  fat  animals. 

No  considerable  luunber  of  (lattle  have  been  exported  for  breeding 
purposes. 

MISCELLANEOUS  STATISTICS. 

When,a8in  this  year,  there  have  been  heavy  losses  of  cattle,  and  herds 
must  have  the  nuinbta-  of  breeding  aidnials  increased,  these  are  drawn 
from  the  State  of  Chihuahua  by  i  anclunen  living  near  the  Sierras.  No 
breeding  cattle  have  been  imported  from  the  States  at  this  point  dur- 
ing the  year. 

A  majority  of  the  work  animals  are  bulls.  Some  oxen  are  seen,  but; 
comparatively  few. 

These  observations  have  been  very  general  from  the  fact  thjj 
diita  were  iuipossible.  The  estinutte  of  numbers  of  a?!imals  is  i 
obtainable. 

n.  Ex.  51 38 


694 


CATTLK   AND   DAIRV    lAUMING. 


nitflc.     I'lu'  land  m  vlwuu,  uimI  ir  is  idiiji  ih-H  11,14,11;..,....  ""'''  " 

mit.  wouM  llnd  (|.i«  a  i.uLt  juvaing  Si.  '"l*'"'««'"t  ••"..•r,ui.i„,, 

s'tIOI»IIKN   II.  .SMITH, 

Unitkd  Statkm  Conhui.atk,  ^'"""^I' 

A'ltcvo  /Ainilo,  J)i'ccmljer 'J,  1S8.J. 


THE  BftEEDINO  CATTLE  OF  NORTHERN  MEXICO. 
I  liitvi*  flic  lioiior 


tl.c  case.     Wlnli.  ^  u^^^'uZ;,:^;^J^ZZZ^:''^'  ''"'  ^"••''  '^"<'f 

too  mud.  Iijri.t  ,nul<-nH.ath  tl.  ■„.,  thus  inid,>"M.-r.'n'.;f  '/''''''''> 
ami  niuscula.-  ,lev,,l<>pu..M.l,.  HuJl.  is  n  .  ,  '  Ttl  S  /  !  ,  ^T^;''  ''"'' 
that  the.v  have  W.m.  l„o  ,uu,.h  iulmMl.  It  i^^^m:^tZziV''^'^'^'' 
country,  for  no  lo-ion  under  the  sun  is  heft  ..  /       '""''"'  ""' 

than  Northern  Mcxi.M,.     l^il^^T^l!!^'  I'^l'"'^''^^^'^.  f"  «''>^vi„..  st, 


it  i«  a  jjenerally  rec.;;,ni^e.l"L;r7hat^';i.e'^S?n' ^S  1'"^'"''^' 
to  auU  much  smaller  than  Aiiieii,...i,  ,...i.,l  1    ^  .  "^'V^"  T"'"'^  '«  '"'eiioi' 

ca„,:e  i,..i,„. ..  „„,„i,„„i;:;;';  ;^,"r,', ;  Vv '  s:;':;,  .;:'„',::';  ■^'™'-' 

upon  which  to  cross  the  uniieclirifih.,!     in  1. .  '"'^'-y^t'ljcnt  nicdiiiin 

Such  <;ross  pHnluces       "  -1       :'^^^^^^^^  and  other  fiiu.  l,l„o,|,s. 

estimated  bv  So     hern  a  1     Wes  1  i''-'*'^  '"'.""'^'  ''"'^  '"^  '"J^'I'lv 

The  first  cross  Is  es\Yn  ate    at  io     /r  /  n     h?'  ^uitod  States. 

and  thoiisands  of  beeves    ftls'S.rV';';'^^  the  un^radd; 

l.orted  from  the  praiHils  o  ' Tex  s  N mv  M         T^'^  '"'"  •"'"'»  "•"'■^• 
Colorado  t..  Chi(U    ;uh/s.,^  ,M  mS^  ^.^       n'-  ^'"""'^'  ^^''"•^'^'^"-  "'"' 

iwi  cattle  of  the  NSthenMSla:.';"^;;:f '--"^ 

''  tine  bloods"  an,/'  the^  ac::!linm^i     m  s'  0'^':  "Z .1.  :f:'';r'T 


B.  J.  J'KllJuEN 


Unitkd  STAi-Kti  Consula'j 

Piedran  Negrm,  JJecember  10, 1883. 


l"E, 


Vke-Comul, 


MEXICO. 


595 


CATTLE-RAISING  IN  CONOR! 

ItKVOUT  Hi  VOSSUL  WILLAkU.  <>*'  UUAXUSa, 

I}|(Ki:d. 

Ill  i('|>l.v  to  <!in!ular  juid  ciittlii  iiicmoiandii,  of  .Inly  IH  IunI,  ivc«flved 
af  lliis  ollli-c,  1  liiivc  tilt'  lioiuir  to  report  tlnit  the  c  iltle  of  this  disfrict 
lilt'  llit^  loii;;'lioriiril  Hpiiiiish  brct'il,  of  iiictliutii  size,  priiKtipiill.v  missed 
on  wild  piiNtun\  and  mainly  iisi'd  tor  lal)t>r  anil  as  niL'at.  No  Imttcr  or 
clict'Nt',  savo  wliat,  is  iiHotl  lor  litmio  foiisniiiptlon,  hclii';  produced,  aiitl 
that  only  hi  tho  northern  heotion  of  tho  tliHtrict. 

'  PKIOKS. 

The  i)iiri!haHin^'pri(«of  eatth'  is  as  follows:  Stotrk-cattlc,  from  one  to 
two  years  t»ld,  #.S  to  $10  5)er  head  ;  three  to  four  yeavH  and  over,  ijlTJ  to 
jjtIS  per  head  j  cowm  with  calves,  8l(>  to  i«<;j()  each. 

LACK  Ol''  BTATlSTIOa. 

No  cuts  or  forms  of  animals  are  obtainable  hero,  fiom  the  fatit  that 
in  iioiHi  of  the  seetions  of  this  distrittt  is  any  record  kept  of  the  niiiiiher 
of  cattle  raised,  its  increase  or  tle(a'ease,  nor  the  (causes  thereof,  what  is 
biitcheriul  or  exported,  nor  of  dairy  jiroducts.  [t  is  ilnpossil)l(^  to  liiriiish 
any  statistics  on  these  points. 

EXpRlZTS   TO   THK   UNITKD  8TA'':2«. 

Ul)to  one  year  aj^o  but  few  caitie  wen^  exported  to  the  ITnited  States 
irtim  this  district.  The  nunibei  of  cattle  exported  to  Arizona  and  New 
Jlexico  from  this  district  for  the  quarter  entliii};'  Seittember  30  last, 
was  r),li84,  which  includes  one,  two,  and  four  year  ohls  and  iijjward,  the 
most  of  which  are  claimed  by  the  purchaser  to  be  for  breeding  purposes. 

IMPORTS  FROM   J'lIE  UNITED  STATES. 

As  regards  the  means  of  increasinjnr  the  exports  of  meats  and  dairy 
products  to  this  district  from  the  Uniteil  States,  at  present,  there  are 
uoue. 

SONOKA  AS  A  CATTLE-UANGE. 

There  is  no  reason  why  Soiiora  shoultl  not  be  a  large  ami  profitable 
Held  for  stock-raising,  as  the  greater  portion  of  the  lands  are  more  tit 
for  grazing  purposes  than  for  culture. 

A.  WILLAKD, 

Conmil. 

CONSILATB  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES, 

Guaymas,  October  5,  1883. 


696 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    I'AKMJNG. 


CATTLE  IN  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 

liEPOBT  BY  CONSUL  VJOSVA,  OF  LA  VAX.  > 

The  rancheros  or  cattle-breeders  of  the  i)eiiinsiilii  are  .still  i..Don„t   t 
the  lar  superior  breeds  existin|>iii  ot!i(>reouiitrieH.     Tlie  cattle  i7i(i„,i      , 
into  the  territory  by  the  li:st  Spanish  settlers  have  continued  lo    !  -1 
l)ropaf-atnis-  breed,  and  not  until  a  few  yeaivs  ayo  did  the  firm,.,     ,'• 
La  Paz  aiul  around  San  Jos6  and  Cape  San  Lucas,  who  iiie  in  r,,,,M  " 
bu8nies.s  coiuniunication  with  the  people  of  Upper  (!aliforuii  Icir    Ii 
existence  elsewhere  of  other  kinds  of  stock  of  jj;re;'ter  supei'i(')iilv   i 
their  lonj;-  run  out  breed  of  Spanish  cattle.     Ilejic,^  the  intrddiicfi.m  '!• 
American  breeding.'  stock  froui  California  has  practically  eviiuHMl      , 
the  otl'spring  resultin.ir  from  the  native  or  Spanish  and  Aniericui  (••  n'l 
are  already  giving-  much  better  results,  and  this  has  created  consi  .  / 
able  sensation  among  farmers  and  cattle-breeders  liere.  '    ' 

It  would  be  very  difiicult  to  ascertain   the  total  nuiid)er  of  oitt|,>  i 
the  district,  and  more  so  rhe  percentage  of  the  two  existin<.'h,.,li 
The  stock  now  in  the  country  i.s  not  only  sufliciei.t  for  home  deinn  k 
but  also  to  partly  suiply  the  Gulf  border  States  with  dried  h^JTl 
tallow,  besides  slii[iping  yearly  an  approximate  amount  of  r>  ooo  i.J 
to  tlie  United  States  and  Europe,  notwithstanding  the  inort  ilitvni' 


cattle  caused  by  the  ,-..arcity  of  rains  during  the  previous  vears. 


rv. 


lity  of 

To  make  a  rejM^t  of  anything  near  the  requirement  oTtJie  ii'iemo,..,,Hi, 
18  beyond  po.ssibility.  "'.tmu 

JAS.  VIOSOA, 
United  States  Consulate,  .  (^onmd. 

La  Paz,  December  6,  1883. 


HONDURAS. 


597 


HONDURAS. 


CATTLE  IN  HONDURAS. 

REPORT  BT  CONSUL  nEURING  OF  TEGUCIGALPA. 
PASTURE  LANDS  OF  HONDURAS. 

Larf?e  herds  of  cattle  a,ro  owned  in  the  departments  of  Ste.  Barbara, 
(!()iiiayagua,  and  Tegncigalpa,  but  the  largest  are  hehl  in  tlie  depart- 
iiiciits  of  Olanclio,  Gracias,  Yoro,  and  Colon. 

^fnch  of  the  country  of  Ste.  Barbara  presents  a  surface  very  uneven, 
hut  the  whole  of  it  is  covered,  even  the  steep  rounded  hills  from  to])  to 
bottom,  with  a  living  verdure,  kept  fresh  and  ])erennial  by  the  mists 
which  hang  about  the  summits,  or  condense  into  showers.  lu  the  val- 
leys nearly  every  square  league  is  abundantly  watered  l»y  pure  limjMd 
streams,  swift  and  cool  and  healthy  for  cattle.  Pine  trees  scattered 
o\ cr  the  mountain  sides  afford  all  the  shade  that  is  needed,  and  along 
tlie  water- courses,  palms,  plantains,  bananas,  mangoes,  and  wild  iigs, 
with  many  other  plants  and  trees,  grow  most  luxuriantly.  Cattle  eat 
eagerly  and  fatten  quickly  on  the  leaves  and  tender  twigs  of  the  wild  lig. 

In  the  departments  of  Tegucigalpa  and  Comayagua  are  a  few  valleys 
of  large  size,  one  at  the  city  of  Comayagua,  which  has  been  cultivated 
for  centuries,  and  was  at  one  time  a  well  irrigated  and  productive  re- 
gion, where  sugarcane,  cotton,  maize,  rice,  and  fruits  were  grown  in 
abundance,  bat  the  irrigating  ditehes  have  been  negh^cted  and  the  li«!lds 
have  become  wastes,  whereon  the  thorny  cactus  blossoms  undisturbed. 
In  the  dry  seasons  the  plain  of  Comayagua  resembles  certain  parts  ot 
the  Indian  Territory,  or  of  Colorado.  The  soil  is  coiniiosed  of  washings 
from  the  volcanic  hills  surrounding  this  great  valley,  and  of  ashes  from 
the  volcanoes.  It  is  doubtless  rich  in  the  mineral  ,>*le:v.ents  required  for 
the  growth  of  vegetation,  and  needs  nothing  more  than  water  and  cul- 
tivation to  mak«i  it  produce  au  abundance  of  food  for  man.  Now,  the 
t-rass  is  scant,  dead  and  brown,  yet  the  live  stock  crop  it  freely,  and 
seem  to  iind  in  it  ample  nourishment  to  sustain  life  without  loss  of  llesh. 

The  departments  of  Tegucigalpa,  Choluteca,  and  La  l*az  are  on  the 
arid  slope  of  the  Pacifle.  Here  but  little  rain  falls,  and  the  pasturage 
is.  conseo.  leutly,  not  so  good  as  it  is  on  the  Atlantic  Slope,  where  the 
winds,  laden  with  moisture  from  the  warm  waters  of  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
are  forced  ui)\vard  to  a  higher  and  cooler  altitude  and  deposit  their  bur- 
den in  Irequent  showers.  On  the  Western  (/ordillcras  the  rains  come 
from  the  winds  that  blow  at  certain  seasons  from  the  Paei(ic,iind  when 
these  rains  fall  vegetation  springs  up  in  most  lu\uriant  profusion  over 
all  these  hills  and  in  all  these  innumerable  valleys,  and  everv  rod  of 
l)iisfure  is  (ilothed  with  grass,  fresh  and  nutririoiis,  upon  which  cattle 
(|iiickly  re,i.'ain  the  llesh  lost  during  the  drought.  When  a  long  period 
])asses  without  rain,  as  has  occured  in  this  region,  stock  sillier  greatly, 


aiHl  soiHi-tiiiie: 


s  li.ivii  ijecii  known  to  starve, 


The  departments  of  Olancho,  Yoro,  and( 


Ti-acias,  siir])ass  all  others  as 


m 


grazing  regions,  as  those  who  have  Keen  them  readily  concede.    These 


598 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARAIING. 


broad  Siiv;iiin;i,lis,  stivtcliiii;^;  for  many  milos  almost  uiibrokini    in.  on 
oreil  by  a  most  liixiuiaiit  (•ari)otof  «rass,  ami  an^  oi-o.sscd  by  lnm,],,,  j 
ot  small  streams,  rising,'  in  the  ,t.raveily  hills  of  tlu^f.()ld  l)eai'in"-,|iS 
west  of  the  i)laiii8.     Tlie  ])rairies  arc  constantly  refreshed  liy  sli„u'l 
whieh,  boffinninff  in  May,  in.aease  in  frequency  and  dnraticm   nnfii ;'" 
November  and  early  December,  when  th«?y  become  almost  contiii  1 
rams,  at  times  falling'  copiously  every  nif.ht,  for  two  or  three  «,.'*' 
Lnt  lortunalely  the  days  are  usually  clear  and  ])leasant  even  in  ti  '*'' 
rainy  seasons,  and  though  (he  streams  rise  rapidly  over  iii<>-ht  t\u.l 
rapidly  fall  dnrino-  the  day.  ""        "^'^  "« 

CATTLE  UREEDING  IN  HONDUKAS. 

Under  snch  favorable  circumstances  cattle  have  ranged  for  ceiifnri 
on  tlie  plains  :ind  mr.sds  of  Honduras;  yet,  no  attempt  appears  ev',  1'^ 
have  been  made  to  improve  tli(>m  by  the  introdiietioii  of  impioveil  hi, Li 
by  the  selection  of  th.',  best  animals  wi.li  which  to  add  to  size  stiei ,!? 
or  (piahty,  or  by  other  means  known  to  bieedeis  in  other  laiids     Tl 
IS  awantofi>roi)ermana,yemeiit,  andofaiteiition  to  the  easiest  •md  ■.!'",' 
natural  methods.     Jiulls  are  not  (tastrated  until  (iiey  are  thieev 
old,  and  men  who  I'liii  cattle  estates  sav  that  about  oiie-tifth  eisim'i 
at  this  a.oe die  from  t he  elfe(!ts  of  the oi)eration.     Thev  believe  i l.'.r ,;!,'.'' 
would  die  it  the  operation  was  performed  earlier,  l)u"t  thev  admit       , 
they  have  never  known  of  a  trial  of  the  plan  of  alterin-i  very    ..   '! 
animals.  -^  ymug 

The  custom  of  selecting  for  slaughter  the  strongest,  sniootli.Nt    nwi 
best  bulls  m  the  herd  has  doubtless  done  much  to  checl-'  the  n-  h' 
tendency  to  the  improvement  of  tin.  breed,  winch,  but  tor  this  enstr 
mi-iit  have  been  of  -leat  value,  under  the  very   iav()rable  ,.oi,,]iVi     " 
existing  111  the  districts  named,  even  without  the  use  of  am  alivi       m 
proved  stock.     (Jalves  suck  their  dams  much  loii-er  than  thev\iV.  ' 
lowed  to  suck  them  in  the  United  States.     Frecpieiitly  a,  cow  in, v  it 
-s  -en  standing  (piietly.  wiiih.  a  youn-  calf  tuy-in-  at  a  teat  oa  on,,  si.l  ' 
is  aided  in  emptyiiif.-  the  udder  by  a.  yearliii-  snckinj.-  awav  at  a^  to^,    ,! 
the  other  side.     The  spectacle  has  been  seen  of  a  (u.w  s.H-ldin.-  od 
while  a  hei ter  stoo<l  siickin-  1  he  opposite  teat,  and  at  the  same  time  i'vl 
su.:k  to  iier  own   newly-boin  scarcely  dried  by  the  sun,  it  had  seeiitir 
the  hrst  lime  only  an  hour  or  so  before. 

Notwithstan(iinj.-liies.j  disadvantages  the  cattle  here  are  nrolifibh^ 
to  their  ovneis,  are  of  excellent  <p.ality  for  beef,  of  hir-e  size  and  ro- 
niar!<able  doc'lily  ;  and  with  the  modern   improved  methods  of  tint 
ment  aii<l  breedin.o-,  they  coiild,  o(<-oiirse,  be  made  far  more  vahiMhhV 

DESTUUOTION  ()!'"  OAT'l'LI.;  15V  WILD  IJKASTS. 

There  are  few  daiifzers  threatening  cattle  in  Hondiuas.  Chief anioiic^ 
those  wliH-h  do  exist  is  that  aiisiii-  from  the  existence  of  the  iii(MMit;iin 
ion,  tiie  b  ack  (i-er.  or  imnia,  and  the  <'ouoar.  Theseaiiinniisc.iitiiiuc 
to  Iiaiint  the  inouiitaiiis  and  occa^ionally  kill  calves  or  yearliii<'.s  The 
U}iv<-  IS  callable  of  killin-' a  <rrown  Imjl.  roitiinatelv'tlie  wild  "hcM.fs 
are  not  so  bu'imdable  as  in  the  north,  and  consnpientlv  hKssesfn.m  tlicii- 
attacks  are  not  very  j^reat.  The  killiiiM-  (.f  a  eow  or  a  veailiii^'  or  t\v,. 
by  wild  beasts  occasions  consideiai)le  excitement  in  d',,.  iiPioi,),,,,!,,,,,,] 
where  it  occurs,  and  usually  results  in  a  luint  which  ends  in  the  dfiitii 
ot  the  cattle  dest rover. 


I 


HONDURAS. 


599 


THE  CATTLE  SPIDER. 

Anotber  drawback  to  the  cattle  industry  i8  foniid  in  the  existence  of 
a  spider,  which,  it  is  said,  rushes  out  of  its  burrow  in  the  ground,  when 
disturbed  by  the  tread  of  stock,  and  bites  tl)e  animal  at  the  first  tender 
place  it  reaches,  which  is  just  ai)ove  the  hoof;  and  this  causes  fever  and 
inflaiuraation.  The  fever  results  in  a  sej)aration  of  the  hoof  frouj  the 
skin,  and  the  hoof  falls  off".  An  early  application  of  aqua  ammonia  or 
strong  tobacco  juice  will  stop  the  inliamniation  and  ])revent  the  loss  of 
the  hoof. 

STOCK  BANGERS  AND  HERDERS. 

By  law  all  owners  of  cattle  have  the  light  to  graze  their  stock  upon 
the  Government  lands;  but  no  one  has  the  right  to  inclose  such  lands 
without  tirst  obtaining  a  concession  from  the  (Joverninent  of  sucli  right 
or  privilege.  Ilowever,  there  is  little  or  no  need  for  fencing,  as  no  causes 
exist  here  that  drive  cattle  from  their  accustomeil  range.  No  lierce 
storms  sweep  over  these  savannas  to  drive  cattle  beibre  them  for  days 
without  ceasing  ;  no  frost  ruins  the  grass  ;  no  ice  closes  the  streams  ; 
no  snow  covers  the  herbage,  and  shade  is  furnished-  by  the  scattered 
live  oaks,  the  pines,  and  by  the  hills.  Stock  that  has  become  wonted 
to  any  locality  will  find  nothing  to  tempt  or  to  drive  it  to  stray.  This 
is  decidedly  favorable  to  the  owner,  since  he  is  saved  the  expense  of 
fencing,  and  needs  but  few  men  to  care  for  his  herds.  Indeed,  it  is 
stated  by  those  who  have  givi^n  the  subject  much  study,  that  ;">(>  events 
per  head  will  pay  all  necessary  exj)enses  of  keei)ing  a  herd  of  eatile  in 
Honduras.  The  native  or  Indian  is  by  instinct,  training,  and  inclina- 
tion a  vaquero,  or  herdsman.  He  can  readily  drive  herds  through  the 
forest  paths  among  the  hills,  and  as  readily  find  any  animals  that  stray 
from  the  herd,  lie  is  a  keen  hunter,  an<l  therefore  useful  in  ]n'otecting 
the  herd  from  attacks  by  wild  animals.  Such  men  can  be  hired  for  $100 
to  $150  per  year.  They  are  docile,  faithful,  and  even  att'ectionate  to 
those  who  deal  justly  with  them.  They  are  easily  fed,  for  plantains,, 
bananas,  yams,  and  other  food,  upon  which  they  usually  live,  grow  iu 
every  part  of  the  country. 

CATTLE  TAXATION  AND  EXPORT  DUTIES. 

Ownership  of  stock  is  indicated  by  branding,  as  "out  West"  in  the 
United  States.  The  various  brands  are  recorded  in  the  districts  where 
the  herds  are  kept,  and  wlien  there  is  a  sale  tiie  bi'and  is  duly  described 
in  the  bill  of  sale.  A  tax  of  $2  per  head  is  levied  by  the  Governu>ent  on 
each  sale  of  cattle,  ami  a  municipal  tax  of  50  cents  jier  head  upon 
slaughtering.  A  duty  of  $2  per  head  is  imposed  upon  bulls  and  steers 
(exported  and  of  $10  upon  eacli  cow  exported.  As  (!0ws  are  worth  only 
ibout  $1<S  when  exported,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  export  duty  of  $10 
])ractically  prohibits  the  exportation  of  cows  from  this  Republic.  Slaugh  - 
tering  heifers  or  cows  cai)able  of  breeding  is  i)rohibited  by  law.  So  it 
is  evident  that  the  Government  of  Honduias  by  these  wise  regulations 
is  fostering  the  interests  of  cattle-growers  as  well  as  of  the  country  gen- 
erally, for  the  restrictions  upon  the  exportation  and  the  slaughter  of 
cows  are  causing  a  rapid  increase  of  the  cattle  in  the  country. 

CATTLH  INCREASE  IN  HONDURAS. 

From  the  most  trustworthy  information  obtainable,  the  increase,  the 
exi)ense,  and  the  income  of  herds  of  cattle  in  Ilonduras  are  fairly  rep- 
resented by  the  following  table,  furnished  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Perry, an  Intel- 


a 


w 


eoo 


CATTLE   AND   t>ATRV   PARMINO. 


ligeut  oxpert  iii  il.p  cattle  bnsinoss,  niul  it  is  basod  upon  tlie  snnw 
tioi)  tbat  the  lierd  i5=,in  Micl)('<-imiiiij.-,  composed  of  1,000  cows  nbo  tT 
drop  their  first  calves.  The  averiio-e  annual  incuease  that  Tvil  r  1, 
inatunty  is  aasnined  to  be  .SO  per  cent,  of  the  nnmb(>r  of  bearin.r  ,.«„ 
in  the  herd.  Practical  graziers  here  declare  that  an  averai>e  veriK  ,  ''' 
crease  of  more  than  80  percent,  may  be  confidently  expected  but  ,ln " 
carefully  kept  records  showing  tbat  to  be  true- are  obtainabl(>  i'  ! 
deemed  better  to  use  the  above  as  the  basis  of  said  table,  which  LI 
follows :  '  '  "*''*' 


Toara. 


Ono  year 

Two  vcars 

Tlircd  .vtiirs... 

I'oiir  y(!iir« 

rivo.viiars 

Six  y<!ar» 

Soveu  y<iars  . . . 
Eigbf.  ycaiH ... 

Niuo  yoais 

Ten  yours 

Totals... 


Cows. 


1,000 
1,000 
1,400 

1,  mo 
L'.noo  I 
;i,  080 

4,024 

r..  250 
«,fi(ir)  I 

8,907  I 


8,  OCT 


IIoiforK. 

KmIIh. 

400 

400 

400 

400 

rm 

fiOO 

720 

720 

014 

044 

],2;i2 

1,2;)2 

1,000 

1,00!) 

2,102 

2,  102 

2,740 

2,  740 

3,  MO 

y,580 

11,200  j 

! 

14,  299 

Value  of 

biill.sal 

3  yoaVH. 


$1,  000 

4,  000 

5,  0U(» 
H,  040 

11,328 
18,4H0 

21,  i;ir, 

42,  040 
54,  920 
89,  070 


Vnino  of 
heiilH. 


$12,000 

10,  (iOO 

2(i,  800 

35, 700 

40,  280 

00,  080 

80,  850 

122,  iifiO 

171,440 

270,  C20 


HxpeiiHos. 


Xet  m 


202,813        270,020 


$1, 000 
1,400 
1,800 
2,  ,^(il) 
3,U«0 
4,024  ! 
r),2.W  ' 

o.wiri 

8,0(17 
11,713 


40,4115 


:ain. 


t:t,  000 
'-'.iMi 

2,800 

f.'jfio 

i<,248 

14,450 

1»,«7!) 

H^lTj 

4:.,9,-,;) 

210,  ,118 


It  will  be  seen  that  at  the  end  of  ten  years  tbe  herd  will  consist  of- 


1,000  Hcrul)  cows,  wliicli  may  l)o  valiu'd  at  flO  oacli 

1,;U)0  grade  cow.s, ■which  may  he  valued  at  ^V2  each 

2,89()  fATado  cows,  whicli  may  h<»  valued  at  ^If)  each 

;{,71l  fj;rado  cows,  which  may  he  valiitul  at  |:20  each 

5,41)2  yearlinjnrs,  which  m;i.y  l)e  valued  at  ifilU  each 

7,172  liiKh-grado  calves,  which  may  ho  vjilned  at  .'iJilO  eacsh. 


^10,000 

ifi,;«o 

4;i,440 
T4,2:'0 
54,920 
71,720 


Total. 


'i70,t]!0 

The  valuation  of  the  above  has  been  estimated  as  follows  •  ]  000  cows 
of  the  original  stock  will  be  wortji  $10  each  for  beef  at  tli.'  end  of  tlioir 
us.'tiilness  as  breeders.  The  increase  of  ( lie  herd  during  tlie  tiist t lnw 
years  will  include  l,liOO  half-breed  and  100  three.<piart('r  blood  Iieifor. 
valiu'd  at  )^V2  each.  The  next  r  lire((  years  there  will  be  l.liOO  half  ')G(l 
threeqiiartrr,  '^rM  .seven-eighth,  and  480  heifers  .if  higher  "rade' 'ill 
valued  at  8ir>  each.  Jn  the  seventh  and  eighth  vears  tlieKMvoiild'ho 
liroduced  lu'ifers  as  follows:  800  half,  ;5L'0  tineeciuarter  breeds  md 
L',5!)l  heifers  «)f  higher  breeding,  all  valued  at  $20  ea(;h.  ' ' 

The  average  value  of  the  bulls  iiroduced  iu  the  above  herd  lias  boeii 
estiuiated  at  priites  which  wtmld  iiiakc^  the  general  average  .'$lS.;}s.  'flio 
price  of  animals  might,  by  the  continued  use  of  imiclv  bivd  hall.s  \w 
ma<le  almost  or  (piite  e<iitai  to  animals  of  pure  blood,  but"  in  tliisestiiii'iitc 
it  has  been  assumed  that  they  are  worth  no  more  than  $2")  each  at  the 
end  of  the  tiist  ten  years,  or  rather  when  the  last  (vilves  sliown  in  tlio 
tabu*  shall  be  ready  for  market.  The  e.\i?ens(*  of  the  iiiuiiageuieiit  of 
such  a  herd  ior  ten  years  will  not  exceed  lOiiercent.  of  the  value  of  tLo 
bulls. 

EXPOKT.^   OF   IIONnilRAS   C!AT'I'LE. 

The  markets  for  the  cattle  of  Honduras  .ne  foiuid  in  the  towns scni- 
tered  throughout  the  i;c|>iiblic  and  in  the  adjoining  Ke|ml)Iics.  Tlic 
available  statistics,  showing  llie  amounts  received  for  exiidit  duties  mi 


tlONDtTRAS. 


601 


ipoii  tlie  siipposi. 

000  cows  !1  bout  to 

R  that  -will  rcaci, 
[*  of  beariiijnr  ^,(^^.^ 

werao'oyeai'lviu. 

q)wte(l,I)iaaHno 
i  obtainablo,  it  is 
table,  which  liwe 


cattle  <luiiiis  tlie  lisi!il  year  (Midod  with  .Inly  of  cadi  of  tlio  following 
years  mentioned  below,  were  as  follows  : 


Expenses. 


$1,  000 
1,400 

1,  »l() 

2,  mh) 

.'1, 080 
4,  OL'4 

r),2.w 

<!.  80.^ 

8,  !i(17 

11,  7i;! 

JO,  10,5 


Net  gain. 


t:t,  000 

•-',  Cl!0 

2,800 

P,'J80 

8,248 

M,450 

18,87!) 

3:5,173 

4:i,9,-,:) 

77,!)j; 
210,  .m 


t  will  consist  of- 

$10,000 

ifi,;«o 

4;i,440 

T4,i.''.'o 

■ 54,020 

71,720 

270,(ii0 

lows:  ], 000 cows 
t  the  end  of  tlicjr 
US' the.  tiist  three 
tor  lilood  lieifers 
ie  l,:iOO]ialf,!)G(l 
lijilicr  grade,  ail 
'  there,  would  be 
Iter  breeds,  and 
I. 

e  lierd  has  been 
ij;'e.$l,S.;}s.  The 
ly  bred  hidis,  he 
tin  this  estimate 
^'■i'>  each  at  tiie 
es  sliowii  ill  tlie 
niaiiafjeuieiit  of 
the  value  or  the 


the  towns  S(;ai- 
Ffepnblics.  The 
i.vport  duties  on 


Exported  fi'om— 

1883. 

1884. 

nmbnrs. 

22,4i;i 
2, 7:!8 
1,010 
f,  770 

1885. 

A'aluo. 

$30,. -101 
li.lll 

XiimboiH. 

IM.W 
1,5,-).'-. 

1 
Value.    N 

1 

Valiio. 

$-,  021) 

4,  0,57 

8!)2 

20,  007 

Ntiinlier.s. 

Trnxillo 

Piioito  ( fortes 

$14, 8sn 

f),  477 
2,  Cfli) 

2,n0fl 

2,  028 

410 

J''riPiilii>rH 

,'i[),4Xi  ,       2!»,71l! 

17,  .'jrj2  1 

iri,:io.T 

TotalH 

0^,845  1      40,421 

«l),  !)7.')  1 

lU,  987 

av,  470 

18,7;t7 

There  appears  to  hsive  been  a  material  sbrinka^e,  year  by  year,  in 
the  anionnt  of  dnties  IVoni  exports  of  eattle,  while  at  the  same  time  the 
snin  received  at  Trnxillo,  in  the  yeart'iided  with  Jnly,  IHSI,  showed  ii 
marked  increase.  That  iiKTease  was  dne  to  the  opeiiini;'  of  a.  trade  in 
beeves  between  the  jioit  named  and  the  West  India,  Jshnuls.  Tinit 
trade  was  favored  l)y  concessions  from  the  llondnras  Oovernment,  l)ut 
even  the  advantage  thus  attbrded  failed  to  make  the  traliie  ])rofitablo, 
and  it  was  abandoned  after  a  trial  of  some  two  years.  The  losses  which 
resulted  were  heavy.  The  steamer  JNIarco  Aurelio,  fitted  fen-  and  used 
in  the  exportation  of  cattle  from  llondnras  to  Cuba,  has  for  some  time 
been  offered  for  sale  in  New  Orleans.  Tiiis  seems  to  indicaie  that  her 
owners  see  nohoi)e  of  a  protitabie  revival  of  that  In-anch  of  the  cattle 
business.  ])uring  the  year  l<SSl-'85  exports  of  cattle  from  TruxillofcU 
from  ^2,44;i  to  2,000.  The  last-mentioned  numlier  were  probably  sent 
to  British  Honduras,  which  gets  from  this  Jtepublic  all  the  beef  required 
for  consumption  in  Belize. 

Puerto  Cortes  exports  nearly  as  many  cattle  as  Trnxillo.  In  the  year 
ended  with  duly,  1HS3,  exjKirts  from  Puerto  Cortes  numbered  J, .555. 
During  the  foUowing  year  the  number  increased  to  2,738,  or  70  ])ercent. 
In  the  year  ended  July  30,  1885,  the  exjiorts  fell  off  710  aniniiils,  or  35 
})er  cent.  At  Ainapala,  on  the  Pacitic  (ioast,  1,0;)0  were  exported  in 
1883-84,  and  only  140  were  shipped  thence  in  1884-'85. 

The  most  noteworthy  changes  in  the  value  of  exports  of  cattle  from 
this  Uepublic  are  those  shown  by  reports  from  the  frontiers.  When  the 
Cuban  trade  sprang  up  it  drew  to  Tiuxillo  many  cattle,  which  would, 
but  for  the  new  demand,  have  gone  across  the  border  to  Ciuatemala, 
to  Salvador,  and  to  otiier  adjoining  Kepublics.  T!ie  result  was  that 
receipts  of  export  duties  from  the  frontiers  decreased  some  70^  ])er  cent, 
in  the  year  188;5-'84,  when  the  Cuban  trade  was  in  its  most  active 
stage.  When  the  Cuban  trade  dit^l  exports  by  way  of  the  frontiers  in- 
creased 45  per  cent.  These  facts  seem  to  indicate  that  the  opening  of 
the  trade  with  the  Antilles  <liverted  45  per  cent,  of  the  suri)lns  beeves 
from  their  usual  markets  in  adjoining  countries,  and  also  drew  from  the 
Honduras  domestic  markets  25  per  cent,  of  the  beeves  exported  Irom 
Trnxillo. 

It  is  a  fact  worthy  of  note  that  although  i-xports  from  the  portvS  of  tlie 
north  coast  increase*!  in  1883-'84,  there  wa.sin  the  total  exports  of  that 
yearade(!rease  of  11, 524  eattle.  Another  curious  fact  is  that,  while  ex- 
jiorts  by  way  of  the  north  coast  shrank  from  25,181  cattle  in  18S3-'84 
to  4,!)S8  in  1884-85,  tin^  total  exports  through  other  customs  districts 
ai)])ear  to  have  iiuMcased  only  3,013  during  that  year. 

The.se  laels  .seem  to  warrant  tlie  inl'erence  that  tlie  sui»])ly  of  (;attle  is 
increasing  rapidly  in  llondnras.     This  inference  seems  to  be  the  more 


<li 


602 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


m 


likely,  since  it  is  probiibl*^  that  few  if  .-in.v  feinal(>  cattle  were,  vciMvs.M.t.i 
b3  the  (ijr..re.subov(M,uote(l,  because  the  export  duties  i.nJJ,!,  ,  ' 
cows  were  so  heavy  as  to  be  proliibitory.  ^         "''"" 

OATTLE  CENSUS  OF  HONDURAS. 

Assumiiis  that  11,0  avera-e  annual  supply  of  beeves  in  this  ,.,.,.„f,. 
equals   the   number  expoi  ted   in   lSSli-'«  {/ the  sunniv  wc  . M  ,        r^' 
27,084  jrreater  than  it  was  at  the  <:lose  (.f  the  /uonll!  III^^I.Tn,    k  ''"'  ''^ 

No  onicii.l  (lata  hiter  than  the  statistics  lor  the  V(^ar  ISSl-'s  > "       . 

hand  showMi-  the  number  of  cattle  in  Iloruluras.     At  tlie  ti.no  ...nl 

there  were  reported  I({8,7r,()cows  haviuf.'  youu«-  (;al  ves  by  ,  h(M,      i o  t! 

eowsnotsuclchn-theiryonnj.-;  •U,(il'!)h(.i(ers,an(l  i;i!),<MH<-alv es     Th 

hsures  show  that  there  were  at  that  tiuu.  4iHM2  v^mn  near  v"or .  S 

alleapabkM.f  beanuo- youn-.     If  it  be  estimated  that  tlie  afc  * .,      " 

nual  inemise  ot  fenmles  that,  have  since  18SL'  con,e  into     e ,  ,' fc  /.T 

equaled  40  per  cent,  of  the  suj.ply  of  <.,ws  on  han.l  at  that  ,     ,   7,  "" 

would  now  be  nearly  or  quite  <Jt»(»,(H)(,  cows  in  bearing  iu  tl.is  S  m,    17 

The  h.^riiest  olhcal  authorities  in  Jlonduras  conhdentlv   as^^e         ' 

the  above  staistics  represent  at  most  no  more  tlian  ouel  al  '  f   f 

cat  le  production  of  the  Ke])ubli(,.     ft  is  but  reasonalX  t     '„  ll,    ' 

t  lat.f  the.r  opinion  swell  founded  the  ctun.try  ,,an  n,,w  p  o,  U'i     S 

eeves  per  year.     On  the  other  hand,  if  the  statistics  arj  lU'    h^:^  !  i  ? 

JfATURITY  OF   HONDURAS   OATTLE. 

CJattle  here  reach  maturity  at  a  ]at(^  af?e.    As  a  rule  heifers  .,«  fi 
years  ohl  before  they  produ(,e  their  tirst'^calves  ;  aud  bu  |.    ZuS. 
ap  belore  castration,  and  are  four,  live,  or  six  vears  ..Id  b..^  v  li   ,!'"' 
slaughtered  for  beef.     It  might  be'r.-asonablv  sup  o  e      h       ,fe^ 
animals  so  treated  is  tough  aud  stringy  and  of  poor  (lavor.  *'"" 

BUTCHERING  AND  COOKINCI. 

It  is  not  likely  that  there  is  in  all  Honduras  a  butdier's  hlofi-  n. 
saw,  or  cleaxw.  A  slice  of  steak  or  roast  ol'  neat  s  a  e  is  n  r  v 
ever  seen.  The  meat  is  haggled  froiu  the  bones  in  sha pek^  ii  ' '* 
an.  these,  withm  three  or  four  hours  after  the  .U-aH,  ..f  ti.^  ul  o  kS 
cooking  in  the  earthen  pottery,  which  here  supplies  the  place  of  i 
cooking  utensils.  ^    ^ "'  '™" 

THE  OUTLOOK  FOR  CATTLE-RAISLNO  IN  HONDURAS. 

That  Honduras  otters  uiany  and  great  natural  advanta-es  to  cittlP 
men  cannot  be  doubted  If  a  home  luarket  to  al.sorb  the  suf,',  "bm^" 
shouhl  be  created  as  by  th<>  establishment  on  the  ...ast ..  i  ,,,,,. 
factory,  this  country  would  e.p.al,  if  iu  truth  it  would  not  f/r  s  hZT 
any  part  o  the  United  States  as  a  cattle-growing  reg  n  J  !,e  'S' 
zooty  or  other  disease  of  a  serious  nature  has  eu-r  exisb-d  ;  , ,  s t  Z 
or8nows,orhar<i  winters;  but  spring,  alternating  with  sun  me,  ,i 
both  ever  redo  ent  of  healthful  ,,erfumery  and  balmv  hnr  e  v| 
play  <,ver  broad  p.a.nes,  covere.l  by  sm.culent  grass.-sj  and  watm'  bv 
crystal  streams  and  refi'eshing  showers.  "^iiuui  o) 

i).  VV.  UElMtrNG, 

United  States  Consulate,  ^''^'**"'' 

Tct/iirifialpa,  Mnrcli  L'4,  188(». 


THE  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 


603 


THE  AJiGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 


THE  CATTIE  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

leEFORT  nr  consvl  hakkh,  of  itnj;yos  atuks. 

I  have  to  acknowlctlye  the  receipt  of  the  cir(5iilar  of  the  JJepartment 
of  State,  dated  the  l.Sth  of  Jidy  hist,  askiiifj  information  relative  to  tlie 
In'eedinjjcattU^  ot  tlie  <Iifierent  .stoelc-growin;^'  countries  of  tlie  world, 
and  annexing  st  series  of  forms  to  be  filled  with  details  in  regard  to 
breeds,  size,  weight,  average  product  of  milk,  butter,  cheese,  nx'at,  &c., 
together  with  toj)Ography  and  conditions  of  clinuite,  (|uality  of  soil, 
kinds  of  cultivated  grasses,  and  methods  of  handling,  &c.,  in  the  locali- 
ties where  they  are  raised,  these  rei)orts  being  requcvstt'd  with  a  view  to 
the  importation  of  new  breeds  into  the  United  States  for  th-  'Mirpose 
of  improving  our  own  stock. 

MILK,  BUTTER,   AND   CHEESE  IN   THE   ARGENTINE  RErUBLIC. 

In  reply  I  have  to  state  that  the  information  sought  has  no  applica- 
tion whatever  to  the  Argentine  Kepublic,  since  there  are  no  bree(ls  here 
which  it  would  be  worth  while  to  iaii)ort  into  the  United  States.  The 
raising  of  cattle  is,  next  to  wool-growing,  tlie  most  im])ortant  industry 
in  this  country,  but  the  stock  is  ex(!lusively  crcole,  i.nd,  so  far  as  the 
toi)ics  suggested  in  the  circular  are  con(!erned,  there  is  nothing  what- 
ever to  communicate  which  would  be  of  any  use  to  the  stock- breeders  at 
home. 

It  may  seem  paradoxical,  yet  it  is  true  that  Avhile  the  Argentine  Re- 
public contains  about  12,()00,0<)(>  of  horned  cattle,  it  produces  neither 
milk,  butter,  nor  cheese,  while  the  beef  itself  is,  generally  sjieaking,  so 
inferior,  at  least  in  this  part  of  the  country,  as  to  be  the  subject  of  uni- 
versal execration.  Such  a  thing  as  a  dairy  farm  is  unknown  ;  such  a 
thing  as  butter-making,  in  the  true  sense  of  the  word,  is  a  myth ;  such 
a  thing  as  a  cheese-factory,  if  we  ex(;ept  a  cheap  curd  produced  in  Goya, 
has  never  been  attempted.  In  this  immediate  neighboihood  you  may 
or  you  may  not  iind  milk  enough  for  your  <!oQee,  but  not  elsewhere. 
Nol)ody,  with  rare  ex(;ei)tions,  keeps  a  milch  cow.  liutter,  if  it  is  used  at 
all,  has  until  very  '■ecently  been  brought  from  Italy.  Of  late  years,  an 
unsalted  butter,  the  work  of  Si)anish  IJasques  setthnl  near  Iluenos  Ayres, 
has  been  finding  its  way  to  market,  but  it  is  nothing  more  than  coagu- 
lated cream,  while  the  cheese  comes  mostly  from  England  or  Germany. 
Not  long  ago  1  visited  an  estancia  stocked  with  l.^,0(K>  cattle,  and  wo 
did  not  have  a  moutiiful  of  butter  i'or  our  bread,  wliile  our  coflee  was 
seasoned  with  condensed  milk  from  Illinois. 

ARGENTINE-  CATTLE  RAISED   EXCLUSIVELY  FOR   SLAUGHTER. 

Cattle  have  never  been  raised  in  the  Argentine  llepublic,  either  for 
the  milk,  butter,  or  cheese  they  might  ])rodu<'e,  but  exclusively  for 
slaughter;  and  tlieir  only  pioduct,  for  export  entiiely,  is  hides,  horns, 
bones,  sinews, -and  a,  kind  (d'jcrked  beef  ((7/rNV/»/)  which  finds  a  nuuket 
ni  Ibazil  and  Gidia  Cor  the  slav(  s.  The  science  of  husbandry  is  without 
any  devclopnu'Ul  in  i1h>  Argentine  Kepublic.  During  all  the  years  which 
have  elapsed  since  its  con(|uest   by  the  Spaniards,  no  attei'.tion  what- 


C04 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


I 


ever  has  ever  beiMi  paid  to  tli 


iiiiprovoinoiit,  of  tlio  hreed 


horned  cattle  wl,icM;Mi;v,{.;u',p';,:a^ 

rcked.""  "«'"='^"<"""»  <"*"«-  - '""  -"■'<"'  t^:m^:yt:',zsi 

INTRODUCTION  OP  HORNED  CATTLE  INTO  THE  RIVER  PUTg 
This  occurred  about  the  veiir  1C50.    Aeeordiii"-  to  tl...  a  ... ,  ■ 
clnve.  iu  Seville,*  Don  Pe.L  <le  Meiulc^a  ^^  h  tile    rl  wit^E^  '': 
horned  cattle  inio  tiie  regions  of  the  Plate      He  Llu^ht   Z  'f  "''"c*"'l 
;vh,ch  he  founded  sixteen  eow.s,  two  bu   s  tlin  tv-tw    1,     s  "s  •    d  li"'""'^" 
twenty  goat^n,  forty  sheep,  and 'eif,d, teen  ,„gs.  '  \U^   m]n^-'^u^T^^ 
eordin-  to  details  given  bv  Ruv  i3iaz  de  (in/in-ui    M.  1  A IL      ^^!'"•'■ 
t..H;z  de  Irala  thechiefs  of  theLpeluHo.^  "I  '^V^^^^^ 
with  then,  to  he  interior,  and  that  others  were  lost  in  teu';  .:>'•' ' 
m-<'  fonnd  n,  the  delta  of  the  Parana  River  near  f  h   Vese  /  v    ,"'"'''i 
ban   lernando.    A  little  later,  ir>.W,  two  brothers  ,,;,(  .J  ^^''/'^ 
came  in  eompany  w  th  Alvar  Nnnp/   (^.l.,.-,.,  j<    a/         1.    '""*•  ^^'i" 

From  these  two  sources  have  descended  fho  linri.,.,i  n.,ffi      i  •  , 

that  time  to  the  present  dav  the  increase  h-i^  hJn  ..J  1  "  ^  """ 
mild  clinutte  amliucculent  ^as^s  of  S^'pX^^  bei^  M 'S''^'  'Y 
trons  requ,re<l  for  their  rapi<l  n.ultiplicatiou  ami  d  f  Isio  V^n7^' 
left  o  themselves,  they  have  been  permitted  to  de.-e  er  ?e  lu-  <  ."'' 
ons  bree.ln.g-in,  without  any  etfort  ever  havino'  e7n  n'  b>  '  "'"'"■ 
their  onginal-ffood  qualities,  until  now  i   ter  I'l im    .  f",""I"<Jvo 

years,  they  are  without  anv  ()f  t  .re.;  letcns  i  ^'^    ■•        "'*'   V""''''' 
them  a  desirable  acquisitioi^ocaUiet'c^,^^'^^^ 
q.«n  ity  ot  their  hides,  whi(,h  the  rough  life  the\  1  av  ^Z,      '     ,    ]'\  *'"' 

;he^Sf:^-Se\S'^I.JXr^:^ 

to  ..>mmend  them  in  countries  whS^^^oS^-llI^^ll^^l/S^-^t 

WILD  CATTLE   OP  THE   PAMPAS. 

The  cattle  of  this  country  came  originallv  from  the  Knuth  nf  «,    • 
and  are  said  to  exhibit  still  the  chara(^(4isfis  n  •  fi.    i.      V  ?.^  ?"""' 
cality,the  range  between  th<^:^       d  VJ^'^r  ^       ' '  hIVi    '^'V"' 
couiKry  not  having  exercised   n.-u-h   i  u hu..  ^  u  o     t  e    '    'l',';  '''? 

teL;hcent^nyt;tV;.;-;'iiiii.^;r^ 

bega.  to  attract  attention.     The  In.lhn.i.' wlJo  i        hi   V  C:^i^;;:f 

^  e  eei  ho  OS  i  ^  IT"'  ''"''  'T^  !^  ieailessly  in  their  cl.li.o  of 
to  tl  e  new  .  H  w hi  l/'"''  P'""»*'  '"'  '"'t  <l'<'.v  l>ai<I  little  attention 
Lu  UK  new  (ritrie,  which  were  incrcasin"'  «o  r=«',i,iK-  .,,->m.,l  tlu.m     !„ 

;^c  m 'iniribMh'b' "";'"  '''-'■  "^""  ^'^'^^^^  '^'^'  !--<-^i;'r!'idon.^: 

OTl^_sjm,e^a(_rom,mrat.vely  recent  i^^^^ 


'  Doiuinyiioz's  Histoiy  orthrAi-cnliuo  Ropuhlic. 


TIIK    AUGKNTINK    UEPUHLIC. 


605 


(rilM'sliviiifion  flicciistciri  slopes  of  (lie  AikIcscoiiiiiiciku  il  ti»  ii^h^  lioriuul 
ciillli'  I'oi'  ftxid,*  tli(>ii;^li  llicy  still  prcCcr  lioisc  mcaf.  In  lli(»s('  cMiiy 
,|;i\s  iiciiil.s  111!  the  ciitthi  on  tli(^  j»iiiiip;is  were  wild  (iil~aili).s),  itiul  most 
of  tlit'iii  wit lioiit,  owners.  Tiie  reverse  is  ii<tw  (lie  e;is(^,  and  tliey  aru 
,;(»iiipiirati\  i!y  tame,  that  is  to  say,  tiiey  are  acnuustoiued  to  the  presence 
of  iiit'ii  and  allow  tlieniselves  to  be  yiiided  by  tliein.t  iCveu  at  tlie  epoch 
r('i(rre<l  to,  over  a  million  hides  wen^  annually  exported  from  the  Plate. 
Tli(!  cattle-farnis,  or  eNtancios,  however,  oidy  contained  a  small  propor- 
tion of  tame  animals,  the  rest  boinj^  wild  were  pursued  on  horseback 
for  their  hides. 

The  manner  of  killin}>'  them  was  as  follows:  The  mounted  gauchos, 
carryiuf?  in  their  hands  a  lance,  with  a  sharp  horizontal  knife  in  tiieend, 
.<;uve  chase  to  the  animals,  and  approachinjjf  tluMnon  the  fidlfj^allop,  cut 
their  hamstrinf;s  as  they  raji,  brinj;in};  them  down  with  an  address  and 
deNiterity  which  were  astonishinji'.  Wlieu  they  had  thus  secured  a  suf- 
lictieiit  niKuber,  they  returned  and  {i'avo  the  coiii)  dn  fjrace  to  the  prostrate 
iiuiinals  by  severiii.y,  with  a  peipendicular  thrust,  the  sjtinal  cord  just 
back  of  the  horns.  When  the  slauf;hter  was  comi)leted,  they  removed 
the  hides,  which  they  stretched  on  the  ground  with  ]»ins,  and  abandoned 
the  carcasses  to  the  dogs  and  birds  of  prey.  This  system  of  slaughter- 
ing is  still  sometimes  practic(!d  on  animals  whose  poor  condition  make 
tlieiu  of  no  value  except  for  their  hides.  In  8iu;h  cases  they  are  driven 
to  the  neighborhood  of  the  slaughter-house  ;  and,  after  being  skinned, 
their  bodies  are  used  for  fuel  for  the  boilers,  while  their  bones  are  pul- 
verized for  manure. 

NUMBER  OF  HOBNED  CATTLE  IN  THE  KEPUBLIO. 

The  business  of  horned  cattle  has  formed  for  nearly  three  (ienturies 
the  sole  occupation  of  SpaTiish  settlers  and  their  d(?scen(lants,  and  it  is 
still  almost  exclusively  in  the  hands  of  the  natives,  as  sheep-farming  is 
in  that  of  foreigners.  It  is  the  general  impression  that  the  number  of 
horned  cattle  now  in  the  Argentine  Kepublic  is  not  so  large  as  in  former 
years,  owing  to  the  immense  slaughter,  principally  for  their  hides,  which 
Las  heretofore  been  carried  on.  There  are,  however,  no  statistics  based 
on  actual  count  to  prove  this  fiict.  I  give  below  the  nundier  supposed 
to  have  been  in  the  Republic  in  1809,  compared  with  the  number  esti- 
uiated  for  each  province  in  1881 : 


Province  of— 


BiKMioa  Ayroa.... 

KIlt^^^  liioH 

■Siinliii^'ddolEsto 

Saiitii  f'6 

Conii'iiUis 

Cdi'dova 

'rucninaii 

S;m  Ijiiin 

Catiiiuiu'cii 

Siiii.Iniiu 

LiiKio.ja 

Mcnildzii , 

Juiuy 

Saltii 

Total 


Nnmbor  in 
I860.: 


6,116,029 

2,  500, 000 

1,200,000 

1, 100, 000 

1, 768, 708 

052,470 

305, 228 

248, 344 

200,  543 

28, 561 

72,043 

64,878 

93, 276 

143, 010 


13, 093, 090 


Number  In 

1881. § 


754, 810 

216, 562 

200, 000 

91)0, 000 

400, 000 

043,  000 

304, 7U0 

139, 602 

80, 000 

05, 493 

100, 00.) 

100, 108 

50, 000 

200,000 


11,554,275 


*  PfMeription  gcographique  et  stRtistiqTie  de  la  Confrderstion  Argentiiip,  par  V.  ■Martin  de  'Moussy, 
vol.  ii,  ji.  CO. 

1  CaiHiiiii  Mnsff'T,,  in  bis  book  "At  Homo  with  tbo  Pntaponians,"  apeakB  of  tbo  immense  nnmbors 
ol'  wild  <nttlo  ^•liicli  are  found  witliout  owiiurs  in  the  forests  on  the  headwaters  and  tributaries  of  the 
Itio  Nu^ro,  and  the  wostei  n  slopes  of  the  Cordilleras  of  the  Patagonian  Andes. 

t  (N'lisus  of  the  Argentine  Kepublic,  1869. 

^im.,  1881. 


v-t:  ?■■ 

m 

I'l 


a 


1.  f 


C06 


CATTLE    ANIJ    DAIltY    I'AUMING. 
AlJCiENTINE  KXPOKTH   OV   tJATTLK   IMIODTTOTS. 


llie  iiiipoihinw  of  tho  cattle  industry,  in  a  comnieicial  point  ,.f  v!u„, 
will  iii)]).Nir  honi  the  custoni-liouso  statistics,  sin.te  tl.o  .'ntiic  „,,lf!' 
iittiT  providing  Or  a  meaner  home  consnnii)tion,  iindsa  market  M,  7 
A::(!ordin<f  to  those  returns,  tho  (>xports  of  the  products  of  I  .  , 
cattle  stand  for  about  .u.e-third,  while  the  exports  of  theslu-e  "'f 
nets  stand  for  about  one-half  of  the  entire  shipments  abroad  'rfi 
more  exact,  it  appears  that  of  the  total  exi.orts  last  year,  r,(;  r/nm  f 
were  wool  iUMl  sheep-skins,  ;J2.;J  per  cent,  were  the  products'  o  ],n2  j 
cattle  wnle  only  Jl.L'  p.T  cent,  were  aj-r  ultural,  ininerul,  f,  ,w  '  ' 
nninutaclnred  products.  The  exports  of  the  total  pastor.'il  i, ,'  ,V  I'.' 
compare<l  with  all  other  exports  for  the  last  seven  years  are  s  o  v  i ' 
the  toUownig-  table,  compiled  Hum  oilicial  sources  :  •  "  '" 

EfportH  from  the  Argentine  Hejuib  lie  from  1876  to  1882. 


Artiolug. 


I'DHloriil   prcxl 

AKH.uiitVirni**'*'""^''"   *■'"' -"^' "*'*  |*31,8!)1,830  $41,351,831 

CO:',  OIL' 


proiliirtN 

Miiipral    |ii(i(l- 

ucts 

TiinliiT     inod- 

UCtH 

Maiiut'actiii'iMl 

I>ll)(lll(tH 

Otliir  L'xpoits. . 
Total 


1877. 


1878. 


1879. 


1'17, 544 

68, 670 

4,  212,  (130 
27,!I01 


4H5, 802 

154,  872 

35,216 

3,  722,  538 
22, 8!)4 


43,327,460  j  30,313,158 


2, 150, 187 

363,  025 

78,154 

3, 754,  473 
61,017 


47,  705,  287 


1880. 


?50, 507, 372 

784,  423 

2,407,324 

113, 304 

2,  .180, 4 14 
238, 520 


50, 407, 423 


1881. 

»57, 770, 303 

1, 405, 035 

402, 703 

286, 180 

1,592,313 
521,  «1() 


1862. 

$4»,142,4M 

■«.241,(16!l 

M8,591 

226,414 

3,8(4,8:17 
410,900 


52,0«!l,]04      58,440,905 


As  a  matter  of  especial  interest  in  (jonnection  with  tho  (tattle  industrv 
I  ffiye  below  the  shipments  s(.parately  of  each  arti(ao  pro(luce  iS 
tho  last  seven  years,  as  taken  from  tho  custom-house  returns :         ^ 

Exports  of  edttle  imxiucta  from  187(5  to  1882. 


Artlolos. 


1876. 


Cotr  hides Ni 

Dried aiicl  joikedbeef..  kilos. ,20^ 

Boui'H  HUtl  l)(iue-ii«li d<)   33, 

Hoinn do.  I  3, 

HideeiitfitiKs do  j  1, 

Aniiiiivl  oils do  j 

Atiiinidsou  the  lioof No  I 

Suited  lieef kilos. 

Aniiniilhliick do. 

Aitifleial  )itinno do 

Dried  blood do. 


1877. 


1878. 


324,  800 
600,21(1 
2.'!4,  K;)7 
05<1,  IM)0 
031,486 
210,  14fli 
101),  72(!i 
4, 1401 

"2,'627| 
28,7031. 


'^.  488, 
18,  732, 
■)2,  304, 
;t,  802, 
1,  122, 
Wll. 
lOlt, 

i4;i, 

1,150, 


532    2, 

023  33, 

08.7i3l», 

000'  2, 

152 

OOfi 

44.'i 

74!) 

320 


1870. 


2,'H,  802 
000,  203  32, 
231,010130, 
!»!»H,  4.Vt|  U 
880,2041 
HI.-.,  .5!»2 

8(i,  308 
110,  B3hI 
204,  540 

.55,  .500 

42, 046 


330, 
330, 
430, 
700, 
91)8, 
422, 
422, 

lOl'li 
8.52, 
187, 


1880. 


1881. 


529;  2, 

25220, 

207;27, 

7801  2, 

•'109    1, 

025 

5731 

.594^ 

890   3, 

2,59:... 

472 


791, 
110, 
092, 
900, 
242 

soiii 

52, 
591,' 


299  2,192,370 
479  22,412,031 
477  34,  703,  (149 
410  2,90.3,(1411 
"■"  781,709 
199,  278 
84,  f!38 
18,  .'•,93 
1,  082, 497 
124, 4M 
453,131' 


1882. 


1, 030 


2,945,427 

20, 906,613 

28,212,,'i08 

1,410,983 

879, 183 

M2,602 

.')3,995 

i,9,'ifl,'77l) 

1,111,94,'; 

92,517 


I  would  state  that  there  is  an  exiiort  duty  on  all  the  above  articles  of 
7  per  cent,  on  the  valu(_s  except  salted  beef,  animal-bla.rk,  artilicial  ffivZ 
and  dri(^d  blo()d,  which  are  tree  of  duty ;  and  that  all  horned  cattle  ex- 
ported  from  tho  country  jiay  a  duty  of  7,5  cents  ])er  head 

Of  the  above  exports  it  appears  from  tho  custom  house  returii.s  tliat 
about  ono-third  of  the  hides  no  to  the  United  States,  tho  re«^  to  En- 
land,  Franco,  Spain  Belgium,  <vtc. ;  that  tho  jerked  and  dried  beef  goes 
pnncipally  to  Brazil,  Cuba,  and  Spain ;  that  two-thirds  of  the  boiiesand 
•Estadiaticaa  oftcialen  do  la  li4:pubUva  Aryciitina^KTG-ltm. 


THE   ARGKNTINK    RKl'UDLIC. 


607 


U0T8. 

!iiil  point  of  view 
Ik)  ciitin'  iiiminut' 

'iiiiiailvctiil.ioaii' 
Hlucts  of  i,o,,„,,,i 

t  1 10  siici'))  prod. 
sabroiul.  To  1,0 
m\  5(i.r>  percent, 
oducts  of  ],„r„^,,| 

""Till,  fomst,  iUMl 

'iiNtoral  indiistrv, 
ai's  urc  whowii  \u 


882. 


IfciSI. 

♦57,770,303 

1, 405, 035 

402, 703 

286, 180 

l,S9i,313 
fl'JI.OIO 


1862. 

*4»,H2,4M 

4.241, 069 

508, 591 

228,414 

3,8(4,8W 
410,900 


52,0«ll,]04j    5»,  440, 905 

s  <!attle  iiuliLstry, 
)ro(luce(i  during 
etiuus : 


1881. 


!»!)  2,192,370  2,04r,4'>7 
i7n22,412,«312H,flC8,oi;i 
""  34,  703,  ()4«  28, 212  ,108 


■10   2,003,0411 


1,410,983 
879, 183 
542,602 
53,995 


781,709 
199,  278 
84,  (i38 
18,  .'■.93 
1,082,497   1,936,770 
124,4,')0  1,111,945 
453,131'       92,547 
i 


ibove  .articles  of 
artiii(;ial  gmno, 
Driu'd  cattle  ex- 
1. 

so  roturn.s  tliat 
10  re.s.t  to  Enj;' 
dried  beef  goes 
fthe  bones  and 


bone  Uisb  },'(»  to  Kii<;bm(l,  {\u>  rest  priiicipally  to  tlio  lJnit«'(l  Htsitom;  that 
the  iioriis  ^o  to  lOnnliiiHl,  I'laiicc,  Italy,  ami  JU'lyiuiii ;  that  tho  Uidu- 
ciittiiifjs  {,'o  to  llei^'iiiiii,  (Jcrmaiiy,  UnitHl  Statt-H,  ami  Kii^fbuul ;  that 
the  iiiiiinal  oils  j-o  to  h^raiin";  that  tho  livo  lUiiiiiaKs  ^t  to  Ciiili  and  Mo- 
liviii;  tiiat  llic  aniinalblack  jioi'.s  to  Francis;  tiiat  tho  artilbiial  jfuano 
f.(M's  to  lilt'  l.'iiitcd  Statt'M  ami  Eii^iaiid,  and  that  tho  (Iried  blood  gocH 
to  llic  United  Slates. 

Tiit^  {gradual  decrease  in  the  above  nhipnientH  would  seem  to  corrobo- 
rate the  ;;('neral  iinpresNion  that  there  lias  been  a  deerease  in  tho  niun- 
ber  of  liorned  cattle  in  theeoiintiy.  Accsordinf;  to  tiie ollieial  estiniateH 
already  inenlioned,  it  appciars  (bat  tiiere  are  about  U,r)0(),00(»  less  in  tho 
Ar;,n'ntine  Ue|)iil)lie  to-«lay  than  there  were  fourteen  years  ajfo.  This 
count  does  not  include  tlu!  number  in  the  territories  of  l'ata}(onia,  (Iiau 
Chaco,  Paiiipa,and  [Nlisiones,  which  probably  amounts  to  .'{()(>,0()0  more. 

It  will  further  be  seen  that  over  one-half  anon  the  pampas  of  IJiienos 
vVyres,  Santa  Fe,  and  Cordova,  the  rest  bein;;  scrattered  in  smaller  num- 
bers over  the  uplands  of  the  inteiior,  and  the  mesopotainian  provineeM 
of  l'>ntre  llios  and  Coirieutes. 

now  (iATTl.K   ABE   MANAtMOD    IN   THE   ARGENTINE  BEl»UnLlC'. 

It  may  be  said  that  the  <!attle  of  the  country  are  now  all  tann-,  in  tho 
sense  that  they  all  bear  the  brantl  or  mark  ol"  their  owners,  are  acciis- 
toincd  to  the  raiifje  of  the  cufnncia  to  which  they  beloni"',  and  allow 
themselves  to  be  handled  by  those  whose  <luty  it  is  to  watch  after 
tliein  and  make  up  the  rodeos,  that  is,  brins  thi'in  to  the  place  where 
tlicy  sleep  at  nipht.  When  the  younj,'  bulls  have  been  (;astrated  they 
go  by  the  name  of  norillos;  and  the  number  of  bulls  left  entire  is  alxmt 
one  to  every  fifty  cows.*  it  is  very  imi)ortaut  that  the  men  shouhLcon- 
stantly  watch  after  the  animals,  for  if  left  to  themselves  they  soon  be- 
come intractable  and  difficult  to  maiiajje.  Where  the  attendanct*  Ih 
uegligent,  they  are  readily  fri{;htened  at  the  si;;ht  of  a  horseman,  and 
disastrous  stampedes  sometimes  are  the  eonse(iueuce.  Where  these 
occur,  it  is  only  with  intinite  pains  that  they  can  be  restored  to  former 
docility. 

When  the  number  of  bulls  are  allowed  to  become  too  numerous, 
furious  and  fatal  combats  not  unfre(iuently  ensue,  tln^  cows  takiiif,'  pare 
in  the  deadly  encounters,  and  thus  the  annual  (^alvin^'  is  apt  to  be  re- 
duced. A  few  years  a^o,  durinj.;-  the  civil  wars  in  IJriiuuay  and  pemliuff 
the  long  siege  of  Montevideo,  a  great  portion  of  the  cattle  uii  the  aban- 
doned estanvios  having  nobody  to  take  care  of  them,  returned  to  a  wild 
state  (alzado),  and  upon  the  restoration  of  peace,  it  was  found  absolutely 
necessary  to  kill  all  the  old  bulls  and  castrate  the  young  ones  in  order 
to  tame  the  cows  and  make  them  easier  to  manage  ;  and  even  then  it 
took  an  enormous  amount  of  time  and  the  ruin  of  hundreds  of  honses 
ou  each  establishment,  before  the  herds  could  be  reduced  to  a  tractable 
condition.  And  the  same  thing  occurs  wherever,  for  any  cause,  tho 
cattle  of  an  estancia  are  neglected.  In  a  very  i'o.w  months  they  return 
to  a  wild  state,  thus  entailing  great  losses  on"^  the  owners. 

With  proper  attendance  and  careful  management,  however,  it  is  as- 
tonishing how  easily  tho  (lattle  of  the  Argentine  Jiepublie  are  handled. 
The  bulls  exhibit  none  of  the  ferocity  which  is  characteristic  of  those  ot 
other  countries,  and  even  to  sui)i»ly  l'^^'  l>idl  lights  whicli  are  stiil  al- 
lowed  to  be  exhibited  in  Montevideo,  it  is  necessary  to  import  the  bulls 
from  Spain,  those  of  the  country  not  being  suliieieiitly  savage  and  fero- 

*  V.  Martin  do  Moi'ss^-,  vol.  ii,  p.  110. 


I 


I 


608 


CATTLK    AND    DAIKY    FAUMINO. 


■ 

m 

^^H I 

IHI 

'M' 

CIOIIM  toV  tho  pilipOS*'.       TIU"  CUftl.'  llCtVHIH'lll   lollilV.'  S.lrll  an   ill.sli.u.H 

ivH|M'ct  lor  u  lioi'.s..miui  (hilt  tlH..v  run  ov  .viold  ut  once,  iiii<l  .scldi,,,  o  '" 
nii,vol.,stiii!U!,v  (.r  iv.sistui.c,.-  to  his  iiiitliorily.  A  person  on  liors..'iri' 
nm  MUK'll.v  puss  into  tlio  midst  ol' llio  liiiycsl,  herds  witluHH  (cnr  i;'! 
imitnals  wdl  always  at  onee  open  I  heir  ranks  hi^fore  iiiiii ;  a,„l  ti'u'.v 
so  acciisloiMcd  to  s('(^  rlt(4  people  of  Hie  counlrv  dressed  in  clothes  ^!"''' 
r/fw)or  lHi,-,dit  hues,  thai  the  most  {jhirinjj  red  colors  do  note./;"' 
tlieiii.  ""i.i;;i) 

One  thiiiff,  which  tlHw«/«//c(Vmv  have  to  ynard  against,  where  fi, 
herds  are  newly  formed  of  cattle  col!ect(Ml  at  ilitlerent  places  is  ||„. 
dency  of  the  animals  to  return  to  liieir  former  ran-es;  iitMl^hMin,.  ,h'' 
in  cases  ul'  panic  they  scatter  in  all  <lirections,  and  it  is  dini,.,ilt  u  ,i 
tLem    to^^ether  uKiiin.     This  desire  of  catth^  to  return  to  thiA  •. 
^v'liere  they  were  raised  {,i„rra,cion)  is   nuu^h  stron-er  shiMiid  fl  I'  nfi 
pasturaj'e  he  better  or  the  country  ukmo  saline,  the  latter  (lualitvfH 
sod  f,rreatly  contribulin;,'  to  the  increase  of  the  herds  of  the  river   '  |.. 
In  no  other  way  <;an   he  explained  the  remarkable  fact   thai  in  „i'i 
where  tlien^  is  a  lack  of  salt,  uotwithstandin-  the  l)eautif.,l  ani.e'  r,  !';' 
ol  the  p.istnia^'c,  such  as  for  instance  is  found  in  the  sontheas  en.  I.  ! 
of  I'ara-uay  ami  in  the  provin(;es  of  Saint  Catherine's  and  Saint   ''., 
r.razd,  thos(^  parts  of  South  Ameri(!a  are  not  so  suitable  for  th(>  nisil  "  ,■ 
cattle  as  the  j.ampas  of  IJuenos  Ayres,  or  even  the  mesopotainian  .  .'^.v 
inces  ol   l-.ntre  Jtios  an.l  (!oirientes.     In   these  rejjions,  in  suite  of   l.^ 
dr,\  ness  and  even  aridity  of  the  soil  in  some  jdaces,  ami  (.f  a  nasti  .•■  ". 
winch  ismeaf^er  in  app«'arance,  the  reproduction  is  s()  consich- ni,i,.  m,  ,f 
It  is  estimated  that  a  herd  of  cattle  will  <h»uble  in  three  yens  '   I    i  I 
this  (piahty  of  tln^  soil  that  the  beaiitv  of  the  cattle  on  the"  Vmnii 
liiver  IS  attributed,  where,  not  wiLhslaiidin;,'  the  exceedin-ly  w  mii  si ., 
nuMv^ind  thoj;reat  annoyanco  from  Hies  and  mos(piitos'^tliev'ire  fn  k 
as  larffo  as  those  in  the  province  of  JJuenos  Ayres,  and  'aresel.l...    ,. 
tacked  with  epizooty.  '  '  '""'' 

WOKKlN(;t  CATTLK  AND   MILOII  COWS. 

Owinj,'  to  their  naliiral  docility,  the  tamin-' of  work  cattle  is  .....n.,, 
idished  without  difliculty.  They  allow  Ihemselves  at  once  to  iu' m  M  i 
the  plow  or  tlie  w.xgou,  thon^rh  tli(^  manner  of  yokim--  tliem  by  tli.'  hei  I 
which  prevents  tlnun  from  usin^'  tln-ir  horns,  may  tiieatly  assist  in  tli'iir 
domestication.*  If  they  an^  not  uo  strong'  or  robust  as  those  we  liiv. 
at  home,  it  is  only  be(;ause  their  li.od  is  less  substantial ;  for  even  wl'iih. 
performing,'  the  lonj,'est. journeys,  they  have  no  other  nourishiii,..,t  thui 
the  Krass  they  can  i)ick  U|),  when  they  stoi)  to  rest,  on  the  i.anm'is  •  m,| 
this  IS  s«»erally  very  scant  alon-,'  the  highways  or  near  the  v'iili'n-.s 
rroporly  fed  thest^  animals,  which  are  larj^e  and  muscular  wou'ldlm 
capable  of  much  more  unremitting  work,  ' 

For  the  same  reason  the  cows  j-ive  but  little  milk,  and  then  only  wliuii 
the  calf  IS  present;  and  it  «<''»erally  dries  after  three  or  four  iiioiitiis 
On  this  account  milk  is  almost  unknown  in  the  interior  of  the  comitrv 
in  si)ite  of  the  immense  number  of  cows,  and  no  butter  is  to  heobtaiiini 
except  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  river  towns,  where  the  cows  in  i 
few  cases  are  stabled  and  fed. 

*TIm'  .)x-,v..k.,.,r  tl.o  Ar^'ciitiiic  Iv'.'iMibJic  in  u  mini.'lTbiri^nKir.Tw,,,,,!,  sli.rhUv 
Iiollowcd  our  on  tlic  lower  side,  liiid  ihtik^s  tlic  Iicaits  oi'iln,  aniin  il.s  •iin!  Irhci)  (T(t!i'» 
l.omsi.v  li.d,,  il.on-s.  Tl.cAi.-.|.itin..,s  i.isi.si  tlmt.-.n  ...v  cii"  i.uil'g.Tatm' loads  by 
hia  lioiiis  tiitm  l>y  Ills  bliouIdi.TH,  Inil  1  ilo.il>t,  11  ontircly. 


i    4»; 


THK   AROKNTINK    IIKVVIMAC 


(JO!) 


WINTEUINO  OATTLK. 

liiviii},'  ontin'ly  in  tlio  open  air,  and  liavinj;  no  protectioii  w Iiatc\ «t 
no  iiiiitN  r  how  Ntivcre  tlio  weather  nni.y  be,  and  dependin;;  soh'lv  npoii 
thi!  iiiiliirul  jiiiiMHes  <»f  the  eonntr.v  tor  tlieir  noiin-shnienf,  the  cuille  he- 
com"  very  lean  <lnrin},'  the  winter  inontiis  e.speciallv  if  ilicm  Ims  Iit>i-ti 
jidioiiKiildiirin^MheNiininier,  tiiiis  preventin^M lie  growth  ol  ve;;cliili(»ii 
'Jims  reduced  in  llesli,  they  beeoine  very  !sn,seeptil»le  to  the  eold-  an(i 
under  siieh  eirenniHti'iiee.s,  when  driving-  rain  or  .snowstorms  <)(;enr' with 
the  wind  lr«ni  the  southwest,  linndreds  of  thonsandK  have  been  known 
to  perish  in  a  siiif^le  ni^dit.*  In  tlu^  spiin»'  they  at  oiiee  be-in  to  iin- 
pn.ve,  thoiif-h  the  yonnj,'  .jrass  is  so  watery  at  (irst  as  to  eaiise  violent 
piirjiiii^S  and  iiiiiny  eatth^  are  sorin^tiines  I(»st  from  this  eanse,  especially 
if  they  are  in  i»oor  condition.     Tlie  skins  of  ciattle  that  jterish  Iroin  these 

(Mother  like  causes  an*  always  removed,  and  ar(!  sold  in  t  he  market  under 
the  iiiii;ie  o[' vpiilvniio  lii(h's,  tlion;;h  of  coinsci  the  word  is  not  intended 
10  coii\  ry  the  meaning-  thai  the  animals  died  from  an  epidemic  disease 
which  .seems  to  be  .he  iiiipre.ssioii  abroad.  So  .soon  as  Mie  snecnient 
niii.s.sesof  the  pampas  beyiii  to  mature,  that  i.s,  (liiriii<;'  the  months  of 
JS'oyembcr  and  J)eeember,  tlie  cattle  beyin  to  improve. 

FROM  THE  ESTANCIOS  TO   TIIH   SLAUCiHTKH-llor.SKS. 

The  moment  tliey  have  iinpunulsnllicient  .strength  and  <!o  i(litioii,and 
Will  stand  the  loii}--  drives,  tln-rtoc/Z/os  are  .separated  from  the  rest  of 
the  iierd  and  .sent  to  the  slan^diterin^;  establishments  [snl,(vrt;»^)  or  the 
city  market  {mnimkro.s),M\  operation  which  souK'times  re((iiinv- a  lar-e 
niiinber  of  men  (/;amf.v)  and  much  eare  ;  for  pastured  cattle  are,  aidh) 
Ik-  <iiiick  in  their  movements,  and  a  very  little  thin;;'  will  ea-i.se  them  to 
stampede  in  di.scnder  and  rejjain  tlieir  old  raii^n-.  On  the  other  hand 
unless  occa.sional  rests  and  breaks  in  the  journey  are  permitfcil.  since 
the  dhstance  to  be  traveled  is  not  unfixupiently  hiindreds  of  lea-nes  the 
aiiiiiials  become  tired  and  the  meat  lo.ses  its  natural  taste  (boti  lioni)  \ 
iiia.v  add,  Iwowever,  that  in  the  markets  of  liuenos  Ayn's  'MmccI"  meat 
IS  the  rule  instead  of  the  exception.  It  is  on  acednntof  these  lon-r 
(liives,  without  water  or  food  at  ])roper  intervals,  that  the  beef  sold  in 
liie  cities  does  not  in  any  resj.ect  compare  with  that  which  you  can  ob- 
tain on  the  6'.vtont'<«.v  them.selves,  where  ordinarily  it  is  of  most  excellent 
llavor. 

KEQUISITE.S  Ol'-   AN  ESTANCIA. 

A  cattle  (:st(nicia,i  in  order  to  be  considered  /list  (tiass,  renniies  tliree 
(■oiiditioii.s^,  },rood  (juality  of  j;Ta,s.ses,  an  abundan<;e  of  water,  and  ran«e 
sulhcient  to  hold  and  leed  a  larye  herd— conditions  which,  from  the  Im'- 
'^uunuji,  the  bpanish  coloni.sts  seem  to  have  well  under.stood,  in  the 
.selections  ot  the  lands  upon  wliich  are  to-day  be  found  the  oreat  cattle 
tarms  ot  the  (iountry.  The  development,  liowever,  of  the  wool  industry 
(luriiio-  late  years  has  had  a  tendenity  to  drive  the  (tattle  farmers  farther 

"w^IfuV'"""!"   ''i,'''**  "  Natural i8t'«  Voy)T^A^.^trRrWorr(l7'^i;a7ollw.~Ha^^^^^ 
Wl    0  ti  .v.-l.i,K  t.rongl,  tl.o  Argeutino  I^,.,,nl.li,.,  I  r.-ccivwl  vivl.l  <  ...sc.iptiousTa 

^"!:XX^'^^f     f^     ^'^'-^7^  «rcat  nun.bcn-s  „r  hi.-.lH,  ^vil.l  animals,  cattll..  «,„1 
.!--)>.  u.,Hil  Un  the  wanr,  ot  lood  aii.l  ual.-r.    Ti..'  icwest  ..stiiiiato  of  tl.(^  lossofcat- 

,.1  ;■.  1  "h"""/^    15,"""««  A.V'-P  "1<""^  ^vaH  taivon  at  ouo  million  head."  °'^"'""'' 
f  iMiilliall'8  Hand-15()()lv  of  tlio  Kivor  Plato 

H,  Ex,  51 31) 


11 

If! 


610 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


out  from  this  city,  the  inner  ''cam,  s,"  wiiidi  furniHli  soft  Knissos  1,,.; 
m  dcmiind  for  the  ffrazin^;  of  shcci).  It  i«  still  .-asv  to  obtain  ,,m.f  ^^ 
cellent  cstaiicia  lands  in  the  outside  parthlos  (connVies),  while  tl. '  r- '^^ 
crnment  sells  its  lands  on  the  frontiers  at  prices  which  are  c.)Msi,ll'r'; 
reasonable,  but  the  demand  for  places  in  those  localities  is  in  'm-  "'' 
every  year,  an«l  it  now  re<iuires  uo  little  capital  to  buy  and  st()H'  .!'''5 
tie  tiirm  anywliere  near  to  a  market.  ''  ^'^^■ 

Kstancio.s  for  horn<'d  cattle  usually  vary  from  1  to  10  s.niare  lo,,.,, 
HI  extent,  whde  those  on  the  frontiers  are  even  mucih  larger     T 
tanciero  takes  care  to  select  a  piece  of  land,  if  possible,  bo'l(lm,.,V',"  ^'' 
river  or  having  water  cour.s.  s  {arroi/afi)  rmnniv^  throu-h  it  or    ..? '' 
nent  lakes  (lagunm)  of  fresh  water,  and  as  free  as  possil)lo  fr  ,„  ?  '' 
lock  and  burr.     The  «rass  of  a  stock  iarm  is  what  is  called  m2  f»  ]" 
or  coarse  j;rass,  which  stands  the  dry  seasons  better  than  f ,,.     i 7 
grass  or  trefoil  on  which  sheep  are  pastured,  and  which  does  nr    £  •' 
to  appear  until  the  coarse  grass  has  been  entirelv  eaten  (i.uv.  *  ",'" 
building  Ins  house  the  owner  is  guided  by  his  taste  or  his  mo\L      " 
iormer  times,  and  it  is  still  the  case  in  some  ])arts  of  the  coi mhv  ♦  " 
cstanmcro  lived  in  a  mud  hut  without  a  wiiulow,  nowaclavs  v  .,-v  i 
urious  residences  can  be  found,  even  on  the  frontiers,  furnisl.o  1  uS' 
every  modern  convenience.  ""mimi  witi, 

The  corrals,  generally  near  the  house,  are  large  folds  for  inclosi.K,  fi 
cattle  when  necessary,  and  are  most  important  apj)en(Iaffes  torn ,    f,, 
They  are  made  of  upright  posts  of  hard  wood.  7  feet  K  ,   fl    o  !  ?'• 
gether  by  mesms  of  (^ross-bars  aiulhide  thongs.     They  are  gei^^^  Uv  m!i' 
or  circular  HI  form  and  strongly  made,  so  as  to  securely  hold  a  ^^l^ 
ber  ot  ca  tie,  the  gate  consisting  of  two  or  three  transverse  l'  is    t  i 
grounds  {monie)  immediately  surrounding  the  house  generallv    om,.i 
Irom  10  to  50  acres,  wired  in,  with  a  ditch  on  the  outer  ski,  ^in  i^"'' 
sist  for  the  most  part  of  timber  and  fruit  trees— generallv  n  .H,  ILT" 
reason  that  they  are  such  rapid  growers,  arrivin-^  at      :.tn.iK  I/T,^'''' 
years  and  serving  the  double'  punK>se  of 'fruit  and  t    1  e4l    a£ 
lences.t     These  patches  of  tim-.er  are  lan<linarks  on  tl  e     , ,  "S   S 
p.ains,  visible  for  many  miles,  and  at  a  distance  look  like  ^^^S 
whence  the  name  which  is  given  to  them.     I„  peach  monies  one  I,     of 
the  plantation  is  cut  down  at  intervals,  and  is  allowed  t,  'row  „ 
atresh  from  the  stump  ;  an.l  m  this  manner  the  supply  of  linit  Viu  ti 
ber  IS  constant  and  abundant.     Such  a  thing,  however  as  •v^i: 
garden  is  ahnost  unknown.     The  statfof  an  ^^tonc^us  .aH^U nSJ^ 
a  superintendent  called  ma.jordomo,  who  represents  the  ..wiu-r     t, 
taz  to  oversee  the  peons  or  laborers,  and   from  five  to  twenty  of  t  E 
peons,  according  to  the  size  of  the  estancia,  who  earn  from  Ao  to  K 
per  month.  ■      ^^  ■•"' 

Where  an  <'.s7««cm  is  vw-y  Inrge  in  extent  and  the  cattle  are  iiuimn-- 
ous,  there  are  cstabI.slR«d^,it^oj,vsponding^,li8tances  from  each  other 
1.  l^^r*"".  n"*"ll"  '  l'>"^  Hii.iiKo  from  voAvm^  to  Hoft"gi„,s8es  imHlmcl  l.v  tlio  ..aNtun.-..  of 

1.0  Arfr<.„t,i,.'  i.|.,.,i,im:  'I  was  v.m.v  inn..],  slr,ck  with  llie  mark.,!  <•  , ,  ,<  '  i  ,     o  • 
lKxt.,1  )l...c.,nnlry  aiWv  having  ..nm.,'.!  tlu'Snla-l..  River..    Fron.  .a  ■..  '  o1i,    ,, .  m  • 
imHm.fl  on  t„  ;,  .arpet  ,.f  «,e..„  vendn.v.     I  at  lir.sl  atlril.n...,!  t In  V.rX     | '  ,?  , 

liil.ntod  to  tl ..  nn.nnnnf.  and  K.a/.njr  oftl,,.  Gallic.     Exartly  tl,.>  sani,.  fact  1  as  mi 
ol..s..rvo.    m  tin,  ,,.  .,.,.,■«  of  North  AnuTica,  wIhto  .oam-  fr,ass,  1m'     oen  J^  n  1  (iS 

cno  isii  to  .'-a.y  v.luihcr  the  c  iiang.i  l,.i..  i.^  ..winfr  i„  ilic  introduction  of  new  Niiucies 
ton  nuinj  eolancw,  jM.j.lur,  cufalyi.tus,  and  willow  i.lanttttiuii.s  aro  now  vory  com. 


THE    AKGENTINK    KEPUJiLIC. 


611 


and  Croiii  tlici  cstancia  lioiusc,  a  iiuiiibtT  ofsiiuiUor  Iiouni'js,  called  pitc.stoH, 
with  tii(Mr  iippiopiialc  .siui(tuii(liii}:.s  of  corial,  iiiotite,  &v.,  wIktc  a  peon 
with  Ills  (aiiiil.v  resides  and  lias  cliai-;;*',  of  a  i)or(ion  of  tlic  cattle.  J3y 
nieaiKS  of  these  sub  establislinieiits  the  animals  are  iiioje  eveidy  distrib- 
uted over  the  grounds  for  ^razinj^  ])iir])oses  and  do  not  crowd  each  other, 
but  they  are  always  in  daily  coinnmuication  with  the  inajor-douio. 

NUMBER   OV   ANIMALS  AN  ESTANCIA  WILL  MAINTAIN. 

The  number  of  animals  which  can  be  supj)orted  on  a  s(inare  league 
ol'  land  varies  a  jiieat  deal,  and  dejiends  upon  the  quality  and  (luandty 
of  the  grass.  Where  the  pasturage  is  heavy  and  nourishing,  that 
iiuiount  of  land  will  very  readily  sustain  3,0()(»  horned  cattle,  and  even 
more,  together  with  all  the  working  cattle,  horses,  mures,  and  sheep  in- 
tended for  the  use  of  the  estabWshmeut.  On  a  "  bad  camp,"  *  however 
where  the  grazing  is  limited,  owing  to  mliras,  saladan,  and  other  causes,' 
whereby  the  vegetation  is  not  luxuriant,  the  Jiumber  of  animals  must  be 
coriespondingly  reduced ;  and  even  then,  in  times  of  drought  it  fre 
(iu(!ntly  happens  that  the  cattle  die  of  starvation,  uidess  they  arc 
promptly  removed  to  a  better  pasture.  It  is  generally  assumed  in  the 
province  of  Buenos  Ayres  that  0,000  square  yiuds  are  recpdred  to  sus- 
tain a  bullock  the  year  round,  but  this  only  refers  to  those  CHtancios 
which  have  an  abundance  of  both  grass  and  water.  Otherwise  the  esti- 
mate at  the  present  day  is  too  large. 

HOW  THE  STOCK  IS  HERDED. 

The  stock  of  an  estancia  of  course  depends  upon  its  extent,  but  often 
numbers  10,000  aud  even  15,1'00  head,  divided  into  herds  of  2,000  or 
3,000  each,  each  herd  being  gathered  up  every  night  in  its  own  rodeo, 
an  open  space  where  each  animal  regularly  chooses  its  own  place  to  lie 
down.  Here  they  remain  until  morning,  when  they  again  set  off  to 
graze.  In  seasons  of  drought  cattle  sometimes  stray  great  distances  in 
search  of  water,  but  unless  they  calve  on  their  new  pastures  they  will 
return  to  their  former  range.  Sometimes  where  there  is  scarcity  of 
water,  the  cattle  are  watered  by  a  baldc  sinfondo,  a  hide  bucket,  which 
is  worked  by  a  man  on  horseback  in  a  very  primitive  fashion,  the  bucket 
being  pulled  up  over  a  wheel  and  thus  emptied  of  its  contents  into  a 
long  trough.  In  this  manner  one  person  can  water  2,000  cattle  per 
day. 

To  one  who  sees  for  the  first  time  a  cattle  estancia,  the  facilities  with 
which  large  herds  are  managed  is  a  source  of  continual  wonder.  The 
animals  need  no  immediate  personal  supervision  whatever,  saving  at 
most  a  daily  gallop  by  a  peon  around  the  boundaries  of  the  land:  and 
m  order  to  bring  them  to  their  rodeos  all  that  is  necessary  is  for  a  peon 
to  set  out  on  horseback,  cracking  his  whip  and  shouting  at  the  pitch  of 
his  voice,  and  the  cattle  at  once  stop  their  day's  feeding  and  troop  off 
to  their  appointed  place— and  all  this  in  an  open  plain  where  fences  are 
almost  unknown,  t    The  gauchos  evidently  understand  the  natures  of 

'  "Camp,"  used  in  ordinary  conversation  by  everybody  in  the  Argentine  Kenuldie, 
IS  a  contraction  of  the  Spanish  word  campo  and  means  "  the  country." 

t"  riio  operation  of  countiiijr  tho  cattle  on  an  estancia  wonld  be  tbongbt  dimciilt, 
where  tbere  are  ten  or  lifteen  tbonsaud  bead  together,  but  it  is  managed  on  the  princi- 
ple that  the  cattle  mvaria1)ly  divide  tbomselves  into  little,  trnsips  s-.f  frosn  forty  to  one 
iuiKlre<l.  Each  troop  is  recognized  by  a  few  peculiarly  marked  cattle  and  its  num- 
ler  IS  known ;  so  that  one  being  lost  ont  of  ten  thousand,  it  is  perceived  by  its  absence 
iroiu  iiw  UypcUas.  During  a  stormy  night  the  cattle  all  mingle  together,  but  tho 
next  morning  the  tropeUaH  sepanite  as  before,  ho  iliat  eaeh  animal  muut  know  Ua  fellow 
out  often  thousand  oihcru,"    (Darwin,  page  145.) 


612 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


horned  cuttle,  for  the  iiiainier  of  Hubjectiiij;'  them  to  the  dominion  of  mnn 
is  so  easy  and  so  peri'eet  tliat  it  lias  never  been  improved  on  by  th! 
numerous  foreigners  \\  ho  have  tiirued  their  attention  to  eattle-brcedin! 
iu  this  country,  ° 


CATTLE  VERSUS  SHEEP. 


The  rearing  of  cattle  is  much  less  laborious  in  the  Argentine  Jfonn' 
lie  than  that  of  sheep ;  but  the  latter  pursuit  is  considered  as  tlic  most- 
lucrative,  for  the  leason  that  live  or  six  sheep  can  be  maintained  ou 
pasturage  that  would  feed  only  one  bullock.     Notwithstanding  tins  1/ 
vantage  and  the  fact  that  sheep  reproduce  themselves  in  amncli  shid't. 
time,  the  natives  ])refer  cattle  farming,  either  from  the  fact  that  a  unl] 


cvi'ry- 
iiiS'  to 


smaller  outlay  of  money  is  needed,  or  because  no  care  or  study  is  uccev 
sary  to  render  the  pursuit  successful.  The  two  industries,  however  d 
not  at  all  contlict,  for  the  reason  that,  while  sheep  are  raised  oiilv  i 
parts  of  the  country  where  the  soft  grasses  abound,  the  cattle fainisir' 
larther  out  and  consist  of  the  harder  grasses.  In  many  places  liowevci^^ 
the  two  industries,  as  also  that  of  breeding  horses  for  slau'ditor  nI 
more  or  less  cond)ined.  The  management  of  an  cstanc'm  is  a  vei-v  simiile 
routine  of  daily  care,  involving  no  liard  work  whatever.  Almost  ( 
thing  is  (.'one  on  liorseltJick,  every  man,  woman,  ind  child  belon"- 
the  establishment  having  their  own  horse,  which  is  generally  kept  sad 
died  all  (biy  long  at  the  patcnque  (a  row  of  posts  with  a  horizontal  bai) 
ready  for  service  at  a  moment's  notice.  No  one  thinks  of  walkin"-  even 
a  few  hundred  yards ;  and  it  is  not  uncommon  to  see  a  man  mouut  a 
horse  to  go  to  the  oi)posite  wide  of  the  load. 

MARKING   THE   YOUNG  ANIMALS. 

Tlie  great  business  of  an  estancia  is  the  marking  and  castration  of  tlic 
animals.     This  occurs  generally  in  the  months  of  May  and  June  tlic 
season  when  the  Hies  have  disappeared  and  the  weather  has  ba'oiiio 
cool.     The  young  cattle  are  altered  at  two  years  of  age,  and  the  losses 
resulting  from   it  are  about  4  per  cent.     The  marking  is  done  at  the 
same  time,  an<l  it  is  a  season  of  great  amusement  in  cainplife.    All  tlie 
peons  of  the  establishment  and  many  others  from  the  neigbborhood  as- 
semble  in  full  force.     The  cattle  are  driven  into  the  corrals,  and  each 
aninnil  in  turn  is  caught  over  the  horns  with  a  lasso  by  a  man  on  horse- 
back ;  another  lasso  (or  the  '•io/'r.s")  is  quickly  passed  around  liis  hind 
legs,  which  at  once  throws  him  to  the  ground,  and  the  operation  is  com- 
pleted in  a  moment.     Then  a  red  hot  iron  beanng  the  owner's  inono-Traiii 
oi'  mark,  the  purport  of  which  is  duly  registered  in  the  proper  office' is 
hrmly  pbuite<l  upon  the  poor  brute's  Hank,  while  a  blue  smoke  curls  up- 
ward from  the  palpitating  tii'sh,  thus  leaving  a  mark  which  is  indelible. 
This  is  the  oidy  way  that  the  owiun-s  can  distinguish  their  cattle,  there 
being  no  bounds  or  feiu-es  to  llie  various  CKtancins,  and  in  case  of  sale 
they  nuist  also  have  the  brand  o\'  the  imrchaser.    These  brandings  are 
often  done  so  bungingly,or  made  so  deei)lythat  they  greatly  injure  the 
liide  for  commercial  jiurposes.     The  day's  work,  called  v/mY(,' always 
winds  up  with  a  feast  of  meat  cooked  in  the  likla  {car nr  con  cuero),tim 
which  nothing  can  be  more  savory  or  delicious.    No  coals  or  wood,  but 
only  bones  are  employed  in  cooking  it,  each  man  with  bis  own  sheath 
knife  cutting  oil  the  piece  that  suits  him  best. 

UORSEMANSllIl'  AND    DETERITY    OF    THE  GAUCHO   CATTLK   IIEUDJIUfci. 

The /*fcwt»  or  (;«Mc7t««  generally  take  advantage  of  these  nicny  mak- 
ings to  show  ott"  their  prowess  or  their  accomi>lishments.    The  liuise. 


THE    IRGKNTlNE   REPlJISLtC. 


613 


niiinship  of  tlie  gmtclio  is  wonderful.     On  liis  saddle  (rccado),  cliielly  made 
of  luitiiuned  horse-hide  and  sheep-skin,  lie  sits  with  the  eoiisddusness 
tliiit  he  is  the  horse's  master.     Indeed  it  is  seldom  that  he  j»uta  his  foot 
in  a  stirrup — for  the  purpose  of  riding,  never.     And  his  dexterity  in 
throwing  the  lasso  is  equally  astonishing.     IJis  aim  .s  almost  unerring. 
Singling  out  a  horse  or  a  eow  iu  the  middle  of  a  herd,  he  will  bring  him 
down  with  unfailing  precision.     Ba  will  jMirsue  au  animal  in  full  chase 
across  the  plains,  and  when  sufficiently  near,  he  swings  his  lasso  twice 
or  thrice  around  his  head  and  then  lets  it  go.     The  moment  it  touches 
the  runaway  cow,  the  horse  of  the  rider  stops  to  receive  the  shock,  and 
and  down  goes  the  cow  headlong  to  the  ground.     Another  way  which 
ho  has  of  securing  cattle  is  with  the  "  bolos."     These  consist  of  two 
halls  (iron  or  stone)  covered  with  hide  and  fastened  at  the  end  of  two 
short  rawhide  ropes,  and  thrown  by  means  of  another  short  thong,  all 
three  being  secured  together.     They  are  twilled  around  the  head  like 
the  lasso,  and  thrown  at  a  distance  of  CO  or  70  yards  with  great  precis- 
ion ;  when,  entangling  the  feet  of  the  pursued  animal,  it  is  brought  to 
the  ground  with  a  violent  shock.     He  is  also  exceedingly  clever  in  jdait- 
ing  bridles  of  untanned  hide  thongs,  and  his  great  ambition  is  to  ca- 
parison his  horse  with  elaborate  silver  trappings,  worth  sometimes  sev- 
eral hundred  dollars ;  and  when  on  horseback,  dressed  in  his  fantastic; 
costume  of  striped  loose  fitting  cMripds  and  bis  scarlet  vacuiSa  poncho, 
falling  gracefully  over  his  shoulders  down  to  his  hips,  he  presents  an 
appearance  which  would  attract  attention  anywhere.    With  the  termi- 
nation of  the  feast,  they  indulge  in  indiscriminate  horse  racing,  and  not 
nnfrequently,  for  betting  is  a  besetting  sin  with  the  whole  race,  by  night- 
fall our  gaucho  has  not  only  lost  all  his  month's  wages,  but  also  his  horse, 
and  it  may  be  even  his  poncho.     With  many  of  these  singular  peoi)le, 
how(;ver,  this  is  scarcely  looked  upon  as  ii  misfortune ;  and  they  are 
not  slow  in  recouping  their  losses  by  appropriating  the  first  horse'  that 
attracts  their  fancy.* 


iieigliborhood  as- 


TTLK   IIKUDKUS. 


THE   GREAT  SLAUGHTERING  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

When  the  cattle  of  an  cstaticia,  as  I  have  already  stated,  are  in  suffi- 
ciently good  condition  from  the  spring  pasturage  to  be  able  to  undergo 
the  journey,  they  are  sent  off  in  lots  either  to  the  slaughter-houses  of 
the  city  {mataderos)  or  to  what  is  known  as  the  saladero.  This  is  an  es- 
tablishment where  cattle  are  slaughtered  in  large  numbers,  and  all  the 
product  of  the  animal,  meat,  hide,  grease,  bones,  horns,  and  other  refuse, 
is  collected  and  prepared  for  exportation.  The  erection  of  one  of  these 
establishments  requires  the  outlay  of  no  inconsiderable  capital,  and  to 
be  successful  it  must  have  m  intelligent  and  economic^al  organization. 
Without  these,  as  the  running  expenses  are  always  large,  the  business 
not  infrequently  fails  to  give  such  profits  as  are  commensurate  with 

*  Ex-President Sarniien to,  in  bin  book  "  Ciriiizacion  y  Barhariv,"  puj^o  23,  says :  "The 
gaiicho  (looH  not  labor,  he  linds  his  lood  and  rainuMit  ready  to  his  liand.  If  he  is  a 
jiroprietor  his  own  floclcs  yield  biia  both.  If  he  posseHses  notliinjj;  himself,  lie  finds 
them  in  the  honse  of  a  patron  or  a  relation.  The  neeessary  care  of  herds  is  rednee d 
to  excursions  and  pleasure  parties  ;  the  branding;,  whieh  is  like  the  hiir\estinj;of  farm- 
ers, is  a  festival,  tli(!  arrival  of  which  is  received  with  transports  of  joy,  being  the  oc- 
casion of  theassoinblinKof  all  the  men  for  iJO  leagues  around,  and  the  opportumty  for 
(lisplayiug  incredible  skill  with  the  lasso.  The  gaucho  arrives  at  th(!  spot  on  bisbest 
Hieeii,  riding  at  a  slow  and  measured  pace  ;  Jie  halts  at  a  little  distaiiee  and  puts  bis 
l(>g  over  his  horse's  neck  to  <'njoy  the  sight  leisurely.  Jf  (^iitliiisi.'isni  seizes  biiii,  ho 
slowly  disriionnts,  uncoils  his  liisso,  and  flings  it  at  some  bull  passing  like  ;i  Hash  of 
lightning  forty  ])Mces  from  him;  he  catches  him  by  one  hoof,  as  he  intended,  aud 
quietly  coils  hiu  Itjatliur  uurd  agaiu." 


614 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY  FARMING. 


i;  1 


the  invcstuient.  On  account  of  the  amount  of  money  requircil  to  start 
a  saladero,  the  majority  of  them  in  the  Argentine  Republic  are  tlie  i)roi) 
erty  of  joint-stock  companies,  niiiny  foreigners  who  hnovv  the  econoniip 
uses  to  which  all  the  parts  of  the  animal  can  be  aj)plieil,  liavin}>  larffo 
capital  invested  in  these  industries.  As  1  have  said,  the  time  is  passed 
when  cattle  were  killed  solely  for  their  hides,  and  their  carcasses  were 
left  to  rot  on  the  pampas.  Now  all  the  appliances  of  European  scieuce 
and  art  are  brought  into  requisition,  and  the  entire  animal  is  utilized 
One  of  the  lirst  conditions  of  a  slaugiitering  establishment  is  tliat  it 
should  be  near  a  navigable  water-course,  where  the  largest  sea-coini? 
vessels  can  anchor  and  receive  the  jiroduct.  Those  in  this  conntiv  are 
located  on  the  Uruguay,  Parana,  and  La  Plata  Eivers.  Several  verv 
extensive  ones  are  at  Ensenada,  where  is  a  fine  bay,  large  enough  to 
receive  a  fleet  of  vessels.  Another  condition  is  the  possession  of  im. 
mense  pasture  grounds  supplied  with  an  abundance  of  water  so  that 
the  animals,  tired  out  by  their  long  drives  on  the  road,  may  be' allowed 
to  rest  and  recui)erate  before  going  to  their  slaughter,  for,  indepoiident 
of  the  worthlessness  of  tired  meat,  the  hide  is  with  difiiculty  reiuoved 
from  such  animals,  being  easily  cut  during  the  operation,  thusresultiiiff 
in  unsalable  stock.  It  is  also  necessary  to  build  deposits,  respectiveiv 
for  the  salt,  the  meat,  the  hides,  and  the  tallow ;  a  long  open  shed  for 
cutting  and  salting  the  meat,  and  otticjcs  for  overseer,  peons,  &c.  all  of 
which  are  located  conveniently  to  the  slaughter-house  proper.     ' 

In  well-organized  saladcros  there  are  usually  three  corrals,  the  first 
and  largest  being  built  of  very  strong  stakes  or  brick  walls',  openiiiff 
widely  to  receive  tlie  herds  driven  slowly  in  by  the  peons.    The  second 
corral  joins  this  and  is  only  large  enough  to  hold  a  number  snfficieut 
for  the  day's  slaughter ;  and  the  third  still  smaller,  and  opening  into  the 
preceding,  holds  about  twenty  head  at  a  time,  and  terminates  in  anarrow 
passage,  through  which  there  runs,  on  a  level  with  the  pavement  a  plat- 
form car  on  iron  rails.    Around  this  small  corral  there  is  a  high 'gallery 
on  which  one  can  walk,  while  a  bridge  passes  over  the  railway  passage 
which  is  closed  with  folding  doors.    Through  a  i)ulley  above  these  doors 
is  placed  a  long  lasso,  the  running  knot  of  which  is  in  the  hands  of  the 
executioner,  the  other  end  attached  to  a  yoke  of  oxen  led  by  a  boy. 
The  executioner  throws  the  lasso  and  catches  the  nearest  animal  arouiid 
the  horns,  and  calls  to  the  boy  to  pull.    Thus  the  animal  is  dragged  in- 
stantly onto  the  platform,  where  instinctively  he  rests  his  head  against 
the  doors,  when  the  man  ])lunges  his  knife  into  its  neck  between  the 
occipital  and  lirst  vertebrae,  thus  severing  the  spinal  cord.    The  animal 
falls  dead,  the  door  opens,  and  the  car  is  drawn  outside,  the  doors  clos- 
ing behind  the  carcass,  which  is  at  once  deposited  upon  a  ])ave(l  way 
and  the  car  is  returned  to  its  place,  and  another  animal  lassoed.         ' 
Tlie  maneuver  is  done  with  extreme  rapidity.    Tlie  animals  lying  on 
the  ])avemeut  are  bled  immediately,  the  blood  running  in  a  trough  to  a 
special  tank  and  dried  or  made  into  artificial  guano.    The  process  of 
skinning  the  animal  occupies  but  a  moment.    It  is  then  cut  into  quar- 
ters, hung  in  an  open  shed  on  hooks,  and  then  cut  up  into  small  strips, 
so  that  nothing  rema  jis  but  the  bones.    The  meat  thus  cut  up  is  piled 
under  thick  layers  of  salt  several  feet  higli.    During  tliesc  operations 
a  part  of  the  grease  is  put  aside,  while  the  bones  of  the  limbs  and  carcass 
are  removed  to  great  wooden  tubs,  heated  by  pipes  conveying  the  steam 
i'rnm  thebnilers,  tlinsextraeting  a! !  th«  .'xri>;is«'  wlsij-h  may  roiHi'ln.    These 
vats  arc  capabh;  of  holding  upwards  of  thirty  carcasses.    Tiie  hides  are 
salted  and  piled  like,  the  meat.    The  paunch  and  intestines  are  made 
iuto  guauo.    The  tongues,  bools.  tails,  ears,  horns,  hide  cuttings,  &c., 


THE  AROENTINE  KEPUBLtC.  615 

;nv  oonsi^ned  Jo  their  mspox^tivo  receptacles.    When  the  skeletonH  are 

iciiiovcdlroiii  the  boilers,  all  the  grease  has  (lisappearedfroiii  tliem  onlv 

ii  few  Ii-aineiits  and  remnants  of  flesh  remaining.    The  larger  bones 

used  for  mannfiictures,  are  then  separated,  and  the  rest  are  used  for  fnel' 

(he  hone  ashes  benig  collected  in  barrels  and  sold  abroad  for  manure  ' 

In  tlie  space  of  about  five  minutes  after  it  is  slaughtered,  the  animal 

has  entire  y  disappeared.    As  to  the  meat,  when  it  has  become  well 

,)ene  rated  by  the  salt,  after  repeated  turnings,  at  the  end  of  about 

live  (lays,  it  is  placed  m  an  in  closure  on  horizontal  lattice  work,  and  thus 

perfectly  dried.     After  this  it  is  piled  in  the  open  air  upon  a  brick  plat- 

ioriii  and  covered  with  hides  to  protect  it  from  birds  of  prey,  or  to  -iwait 

its  sale.    For  transportation  it  is  put  u])  in  barrels  or  bales  securelv 

pressed.    The  gre.ase,  after  having  been  refined,  is  run  into  i)ipes  and 

sold  by  weight.    Some  saladeros,  to  utilize  the  grease  and  t allow,  have 

soap  and  candle  factories  annexed  to  the  establishments 

Such  is  a  general  r<^mmc  of  the  usual  o])erations  of  a  mladero  in  irood 
condition.  Ordinarily  they  can  slaughter  and  take  care  of  four  hundred 
animals  per  day,  the  work  beginning  at  daylight.  The  men  engaged 
in  these  establisnmeuts  ])ossess  a  wonderful  dexterity  in  ti.eir  several 
departments,  and  operate  with  a  rapidity  which  is  astouishino-  Tlie 
season  for  active  work  begins  at  the  end  of  the  spring  monthsTeither 
m  November  or  December,  when  the  animals  are  fat  and  can  be  slauffh- 
tered  to  the  best  pecuniary  advantage,  and  it  comes  to  a  close  when 
the  frosts  or  the  drought  begins  to  cut  down  the  past  uraL^e.  There  are 
now  in  the  Argentine  Republic  not  less  than  twenty-one  of  these  -reat 
slaughtering  establishments,  as  follows:  Eight  in  tlie  province  of  Entre 
Keos;  one  m  the  province  of  Santa  Ee,  and  twelve  in  tin,  province  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  together  representing  a  capital  of  over  $0,000,000  The 
annual  number  of  animala  slaughtered  varies  considerably,  but  jreuer- 
ally  reaches  m  this  part  of  the  liiver  Plate  to  a  million  head,  thou-h 
m  the  last  year  or  two  this  industry  seems  to  be  languishing. 

CITY  SLAUGHTERHOUSES  IN  THE  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

In  the  city  slaughter-houses  {vmtaderos)  there  is  but  little  of  the  sys- 
tem which  belongs  to  the  mladeros,  while  there  is  displayed  a  arcat 
deal  more  cruelty  to  the  animals.  Those  of  Buenos  Ayres  are  located 
to  the  southwest  of  the  municipal  limits  and  consist  of  a  large  number  of 
corrals  or  pens  surrounding  an  extensive  inclosure  in  which  are  arraii -ed 
the  necessary  buildings  and  sheds.  The  animals  are  lassoed  in  the 
pens  by  a  man  on  horseback,  and  they  are  then  forced  through  the 
corral  gate  into  the  inclosure,  bellowing  and  pluuging  in  every  direc- 
tion ma  vain  effort  to  escape.  Sometimes  the  animals  are  thromi  down 
by  another  lasso  passed  around  their  hind  legs,  when  they  are  readily 
dispatched ;  but  in  most  cases  the  but  cher  with  an  immense  knife  in  his 
hand  takes  his  opportunity  to  hamstring  the  brute  before  him,  thus  at 
once  bringing  it  to  the  ground,  when  the  knife  is  driven  into  ts  neck 
behind  the  horns,  severing  the  spinal  cord.  Ereque-itly,  how^l^i^ 
the  hamstringing  is  only  partially  done  or  unsuccessfully  attempted 
and  the  bleeding  animal,  infuriated  in  its  struggh)  for  freedom  the 
chance  of  which  is  lessened  every  moment  bv  tlie  tightened  lasso' t  e 
wounded  eg,  and  the  loss  of  blood,  suffers  all  sorts  of  tot  re  1  Vom 'n  en 
and  dogs  before  it  finally  succumbs  to  its  f:.f..      Ti.i.  ..,m  "  b.-'fT-^"  51' 

1  one  of  the  corrals:  while 


alion  is  at  the  same  lime  going  on  in  eaci 


scattered  at  intervals  in  \]w.  iiidosn 
skinning  and  disemboweling  tl 


It'  ii,  number  of  men  are  engaged  in 


ini.nials  while  others  are  cutting  up  and 


616 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY   FAUMING. 


ft 


j|i 


'i. 

I  i  I  * 


Tho 


sight 


placing  tlio  caroaaaea  in  carts  for  tlio  iViiWnvut  eitv  markc-l ^     ' 
8  a  most  repellaut  one,  and  no  person  witl,  weak     e  Tes  /.r  ..  i      ' 
heart  would  care  to  witness  it  twice.    All  these  -itvest^.i^i.    '"""""« 
under  tho  control  of  the  municipal  autJior  t Sr  not  imiel w 
lection  of  the  taxes  on  each  head  but  to  inspSt  e  n  e  aj   'b,^  t/  ^'f  '=°'- 
duty  IS  most  carelessly  attended  to,  and  the  amo  m   of  m  le,    "''f^'"'' 

Hr;r^i:i;rii;;;£^:«-"-  ^>-  ^«>  -ordi.;^r^^j^;v 

EFFORTS  TO   IMPROVE  THE  ARGENTINE  BREED 


fepfort,  I  have  exclusively  referred  to  the  ii-ifi,n  /      , 
this  Ropnblic*    J  Intve  done  this  fo    t,  e  r  ^LW') 


Thus  far  in  my  rei 

breed  of  cattle  of  th.„  ...,, ^.      ,  ,„,,,«  u(me  tnis  lor  t 

scarcely  any  other  kind  reav'<"a  the«lor"i,terin'  ostnh  1..'.',"  T'"'?"  ^'"'l 
not  bo  understood,  how.  c  there  are    o  bloo    c^        •^"- ,  ^^'""■^^ 

try.    J)urinff  the  last  fev  verTc^imi  ouS  Si '".  ^'"  '"""■ 

made,  especially  in  the  pro        e  of-fJ^M'oTC.t  to\',^^^^^  ^•^^■' 

and  some  of  tho  best  bieedinff  stock  of  Great  I  Hta  n  S  .  ' '"'''''' 
m  some  cases  comm an dln^r  oxtra vacant  nri(  h  Tl  IJ  f  ,  '  ""l>o«<'(l, 
Shorthorns  or  l)urhan.s,'^thouf^^  mo^e  re centl v  som^  v  )''  'IT^^^'  ^"''■" 
tions  of  Hereford  bulls  have  been  .m«ht  'jiLT.'-t  S  '*^^""'''^'- 
with  Creole  cows  cannot  vet  be  fully  d<'termine1^n  <•  "'^'"^:  <"«'«w,s 
producing  qvuilitiesof  the  cross  is  ci  u  er  e  o? e^nrse  t^JJ'i  ''"  """^• 
tion ;  but  milk  is  just  now  a  matter  of  small  consiZntion  ..  '  ""  ''"'■'• 
vteros,  wlio  never  milk  a  cow.  i^'»'it>HU i.ition  aiuon^' (-«/««. 

Un  two  points,  however,  tiioro  is  a  very  serious  nuesfion     ti 
hrsu  the  quality  of  the  hides  produced  by  tl  e  cr  ss^^  Tliosoans 

ab.hty  of  the^ro^s^toj'  rou,di  it"  during  t^rroug^i^l.teMlHTnr'  "" 

Jni«„a.v  R.vor.  I  luivo  never  seen  tho  I.^oel,,?tI,'^  ''''"'■'''''  ""  ""'  ^hm'V 
Thoy  are  called  nala  m-  niala.  TI.ey  uTmeai  /a  mi.M.M '"''''V' '''''•  J'''  >^'^- 
tiou  to  other  cattle  ^sbU-h  bull  or  iMiiV  lo  h  ,  to  .  t h  '.l  ''"'',  '""."l.v  Hie  same  ,vl,,. 
«hort  and  broa.l,  M-ith  the  nasal  end  t^l.  •  uf  ,p  1"  le  ^Zv  1  '""'  '71'""''  '^  ^'■•■.^ 
their  lower  .iaw«  proj(,et  beyond  tho  npper  ar  (t  •  ve  .  .  .  o  '''•,"""''  'I'''""  ^».k; 
henee  tj.eir  teeth  areahvayn  expose,!. '  Th  ,  r  L^r  ist  e  sV-Z'l''/''''.'"  "''"""'  '""'-• 
open  •  the.r  eyes  project  ont  ward.  When  walkinc  thev  "nr  "''  'I'' '","'  "''  '''^ 
short  neck  ;  and  their  hind  \v^»  are  rather  lonVr, ,  n, ,,  nL."  •^•.. ''?!''  '"'■'"'■^  '"^^  ""  ' 
nsnal.  Their  bare  teetl«.  .heir  short  h  e/^/a  nVnJnZ  Lil'i  ''  '•'"  '  ;'""  ''"■^  "'•'"' 
Indicrons  self-confident  air  of  defiance  inia.  in  I,  v  '""^f"''*  K've  tli,.,,,  11,,.  most 
a  skelif on  hea.l,  whi<.h  is  nowlSted  inf  e  lic.^  f^'  '''"'''\ !  '"'^•"  ■'■■"•^"'O'l 
Lnxan  kindly  collected  for  me  all  tho  inl'onnatio    w^^^^^^  """  ''•  ''^'""i^' '"' 

JVonHus  aeeo;n,t  it  seems  that  a!ire^?^vr,m^^ 

kept  as  cariosities  at  Buenos  Ayres.     The  bre.'.l  is    ,    vi  .m  ,lh  i"   ■     '\  '"'',''  ''"'^ '""' 
nated  among  the  Indians,  sontJnvard  of  t he  ft^^  ^n-    ffi 
commonest  kind.     Even  at  (hisday  those  ro-i red  in    i',/  ''  ^'"''''  " '"'  """'"  'I'" 

their  less  civilized  origin  in  Lh2   ierc  r  tb^^^^^^  P''<'vin(;es,  near  the  IMutu,  sliow 

deserling  her  first  call^  if  vIsHe  t.o  fte  .'  i  m  es  "d"  ti"  "•'"  '?  ""  '""  "^"'^ 
almost  similar  strnctiiro  to  tho  abnormal  on,  ,,('?.>  •,  '  '^"'>-'"l'ii'  l"<Mli.ii  an 
Dr.  Falconer,  cliaracterizesXt  Lre"    ox^^^^^^^^^  '';:*'V''',:'*^  '  ••»"  '"liHine,!  I,v 

The  bree.l  is 'very  true,  and  .-    «,X    nil  If  'l',  ^"•"■•''  <""  ■^<rvi.l,.,i,„„. 

niata  bnll  with  aeonnnon  ....w  ovZ.  4ver  o  l.T, mZ'!;^''Ir^^  "'"'"  -"'•    '' 

incliate  <;haracter,  bnt  with  the  niata  elw.rw.oru^Vl  '^  o(  spMnj;  ],,,vni-  an  iiifc- 

nro  is  t,,lerably  long,  the.lala  c!luI.?iS  U  ^  M.S)-  ^d  n^^  ''!?'"  ^""  ""'" 

eattlo  ;  bnt  dnring  tii<i  .n-oat  droii<rbt«   Jl.n,.     '""«"<  -"i  I  palat.',  as  well  as  ,(11,1111011 

m.der  a  gr.-at  disa.l  ^ant';  I'e   a  id   vo  i.'lS^  l"'''^'''  "'"  "''""  '""■''  i'^ 

common  cattle  an.  inst  ab  o  t     kr,    nllvo  ?.t^7"'"'f^'''l  "^ ''"'  "'f'"''-'''  '":  '"•""' 
and  ree.ls  ;  this  tho  ,  ;«,rc  ,ni mt  d?,  s     v^^^^        lm>wsing  with  I  l„.ir  lips  .,„  (]„.  ,wi(;.s 

nre  fonnd  to  perish  bS,  Vb:;'!::.';.:!::.':?;;^  •,"";';;"•  '/i!^  'i"  '"•<  joi..,  an.i  i,..,,,.,,  ti,rv 

ofhow  little  wo  are  able  t(> '^^id-nVfrnm  fl.!    "    r        •'""■'™  ""'  •'«  ''  H'""'  iilnsiratioii 

Htances,  ocenring  at  lo  ."  i   terya  s  .      v     ho"  •'  .'."rr'  '"''r'  ';''  '"'"•.""  ''''''  '^''■«'""- 
determined."  "  '"^*"^^'""  "'">  >  <'"'  """y  <>r  exlmctiou  of  aspeeies  may  be 


THE   ARGKNTtNK    KEPtinLlC. 


617 


In  rcj?ard  to  the  first  point,  T  liavc  tlic  opinion  of  u  largo  buyer  of 
hides,  tliat  so  soon  as  tlie  cross  with  JJurham  bulls  bccamo  appreciably 
felt  ill  number,  the  price  of  Argentine  hides  would  fall,  owing  to  their 
depreciation  in  quality.  At  present,  I  believe  the  hides  of  this  part  of 
South  America  stand  pre-eminent  for  their  strength ;  and  it  hardly  seems 
reasonable  to  suppose  that  to  cross  the  native  stock  with  a  breed  which 
has  for  a  century  or  more  been  carefully  wintered  and  pamjiered  will 
hiive  the  effect  to  improve  the  quality  of  tin  hide.  The  reverse  would 
iiiitnrally  seem  to  be  the  effect.  For  this  r<ason  there  is  a  growing 
preference  manifested  for  the  Ilereford  bulls,  on  the  ground  that  they 
have  been  bred  in  a  more  natural  way,  have  a  far  stronger  hide  thaii 
tlie  Durham,  and  can  better  take  care  of  themselves  on  the  great  plains 
of  the  Argentine  Eepublic.  For  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  no  pro- 
vision is  ever  made  in  this  country  for  protecting  cattle  from  the  weather. 
Such  a  thing  as  cattle  sheds  or  winter  feeding  is  entirely  unknown,  and 
the  cold  winds  and  severe  storms  which  come  over  the  southwestern 


retain  a  vigorous  and  healthy  constitution  under  the  hard  conditions 
which  they  are  subjected  to  here. 

So  far  as  the  second  point  is  concerned,  it  is  probably  true  that  the 
llerefords  are  better  able  to  stand  the  winters  of  this  country  than  tlio 
J)nrhams,  but  it  is  certain  that  neither  has  the  enduring  qualities  of 
the  native  cattle  that  for  three  hundred  years,  through  all  sorts  of  rough 
weather,  have  become  accustomed  to  look  out  for  themselves.  And  it 
must  be  admitted  that,  so  far  as  body  and  weight  are  considered,  the 
native  breed  has  much  to  recommend  it  besides  its  hide.  In  some  re- 
spects these  cattle  remind  me  of  what  at  home  Ave  call  the  Texas  or 
Arkansas  "stags,"  tall  and  long-bodied,  with  immense  sjireading  horns, 
of  no  prevailing  color,  but  of  all  colors ;  and  when  well  Idled  out  by  the 
rich  pasturage  of  the  pampas  they  present  a  most  stately,  not  to  say 
handsome,  appearance,  the  work  oxen  being  wonderful  specimens  of 
strength  and  docility.  It  is  only  in  the  province  of  IJuenos  Ayres  that 
any  particular  attempts  have  been  made  to  improve  the  breed. 

The  last  census  (1881)  classiUes  the  stock  of  the  province  as  follows: 


ClasB. 

Number  in 
the  prov- 
ince. 

Value. 

Native  cattle 

4, 037, 084 
22,  L'l!) 

38(jJ  O.-.ft 
88,  008 

221, 440 

$38, 7.'>0, 006 
4,443,800 
7,  721, 180 
•2, 810,  2r.o 
6, 200, 000 

Kii<;lNli  and  othor  bloml  niiiiualH 

MiNoil  breeds  (English  auil  native) 

Woik  oxen 

Miloli  cows 

Total 

4, 754, 810 

50, 037,  242 



MILCn    cows    AND    BUTTEB-MAKING  IN  THE    ARGENTINE   REPUBLIC 

The  small  number  of  milch  cows  in  the  province  of  Duenos  Ayres 
compared  with  the  total  number  of  cattle  will  attract  attention,  while 
in  the  other  provinces,  could  the  figures  be  obtained,  the  discrepancy 
would  be  stdl  {greater;  whereas  in  the  Uniiod  States  over  one-Lhird  of 
all  the  horned  cattle  of  the  country  are  cows  kept  ibr  dairy  purposes. 
Ihis  shows  the  meager  proportions  which  the  latter  industry  has  yet 


618 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


assumed  in  tbe  Argentine  Eepublic.  Indeed,  in  the  census  of  tlii^  ,>r 
ince,  which  has  just  been  published,  the  fi^uiW  are  so  in^g.n&r; 
no  returns  whatever  are  i,nven  of  the  au.ount  of  the  u.ilk/  ,t  "  t\ 
cheese  produced.  Cows  are  never  nnlked  without  the  presn u"  ^f  /'' 
calf  to  start  the  imlk;  and  even  then  the  cows  are  so  umu,n  ^  <",  L^ 
the  operation  that  they  have  frequently  to  be  kept  lassoe  to  "'fi  » 
In  this  city  irnlk  is  either  delivere<l  at  the  door  by  un\kmvi(,^^^': 
who  come  in  from  the  country  on  horseback  briuffinj.-  ,,      ?? 

cans  balanced  on  each  side  of  a  pack-saddle;  or,  what  is  i  ImI?,  ^"' 
usua  ,  the  cows  with  their  calves  tied  to  theii-  tai'lsT'ro  ii  |  'rr 
the  streets  morning  and  evening,  and  the  quantity  which  ea(-l  ,.  f'' 
desires  is  mdked  at  his  door.  The  appearance  of  these  (Imv  4"  A  "''' 
on  the  streets  with  their  calves  pullid  along  behind  tJ.m,  I  T 
dicrous  to  foreigners,  and  illustrates  the  prinTiti ve  condi   ,    (  ?  "• 

industry  in  this  country.  Milk  sells  in  this  city  for  H  ,'e  d"  ,  n/^'"^' 
butter  for  40  to  60  cents  per  pound.  '  "'^'  '"'•' 

I  will  not  assume  to  say  that  Yankee  churns  are  uidu)ow,.  in  f.  • 
country  but  a  good  portion  of  the  butter  which  fims  ^r  v  ,.  1'' 
city  18  churned  by  the  Iccheros  on  horseback,  on  their  jouine v'tn  /I  " 
by  the  mere  jolting  of  some  cream  in  the  tin' cans  s  ra  Z.  Uol  1?'' 
horse's  back.  But  the  most  novel  mode  of  n.akiuff  bu t  •  ,,  i.  * " 
nor  18  to  fill  a  bag  made  of  hide  with  sour  crea  ,^t  n  f,  ,  t'lf'" 
to  one  end  of  a  long  hide  rope  and  attach  the  otlu  r  to  h,  h  -  , J  '.S^^^ 
around  a  horses  body,  which  is  then  mounted  bv  a  wio  !  ,  "  S'' 

PKICES  OF  CATTLE  IN  THE  ARGENTINE  REPUBLrc. 

In  regard  to  the  prices  of  native  animals,  there  areconsi,lenhl..fl„« 
tuations  corresponding  to  the  season.  Cattle  that  1, ,  rhnj  '  /f 
wintered  and  have  just  entered  upon  the  sprng  grass  ^  , on  nLT^ 
ter  figures  than  cattle  that  are  in  bad  coJulitio.f  after  It  dl^; 
with  the  winter  before  them.  Likewise  for  animals  raised  fo  •';i  !  f 
there  is  considerable  diflerence  in  the  price^acS mil  I  to  f  n' 
cahty.  In  the  upper  provinces,  far  re.nov-d  fr  n/n  i"./<.  "' 
seldom  exceeds  $10  to  $15  for  steers  •  $15  to  i  H  fo  ..l  '  h  ', '''"  ^T' 
cows,  $10  to  $15  with  calf;  without' c!     $8  fo  l  ^  1  Kv'r'"  f'' 

most  part  novillos  of  two  years  sell  for  ."^10  to  «i<i.  of-  h  '^    ^1^^ 

to  $20;  fat  bullocks,  for  $!i0  to  $4;Vcols  w  "hta^ef  ft-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
work  oxen  $25  to  $40.    For  the  gi^vat  slaughte  ing  [n  .rnint  st  b' 
inlTnh*"  *«^f  *»•«*)  <^^^i  ^'i^tle  are  bought  at  the  ^tanoL^^r^ 
80  much  a  head  generally  from  $8  ,to  $12  ^Uil  corte^*  wl.i  'i     ,13 

is  obliged  to  take  the  quantity  f  catUo  ''  c„l  ir'''  ,  I  .  ,?,  i  ''  T"'  W  '"'/''"'''' 
hand,  whether  the  auii.al  l.e^ol  or  vo.u.^  li  "-'ts;  1  Kil',v'''  a';"'  "^'"' "■:  •'^'' 
more  usual  to  put  the  aninmls  int..  tl,      'o^V      w  w  /''  '";"";'  '^'" 

enough  to_anowtho  escape  of  one  at  a Tin.o'.    '■'„    n.^l^.'''/./'^;''.'''" ;;;;[;;''''_' 


Hnsoftliisprf,^. 
isigiiiliciiiit  that 
'Jlk,  butter,  and 
presence  of  the 
nacciiNfoiiied  to 
'<»<^<1  to  ii  stake 
l^iiK'M  {li'vhcroa) 
the  HuKi  in  tj,; 

MX-'Miaps  11,01,, 
<'>'"VtMi  tlirongi, 
1  |'ii<;li  customer 
<1  roves  of  eowN 
i''n  is  quite  In. 
ioii  of  tiie  dairy 
I'ts  ii  piut,  and 

ikuowii  in  tiiij, 

ifs  waytotlie 
mney  to  town, 
!>('<•  uoross  tile 
t'l-  in  tlie  iiitft. 
fasten  tlie  bag 
0  heather  girtli 
(•lio  and  riilden 
^■tli  of  time  to 
'Jjf  against  tlie 
iild  Noll  ill  the 


fBLrc!. 

isideralile  flnc- 
^•e  been  safely 
eoiniiKiml  bet- 
loiif,'  (Iroiifflit 
1  for  slaughter 
If?  to  the  lo- 
•Icet,  t  ho  price 
illocks;  milch 
lis  city  for  the 
ree  years,  $15 
m  $12  to  $00; 
(Mirinjif  estab- 
V  in  droves  at 
lile  for  breed- 
numbers,  say 


I  if.sexistrnr'o  to 
II'  hi'id  coiitain- 
<l  tile  jjiircliascr 
■jkI  lixt'd  liclore 

t,  pi-cst'iit.  ih  is 
ii'iii'd  (iiily  \vi(l(i 
iii-i  iMniiitiMl,  as 

lilled,  tbo  gate 


THE   AUGKNTINE   REPURIJC.  619 

CAPITAL    KEQUIRED    TO    START    AN    ESTANCIA    IN    THE   ABGENTINB 

BEPUBLIO. 

Tl  a  outlay  necessary  for  starting:  a  cattle  cstancia  depends  upon  its 
location,  and  its  annual  product  depends  very  much  upon  fortuitous 
circumstances.    In  regard  to  tbo  first  point,  of  course  the  capital  re- 
quired will  be  greater  in  the  jirovlnce  of  Euenos  Ayres  than  on  the  front- 
iers, west  and  south,  or  in  the  interior  i)rovinces,  for  the  reason  that 
the  former  lands,  command  higber  prices,  the  prices  decreasing  as  the 
distance  from  Buenos  Ayres  increases.    In  regard  to  the  second  i)oint 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  i)rotracted  droughts  (sceos)  are  not  unusual 
ill  this  country,  during  which  thousands  upon  thousands  of  stock  die  from 
thirst  and  starvation,  while  the  severe  rain  and  snow  storms  of  winter 
frequently  carry  off'  other  thousands  upon  thousands  of  unprotected 
cattle.    For  these  two  reasons  any  estimates  on  these  subjects  cannot  be 
implicitly  relied  upon.    Mr,RicardoNap,aweIl-knownstatisticianofthi8 
city,  has  presented  some  figures,  which  for  a  good  year  I  suppose  may 
l)(i  taken  as  approximately  accurate.    lie  assumes  that  a  league  square 
of  pasture-land,  with  the  necessary  buildings  included,  has  been  pur- 
chased in  the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres  for  $40,000  (a  similar  qual- 
ity of  land  farther  out  can  bo  purchased  for  $20,000  to  $;}0,000  j  )er  league 
while  on  the  frontiers  it  can  be  obtained  for  $4,000  to  $10,000  per  league)' 
lie  then  assumes  that  it  is  stocked  with  both  cattle  and  sheep  as  fol- 
lows: 

10,000  sheop,  aZcorie,  at  $1.10 jjl  q^q 

1,000  homed  cattle,  al  corle,  .it  $6 !!J.'".'""."! (i'ooo 

:iOO  mares,  .it  $4 .'.'.'.'.........'..... 1 '"()() 

.^OHiuldlo  borsos  for  use,  at  $1G ..."'..'.......'.'.'.'.... 800 

Outlay  In  the  purchase  of  cattlo. llTooo 

The  capital  fund  for  land  and  cattlo  will  then  be  $59,000,  gold;  and 
he  calculates  the  annual  product  as  follows: 

2,r)00  sheep,  sold  to  tallow  establishments,  at  |2 «-,  nnn 

l.OCO  sheep,  a?  cor<e,  at$1.20 1  '>()0 

150  liorned  cattlo  for  the  butcher,  at  $14 y'Tnn 

WO,  alcorte,  at  $6 !.'!!'.!!!"". Coo 

25  mares  sold,  at  ?4 I'oo 

Augmentation  and  prodnet  of  the  year.  q  onn 

Also  400  quintals  of  wool,  at  $12 '. .             ii  ';^^n  ' 

Also  3  quintals  of  hair,  at  $80 i."il."'..".'."'..".".'"!."!."". .".".'."  fiO 

4,8f)0 

Gross  proceeds ri~8ro 

He  deducts  expenses  as  follows : 

Siilary  of  the  m.inagcr,  per  annum 4040 

Salary  of  two  servants,  per  annum .'.'.'.'..'."'. ygO 

Salary  of  six  shepherds  and  peons,  i)or  annum" 1  oho 

Sundry  expenses ..'.'.'.'.'."''. 26 

l,8r.O 

Which,  .iccording  to  his  figures,  leaves  a  net  gain  of ~i2, 000 

This  is  nearly  21  per  cent,  on  the  amount  of  the  investment,  and  ho 


the  nivestment  when  the  balance-sheet  is  fully  made  up.    In  good  years, 
and  tliese  do  sometimes  occur,  the  profit  may  even  go  to  30  per  cent, 
but  this  18  uot  hkely  to  happen  very  often.  ' 


■•'■i: 


620 


CATTr.K    AND    ])An{Y    FAIiMING. 


I 


It  will  be «)  )8ervojl  that  thorn  is  no  ifrom  in  thc^  above  ovixms,.  „ 
count  for  food.    TIiih  Is  beca«.so  the  animalH  on  the  i)la(!(.  Um  1  T 
Jilinu'iit,  which  18  almoHtcxduHively  meat,  while  th<^  skiiiH,  hide    t  ii 
ansnetot  the  animaLs  biitchored  tor  eonsuinptioii  pays  neat.    >',*": 
Hi  the  small  expenses;  and,  as  Mr.  Nap  says,  "it  is  exactiv    .  T 
absence  of  small  ex])enses  that  the  principal  kains  of  the  nist,. ' i    " 
dustry  are  found  in  the  Arfjentine  Kepublic,"  no  other  provisio   u   '"" 
ever,  8av<»  what  tlu^  pampas  furnish,  being  re<iiiired  or  at  least  evo  1  fi 
use  of  for  the  maintenance  of  the  animals  when  the  i)astnra<'V  !' ', 

The  above  estimate  is  made  on  the  basis  that  the  ostancia  is  mrfi..!! 
stoclced  w.tJ,  sheep-and  F  am  informed  that  such  estanr/as  Vr^r  •'  J 
the  most  prohtable-but  many  of  those  more  remote  from  tl  i.  ,' i' 
are  exclusiv«>ly  devoted  to  horned  (tattle.     Three  thousand  ]uwZS 
t  e  bewft-  the  number  usually  allowed  to  a  league  of  land,  i   is  -'  L  t 
'Change  the  calculations  n.  the  estimate  to  correspond  to  t  uit  basN 

Whatever  maybe  the  actual  ])er  cent,  of  profit  wh-ch  is  nnhV  ,iL 
(tattle  farming,  it  is  yet  certain  that  the  business  is  lucrative  J  foot'!!!! 
who  are  engaged  in  this  branch  of  industry  have  became  the    iH.  ' 
ot  the  country,  many  of  them  having  amassed  imuunise  fortunes      m" 
true,  however,  that  the  iiuirease  in  the  vaUie  of  their  lands  1ms  in  so ,! 
cnses  had  more  to  do  with  their  wealth  than  the  product  of  ihe  m  n'? 
1     rr^  "'?/  ''''"''"  ^''.''^^tho  value  of  well-sitaiate.l  estiiS   £ 
jhmbled  m  the  course  of  a  few  years,  to  say  nothing  whatever  of  t£ 

FUTURK  OF  THK   CATTLE   INDUSTRY  OP  THE  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

I  have  undertaken  in  the  foregoing  pages  to  furnish  the  Demrtmonf 
w,  li  an  exhibit  drawn  from  the  most  reliable  sources  atZm,  3 
of  this  leading  industry  of  the  Argentine  Kepublic,  its  histol  y        u  '  ' 
derful  devel«>pment,  its  details,  its  products,  and  its  i^i  '  win  j 
have  accomplished  is  perhaps  hardly  what  niight  have  boo    c-x ,  1 
in  reply  to  the  circular  which  was  sent  to  me;  but  a  strict  'nmno. 
therewith  was   impossible,  from  the  fact  th'at  th^rf  an   I'o         S 
cattle  in  this  country  whose  importation  would  be  an  i.nprovon  e 
our  existing  breeds  and  to  productions  of  the  dairy.    At  tl  o  s a   J    mo 
however,  it  has  seemed  to  me  that  the  manner  in  whicli  tlie  g  e    (•  S 
estancias  of  the  river  a  Plate  are  managed  and  made  nrodm^iv ,  no. 
matter  of  sufficient  interest,  not  merely  to'^our  cattle  breeC  1,    to  Z 
people  generally,  to  warrant  the  extended  mention  I  have  made  of  thS 
even  though  they  offer  but  few  points  which  it  would  be  worU,  w    I 
lor  us  to  imitate.  ""im  uum 

In  my  opinion,  however,  the  cattle  industry  of  this  coniitrv  if  vnt  in 
Its  infancy,  is  still  in  its  undeveloped  state,  and  that  it  will  }  orS 
assume  far  greater  proportions  and  be  prosecuted  with  fur  bettor  rosn 
than  It  has  yet  done.    In  the  past  cattle  were  only  raised  in  this  (•om.tiT 
for  their  hides;  at  present  they  are  raised  for  their  hides  and  tlio  j)i„, . 
uct  of  their  carcasses.    The  time  is  coming,  with  the  i-iflux  of  'iltolli- 
gent  labor  from  Lurope,  when  to  these  the  products  of  the  dairy  will 
also  be  added.    To  this  end  it  is  necessary  that  an  improvod  breed  pe 
haps  the  cross  cf  the  Hereford  with  the  native  cow,  shall  take Tlu*  pC 
of  the  uiitivii  (Creole)  cattle,  which  at  present  constitute  fh..  KtoHc-'f  tLc 
couiilry.     This  (;liange  is  no>r  gradually  g(»ing  on,  and  a  Way  maiv  years 
will  .shown  a  vast  difference  in  the  cpialities  of  the  breed,  wliilo  tlio  pro- 
auction  of  uiilk,  buttor,  and  cheese  will  double,  if  not  treble,  the  present 


THE  AUGKNTINK  RKPUBLIC. 


G21 


NE  REPUnLiri. 


vuliui  oftlio  industry.  I  should  not,  indeed,  be  Huiprised  if  tlit^  Aigt'ii- 
tine  Kepublic  should  yet  shiiro  with  the  United  States  tlie  Inisiness  (»t' 
.siipplyinf;  the  Okl  World  not  only  witii  its  piineipul  iilinient,  iiieiit,iitu 
iiiodenite  price,  but  likewise  with  all  the  products  of  tlie  <liiiry. 

Tiic  introduction  of  blooded  cattle  and  their  crosses  with  the  native 
will  of  course  require  that  they  should  also  receive  j,'reater  care  ;  but, 
when  there  has  been  established  a  I'lore  intimate  conne(!tiou  betwe«'n 
liiishiuidry  and  the  breeding  of  cattle,  this  also  will  come.  Alfalfa  and 
otiier  succulent  grasses  will  be  grown  and  harvested  to  secure  them  from 
iiossihie  starvation  during  the  winter  months;  while  sheds  or  grea' 
belts  of  timber  will  be  planted  to  protect  them  from  destroying  storms, 
The  (country,  all  these  years,  has  gone  on  the  idea  that  the  industry 
ju'cded  no  other  care  than  the  gathering  of  its  produce  ;  and  that,  as  the 
millions  of  cattle,  which  fed  on  the  spontaneous  grasses  of  the  pami»as, 
increased  and  midtiplied  without  any  attention  from  tlie  proprietors, 
there  was  nothing  more  to  be  desired.  It  is  these  natural  advantages 
wlii(!h  have  in  great  part  caused  the  negligence  which  hasattende<l  this 
industry.  Everything  has  been  left  to  luiture,  without  retleeting  tlmt 
it  is  very  necessary  to  assist  it,  and  in  some  cases  even  direct  it,  in  order 
to  iuive  it  yield  its  best  results,  liut  the  old  ways  of  the  cattle-growers 
will  give  place  to  the  improved  methods  of  other  countries  ;  the  advan- . 
tages  which  the  Argentine  l{ei)ublic  oilers  for  the  raising  of  cattle  on 
the  largest  scale  will  be  supplemented  by  their  scientific  appreciation 
and  utilization,  and  the  industry  will  take  a  new  departure  of  increased 
i)roduction  and  dH  increased  wealth  to  the  nation. 

E.  L.  BAKER, 

CoriHul. 

United  States  Consulate, 

Buenos  Ayres,  November  24,  1883. 


G22 


CAlTLli    AND    DAIICY    I-AUMINa. 


mUGUAY. 


to 


CATTLE  AND  CATTIE-BREEDING  IN  URUGUAY 

OLIMATK. 

reniuiu  tor  two  days  it  invuriabiv  given  rise  to  u  t  .1,  '"*^'''''*'  '""<» 
cool«  aud frenheus  th« air  in  ti.e  mo«t  a«ton  Li    .!!  m       ir      r,'''''  ^^ '""^l' 

ro  in.  d,  and  though  fronts  arc  frequent  in  Juno  '  /v  n  '"  "'  "^•^''^ 

allect  the  vogetation  to  any  extent.  Tiie  air  ia  u  1  v^!  "'"•>'  ''"""t 
mo8pbereovcu  in  Montevideo,  notwitlistandin-     e  In      '   '""i;'  ^''^  "t" 

mniediatelyon  tl.o  8ea  and  liver.quitechT  ll.de^,  h  '''1  "  ''''«*'ity 
lie  enjoys  au  enviable  reputation  t     salubrity         ''  ^''^  ''''"'"  ^^l>^^- 


TLo 
inl883 


VALUE  OP  LANDS  AND  STOCK 


If •tionnl  i  f.y  uf  pro- 
priotors. 


Departfflontof  Montevideo. 


tTiUKuavnns 

lUuiauH 

Bpaniunlg 

Fronth 

Kimlish         

GornianH 

I'ortUKnoao 

ArKcDtiDBH , 

r'nuiliuuD , 

8aizo8 

Ainerioans ] 

BoIkIhuii 

At'ricaoM 

Dauoa 

■AiiBtrians ] 

Greeks 


Swudu-NorwoK- 
Inns 


Proprietors. 


3,S68 

3,6:t3 

l.OOS 

1,072 

134 

8.1 

77 

144 

4J 

4U 

10 

3 

."i 

I 

8 

2 


Valae  of 
proiierty. 


Other  dopartmentB. 


rroprlotors. 


Cliiliunh    

PariiKuayang  , 

Dutch 

All  otliur 


♦;i4, 717,  fi08 

lfl,K(ll,440 

10,501,077 

7,371,070 

1,1)03,004 

800, 120 

667,062 

1, 877, 230 

04.3, 233 

104, 703 

01,140 

23,800 

3,000 

30,800 

37, 870 

2,060 

4,422 


14,609 

2,840 

4,043 

1, 023 

370 

244 

220 

1,090 

0,043 

200 

10 

7 


Value  of 
property. 


Total. 


Proprietors.      Value  ot 
|)ropurty. 


$086, 

6,  028, 

17,327, 

6, 00.";, 

0,  Ma, 

1,790, 

1,255, 

2,  229, 

00,  998, 

434, 

00, 

61. 


940  10 
622  «0 
860  00 
691  00 
UCU  UU 
545  00 
270  00 
749  00 
311  00 
4«;i  00 
837  00 
412  00 


19,  749  OO 


10,  788  00 

120, 182  00 

i4,  L'Gl  00 

I!),  450  00 

U>r>,  .105  00 


18,  2,17 
0, 482 
0,  aiH 
2,  Kla 
5l;t 

•s.n 
.•io« 
74;i 

5,5S0 

245 

2fi 

10 

5 

1 

14 


7 

II  I 
10  i 


»103,4I1,J22 
L'l;,  VM,  (ICl' 
27, 829,  m 
i;),  460. 7(il 

8,  M2,  :m ' 

l,«2-.',!i;j2 

4, 106, 979 

51,5ll,,'i44 

a:'9, 255 

147,977 

75,212 

3.(J00 

39,890 

57,019 

2,000 

15,210 

12«,  Ifi 

14, 201 

l.^  450 

1C,-|,,W5 


UKUaUAY. 


628 


'''  ff"-  T.I.  y„u  yj^. 


'"ewliiit  similar 

3r-Htonn,  w|,i,,. 

V  i'K' wiiitew 
['■>■» 'Kvdo not 
'•V  pure,  tlio  lit. 

'**"  of  tlie  city 
^  wliolo  Kejiub. 


lilted  olliciaiiy 

'«Hst  ii  fointi, 

• -'5,000,000  ill. 

'f  41,700,  and 
I  of  til  is  prop. 
>llowiii^'  table 


Total. 


itors.  I     ^alueot 
propufty. 


,  2,17  I 
,48.' 
,  ftl8  I 

.:m 
5i;t 
L';i7 

,'IOI) 

w.\ 

l.M.I 
L'fi 
10  I 

5 

I 
14  I 


*"'3,4I],,i22 

'-'2,  790,  (ICL' 

27, 829,  H,'! 

i:),  400,7(11 

8,,'H2,,Vj3 

2,590,fl(w 

l,l>22,932 

4, 106, 979 

51,511,544 

629, 255 

147,977 

75,212 

xm 
v\  m 

57,619 
2,  DM 

15,210 

J2S.  !S3 

U,  261 

l,^  450 

10,-|,,W5 


Nutiimiilltyof  pro 
lii'lctum. 


NiM'ionali'H    (nn- 

MollllllltlH) 

EittnuiKMim  (for- 
I'iKiivi'*) 


Total. 


Uopurttiiout  of  Moil  titv  lUuo, 


I'roprietorit. 

41:1,  r>fl8 

7, 25'.! 


Viiliio  of 
|irupvi'ty. 


114, 717,  WW 
IIU,  1)73, 810 


10,830        74,U81,3l« 


Other  dfpitrtniuQtit. 


I'lopilolorM. 


U,  IMIU 
l«,  271 
UU,  UiO 


Vulii«of 
proporty. 


m»,  604, 014  00 

04, 1 10, 700  00 

162,ii04,774  00 


Totid. 


t'roprlutura. 


18,237 
23,  823 


41,700 


Viilnn  of 
propertjT' 


«103,41l,021 
134, 084,  570 


237, 400, 020 


In  proportion  to  the  population  the  iiuinberonivo  stock  iH enormous. 
A<!Cor<Iin{;  to  the  tux  returns  for  1.S.S3  th(u-e  were  in  the  lt<;pubIio  the 
following':  Horned  cuttle,  0,907,031 ;  oxen,  92,707. 

SLAUOHTEB  OF  CATTLE  AND  EXPORT  OF  DEEP. 

The  inquiry  very  nuturally  wugfjests  itself,  What  becomes  of  the  in- 
crciise  of  such  immense  herds  and  Hocks  of  cattle  and  sheep  (8,()()0,000 
ciittio,  20,000,000  sheep)  in  a  country  containing  only  700,000  inhabit- 
ants? 

The  greater  part  of  it  is  thus  accounted  for: 

Of  horned  cftttlo  (homo  raoiit  supply),  in  which  is  included  the  beef  fnr- 

iiJHlKid  to  the  respectivo  iiiival  BciujMlrous  in  Montcvidotm  waters.. head..  502  000 

Live  cattle  oxjiortcd  pvriiuimiii lOa'ooO 

Killed  ill  saladeroa  (slaiightor-houses)  per  anuum !..!!.'"!  704000 

'f'**"'^ 1,;J08,000 

The  exportation  in  1883  showed  as  follows : 

Jerked  beef  or  dried  meat poiimls..  70,706,770 

limed  meat.. ,lo.  _       3,:j2(!,75l 

Lxtract  ot  meat ,lo....     l,oy!>,630 

,«'■';"''"•;-. do....  37  601  7:i9 

Tallow-Hkins ,jo  11  547  r>yO 

Artihcial  guano  (refuse  moat,  bouos,  &c.) do IMKto'ooO 

""''■,•.-; « ."do.'.".!     lu'WUO-i 

tow-liules mimbor..     I,6:i8,730 

Livingsheep jo_  __         145j  ^^^ 

These  mladcros  (literally,  salting  places)  are  peculiar  to  the  ri  ver  Plate, 
especially  to  Uruguay  and  the  Argentine  Eei)ublie.  In  the  vicinity  of 
Montevideo  there  are  nine  saladeros,  the  principal  one  being  that  at' the 
"Cerro  "  (little  mount),  across  the  bay  from  the  city,  where,  according  to 
Mulhidl,  200,000  head  of  cattle  are  killed  annually,  and  he  state-  that 
"when  the  wind  conies  from  that  quarter  the  smell  in  Montevideo  is 
disagreeable."  I  must  say  that  1  have  not  as  yet  experienced  this  dis- 
agreeal>le  smell,  nor  can  1  find  any  one  who  has. 

On  the  river  Uruguay  there  are  a  dozen  or  more  of  these  sahderos, 
including  the  famous  Liebig  Extract  of  Meat  (Company.  There  are 
Irom  000,000  to  700,000  head  of  cattle  slaughtered  at  these  saladeros 
every  season,  besides  a  vast  number  of  sheep,  and  from  50,000  to  80,000 
mares.    "  The  hides,  tallow,  grease,  and  other  products  of  these  estab- 


CO 


2:17, 496, 092 


G21 


CATTLK    AND    DAIRY    FAK.MING. 


liic  same  autl.of  (aii(H)ym„u.s,  but  whoso  book  is  insiumI  bv  tli,.,,, 
tborifyof  Ih..,  <-o„.sub.tc.--(.,H.ral  of  Uruf-uay,  I.on.h.n,  ISS.J),;  :;  ; 
«.o  '  con.in.r,.al  vabio  ol  an  ox,  yoi.ny-  and  in  good  cLndiU,,,)     '  J 


8<i  41! 


Hi(le,()h  |)(iuii(ls.  iit  71  r.'iil.s  jiiTTf.  ]M)nn(lM 

Til  I  low,  10  iKniiids,  ill-  i:!  reals  JUT  ::i.')  ])()iiii(i,s  ■ 

,Moiil,ir,()  |..(iiM(ls,  a(,  f)!-)  reals  iMr<|iiiiilal  of  1(10  pomu'ls ' '^ 

Ivciiuiiiutti ^             11(1 

Total 

The  suludeio  exi)eiises  ioi-  oacb  iiiiimal  aro  about  ^liM. 

THE  LIEIUG  lOXTliACT   Oh'  IJEEF  FACTORY. 

,  '^''/^V'/^'•''"^'i?''^'■^'''*  ''*'  ^'''^*^"  '"^'^  "*»"'  -^  world-wide  reixitati.,,,  •  i,, 
deod,  1  beheve  that  it,  has  becon.e  tlie  univonsal  l>ic^s,ni,,tio     o  •      .'ii 
and  prostration.     The  factory  is  l.K-ated  in  this  l^Mml  lot      '^^ 
tos,  u.  the  departnu-nt  of  Jiio  Ne^ro,  on  th(.  rive'r  Ui^^-    .y  ^     f^ 
l>Ioy.s  over  ..(()  n>en,  and  loa.is  ut  its  own  wharves  npwan    'of  M  v 
selM  dur.n^-     ,e  >ear  to.^  the  export  of  ti...  prodiu^e  to  Knrope      A 
tactoiy  and  ,ts  extra.^t  iia\e  be(.„ne  so  famous,  tJ.ey  merit    MnvH.,'" 
passm.^  nof,-e.     Indee.l,  it  inust  l>e  a,  nuitter of  intiest m  ,  Si.n  ivfo 

he  tuousan.ls  ot  invalids  who  .h.ily  consume  the  Liebi^ex  n  f'  ' 
Icnov.- how  It  IS  made.  "'^^".-^  i-^u.ict  to 

The  best  description  yiven  of  it  is  by  Mr.  liathbone,  in  liis  reno.t  ,. 
the  Orange  Estancia  Company,  Liverj.ooi,  from  which  we  Vi K^  l" 
such  extracts  as  our  limited  space  will  allow :  **'''' 

Tim  cattle  are,  on  arrival,  driven  into  Iar"-e  corraU  or  i.../Li,.«i. 

supHytIuMnwinMv.ter,l.ntnotlMMlis.i;;!i7;X    r"     i^^^^ 

t.  or  7  leet  will.',  and  skirt.'.l  l.v  a  Ion"-  "larrow  id'.tCorm    .    T,„  ,  I'i'^'^ii-v,  ,dioiit 

..'■  .1.0  animars  I,orns,  lea.ls  .l.llvn  lo 'Ts^nair pj! uS  w  a  n^^^^;;'!  'l':'  ''"'^''t 
and  ;;  l.nd-n  over  tli.>  oi.enin-  into  (l,o  {-aloo  .  wliiel  is  ('  .'  h  •  i  I';'  '"''-^  '"'""'"' 
l.eaui.     Jielow  the  l.ridue  i,  a  hu-e,  I..NN    s,        v  iron      ne     .  "'''    '•'  "  '""'"''I" 

into  the  j:al,.on,  and  l.,^nel>,.s  inh.    w.  p,M       '    li   es  1    tl  U  H  e    v"7''V"''''"""^ 

'■"<■'•;""•■•  Aionj^.h nsideorti.^siiedareio ;;  :^.sS-  iV:;/K^^ 

and  alon-;  ili..,  n,!;l,t  ],and,  a  flat.  sli..Iiilv  slielvin..  (Pi.  17  .,i  1„  .  r  i '''."-'"«  ""■•'^; 
ni-on.     At  the  end  ofthe,  sl.ed  is  a-  la  r'  e  I  r  ne     ■  7l,  t"' ,:,,,,  ',  '•'■'""  l'"'  "-'^•■" 

this  there,  are  fe,  t  her  sIumIs  where  e'^sl/ins  'm'  ,  h  „  w  "  n  ''""•'  ■""'  '"■>""•' 
«hil.|K-d.  b.  saladeros  the  skins  an' «e,uM  l'  sa  '  ^m  to  e^t  ,.:;':";;"' Vm''""" 
usually  <lried.  As  I  arrive.l,  .aluMit  (ifi  v  oxen  w  ,'  .'i  V  ,  ^  '  '  'IT  '"''''"'"' 
orpa.hh.ek  into  the  fatal  pa.hh.ek         '  "    '"'"^'"^  ''"^'■"  "'"  "  !■'««" 

*  »  »  . 

*  •  •  # 

AVhen  the  paddock  was  full  and  tli('  "ale  shut    i  nviii  widi  .,  i-,  .         .•    ,  ■  , 

oud  was  altaeh..d  to  aslean.  winch  ..urshlc  ( ,'at     Vs    "|    I         ,    •        'i  ?'  '"\'^" 

n'u.H    lhe,patlnvayandthn-wll..Mo,,seove    t     '    M'st\ron      .nt'^^^,^^^^^^^^ 

;;;;;;;;;::i,^.t,r,;;;;;:K';;;;:i^--;;r3-;;:J!;;; 'S  3 

w    h.l     nn,  the   las..o  disen-aj^ed,  an.l   Ihe  truck   run   into  the  ^r.dp.m  ly    I       , 
•n.al  w,(h  half  Us  skin  ..If.  and  even  to  detecta  s",nnd  pai^lullv   iiu  ' .  ^  m,      T  ,' 

h:::Zir.;:i;:;/''T"';'"'''^-'"''''''''^^''''''''^''--''^^ 

wttc  taken  out  and  rarn...l  away,  the  rihs  cleand  of  (Icsh,  an.l  the  liad-s  .Mit  off  a.i,| 


I.S.SU('(I    by  (In., ,11 

11,  I.SS.'J)  est i unites 
lioiuliLioii,-^  as  lol. 


•'Sii4;) 

^01 

',» !lii 

oil 

"law 

.(JO. 

KY. 

«  I'ep'itatiou ;  in. 
l»tion  lor  debility 
'l'<',Ht  Fiiiy  Ijeii. 
''".J^iiay.  It  em. 
Winds  of  so  vcs. 
^^iir()])('.  Am  thi.s 
tMit,  more  thiin  u 
t^iiiidc'iiriosiiyto 
iebi«-  exti'cict  to 

ill  liis  n'|>ort  to 
ii  wo  will  uijike 


«,  iirrjiiifjcd  so  us  id 
•rowiiiissiin,,,  ,,I,m,f 
,  alioiit,  the  licijrlii, 
;ii'I';ifli\v;iyur()nii(l 
loNcd  Iry  II  niovaldo 
•:iiinviiy  wliii-lirniis 
ivo  tnicljH  may  ]>:m 
lor  Ii.niniiijfiiK.ai; 

<»l'  iMVillj;  tiKMIXCII 

'.skins,  aiidhcydiid 

I'l'fvi(Hlsli)  bV'iiij; 

icias  (lii^  liidosaro 

•lowii  tlid  "race" 


asso,  orwldidMiiio 
.illiwli  Imi'sr),  Weill 
iiinis  lie  cdiild  .see, 

H;   Willcll  llcilnrsft 

■iiilt'  all  aiiiiiiiij.s  ill 
ti  into  the  i,mI)i!iii, 
'1  wilha  lar^tMla;,'- 
pi'd  will)  a  licMvy 
was  tlifii  rajiidl.v 
Ifoii   liy  I  he.  iiicii. 
iH'd  into  its  iiliicc 
iMcdialcly  cut  its 
IS  and  ladled  inld 
llic  skin  oil',  and, 
d'  tlicspiiial  eoi'd. 
iiiijules  III' an  aii- 
a,  lii'iliiw.     Tliese 
ml  I  lie  iieidi,  and 
■n  of,  IlieeiitniilN 

linilis  cut  (di'  and 


URUGUAY. 


(525 


taken  to  tlie  opposite  sido  oftlic  galpon,  and  there  all  llio  huat  was  cut  from  the 
boni'.s  and  hung  up  on  the  rails  provukd  lor  that  pnrpos.;.  tojiethcr  with  111-1^  '.ir\,<r 
tho  ribs,  &c    St  II  warn;  and  ,i„ivorins  with  life.  ^Tho  Hku.l  ami  l^orns  wm,  LC  n 
a  rt.fterent  direction.     This  operation  takes  Iron,  ei.uht  lonine n.lnntes on  a    averaire 
but  on  occasions  has  been  done  in  live,  and  the  skinner  waits  his  next  tnrn,  wiiicll 
comes  every  fifteen  minutes.     As  the  truck  is  run  out,  the  alternative  truck  iVrnni,.fn 
the  paddock  and  the  beam  shot  back  for  another  victim  "'"  '"''"'^•'  ""'^'^  '^run  into 
The  shed  contains  about  25  oxen  at  a  time,  so  t>,at  about  100  are  killed,  skinned 
and  cut  up  111  an  hour,  and  u,  the  height  of  the  killing  season  as  many  al  1  200  are 
thus  disposed  of  per  diem   or  from  100,000  to  150,000  .i  season.     Each  skinner  Sts  6 
pence  per  head  but  if  in  skinning  he  makes  a  hole  in  the  skin  he  loses  his  pavment 
In  the  height  of  the  season  he  disposes  of  about  a;j  iu  a  dav  payment. 

*  *  *  *  *  » 

After  150  were  disposed  of,  in  an  honr  and  a  half,  the  remainder  wern  b.f/tin  «««.. 
breakfast  and  the  place  was  cleaned  up  ii.  a  marvelously  short    iinr.na   in-'      S 
CM  t  to  believe  that  such  a  scene  of  blood  had  been  takinir  place  so  reVentJv  "  »     *     * 
When  it  has  coo  ed,  the  meat  is  cleared  of  fat  and  is  ste^^?e?inargeoblol■  caldrons 
m  which  the  water  is  kept  somewhat  below  boiling  point,  as  it  is  S  pec  ,1  aS  oAhe 
extract  that  it  contains  no  matter  which  is  not  soluble  in  cold  aa  .1  sH,  .V,.i Ji,L^^^ 
boiling  water.     The  thin  soap  so  obtained  is  then  S„ed  off  aifd  c    Jfuft"' £mT 
which  removes  any   race  of  grease  that  may  have  remained  in  the  rnVat      It  is  t  en 
passed  through  a  series  of  elaborate  evaporators,  out  of  each  of  whicl  it  comes  thicker 
anti  1  It  reaches  a  consistency  rather  more  solid  than  treacle.     As  m  ch  asToooS 
Ions  of  water  a  day  is  sometimes  thus  evaporated.     It  is  now  ready  for  use  and   ^ 
packed  in  large  cube  tins  hohllng  about  110  pounds  of  the  extracr;  each  of"  hese  t  ,  « 
contains  on  an  average  the  substance  of  15  animals,  and  is  worth  about  £50. 

Tinshops,  carpenter  shops,  eugiueers'  rooms,  &c.,on  a  complete  scale 
are  attached  to  the  factory.  TL^re  arc  also  churches,  schools,  and 
houses  for  the  operatives.  ' 

I  will  simply  add  that  a  higher  price  is  asked  here  for  the  extract 
"Fnihs  ^F^'S-^^'r'  ^"^t^'-^t'^.t^^ge  to  say,  what  is  termed  the 
'Luglish  Extract"  is  cheaper  than  either  the  CJruauavauor  Americnn 
The  solution  of  this,  I  am  advised,  is  found  in  the  S  hat  tbeXv 
guayau  is  unadulterated,  and  the  English  and  American,  rfter  being 
shipped  from  here,  is  returned  adulurated,  or  rather  weakened  so  af 
0  undersel  the  former.  Whether  this  be  so  or  not  I  cannoTsav  but 
do  know  that  the  English  brand  is  cheaper  in  this  market  than  the 
Uruguayan,  or,  at  least,  that  I  paid  higher  for  the  latter. 

FROZEN-MEAT   TRADE. 

fiJi'f  I*"r'^'''?  wealth  of  the  Plate  countries  consists  in  herds  and 
flocks  and  so  rich  are  they  in  these  that  every  possible  attent  on  an 
ettort  have  been  given  to  solve  the  vexed  problem,  "  What  shall  wedo 
with  our  surplus  beef  and  mutton  ?" 

Experience  has  taught  the  farmers  that  the  shipping  of  live  stock 
will  not  pay;  the  voyage  being  too  long,  say  from  20  to  30  davs  bv 
steamer  to  France,  England,  Germany,  and  Itily,  and  as  a  cousemienc« 
the  freights,  including  the  feed,  are  very  high  consequence 

ti.f  L""""'^  time  jerked  beef  answered  for  the  purpose,  but  by  degrees 
the  trozen-meat  trade  has  been  resorted  to  and  made  successfiil 

10O0O.fS.n  «^f  °^'r  .V*'"^^^*^''-^^'^"  «>«»«  there  arc  said  to  be  now 
100,000,000  sheep,  besules  immense  herds  of  cattle,  and,  as  the  DasMiro^ 
are  apparently  inexhaustible,  the  increase  of  sucl  imi  /en  Je  US"  nd 
^o^Z^Z^r'  ""'''  ^^-^-^  all  conceivable  use  i^r"^"^^ 

onM  .^'i"^"'^-'^''  ''H^^^^'s*"?  With  a  impulation  of  about  700,000  there  arA 
If  t^^Vr^y^'^^^ ''''''  ^'^'^*^'"^'<'  «"ttle  and  20,000,000  sheep 
It  wdl  therefore  be  easily  seen  that  this  frozen-meat  trade  if  ulti 

mately  successful,  will  assume  gigantic  dinuuisions.    The  question  lias 
ii,.  Ea.  ui 40 


626 


CAttLfi  ANt)  DAIRY  PARMWO. 


i 

■•1 

Hi; 

fi 

!l' 

become  ao  important  that  legislation  for  its  encouragement  and  (level. 
opment  has  been  resorted  to,  and  a  certain  interest  guaranteed  by  Gov* 
ernraent  upon  all  capital  invested  in  factories  of  frozen  carcasvSes. 

For  instance,  in  this  Republic,  Uruguay,  it  has  been  lately  enacted 
in  order  to  assist  the  development  of  the  export  of  meat,  that  the  state 
will  guarantee  an  annual  interest  of  G  per  cent,  upon  all  companies  that 
shall  establish  themselves  within  the  llepublic  for  the  purpose  of  ex 
porting  fresh  meat,  with  a  capital  of  not  less  than  $500,000,  to  be  in! 
creased  to  7  per  cent,  when  the  capital  is  not  less  than  $3,000,000  the 
total  capital  to  be  thus  guaranteed,  however,  not  to  exceed  $0,000000 

This  guarantee  is  subject  to  the  following  conditions:  '     '     ' 

(4)  No  guarantee  to  be  granted  until  the  proposer  shall  have  deposited 
in  one  of  the  banks  of  the  capital  a  sum  equal  to  1  per  cent,  of  the 
amount  of  capital  upon  which  the  guarantee  is  asked.  This  deposit 
may  be  made  in  coin,  or  in  Uruguayan  bonds  at  the  market  value  or  in 
real  estate.  In  this  last  case  the  owner  still  to  receive  the  reveuue  de- 
rived from  such  property. 

(5)  So  soon  as  the  company  satisfies  the  Government  that  work  has 
been  done  in  the  country  equivalent  to  the  amount  of  deposit,  such  de- 
posit to  bo  returned.  In  the  event  of  the  enterprise  not  being  caviled 
out  within  the  legal  period  stipulated,  the  deposit  shall  be  forfeited  to 
the  state,  in  accordance  with  article  14. 

(0)  Before  any  pja^ment  can  be  made  on  behalf  of  guarantee,  the  com- 
panies must  satisfy  the  Government  that  they  have  complied  with  the 
following  conditions : 

(«)  That  they  have  employed  in  the  country  in  constructive  works  ou 
land  and  afloat,  a  capital  of  not  less  than  $100,000,  if  acting  under 
article  1,  or  of  $500,000,  if  acting  under  article  2. 

(b)  That  the  annual  export  has  actually  amounted  to  a  niiniuium  of 
15,000  head  of  cattle  or  120,000  sheep  for  each  $500,000  of  capital. 

(7)  The  guarantee  to  be  granted  upon  the  capital  actually  raised  for 
these  enterprises,  including  that  em|)k)yed  in  the  construction  of  estab- 
lishments in  the  country  and  also  the  working  capital  in  circulation 

(8)  This  guarantee  to  be  granted  only  once,  and  in  no  erase  Mill  the 
duration  of  the  guarantee  exceed  ten  years. 

(9)  When  the  companies  earn  more  than  10  i)er  cent,  per  annum  thev 
will  be  liable  lo  refund  to  the  Government  the  excess  until  tliey  shall 
have  repaid  any  sums  received  to  make  up  the  guaranteed  interest. 

(10)  The  executive  power  is  authorized  to  sau(!tion  the  operations  of 
the  com[)anies  'n  such  localities  as  they  may  select  for  the  establish- 
ment of  freezing  depots,  when  these  do  not  act  to  the  prejudice  of  other 
interests,  and  conform  to  the  law  of  the  Republic. 

(11)  The  steamers  of  the  companies  will  enjoy  packet  privileges. 

(12)  Companies  will  be  at  liberty  to  give' up  the  guarantee  at  any 
time,  provided  they  repay  to  the  state  all  sums  received  as  guaranteed 
interest.  When  this  is  done,  the  oflBeial  inspection  of  their  operations 
will  cease,  but  all  their  other  privileges  will  (iontiiiue  as  before. 

(13)  In  case  the  state  be  called  upon  to  make  up  the  interest  to  the 
guaranteed  rate,  the  executive  power  is  authorized  by  this  law  to  take 
the  sum  re<piired  out  of  the  general  revenue  of  the  coimtrj',  amlin  case 
of  there  not  being  suflicient  lunds,  it  will  at  once  propose  to  the  legisla- 
tive body  to  giant  the  sum  necessary  for  payment. 

(14)  The  executive  power  is  hereby  authorized  to  (toneede  at  once 
guarantees  to  the  company  or  companies  which,  in  its  judgment,  are 
l)repared  to  fulflll  the  conditions  laid  down  in  this  law,  but  cannot  allow 
more  than  two  years  for  the  installation  of  the  works.    lu  the  event 


UlltJatTAlf. 


627 


of  the  company  failing  to  be  in  working  order  within  that  period  the 
deposit  required  by  Article*  will  be  forfeited  to  the  state,  and  the  con- 
cession considered  as  cancelet 

(15)  The  executive  power  will  make  arrangements  for  the  inspection 
of  tbe  companies'  operations,  and  take  the  necessary  steps  to  secure  the 
compliance  with  this  law.  "       f 

In  addition  to  this,  the  subject  receives  the  greatest  attention  from 
llio  rural  societies,  agricultural  clubs,  &c. 

Indeed  the  interest  manifested  in  regard  to  this  trade  by  the  valley 
ofthe  Plate  (chiefly  Uruguay  and  the  Argentine  Republic)  is  ably  sup 
plemeuted  by  capitabsts  in  England,  France,  Germany,  and  Italy ;  es- 
pecially  by  the  owners  of  the  many  steamboat  lines  between  those  coun- 
tries and  the  Kiver  Pate  Republic,  as  its  success  would  till  their  steamers 
to  repletion  with  freights.  '-i.Ta.mcio 

The  Zenoha,  for  instance,  lately  carried,  at  one  time,  13,530  carcasses 
of  frozen  sheep  and  335  quarters  of  beef,  at  3§  to  4^  pence  per  pound 
for  the  mutton,  and  2^  to  5  pence  for  tlie  beef  i""'"" 

In  addition  to  other  meetings  in  different  parts  of  Europe  for  encour- 
agu.g  this  trade  the  papers  allude  to  one  lately  held  at  Hamburg,  con- 
vened by  Herr  Pedro  Beck,  at  which  the  matter  was  thoroughly  tbs- 
cussed  and  a  proposition  made  for  an  investment  of  3,000,000  mais  to 
assist  the  trade  between  that  port  and  the  river  Plate 

The  great  struggle  now,  as  to  what  country  shall  monopolize  this 
ftmen-meat  trade,  seems  to  lie  between  the  United  States,  Ausralii 
New  Zealand,  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  Uruguay  ^"s"'">«i, 

The  transportation  of  frozen  meat  has  become  an  undoubted  success 
and  sooner  or  later,  in  the  opinion  of  the  best-informed  parties,  will  en- 
tirely supersede  that  of  the  transportation  of  live  stock 

If  this  be  true,  the  subject  becomes  of  vast  importance  to  the  United 
Sta  es,  and  especially  to  Chicago,  the  principal  shipping  point  to  Enc 
Jand.    My  attention  of  late  has  been  forcibly  directed  to  ths  point  by 
reiidiiig  in  the  papers  here  of  meetings,  where  this  matter  so  fir  ,\it 
afiected  the  United  States  and  Chicago,  was  thXighly  discussed     1 
point  of  fact,  .|ot  only  the  Governments  here  (as  wfll  i  secSTon  tt 
guarantees  by  Uruguay  of  C  or  7  per  cent,  to  frozen-meat  investments 
abo.^  referred  to),  but  wealthy  capitalists,  backed  by  the  weaUlT  and 
mtelligence  of  the  estancieros  (large  farmers),  are  apparently  more 
eres  ed  a  present  in  devising  ways  ami  means  to  w/Jst  this  t ra  le  f ro m 
the  United  States  Australia,  and  New  Zealand  than  in  any  other.    In 
order  to  do  tlm,  they  have  procured  the  fullest  and  most  minute  info  " 
ination  as  to  the  amount  of  live  stock  and  frozen  meat  sent  from  those 
countries  where  it  is  sent  to,  at  what  prices,  freights,  &c.    For  n^tance 
?/^f  "«y«ng  «'«««  of '^  meeting  where  it  Nvas  seated,  upon  the  a,m  or-' 
1  y  of  the  Times,  that  the  freights  from  the  ranches  in  he  UnitS  Sta  es 
York  o T.'  '""""^^  average  32  shillings  per  head  ;  from  Chicago  to  New 
Jr\\nT^'''^V-  "'f  ^*'^*'"^'*^  ^"•'  shippinga  carcass  or  live  beast  Z 
-^ard  to  L,verpo<d,s  about  5()  shillings;  that  a  beast  on  the  plains    » 
worth,  roughly,  £4,  and  that,  therefore,  American  fat  cattlef dead  o? 
al  ve  would  cost  in  England  little  less  than  £10  apiece,  and  'si  owing 

.0^:^,  ^ -^ --  S  srihS  ^{^::^^ 

erked  beef  was  annually  exported  by  Argei  tine  and  Uru-mav  th« 
importiitions  to  Brazil  and  Cuba  alone  amounting  fas    yearT  rSect 
ively,  to  these  countries,  to  $1,700,000  and  $1,143,000}  thilt  no  Smpt 


628 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


had  been  made  in  the  United  States  to  compete  with  Arfrelitineitil 
Urugnay,  the  only  cxi^orters  of  Jerked  beef,  and  it  would  doubtless  h 
difBcult  to  do  so,  as  the  cost  of  the  cattle  is  much  greater  in  this  countrr 
Their  transportation  facilities  to  the  West  Indies  are  better  than  onr« 
notwithstanding  the  difference  in  the  distance,  and  a  steamer  leavv 
Buenos  Ayres  for  the  Brazilian  ports  every  day. 

The  jerked-beef  trade  is  likewise  demanding  constant  attention    ii 
deed,  there  is  a  society  in  Montevideo,  supported  mainly  by  the  Go 
ernment,  with  the  view  of  opening  now  markets  for  the  sale  of  tlJ 
product.    It  is  said  that  a  great  effort  will  be  made  by  this  societv  t 
provide  ways  and  means  for  substituting  i!i  the  foreign  markets  ierloi 
beef  for  codflsh  from  Sweden  and  Norway.    They  chum  that  the  jerkp! 
beef  is  much  cheaper  and  much  more  nutritious  than  the  codlis'b  'in 
that  no  other  meat  is  so  healthy;  that  it  can  be  laid  down  freeVrm 
bone  and  moisture,  in  ]^]uropo  at  5  cents  per  pound,  about  onetbiirM.' 
less  than  the  cost  of  the  codfish;  indeed,  they  go  so  far  as  to  say  tli'it 
the  nutritive  value  of  Jerked  beef,  pound  for  pound,  is  greater  tli'tti  thtl 
of  fresh  meat.  '       '^^ 

About  a  year  ago  the  Buenos  Ayres  Standard  (owned  by  the  finmiK 
statistician  Mulhall)  contended  that,  allowing  lA  pence  ]>or  nouml  'ii  i 
1^  for  freight,  Merino  mutton  could  be  placed  on  the  London  wliarm 
at  3  pence  per  pound.  A  New  Zealand  correspondent,  iioticiii"'ti,i? 
asserts  that  it  cannot  bo  done  for  less  than  3.V  pence  per  iiouml  \mt 
after  commenting  upon  the  importation  of  mutton  liom  Australii  W  v 
Zealand,  and  the  Plate,  he  admits  that,  ''  in  Merino  and  the  lower '"•'rjp! 
of  mutton,  it  is  only  a  matter  of  time  for  the  Plate  to  smother  onr  AnT 
tralian  neighbors,  and  drive  them  out  of  the  English  market  bv  ndvni 
tages  which  the  former  possess  of  a  slightly  lower  cost  of  nroduc-tinn  1.1,1 
a  much  lower  freight  to  England."  '^uou.iud 

A  sufficiency  of  transportation  is  also  being  provided.   In  connection 
!^Ji^J^*^^^J^„^*i^^?I^\^y  y^y  *^^"^-^*'V"J^'^^t'^^     Montevideo  is  in  (iaiiy 


than  one  per  diem. 

The  question,  therefore,  of  freight  for  the  exportation  of  jerked  beef 
in  the  returning  vessels  presents  no  difficulty.  When  to  tliis  is  added 
that  the  French  and  Italian  lines  are  daily  going  and  coming  iie'tween 
Montevideo  and  their  respective  ports,  to  say  no'tliingof  the  sailing  ves- 
sels of  the  different  nationalities,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  couritrv  will 
not  suffer  for  want  of  freight.  Indeed,  I  am  told  that  the  livalrv  be- 
tween  the  resi)ective  lines  and  boats  is  so  great  as  to  render  freVhta 
comparatively  cheai).  " 

I  have  bestowed  much  time  and  consideration  upon  this  subject  It 
is  of  vital  importance  to  the  United  States,  so  far  as  tlie  transportation 
of  frozen  beef  is  concerned,  and  it  is  highly  important  that  it  should  be 
known  that  the  wealthy,  astute,  and  energetic  capitidists  of  the  Plate 
countries,  backed  by  the  money  from  England,  Erance,  Italy,  and  Ger 
many,  are  endeavoring,  not  oidy  to  compete  with  the  trade  otVhe  United 
States  in  this  regard,  but  to  rival  and  finally  snpersede  it. 

The  Republics  of  Argentina  and  Uruguay  "and  Paraguay  aloue  possess 
over  ;i7,()0(),000  head  of  cattle  and  sheei).  Indeed,  in  a  comparison  con- 
tained in  one  of  the  leading  Jonrnals  hero,  it  is  stated  that  there  are 
over  l,riO()  catlle  to  every  hniidn-d  iidnibitants  of  the  I'lato  coniitry, 
and  only  a  little  over  70  eaffb^  (o  the  hnndred  in  tlio  United  States. 


This  may  be,  and  I  dare  say  is, 


exaggerated,  tliouj 


;h  Mr.  Curtis,  if  [ 


URUGUAY. 


629 


am  not  mistaken,  makes  the  differeuco  still  {greater.    The  truth  is  the 
Htatistics  here  are  generally  iinreliahle.    At  least  I  am  so  advised 
The  comparison,  however,  even  droppiny  ouehalf  of  the  1,500,  is  as- 
touiidiug. 

Besides  this,  there  is  no  doubt  of  the  great  excellence  of  the  pastures 
litre,  and  of  the  succulence  of  the  natural  grasses  and  of  their  compara- 
tive inexhaustibility,  nor  can  there  be  any  doubt  of  the  cheapness  of 
beef,  the  tenderloin  steaks  selling  in  Montevidean  markets  at  0  cents  per 
pound,  and  still  less  doubt  that  there  will  always  be  a  sufflciencv  of 
tian8i)ortation  for  all  purposes. 

In  this  connection  I  will  state  that  the  merchants,  shippers,  and  can- 
itahsts  of  this  city  (Montevideo),  composed,  as  they  are,  of  all  of  the 
great  nationalities— English,  French,  Spanish,  German,  and  Italian— are 
unusually  shrewd,  intelligent,  and  exi)erienced,  and  for  any  feasible  plan 
can  command,  either  themselves  or  through  their  Euroj)ean  acquaint- 
ances and  houses,  any  reasonable  amount  of  capital.  Indeed  owing  to 
the  low  interest  paid  on  money  in  Europe,  generally  millions  upon  mil- 
lions, as  the  journals  here  state,  are  seeking  investment  at  higher  rates 
in  the  countries  of  the  Plat<!. 

As  above  stated,  my  attention  was  first  directed  to  this  subject  by 
reading  in  the  papers  of  the  minutiae  of  the  Chicago  meat  trade  how 
to  compete  with  it,  &c.  ' 

1  will  only  add,  in  this  regard,  that  there  is  now  a  petition  before  the 
Buenos  Ayres  legislature  for  aid  in  the  transportation  of  frozen  meat. 


630 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FABMINO. 


BRAZIL. 


CATTLE  IN  BRAZIL. 


REPORT  BY  CONaVL-OENEIlAL  ANDREWS,  OF  RIO  DE  JANEIRO. 
DIFFICULTY   OF   OBTAININO   CATTLE   STATISTICS  IN  BRAZIL 

I  have  for  a  long  time  liad  in  mind  the  Department's  circular  of  18tb 
July  last  in  respect  to  breedinjjr  cattle,  but  owing  to  the  ditlicultv  of 
obtaining  information  Iiere  on  such  a  subject,  1   have  been  delaveil  ii 
giving  a  reply.  "  ■ .    •  ni 

The  so-calie<l  "dei)artment  of  agriculture,  commerce,  and  Dublic 
works  of  Brazil"  is  occupied  principally  with  public  works  and  does 
not  colIe(!t  or  publish  statistics  upon  agriculture.    Nor  does'  there  in 


caretully  looked  through  all  its  back  volumes,  at  the  national  library 
with  the  hope  that  I  could  lind  some  information  in  regard  to  breeding 
cattle.  1  found  many  articles  on  the  subject,  but  they  all  related  to 
English  or  other  foreign  stock.  Not  a  particle  of  Informutiou  c  aid  I 
find  iu  respect  to  the  cattle  of  Brazil. 

I  have  had  to  resort,  therefore,  for  the  facts  contained  iu  this  renort 
wholly  to  personal  inquiry. 

BRAZILIAN  CATTLE  AND  THE  HOME  MARKET. 

A  rough  estimate  puts  the  number  of  horned  cattle  in  Bra?!!  if 
20,000,000  head.  ^ 

Of  course  there  are  many  and  extensive  areas  in  the  interior  with  au 
altitude  of  2,000  feet  above  the  s-  a,  well  adapted  for  raising,  and  which 
now  produce  cattle ;  yet  owing  to  their  remoteness  they  are  not  avail- 
able for  supplying  some  of  the  best  markets  with  beef.  It  is  a  striking 
fact  that  this  city  should  have  imported  last  year  54,000,000  pouuds  of 
dried  beef  from  Uruguay  aud  the  Argentine  Kepublic. 

THE  OLD  NATIVE  BRAZILIAN  CATTLE. 

The  old  native  race  of  Brazilian  cattle  has  long  horns  and  a  yellow- 
brown  color.  Having  been  introduced  from  Spain  and  Portugal  over 
two  centuries  ago  they  have  the  same  origin  probably  as  those  now 
found  in  California,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas,  aud  are 'better  adapted 
for  producing  oxeu  and  beef  than  for  dairy  purposes. 

The  oxen  of  this  breed  are  very  large,  being  much  larger,  I  should  say, 
than  are  usuplly  seen  in  the  Uni.^d  States  or  in  the  north  of  Europe. 

The  accomi)aiiying  photograph,  taken  in  the  interior  of  this  province, 
of  a  team  of  four  yoke  of  oxen,  shows  the  native  oxen  of  Brazil  of  me- 
dium size,  but  perhai)s  of  less  than  usual  flesh.  The  cart  which  they 
are  drawing  represents  the  kind  iu  common  use,  having  solid  woodeii 


r  E 


?72   Py,  2/: 


>E  JANEIRO. 
^S  IN  BRAZIL. 

t's  circular  of  18th 
to  the  (litJiculty  of 
•e  been  (lelaye('l  in 

nerce,  and  ])„blic 
'i  woriis,  and  does 
<or  does  there  ap- 
'8  statistics  on  the 
i  country  for  mauy 
>8UJige  and  I  have 
e  national  library 
'cgard  to  breeding 
Ijey  all  related  to 
iformutiou  c  u!d  I 

ined  in  this  reoort 


RKET. 

ittle  in  Brazil  at 

le  interior  with  an 
raising,  and  which 
hey  are  not  avail- 
i'-  It  is  a  striking 
000,000  pounds  of 

K. 

rns  and  a  yellow- 
nd  Portugal  over 
bly  as  those  now 
e  better  adapted 

I'ger,  I  should  say, 
orth  of  Europe. 
'  of  this  province, 
.  of  Brazil  of  me- 
)  cart  which  they 
iug  solid  wooden 


ii 


'  Mi 
i  111 

1    Mmm  I 

'  ifl  I 

w 

ii 


-i?:<iJ 


%::^ 


■A. 


•..      >^ 


\ 


NATIVE    OXEN    OF   BRAZIL 


r  f   ^-      2  72   ^..   2  7? 


i 

! 

! 

j 
j 

I 


BRAZIL.  681 

whcplM  iumI  Hxle  wljfoh  turnH  with  tho  wheels,  producing  a  houihI  simi- 
lar to  the  llling  of  ii  large  Maw. 

DiiriuK  a  recent  tour  which  I  made  in  the  extensive  agricultural 
province  of  San  Paulo  I  saw  sonu^  good  specimens  of  the  native  cattle. 
A  peculiarity  of  many  of  the  cows  is  their  resemblance  to  oxen  in  re- 
spect to  head  and  neck,  and  not  unfrequently  in  size.  If  there  is  any 
tnit  or  (piality  of  tho  IJrazilian  breed  which  could  be  i)rofitablv  intro- 
duced into  the  United  States  it  must  be  that,  and  I  think  only  that  of 
size.  ' 

The  accompanying  is  a  photograph  which  I  had  taken  of  one  ofthoso 
cows  at  Tiracicaba,  a  town  noo  miles  distant  from  here. 

Tlic  local  name  of  tlm  breed  of  this  cow  is  Cura(pia,  and  her  nicas 
mcinent  is  as  follows:  Height,  4  feet  S  in<aies;  length  of  body,  8  feet 
!•  indies;  distance  between  tips  of  horns,  4  feet  7  inches:  age,  nine  to 
ten  years;  estimated  weight,  900  pounds. 

The  name  of  the  owner  of  the  cow  is  Mr.  liento  Vollet,  and  of  the 
l)hofographer,  Mr.  IJernanh)  Newman.  I  saw  cows  of  this  breed  which 
jielded  about  12  quarts  of  milk  j)»'r  day. 

MIXED  IIRKEDS  IN  BRAZIL. 

The  Me.it ico8.~T\m  long-horned  breed  is  docile  and  is  esteemed  prin- 
cipally fordiaft.  Mixed  with  breeds  liom  Europe  it  has  produced  a 
stock  called  <'  Mesticos,"  whic^h  are  large  and  goo<l  looking  with  smaller 
horns  ami  yielding  m(;at  lightly,  but  of  good  flavor. 

The  (^Mu/^««o«.— The  interior  province  of  Malto  (Jrosso  produces  a 
smalt  bullock  known  as  the  "(,>uiabaiios"  breed  (a  name  derived  from 
the  capital  of  the  province),  of  rather  wild  inclination  but  affording  good 
meat. 

English  hreeda.—Oi  aomm  in  the  principal  cities  and  towns  some  of 
tho  best  p:nglish  breeds,  such  as  the  Shorthorns  and  Jerseys,  have  been 
iiitrocUuied  for  family  use. 

The  THiino.—Tlm  breed  used  almost  exclusively  for  milk  dairies  in 
thus  and  other  large  cities  is  called  the  "  Turino."  It  is  rather  a  large 
black  and  white  cow  with  medium  sized  horns,  similar  to  those  seen  in 
the  dairies  of  France  and  Switzerland,  and  yields  milk  abundantly,  say 
],L'00  pounds  per  year. 

UKKE   AND   DAIRY   PRODUCT  (X)NSU.MPTION  IN  RIO  DE  JANEIRO. 

The  fact  that  most  of  the  butter  used  in  a  city  like  this  is  the  modem 
adulteration,  imj)orted  in  tin  cans,  is  one  of  maliy  proofs  that  might  be 
adduced  of  the  backward  condition  of  the  dairy  industry  in  this  country. 

The  city  of  Kio  de  Janeiro  consumes  in  beef,  on  an  average,  110,000 
bullocks  a  year.  These  are  principally  killed  in  the  public  slaughter- 
house, at  Santa  Cruz,  0  miles  distant  on  the  railway,  and  the  meat 
brought  into  the  city  in  cars.  From  tUe  station  it  is  distributed  towards 
evening  in  heavy  four-mule  carriages,  which  can  be  distinguished  from 
all  others  by  their  ra])id  pace  and  heavy  rumbling,  to  the  retail  Khoi)s, 
whicli  latter,  generally,  di8j)ose  of  all  their  meat  early  the  next  morn- 
ing 

The  cattle  usually  come  from  the  two  great  provinces  of  Minas  Geraes 
and  San  Paulo,  being  driven  in  herds  of  one  hundred  to  one  hundred 
iiiid  fifteen  h(!ad  each,  over  bad  roads,  and  arrive  in  tired  condition. 
Ihey  cannot  be  transported  by  railroad  on  account  of  the  high  freight 


( , 


!' 


632 


,  1 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


pits  ?;is„''jv"XM:rae"'/c  """'^^  "^^  ■""'■'  -^  "-'v  '•fout «. 

anotbertax  of  2  mite  s  ncT  hea,      Th«  fJSSl,,  kI    ',''°""'''.'^°"««li 

The  meat  m  retailed  at  about  11  cents  per  pound.         I"''"""- 
■ll'enieasureuiout  given  in  the  accompauj'iUff  form  are  forl,.„„.i  r 
foT l"egi'.""' '" '"" °' •"" '  "' «""■•  ™""" '"» "ii^^S'jurt SSi'iT. 

0.  C.  ANDKEWS, 

United  States  Consulate-General,  (Consul- General. 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  June  7,  ]884. 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS   CONCERNING   BliAZILIAN   CATTLE. 


,200 


poumls  c,  •  ,„ilk      TI.O  cowB  meuHnr^To  feet      nK  gi^.r    &  4'!"  "h  ''"'">"''  '-'^ 
Iho  siibstratuiii  is  10  per  cent.  limostonB  ••{n^H.  -„.'.*  ,"*^"'''^ '•' 'ength. 

gnn.ito;  20  per  cent,  clay;  20  per  ceur«ravel       ^  "*'  «''"''«tono;  20  portent. 

llie  cattle  are  not  housed,  except  in  towns     Tlicv  fi»>,i  /,„  „  t 

ii.K  is  but  little  attended  to.     Beef  "  Zerallv  handle    ?.n  tf'V^  ?''''*^"''«-    ^rocd- 

extent,  by  railway.  feeueraiij  handled  ou  the  hoof;  milk,  to  some 

y^Zr^^'"" '''''''  ^'^«*-    '^'^~  ten.perature  «7o  Fahrenheit;  summer  750. 
co'itrud;.''  ''  ''"^  '"'"'-  '»""^''^^'  ^«  1-  "-*•  1«-'.  20  per  cent,  clay,  and  111  p. 


1:^ 


1  is  ouly  about  440 


UNITED   STATES   OP   COLOMBIA. 


633 


U^^ITED  STATES  OF  CQLOMBIA. 


CATTLE  ON  THE  PIAINS  OF  BOGOTA. 

JtEPOIiT  BY  VICE-CONSUL  SOSHELL. 

The  cattle  of  this  couutry  is  not  fit  to  be  exported  to  tlieUuited  States 
on  account  of  their  very  inferior  quality,  and  the  accoinpanyinff  form 
could  not  be  failed,  as  there  are  no  statistics  to  be  obtained  here 

Cattle  brought  from  the  wanner  climate  to  the  cooler  plaius'of  Bo- 
gota bri.iff  with  them  a  pest  called  here  "ranilla,"  which  they  transmit 
n\  their  saliva  to  the  grass,  and  which  is  almost  always  fatal  to  the 
animals  raised  in  the  cooler  climate.  The  poison  which  the  hot-coun- 
try cattle  bring  with  them  blights  the  pastures  for  at  least  twelve 
months,  and  the  grass  has  to  be  burnt  several  times  during  thacneriod 
to  eradicate  the  disease. 

The  hot-country  cattle  lose,after  beingmont  hs  on  this  plain,  the  power 
of  transmitting  the  above-mentioned  diseasi . 

MARTIN  BOSH  ELL, 

TT  oi  ^  y ice- Consul  in  Charqe. 

United  States  Consulate,  '' 

Bogota,  December  5,  1883. 


KKMAKK8. 

The  Criollo  is  a  mixed  breed  between  Spanish,  Hortfortl,  and  Durham.  Tliere  is  no 
hxed  rule  as  to  color— red,  black,  white,  and  yellow. 

The  llortlbrds  have  been  bred  pure  since  IB.'iti. 

The  altitude  of  the  plains  of  Bogota  is  2,500  meters,  medium  term  The  mean 
teuiperature  is  ir,o  centigrade ;  same^climate  .all  the  year  round 

Catt,le  are  not  housed  hero;  they  teed  all  the  year  round  out  in  the  fields  Breed- 
mg  IS  lett  free.    J^rodutts  are  JianOled  us  ia  primitivo  time. 


i 


m 


V 


ii 


634 


CATTLE   ASD   DAISY   FARMING. 


ECUADOE. 


CATTLE  BREEDING  AND  PRODUCTS  Ox   CATTLE  IN  ECUADOR, 

REPORT  liY  COXSVL  VEACU,  OF  OUA  YAQUIL. 

In  response  to  circular  of  July  IS,  1883,  askings  information  in  regard 
the  breeding  cattle  and  cattle  products  in  E(!uador,  tlie  followino- 


to 

facts  are  given  as  derived  from  extensive  cattle  raisers  in  dillereut  .se(> 

tions : 

THE   SEASONS  IN  ECUADOR. 

As  an  introduction,  I  will  state  that  practically  Ecuador  has  but  two 
seasons  of  the  year — the  dry  and  the  rainy.  'J'he  tirst  usually  begius 
with  June  and  ends  with  November,  and  the  latter  begins  with  De- 
cember  and  ends  with  May.  Each  olten  begins  or  ends  a  month  earlier 
or  later  than  the  «lates  given.  The  "  winter,"  or  rainy  season,  is  tlie 
warmest  by  Irom  5°  to  10°.  Vegetation  of  ail  kinds  grows  most  lapidly 
during  the  rainy  season,  though  the  intluence  of  the  rain  is  extended 
for  several  weeks  beyoml  its  cessation.  There  is  usually  every  yoai- 
Jrom  four  to  five  months  when  the  pasturage  is  scarce  aiul  the  cattle 
have  poor  subsistence.  There  are  abundant  mountain  streams  that 
during  the  dry  period  might  be  utilized  at  small  expense  in  iirigatiii"' 
the  land  ;  but  the  people  have  not  yet  reached  that  degree  of  agricuir- 
ural  progress. 

MILK   YIELD. 

During  the  dry  season  most  of  the  cows  give  but  little  if  any  milk,  and 
the  figures  given  in  the  subjoined  table  are  for  the  quantity  realized  iu 
Irom  six  to  eight  months.  The  quantity  stated  (485  pounds  average  per 
cow  peryear)  is  given  under  the  supposition  that  all  the  milk  of  thecowis 
included.  The  general  practice  is  to  let  the  calves  run  with  thccows  dur- 
ing the  day,  separate  them  at  night  in  corrals,  and  milk  the  cows  in  the 
morning.  Thus  they  are  milked  but  once  a  day,  and  the,  quantity  is 
not  more  than  one-half  of  the  jiroduct  of  the  cow. 

Breedn. — The  cattle  of  the  country  are  all  "native  stock,"  and  have 
been  bred  iu  and  in  from  time  immemorial ;  the  only  changes  have  been 
from  one  plantation  to  another.  The  eftect  of  long  inbreeding  is  degeu- 
erated  animals — animals  of  small  size — as  shown  by  the  table  jjiven, 
and  they  are  of  every  known  cattle  hue.  The  planters  inform  me  that 
there  are  no  natural  obstacles  to  the  raising  of  as  good  stock  here  as  iu 
any  other  part  of  the  world. 

NUMBER  AND  VALUE  OF  ECUADORIAN  CATTLE. 

No  well  authenticated  census  has  ever  been  taken  in  Ecuador,  either 
of  the  inhabitants  or  showing  the  extent  of  its  industries  and  iiiodiicts. 
The  actual  population  is  ai>proximate<l  very  closely,  but  there  is  no  data 
showing  the  quantity  or  valueofagricultur.il  products,  except  of  a  very 
few  articles,  nearly  all  of  which  are  exported,  their  quantity  and  value 
being  derived  irom  exportation  statistics.  Iu  an  endeavor  to  reach  ii 
conclusion  as  to  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  cattle  stock,  I  adopteil 
differeut  metUo«.la.    1  sought  to  get  an  estimate  by  provinces,  but  could 


ECUADOR. 


635 


iinlly  au  estimate  of  the  number  of  cattle  killed  iu  the  country  per  day 
was  made,  based  ou  known  numbers  of  cattle  consumed  by  a  known 
number  of  inhabitants.  By  this  method  it  was  ascertained  that  the 
number  of  cattle  slaughtered  daily  is  about  1,000,  or  365,000  per  year. 
As  the  cattle  are  sold  at  an  average  of  five  years  old  it  makes  the  whole 
luimber  of  live  animals  1,825,000.  The  cattle  are  sold  at  an  average  of 
$25,  making  the  total  value  of  annual  sales  $9,125,(100.  The  value  of 
the  whole  stock,  young  and  old,  will  average  about  $18  per  head,  mak- 
ing total  value  $32,850,000. 

About  three-fifths  of  the  cattle  raised  are  cows,  and  the  other  two- 
flt'ths  steers  and  bulls.  The  steers  are  sold  as  soon  as  matured,  but  the 
cows  are  kept  longer,  all  finally  being  sold  for  beef.  Most  of  the  cattle 
bides  are  exported  to  the  United  States;  a  few  are  used  by  the  natives 
in  making  bags,  "raw-hide  ropes,"  ''bed  blankets,"  and  tile  like. 

cultivatj':d  grasses  in  Ecuador. 

The  alfalfa  is  a  very  good  grass,  somewhat  of  the  clover  order,  which 
yields  largely  when  well  cultivated.  The  jcneiro  is  a  specie  of  wild 
grass  that  grows  luxuriantly  iu  wet  places,  and  while  it  is  of  inferior 
quality  is  iu  large  demand  during  the  dry  season,  and  becomes  valuable 
because  always  in  supply  ;  for  four  or  five  months  in  the  year  it  is  the 
principal  food  of  the  uorses,  mules,  and  donkeys,  in  Guayaquil,  whose 
market  is  supplied  by  means  of  canoes. 

PROFITABLENESS  OF  CATTLE  RAISING  IN  ECUADOR. 

Plantations  are  not  dear,  and  by  reason  of  perpetual  i)a8turage  cat- 
tle raising  is  one  of  the  most  profitable  pursuits  in  Ecuador,  and  the 
business  is  increasing.  But  the  business  has  some  drawbacks,  as  about 
5  per  cent,  of  the  stock  is  killed  by  tigers,  and  many  animals  are  stolen. 
As  there  are  many  wild  cattle,  the  result  of  strays  from  tame  stock, 
the  loss  stated  is  sometimes  partially  ott'set  bv  the  capture  of  wild  cat- 
tle. 

HOKATIO  N.  BEACH, 

Consul. 
UwTED  States  Consulate, 

Guayaquil,  October  26, 1883. 


REMARKS. 


The  cattle  are  of  SpanisU  orij^in.  At  iiiatuiity  the  cow  weighs  500  pounds,  the  bull 
COO  pouudH,  and  the  ox  800  ponnds.  The  annual  average  production  of  milk  is  485 
jiouiids.  They  arrive  at  maturity  at  from  three  to  five  years,  usually  at  four.  They 
are  of  every  color.  Oxen  are  but  little  used.  All  cattle  are  ultimately  slaughtered 
tor  meat.  Only  a  small  part  of  the  milk  is  sold.  Cheese  ranks  next  to  meat  in  im- 
jmrtance,  but  the  value  of  this  ]»roducti8  not  known.  The  cattle  are  confined  by  cor- 
rals. The  ouly  method  of  feedin<^  is  by  |)aHture.  The  hides  are  mostlysbjpped.  The 
aititiiiie  vurifs  from  0  *o  2i,,')0p  feet.  The  mean  tomporature  is  C0'=  I'aLreuLeit:  iu 
summer  55^,  iu  winter  t)5".  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam  on  the  coast,  sandy,  scoria,  &o., 
iu  the  interior. 


i^ 


ml 


ii'ii 


636 


CATTLE  AND   DAIRY  FARMING. 


PERU. 


CATTLE  IN  PEiaU. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  LAPOINI,  OF  CHICLATO. 

I  am  in  receipt  of  circular  diitcd  July  18, 1883,  asking  for  information 
relative  to  breeding  of  cattle  in  tbis  department. 

In  answer  I  am  sorry  to  say  tbat  I  am  notable  to  give  su<!h  itiforniR 
tion  as  the  Departn)ent  of  State  might  require. 

Cattle  in  this  department  are  bred  in  a  wild  state  and  no  attention 
is  paid  to  the  improvement  of  the  breed.  Whenever  a  sujiply  is  wanted 
the  owner  of  an  estate  surrounds  his  lands  and  collects  the  cattle  whipli 
he  requires  to  sell  or  to  send  to  market.  Milk  and  butter  are  very 
scarce  articles,  and  only  to  be  got  on  the  farms.  Peru  does  not  nroducfi 
sulUcieut  cattle  for  its  use,  and  large  supi)lies  are  imported  from  Cliili 
and  the  Argentine  llepublic  ibr  consum|)tion  in  the  south. 

AMEKIC'AN  OATTLE  FOB  PERU. 

I  am  sure  that  when'  the  Panama  Canal  will  be  finished,  and  direct 

steam  comnumicafoi,  with  the  United  States  established,  it  will  be  a 

proiifable  business  to  introduce  cattle  from  our  country  Into  Peru 

ALFRED  LAPOINT,  ' 

TT  CI  ^,  ViceComul, 

United  States  Consulate, 

Chklayo,  November  5, 1883. 


Venezuela. 


637 


VENEZUELA. 


CATTLE  INTERESTS  IN  VENEZUELA. 

REPORT  ISY  CONSUL  lilltl),  OF  LA  OUATRA. 

Certain  specific  inquiries  witb  rcli'reiice  tocatlle  in  Venezuela  having' 
been  made  by  tbe  Department  of  State  throupb  a  circular  letter  lately 
received  at  this  consulate,  tbe  lollowing  rei)ort  is  resjicct  fully  .submitted 
It  will  be  observed  that,  owing  to  tbe  difticultv  of  procuring  intell^ent 
and  accurate  information,  tbe  .subject  lias  been  tre,ited  in  a  "ciPeral 
manner,  but  it  is  hoped  that  the  salient  points  have  been  so  farreco"-- 
nized,  that  at  least  something  more  than  a  vague  idea  of  this  indu.str\' 
maybe  communicated,  and  that  some  of  tbe  matter  herein  ])rescnted 
may  not  be  devoid  of  a  certain  degree  of  interest  to  those  enfa^ed  in 
similar  enterprises  in  the  United  States.  "  "^ 

As  the  channels  of  trade  and  intercourse  with  the  great  i)ampas  of  the 

interiorof  Venezuela  areinadequate  to  tbemainte.nanceofc.\ten.sive  inter- 
State  commerce  and  for  the  transi)ortation  to  the  seaboard  at  reasonable 
rates  of  agricultural  produce;  and  as,  in  such  a  sparsely  populated  coun- 
try, thus  deprived  of  facilities  for  transportation  and  communication  tbe 
idea  of  anything  like  the  existence  of  a  bom(>.  market  is  naturally  pre- 
cluded, so  the  attention  and  interest  of  the  i)eople  has  been  directed  to 
that  branch  cf  industry  that,  with  comparatively  little  care  or  manual 
labor,  will  yield  the  surest  and  most  renumerative  returns,  and  that 
when  ready  for  the  market,  itself  fnrnishes  the  means  for  its  own  iuex- 
l)ensive  transimrtation. 

The  Republic  of  Venezuela  has  an  area  of  territory  of  439,110  square 
miles,  a  fraction  larger  than  tbe  States  of  Louisiana  and  Texas  and  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico  combined :  and  a  populr  ion  of  2,07."),245,  not 
quite  as  large  as  that  of  the  State  of  Missouri.  In  the  interior  of  tbe 
country  are  vast  plains  of  Goyernment  lands  practically  illimitable 
isolated,  and  uninhabited,  though  well-watered,  salubrious,  and  fertile' 
and  especially  adapted  to  the  raising  of  cattle.  ' 

According  to  recent  stastitics  there  are  220,000  people  engaged  in  this 
particular  enterprise,  though  the  number  of  cattle  cannot  be  given  with 
any  degree  of  accuracy.  Through  the  devastating  internal  revolutions 
from  which  the  country  suflered  up  to  the  year  1874,  the  large  and 
flourishing  herds  of  the  plains,  exposed  to  the  constant  and  ruthless  dep- 
redations of  all  the  hostile  armies,  were  practically  decimated.  Thev 
spared  not  and  paid  not;  and  hence  not  only  were  the  Hocks  and  herds 
destroyed,  but  the  rich  proprietors  were  generally  reduced  to  penury 
and  many  e\'en  to  a  state  of  actual  want.  But  iinder  the  unbroken 
peace  that  has  subsisted  for  the  i)ast  ten  years,  and  tiie  careful  and  un- 
remitting efforts  of  the  despoiled  Uaneros  to  iei)air  their  .severe  losses 
the  revival  of  the  industry  is  assured  and  the  prosi)erity  of  the  stoek 
raisers  reasonably  restored. 


From  all  inailable  informat 


stated  that  there  is  only  onecl 


atioii  and  pensoiuil  ohseivation  it  may  ho 


there  have  been,  from 


iissof  cattle  in  N'eiieziiela:  t 


"or,  although 


the  breed  by  admixture  with  A 


time  to  time,  some  exi»eriiiieiital  efforts  to  cro.ss 


mericaii  and  other  stock,  it  is  virtualiy 


1  ni 
I  ->  il 


rli 


unchanged.     It  may  be  called  the  SpanisliAmerican  breed,  .since  it'has 


CAtl-ta  AND  DAlftV  nflMlNO. 
accurate,  an,l  would  readllycouvii  toour  AmoS  n'cSl^,''"'*?  "' 

ing  by  ludividual  owners,  as  is  nracticT  n  tbi  S^^^  nf  t*^'  ''°*^l*r«>'<l- 

tax  whatever  to  the  Gove,^«meit  arti;%:;t uS o?  wh  'ct.rV''^  '"^ 
from  duties  levied  ou  imports  and  exports  Of  oour  Jit  wi  7  '^^''^''^ 
stood  that  on  this  vast  pasture,  lyinrbetween  the  sivfh  ^i  ^^  ""•'^^• 
grees  of  latitude  north,  no  preparation  L  whiterino-  sSl  '^  ""'^''  •'*^- 
the  climate  being  always  f'on,  warm  to  temperate  ^„lu^^^  nocessar.v; 
Wlif,:  uTrS  ,r  r\"'^^'*«  sustenan^tK^C  t^S"«  ^^ 

on  ordinary  even  rnnning  lots  of  cattle  over  two  ylarsoW  l"^'^*^ 

been  much  higher  even,  owing  to  the  late  wars-  S  uiti  ^ '''">'. ''a^« 
peace,  prices  must  rule  much  lower.    OwL"Toubtlesr/\r''^'"^ 
prices  and  the  ditticulties  of  transnortitin.    thlT  *"  *^'^''«  l^'ffh 

establishments  in  the  couiurv-  bn  wU  th  .  f  *'''^"''  "^e^twinni^ff 
export  of  r.u.ned  ad  'Sgemted  ineits  mtirhfr^''^  ^*^'"«^'^"'  ^''^ 
ative.  The  pasturage,  as  Seen  s  atel  T^J.  ?'f  ^1'^  ^*''"""«''- 
impossible  to  give  f  techntll  <SsSfi'^  ion  o??hi  ^1;:';'' '' ''  '^'"^^ 
may  be  suflBcient  to  sav  that  thev  comnr  se  imnioi  a    i      "^  srni^^oa,  it 

*' WiJh  all'?^''  ^'""^^^^  raisiiV^rnTfreili'^^lr  """'""'  ^^"'^• 

con^Matinia^Ut  ."^c;Se^;r\;rm?l  ^^^^  ^ 


United  States  Consulate. 

Xa  Cruayra,  September  20,  1884. 


W.  S.  BIRD, 

Consul. 


MABACAIBO. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  PLUilACUBR. 

I  regret  to  state  that  I  am  unable  to  cive  anv  si.o^i.,i  ;..<•        .•      • 
answer  to  the  Department  <-irr.iilMrTiw.  ^  special  information  in 

The  cattle  of  thS  parTof  Veie^^^^^^  breeds  here. 

consumed.  '^  *^"®  '""''  ^'*  Soats  and  asses  is 


United  States  Consulate, 

Maracaibo,  November  30, 1883. 


E. 


H.  PLUM  AC  HER, 

Consul, 


Wfeflt  iNWis. 


689 


"WEST  INDIES. 


CATTLE  IN  BERMUDA. 

ItEPOHT  IIY  CONSVh  ALLKX. 

In  reply  to  circular  o4"  July  18,  1S8;{,  rpqucHtiiif?  information  relative 
to  breeding  cattle,  I  have  to  say  no  cattle  are  bred  here  that  would 
have  any  value  whatever  as  stock  breeders  in  the  United  States. 

The  Bermuda  cow  is  a  small,  scrawny  animal,  of  a  mongrel  breed 
is  a  ])Oor  milker,  giving  only  about ,'?  quarts  of  milk  per  day  for  eight 
months  of  the  year.  A  few  cows  have  been  imported  liom  the  Unite<l 
States  and  Canada,  but  they  do  not  <lo  well  as  a  rule,  and  though  well 
fed  with  grain,  after  fjiie  or  two  years  they  are  no  better  than  the  na- 
tive animals. 

The  Bermuda  grass  s  not  adapted  to  stock-raising,  and  while  it  will 
sustain  animal  life  the,  will  not  thrive  on  it,  and  cows  that  are  not  fed 
with  grain  are  very  poor. 

Neither  butter  nor  cheese  is  made  here. 

The  native  beef  is  very  poor  and  is  rarelv  seen  in  the  markets 

No  oxen  are  used  here,  and  the  male  calves  are  slaughtered  for  veal 
except  those  kept  for  breeding  purposes.  ' 

CHAS.  M.  ALLEN, 

TT  o,  ^>.  Constd. 

United  States  Consulate, 

Bermuda,  October  3,  1883". 


CATTLE  IN  SAN  DOMINGO. 

ItEPOKT  JIY  COMIUL  SIMl'SOX,  OF  PUERTO  PLATA. 

I  have  the  honor  to  return  herewith  blank  which  accompauied  cattle 
circular,  filled  to  the  best  of  my  ability. 

The  origin  of  the  breed  of  cattle  on  this  island  seems  to  be  unknown, 
but  18  probably  Si)anisli,  They  are  small,  give  but  little  milk,  and  are 
mainly  raised  for  the  butcher. 

Few  are  exported,  and,  as  enough  are  raised  for  home  consumption, 
tew  imported.  Bulls  are  used  exclusively  for  draft  purposes.  Thev  are 
gentle  and  easily  handled.     No  oxen  are  raised. 

Cows  have  been  imported  from  the  United  States,  but  thev  never 
seem  to  tiirive,  probably  from  the  fact  that  thev  were  imported  from 
btates  too  far  north  to  suit  this  warm  (climate. 

There  does  not  seem  to  be  much  desire  to  change  or  improve  the 
breed,  although  within  a  few  days  two  bulls  and  one  cow  have  been 
imported  Irom  Porto  liico.  These  animals  are  said  to  have  come  from 
tepiiin,  and  although  not  large  are  a  (leci-.b'd  im})rovcment  on  the  breed 
here. 

.,  ,,  THOMAS  SIMPSON, 

United  States  Consulati:,  Consul 

Puerto  Plata,  JSovemher  20, 1883. 


640 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 

KKMAliKS. 


Tho  annual  ttveiaKo  production  of  milk  jicr  eow  iH  y.OUO  ponn<lH 
ehoeso  m  n.mlo.     Tlu,  oi,ttlo«iriv«at,  maturity  whon  tJ.ml  v.-arn.       'I 

of  neat  ihO.q  p„nn,ls.     'ilu,  .attle  vary  in  color;  their  oriirin  \h  ui    „ 

,S>7'''''"'"'';'^'-"''-''''^''"'''^  nosystcn,  of  l,rce,lins^u•  of     S 
Cultivated  maHses:  (Juinca  {iniHs. 
Tlio  mean  tcmporaturo  js  HI";  8umiiicr,  Itb';  winter,  Ta'^. 


Ko 
licli 
vera; 
wu ; 
linjr 


I'liUor  Of 
vo  Wright 
«'•  «'-iKiit 

they  r,.,.,[ 
proihicts. 


\:  I  i< 


CATTLE  AND  CATTLE  PRODUCTS  IN  SAINT  THOMAS. 

ItEVOltT  liY  COX^'UL  SMITIT. 

I  am  just  in  recoipt  of  tlio,  csittlc,  circular  of  July  18,  1883 

J '!«n' IS  iioinfoniiiif  ion  relative  to  the  cattle  of  Saint  Thomas  tJ..if,.., 
«Lf  %T^^'\^^-  "  l'«  '>*■'"'>-  value  to  the  stock-breeders  of  1  efe 
S  a  es.     There  ben.ff  no  fresh  water  on  the  island,  and  but  1   tl  nnlf 
stock  IS  not  bred  for  any  jjurpose.  *^''^^'^» 

There  are  not  to  exceed  two  or  tliree  hundred  head  of  cattle  „,.  ti 

'^s:toZ. '""  '"""""■■  "•""""" """  """"■■"' »'  »"ii-'y  s;^,i.* 

IMPORTS  OF   CATTLE. 

The  suj.ply  of  cattle  fbr  the  butcher  is  drawn  from  the  neipl.hnri, 


Wlieuco  inii)orle(l. 


OMuT  Uaiiisli  WcHt  Ii:tlia  Islauils 

JJii.isli  WoHt  IiKliii  IhIdikIh '.. 

Spniiish  WcHi  Iiidiii  Islaii()s 

Kiciicli  Wf«t  India  IhIiuiiIs 

IJutcli  Wont  Iiiilia  iMlaiiUH 

DotMiiiicHU  ]Je]>iil)lio 


Total 


Ueail. 


lir, 

1,7.^ 

1,  :)74 

20 
«! 


Value. 


P,7.3 

M.oin 

1, 105 
4U 


y,  asj 


50, 375 


tratle!''""  '"''*'  '"'"  ''"'^^"''^^''^  '^^  '^  *''"«  *»  «'"''^"  ''*1'^*>!>-^  ''"Snged  in  that 

MEAT   niPORTS   FROM  THE   UNITED   S'J'ATES. 

The  expense  which  would  be  it.cMrred  by  keeping  a  lar-o  supnlv  on 
hand  prech.des  tiie  butchers  froa.   nej-otiatinff  with  stock-brmlmi 

sh;;!;:i,;;^';si;;;;,or;;:;r;l.;;n'?^:  ^s^ti^r^'^"^'  "'^  ''^'-^"^  ^^  «'^ 


IJUT'J'EU  AND    rUEESB   IMPORTS 

Butter  is  (^hielly  injporte<i  from  Denmark,  and  d 
and  France. 


leese  from  Geiiiii 


my 


WEST   INDIES. 


641 


Danisli  butter  keeps  better  in  this  climafo  than  does  that  of  any 
other  (iountry.  American  dealers  have  frequently  sent  consignments 
here,  and  in  most  instances  have  sustained  heavy  losses  thereon  either 
on  account  of  the  quality,  or  in  consequence  of  its  soon  becoming'rancid 
iind  unmerchantable.  So  long  as  the  quantity  of  the  present  quality 
of  butter  produced  in  Denmark  is  sufiicient  to  supply  the  increasing  de- 
mand, it  will  not  be  possible  for  American  dealers  to  extend  their  trade 
in  this  direction  with  an  inferior  article. 

V.  V.  SMITH, 

United  States  Consulate, 

Saint  Thomas,  January  8,  1884. 
H.  Ex.  51 41 


iiged  in  that 


642 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMINQ. 


AtTSTRAIiASIA. 


i  I 


THE  CATTLE  OF  NEW  ZEALAND. 

HHVORTBT  COXSUL  ORIFFIN,  OF  AVCKLAKD. 

In  replying  to  the  ''cattle"  circuliir  of  July  IStli,  1883. 1  Lavo  ,i 
lionor  to  return  lierewiti.  tlie  forms  (iucloauroNo.  1)  transmlttp.l  t\ 
in  November  lust,  and  which  I  have  tilled  up  with  Hii<h  infornrit  1? 
was  possible  for  me  to  obtain  concerning  the  cattle  nth.'  nrovWM 
district  of  Auckland.  \  \'xsc  lurtlier  the  honor  to  stii  e  thai  h,  S f' 
annual  increase  in  the  exports  of  New  Zealand  frozen  incut  and  S^ 
produce,  together  with  the  favorable  condition  of  the  countrv  if  Sn^' 

^S^S^^:^^^^''  ''"^"  ''""'  """"  '"  ""P'"^'  *"^  '^"'^^ 


PASTURE  LANDH. 


Every  year  new 
grasses 


lands  are  being  fenced  in  and  sown  with  EnfflisI, 
J  he  total  number  ot  acres  in  grass  in  New  Zealand  in  1883, 


including  landin   hay  after    having   been  broken  up,  was  2  018  0fii 
against  1,7  j  1,S75  for  1882,  an  increase  of  247,180.     If,  1  owevw  tKi 
m  oats,  barley,  and  wheaf  were  added,  the  number  of  ™  i    'S 
crops  for  1S83  would.    ,onnt  to  nearly  4,500,000.    The™o  ofS 

$500;i)oa ''  '"'^  """"""^'  '"'*"  ^''^  ""'""^'  ''^  «omethiDgC; 

Considerable  (piantities  of  grass  seed,  princi])ally  timothvandelnvp.- 
come  direct  from  the  Tnited  States,  and  also  small  qua  titles  of  the 
variety  called  alja/a.     Jioth  the  voh.imc  and  light  sancl      oi  of  this 
colony  produce  neh,  succulent  grasses,  well  adapted  for  tiittenini  cJ? 
tie  without  any  extra  food.     '.ivi'mnUiita  i)astnres  will  general IvvioS 
better  protit  for  the  dairy,  tog^th.^r  with  'the  breeding  o?  a       ami  o 
tation  ot  crops  in  eonnectu.n  with  grazing.     The  greater  portion  of  sec^ 
ondclass  pastures  recpure  breaking  ui*  alter  grazing  from  three  t(,  four 
years     Dry,  h.lly  land,  and  what  may  be  termed  asthird  Csjs   ett 
adapted  for  sheep.  '  *  "^^^^^ 

NUMBER  OF   SHEEP  AND  CATTLE   IN  NEW  ZEALAND. 

The  Sheep  industry  is  by  far  the  most  important  one  in  the  colony 
but  I  have  observed  that  the  uuTease  in  the  number  of  sheep  during 
the  ast  decade  has  not  anything  like  as  great  pro  rata  as  thatof.attle 

Hie  number  of  sheep  in  New  Zealand  in  1884  is  estimated  at  i'5 113 
412.     In  1874  it  was  11,704,88;},  an  increase  of  only  1,408,.')G7.    lii'lHTt 

1,000,000      J  he  census  lor  cattle  is  ta.keu  in  New  Zealand  every  three      . 
years,     llie  last  ceiisiis  occurred  in  1881,     It  will  be  fakeit  n<'o!!!  in      B 


April 


next,  and  until  then  the  number  of  cattle  in  New  Zealand  for 


1884 


AUSTRALASIA  :   NEW   ZEALAND. 


643 


can  only  be  given  approximately.    The  subjoined  table  shows  the  num- 
ber of  cattle  in  New  Zealand  at  each  census  sinne  1858: 


Tear. 


I8.'>8 
1861 

18fi7. 


Tear. 

Xumbur, 

4.')U,  .^93 
404, 017 
578  '(,'10 

.     



a08,  U17 

1871. 
18T4. 

1878. 
1881. 


At  the  last  census  Auckland  district  had  158,181  cattle;  Taranaki, 
51,846;  Wellington,  140,951;  Hawkes  Bay,  36,213;  Marlborough,  9,019; 
Nelson,  31,620;  Westland,  7,944;  Canterbury,  115,155;  Otago,  150,150: 
Southland,  34,205,  and  Chatham  Island  0,883.  About  40  per  cent,  of 
these  cattle  (ionsist  of  Sliorthorns  and  kindred  bree-ls,  and  the  remain- 
der of  llerefords,  Devons,  Ayreshires,  Normans,  .  Tseys,  and  mixed 
breeds,  &i\. 

While  New  Zealand  has  produced  a  higher  class  of  catUe  than  any 
of  the  other  Australasian  colonies,  she  is  only  the  fourth  in  the  list  in 
re«?anl  to  the  number  of  head.  Taking  the  census  of  1881  as  a  guide, 
Queensland  had  4,089,715;  New  South  Wales,  1,859,985;  Victoria, 
1,207,088;  New  Zealand,  698,917;  South  Austra.ia,  306,040;  Tasmania, 
122,504;  Western  Australia,  65,473.    Total  Australasia,  8,4_;),448. 

With  the  exception  of  New  Zealand,  cattle  in  the  Australasian  coIo- 
iiies,  in  spite  of  everything  said  to  the  contrary,  do  not  thrive  as  well  as 
in  tlie  great  cattle  districts  of  the  United  States,  and  in  regard  to  num- 
bers Texas  alone  has  more  than  half  as  many  en  t  tie  as  the  Australasian 
colon '  s  put  together. 


CATTLE  QUARANTINE  REGULATIONS. 

All  the  Australasian  colonics  except  New  Zealand  had  for  many 
years  prohibitory  laws  against  the  importation  of  cattle.  New  Zea- 
land,on  the  contrary,  ad'  nifed  cattle  not  only  from  Australia  but  from 
Europe  and  Ame  ica.  Last  year,  however,  the  government  of  the 
colony  issued  an  order  in  council  prohibiting  the  importation  of  live 
stock  from  the  United  States.  This  order  is  now  very  generally  admitted 
to  be  a  mistake.    Mr.  Robert  ,1   CJreighton,  the  agent  of  the  New  Zea- 


land government  at  San  Francisco,  has  repeat  Vlly  pointed  out  that 

oot  !ind-mouth  disease 


there  is  no  cattle  disease  such  as  rind»!rpest  and 

on  the  Pacific  coast.  He  has  also  shown  that  i  e  Texas  fever,  which 
cattle-breeders  fear  so  much,  has  for  many  yciis  been  localized.  Tlie 
old  plan  of  driving  cattle  long  distances,  and  wiiich  was  the  principal 
cause  of  the  outbreak  of  the  disease,  has  been  abandoned  on  account  of 
the  facilities  fforded  for  transportation  by  railway  in  Texas,  M<'w 
Mexico,  and  lorndo.  The  liability  to  tlu  outbreak  of  this  disease  is 
now  reduced  to  a  luiir  aum ;  moreovor,  none  of  these  cattle  have  access 
to  the  blooded  herd  or  dairy  stock  oi  the  country. 

The  question  of  quarantine  is  one  in  whicli  tiie  authorities  on  cai 
diseases  differ  widely.    The  quarantine  regi.  ations  in  nearly  all  com, 
tries  are  so  loosely  enforced  as  to  be  practically  worthless,  and  always 
occasion  a  vast  amount  of  trou '  de  and  expense^     Bewides.  manv  diHease.'i 
of  animals,  like  thoh*t  of  human  beings,  are  localized.    For"  instance, 
certain  diseases  in  tropical  countries  are  uuknowa  in  cold  climates,  and 


1   ''i4 

■i9'-t 

!  •ft 

,     i   ! 

■  *'l   • 

:  :   i    i 

]    ■!   I 

fi  i '" 

11     ; 

644 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  PARMlNO. 


tropical  countries  urc  wLoJIy  free  from  umu 
Hnd  any  attempt  to  rojrulalc  U.cin  l" 


y  (lisciiHcs  of  frijr, 


Z()||(io 


CNN. 


tl.-rc  ,.a.l  been  u  law  n,^nnst\tV.  ?    ,S^^^,^,^.^^^  I? 

flna  many  persons  rea.ly  to  proclaim  tint  tl  M m  1  ,m  '"" '"^'^^ 

tnm,  tins  ( hsease  was  <lue  solely  to  the  prol     it    ,  ^''"  •'"'"'"''^ 

It  IS  sai.l  tl.at  ti.e  law  /o.hi.i;  1,,^,  1   e  im  ,      ,  ion  of  ,...,h       . 
Zealand  was  passed  mainly  for  the  be    '/if  J    ^^  ^^'^v 

h.b.tion  will,  of  course,  enhance  le  , ,  ,•  j  K-  /„"'"';"'"•  ' '"'  I'H'- 
the  end  will  ,,roye  yer^  irijn  i  ,  s  ,  I,  ,  uiV  '  !'  "^  *''^f^''''  '"'  in 
Shojdd  ther.!  bo  no  ^S'l^l^^,^;''^^^^^^^  ->lJ, 

Zealand,  in  a  few  years  the  cattle  will  n(  t  0.11^.  .i'  .  '^'  "'^'»  ^^'^ 
will  vastly  deteriorate.  The  1 1  ibi  ,.  do"s  no  .,  "  .""'"■"^■''  '"'t 
S..^i!^  -•>'  -tth,  disease  e!er  ;bun:rin";he"colol:;'^.:^  ;^!!:;-""- 


brou{,'ht  from  Australia.  '    -"..'..^y  wjis  o,.jnj„a||^. 


li.ssjon  IV. 


l«.rt«l  fro,,,  Bo,toi,,  M,w.,.,  J„|,v  L'l,  18.4, ,«  Sow":      *"'"""»'"" 

Hi'giiiiiins  with  tlio  crc.it  rendo/voiiH  of  ...itd,.  ..f  i- 
Onjaha  «„  Imvo  n.ado  .HrHnI  in  -si  'ut  ons  .]  , f  ,/i '/n^  C-t.vC.UMnl  I!|n,lk,  „,„1 
aH  t  10  EashM'i.  fcahoanl.  I„  tl,i„  invoSti."  "  ,  ""■  ^T"  "*  •••'""'•  "■"'*'■  ^  m  (ar 
yar,ls  wlK,r.,  ca.tl.,  a..  dHaine.  f,,  ■  fl^S'  '!  t  ^  ,  ir:;/'''!"''^^  ;;" '''"■  "''■■■''  -•'"■'<■ 
Htablcs  ctmiu'i-.ti'Al  witli  (llHtillenoN  •m  «r.:.,  i.  i  *"  "'' ' ")''''  ""  "'"  K'''"'  <''''liM"- 
«Mty  dairies  wl.ero  sto.tlv-vaV,  «  cxiit       ,1  w       V*;  "'^r    '■""'  """'■  '"'•"•"if.s;  .11  ,|?,. 

drawn  from  tho  abovv-nan,..,!  «lodv-v  r.N  an  1    i   .'s^  ^^ '"'''  '■'"«'"" 

we  Iiavo  n>a.I«,  ob.sc-rvalion.s  in  tl,.,  Ht  ,  1^'^:    1    l' t, '   I'^V''''    ,'''',^"  "'"  ■""'•^'■"fl'if" 
our  eattl.'  tf,m,.  ..,.,i  ♦!...* ...  ._,■'.  """  h-,\.uilH  at  tiii!  Hcaboard— tin,  t'-'"i!'i!  wd  <.f 

imported  cases  i.-o,',; Great  Urifaiu"wo  htt[^'b!:!,'„'"',n''>*^,''V'':J'r''"^  ai-artiro.,;  tLo 
foot-and-mouth  disease  complaino"l  «f!  "  ""■*'''"  *"  ""'•  »  »'»«'«  case  of  the 


AUSTKALAHIA  :  NEW  ZEALAND. 
NEW  ZEALAND  OATTLE  IN  THE  IINI'IEI)  STATES. 


645 


Tiic  Ih'kIi  i'hxsH  ofciittle  in  tliis<u)l(niy  ninl  tho  low  prico  at  which  thoy 
can  be  obtained  ban  very  natiiniliy  attracted  tlie  attention  oftlio  eattle- 
breeders  in  the  United  States.  In  An^jnut,  I88.'i,  Mr.  A.  W.  Hiason,  of 
Oalilornia, dispatched  j\lr.  Ifollin  P.  Saxe,  a  cattle  expert,  to  New  Zea- 
land to  pnrchase  lor  liini  u  band  of  pnnvblooded  Heref'ords.  i\Ir.  Waxe 
iinived-in  An(!Uland  in  September,  IHS;?,  and  after  viNitinjj  several  of 
the  cattio  districts  in  the  colony  iiiirehased  lit)  twoyear-ohl  heifers  in  calf 
and  21  balls  from  one  to  two  years  old  from  the  >iew  Zealiin<l  Stock  and 
Pedigree  Company,  of  Anckland.  Mr.  Saxe  was  not  only  snr|»rised  at 
the  Hni)erb  condition  of  the  company's  cattio  bnt  at  the  low  pri<!es  at 
which  they  were  sold.  They  were  shipped  to  San  Francis(;o  by  the 
Taciflc  Mail  steamer  (3ity  of  Sydney  in  U<!tober  last,  being  thti  first 
shiinnent  of  New  ZeahuKl  bred  (tattle  ever  nnide  to  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Saxe  is  of  the  ojjinion  that  Hereford  (iattle  can  be  more  easily 
and  economically  bron/^ht  to  (California  from  New  Zealand  than  across 
the  continent  by  railway  from  J llinois  and  other  States  celebrated  for 
this  particular  breed.  In  Illinois  these  (fattle  sell  at  from  $500  to 
!ji,'»,()()0  per  head,  whereas  tliey  can  be  bon{,'ht  in  New  Zealand  at  from 
$100  to  $700  i)er  head.  Arr.ingements,  it  is  said,  have  been  nnide  for 
monthly  shii>ments  of  Iferefords  from  Anckland  to  C'alifornia,  and  Mr. 
Cnii;,',  of  San  Francisco,  has  projiOvsed  to  establish  a  distrd)utin};'  farm 
for  them  on  the  Contra  Costa  Slope  near  Oakland.  It  is  noteworthy 
that  the  two  breeds  of  cattle  most  larj;('ly  in  demand  in  the  United 
States,  viz,  the  Jersey  and  the  Hereford,  thrive  better  in  New  Zealand 
than  any  other  kind  of  cattle.  The  Jerseys  are  nothiujf  like  as  numer- 
ous as  the  Herelords,  from  the  fact  that  they  were  introduced  at  a  much 
later  jteriod,  but  it  is  well  known  that  they  do  equally  as  well.  My  at- 
tention has  recently  be«>n  called  by  stock  farmers,  to  the  high  prices 
which  these  breeds  bring  in  America.  At  the,  Kellog  combination  sale 
in  New  York  last  June  a  yearling  bull,  King  Ashantee,  brought  $5,000; 
a  six-year-old  cow  brought  $1,000,  and  a  twoyear-ohl  heifer  brought 
$1,050,  and  many  others  at  similar  ligures.  These  ju-ices,  however, 
were  eclipsed  at  a  subseciuent  period  at  Mr.  T.  S.  Coojter's  sale  in 
Connecticut.  At  Mr.  Cooper's  sale  lit)  Jerseys  averaged  $952,50  each, 
and  a  thirty-three  months'  old  heifer  brought  $5,150,  and  a  live-yearold 
2,800. 


cow  brougiit 


NEW  ZEALAND  IIEREEORDS. 


The  New  Zealand  Stock  and  Pedigree  Comi)any,  of  Auckland,  has 
one  of  the  largest  herds  of  pure-bred  Herelbids  in  the  world.  This 
breed  has  long  been  a  favorite  one  here.  They  are  tough,  hardy,  and 
are  able  to  pick  their  food  on  poor  soil,  and  when  two  and  three  years 
old  outweigh  any  other  breed,  and  are  famous  for  their  high-pri(!e(l 
meat;  that  is  to  say,  their  loins  are  well  developed,  and  their  yield  of 
succulent  and  porter-house  and  sirloin  are  proj)ortionately  heavy.  The 
hiud  (piarters  of  the  ])ure-bred  Hereford  are  long  from  the  hip  back- 
wards. The  thighs  are  largo  and  full  and  well  meated  at  the  hocks. 
The  whole  carcass  is  set  s(iuareon  good,  short  legs  standing  well  apart. 
The  llesh  is  firm  and  the  hide  mellow,  with  soft,  hair,  not  too  line,  but 
giving  the  iiMprossioii  iiiat  it,  t;au  be  slrefchcd  to  any  extent. 

The  color  of  this  breed  is  a  distinct  red,  with  white  face,  mane,  and 
white  breast  and  legs  as  far  as  the  knee.  As  an  evidence  of  how  thoy 
staud  hard  feed  it  is  said  that  during  the  long  drought  of  187S  and 


Ijli 


i'  !      !l 


■  i 


646 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


1879,  in  Australia,  about  5  por  cent,  of  the  Herefords  w«'ro  In^f 
run  -n  Quo^eensland  against  10  per  cent,  of  the  Shorthorn  herd  a..Zn 
per  cent,  of  the  stud  Shorthorn.  In  one  large  paddock  there  wen  1  "^ 
euty  Shorthorn  and  seventy  Hereford  bulls  o.ie  and  two  years  oT7  S " 
Shorthorns  got  so  poor  that  they  had  to  be  turned  out  on  the  rm.  ff' 
paddocks  being  bare  of  grass,  but  the  Herefords  kept  in  coo.l  «  .  ' 
condition.  '■        b"»<i,  strong 


When  Captain  Cook  first  visited  New  Zealand  there  were  no  ontfi 
the  country,  but  at  a  8ubse(]puent  period  some  were  introd.iml  ?r  '' 
.ustralia.    In  the  early  settlement  of  the  colony  the  leiS  of  1  *"'" 
x|upied  in  a  voyage  from  England,  and  the  many  difficulties  v^n?i,*;"'? 


thing  of  the  time  and  i)atience  required  to  introduce  them  -hnZT'l 
the  colonists  began  to  improve  their  herds  by  the  introduction  of  ti'^ 
oughbreds  from  Europe,  and  I  have  not  the  slightest  hesitaU  „  ,.  "'" 
mg  that  nearly  all  the  imported  cattle  thrive  hettt^r  u  New  7 l^f'^"; 
than  in  their  native  homes,  and  that  this  superiority  is  devXr^  1  '^"'^ 
still  higher  degree  in  their  ottspring.  "J"-^'  ^^  a 

TVEW  ZEALAND  SHOKTIIORNS. 

The  Shorthorns,  as  1  have  stated  previously,  ontiiumber  tho^o  nf 
other  breed  in  New  Zealand.  They  were  amo  ^st  the  S  .um'hi  "I 
cattle  imported  into  the  colony,  and  have  evei^siimfbeen  ve  nnmS' 
on  account  of  the  prevailing  impression  that  they  are  hewi  '  ?f 
for  improving  the  breed  of  inferior  cattle  and  for  ad  ntinl  thf  'T'^ 
to  d.Uerent  kinds  of  soil  and  camate.  Those  who  CiUMr;:'' 
strain  i>reier  the  roan  color  to  a.ny  other,  though  in  large  hmls  ml'  h 
white  are  not  uncommon.    Any  sign  of  black  is  n>,r.„.  i.ti  "  ""^' 

of  blood  and  is  not  bred  from,'but^ir:\;;attr<:i-^rthe  bu"^ 
cows  of  tins  breed  are  believe.l  to  give  milk  for  a  lon-.er  neHn  i  t  [:.,    '" 
other  and,  when  dry,  fatten  rapidly.  "     ^  "^"^"^'^  *^'"»  '^^.V 

The  largest  prices  ever  iiaid  forNew  Zealand  cafflp  l.uv«  u 
for  Shorthorns.    Messrs.  ll.  and  E.  .Maclean,  of  Auc  flam  d  frll..^ 
many  years  gave  great  attenti»)n  to  this  breed       ^"'^'''''"*'  ^'''^tnct,  for 

The  famous  bulls  Duke  of  Newcastle  and  Duke  of  Cii.,i.,.,m 
he  property  of  the  New  Zealand  Stock  and  pSrgree  Co      ,^f  C' 
bred  by  the  Messrs.  Maclean.    These  bulls  took  tin.  i?   I     •^•'  ^^" 
the  Am^klanrl    fl.r,.innln.v.i  .Ur.«,.     .:..^     .1^^^^  ^^^  ^»«t  prizes  at 


i 


ton  tribe  Of  pui.  BaieMiHrproi;:;^;;;!^  M;::Bo;;er^^^^^^^ 

bru  ge  IS  of  a  light-roan  color,  and  at  four  years  of  age  w  s  v  rv  ,n  ««h  « 
with  great  thickness  through  and  of  inimense  d  -pU    wi  ]  '^     'u'^^^,^^ 
dei^.ne   good  spring  of  the  rib,  and  level  back.    Ilis  cZmi  on    1. 
Duke  of  New  Cattle,  a  rich  roan,  wascabx'd  in  NovemlH.r  iS  Xi 
Ninth  Colonel  Tregunter,  <lain  Countess  «)f  1\  unt,  ,7l  v  T^.^^^^^^ 
erset  (2G012),  grand  dam' Windsor,  Ist  hyli^mua^.^^.^  ^^ 
Crocus  by  Henry  tst  (2G37()),  4th  dam  Cowslip  by  Saladin     This   s 
l»ure  IJates  pe.ligree  of  great  excellence.    His  sire,  itl   C\.loi  el  Tre 
gunter,  wa«  out  of  a  Siddin^jton  cow,  Dutches^  U4th,  and  has  au  uu-' 


AUSTRALASIA;    NEW   ZEALAND. 


G47 


broken  liuo  of  thirteen  Dutcbesses  in  bis  pedigree.  The  Duke  of  New 
Castle  is  of  a  beautiful  roan  color,  bas  a  fine  bead  and  well-shaped  neck. 
Each  of  these  bulls  took  first  prizes  in  their  respective  classes  at  the 
cattle  show  at  Sydney,  one  being  for  three  years  and  over  and  the 
other  for  two  ypars  and  under  three.  In  addition  to  this  the  Duke  of 
New  Castle  was  awarded  the  first  and  champion  i)rize  for  the  best  bull 
of  any  breed,  for  which  the  whole  of  the  Australasian  colonies  competed, 
and  it  is  said  that  the  owners  refused  for  him  an  offer  of  2,000  guineas 
($10,000). 

NEW  ZEALAND  POLLED  CATTLE. 


fi 


The  steady  demand  for  bhusk  Polled  Aberdeen  Angus  cattle  in  the 
United  States  has  increased  the  price  of  this  breed  fully  50  per  cent,  in 
Scotland. 

The  Polled  Angus  being  natives  of  a  cold  climate  are,  of  course,  of  a 
liardy  breed,  and  on  that  account  are  well  adapted  to  the  severe  winters 
of  America,  and,  moreover,  it  is  said  they  require  no  artificial  feeding. 
In  the  climate  of  North  New  Zealand,  where  they  do  not  require  Iiouh- 
ing,  it  is  thought  they  will  do  even  better  than  in  colder  countries.  Al- 
though as  yet  this  breed  is  confined  principally  to  the  colder  latitudes 
in  the  south  island,  it  is  thought  they  will  soon  be  distributed  through- 
out the  colony.  I  learn  frorn  a  late  number  of  the  North  British  Agri- 
culturist that  Mr.  AV.  S.  Davidson  was  fortunate  enough  while  in  Scot- 
land to  secure  for  New  Zealand  the  celebrated  Pride  heifer  and  a  pair 
of  yearling  bulls  of  the  Aberdeen  Angus  variety. 

Mr.  Davidson  also  pur«hased  ibr  New  Zealand,  Solomon  (2,349  pounds), 
of  the  celebrated  Sybil  family  and  winn«5r  of  the  third  prize  at  the  last 
Inverness  show.  The  animal  was  bred  by  the  Earl  of  Southesk,  and  is 
the  produce  of  the  first  prize  national  societies'  animals,  Sybil  2nd,  of 
Tillyfour  (3520)  and  Knight  of  the  Shire  (1(59!)).  The  cost,"^like  that  of 
both  parents,  was  considerable.  Mr.  Davidson  also  bought  from  Mr. 
George  S.  Grant,  Achorachan,  ( Henlivet,  at  a  high  i)rice,  the  yearling  son 
of  the  prize  cow  Patience  of  Gorskie  (1932),  bred  at  Drumin,  and  of 
select  pedigree.  The  sire  of  the  yearling  was  the  Erica  Pride  bull  Proud 
Viscount  (1240).  The  Sybil  bull  is  a  son  of  a  member  of  the  late  Mr. 
I\IcCombie'8  Paris  group,  while  the  Patience  yearling  is  half  brother  to 
the  celebrated  heifer  Pavilion  (3772)  wbich,  exhibited  by  the  Earl  of  Air- 
lie,  carried  everything  before  her  at  the  national  shows.  Eecently  some 
New  Zealand  bred  Polled  cattle  have  been  exported  to  Australia.  Two 
of  these  were  shipped  to  Queensland ;  one  of  these,  a  yearling  heifer 
from  Mr.  Auld's  cow  Pride  of  Aberdeen,  brought  the  sum  of  510  guineas 
($2,550),  and  the  cow  Pride  of  Aberdeen  brought  385  guineas  ($1,925). 
These  cattle  were  the  property  of  the  New  Zealand  Land  Company,  and 
were  entirely  grass-fed  on  the  company's  estate  near  Omaru. 


li 


I 


NEW  ZEALAND  DEVONS. 

The  Devons,  next  to  the  Shorthorns  and  Herefords,  are  the  most  nu- 
merous in  New  Zealand,  and  in  time  will  become  fully  as  popular.  Mr. 
James  Dilworth,  who  was  formerly  president  of  the  New  Zealand  Agri- 
cultural and  Pastoral  Association,  says  that  the  Devons  are  an  excellent 
breed  and  thrive  remarkably  well  in  the  Auckland  district.  He  says 
that  some  cattle  exports  think  them  superior  to  the  Shorthorns,  but, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  little  knowledge  prevails  in  regard  to  them,  they 
have  not  obtained  the  rank  they  deserve.    They  are  smaller  than  the 


li. 


J 


648 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


IKS  report,  is  of  tbe  opinio.,  that  the  DeJlIirrixen  ar^  m^H^'f^i'  "' 

nil; J:^r'' ."•'''""??'•)'  '^^^'^  ^'-^-""^  '^^  "^^  too  Wv  Tberha  "?'^  'f 
ness  of  siction  which  nooti.er  bree.l  of  cattle  can  enual     "         ^  ''  ^'"^l^- 

Zeahxnd.  He  sayj  that'nrbe'er  t rS  1  cm  beS"X'r Th?  '"  ''^^ 
than  tlie  Devon.  They  have  better  (lairy  a  laUties Tin  fho  n  ^'^'^ 
but  do  not  grow  or  fatten  so  rapidly  on  rou-h Ted  tSJ  H«^«f««ls, 
Drotitable  to  the  butcher  and  r/rot^  SYrbftter  than'S;?^;,!!"^-'*^^; 

AYRSHIRES. 

Ayrshires  are  also  a  lavwite  breed  here.    Thev  como  ,>«x.f  . 
DAvons  in  regard  to  numbers,  and  are  especialhSpte  .  1;,?^'  *,^""^ 

found  ,n  New  Zealand  of  various  colors,  principSv  mS  ,  V- '^' '^'^ 
sometimes  brown  and  white.  ii"ivipdiiy  rca  and  while  and 

The  Ayrshire  steers,  unlike  the  HerefnnlK  ^ir.  ,.«f       i 
ami  are  usually  sold  for  veal  and  thflTdSreare  "fo^t^^^^^^         \^?^' 
Dii worth  owns  a  pure-blooded  heifer  of  this  breed  th^^  nf'^'    ^^''• 
produced  as  much  as  23  pounds  of  butter  ,  ei  w-ilf  on  I     ""*  """^  ^""« 
from  12  to  15  pounds  per  week.  ^      "''''  """'^  "''"'  ^^'^^ages 

I  ALDERNEYS. 

The  Alderneys  are  not  iininerous  in  New  Ze-il-iiui  n,.,i 
upon  as  fancy  cattle  rather  than  nrot^t-ible  n,7p«      ti       '^  "''.'^  '"^'^^ed 
*^>r  the  richness  and  duality  of  "he  rmikbu    are  nl^  ^'',  '^•'l'^  ^«'« 
dairies.    They  are  of  mtle  value  to  thi;  grazier.  "'''^  '"  ^'''^^ 

MIXED  BREEDS. 

In  addition  to  the  distinct  breeds  I  have  described  tl.nr«  n 
number  of  cross-bred  cattle  in  New  ZealVt  d  S?  /.  t  *^  f '^  ^  ^reat 
to  the  colonial  bred  Polled  'attk^  DnH  ,1'  f\T  ^""^  ^«"fe'''«"'  <lown 
months  thousaiHls  of  cnttle  u4  S  ;nc:S  and'Lhvth?^^^^^  .f ""'"'^'^ 
nary  pastures  without  the  aid  of  ei^TeiroSts  S^vf^^^^^^^^^^  *?'  "'*'•■ 
parts  of  tlu!  colon  v  cattle  are  fattened  o.flw.nnJ,.  ^^'''^'  ^"  '*'o»'e 
the  year.  In  districts  sul  iiVt  to  fW?  ;f  ■  ^^"  P'^stm'es  all  tl.ro„«l, 
mip,)ly  of  roots  am  lay  o  '  W  idi  t  ?  1  H.^'e.'m  "7  *"  ^^^^^^  "  ^'««" 
«tall  t,eding  or  even  i.ousin!;'r:SS;'.5!;?irthe^Se;;itlT 


large  runs  hel^ds";^  bi-;^     g  ^^^^II^^:;;; ,^^^  «»  «'>'"o  of  the 


AUSTRALASIA  :  NEW  ZEALAND. 


649 


PRICE  OF  NEW  ZEALAND  CATTLE. 

Threo-year-ohl  steers  are  worth  in  Auckland  from  $20  to  $30  eacb, 
and  when  fat  they  realize  i'roin  8.'5;')  to  $55,  the  market  bciuff  a  very 
riiictuatinj;  one.  The  cattle  are  sold  at  per  head,  thv',  calculatiou  beinj; 
ii  guess  one  of  i)er  100  pounds  dead.  The  aui^tioneet's  qiiotations  vsiry 
from  $4.25  to  $7.50  i)er  100  ])ounds  of  beef,  tlie  i)rice  dei)endin^'on  the 
supi)ly,  but  the  former  is  t)fteu  the  midsummer  price  and  the  latter  the 
midwinter  or  early  spring. 

DAIRY   FARMING   IN  NEW   ZEALAND. 

Dairy  faruiing  is  carried  on  with  profit  in  New  Zealand  by  a  large 
proportion  of  the  settlers,  especially  when  the  family  can  do  the  work, 
without  employing  much  extra  help.  Near  the  large  towns  and  cities 
considerable  quantities  of  milk  are  consunu'd  fresii,  some  farmers  retail- 
ing their  own  milk,  while  ot-hers  sell  wholesale  to  tiio  dairy  companies 
or  dealers,  who  sometimes  receive  it  by  railway  from  10  to  ;}0  miles.  The 
dealers  generally  ])ay  from  10  to  10  cents  per  gallon  for  the  milk.  The 
business  of  butter  and  cheese  making,  combined  witli  rearing  (jalvesand 
])igs,'is  i)rolitably  followed  when  the  distance  Irom  the  city  or  railway 
will  not  allow  the  ndlk  to  be  sold  fresh.  tSeveral  cheese  factories  are 
now  in  lull  worlcing  order  in  the  colony,  the  machinery  for  which  was 
imported  from  the  United  States.  The  farmers  sui)ply'the  milk  from  a 
radius  of  3  to  5  miles  to  these  factories  at  from  7  to  8  cents  per  gallon, 
and  find  it  more  profitable  than  butter-making. 


NUMBER   OF   DISTINCT  BREEDS   IN   N^ 


ZEALAND. 


ires  all  tlirouali 


There  are  quite  as  many  different  kinds  of  cattle  in  New  Zealand  as 
in  tbe  United  States.  Mr.  l.^ilworth  says  ten  distinct  breeds  are  known 
to  exist  in  the  colony,  and  there  may  be  some  others  (recent  importa- 
tions) in  the  south  island  that  have  not  as  yet  come  under  his  knowl- 
edge. The  following  are  the  mames  of  the  different  breeds  of  cattle  in 
New  Zealand:  Shorthcu'us  or  Durhams,  llerefords,  Ayrsiiires,  Devons, 
Black  Polled  Angus,  Jerseys,  Alderneys,  Normans,  and  Bretons.  The 
Shorthorns  and  the  llerefords  are  the  two  principal  breeds.  The  New 
Zealand  Stock  and  Pedigree  Conqtany  own  a  herd  of  the  latter,  pure 
blood,  nund)ering  over  seven  hundred. 

One  of  the  most  striking  facts  in  connection  with  the  cattle  industry 
of  this  colony  is  their  wonderful  injinunity  from  diseases  which  cause 
such  devastation  in  Australia.  For  instance, pleuropneumonia  cai'iiot 
live  in  New  Zealand.  This  dreadfid  disease  was  introduced  here  on 
two  occasions  from  Australia,  but  at  once  assumed  a  very  mild  type, 
and  soon  disappeared  altogether.  Another  I'act  almost  as  interesting 
is  that  cattle  are  never  vicious  in  New  Zealand.  It  is  well  known  in 
Auckland  district  tliat  cattle  will  not  light  one  another.  I  have  often 
observed  that  when  bulls  of  an  (Miual  age  are  turned  into  a  paddock 
together  for  tlie  first  time,  they  will  not  take  notice  of  each  other.  1 
have  also  observed  that  in  large  dairies  where  fresh  ccjws  are  repeatedly 
introduced  it  is  never  necessary  to  cut  or  cap  their  horns. 

COST   OF  TRANSPORTATION. 

The  cost  for  shipping  cattle  j)er  head  to  San  Francisco  via  the  Pacific 
Mail  Steamship  Company  is  $150  to  $200.  This  cost  would  be  ma- 
terially lessened  if  they  were  shipped  in  sullicient  numbers  to  justify 


iM\'^ 


650 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY    rARVlINCJ. 


the  company  iu  making  arrangements  for  regular  sliinmoiits     Ti...      . 

NewTiKnd  ^?"  ^':*>'",J^"»<'on  to  Auckla^.l  via  ti.r'tSme.s  7£ 
JNew  Zealand  Sbiniung  Corapanv  and  tlm  Shiw  s-iriih.  ....  i  *i,  ^"'^ 
Co  is  from  $200  £'.«.4  per  'hea;!.' Tho^xpoi  ^I  oHVeding  a  Li  ,';,".^^ 
both  on  the  San  Francisco  steamers  and  the  direct  steamSs  to '1^  .  "'*' 
18  about  2  siul  ngs  (48  cents)  per  day.  The  fooaco^^'^ito^!";^ 
of  oaten  hay  25  pounds  of  oaten  chart;  and  a  little  bran  ^  '"*'' 

Ihe  cost  ot  transporting  cattle  from  London  to  New  Ze-ilm,!  i 

been  materially  redncp.l  sitw.«  ti.«  r.ot..M:„i ^  „i-      ,.     '^:'^'»'«'n(l  lias 

service  with  this 
next  the  charges 
Zealand  Shipping 
present  rates. 


G.  W.  GRIFFIN 


United  States  Consulate, 

AucJcland^  i\r.  Z.,  February  4,  1884. 


Consul, 


CATTLE  STATISTICS   OF   NEW  ZEALAND. 

The  Shorthorn  cattle  give  an  anunal  avenij^o  of  ,4,:W0  ponnd.s  of  n.ni-      t    *,  • 
mate  thev  will  niilk  nearly  tho  year  round    "iVn  nounrls  nf  .niii  ,        ^"  ^^^^  ^'i- 

rhcy  arrive  ar,  maturity  at  (our  years.     The  averiD-fi  w..ur  if  r.f     '    ^    '^'''^^"'"•'Is. 
«>0  pounds.     The  C0W8  aro  red,  roai    and  w  li  e  •  ,  .fl  .n.i  ^^        (  '"'''"^^  *^  niiilnritv  is 

imre  br,,eds  e„niofV..„i  English  "lleCand  dc^i 

Holland  during  the  last  century  l.y  English  breeders  "np.'it.d  from 

1  lie  cattle  are  not  housed  in  tiiis  cmiiitrv      ti,..,'  .,„„  ,. 

jvinter  two  feeds  per  day  o/  oaterhay  ffinip.  ."^^  cTov.  rC  ^T  '"S  ^^"'''  "' 
handled  mostly  through  storekeepers  and  co„u„i,:Jim,  n.^rh.  ns  T^  l!™''"'=t«  ".o 
there  l.eiuj;  no  dairy  furininp-  on  ,  I,-.,.,.,.  .,...1..  "h  truants.     11i,n  i.s  eun.sed  bv 


ti.ere  being  no  dairy  fanning  on  a  large  scale. 

J  ho  mean  temperature  of  Auckland  is  .VJ.:?;  in  winter,  (ir..4. 


by 


ami  sandy  soils  are  found  in  New  Zealand  sci  t'te re  ,^r  I  nt' Jn.  '''''''^^  '"=""'  ''"J"' 
d.srict  of  Auckland.  Tin.othy  is  not  nmcl  cultivate  !  buf  clo^^^  ;'"'•  '''''T  '^' 
aud  white)  as  largely  cultivated.     Eye  gntsses,  pe  Inniu     alian  I  m/l  '.'"nr  "'  ''' 


CATTLE  IN  TASMANIA. 

REPORT  HT  CONSUL  }yEBSTEI{,  OF  UOIUltT. 

With  reference  to  cattle  cinjular  of  18th  July  and  accoinnuivinr. 
memoranda,  I  have  the  honor  to  sav  with  rennet  tlit..fJ«,.?r  ^ 
the  government  inspector  of  stock,  \  tS  that'no  nt^s'  ?  1  J  t  wS 
would  enable  me  to  supply  you  with  reliable  information        ^ 

?;rKf/"f '''''^^  ^'"'^  attention  has  been  paid  here  to  cattle  breedin.r 
Ihe  total  number  of  cattle  in  the  island  is  122,500  o.dy.       "'''^"'"'' 

A.  C5.  WEBSTER, 
/,  Consul, 

Consulate  of  the  United  States, 

Jlobarf,  November  28,  1883, 


AUSTRALASIA  :    VICTORIA. 


651 


CATTLE  IN  VICTORIA. 


REPOItT  IST  OONSUL-QENERAL  SPENCER. 


Koferring  to  circular  letter  of  July  18, 1883,  relative  to  stock  breeding 
iuicl  dairy  products  ia  this  colony,  I  herewith  trausniit  all  the  informa- 
tion I  have  been  iiblo  to  obtain  on  the  subject,  which  is,  I  ragret  to  say, 
very  njeager  and  unsatisfactory. 

On  the  receipt  of  the  circular  I  placed  myself  in  communication  with 
the  secretary  of  agriculture  for  this  colony,  requesting  him  to  furnish 
me,  so  far  as  practicable,  with  the  desired  information. 

On  the  receipt  of  his  reply,  in  view  of  the  disappointing  character  of 
the  information  thus  obtained,  T  addressed  a  circular  letter  to  the  lead- 
ing cattle-breeders  and  dairymen  of  this  colony,  but  with  only  indiffer- 
ent success. 

As  the  result  of  my  inquiries  and  observations,  I  am  led  to  believe 
tiuit  the  United  States  has  little  or  nothing  to  learn  in  respect  to  cattle 
breeding  and  dairy  liirming  from  Australia,  where  bo*^h  these  industries 
may  be  regarded  as  still  in  their  experimental  stage. 

With  a  boundless  pasturage  and  a  most  propitious  climate,  rendering 
housing  or  hand-feeding  unnecessary,  all  the  year  round,  there  has 
hitherto  been  no  necessity  for  conducting  these  and  similar  industries 
on  strictly  scien title  principles;  hence  I  account  for  the  unsatisfactory 
character  of  the  information  obtained. 

O.  M.  SPENCER, 

ConsvlOeneral. 

United  States  Consulate-General, 

Melbourne,  May  16, 1884. 


11  ii 


m 


652 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


ASIA. 


CATTLE  IN  SYRIA. 

REl-ORT  BY  CONSUL  HOUKSON,  Of  SEIIWT. 

raisers  m  the  Uniteri  States   r  l...  v,? ,.  „  f  i'     i  "'  ^^  *'*  "«« to  stock 

ou  .1.0  brco.,,-,,,.  r:u»n,i:k/„';':;'tt;':;v;i:;j',°:;-.;;;s^;!;;;  «.y  .•«« 

BREEDS   f)l.>   CATTLE   IN  SYRIA. 

Hays3' (of  Diunjiscius).  *"""^'  ^^^'•"'M'»'itive  or  coininon)- 

<liii).  They  are  well  /briiied  ami  hink  ■  .wi  *'*^""^'^-y  I'^yond  tlieJor- 
Uer.  (The  natives  of  thirconrvt.^, [.kittle  ?f'a^  7^1 '"'"  tHl- 
average  weight  (,f  the  Joulany  at  three  veurs  o hi  IvT^"^  ^''«  «'«^^« 
to  ows:  TiM'  bull  and  ox  i\ommi)ZZtZmat  fn^*'  '*;"  ''"^^'»  ''« 
500  pounds.     The  JJeiady  ddlors  very  1    tirfm     t'l      ?  ''?'^  ^''0'»  ^5<>  to 

Jsothot  the  above-naiiied  l)r<M>ilvi  'uo  .,u..-i  c       ,'  '^'^•^- 

plowing  in  Syria  is  (loluri.  i:^'„  X^^^^^^^^ 

be„j«-  used  for  the  cultivatioi.  of  tl.e  s,!il  ''"'''^^«»  ""»lc'«,  nor  caa.ols 

-he  Ilaysy  breed  (Darnasiiene)  are  reddish  brow,,  ,-..      . 
ar-er  than  either  the  Joulany  or  the  iSd      ,,^7  *'"'"''  '^'s:''tiy 

best   l.ree.l  for  u.ilk  and  butter     xL^ro  f™  il    ^?"'' •^•^^^'' the 
bowever,  to  the  breeding  and  raising  ol^,uil^  ^Jttle  attention  given, 

BREEDING  AND  RAISING  SVEIAN  CATTLE. 

The  natives  generally  breed  from  bulls  before  thev  ..r<.f «. 
iKstead  of  mature  animals:  nor  do  thev  'wvo  ..nt*^  ''^e  two  years  of  age, 
deeding  or  housing;  thev  have  no  Inr  .7,S^  <i'y  special  attention  to 
other  stoek.  Th.r;=attl.^  ^ ^^S  ^^t^n^^  ''T'^^  r'""'  «>■ 
Mhen  not  grazing  in  the  eonuiions  or  pi  ,wi  ,.  TlV:  '  '*^  ' '^' ""■"^''• 
J)oor  in  most  i)arts  of  th(.  coiintrv   but  in  t  ,1  u  Srazuig  is  ratlier 

Damasc.is,  the  pastures  aiv  goo  i  or  s  v  or  «  J  "'"'  '""/  ^''•'  '''"'"«  '»f 
(From  May  till  October  w  havTno  nh  .  w.Z  '''  '/'.""^'T  '"  ^'"'■V*'"'- 
is  not  irrigated,  the  vegeta  I'm  <|  e^u  n  'X'l^^^^  where  the  land 
the  cattle  are  generally  left  to  lh', 7..  ...h  m  f^^''?'"^""  Mouiitaii, 
.season;  the  grazing    en  ^4tik  or  t^^  ""'  '''"''"^'  ^''^  «""""^''- 

inulber'ry  and  grape-v  ,  e^Vivi  s  'nf  f.^^^^^^^^  thin.     I,,  autu.nn 

tie,  whili  during  tlu,  w  i  t^;   i;;:"  ^  e'n  ,   wTtl  wtS';"  ""'  '*^'.^  ^"^  •^''^t' 
the  dry  residue  of  the  n.ulbe  TvlJa'Vs  eft  b  Tir.  if '''''^ 

bee.  The  I^.«antS^vl;o';s^iJ^r^^^ -"Sit- -;^^^^^^^^ 


SYRIA. 


653 


y  18,  ]S8;5,  ,it.,i,, 

't\onise  to  stock. 

nbMntiriy  report 
lukey. 


arc  til  roe  breeds 
ve  or  com  moil)- 

i«<I  to  Lave  been 

beyond  tlieJor. 

'  sweet  aiKl  ten- 

'ff-)    Tbcfrross 

"«  put  down  as 

iow  from  450  to 

••i"iy  ill  weight 
ary. 

,  ill  fact  all  the 
It's,  nor  camels 

color,  slightly 
considered  the 
ttention  given, 


'0  years  ot'age, 
il  attention  to 
•sing  cattle  or 

of  the  owner 
^iiif,'  is  rather 

tlic  plains  ot 
«  ill  the  ,vear. 
Iicrc  the  land 
on  Mountain 

tlic  summer 
•  In  autiunn 
r  food  to  cat- 
.  cut  tine,  and 
ns.  In  some 
,  which  give 
not  good  for 
"attic  in  this 


country  do  not  allow  tho  calves  to  suckle  more  than  a  few  days  after 
they  have  been  dropped;  when  seven  or  eight  days  old  they  are  taken 
from  the  cows  and  are  feil  on  grass  and  other  food.  This  system  in- 
jures the  calves  very  much,  and  they  soon  become  thin  and  weak  The 
Arabs,  however,  think  that  taking  the  milk  that  nature  intended  for 
the  calf  and  selling  it  is  a  clear  gain. 

MEAT,  MILK,   AND  CHEESE   IN  SYllIA. 

The  best  breeds  for  beef  are  the  two  first,  viz,  the  Joulany  and  IJe- 
iady.  The  Damascene  are  considered  the  best  for  milk  and  b'utter  but 
are  harder  to  keej),  taking  twice  as  niu(!h  food  as  either  of  the  other 
breeds.  It  is  diflicult  to  get  any  statistics  of  the  quantity  of  butter  or 
(Cheese  nianutactnred  in  the  country.  Butter  is  sold  hesh  asi  soon 
as  taken  Iroin  the  milk;  none  is  kept  in  stock  or  prepared  for  exporta- 
tion. The  quantity  of  cheese  made  is  so  small  that  the  manufacture  of 
cheese  cannot  be  considered  an  industry  in  Syria. 

There  is  no  way  of  finding  out  the  number  of  cattle  in  mv  consular 
district,  nor  the  percentage  of  the  several  breeds  or  the  iierceut'in'e 
bred  for  the  dairy  and  beef,  nor  the  increase  or  decrease  of  stock  The 
cattle  seem  to  be  sufficient  for  all  the  demands,  as  none  are  imported 

The  best  bulls  can  be  i»urchased  at  a  ])rice  varying  from  $7.'>  to  SIOO- 
cows  from  $70  to  $90.  "  ' 

EXPORT   OF  SYRIAN   CATTLE  TO   THE  UNITED  STATED. 

The  best  method  for  exporting  cattle  to  the  United  States  from  Syria 
IS  by  one  of  the  English  lines  of  steamers  jilying-  between  Beirut  and 
Liverpool,  there  to  be  reshipiied. 

'^1''*^  cost  per  head  for  cattle,  from  the  best  information  1  can  "et  will 
be  $.o  to  $80,  including  food,  &c  ;  for  a  number  better  rates  inicrht  be 
obtained.  "^ 

I  have  seen  line  cattle  about  Damascus,  and  I  am  of  the  opinion  that 
with  careful  breeding  and  proper  raising  Syrian  cattle  are  worthy  of 
the  attention  ot  American  stock-raisers  and  farmers. 

SHEEP. 

I  think  that  the  liat-tailcd  .sheep  of  Syria  arc  well  adapted  to  many 
parts  ot  the  Lnited  States,  especially  the  Southwestern  States  amr'^er- 
I itories.  They  make  good  mutton,  are  hardy,  and  grow  to  a  large  size 
a iK^r  fleeces  are  hiie,.weighing  from  lli  to  ir>  pounds  each.  The  wool 
IS  of  the  best  quality  for  making  carpets  and  other  heavy  woolen  goods 
J  he  average  price  of  sheep  is  $r,  ,.er  head.  The  cost  of  exportation  to 
the  United  States  via  Liverpool  wouhl  be  about  $.'50  i)er  head,  includ- 
ing food.  ' 

PROHIBITED.* 

I  beg  to  remind  all  who  may  be  interested  in  the  exportation  of 
horses,  mules  donkeys,  cattle,  and  slieej)  from  Turkey  that  the  same 
IS  prohibited  by  the  laws  of  the  Ottoman  Empire. 

JOHN  T. 


United  States  Consulate, 

li^irvt,  March  30, 1.S84. 


KOBESON, 

Consul. 


"  In  hiH  report  upon  tlw-  "  Antfoni  Roat."  pul.lish.'d  ii,  No.  :{l ,  (or  Jul  v."  1883  Cousnl- 
General  Heap  thnn  rele.-H  to  tbe  prohibit  io,,'  of  f  l,e  export  of  live  ani.nalH : 

Inbitert  tho  export  at  Angora  goatH.    This  was  done  hi  response  to  a  petition  on  tho 


654 


CATTLE   AND    DA  IKY   FARMING. 
Special  stadatics  concerning  cattle  in  Syria. 


Xamn    of 
bree<l. 


Name  of  country. 


S:S  •i<"s  ■«<- 

i:  0,0  S;o  3  . 

"     I  ■  $  I  «  9  *i 

«5  i(S°'g2  tg 


size  at  niatnr-  L. 

ity  (feet).       jLivewelght 


Basbam ... 


CoaNt  and  inte- 
I'iur. 

Mount  Lebanon 
and  tbediHtrict 
of  Daniasuus. 


11 


10 


17 


17 


IC  1  17 


I>('H(Tl|iti(in. 


^'"'■k!  great 
Pnwer  of  m. 
durance, 

Dark  brown  ■ 
'■"•npiictana 

tan  ami  slcn^ 
<lor  legs, 

^_-     ■  I  I 


Topography  and  climate  of  Syria. 


Uuited  Sfate.sf 'who  woulhTo  doibt  obtSil?-'  **  *""''"'*  '^'"""«''  ^""  ""'"^tor^.f  tlo 


CEYLON. 


B51 


44 

~— — — 

S 

a 

*M       . 

>, 

c ;; 

•c 

d 

0) 

.11 

D<'«<Tl|iti(in. 

a 

•*» 

Mw 

9i 

C  °' 

to 

^      ^ 

— ■ — 

~_ 

frt. 

8 

440 

Black  J    ^ejt 
power  of  fo. 

3 

430 

^auraiiec. 
Dark    brown, 
•■"inpactmia 

3 

511 

„  well  kiiif. 

K'-'liliHhbrwn, 
tan  anil  slea. 

1 

1 

<ler  legs. 

0    ROIIC 

"■'•I'y  kept  ill 

Kl•^lz(^ 

I"  tiutiiniii 

wii 

ter 

they  are  fed 

CEYLON. 


CATTLE  OF  CEYLOIT. 


REPORT  liY  CONSUL  MORET. 


DIPPIOULTIKS  WHICH  BESET  CATTLE-BREEDING  IN  CEYLON. 

Tbe  materials  for  a  report  upon  the  cattle  of  Ceylon  are  very  meager. 
The  climate  of  the  low  country  is  too  humid  and  tUe  pasturage  too 
pom"  for  the  vigorous  support  of  the  largo  animals  sometimes  imported 
from  Europe.  Australia,  and  the  hill  districts  of  India,  nor  can  they  be 
Hiiid  to  thrive  greatly  in  the  more  elevated  region,  for  even  there  the 
natural  grasses  are  neither  nutritious  nor  wholesome,  and  if  these  spe- 
cies of  cattle  are  not  largely  fed  on  grain  or  roots  they  fall  off  in  condi- 
tioii  and  die  early,  having  in  the  meantime  produced  a  degenerate  pro- 
geny. 

I  have  it  on  the  authority  oi  a  European  lady,  who  has  a  taste  for 
the  breeding  of  improved  cattle,  and  who  has  expended  laige  sums  of 
money  and  much  time  and  attention  in  that  direction,  that  her  early  ef- 
forts in  Nuwar  Eliya,  which  is  the  sanitarium  of  Ceylon  and  over  0,000 
feet  above  sea-level,  were  very  disappointing,  in  consequence  of  her 
best  animals  often  dying  of  intestinal  complaints.  Post-mortems  finally 
disclosed  the  fact  that  much  of  the  grass  they  had  consumed  was  so 
hard  and  wiry  that  it  had  resisted  digestion  and  remained  in  the  animal 
ill  the  form  of  large  fibrous  balls,  which  completely  stopped  intestinal 
operations  and  caused  death. 

The  plan  finally  adopted  by  this  i)ersevering  lady  to  preserve  alive 
siicli  of  her  surplus  stock,  princii)ally  cows  out  of  milk  and  youngsters, 
as  it  was  impracticable  to  keep  stall-fed,  was  to  send  them  down  to 
Pussellawa,  to  a  coffee  estate  about  3,000  feet  above  sea-level,  where 
they  were  fed  on  cultivated  grass,  for  the  sake  of  their  manure,  and 
tiius  the  stock  was  for  a  considerable  time  kept  in  fairly  good  condition. 
Eventually,  however,  the  said  coffee  estate  went  under  different  man- 
agement, when,  owing  either  to  a  neglect  about  cultivating  the  grass  or 
t«)  not  feeding  it  to  the  cattle,  those  poor  brutes  were,  to  my  knowledge, 
soon  reduced  to  a  most  pitiable  state  of  starvation,  from  which  it  proved 
imi)ossil)le  to  recover  them,  and  the  moiety  if  not  the  whole  of  that  choice 
liord  is  now  extinct. 

Most  other  i)eople's  attempts  at  rearing  improved  slock  here  have 
resulted  about  the  same,  and,  although  there  are  in  the  central  prov- 
iiicr,  where  most  of  these  operations  were  carried  on,  some  very  nice 
stock  of  mixed  parentage,  still  it  has  been  reared  at  a  cost  far  beyond 
its  viilue,  and  if  not  kept  up  by  fresh  importations  of  new  blood  from 
abroad,  will  i)robably  degenerate  and  run  out  in  the  course  of  another 
decade.  It  also  seems  to  be  very  <litlicu  f.  to  improve  the  common  Sin- 
ghalese cattle  by  crossing  them  with  foreigners  (see  Plate  1);  for  what- 
evef  the  present  improvement,  principally  in  size,  may  be,  such  progeny 
are  generally  wanting  in  hanliness,  and  crosses  likely  to  work  au  im- 
l)rovciaent  in  this  respecit  are  diilicult  of  accomplishment.  Some  beau- 
tiful bulls  01  the  Amrut  Mahal  (Milk  Palace)  breed,  which  I  imported 


656 


OATTLK    AND    DAIRY    PARMINO. 


1  M^ 


fill 

1 

1 

lis 

:  i 

[tqe^    - 

[ 

SING II A  r,K.SK   (.ATTLK. 

i""al»itiM,  fljo  TH..^,.  c-oun^y  ofV-Ua  t'  ^.  '  ;;,;  ^^l^.tij^^ 

•onlonnatioM  a.Ml  color,  tho,  c.ittlo'now  <^oMMn<.M  t  en' ^  w  "?' 

ot  f hilt  portion  of  In.Iia  l.vin».  „,,„•  y  ,nm  si  V/t  .  s  is  hh      '^^^ 
.m;;l.t  ..Rurally  1„.  ..xp.H...!  that  sud.  JJn^n  s  w    H.      j   ' !',    ^ll''^'^ 
<lnc('<l.     It  mast   )<•  icmi'iiilx'n'd    liou-,.v,.i.    u.  .^  fi      ,    '.^^  *'"♦•" 'iitro- 

I  tlM'iHon,  l,,.Iiov(.  that  the  popularly  termed  Sin-hales..  ,..,hi 
mainly  th,- otrsp,in,:,M,r  relu;iu'sto.'k  ;  an.l  tlo,-"    so  H«1r 
•■rate  in  sue,  ami   now  almost   inc.  iise(,nentia    (Pin'.  .1:      '''^^''"■ 
nevertheless  he„er  suited  t.>  thiselim     e  •    ln>  or   Kv'T' ''f 

othKs  insular  people  than  any  otlu-r  variety  at      esent  ' /    ""'"'^ 

Ihe  lar^'est  of  them  do  not  exceed  1  feet  "in  hci^n.     .„    .         , 
fop  of  the  hump,  oyer  the  withers,  not  ti^j  i  o?     jj  '    :;:;i:;;  ^'J^ 
(lie  females  are  ulmut  0  implies  lower,  osviim-  not  «mlv  to  n  ■''• 

;t';;.'u::;[';:;';i,:.'';L;;;,:"  "•''•■■"'■"■■ ^'^y^'^-^^^^^Xsx 

rhe  maxMuum  amount  of  milk  yielded  by  ucow  under  fiyo,.,l,h. 
it.t  rate  ot  0  or  7  miles  an  hour,  and  if  the  driver  enteitaios  a  con- 


m. 


>o  oiiticcd  into  inter. 
<l<»('S(!()inin()n|y,„.,,„f 


NCOlKird    flOin    l„i,(,(|j, 

('.soinl»l(i  vi^y  closely 
iiM.n  tluTo;    wli,.,.,i'is 

I  tllCrilSllMlllK.  |,|.,.,.,|^ 

Ins  island,  uhcnco  jt 
)nl(l  have  Im'oii  intro- 
i«^  Indian  conqiu'iors 
•*'<>|»l<',<;ani((  Ciom  th,. 
tl.v  kept  np  an  active 
(>l)taininf,'  from  tjica- 
y  tlicir  domestic  aiii. 

^|i>i«hak'.s(M'atflo)m- 
:"  some  what  dcfr,.,,. 
•liiiiy  pni'ijoscs,  are 
•  t\w  ordinaiy  needs 
•'.sent  known. 
;ht,  measured  to  the 
i-e  ,'}j()  ponnds  alive 
>iily  to  ordinary  lo- 
in|»  <l«'vel()i)nieiit,  ns 

iiHler  Cavoiable  con. 
oiif-h  to  snpport  lite 
of  lier  otrsprinfr,  the 
wunc  <Ms('s  where  ii 
'<!  to  the  mother  iit 
tliroiijih  thisdccei). 
!■  -secretions. 
I'ly  ifsho  1)0  a  fond 
I'ule  six  moi-ths  is 
Tass  altogether  tor 
',  and  tli(^  maximum 
)ii  seed  and  pooniic 

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CEYLON. 


65? 


<;elt  about  his  animal  being  fast,  the  poor  thing  will  have  to  race,  load 
or  no  load,  with  every  other  turnout  of  the  same  sort  that  conies  f '  >ng. 
Tben  the  shrieks  and  wild  howlings  of  the  rival  jehus  are  almos.  un- 
earthly, and  the  twisting  of  the  poor  brutes'  tails,  as  a  last  resorl  to 
increase  their  locomotion,  is  incessant  and  positively  inhuman. 

These  little  animals  are  treated  with  much  care,  and  only  used  as 
roadsters  ;  whereas  the  mothers,  and  in  fact  all  of  their  cows,  when  out 
of  milk,  are  put  to  the  plow  by  the  rural  Singhalese,  who  would  much 
sooner  behave  thus  ignobly  towards  the  weak  and  obedient  females 
than  be  put  to  the  bother  and  expense  of  keeping  unruly  male  animals 
for  such  purposes. 

The  Singhalese  cattle  are  of  all  colors — though  black,  very  dark-brown, 
and  rod,  arc  the  prevailing  colors.  When  white  appears  to  any  con- 
siderable extent  it  indicates  an  intermixture  with  other  blood,  and  fore- 
bodes a  want  of  hardiness.  Many  of  the  male  animals  are  branded  all 
over  the  body,  in  huge  designs,  after  the  stylo  of  lace  or  fretwork,  and 
this  i.s  done  for  ornament  originally,  although  there  is  a  belief  that  it 
improves  the  stamina  and  condition  of  a  bullock  to  so  brand  it.  Ac- 
cordingly, whenever  an  inhuman  cartinan  has  by  overwork,  cruel  neg- 
lect, and  starvation,  reduced  his  animals  to  almost  the  last  extremity, 
he  gives  them  a  few  days'  rest,  meantime  calling  in  some  fiend  with 
firing  irons,  who  cauterizes  the  wretched  creatures  into  popular  condi- 
tion for  further  labor. 

In  fact  these  people  have  a  proverb  (as  I  believe  most  other  folks 
have)  to  justify  monstrosities  and  foolishness),  viz.,  that  "the  bullock 
will  come  to  its  owner  once  a  year,  and  ask  to  be  branded."  Here  let 
me  state  thai;  this  practice  of  such  doubtful  utility,  to  say  the  best  of 
it,  renders  the  hides  of  the  animals  almost  worthless  to  the  tanner,  as, 
wherever  a  hot  iron  has  touched  an  animal's  skin,  the  leather  will  be 
fatally  defective. 

IMPORTED  CATTLE  IN  CEYLON. 

In  years  past,  before  railroads  were  common,  and  when,  owing  to  a 
large  production  of  coffee,  money  was  plentiful,  many  excellent  draft 
cattle  of  large  size  were  imported,  and  Plate  No.  4  fairly  represents 
those  of  a  breed  coming  from  Tanjore,  which,  though  of  fair  longevity 
in  their  own  country,  where  the  climate  is  dry,  do  not  last  long  here 
when  put  to  work  in  the  interior  where,  at  high  alt:*ndes,  cold  rainy 
weather  prevails,  causing  amongst  them  such  serious  mortality  that 
now,  fresh  importations  having  fallen  off  for  Avant  of  a  demand,  but 
few  respectable  specimens  of  this  really  fine  breed  are  to  be  seen  here. 

Some  of  oar  rich  estate  proprietors  in  prosperous  times  also  got  down 
Nellore  cattle,  bnlls  and  cows,  both  for  draft  and  the  dairy  i)urposes 
for  which  they  excel,  but  the  cost  of  their  keep,  for  they  require  to  be 
almost  entirely  stall-fed  in  Ceylon,  and  the  absolute  necessity  for  careful 
European  control  and  supervision,  which  is  expensive  and  not  always 
to  be  had,  render  them  a  luxury  which,  owing  also  toearly  mortality,  is 
somewhat  transient,  and  only  to  be  enjoyed  by  the  wealthy,  a  class  not 
common  here  now. 

There  are  a  few  reputable  speciments  of  these  Nellore  cattle  still  to 
be  found  in  Ceylon,  but  I  cannot  regard  them  as  fair  representative 
types  of  the  breed.  There  are  also  Australian  of  mixed  European 
blood,  and  some  English  cattle,  but  the  same  conditions  required  by 
the  Nellores  also  largely  apply  to  them  and  are  not  available,  conse- 
quently the  breed  is  disappearing  fast. 

H.  Ex.  51 42 


658 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


There  are  crosses  between  the  English  and  some  Indian  breeds  fn, 
seen  which  to  n.y  mind,  especially  on  account  oftheir  snper.o.sh  "'''^ 
to  withstand  the  varieties  and  peculiarities  of  the  climate/are  otv?// 
local  utihry  than  their  originals.  Plate  No.  5  represents  poor Iv^.  '"^' 
specimen  of  them,  viz,  a  draft  bullock  well  known  here!  iSsi  ,?"ll 
of  the  best  points  m  some  measure  of  both  varieties  in  his  mS''"' 
and  having  their  marked  characteristics  amalganmted  and  UuS^'-' 
m  a  highly  usetiil  and  interesting  manner,  vi. :  the  N.-llo-es  ,  , '?'' 
somewhat  stilty  limbs  are  shortened  in  the  (^ross-bred  and  tli^.i  S  ""' 
tions  altered,  so  that  the  animal,  though  standing  on  short  t&^^^^ 
ong  and  mnscular  thighs  with  short  canncns,  and  the  body  soS  ''! 
lengthened  and  broadened,  covers  more  groui  ,1,  which  po  nts  n "^ 
with  the  retention  of  the  massy  fore  quarters  ,.f  the  hlSvlZ^ 

The  photograph  does  the  animal  injustice  with  respect  to  theso  ,mi„f 
owing  to  the  picture  having  been  taken  m  a  circumscri    mI    '^r   '' 
nuny  day    and  there  was  no  opportunity  of  gettii...-  •1^1'.''" 

BUFFALOS. 

The  common  Buffalos  also  inhabit  Ceylon  and  are  found  both  wii,i ; 
the  interior  and  partially  tame  in  the  Singhalese  villagcvs)  0^11^1.  " 
kept  and  used  to  trample  the  paddy  (rice)  lands  after  Xw  U  Sf  ! 
be  sometimes  milked,  though  not  often,  as  they  are  ti('r  co  •  m  n'mii 

aEttdS  '"''  ^'  "^''  ^""^'  ^'"^  ^^  I'Oo^qualityl^Th^at 

siderab  e  numbers,  for  they  are  fairly  tractible  and  give"  y;  ZZ 

0  wholesome  milk  and  being  kept  in  the  neighborhood  of  1,^1 
Mid  allowed  to  feed  upon  the  commons,  they  present  an  interc    m-   H 

to  strangers  who  are  astonished  at  their  almost  hairless  uiic ou  linf 
the  very  exemp  ihcation  of  ugliness;  and  the  wonder  is  still  tli' 
creased,  wheii  the  awkward  beasts,  to  avoid  the  miclday  1  eat  1^^^^ 
l.berately  into  the  neighboring  ponds,  submerging  th^i  ^1  4  mftl 
only  their  noses,  raised  almost  perpendicular,  protrude  above  he ;!?e' ' 
presenting  the  appearance  of  a  shoal  of  alligators  ' 

No  successful  attempt  at  crossing  these  animals  with  true  cattle  has 
I  behove,  been  made;  the  mixed  progeny,  whenever  any  Ceaed' 
having  invariably  died  young.  '"^  '«ppeareu, 

SUMMARY. 

1  ^^  7^^}  ^?.f®^"  ^'^*""  '''!':'^  ''^  hereinbefore  written,  that  a  «r'eciesof 
dwarted  ca  tie,  too  insignificant  in  every  resp.ct  for  Wcs.hm  j  ,m  ,L 
though  we  1  suited  to  the  small  wants  of  a  simple  people.  i«  the  o  h' 
permanently  successful  an<l  largely  useful  breed  in  tlie  island-  and  this 
by  some  natural  interposition,  is  suited  to  live  in  a  cliniwfc,  KraduatiiiK 
tnrough  all  degrees  of  tciiii.urature,  froa.  exUvmc  tonid  m  tlio  low 
country,  to  mild  frigid  on  the  hilKs,  and  to  subsist  upou  such  poor  vc'c- 
tation  as  grows  in  the  meanest  soils  of  almost  every  description  Knowu 


CEYLON. 


659 


to  geologists ;  whereas  no  known  breed  of  superior  cattle  can  exist  upon 
the  natural  pasturage  of  the  island  and  endure  the  climate,  accompanied 
witl)  the  tormenting  attacks  of  the  land  leeches,  which  are  common  in 
(lamp  weather,  up  to  an  altitude  of  at  least  4,000  feet,  unless  it  be  in 
the  Horton  Plains,  which  have  not  been  practically  tried.  Therefore, 
it  seems  impracticable  to  attempt  the  tilling  up  of  the  tables  attached 
to  tlie  circular  letter  now  under  replj,  and  for  that  reason  I  hope  the 
oniis.sioii  will  be  excused. 

I  would  have  illustrated  this  report  with  colored  plates,  but  did  not 
consider  it  of  sufficient  importance  to  warrant  so  much  elaboration, 
more  especially  as  the  photographs  (except  No.  5)  fairly  represent  their 
subjects. 

W.  MOEEY, 

Consul. 

United  States  Consulate, 

Colombo,  November  1, 1883. 


M 


660 


;t 


If  ' 

•'  iiiiiiw 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


MALAYSIA. 


t:he  water  buffalo  of  siam  and  Malaysia. 

REPORT  BY  CONSUL  STXJDER,  OF  SINOAPORE. 

I  have  to  ackuowledge  the  receipt  of  a  Department  circuhir  of  date 
July  18  last,  addressed  to  the  consular  officers  of  the  United  States. 

I  have  carefully  and  repeatedly  read  and  reflected  upon  the  tortus  and 
memoranda  just  alluded  to,  and,  while  fully  impressed  with  the  {jreat 
importance  to  the  agricultural  interests  of  the  United  States  of  the 
subject  rontemplated  in  the  said  circular,  1  can  truly  say,  as  a  native- 
born  Swiss  and  as  an  American  citizen  who  has  resided  for  a  number 
of  years  in  the  State  of  Iowa,  engaged  in  farming,  owning  and  breeding 
stock,  that  any  information  I  can  give  about  the  territory  and  prov* 
inces  lying  within  the  limits  of  my  consular  jurisdiction  and  adjacent 
countries  or  islands  can  be  of  no  practical  benefit  whatever  to  llie  .stock- 
breeders of  the  United  States,  whatever  interest  it  may  have  otherwise 
as  a  contribution  toward  a  full  understanding  of  the  whole  question  ot 
cattle-raising;  anil  were  1  ever  so  willing  to  obtain  and  give  the  infdr 
mation  required  in  anyway  in  accordance  with  the  said  forms  and  mem- 
oranda, I  leel  fully  certain  that  no  ont  here,  with  any  degree  of  satis- 
faction to  myself  and  to  the  Department,  could  give  it  to  me. 

The  colony  of  the  Straits  Settlements  and  intervening  Malay  prov 
inces  under  British  protection  (the  territory  within  my  consular  juris- 
diction) is  not  a  cattle-breeding  country,  notwithstanding  that  districts 
therein  are  devoted,  more  or  less,  to  agriculture ;  and  very  nearly  all 
the  cattle  used  in  the  same  for  beef  and  for  draft  purposes," the  passeu 
ger  traffic  excepted,  are  imported  from  Siam  and  some  of  the  suzerain 
Slalayan  provinces  nearest  to  Siam  proper;  from  Burmah  and  Bengal, 
but  mostly  from  the  Coromandel  coast;  and  they  are  peculiar  breed.s 
of  cattle  not  met  with  anywhere  in  Europe  or  America,  and  seemingly 
specially  adapted  to  the  tropics.  They  are  lop-eared  and  hunchbacked, 
with  a  very  thin  covering  of  hair. 

There  are  several  varieties  as  to  size,  color,  form,  horns,  and  strength. 
The  best  as  to  weight  and  strength  and  power  of  endurauce  under  a 
tropical  sun  come  from  the  Madras  coast  chiefly,  and  occasionally  from 
Bengal  (the  largest  size),  and  Siam. 

The  cattle  of  the  countries  alluded  to,  I  feel  certain,  could  not  endure 
the  climate  of  the  United  States,  except  i)erhaps  the  extreme  southern 
parts  of  Louisiana,  Florida,  and  Texas.  And  as  the  cattle  of  our  South- 
ern States  are  much  larger,  tiner,  and  inured  to  the  climate,  and  giviuff 
far  better  returns  in  beef  aid  dairy  products  (quantity  and  quaSty),  I 
fail  to  see  wliat  any  one  would  gain  by  importing  stock  for  breeding  oi 
race-mixing  purposes  from  India. 

There  are  a  few  Hindoos  engaged  in  the  dairy  business,  keeping  small 
herds  of  cows.  Tliey  raise  calves,  keep  the  heifers,  sell  the  steers  to 
cartmen,  while  the  old  worthless  cows  are  disjjosed  of  for  beef.  The 
owners  of  worn-out  cattle,  after  allowing  them  a  few  weeks'  rest  on  coarse 
tough  grass  (called  ballang),  sell  the  same  also  for  beef,  so  called. 


MALAYSIA    AND   JAVA. 


661 


Beef  cattle  are  really  not  indigenous  to  any  portion  of  jungle-covered 
Miilavsia ;  the  buffalo  alone  finding  subsistence  therein.  But  the  latter 
is  uot  used  for  dairy  purposes,  and  buffalo  meat  is  only  eaten,  owing  to 
its  toughness  and  unpleasant  flavor,  by  the  lowest  and  poorest  classes, 
chiefly  Chinese,  when  it  is  eaten  at  all.  But  for  purposes  of  heavy 
(iraft,  such  as  plowing,  cart,  or  log-hauling,  the  buffalo,  being  a  ponder- 
ous and  most  ])owerful  beast,  much  larger  and  heavier  than  our  largest 
American  ox,  is  unexcelled  in  point  of  strength  and  power  of  endurance; 
but  mud-holes,  fords,  swamps,  or  creeks,  places  where  he  can  wallow  and 
bathe,  are  necessary  for  this  animal.  For  the  cultivation  of  rice  he  is 
therefore  invaluable  to  the  natives.  He  must  be  unhitched  when  he 
gets  restive,  this  being  a  sign  that  he  wants  to  bathe.  If  this  is  not 
done  he  becomes,  as  a  rule,  dangerous. 

I  have  seen  bufl'alos  in  size  and  weight  about  half  way  between  a 
very  large  ox  and  an  average  elephant. 

They  have  very  heavy,  ponderous,  and  peculiar  horns,  resembling  some- 
what those  of  the  western  American  buffalo,  only  very  much  larger. 
They  are  a  sort  of  mouse-colored  (as  a  chief  color),  from  i>inkish  blue  to 
dark  in  shade,  and  have  an  exceeding  thin  coating  of  hair  (if  any  at 
all),  the  tail  (bushy  at  the  end),  ears,  and  head  excepted.  They  are  very 
numerous  in  the  rice-growing  districts  in  Siani,  and  everywhere  met 
with  where  there  are  native  settlements  on  tlie  peninsula,  of  Malacca 
and  all  through  Malaysia,  and  at  Penang  more  than  at  Singapore. 

They  are  unsafe,  often  very  dangerous  and  vicious.  The  Malays  and 
natives  of  Siam,  who  breed  them  almost  alone,  understand  how  to  manage 
and  work  them. 

In  the  jungles  of  the  Malayan  peninsula  there  is  a  wild  sjjecies,  ex- 
ceedingly dangerous,  going  in  herds. 

The  buffalo  (really  known  as  the  "Water  Buflalo")  I  believe  could  not 
live,  or  not  live  long,  outside  of  hot,  moist,  and  swampy  countries;  he 
must  have  mud  and  water,  and  for  that  reason  alone  it  would  be  ex 
tremely  difBcult  to  bring  him  over  a  great  sea  distance. 

A.  G.  STUDER, 

Consul. 

United  States  Consulate, 

k^ingapore,  November  9, 1883. 


THE  JAVA  BUFFALO. 


REPORT  BY  CONSUL  HATFIELD. 

I  have  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  circular  relative  to  breeding 
foreign  cattle  in  the  United  States. 

There  is,  however,  very  little,  if  any,  information  of  interest  bearing 
upon  this  important  question  procurable  here,  and  but  one  kind  of  cattle 
that  could  be  imported,  if  at  all,  into  the  United  States ;  even  then,  the 
South  would,  for  climatic  reasons,  have  to  be  selected.    •    •    * 

I  refer  here  to  the  Java  Buff'alo,  an  Jinimal  well-nigh  indispensable 
to  the  native,  a  beast  of  burden  when  alive,  and  furnishing  foo(',  hides, 
and  bone  when  slaughtered. 

I  am  very  sorry  to  say  that,  after  having  tried  to  get  from  more  than 
one  authority  such  data  as  desired  on  the  second  page  of  your  circular, 
I  find  it  not  procurable,  nor  does  it  seem  that  any  bureau,  department, 
or  private  party  can  supply  the  same. 


^L.. 


U2 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 


hyvt,  does  not  cost  as  Tnncli,  aiul  na  a  rWn  f  i^nX  ..n  ,.^^T''''''''v 
t.ves  and  tlu,  poorer  classes'sene.a  ly      I      foo.I ^  IrS"!"?;'  ^'-^  >"i- 
ence  l.ere  has  proven  tluit  l.e  t hri ves  best  wl.e.nu    krS  ed       /  ..f ''^'"• 
to  graze  at  large  and  in  the  neifiliborhood  .,f  a  no    lor  ^^^^  ^^ 
stream  of  water.    A  buffalo  will  iiivinv.hlv  t.>  -^  +'  Vi  •        •"'"^'••niiiuo 

l.in.solf  np  to  his  neck,  and  ililV";^'/^.^  Inc'l^^.S^hr 'l"""'^^ 
MX  hours  every  day  if  he  can.  ^  "^  t^ontent  ior  live  or 

f  l.n'i!'!^!"/""''"!?  **^^^''«  '*''^"<^  ""^^  Sumatra  have  suffered  n,„,.l.  i 
1..^  l)ast  four  or  five  years  from  a  ph.su-  attac^dnLMl  is  c-m       '''I'^l'^'' 
{,'oveniment  has  done  all  it  well  could  to  i   eve  t  .  «,.^.     I    ..'  "'"^  ^^^ 
case,  ^yith  fairly  satisfactory  results     1^.^ plan  adoC;^^^^  '^'^ 

luomplly  kill  any  animal  attacked,  and  in  ma nvV^S  h  ^"^  ''^'^'"  ^o 
the  same  herd.  Fanners  in  sever  iSselK^  crS  oufT  '''"'  '^  ''^ 
system  as  entailing  unnecessaiy  expense  upon  The  rrmi.^^'""'^  ^^^^ 
make  good  the  value  to  the  ownir)  a.,Vi^i,iZp  ul.f  reL?''^  ^"'^'" 

Jt  certainly  is  seen  that  the  treatment  to  wl  iol,  K  f?i'"'er.s. 

been  subjected  by  European  veterS  »Tlrgeons  in  k  S  ^'''' 

preventing  their  free  access  to  the  watir  has  noMm.nli  .  '^  *''^'"  ''"^l 
ticii)ated  result,  for  many  sound  beasts  ^  1^1  ,-''"^,^^  ''''^^t  fl'**  an- 
it,  thus  causing  the  oxtermSon  of  all.  '""'^  '^  ^^'^ '"  ""»'«• 

OSCAK  HATFIELD. 

Consulate  op  the  United  States  Oonnul. 

Batavia,  Jamiary  11, 1884. 


JAPAN 


663 


JAPAN. 


CATTLE  IN  JAPAN. 


REPORT  OF  CONSUL  JONES,    OF  NAGASAKI. 

I  have  the  houor  to  acknowledge  letter  of  tJio  Department  of  State  of 
Jiilv  18,  1883,  desiring  infornuition  n-liitive  to  breeding  cattle  for  the 
i)eneflt  of  the  fstock-breeders  of  the  United  States. 

Ja|)an  cannot  be  said  to  be  a  stock-breeding  eonntry.  Previous  to 
the  arrival  and  settlement  of  foreigners  in  the  country — now  some 
twenty-five  yeans — beef,  milk,  butter,  and  cheese  were  not  used  by  the 
natives  as  articles  of  food,  and  were  in  fact  unknown  to  them. 

There  are  no  woids  in  the  Japanese  language  for  beef,  butter,  and 
(;heese,  except  those  recently  framed  irom  the  English  for  convenience' 
sake,  and  infuse  only  at  the  treaty  port.  These  words  are  not  known 
or  used  in  the  interior  of  the  country. 

There  are  no  larms  in  Japan,  as  an  American  understands  the  mean- 
ing of  the  word  farms.  There  are.  instead,  small  fields  and  patches  of 
ground,  bounded  by  ditches  and  watercourses,  which  are  highly  eulti- 
vfteil,  but  more  as  gardens  than  farms.  Consequently  there  are  no 
ranges  for  stock,  and  the  grass  of  the  country  is  coarse  and  of  poor 
quality. 

Sheep  will  not  live  on  the  grasses  of  Japan. 

The  cattle  are  apparently  a  degenerate  breed,  brought  originally  from 
China  or  Corea. 

The  bullock  is  used  as  a  draft  animal  for  packing  purposes,  and  in 
the  cultivation  of  the  soil— plowing,  &c. 

The  cow  gives  but  little  milk ;  merely  sufficient  for  their  calves. 

When  killed  and  dressed  by  the  l)utchers  the  cow  will  weigh  from  250 
pounds  to  400  jjounds ;  the  bullock,  from  350  to  450  pounds. 

Beef  in  the  markets  at  Nagasaki  sells  for  about  12  cents  a  pound. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  "there  are  no  facts  connected  with  cattle- 
breeding  in  Japan  that  would  be  of  any  interest  or  use  to  the  stock- 
raisers  of  the  United  States. 

ALEXANDER  C.  JONES, 

Consttl. 

United  States  (consulate, 

NagasaM,  Japan,  December  12, 1883. 


664 


CATTI.E    AND   DAIRY    FARMING, 


chi:n^a. 


CATTIE  IN  THE  YANG-TSE-KIANO  VALLEY. 

liKi-oRr  nr  consul  nuepahu,  or  hankow. 

I  have  tho  lioiior  to  .submit  the  followii.},'  a.s  my  re.snoiise  u.  u 
went  circular  of  July  18,  1883,  relative  to  (.ittle'  the     C'//  ^'''^^^ 
consular  .,«n.s<l,ciiou,  their  treatment,  a.ul  colhttem   topic^^  ^'  '"  ^'''^ 

The  location  of  thi.s  consulate  and   ts  (leDendencieMLu.V,-    .    ■ 
valley  o*"  the  Kivcn-.YanK-tse-KianK,  extendi  L!",,    tlu    S 'o;",/'"' 
Kia.ff  to  Chun«-ChinK,  a  <li«tauce  of  about  1,000  mil'4  '     L?  ^^'"• 
8ued  inve8tigatu,n.s  upon  the  points  preseute<l  in  the     rms  l^T  '""'• 
in«'  he  circular,  by  correspondence  and  otherwise   rtli'l'l      "''''''>• 
as  thoroughly  as  the  means  at  my  con.nnrcl  wonid" d  o^^^^  K 
inat.on  given  is  as  exhaustive  as  a  snmmary  w  II  nJrmt      r  ' '"^"' 
sented  in  detail,  rather  than  on  the  forms  /river    Am  1  .  '''  l*'^'- 

varied  uaturo  of  the  region  reported  ou!  ^        '     '  '^''^""*  «^  the 

TOPOGRAPHY  OF  THK   YANG-TSE-KIANG  VALLEY. 

The  topography  Of  territory  ])resents  differing  features  at  difV   • 
e  .«)il,  being  all  bordering  upon  the  Yang-tse  Eivpr         ''^ 
al,  with  loam.  chiv.  juwl  k,.Li  ,>k...„.: '.^  ^^^*^  ^^'^^^ 'M'riii- 


points,  but  the.,w.,,  Memj^  an  wumenng  upon  ttie  yanL'-f<iPi  t^m.^^  •  ."^ 
cipally  alluvial,  with  loam,  clay,  and  sand  observ.M.  of  ^^  '  I''""' 
ties,  but  not  generally  predominant!  "^"^^^-i^^'*^*  ^t  special  locali 

The  aliBtude  at  any  station  in  the  entire  district  of  countrr  ,„.  i 
sideration  has  never  been  taken,  as  far  as  I  cmi  d'wr  A ''^ 
means  of  estimating  it  is  from  the  flow  of  the riv  Sin  •  ' '^'  °"''^' 
with  distant  from  tide  water.  But  he  rate  ot' ft  11  ni^r  ",'  ««"."e«tiou 
minate,  varying  so  widely  in  esti.n  tea  given  ?LS  Snot  «v  ""'•^^*^^- 
average  with  any  certainty.  In  low  stages  of  vatorh.  J-  "P""' ''" 
ocean  tides  is  visibly  felt  for  three  to  four  ln?mil1l .  .f'^^^ff^^'^  of  tb-j 
I  judge  therefore,  that  the  falTo    thlwater  is  m^^^^  "''^  «?• 

be  produced  by  the  curvature  of  the  ear  i  am  t  s  Ss  t'V''"''^ 
elude  that  Hankow  is  about  50  to  (JO  feet  above  seileS  pi  ^  T' 
ther  up  would  of  course  have  a  pronortioint  iltit,: L  ,  ^  '''*'*'''  ^"• 
the  river  valley,  but  highlands       t  e   lerior  ofte^^^^  T-"''^^^*' '" 

to  the  river  ban'ks,  rise  to  loftv  elevation^       '  '-^PProaching  dose 

^j^^^  -''  ^^^-  ti^ceni;;ii-- re^rr^rrs 


CHINA.  666 

Records  of  thermometer  and  harometer  at  Ichang  for  IfifiH. 


-— 

Tbermomcter. 

Barometer, 

Montbt. 

Higbeat. 

Lowest. 

TIIt:hc»t 
avorase. 

0 

44 
45 

81 
60 

72 
82 
83 
88 
78 
60 
64 
52 

Lowest 
average. 

UiKbeet. 

Lowest. 

J«iiu»ry 

Kibrimry 

Ntarch 

April 

.Muy 

June 

,Iiily •••• 

0 

58 
52 
71 
77 
83 
80 
03 
02 
08 
80 
64 

eu 

0 

30 
81 
41 
40 
60 
68 
71 
73 

ei 

40 
80 
84 

0 

85 

38 
60 
50 
65 
72 
70 
70 
70 
6-1 
48 
41 

01.61 
30.  40 
30.  80 
30. 32 
30. 18 
20.  Oft 

;;o.87 

30.06 
30  37 
30.  54 

no.  no 

30.50 

m7« 

^0.  06 
20. 64 
■20.  M 
•.'0.  60 
20. 60 
20.  68 
20.  OS 

20.  77 

30.00 

80.01 

80.12 

From  ii  short  distanco  above  Kin  Kiaiig  to  uoar  ITiinkow  aand-stone 
i,s  met  with,  and  ia  a  vory  su])erior  building  stono,  innch  used  for  fouu- 
(iiition.s  and  tritnniing.s  for  the  more  pretentious  building.s,  and  also  for 
h, Hiding  the  riviM-  banks. 

About  Hankow,  and  for  miles  above,  limestone  abounds,  and  immense 
(juarrie.s  that  have  evidently  been  worked  for  centurieH,  with  no  signs  of 
t'xiiaustion,  approach  almost  to  the  banks  of  the  river,  where  limekilns^ 
are  met  with  at  frequent  intervals,  constantly  employed  in  the  process 
of  calcining  th(^  stone  for  buildings  and  kindr;  d  uses.  An  immense 
tratlic  both  up  and  down  the  river  grows  out  of  this  industry,  most 
useful  to  the  people. 

Clay  also  abounds,  and  bricks  of  extreme  hardness,  of  flinty  strength, 
of  a  dark  slate  color,  are  made  in  vast  quantities.  Crucibles  are  also 
made  from  clay  in  the  near  vicinity  of  Hankow,  said  to  be  of  unsur- 
passed excellence. 

Granite  and  gravel  are  found  in  a  variety  of  locations,  the  former 
more  inland  than  geological  formations  already  referred  to. 

There  are  no  grasses  cultivated,  and  hay  is  not  gathered  as  an  indus- 
trial product.  A  coarse,  wild,  swamp  grass  is  found  everywhere. 
Wheat  and  oats  are  extensive  lie:d  i)roducts,  but  1  have  never  seeu 
rye  under  cultivation  here ;  and  timothy  and  clover  are  unknown.  Oc- 
casionally one  meets  with  a  few  blosoms  of  small,  sweet,  white  clover, 
and  they  are  i)robably  the  result  of  scattered  seeds  from  lawn  planting 
by  foreigners  with  imported  grasses. 

BREEDS  OF   CATTLE  IN   THE  YANGTSE  VALLEY. 

There  are  only  two  breeds  of  cattle  in  the  entire  region,  and  I  think 
neither  has  any  characteristics  to  recommend  it  for  exportation  and 
adoption,  even' for  experiment  in  the  United  States.  I  present  the 
characteristics  of  each  separately,  and  other  paiticulars  will  apply  to 
both  alike. 

THE   COMMON  YANG-TSE   CATTLE. 

The  common  cow  is  a  small-sized,  compact  animal,  ^-  'ighing  about 
400  pounds  on  the  average,  and  produces  young  w  ■ '  -,  Aii  -d  year.  She 
may  be  considered  mature  after  that,  and  lives  iboiv  wenty  years. 
The  bull  and  ox  of  the  species  are  L'O  per  cent,  h,  ..han  the  cow, 

and  all  are  broken  to  labor,  the  purpose  for  which  tuey  are  kept,  iu  the 


GGC, 


tattm;  axi)  daiky  iakminq. 


n.iKl  >,.ar.  llu,  olor  ,.s  ^ri.|„,rall.v  a  dark  ml,  Hoinofiii.oH  „i,.l..n 
L  inhs  aiv  h  ...rt  n^n.l  Imhu-h  Hmall.  !!,.n.,s  an-  short,  ,...,  v  s  ,'  '  ' 
1.  ....t  anjl  UKly  ...  Con,,,  „.s.,ally  of  almi.l  <M,„al  ,si/..  r,;„„  ,  is/  .'  'f '/' 
Millva.Hl.M  compo.init.s  a.c  little  i.mMl   l»v  the-  propk.  a.ul   I      .    ''" 

l.'a.sf.     Ti.«,o„l.vr.stia,at<.,t<.  1,,.  iHi.Ml   „p„n   (hat'  I   (,,„   -mv'  '" 

li.lllv.i.K  quahticvs  ll.av..  ol.(ai.i,.,l  ot' a  (o.n«.ie,,  wiM.  kH-pH /m,r  /i^^r^ 
to  a(:co.i,mo,Ia(i.  (ho  Cavin,,  pop.,Ia(i(,„  with  .niik  only.  JW  .  '^' 
iKT.c.K-c  a  .our  ;}. Plans  pr.-  ,h..v  is  du'  hi^JK-si  avna  J  T  ,  V'V 
u.aK(vsKo.Ml  l„rl  wh,.,,  ,I..<.'.,(1>  (nl,  l,„t  tl..,  a.iia.als  an-  ,;,[  id  .  S 
1  l.c'.v  a.-..  j,a,s  l„(..Mli..-  a.i.l  too  oM  f,,,.  w,„k.  Ti.o  ,l,i,.  I  si'"' 
ul.o„t  -7  to  lis  pcu.Hls,  a,a!  th.  b.aa.s  a.al  <.(lai  a.v  ...n.,  ,  ,t  "  "  T 
Cah-.-s  arc  .s.aall,  a.i.l  th.'  (list  year  dovh.p  slowly.  O  .  u  '£^ 
fl.u-  ....Ik.rs  i.,  the  IJaitcMl  States  is  sarpris  nl  at,  the  ve  v  1 .  '  il'  '' 
ol  :  hese  ,:ows,  and  their  teats  a.e  ve.y  s.aall  a.al  .li.,.i..,,(ivr  Tl  ,  •  ^ 
veins,  however.  :ii<.  li.r..,.    „,.<.  ,.i.,..i i. ■      '"\*-.    "'•'iiiill; 


THE   WATliU  UUFFALO  O]'  TH]'-  YANO-TSE. 

The  water  HuflUlo  is  the  only  other  Imvi.ie  i.i  (his  re-ioi.      It  i.  *■ 
«a...e  ai..n.al  that  is  f<a..,.l  i..  India  a.id  Kj^ypt.     Webster's  IT,,..!  ,1.  *^"i' 
J).etu)..ary,  illast.ate.l  ..ditioi.  of  1878,  ]„Vs  a  <p.itc^le ear.fo    !     '''^''' 
tatio..  of  the  a..i,„al.     If  is  there  <lescVil,ed  z  olo  ieall     i^^^^^^ 

nost  ot  the  warmer  eoiu.trirs  of  the  easier.,  .•onti,,,.,.  .     It  i^ h.      •  .. 
less  doe.le  thai,  (he  eo.„...on  ox,  and  is  fond  of  n  arsl.v  ,  i .  P  "'" 
nvci-s."    This  is  a  veryconect  idea  of  it.     11.0  007  fas'     r«/"''' 
eommon  ox  in   the  United  States.     It  is  of  a  <1...  or  shteJinf '■'■'' 
c-oursohair,  bristly  and  sparse.     It  co.nos  to        tu  ity  i  "   hi  A.lm 
yea.;,  and  p-states  onoe  i..  ei«bteen  n.onths  tli.'ieafte,   p.!  di.Hni  />  S^ 
ov  1....0  calves  in  a  life-tln.e,  which  is  about  ei^l.teen  vc'ais     ' IW   ^ 
are  b.okeu  to  work  in  tho  seco.id  year,  and  the  eovvs  m  'nni/  ^"""F 
iKsed  for  milk  as  the  co.n.noner  s.nall  bn"d     iJld  ..^        i"   '  "' '^ 
will  perform  double  the  labor  of  the  Hinall  animals   m.   u       m     *"•    \^ 
testii.,Misa  draft  animal,  but  it  is  not  to  be"     i'ot  m.^C^^^^^^ 
sluffffish  at  work,  m<,vii.{.  very  slowly,  and  is  ntPt    ..Iro on  ,.  K  V    '^ 

METHODS  OF   HOITSINC    AND  FEJDJKG. 

When  boused  at  all,  bamboo  sheds  are  provided-poor  alTiirs  it  tl.r. 
beet,  and  yet  about  as  poo.l  as  the  people  Vl.o  ow    t  leT  occ     ?        ' 

winf "'^'"^  !?'  "?^'  "^'•'^^  "^  ^^-^  «^*^'»^  described  s  onlv  done  in  the 
M inter  months,  when  vegetation  is  destroyed;  the.,  wheat  st -aw  i^^^ 

tter^'fo^'^rilir  "'"^  ""  '''''  \'  ^"«"'-    ^''-  l-tt^eS 
«au  L   1  •         "  ^''^'  "P®"  ^*'"««"  ^^^y  are  left  to  foraye  for  tbeiii- 

selves,  brows.ng  „„on  wild  crass,  ba.nbno  -hoofs  .,,.,'  t]t  (Hi,       - 

tlje  reeds  that  coyer  the  maivshes,  or  whafevereii  they  ca,   ,  i  fun 
They  are  unrestricted  in  range  by  either  fence  or  wall,VdwC  fof-' 


«i     k 


soniotliiuvs 


CHINA. 


6G7 


iiyiii;;;!!*'  U»'i»t  fVoin  ciilliviitml  ficMd.s  by  a  giiidiinj-iMtnl  nttaclicd  lo  u 
I  ill;: In  tlu'  nose,  when  :i  .sinaii  boy  KmuIs  tiiiMii,  or  inoiv  olU'ii  Kits  upon 
ili^liackH  oftlu' iinimuis  ami  from  his  peicli  directs  them  to  the  best 
biowsiii;;  grounds. 

llllKKDINa. 


No  Htfciition  is  paid  to  sclci'tiidi.  Tin-  cowh  an^  ullowiui  tlioir  own 
(uiirsn  iunliTK«'stative  impiilau,  and  liml  tlioir  uuiti's  by  Ibrceofiimtimit 
,)iil.\ .  Jli'i.i'c  Uk'  till  tic  liavo  been  bred  iu  and  in  lor  agi^s,  and  have  un- 
<liiiil»U'dly  degeiicrati'd. 

NUMBEU   OF  CATTLE  IN   TUK   VALLEY. 

Tii«!  total  iiuinbdr  of  citlM-r  breed  it  is  utterly  iiiipns.sibie  even  to  guess 
at,  lis  no  statist  ies  aic  aceeHMiltle,  and  probably  none  ever  existed  in  any 
|)ari  of  tiie  Empire.  The  stock  is  amply  Miillicient  tor  the  needs  of  the 
people,  bill  no  surplus  is  exported,  nor  is  any  sort  of  product  from  the 
cattle  an  article  of  merchandise  save  the  hides  ami  horns.  These  indi- 
(•ate  immense  numbers  of  cattle  scattered  over  the  Empire;  but  I  have 
never  seen  more  than  two  or  three  animals  the  property  of  one  man  or 
one  household.  B.  E.  JJredon,  e.^cj.,  commissioner  of  customs,  and  a 
niost  intelligent  observer,  in  a  recent  report  commenting  on  the  increase 
in  the  quantity  of  hides  exported,  estinuites  that  live  times  asnniuy  ani- 
nials  are  left  alive  us  the  skins  represent,  and  well  says: 

it  looks  118  if  thorn  iiiuHt.  bo  rafiny  inoro  hornoil  cattlo  tlimi  is  geiionilly  Hupposod, 
wlif'i  tlio  district  witliiii  rcauU  ofoiio  troaty  port  supports  iioarly  7(i0,00l>  lit;a<l. 

Following  out  this  idea,  and  of  an  approximation  to  the  total  number 
of  cattle  within  a  reasonabh^  distance  of  Ilaukow,  let  uje  call  attentiou 
to  the  export  of  hides  from  this  port  as  given  in  my  annual  rejiort  for 
ISSU,  and  more  recently  detailed  by  months  for  the  same  jjcriod.  These 
show  the  total  amount  sent  from  this  po- 1  alone  at  over . "{,730,000  pounds. 
At  th(^  tiighest  weight  given  tor  a  single  hide,  28  pounds,  the  total  in- 
volves the  slaughter  of  more  than  i;W,000  cattle.  But  the  returns  for 
1S8.'}  show  a  still  more  noticeable  total.  Th(^  export  for  the  last  year 
was  04,11(>.J  jiicnls,  equal  to  7,215,545  ])ounds,  of  hides.  At  the  rate  of 
28  poundsfor  each  hide  we  have  257,098  skins,  and  if  live  living  cat- 
tle were  left  behind  for  each  one  slaughtered  it  shows  the  enormous 
amount  of  1,288,400  cattle  on  December  31,  1883,  supported  in  the  dis- 
trict of  country  furnishing  the  exports  to  Hankow  alone.  But  1  am 
bound  to  say  1  thiidi  the  given  weight  of  a  singh'  dried  skin  is  about 
twice  too  large,  and  the  allowance  of  five  times  as  many  live  cattle  left 
as  are  slaughtered  too  small  by  100  per  cent,  if  1  am  correct  in  this 
the  total  live  cattle  as  given  above  should  be  quadrupled.  Either  con- 
clusion shows  the  Chinese  much  more  of  a  beef-eating  people  than  they 
have  ever  been  supposed  to  be. 


EXPORT  OF  YANG-TSE  CATTLE  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

• 

The  method  of  exj)ortation,  should  any  be  desirable,  would  be  by 
river  steamer  to  Shanghai,  thence  by  the  Japanese  steamers  to  Yoko- 
hama, and  thence  by  Pacific  Mail  steamers  to  San  Francisco,  occupying 
])robal)ly  six  weeks.  A  native  Chinaman  to  care  for  half  a  dozen  cattle 
(•onid  be  hired,  for  $n  per  moiitb,  and.  the  food,  would  ]>robably  cost  $-5 
to  $10  per  head  per  month.  Passage  money  and  cost  of  freight  can 
better  be  learned  at  the  Pacific  Mail  office  than  from  me. 


668 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY    FARMING 


CONCLUSION. 


I  have  thus  endeavored  to  exhaust  the  meinorauaa  accompanvinD  tv, 
circular  I  am  responding  to.    My  report  has  been  unavoidably  dehrpH 
Irom  necessity  in  the  endeavor  to  be  accurate,  and  from  the  rrreit  ,\\ 
tances  I  have  had  to  investigate,  with  very  meager  opportunities  fm" 
intelligent  correspondence.    I  believe  I  have  touched  upon  all  the  fm-l 
that  were  suggested,  and  I  trust  to  have  acceptably  met  the  nuiim^I 
of  the  Department.  h'"ws 

ISAAC  S.  SHEPARD, 

United  States  Consulate.  ^*'*'"^" 

Hankoic,  March  6,  1884. 


CATTLE  IN  SOUTHERN  CHINA. 

REPORT  ST  CONSUL  SEYMOUR,  OF  CANTON. 

There  are  no  cattle  raised  in  the  vicinity  of  Canton,  or  Southern  riiin 
that  are  desirable  for  importation  into  any  other  countr*'     The  f  .m^' 
are  generally  of  the  Buffalo  breed,  with  humps  on  tlieir  backs  at 
usually  with  little  or  no  hair  on  their  hides.    Their  meat  is  so  und%i 
ble  that  fa- lilies  who  require  good  beef  on  their  tables  get  it  via  Tin  ,'  ^ 
Kong  from  Shanghai.    The  cattle  of  Northern  Ciiina  are  bettert  • 
those  of  Southern  China  j  and  those  of  Japan  being  better  than  unyiu 

Butter  is  unknown  in  this  part  of  China,  except  as  importetl  fro.,. 
Europe  and  America  for  foreigners' use.  pu^eti  irom 

CHAELES  SEYMOUR, 
United  States  Consulate,  GonsuJ. 

Canton,  November  7,  1883. 


l^'ulkL^ 


AFRICA. 


669 


AFRICA. 


CATTLE  IN  CAPE  COLONY. 


REPORT  FY  CONSUL  SILEB,  OF  CAPE  TOWN. 

Since  receiviug  Department  circular,  dated  July  1",  1883,  coutaiu- 
iiio-  instructions  to  report  on  the  cattle  industry  of  this  colony,  I  have 
constantly  used  every  endeavor  to  obtain  the  necessary  data  for  such  a 
report,  but  regret  to  have  to  state  that  my  endeavors  have  not  been 
connected  with  any  flattering  degree  of  success. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  there  has  been  little  effort  in  this  colony  to  im- 
prove upon  the  breed  of  cattle  found  in  the  possession  of  t  lie  Hottentots 
by  the  earliest  settlers  of  the  country. 

This  breed  of  cattle  at  this  day  is  known  among  colonists  as  the  Afri- 
cander breed.  By  far  the  larger  part  of  the  cattle  of  South  Africa 
belong  to  this  variety. 

With  the  view  of  obtaining  the  necessary  information  for  compiling 
an  intelligent  report  on  this  subject,  I  sent  to  several  of  the  leading 
stock  farmers  the  principal  interrogatories  contained  in  your  circular. 
From  some  1  have  received  no  reply  whatever ;  while  others  have  re- 
sponded, but,  as  a  rule,  with  the  confession  that  they  possessed  little 
or  no  knowledge  of  the  subject  in  cpiestion.  One  prominent  stock- 
dealer  writes: 

Re<rarding  tho  inforiii.itioii  reciuircd  by  you  with  reference  to  the  different  lueeds 
of  Cape  cattle,  I  reyret  that  aft,er  keepiujj;  you  waitiufr  so  loufj,  and  after  thoroughly 
going  into  the  matter,  I  should  find  it  imijossihlo  to  oblige  you.  At  a  glance  it  seemed 
tlie  easieat  thing  imaginable,  but  on  giving  it  a  little  thought  I  saw  more  and  more 
the  difficulty  of  carrying  out  my  promise.  I  therefore  went  to  several  follow  cattle- 
dealers  for  assistance,  and  they  expressed  the  sn'.iio  want  of  information  which  I  ex- 
perienced. Wo  all  agree,  however,  that  the  Africander  is  tho  only  breed  kept  pure  in 
the  country.  For  information  about  that  breed  I  went  to  our  principal  or  rather 
largest  meat  merchants  her<  ,  who  could  not  jfive  m3  the  average  weight  of  an  Afri- 
cander ox. 

Another  cattle  farmer  writes : 

I  have  looked  over  the  papers  yon  sent,  and  think,  after  all,  the  mixture  of  cattle  is 
so  great  in  this  country  that  it  would  bo  nseless  to  attempt  a  report.  Tho  only  breed 
we  have  pure  is  tho  Africander,  and  you  had  better  send  to  tiie  Free  State  for  iufor- 
ination. 

Still  another  prominent  cattle  farmer  writes : 

To  get  the  informatitm  reiiuestedupon  the  cattle  industry,  I  regret  to  say,  will  take 
up  too  much  of  my  time,  and  then  1  am  afraid  it  will  not  be  of  much  value,  as  the 
herds  are  not  kept  pure,  being  crossed  and  recrossed  to  such  an  extent  that  they 
cannot  be  classed. 

Notwithstanding  the  discouraging  tone  of  the  above,  my  own  obser- 
vation, coupled  with  frequent  interviews  with  Richard  H.  Stockdale, 
esq.,  of  Wynberjr,  I  have  been  enabled  to  gather  a  few  tacts  which  may 
not  be  uninteresting  to  the  Department.  The  Africander  breed  are  of 
moderate  height,  long  in  the  leg,  flat-ribbed,  and  require  good  pastur- 
age to  keep  them  in  condition.  In  appeanince  some  ol  the  best  speci- 
mens resemble  the  Devon,  the  horns  being  longer,  and  red  being  the 
prevalent  color. 


670 


a  >■     ill 


ii 


CATTLE    A\D    DAIRY    FARMIXG. 


"'■■■'i»i.ii..  F.ie,sin,„i  h,' "',,.,";  «;  •  41",';;'  *""".  "^^'iiv «,«,;';; 

1  n-,"«mf' ^"""-  '"  ''■"  -C  wtn  ''aniSir^,!"''™"''" '"«"    ■ 

urpOKTS  OP  DAIItv  PKCDUCTS. 
fjittlo  or  no  infr'nwf  Jc.  i.,.  *        i 
-ept  in  r.u,  nJS;^:?,:;,.';^-;;-^'-  glairy  l.nsin..s  in  the  co,o,.v 
"It'   he  greater  part  of  the  veavvlmnf       •,'•'"'■'/>'  ^''  «'^tt'«  fHiHi.rs 
l)ro(hictlh)mtheiro^vn  h  nil    ...  "^  """'  •"■  '"'ff<'''  so  far  is    m 

P""<litare  could  be  .ave.l  to  thecotonv  ^''""^''^  this  enonuou.s  ..v 

^.^r::;^!?;:  E!^';fn:;'^jLi:^:^;:r"^'  ^^^^^^  ^'-^^^'-  -•  - 1,. 

^.  JAMES  W.  SlLEli, 

UNITED  States  Cox\st-LATE,  ^''"'«m'' 


gai 


^IIXG. 


4'  Very 


erably  well,  bein 


«^orti.Ie.ss   giving..  ,,„^ 

«su.o-,  atul  have  j,.,  ,!j 
>t  the  cou-,,  as  well  , 

I ''lood  for  sol;/;  5' 
/".  Africuiuk.r  I,;,,  V,; 
'  of  the  iminiiiLs.    t,,  ' 
;t^ct.on  of  any  .li,^,- 
:lHiKl  have  been  fiiSJ 

ttle  iue  to  be  nu-t  witl, 
t  to  balf-breed  Bum, 

^)rtbe«au.epurS 
ve  h  ,(1  but  a  limited 
Hat,«tactiou  in  pm  ■  ' 
'  succumbed.  " 

Devon  are  the  breeds 
e  Africander  breed  is 

iu  the  cattle  industiT 
'Iter  care  is  used  bV 

tlirough  carelessness 

;nece8sarilybemucl, 


>  there  weru 


m  1865, 

>f  increase  the  num. 
mite  .sometiiin"-  jiu 
■^>5m  head  in  Brit 
^  were  not  iucludod 
'^'ad  ot  cattle  in  die 


is  about  $50. 


'•cordiu"' 

C5 


«i»ess  in  the  colony 
ty  of  cattle  farmers 
>'itter  so  far  as  aiiv 

dau'v  j)ro(hi(!ts  the 
II  tries. 

li^s  colony  1,424.750 

<*iHHui(ls  of  cheese. 

tliis  enormous  ex 

astwise  and  to  tlie 

^^'.  JsiLEii, 

Consul. 


AFRICA.  671 


CATTLE  IN  SIERRA  LEONE. 

In  reply  to  the  circular  just  received  from  the  Department  of  Stato 
(July  18)  regarding  breeding  cattle,  1  beg  to  submit  the  following  : 

SIERRA  LEONE   CATTLE. 

The  cattle  found  in  this  country  are  not  raised  with  any  care  what- 
ever, aud  no  attention  is  given  to  improving  the  stock.  They  are  all 
of  the  common  or  scrub  kind,  of  small  stature,  about  the  size  of  an  ordi- 
nary two-year-old,  and  the  cows  are  seldom  or  never  kept  for  milk. 
Cow's  milk  is  an  almost  uuheard-of  thing  here;  the  only  fresh  milk' 
which  perhaps  is  about  1  per  cent,  of  the  total  used,  is  li'om  the  goat' 
Condensed  milk  in  tins  is  the  kind  in  general  use,  and  to  make  any 
batter  or  cheese  is  never  thought  of. 

HOUSING  AND  FEEDING. 

There  is  no  housing  or  artificial  feeding  of  cattle  in  Sierra  Leone ;  the 
climate  being  warm  the  year  round  they  i)lck  up  their  living  wherever 
they  can,  and  there  is  no  i)ains  whatever  taken  in  breeding. 

There  are  no  cultivated  grasses.  Cattle  are  brought  to  town  in  canoes 
by  the  natives  and  sold  to  butchers  and  dealers  and  killed  for  the  beef 
aud  hides. 

PRICES  OF  BEEF  AND  CATTLE. 

Thii  beef  is  very  tasteless  and  dry  and  is  sold  daily  in  the  market  at 
about  5  pence  per  pound. 

The  price  of  a  live  bullock  is  from  £2  to  £5,  according  to  size  Thev 
weigh  alive  (I  should  .ludge)  from  250  to  500  pounds.  Color'  mostlv 
red  or  cream-yellow,    ymali  horns.  ' 

EXPORT  OF  HIDES  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

There  have  been  shijjped  from  this  port  to  the  United  States  during 
the  year  1883  to  the  present  time  (October  27),  66,938  dry  hides  •  it  is 
probable  that  15,000  more  will  be  shipped  ere  the  close  of  the 'year 
making  a  total  of  81,938.  This,  no  doubt,  includes  very  nearly  all  the 
cattle  killed  in  all  this  surrounding  country  which  has  any  trade  with 
tills  j)ort. 

The  average  weight  of  what  are  classed  as  good  hides  is  10  pounds 
each  when  dry,  and  they  are  bought  by  the  merchants,  who  ship  them 
to  the  United  States  at  0*  pence  per  pound  for  good  hides,  half  price 
ior  "  cvdls."  '■ 

The  mean  temperature  of  this  country  is  about  80°  throughout  the 
year.  ° 

The  soil  is  loam  and  sand,  with,  in  many  places,  a  substratum  of 

.uramte. 

The  surface  stone  is  largely  iron-stone,  and  is  used  exteusivelv  in 
building.  •' 

JUDSON  A.  LEWIS, 

TT»,  o  ^  Consul. 

UNITED  States  Consulate, 

Sierra  Leone,  October  27,  1883. 


672 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 


CATTLE  IN  MOROCCO. 


trarj,  ,t  anvtbiug,  the  breeders  require  much  imj  rtvinsbv  im  ,  r,'^'"" 
of  o  her  classes,  and  even  that  wouhl  give  but  doubt  ulrp^nil^''^'*^'' 
having,  as  a  rule,  to  live  upon  the  chances  c^f  aCXnce  or  «  iT'  "'"''^ 

FELIX  A.  MATHEWS, 
United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

Tangier,  Jamiary  3,  1884. 


GENKRAL  STATISTICS. 


bnudled  Wack.    Tliey  arc  LongiioruVHauie  aTs  SnanislT.'    .. .«  ,„, 

io^^tz::^;^::^-^!^?.^}^  oft..  ,..0.1  \«  untn.c:;;r 


It  18  uncertain  howlo'nir'ti',"" 
tlay.     Very  In  rlo  cheese  is  made  ;  it.  is  imperfect  and  infeilor  '  '  ^^  'l'"'"''*  l'"' 


The  cou'iifry 
above 

6tjOF 


•  >  o      1^.,  in  wniter, 

Ihe  soil  IS  generally  alluvial  iu  the  Tangier  district  •  In.,,.,   di   w      , 
the  vicinity  of  Tangier      San.ly  soil  predom^inate   in  the   "chi'itv  ff  T?.,? ^*?^''  '*''«'^''" 

Ihe  substratnm   s  a  I  ttlo  limestone  a  m-..n(-  riAni  ,>f       '■^^'nn^,  ot  langier. 
partly  day ;  gravel,  &c.!7rorminates.   S^^-^*  deal  of  sandstone,  not  ni^cl,  granite, 

Ihero  are  no  cultivated  grasses. 

There  are  no  methods  of  housiii";.     The  feeding  U  o-rocQ  o„j  i     i 
IS  promiscuous.    The  products  are  JXalnU^o  mo^sTprimUivrSnue^rl'"  '""'''"« 


CATTLE  IN  ZANZIBAR. 

I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledire  the  rprftint  nf  n.«  «;.     i 

F.  M.  CHENEY, 

TT  ,,  Consnl, 

United  States  Consulate, 

Zanzibar,  Foremher  20,  1883. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


673 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


CATTLE  IN  THE  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 

There  is  no  (iiittle-bicodiii^  of  any  cunsc'<]ueiice  wiiuU'ver  in  the  Piiil- 
ippines,  only  a  few  cattle  beiiiff  kept  for  draft  purposes,  while  in  all 
other  reHi)eotH  bullaloes,  a  similar  bree<l  to  the  rejjular  black  African 
kind,  are  universally  employed  for  farming  and  hauling.  These  also 
furnish  the  milk  in  use  hereab()uts ;  consequently  there  are  no  dairy 
i)i()(UK',ts  of  any  description.  Sheep  do  not  thrive  here,  ami  aresparingly 
ill! ported  from  Ciiina  for  our  butchers. 

JULIUS  Cr.  VOIGT, 

Commercial  Ayent. 

\J.  S.  Commercial  Agency, 

Manila,  December  15,  1883. 


nil 


CATTLE  IN  MAURITIUS. 

1  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  circular  bearing  <late 
July  18,  18815;  also  the  nu^moranda  accompanying  the  same,  relating 
to  tiie  breeding  of  cattle  in  Mauritius. 

In  re])ly  I  have  to  state  that  the  information  required  is  not  applica- 
l)le  to  this  island. 

We  have  a  few  cows  from  France  and  the  Cai)e  of  Good  Hoi)e,  and 
the  native  breed  is  a  cross  between  the  two. 

15eef  for  consumption  is  imported  from  Madagascar. 

THOMAS  T.  I'ltENTIS, 

t'onsiU. 

United  States  Consulate, 

Port  Louis,  Mauritius,  Ikccmbcr  17,  1883. 


CATTLE  IN  THE  SEYCHELLES  ISLANDS. 

I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receii)t  of  circular  bearing  date 
of  July  18,  1883,  inviting  a,  report  on  the  domesticated  animals  of  the 
country  to  which  1  am  accredited.  I  beg  resjtect fully  to  inform  the  I)e- 
])artinent  that  the  cattle  of  Seychelles  numl»er  barely  three  hundred, 
and  that  they  arc?  descendents  of  the  wild  African  humpbacked  cattle. 
TIm'S(?  animals  are  very  small  and  areconmaratively  worthless  for  either 
milk  or  beef.  Four  or  live  quarts  of  milk  per  day  is  a,  fair  average  ot 
the  quiintity  given  by  the  lu'tter  animals.  No  butter  or  cheese  is  made 
here.  The  beef  is  hard,  stringy, and  tasteless,  and  the  fresh  meatsupply 
of  Seychelles  is  augmented  by  importations  of  bullocks  from  the  eastern 
'•oast  of  Madagascar.     No  statistics  in  regard  to  the  domesticated  aui- 


U.  K.X,  51- 


-4a 


6/4 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FAKMINQ. 


iiiaKs  wliidi  obtain  lieieoHii  be  piocunul  exciopf,  ns  r('<,'ii.i(ls  tlio  iniinl  ! 
Cattlo  aro  bred  only  lor  the  inivuto  ii.se  of  tlu^  bree«U'r,  an<l  no  ..■!*' 'J 
incmiKe  or  decrease  of  stock  could  beexi)ected  in  u  country  vviieren.  'll 
urago  IS  BO  limited  as  it  is  bero  and  where  tiie  (biiry  is  unknown 

TT  o  ^  EVELYN  P.  MUSaiOV 

United  States  Consulate,  ^^oi.i. 

MaU4,  November  20, 1883. 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS  lUCLATING  TO  THE  SEYCIIELI.KS. 

Topography.— Mtiinav,  8oa-]evel;  tomporature,  luouu.SOd  F. ;  suiumer  8{o  .  ,„    . 
'5° ;  soil,  clay  and  sand  ;  8ub8tratum,  clay.  '"-'>  0'>   ,  ^Vllltcr 

CV^<«e  «<a«8«cs.— African  breed  ;  anuual  yield  of  uiilk  1,500  potuulH-  liv„  u..i  i. 
cattle,  cow,  300pound8;  Lull,  400  pouuds;  age  at  luaturity,  three  ve,.  is  •  w   f  '  "' 
n.oat  at  maturity,  200  pounds;  never  liouaea;  fed  on  coarse  -raJ  and'  rn^'*" 
rcBulium.  o"*™  auu  cocoii-uu 


75° 


grass  aud  cocoa-uu 


SUPPLEMENT 


K) 


IHPOKTS  FllOM  THIi  CONSULS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  ON 
CATTLE  HREEI)IN(;,  DAIIIY  FAIlMlNr;,  AND  THE  MARKETS 
FOR  (!ATTLE  AND  CATTLE  I'UODUCIS,  IN  THEIR  SEVER\L 
DISTRICTS,  IN  ANSWER  TO  A  CIRCULAJi  FROM  THE  DEPART- 
MENT OF  STATE. 


675 


SUPPLEMENT. 


AMERICAN  VS.  DANISH  AND  FRENCH  BUTTER  IN  CEYLON*. 

..,  *  *  *  *  *  * 

Thvu'  wus  an  importation  of  Inilter  here  diiec't  from  the  United  States,  which  was 
,,'  'w-MlvcrlisiMlto  ho  oirertMl  on  anival  at  a  price  which,  it  the  art. ch,  were  }i00(l, 
ni  I  i  sure  a  rapid  sale.  Unfortunately  it  prove.!  to  he  salted  hutter  m  t  ins,  and  the 
::;  i  r^a  not  ex.:ellent;  not,  in  n./opiiiion,  from  any  fault  in  the  hutter  itsell. 
1  color  and  consistency  appeared  to  me  -inite  perfect,  l.nt  Irom  a  stronj;  alka- 
nl,etl'ivorr'V'i<li"Stl»'  nuus,s,  renderinfr  Hlit;htly  olfensivc  that  whu^h  otherwise  in.j;ht 
iviw'lieeii  nnre  and  wholesome  food.  ,.    ,   .        ,,•       •,    * 

'       ,      -  s,  iislied  mvselfthat  the  whole  mistake  ahout  the  hutter  was,  tii-sl,  insidlins  itat 
|.  s  con'div   in  the'use  of  impure  salt,  say  thatwhich  hiul  notheen<!ompletely  cleansed  ol 
, I, .'sevcrar  sulphates  anrf  oxides  whii^li  ordinary  culinary  salt  is  known  to  contain; 
nlv  that  the  tin  cans  were  of  an  inferior  <,nality  of  tin  plate,  which  therelore  lent 
s    1  murities  all  the  more  readily  to  the  corrosive  action  of  the  not  very  pure  salt 
S ,    e  .I'l pie  here  will  not  accept  this  theory,  hut  believe  that  the  hutter  wa.s  ot  poor 
...a     V  vlx'n  packed.     I  think  dilferently  and  regret  this  circumstance,  which  must  in 
!       '  sure  l.rin;;  .\nierican  hutter  into  discredit  in  a  place  where  1  have  olteu  ext.,lled  its 
; ,   itv  and  m,..dness,  and  where  it  uixiuestionahly  may  find  a  pro litahle  luarket  it  ex- 
;^1  to  th.-.  custo.uers  in  anything  like  its  native  excellence;  and  I  w.mld  advise  our 
,.cs  and  packers  who  prop.ise  preparing  canned  j^o.kIs  lor  export  to  employ  as 
!  sdt  as  posVihle,  and  to  he  sure  that  whatever  of  that  arturle  is  used  is  pure;  also 
nnke  their  cans  of  the  verv  l.est  tin  plate  mid  .solder  that  are  manulactuml. 
iiwlose  dunlicate  samplesof  the  tin  containing  the  American  hutter  al.ove  mentioned; 
.ISO  sa  nples  cut  from  a  Danish  hutter  tin,  the  dillerence  iu  .,nality  he.ns  very  not.ce- 
;lhk.Van'l  w..uld  add  that  whereas  the  Dani.sh  hutter  sells  rapuUy  lor  tio  cents  per  pound, 

the  American  sells  slowly  for  4.">  cents.  

T he   •■ren..li  are  sendiuf,'  to  the  Orient  larj^e  quantities  of  butter,  in  I  and  2  pound  hot- 
tics  with  mouths  about  -2  inches  in  diameter,  ^lass  stoppered,  and  secured  with  hard 
me  cc  lent,  so  as  to  be  perfectly  air-ti^ht.      The  butter  is  fresh,  but   alter  bein}^ 
•k  ..     il'.ut  one  tablespoonful  of  white  pearly  salt,  almost  im  palpably  hue,  and  ex - 
uis  t  -iv  pic,  is  put  into  the  neck  of  the  bottle,  and  the  stopper  se.^ured.     This  butter 
t    Is    iniltunliniitahly  at  (i:.  cents,  «ohl,  per   1-pound  bottle,  and  at  r,.  cents  per 
Land   in:2iK.und  bottles.      Vs  our  country  has  now  become  tamous  lor  its  exce  lent, 
!!   '"  and  there  van  be  no  .|nes.iou  ab<.ut  the  conservation  of  butter  m  vessels  lormed  ot 
U'.t  material    I   see  i.o  rea.son  why  our  exiiorters  should  not  pack  their  butter  alter  the 
|. ;  .„  •    style,  also  their  cheese,  and   thereby  secure  the  preservative  .,na  .ties  o     these 
two  j-reat'articles  of  universal  .•onsumption,  as  well  as  a  nev.rr  taihii-  market  in  the  On- 
futal  hemisphere. 


CHEESE  AND  BUTTER  MAKING  IN  ITALY. 

REPORT  HY  rOSSUI.  CHAIS,  <>r  i)f//,,l.YJ 


The  Italians  devote  themselves  to  the  rural  arts  with  Vir^iliau  enthusiasm.     The 
plains  of  Lmnhardy  are   cultivated  with  the  care  bestowed  on  garden  plots  in  other 

*  i:x  tract  from  a  report  by  C.msul  Morey,  of  Colombo,  Ceylon,  published  iu  No.  4  of  the 
Coll^u!al•  put)lieations.  ».      ,  .   ,.      .  *    iqqi 

t  ijcpublished  from  Consular  Reports  No.  10,  tor  August,  1881.  ^^ 


678 


Ih 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    PARMINQ. 


pe';^^inS'^.;z^;:^rf^^;;S^  care,  huh,,  „„,,. 

tenin.l  dm-nv,,  though  .■vi».nsi  ,        ^^^^^^  "'t'lToducLs  of  the  dairy.     In    '^'f"™ 

n,^r::S^  ii;:;s:,;i'„:;"S  ^::s: "-,'"  «^'"  "»'"■•«■■'•«« .  "11"' 

nstly  hiKh  „ri,.c  that  it  lil   m     .     w  ,  .   ^^ 'l^.'ir""  """V"^"*' '"'  A."ori!  ^^^  ; ^  ''^ 
ti.uhility  „f  iniitiition  is  shown    .v  H,    l  ^^  imnnKactnro  prolitiihie      ' n  '  '  ^' 

ducoitin  their  fHcVorS''-'''''     ""      '""' "^''•'•'- <•'"'>■'"«  distri.U.f  o„TnM,ntn,'' '^ 

Alba,  Mondovi,  and  Ac.iui   wl>  >,.,.  n  '     '''"'""'''  "r"  «i'>ull  Hlie,.„'.s  n.ill  ' i,      '""" 

<funo  are  Novareso  pro  lu't;  fe  fo  n!:;?  '■•«'V'''r'^'''>'  e^'orted.'  Iv  It  m'T';"  *" 
latter  in  October  and  November  T„  '  ""''"  '''"■'"«  t*^"  »">"tl.H  of  '  v  ''''I'- 
tho  increased  price  of  E  tte"  'n,  -uceJ  ts  ""'  ''  *'!  I"-'''"""'«  then,  is  h.^^\^S^;l[:  ,"'f 
,    A  large  .pa'utity  «f  c^xceIle„t  l?^ttVr ',^^^^^^^^^  *"  their",!"        .''  '"" 

bardv  and  Mortari      r  ,.,./.«  \r  , '  v'^"''",  and  xtnicchnm  s  made  in  <,.„  \         . 

Inferiorbutter  and  cheese  arc  made  in  Mantn.      t    v,.     •  '      ''" 


nu 


th 


In  Asiago  ti;;;!e  ^'^^S^'l  l^llX'-'r^  '^•"'^"«-  "'  "'" 

are  sj-attered  on  tho  plain  and  on  the  1  ills  a^  S'  «7«''»V''''"""'t«  «''"« it  i^d  ' 
and  130  churns  for  butter  n.aking.     J    thcTnlXfi„V''l' wV'  '"""""-'  '"'ili"gol"n  k 
ami  cheese,  they  coKsumo  O.OOO.OOO  quar  Hf  S      tL    ''''"'"""  ?«"»"«  •••"  I  »   Sr 

T^relZlf^n  ^""«''  'f  "'"*''"""  «re  ope">  a      t  y  a'/  ^"^'^'"^  ««"'^«»  '«  from  Apri 
the  iiraelian  cheese  keeps  well   is  imr.rriv,.,i  V.,,      "^      ^ 

"J^f  •  V; ''  '"^^^  "«  >»  I^on.ba  <]y/lS  i/  ^  Te'  c^^'^  '""'"''  'I""'  ^  «  '"'i^l'  with 
"Hiking,  the  percentage  of  poor  cheese  is  less  in  UmhH  "  T.^^'^  '■*^'"«^«'^  '^m  o,e 
a  considerable  quantity  of  cheese  of  ^hZ^T;,jLl^'!^'{r^  V"  ,*^"''^''««  ^'"'V  >":'!  ' 
nmtrnadeon  tho  mountains  of  Visso.  i"  tH^I^^Sr  l&Al!;;  ^^^;^£-;f,-'f  • 

K.ve,  on  an  average,  from  1]  to  13  qSper  cHv  i .  ^'^^'^'J."  "'"'  «wiHs  8to,:k.  Ti  v 
sheep-s  goat's  and  cow's  milk  mix  "  cCe  ^f  J^lZtA  ^T'''  ''^''''^  >«  '"'"  ' 
and  sells,  where  produced,  at  ]r, and  20 cVn^sper no  n,  1  '"."  ■'  ^^tensively  oxi.ort.d 
J|Ondon,  and  Paris.  Its  excellence  i.s  due  ",  the  n  m  "'*/'""«''  P"=''-s  at  Florence, 
abound  on  the  Marcerata  hills.  Fron  sheen's  n,  I  ^  "J''^"'■""''^t''•'  ?'""*«  whi.l 
about  770,000  pounds  of  c-heese.  One  of  t lieiV  fXrl  ^''^ ''^P^'^tese  pr„,lune  aunuall 
7  )  choice  Kwis.s  cows,  2;{,000  pounds  of  cl"oe  aM  2  OOO  n  •  ^  T"'^'  ''™'"  <'"^  >>""<  "'' 
•^hease,  called  ''art.,"  of  Siena,  Tuscany  is  well  kn^wn  ,''""'/•  '^'''«  «l'«n'''^-'i'ilk 
tive  name,  but  is  not  made  by  special  mwetrfir  ''"'\  ?°°'^-  ^*  ''««"  a  distin.- 
tem  and  in  small  lots.  F Jto^fes  b?  ite  scM'enfi  l^''^"  '7  I'^''^"^'^"*'^-  ^'"'""t  svs- 
erected.  L-ttle  cheese  is  made  in  rTzirowin"  to  thl"""'''-.*"'"''.''^^''^  '«"'"  '"'^'•••"t'v 
quality  of  the  milch  c-ows.  '    "^'"»  *«  *^«  scarcity  of  sheep  and  tlio  poor 

A  (iovernment  comniittff.  r,. .,  •  „         •'  produced  elsewhere. 


m. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


C79 


I  the  dairy.     Italia,,  £ 
1,'narticKJtalia,,,,,;;;^ 

H  would  e„al)l,,  our, ];,irv 
to  h«.sola„.|.swl„.,„'-; 
itol  A,n«rira„e|„,.,s„  .' 
'TO  i>ro  ital.ie.  Ti,„  ,  ,1 
"'«(.»  Swiss  d,...,.s,M,,r 
"•^-  J  will  n,i„„(,.|vr 
"KP';o,:e.sHi.stoe„al,i;:l 

*clieo.e,orwl,i..|,,/,,„„,^ 

"l/»»/n'aar..,„a,|,.<v„m 
;'>-l.'.s  .uilk  .1..,,,,  ™ 

toth»Mrd..triiii,.,it 

•JKidcinSoulhm.i,,,,,,. 

'<Iucc«ood,s/,v„.,./,;,„^, 

3  rich  pasture  of,  he  Val- 

'.  iinU  Milan,  which  pro- 
Ho,urethebestdairyi„,, 
r,  hut  tho  butter  of  tl,!; 

nng  .'{00  hands,  an.l  an- 

',  between  the  Panaroon 
y.  the  eeuter  of  Italian 

"t;t  annually  produei,,,, 
•«  ol  two  or  three  cows 

I'l-nts  where  it  is  made, 
lorthe  boilingof  milk, 
',000  pounds  of  huttcr 
»K  season  is  from  April 

I  nsed  as  a  relish  will, 
'Uly  removed  from  one 
'0  Marshes  they  make 
ii  littlo  of  cow's  milk 
IS  excellent  and  cele- 

report,  100,000  poun,],^ 
il  Swiss  stock.    They 
'les  cheese  is  niadc.  ,ir 
^  extensively  exported 
aed  prizes  at  Florence, 
ro,nati(!  plants  which 
tese  produce  aunuallv 
"ly,  fiom  themilkof 
T.     The  slieci)'.s-niilk 
'•     It  bears  a  distiiic- 
)ea,sants,  without  s.vs- 
)  have  been  recently 
f  sheep  and  the  poor 

,  called  "marzolhie," 

Hence  wasduetoiicli 
f,',  inclndiu^Mitciisils, 
inj;,  salting,  and  pre. 


servinn  was  intrnsted  to  empirics;  and  that  tojudno,  a  priori  it  wuh  Hufllcient  to  Klanco 
at  the  wretched  dairies  surrounded  with  dirl  ;ind  permeated  witbodois.  MoliscpriMluceH 
•:T,(MI0  pounds  of  cluese  per  year,  find  Teriu  d'Oltranlo  ;ri,()(l()  jHiunds,  oroiielliini  more 
IliMii  ill  1H70. 

AuKiu),'  tho  .Southern  Mediterninean  provinces •Catanzaro  is  I'iinious  lor  its  hiittor- 
CaMTlii  tiir  a  peculiar  cheese  <'all;'d  "  iiii>z.~nr(llr,"  und  Potciiza  for  excellent  slieep's-,uilk' 
(hcesc.  The  Casertcse  make  :i:-',0()()  pounds yeaily,  und  •Jfi.dOO pounds  are  made  in  Heii- 
evcuto.  '{"he  cows  of  tho  Modiiii  dislrict.of  Sicily  are  hune  milkers,  and  the  jiasturanois 
so  rich  tluU  their  milk  contains  line  butler  and  clieese-,nakiii«  properties.  The  cheese  pro- 
duced is  eciual  to  that  of  I'arma,  I,odi,  Knj^land,  or  Ifollanil.  Cows  stai)led  nivo  from 'JO 
to  ■!'.,  and  many  from  IJdto  IW  (|i,;irt.s  daily.  They  do  nof  ^ive  milk  in  winter  or  iit 
other  tiuu's  when  the  food  in  scarce.     Sicilian  sheijp  (^ive  1  and  ;.;oats;i  ((uarts  per  day. 

In  Sardinia  two  kinds  ol  cheese  are  made,  vi/,:  that  of  (tows'  and  that  of  shecp'.s  milk. 
Of  the  latter  kind  abimt  one-third,  or  :!()(),00(»  pounds,  is  expoited.  The  Sardinians  ul.so 
produi'c  a  large  quantity  of  lintter. 

Mmtin  of  iiinkin ;/.--ln  making  Piedmontese  cheese  the  milk  is  used  when  tepid.  It  is 
mixed  and  shak«!,i  in  whey,  wliich  curdles  it  in  one-(|uarter  of  an  hour. 

The  curd  is  shaken  for  drainivge,  and  when  dry  picswed  in  a  t'orni.  Homotiines  this 
cheese  is  niade  of  ])artly  skininied  ,uilk. 

Slniirhiiii),  of  (iorgonzola,  is  made  of  niilk  containing  the  buttery  parts.  When  the 
nioiintain  jiiusturage  is  exhausted  tlie  P.erganese  herdsmen  drive,  for  wintering,  their 
herds  to  th<'  plains.  (Jorgonzola  i.s  their  favorite  halting  spot,  for  thei-e  they  lirst  lind 
Ihe  luxuriant  vegetation  of  the  fiOmhardian  plateau.  Theses  herds  reveling  on  t  he  rich 
glasses  of  (iorgonzola  are,  from  the  middle-  of  September  to  the  end  of  Octtdxi',  very  lac- 
lileroi,s. 

t'heese  is  made  during  these  nionths  i,i  small  rooms  devoted  to  it  in  the  homes  of  the 
(loigonzole-se,  who  buy  the  milk  of  tho  herdsmen.  The  autumn  temiu'iatnie,  Iieing 
laoderate,  is  best  lor  cheese  making,  as  too  much  heat,  by  hasleuing  tho  separation  of 
the  whey,  makes  it  too  dry  and  friable,  while  excessive  cold  produces  a  wheyey  acid, 
and  easily-spoiled  cheese. 

The  milk  while  warm  from  the  cow  is  curdled  with  well-preserved  and  prepared  calf 
rennet.  The  iiuality  of  the  cheese  depends  mucli  uixm  that  of  the.  rennet ;  and  experi- 
ence guides  as  to  the  (|uantity  recjuired.  In  lilteen  or  twenty  minutes,  when  the  milk  is 
coagulated  and  the  whey  sc^parated,  the  curd  is  hung  in  hein])clolh  liairs  to  diiiin.  As 
cows  are  ,ni Iked  twice  daily  the  foregoing  is  twice  d(me,  viz:  mornings  and  evenings. 

The  morning-drained  curd,  inclosed  in  liglil,,  llexible,  wooden  bands,  coveivrl  on  Their 
inside  surface  with  hemp  cloth,  is  placed  (m  an  inrdined  board  .sti-ewn  will,  rve  chaff, 
lleing  of  two  milkings  the  cnrd  is  paitly  warm,  p.artly  cold,  and,  though  mixed,  caie  is 
taken  to  I'orm  the  upper  and  lower  strata  of  the  warm,  because  it  is  <'enientilious.  As 
hot  and  cold  curd  never  perfectly  unite,  minute  interstices  lemain  iu  the  cheese,  in 
which,  while  maturi,ig.  green  mold,  known  as  "parsley,"  forms  and  gives  the  nh-dcvliiiio 
the  delicious  taste  for  whi(dj  it  is  famous. 

The  curd  is  further  drained  during  the  lirst  day  of  the  iirocess  1)y  two  or  three  turn- 
ings. On  the  following  morning,  when  of  some  consistency,  the  cloth  being  removed,  its 
value  is  determined  by  weighing.  A  fter  three  or  four  djivs  fermentation  iregins,  and'  the 
wooden  bands  are  removed.  Itisthcn,  oncedaily  foreiglitortendays,  alternately  .salted 
on  its  upper  and  lower  side,  4  ounces  of  pulverized  salt  being,  on  an  average,  used  jier 
form,  or  ;?;?  ponnd.s.  The  (lorgonzoleso  adopted  .some  years  ago  the  process  of  ((uickly 
tuining  and  pressing  the  cheese  against  a  salt-coveri'd'.suriiice,  thus  insuring  moi-e  un'i- 
formity  and  a  better  cru.st. 

The  color  changes  in  a  month  to  pinkish-white,  if  good;  to  hla(;k,  if  had.  When 
black  the  crust  is  soft  and  the  cheese  perish.ible  in  summer.  If  the  cru.st  is  sufficiently 
liaid  the  .shade  is  improved  by  one  or  two  dippings  in  salt  w.atei-. 

The  time  of  maturity  depends  upon  the  tempeiaturc  (which  is  best  from  10°  to  15'- 
Centigrade),  manner  of  making,  and  quality  of  the  milk.  The  Gorgonzoleae  Mracchim 
begins  to  ripen  in  April,  and  continues  till  September.  One  hundred  quarts  of  milk 
make  about  !2.')  jumnds  of  this  cheese. 

lir/liinrsfi  ('heeso  is  made  by  heating  tlie  milk,  pouring  in  reimet,  letting  it  coagulate, 
breaking  it  into  medium-sized  pieces,  reheating  it,  putting  it  in  wooden  tubs,  salting  and 
Itlaciig  it  on  .stands  for  daily  turning,  and  resulting  until  consumed. 

The  following  process  makes  a  kind  of  Frinlani  cheese  known  as  "fieno:''  Milk 
heat<'d  until  tepid  in  caldrons  is  mixed  with  rcuietand  left  to  curdle.  The  curd  is  broken 
in  vessels  into  small  pieces,  and  violently  shaken  over  the  fire.  When  thus  crumbled, 
Uu"  caldi-on  being  set  on  a  stand,  it  is  g.'ithered.  thrown  into  the  "  t:i1('i(j  "  or  formint'- 
tab,  iilaced  on  tables  for  drainage,  dried,  and  finally  immerged  in  brine. 

Other  I'^riulani  cheese  is  made  with  milk  tepilied  in  heaters  and  thence  poured  into 
wooden  vats  for  coagulation.     The  curd  I'ormod  is  wet,  broken  into  large  lunips,  remoist- 


680 


CATTLE  AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


\i 


\      1- 


It   Ih  Iuhm  Nliliil 

"'"iiiliir,. 


<.CM;r/:;;:;;;=,rry:';„';i— ^  

. UKi  niixcHl  with  rmiiiot.     One-Hixtl,  .,f  mi  ounco  of  m.  o    s  ns  .1  n<  r"^  '"'"  """f" 

Jh«  ronnot  in  ,li,«„lv.<l  with  a  p.....lo  in  w.khIo     1         t  H    ,  ,    ,  u^ 

ond  turn.,  with  tl,o<.r.a,n-turn.r,  n,////WorH  i  I   wi,     w^^ 

(or  cun«  with  twisted  twi«H  „r  in.u  ,,i,.s  al ..,..,  oxlrl,     y )      ' '   is  iso,  nt        \  T^  ''""•' 

•limrUirHofmi  hour,  whiliMomnlioiw  ai)iioiriM,fn,i.M,...r.  "'"''''  '"'  'In,.,. 

Tnr„i„K  in  „,op,,..,l  for  two    r  t     r,       ,t      ,,    v,   "to  n,^^^^^^  ''>  '''""!• 

•mw  Hot^c^od  or  dLoI  v.d  ...rd.     The  wllnv  In  r^  .  n^  1  "^'   '  h  of  in"'  '""''*"  ""• 

tVon   p.T  IK.  ,,„arts  of  milk,  thrown  into  th..  <Ml,ir,.n.     Thl  c   r<ris  r,    •        """i"/"'^" 

one  hour  on  tho  lire,  hoated  to  the  lortv-lKth  dr..r..«  n.,f  1'  'u.l'T."  *'''''' '  '"'«l  "wt  f,„ 


ss'i;:;;;  ;i::  s;™" -'•" -i^-'Ks  .=.,,::;rK«';s';;:^ 


en 
th 
the 


A  Clip  is  filled  withcunlforexaininationuntotheniinntcneHHof  itMnirti  i 
louKh  the  raldron  is  nMuoved,  and  the  cird  sinks  a    l.n  sm     ts'wr^"^^^^^^^^  "^^"'•'H 
im  the  eooled  whey  (l.efore  <Ir:tined  olf  t.,  ...al.l.  tl  e  a,  K?        MUfm  Uu' .    '"  ^'^'''^ 
le  caldron,  the  hotton.  of  whi.'h  ispn'sse-l  w,th  (he  n  ^7/  H^,     „Tt "'    ,    '  '"      '"'" 

J-ur,!.     The  enr<    is  loos.-d  with  a  sti.k  from  the  si,4  o  f  t   e  '  I'Z '      ;::r''r        "'" 
the  snrlare,  eoileete.Mn  a  .loth,  j.laeed  an.l  left  lor  on.U  mr  h  '  ^  l;./^^^^    \ 
w.th  whey.     It    s  „,arke,l  with  t'he  nan.e  of  the  own"       l'  that  .Hv's'.  i"''  ""''"  '''* 
or  drainage  l,y  han.l   in  a  box  of  narrow  I.ee.i,  iKKmlslmu,     wit' f  l.rl*'''\'"'^^^^^ 
thread  un.l  covered  with  linen,  a  wooden  .lisk.  and  T  eavy  "t om       Wh''*'  !'""'■ ''^"■'^- 
eovennjrH  are  removed  and  it  is  rewet  with  whey    ui       h^M.     nv';.  ^'":"/''-'"'<l  Hiw., 
wh.eh,  under  pres.snre  of  the  disk  and  «t-,ne,  n  a^JVeU  'nl  tVd         h''    '""'.  '""•''^'"". 
.   Murhu'e.     After  some  h.mrs  the  luK'kram  is  ent  a i  d  th.  ,  inni,  ""•"""'"  ""  '<>*  ••ircila, 
whey  to  dry  in.     It  is  eovere.l  and  n.l.hed  on  a    '  ak"|      ^  "vT(  uZ^T'  ^7'.'"""" 
water,  and  repressed  between  the  bee..!,  boar.ls.     ,S.,nK-tin.sseU;i    ,''''"'''  "!  '''^' 
tane..nHly  pras.s...l  to  improve  the  under  by  the  .salt  m..is  ur  '  IVom  th     ,        '  '•'"',  '^"•""• 
.s,a    ed  every  other  day  Ibrtw.i  weeks,  then  put  in  the  .Cse  1     .s    "     I  n''     "    '  ''' 
salt  >s  re„,ove.l  by  Hera,,inK.     In  Sept.-.nber  it  is  rubbed  wi      ,'    ■  n  oiT  ''"n"^""""^ 

I  he  eow.s  of  the  numerous  dairies  oi'  Pmrii.,  „,,,i  i>,  "' " '" ''I' <>"i- 
Their  n.iik.  when  poure.I  to  la,!^;  J  S uli?!^  •  u  I  tin.  "V  l"!^^"'^  ""'-  "'-'- 
will  make  it  and  the  unheate.l  n.Ke.l  wh'V  est'  b'i  ,^  u  ,1  li;  P  '  ''"''"'  "'"'''' 
«l  Koat's  milk  is  mixed  u„d  shak.'n  in  it.  While  e„ Ml  ..  i  is  .'.uL  ."'.'■'""'•  ^^'"'^ 
keep  up  the  tempenvtnr...  When  ..urdle.l  it  is  h.  S  s  irm  wHl  H  i^'  ')  'V;!""'  '" 
berthed  p.eees.  phu...  with  whey  in  a  vat,  rebeaten,  wet,^i;:!l  iS:::.!:!;';;!:':;,;;;;.- |;'; 

the  pail,  where  they  are  wet  w  =  lh  lu.t    ■  .t  .7  ,         ,  i    "■ '^'"V  ""•  1'i<'''«n  thrown  inio 
and  n.nde  into  as  nil^ny  bans^lhc'^'.^     ^e^^be;  ade''''^  S /l".;!:?^^ 
n.ersed  ui  the  water  whieh  served  t<,  make  them   nr  latei     m^  '^^ 

compivct   formed  by  ha.id  int.  nroper  shapes,  an  1  ,1    iT's "S  "'"' 

Cheese  thus  made  is  eal  led  '^  rnrwraroll,,  l' Pu'Z  ''^     '  *"'  '"'    *^'"  *"•  ''"■'■"  "'".Vm. 

gather,  afterdne  heatiuK  t'i.e'         h  e.      'w  n  ^I  v  i  "".In    "'  """'""•■'  ""^•^^'  '""' 

and  eonsLstent  pa.ste;  subject  this,  in  va  s  to  t  e   leti ,      M.  '""",'''  """  "■''"'"" 

to  tables  .;.r  workin^^  wh!,re,  arn^,;[i;ro;bi*lr  '  ,S*  ." In^/  :^lZ:\!:iT  '' 

t  to  theehemieal  action  of  it.s  constitnent  parts.     I)nrin./ts     new  .V         '.'?"'' 
bejjins,  It  IS  cut  in  .slices,  which  are  innnersed  and  s  Iik  cT.  i     I,,      %  ''■^""■"•:'f:'Mi 

drain  (.IV  the  whey,  ^^-e..  rednrrd  bv  w    c^.m,,  I  1 .  ,i  «  ''■'^'"''  """"pulalcii  l„ 

and  ren<lere,l  Noltra.ll  ;i\e     ,  1  Z,    1    ,  J^'  '  '^^^^^^  I'on.oKene.ty,  replaced  o„  ,.1.|,. 

In  this  state  it  is  divided,  shajd,  V  ^,'   :''"/;!;•'!"  "l''""'«  "'  -I'l  wa.n. 

dnce  elasticity  and  eonsisten.'v-  the  n ev  s^'h     '  r.  "'V'''/  .'"  .'•'>'''  "•"<■'■ »"  1"'- 

endofas,ick:an,.  hnn«  .v::^n:e  b^:,;;';,,^;;:! J-houii;"^''*''''  "  '^  '''^"•'•""  '"  '"« 


SUPl'LEMKNT. 


()81 


Hiciliii,!  rfwiniai'iillo  Is  nia4le  of  cowh'  or  nontH'  milk,  mid  coii^iilivtHd  likii  shopp's  milk 
riitcMOH.  ".VlKii  (•lutlitMi  it  is  not  hmlMl  in  wiilcr  hut  hrokcii  willi  ii  pii-cn  of  wood,  the 
whey  ri'inovfd,  dried,  and  tJikt-n  I'rom  tlio  tub  to  tiin  tiounli.  Then  thccurd  iMHijced, 
ri|ilii('fd  in  the  tnh,  eooked  in  hoiiinn  whey,  removed  to  the  trough,  [iroHsed  to  Mtjiility' 
nioli'd,  iihuTdiirid  h^lt  for  twcnty-liinr  lionrson  iiMliind  or  luhle,  NJieed,  (lirown  into  lioiil 
Hij;  whey,  reeooked  till  viscid,  withered,  presMed,  driiwii  by  hand,  reduced  to  pasto, 
li.riiied  in  pnnipkin-Mhapcd  piciccM,  Malted  I'or  tweiity-Cour  hours,  und  hiuiK,  prepared 
litr  iiMC,  in  llie  c!iecse-honso. 

I 'mini  lira  cliecMc  is  nuwlo  of  cowh'  luilk.  Thii  cows  ino  only  milked  mornings,  when 
tjitn'  niilic  is  pourfid  intoalarxo  pine,  tuh-Hhaped  roceptaele.  (Inly  when  tluuitmos- 
lili.re  is  e(dd  is  it  previously  sliKlitly  heat<Ml.  Dissolved  kid  rennet  is"|K)ur.d  into  it,  the 
iiiixiine  imned  with  the  riiMo,  nnd  then  lett  (|ulct.  |!p(m  coim'ilation  the  curd  is'  not 
Mlliwed  to  heconio  lumpy,  hut  is  presst'd  and  sol'lentid  with  the  nilolii.  When  the  curd 
sinks  in  the  vata  sieve  of  pierced  tin  is  placed  anil  held  over  it  with  weights.  If  niiicli 
whey  rises  it  is  used  for  riaitln ;  if  little,  the  siove  is  leiiioved,  and  it  is  left  (Mi  the  curd 
to  liieililale  "nn>wtli,"  iw  hefor«)  delined.  When  ductile  it  is  cut  in  small  pieces,  placed 
ill  iinotliiT  piiiu  vat,  and  previously  piejiared  hot  wtiU:i-  ixmred  upon  it.  Hero  tiie  curd 
is  kept  till  cooked,  when  the  water  is  drawn  oil'.  It  is  then,  in  portions,  gathered,  and 
.stiiTcd  with  a  wooden  s|M>on,  and  formed,  by  hand  previously  wet  in  cold  water,'  into 
two-ponnd  halls,  which  are  put,  and  left  lor  some  hours,  in  tnl)s  of  cold  water'  and 
liimlly  slightly  salted.  ' 

lIUTTKK-MAKlNd   IN   ITAIA'. 

liiiltor,  when  made  in  families  who  have  little  milk,  is  mado  in  cylindrical  diurns,  in 
uliieh  the  cream  is  shaken  by  movement  of  the  churn-handle.  Factories  nso  la'rine 
{ ylindrical  churns  on  trestles,  in  which  are  winns  turned  by  miwhinery.  The  butter 
they  produce  is  cleaner  than  that  made  by  haiid-ehurns. 

In  I'avia,  cream  of  (i*^  or  7  '  U.  is  slmken  in  round  hovescalled  " punn/ijiW  Each  box 
has  a  ,«poou  fastened  to  an  axle.  This  axle  is  turned  by  a  ini  ik,  'ind  revolves  tho  spoon 
around  the  inside, iieriphery  of  the  box.  ihe  procesy  ;viiu'fcs  two  men.  Some  use  a 
cnulli-cliurn,  which  saves  labor  and  produces  ei|Uidlv  yooi  butter.  In  Cremona  the 
American  machine  is  in  t,'eneral  u.se,  namely,  a  li(»ii^(vntally  fast<.!ned  tub,  in  the  interior 
1)1  which  is  a  reel  similar  to  that  used  in  silk-making. 

The  dairyman  of  rarma  beats  the  milk  with  a  cream-whipner,  nnd  skillfully  lets  tho 
lloatin'i  cream,  which  gathers  in  tho  bucket,  overllow  into  a  (ine-edKcd  wcmden  I'lowl,  and 
Ihence  into  the  churn.  Jn  summer  it  is  customiiry  to  a(Ul  l(»  jionnds  of  ice  to  every  :i(l 
(|iiailsof  cream,  while  in  winter  some  cn-ani  is  heated  and  turned  into  the  churn  with 
Ihe  rest.  The  temperature  is  alway.s  kept  frcmi  in' Ut  liVMieautnur.  When  in  the 
rhiirn  two  men  alternately  beat  the  cream  with  a  butter-))eater  joined  to  a  .strainini,'- 
IVanie,  raising  inul  lowering  it  by  leverage.  r.utt<'r  should  begin  to  form  in  thrce-fiuar- 
(ers  of  an  hour.  When  it  is  necessary  t^i  hitsten  formation,  water  is  added— where  ad- 
\isalile  to  retard  it,  ice.  If  made  before  the  tinio  mentioned,  it  is  soft— if  alter,  hard 
and  set.  When  jtrepared  it  is  taken  from  the  churn,  worked  with  tho  hands  formed 
into  hlocks,  and  lelt  to  drain.  The  blocks  are  freiiuently  adorned  with  impressions 
made  with  a  woodi'ti  stamp.     The  skimmed  milk  is  used  for  the  rirolln  cheese. 

In  Catanziiro  butler  is  made  with  the  old-fashioned  churn,  a  iniseriible  mechanism 
eaiisiii^'  loss  of  milk  and  time.     The  manner  of  keeping  butter  there,  though  simple  is 
exceedingly  ingenious,  consisting  in  inclosing  it  in  small  bladders,  in  which  it  can'be 
conveniently  kept  and  carried  without  danger  of  change. 

At  Modica,  where  the  Imtter  is  delicious,  it  is  not  niado  directly  from  the  cream  but 
from  the  "/■/(«//«,"  which  ia  obtained  by  boiling  tho  small  milk  after  extracting  the 
easeine. 

Tlie  butter-maker  of  Sardinia  put.s  the  "ricottii''  in  a  bowl  of  cold  water,  nnd  shakes 
and  i.re.s>,es  it  between  his  tingens.  In  a  half  hour  a  white  scnni  appears  on  tho  surface 
ol  llie  water,  and  by  continned  niovenientnudpro.s.suroof  tho  ' •  nVo//rt "  increases durin<' 
Ihe  succeeding  half  hour.     This  s<mm  is  the  butter  of  the  "  rwolla." 

Ihiirn  asmciations  ami  vherxefactoriM.—U  is  hard  to  determine  the  epoch  in  whichthe 
Inst  dairy  associations  were  formed.  It  is  known  that  tlwy  were  nnraerons  in  Savoy  in 
liie  Middlt!  Ages,  and  that  they  have  existed  since  remote  times  in  the  Trench  Juraand 
on  the  A Ipine  slopes.  Where  land  is  owned  in  small  plots,  n.s  in  the  monntainons  parts 
of  Upper  Italy,  and  where  large  dairies,  consequently,  do  not  exist,  the  making  of  cheese 
iM  impossible,  nnlessassunied  by  a  manufacturer  who  would  buy  tho  milk  from  thecow- 
owiieis,  or  unless  these,  in  partnership,  prepare  it. 

1 .10  ai.vanlagos  of  dairy  assooiatious  and  chccso  factories  arc  nniuerous.     One  cheese- 
niakiug  establishment,  set  of  machines,  and  utensils  answer  for  many  milk-owners 
lessen  the  cost  of  production,  increase  and  improve  the  product,  facilitate  sales,  save 


682 


CATTJ.E    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


l>n'z(s 


quarts,  tliey  rewive  Unit  (|u;iiititv  buck  'it  oi...  thm.      'i  ;  .  .  "    -"" 

n>nt.,ally  ..enCicial,  aa  a  L,.  .^J^,  uf'nuli"^  .;,.;;•  S ';i:!.e',.;::;:""'-"  "-s . 

1  tiiist  sir   that  my  «aK'j;esti()ii  of  iinitiitiiiK  Italiiiti  cIicno  w  i    ,?;„ 
nuro  to    hobeneat  .,■  onr  .iairyn.en;  ibr  while  i     s  a,  ro  u    ,,   ,  '""""'V'^""'  and 

the  secret  of  nat.ouul  prosperity  consists  iu  having  ti^SiuIss^I,  lea 'n^        '"  ''"■''• 

T1I08.  C.  T.  CUAIX. 
United  States  Con.sulatk,  <'''imi. 

Milan,  Mai/:n,  1881. 


THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  SWISS  CHEESE.^ 

REPORT  IIY  COysVr.  ADAMS.  OP  GEXEVA. 

^^.Tf^?^Z"'j:}'^'r^};^'^?  of  the  n.ost  ancient  i„,lns(r 


Mim 


!^!!!''^7  ^!- --"!^-t-  ->'■  -.•^'.in  -r.^or^liy';:;;;: -Siii^'iif  ;;;,.;i!:::ir;v"!''  ""■ 


•' V    I'  "■"^-     J-iir  improvement  ol  (ina    tv  created  ;  wi,i  ...  i  ,       h'wimviiI- 

.V/vrx,   vu.f/ras,  or  ,/m/,/re  (rich,   mc.ii.im    or   (hin)       ,,''"'"•'*'>' '"^'"'■i'.  as 


<io„  of  the'better.kno.^n;;;^;,-; -,;::;  :-^  \L':,:Zi:;  i,„?"f,^  .iv..  ;r;i;;-;: 

anaiysm  of  selected  specimens  ol'some  of  tl^^  same  v  i  '   .  s      u-  hi   H  '  ""'  ''■^'""  '= ''" 

/  -»■/,.,•,«  (Mont  d'Or,  which  ori^nnated  in  I'ran.r  ■  I    1 ,   Ir           .     '  ••^''•l'"""  "Ithr 

nn>ta(,ons  of  foreign  styles  like  The  Lnnbur:',  a  1  ii  'l     „,     iZ^'    ?'"  "^''>'  "'"'^'  'i" 

peculiar  to  Swif/crhuid.                                     "  '"''  "•^'""'  '>«''•'■  ;iic  iiulivciinl 

The  lw>«l  niwl  ^l. ,».«....» ..1 1       .»..,.. 


!■  ranee, 


•liopiiblMhci  froin  C„„,„|ar  ll„p„rt  N„.  rr,,  ll,r  J„„„a,y,  |8,;, 


N'G. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


683 


iis<'fnlIy(;ini)lov((l      ti 
iiiMiian;,.,l;,ss..ciaii,ni  m.i 

IvtMMnthcMrs,,!,.^,,,    1,;^ 
eruu(lin>pr(,v..,li,n„,,„.,; 
lallmilk-owiK.rs,,,,,,.    :• 
■■sUMnot  .■<-<-ip,ocal  luuns 

-|;-;.e.uuk..s  „„.„.,,,:;; 

will  .•omni,.n,l  iis.ir,  and 
uessto  Iciun.  ' 


<^«-  C.  T.  CUAl.v, 


( 'dllxiil. 


lEESE.* 

VA. 

istrio.s  of  Switzerland  in 
r;  of-  tho  country  i; 

own  l:u-.,re  cnoni,'ii  to  l)p. 
'<'''nH.sofl{erae,<|iari, 

lit  ..I  the  <•hce.se,,  ami  to,'. 
I)  lorei.r,i  eo„,„,,i^,^      ^1 

'"  •■'"'•iKlekin,!  still  i,; 

''''-^•■'"'•l'    nmkiM^Mvlmti, 

'  "'" '■"  manulaHiire 

•■■'.'""•"rurtilieial  lb,l,l,,. 
i"v.'rsui  in  the  lower  v;,i. 
''■'•/I'Miiandatlmmeaml 
^wisseheosoarea-smiicli 

■'"•y  "1'  material,  ;,s  ,/,„• 

"•^.^(.riatty  mailer  as 
1"^'/"  Iho  eoafrnj.iti,,,, 

'.•'''''■,  ^  UivesadescriM- 

,";'"^;'.andTahlel!an 
nil  iliee.\ce|,ii„„„|',|||, 

''"',''■'""  Il.il.v,  andali.u- 
lied  here  are  iialive  ami 

""■/'//m/,  aronndelieese 
nd  weijrlii„,^r  in.nir,|)to 
leli  retain  nearlvall  llio 
•'.'''■'"  'lie  valley  of  the 
iii;ration  iiit<)lli,.ii(iri|. 
1  .'iiti>  I'.avaria,  UuMii. 
I'loii  l>ec;aii  in  the  last 
I  lie  l>rin<'ipal  inaikuls 
Iieheve,  it  is  known  as 
laiie,  mostly  Ibr  I'raiice, 

ili.il  name  in  FrihonrL', 
iiliiiielerstliiek,  wcijili- 
^^(  ten  years,  since  tliu 

liiry,  imi 


formation  of  a  wealtliy  society  for  its  manufacture  in  Fribourg.  It  is  also  made  in  liirge 
(Miantities  in  Vaud  and  Neufchatcd,  and  the  French  provinces  of  the  Jura  and  the  Doubs, 
where  aeeording  to  some  writers  it  ori<j;iiiat(;d  ahont  IToO.  It  is  manufactured  in  mucli 
the  sarce  way  as  the  Emmenthal,  except  that  a  third  or  more  of  the  cream  is  removed, 
wlience  it  is  "classed  as  mi-gras.  The  exportation  is  mostly  to  France,  Italy,  and  recently 
to  South  America. 

The  Spalen,  so  called  from  the  manner  of  jKicking  for  shipment,  is  a  cheese  mi-gras, 
45  to  of)  centimeters  in  diameter,  8  to  10  centimeters  thick,  weighing  18  to2:{  kilos,  and 
iiuHie  in  a  much  ruder  manner  than  the  Fmmenthal  and  Gruyere.  It  comes  from  Un- 
terwaldeii,  IJri,  Scliwyz,  Lucerne,  and  the  Uurnese,  Oberland,  and  is  sent  to  Italy, 
where  it  is  used  grated  (fromage  dur  u  raper)  with  maciironi,  rice,  polenta,  &c.  It 
comes  to  perfection  in  two  or  three  years.  Another  variety  luado  for  the  Italian  market 
is  the  Urseren,  which  comes  from  the  higher  pastures  of  the  valley  of  tliat  name.  It 
resemhlt^s  the  cheeses  of  Northern  Italy,  as  does  the  Formaggio  delta  pfir/lia,  and  the 
BnUdin'tlt,  both  produced  in  the  canton  of  Tessiu.  Mast  of  these  varieties  are  disagree- 
able to  a  palate  unaccustomed  to  them. 

The  cheese  of  the  canton  of  Appenzell,  long  famous  for  its  fine  cattle  and  excellent 
fodder,  differs  in  certain  qualities  from  all  the  other  Swiss  varieties.  In  making  it  the 
curd  is  triturated  in  a  brassoir,  molded  without  pressure  or  salting,  and  finally  treated 
with  a  brine  of  water,  wine,  leas  of  white  wine,  pepper,  and  salt,  which  gives  it  a  pan- 
j;ent  odor  and  flavor,  something  between  the  Swedish  and  Italian  cheeses.  The  exact 
formula  for  the  brine  is  supposed  to  be  a  secret,  and,  as  with  mos  ,  of  the  Swiss  cheeses, 
the  processes  of  manufacture  is  only  to  be  learned  in'its  own  country,  where  the  tradi- 
tiomil  methods  have  V)een  handed  down  for  generations.  The  Appenzell  is  a  cheese  25 
to  :!()  centimeters  in  diameter,  12  to  15  centimeters  thick,  weighing?  or  8  kilos,  and  is 
exported  to  all  neighboring  countries,  but  mostly  to  Suabia. 

IStill  more  remarkable  is  the  Schnab .igcr,  or  green  cheese  (fromage  rrrl),  known,  I  be- 
lieve, in  the  United  States,  under  the  corrupt  name  of  sago  or  sapsago,  and  which  some 
writers  hesitate  to  class  as  a  cheese.  Its  manufacture  dates  back  to  the  ninth  or  tenth 
century,  and  it  is  still  the  most  ftimous  product  of  the  canton  of  Glaris,  which  turns  out 
a  great  many  other  varieties,  mostl.y  mi-gras  and  maigrc.  The  peculiarity  of  the  Schnab- 
ziijer  is  due  partly  to  the  method  of  coagulation  by  azi  instead  of  rennet,  and  partly  to 
treatment  by  the  zigerla  (melilotus  coerulea),  a  plant  grown  for  the  purpose  in  Schwyz. 
In  181)9  the  exportation  amounted  to  1,250,000  kilos,  valued  at  750,000  francs.  It  is  sent 
ail  over  the  world. 

'fhe  foregoing  are  all  export  cheeses,  principally  consumed  out  of  the  country.  The 
variety  maiiulhctured  for  home  consumption  is  endless.  Some  of  them  are  of  great  ex- 
cellence, but  will  not  bear  transportation.  The  following  may  lie  recommended  to  the 
attention  of  importers  in  the  United  Stales: 

The  <lrn:icn(iii,  made  in  the  high  pastures  about  the  village  of  that  name  in  Berne  and 
elsewhere  in  the  Oiierland.  It  is  a  cream  cheese  (gran)  of  line  aromatic  flavor,  very 
hard,  and  keeping  well  for  many  years.  Its  nutritive  value  is  high,  and  it  should  be 
used  li!;e  the  spalen  or  parmesan,  grated  with  soup,  macaroni,  &c.  A  similar  cheese  is 
made  in  the  canton  of  Valais.  This  is  perhaps  the  richest  of  all  the  Swiss  varieties, 
and  has  a  peculiar  flavor  of  its  own.  The  process  of  manufacture  has  greatly  improved 
since  1872.  Less  durable  but  eiiually  nutritious  and  palatable,  and  of  the  same  general 
character,  is  the  irislnllina,  made  in  the  valley  of  Mcdels  (Jrisons. 

The  Vtichrriii  is  the  only  soft  chee.se  of  large  size  made  in  Switzerland.  There  are 
two  sorts,  the  first  made  about  Gruyiire,  and  in  appearance  like  the  cheese  of  that  name; 
the  other  is  nuide  in  the  valleys  of  the  Jura.  The  latter  is  25  to  30  centimeters  in  di- 
ameter, 4  to  G  centimeters  thick,  and  weighs  IJ  to  5  kilo.s.  It  is  sold  in  drums,  and  if 
lierfeetly  mature  has  an  exquisite  flavor.  The  Mimt  d'Or  of  France  is  the  same  as  the 
Vac^herin  of  the  .lura. 

Some  of  the  Swiss  papers  have  rather  ridiculed  a  suggestion  in  one  of  my  previous 
reports  that  a  market  might  be  found  here  for  American  beer,  cheese,  and  butter.  In 
the  matter  of  cheese,  the  competition  of  the  imported  article  would  be  with  none  of  the 
foregoing  kinds,  some  of  which  have  little  or  no  sale  in  the  country,  and  some  are  in 
(lemiind  for  the  special  <jualities,  but  with  the  ordinary  kinds  niiule  everywhere  in  great 
abundance  for  home  use  and  largely  taking  the  place  of  butter,  and  even  meat.  1  be- 
lieve that  a  good  American  article  that  could  be  put  on  fhe  market  here  at  150  francf? 
thr  kilo  would  find  a  sale. 


G84 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


A..— Quality  of  different  Swiss  cheKsea. 


Degcriplion. 


Kiiimontlial 

tJruyiTe ....".". 

Spalen,  old ].'.'.' 

Spuleii,  new .....]..' 

IJrsereu 

l-'orinaKKio  (Iiilla  n'agiVa!; 

JJattclmatt 

Appciizell i.......... 

(rCHHeniiy 

f  JriHtalliiia ......"...'.... 

Viif'lierin 

Hellelay ".■.'.'.■.■.■.■" 

Valais 

I'mettigau ' '" 

vaud ;;;;;■■" 

Touinie '.'..'.'.'.'.'.... 

Hehiinlizijfer ,".'.".'....., 

Hluclcr 


A  fromaffe  qran  or  cream  cheese  is  of  uuskimmed  mil k  •  «.«;«,. ,  „»•   i  ■ 
gras,  of  partly-s!:immed  milk.  "SK'mmeu  miik,  maigrc  of  skimmed  i,,iik 


1111- 


'R.~ Analysis  of  Swins  Cheese. 


Componont  parte. 


thai.      I  ^^'oyere. 


Water 

Katly  inalter ...'...'.., 

r'asrine 

Halts 


Ii'atly  iiialfor.. 
('aseiin' 


Total.. 


31,92 
•11.26 
2!».H8 
3.94 


34.  .57 

2!).  12 

32. 51 

3.  HO 


100.00 

"•ujT 

■IS.  00 


Hellelay.     GcHsenay.    VuHuTin, 


37.  m 
30.  ai 

2,s.Ks : 

3. -IS  ! 


100.  (X) 


100.00 

51.  ~"l 
49. 


100.00 


100.00 


KHI.OO 


12.40 

3I.;k 

41).  NO 
0.  f) 

100.00  I 

42.~4n 
.57.0    I 

100.  (Ml  t 


27.L'I 

•ir>.,s7 

l.G:i 

1111.(10 

.11. s 

•4S.2 

10(1. 1«) 


C.-i:xportation,  i,i  mefrie  guinfah,  of  Swiss  cheese,  iHin  (.,  ]8H0. 
[The  metric  quintal  =1(X)  kilo.s.l 


Year, 


ISIO.... 
IS2.V... 

ltJ(iO 

I.Sf.1 

lH(i2 

m\3 

JSUl 

1805 


Metric 

quintals. 

r.,000 

IO,<KK) 

7.!,3'.I5 

Ki,42S 

S(i,()20 

S.i,(i08 

y-',7l7 

120,807 

I'V)!-.,, 
lSli7., 
1H(W  . 
IHOO.. 
IH70., 
IM7I,. 
I.S72,, 
1S73,. 


Metric 
l<iuintal.s. 


12.5,522 

I4H,3,S«  II 
M[,«()9  il 
102,440  P 
KiO.SOO  1] 
■.JO(i.707  II 

I'."s02(i  II 

II 


Year. 


1874 

1S75 

IS7(i 

IS77 

IS7S, 

I«7!>,,,. 
IHSO 


Srelric 

qiiiiilal,.!. 



2111,. ■«: 

IIW.Cll 

200,11(17 



I77,l)!i(l 

'     l!ri,7!i<i 

I      -'1(1,171 

1      -'17,1-1 

J).-rmportalion  and  exportation  of  clieese,  1877  to  1880,  in  met,- 


Year. 


Importation. 


1877. 

I87M 
IH7'.»  . 
1880. 


Quantity. 


.  1(1.* 

l.i.lWI 

H,;)7i 

12,112 
l.!,2.-)l 


Value. 


2,  I.S!>,fiOO  I 
l.>>7l.!l|0  ' 

l.r)Ti,.'iiio  i 

1,72.3,020  i 


•ic  'juiiiMs. 


ICvporlation. 


Qimiidty. 


177, '.CIO  j 
!'.>'>,  7!l!l  I 
210,171 
2I7,I.S'J  , 


Value. 


32,(KW,2(1II 
3l,;)27,.s|(t 
3l,.'i:'fi,  IIHI 
3I,7")(1,2I0 


'  M 


etric.piint«I=  100  kilos. 


G. 


of  skimmed  milk- 


nil- 


■<U)  to   ISSO. 


;<l>ii>ilul.'<. 


!    aii.r.; 

liw.cii 

j    'Mi,<.»i: 

I      I77,!K«I 

'     I'.ri.viKP 

I      -'17,1-1 


mdrie  'jutnliih. 


lO.vportation. 


Quniitity. 


7.  >»*. 
I77,'.I'.I0 
I!ir),7!lil 
L'lO,  171  j 

:ii7,iHi) 


Vuliip. 


.'t',0:W.2n(l 
.•il,.'L'7,HI0 

.•!i,rc'(i,i(i(» 


PLATE    2'-iQ 


\f./A-  H>n,r„timrf,;:> 


A     (:!„..,M;'  li/M  «■,,/,   «-,Un-l^   ws,;i,„r,  I,  ,„  t/,r,v.„rr,„„/,u„f,or,  ,„  /,...„,,/„■„ 


Wl'lUtdtJlf  i'  f/,//x 


B.  ffi/fCT   (nhf 


L 


Juhus  ffipt, 
PROFESSOR   SOXHLET'S  AEROMETER  FOR  EXTRACTING  FAT 


PLATE    2'-^Q 


lin  f?lf'  L-  t'li.lx 


Bie 


f   289 


COPPER     BAT 

AND      ;  !)R:    .      . 


H     SHOWING      3     PIPETTES 


P  L  A  T  ^ 


29a 


PLATE    288 


Hi'   :    .    ! 


mm 

'  m 

!1 

; 

:. 

!  H 

i4*l 


m 


'■^*i: 


^ 


i||#?h--^^>i 


,40 ...jfj. 


10 


i:!  ';   -  -     I 


,    --     .!|i 


i(V.^  /^loii  (< 


feser's    lactoscope 


PLATE    288 


Riert  f .  V 


PLATE    287 


l!!l 


C.C. 


I  E 


ulii.s  l^ten  i  1 1'  ;;i'ji 


LACTOBUTYROMETER   ON    STAND  WITH    STOPPEI 


PLATE    2  '1 


I:   i 


Aen  i  re  .'.I 'J: 


ER 


Pr 


P  L.A  T  E    2t 


ll|iio-Hfe-i*:(kjjiis 


JllhUl!  /?!. 


(!!..>  rcLnh: 


GERMAN    CREAMOMETER   OR    CREAM  TESTING  TUBE 


/-'i;!|   B01  rOM   OU!].f. 


Plat  E  ac 


'_i±_{l!£;i±£c^uh^ 


UBE 


PLAT 


L 


CREAMOMETfR    ON    STA 


ND 


.ui:.-  ."if:;  i  ib.Ajit. 


PLAT 


) 


■•J'':'  ■'•li.'H.fi's./jiJ: 


PLATE    2  f 


SKIM 

MILK 


•j  NEW 
J*^  MILK 


J.6_  , 

if***'' 


Vio 


[J 


PURE 


PURE- 


'i3&i 


QUEVENNE'S    ORIGINAL    LACTOMETER 
OR     LACTODENSIMETER. 


PLATE 


Bars'    :  f  -jii  ; 


M>^ 


11    : , 

SUPPLEMENT. 


685 


Y,,—l'ik(g per  5U  hill)!)  of  diffcrciU  carlcUcfof  SwLss  clicenc  from  1851  to  1880. 


Yciir. 


Is'il 

Ira 

Ml 

<>'} 
N'lll 

BKVJ 
hhlill 
psOl 

|isi»! 
llMil. 


a 

a 
a 

!<4 


Franm. 
52 

5a 

50 

5H 
57 

m 
m 

TO 
57 
50 
(i7 
•IH 
05 


;•.  a 
0« 


Francs, 
12 
•10 
40 
47 
51 
50 
53 
54 
51 
51 
51 
51 
5:1 
51) 


i> 

■^cj 

0  s 

■fa 

V 

i;'* 

rid 
0- 

1 

'rancn. 

Franc.i. 

40 

.55 

oH 

1(5 

45 

;<7 

45 

.30 

4'.l 

40 

4H 

41 

51 

40 

5:! 

51 

55 

40 

52 

.50 

52 

40 

47 

!-)3 

50 

51 

5'.t 

57 

51 

50 

Yciir. 


ISflO.. 
1807.. 
ISOS.. 
If  00., 
1«T0.. 
1.S71., 
l.H-2.. 
1873.. 


1H74.. 

1«75.. 
!S70.. 
1877.. 
187K.. 
1870.. 
1880.. 


o 
3 

a 


•riiiirn, 
50 
00 
71 

75 
00 
77 
85 
03 
75 
00 

no 

'.K» 
70 
75 

85 


0 

, 

0 

■0 

c^ 

ri 

<J 

4) 

ifi 

c 

a 

n 

> 

>. 

— 

X 

M 

0 

%• 

c 

I5i 

nc.s. 

0 

Fra 

Fiditrx.  1 

40 

45 

48 

,53 

50 

.57 

00 

.57 

(i2 

50 

07 

00 

71 

70 

71 

73 

fill 

,55 

02 

Oil 

70 

78 

70 

77 

02 

(A) 

03 

03 

70 

78  1 

a 


Francs. 
,50 
48 
61 
00 
71 
.57 
07 
77 
78 
50 
00 
82 

m 
00 
73 


I'.  —Ilii/hcd  umlaliom  of  cheese  in  different  Swisn  markclti  per  kilo  for  October,  1880. 


.M:irkets. 


Nyoii 

Vivcy... 

Vvcrdoii 
I  McmkIdii. 
I  I'aycrrn:, 


I 


Fromage 
gras. 


Francs. 
2.00 
2.(K) 
2.40 
2.(H) 
2.  (H) 
2.00 


FromagL'S 
luaigre. 


Francs, 
1.20 
l..iO 
I.  (Ml 
I.IO 
I.  10 
1..50 


Markets. 


Neufeliatel 

Sioii 

(Jc'iievu 

I'"iiil>ourg ... 

Hullo 

Delemoiit .. 


Froniage 
gras. 


Francs, 
2.00 
l.JiO 
2.20 
MX) 
1.75 
2.00 


FroinngoK 
niaigrb. 


Francs. 
1.40 
0.00 
1.25 
O.iO 
1.10 
1.50 


LYELL  T. 


U.N'iTED  States  Consulate, 

Geneva,  November  25,  1881. 


ADAMS, 

Conaul. 


SCIENTIFIC  DAIRY  INSTRUMENTS. 

iiKPoUT  i'ui:i'Aiii:i>  FOR  (:()y.suL  sir.wy,  of  MAmniEi^rEK,  nr  mk.  .iameu  loxu,  of 

JlFTVllIN,  KN'ILA  ND. 


Milk  tfstt'is  arc  not  iiaiticularly  miinenius;  iiidi'wl,  it  is  <|iu'sti()iia)ile  whether  an  ab- 
sohitcly  iicilect  iiKstiiinuMit  can  l)e  devised  iniusniuiih  as  .siiecilie  (gravity,  as  well  as  the 
(■ream  tist  lias  jirovcd  inetlicient  when  n.sed  alone.  The  ii.se  ot  llie  laetonii'tei-,  ei(;anii)ni- 
ctci',  mill  thermonieter  in  eotubination,  howi^ver,  are  tDund  to  he  very  sure  tests;  iind 
iilllii)Oj;li,  ill  eases  of  iMoseeution,  analysis  is  resorted  to  yet  in  jnivale  |')iaetiee,  the  above 
will  answer  every  jinrpose.  Crciaiii  is  inea,sured  in  a  }:;laHs  tube  called  a  creaiii  K;in,:;e  or 
test-tiilie  or  in  a  j^la.ss  jar  and  ealh'd  a  cream  iiieasnrer  or  ereainoiiu  ler.  'l'lu^  lactometer 
i>  really  a  hydrometer  aihipted  by  a  modilieiition  in  its  scale  to  tcsl  the  density  of  milk 
instead  of  the  density  of  water— in  like  manner  ;us  by  other  mod ilicat ions  suited  to  the 
iciiniiemeiitsol'thevarions  liijnids,  .separate  forms  of  theliydrometer  are  made  and  known 
by  llie  names  of  al  ■olionieter,  Kaceharometer.  ikv.  In  the  aeeomiianyin,!?  illnsi ration  the 
1,.1'tonieter  is  on  the  left  hand,  and  a  .set  of  test-tnbes  or  creamomet  ms  are  belween  the 
lactiinicti'r  and  thermometer. 

The  lactoaieter  (called  the  "lactidensiiaeter  "  or  "  ('iirouvetfe  "'  on  liic  Continent)  is 
iiswl  for  jcaii!iin;j;  the  density  of  milk.  It  was  invented  Ity  W.  (^)ueveiinc,  a  niedical  man 
in  Paris,  and  is  now  in  j!;eiieral  ii.se,  althonjjh  tli<"  scale  diifers  ii,  various  eoiintri.  s.  It  is 
•iniilar  loan  ordinary  hy.lrometer,  and  is  Ihrnished  with  a  .■-cale,  whichshows  thedeiisity 
(if  thc'  mill;  at  a  ;;laiK:e.     A  ^'iveu  voluuiL'of  water  weighiu«l,000  jiouuds.  is  iioh'.rgeru( 


686 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


bulk  thiui  a  similar  volume  ol'  milk  weighing  1,02J)  imumlj  to  l,(«:i  pounds    „,,    , 
lug  to  Its  quality;  and,  heiiring  this  in  mind,  (,>ueveiine  takin- oil'  the  t.n   us,,i  ,, 
other  two  figures  upon  his  lactometer,     ills  scale  commences  at  I  I,  which  is  'it  ti,   , 
and  descends  to  42  at  the  bottom,     it  is  appaient  that  14  (otherwise  lOM )  is  'I'lr    „  i '''' 
to  be  pure,  but  the  margin  is  a  wide  one,  while  4'J  (1042)  is  j ust  as  much  the  otii, ,  !    " 
When  the  instrument  is  placed  in  the  milk  (which  should  bedoiie  very  gently  h      ?' 
that  It  may  not  sink,  and  cause  milk  to  adhere  to  a  point  above  that  at  whici.'it  ,i"". 
or  It  will  not  be  trues),  the  ligure  which  is  level  with  the  surface  will  show  the  tm  '  i   ' 
of  the  case.     Thus,  in  (^uevenne's,  if  it  rests  between  29  and  M  it  is  pure-  iC  i  't      '^ 
27  and  29,  i'„  water  has  been  added ;  between  24  and  20,  A;  if  between  2l'anil  ')^r? 
and  .so  on.     A  sketch  of  this  instrument  is  shown.  '  >«'■ 

With  English  lactometers  the  scale  commences  at  the  bottom  at  10,  yoes  un  ),.  n      , 
then  up  to  100,  at  the  top.     Pure  milk  marks  0,  pure  water  100;  thus  everv  f  ',  1'  ",'"' 
tween  shows  the  actual  adulteration,  the  ten  spaces  below  0  indicatinji  wIicm  t..ni;i 
been  skimmed.     These  liu;tometers  are  usually  employed  in  milk  heated  to'fii  '  p  i^"^^ 
while  the  t^uevenne  is  u.sed  at  59°  Fahr.  (15°  centigrade  and  12°  Keamur)  '"''■' 

An  advantage  of  (,>uevenne'.s  scale  is  that  it  tests  skimmed  milk  as  well  'w  <  i  i 
milk,  the  .siime  ligures  being  made  to  apply  by  being  bracketed;   thus  ;{;!  to  '!(!  in  r    . 
purity,  and  skim  milk  being  heavier  than  new  milk,  the  lightest  portion   crom,      ■ 
skimmed  liom  it,  while  the  addition  of  water  is  shown  between  M  and  17      TI,,"'   ■    " 
doubt  that  t,)uev"nne's  iii.strument  acts  well  wheu  u.sed  for  mixed  milk-  l,iH?"r'"' 
varies  considerably  with  the  pure  milk  of  individual  cows.  '  ""*^" 

In  using  the  lactometer  it  is  best  to  have  a  deep  and  narrow  ghtss  ves.sel   simii.    . 
creamometer,  in  which  the  milk  is  poured  at  the  right  temperature      When  ft )'    .  " 
nient  is  placed  in  the  milk,  it  must  be  held  by  the  stem  until  it  floats  at  the  i  ")./«,"" 
that  It  bo  not  made  too  heavy,  as  mentioned  above.     If  it  sinks  below  the  m  rp  nlln 
mark  the  percentage  of  watering  may  be  suspected.     Thus,  supposing  the  luctompi  J 
be  au  Lng  ish  one,  measuring  0  to  100,  if  one-half  the  liquid  be  water  and  the  ofhp  1,  u 
milk.  It  will  sink  to  50;  if  20  per  cent,  of  water  is  added,  it  will  sink  to  ''0  -in  !    ^ 
it  must  be  remembered  that  the  laetometer  can  not  be  expected  to  do'n'wm' .i     "■ 
profes.ses;  it  denotes  the  gravity  of  milk,  and  if  that  gravity  is  any  where  no'    fi,    '"  " 
age,  all  well  and  good;  but,  *w  the  milk  of  different  cows  varies  iii  -ravitv  s„  IVi^'" 
instrument  cease  to  be  a  specific  guide  when  applied  to  these  distinct  sm'mliJ     ./ 
testing  a  sample  it  is  found  lighter  than  the  tiverage,  there  is  reasonable  suE„m  i,','' 
It  has  been  watered;  if,  on  the  contrary,  it  is  found  heavier,  there  is  ground  for  bd  o!  ' 
that  it  has  been  skimmed.  ueiicving 

The  English  lactometer  shows  thison  the  scale  10  to  0.    It  has  been  shown  thit  i  i,.,«,„n  i 
iis  cream   like  water  is  lighter  than  milk,  a  sample  heavy  in  cream  would  a  ,  ''r     , ' 
adulterated  just  as  though  it  had  been  watered;  while,  on  the  other  hand  its,   1 
were  dissolved  in  the  milk,  they,  being  heavier,  would  cause  it  to  show'tlrit  tn  ,i '"'" 
pearauce,  the  milk  had  been  skimmed.     Thus  it  is  always  well  to  us.>  tli.  .^r ' ,',      ''' 
tor  and  lactometer  in  conjunction  witli  each  other,  so  that  when  both  nnint  (,.,..'" 
or  skimming  there  is  little  doubt  of  the  fact.     Again,  it  is  well  to  use  the  •■  ri mS 
even  when  the  lactometer  is  satisfactory,  for  it  can  be  cheated.     As  has  been  s  o«m, 
water  is  added  to  milk  it  i.s  made  lighter,  and  that  if  skimmed  it  bccomas  lu  u  ei  IVo 
the  los.sof  Its  li^rhtest  constitiw  nt;  it  is  therefore  possible  to  first  skim  it  and   1  ■ ,  I  ,t 
It  back  to  Its  normal  gravity  '  y  the  addition  of  water.     Although  the  lacton.e  er  wZ] 
not  detect  this,  the  creamometer  would.  >-u'"iLitr  would 

It  was  found  by  Chevalier,  by  experiment,  that  the  value  of  the  glass  creamom.t.M  i. 
much  regulated  by  ,t.s  .liameter,  in  accordauce  with  its  height.  In  usiiiii  Z  ,  ' 
poured  111  until  it  rea(;hes  the  top  line,  0",  and  left  for  twenty-four  hours  in  ir«  „.^ 
alKjut  G0°,  by  which  time  it  will  have  Ibrmcd  a  cream  of  7°  to2r,°  actZhnL'\: 
nes.s.  This  in.strument  is  valuable,  as  shown  above,  for  use  in  conjunction  with  t lie  ' !' 
tome  er,  and  also  for  testing  the  cream  yield  of  individual  cows.  ]W  it  sneci  il  ml  1 
may  be  tested,  aud  thus  considerable  expense  saved.  It  must  not  bo  infernd  tin  ^ 
<|uality  of  the  cream  is  shown  by  the  creamometer,  for  cows  giving  the  saiiu.  Mnant  v 
often  make  es.s  butter  than  others.  At  the  siime  time  the  cream  tost  l.v  th  s  ,1  ■  : 
very  valuable  one.  j  ••■■■-' imui  in ,i 

The  thermometer  is  a  most  necessary  instrument  in  the  dairy,  as  without  it  the  work- 
is  accomplished  by  gue,s.s;  and  in  spite  of  those  who  j.refer  to  trust  to  their  iinial..  knoJl 
edge  of  temperature,  then;  is  no  doubt  that  the  result  affects  the  .niality  olbotli  hiitter 
and  <-lieese  very  matcriiilly. 

A  lacto.scopewas  recently  in-ented  by  Profes-sor  Feser,  of  Munich,  which  is  hiused  nnon 
the  nieiusureiiient  ol  the  degree,  f  transparency  of  milk,  which  depends  <-hiel!voii  the  r-u 
it  «>nt.uns  I  h..  ,„stn,.,ont  ..m.Ui~  ofa  graduated  tube,  marked  with  a  .iimhle  seal., 
imd  a  pipette    which  is  liije.l  with  the  milk  to  be  tested.     This  is  then  poured  into  tii 


i  tube,  when  water  i.s  added  n:itil  the  black  liiKv 


■s  arc  visible!.     The  jjorcciita^^c  of 


SUPPLEMENT. 


687 


will  bu  shown.     The  lautoscope  is  a  veiy  ingenious  inHtrnment  i  nd  i^  in  n  «  ...  n 
Cham  laboratory  Uw.tzeriand,  ^vhere  the  ehenust  had  made  amore  Je  fee"  iu^tr  lent 
;,|ter  Feser's  model;  bnt,  although  ingenious,  it  is  not  perfect  l"^"ei^i  luhunment 

A  (Jtriuan  gentleman,  Dr.  Heeren,  has  invented  an  instrument  vvh;,.i.   i         n 
..pioskop."  from  "pios,"  fat.     It  consists  of  a  sn.all  rouST^of  n  i^Sh  «T"the 
„„lst  ol  which  there  ls  a  circular  raised  riuR,  and  aghuss  disk  of  the  same  size   'il^  di 
vide.1  by  a  r.ug  in  the  middle,  the  outer  part  of  the  disk  being  .livided  into  sV  «,»•  i 
iKirts,  and  colored  from  white  into  sha^les  of  blue,  up  to  dark  bine      Th„  ,tw      ^    ^L 
ream;  the  light  blue,  very  iat;  medium  blue,  norm  U;  a  leS"  shlJrLifl^^^^^^ 
„l„e,  thin  milk;  and  blackish  blue,  very  thin.     In  working  a  Lwdrokio?  .^nl'''"^ 
placed  into  the  inner  part  of  the  india-rubber  disk;  the  glass  dfskil  neTn^L^,'''  T 
op,  so  that  the  transparent  part  is  on  the  top  ot  the  iS    The  mi^k  th  ,  «  ,?    **".' 
..injjestooneof  the  colors  named  above  anSthus  indicates  ?te  Vilify     LX"h 
U,  ()(/.,  and  IS  sold  by  JJeinbauer,  of  Hamburg.  ■'^  P   '-*'  '** 

All  instrument  called  a  "testing  centrifuge  "  was  recently  invented  bv  fi.o  n       u 
L;„ud,  of  Worcester,  Mass.     It  is  practicality  as  correct  in ^,^.Sg?he  c^eani  Sich  is 
contained  m  milk  as  the  creamometer,  but,  unlike  the  latter,  it  does  its  work  mI^„ 
;,„d  more  completely.     It  is  also  believed  to  be  a  better  test  ol  thfavaiHbP  .r         ■■" 
,„ilk  than  aualytiis,  because  the  latter  gives  the  total  Imtter  fats  al  of  wh  ch  >n  .?    "  '" 
vet  been  obtained  by  any  practical  method  of  cream  separation  '"'''" 

There  is  one  more  experiment  which  is  easily  performed  with  milk  vi -,   n. 
of  the  tat,  and  which  a  little  practice  will  enatt  penZ  t^do  fS^JelV 
nieiits  re(iuired  arc  a  proper  tube,  a  copper  bath  for  the  same  and  -i  thprmn«!o  t,      i 
.ome  etlier  and  alcohol,  both  of  a  given  strength.     Tlio  tube  is  divid..  TnVn  h        '  "'f ' 
,|K.  top  division  being  also  graduated.     FirstNiew  milkt  pouml     Id  in^^o^^^^^ 
10...  line,  when  the  ether  is  added  to  the  middle  line,  and  severe  v  sh-ien  1\\ 
,,l„ea,.iaIgan.ation  has  taken  place.     The  alcohol  is  theullZuoIhelop.i^^^^^^^^^^ 
,,mal-amated  by  shaking,  a  most  important  point.     The  tube  is  then  t.hZ     ? /^^„  i    . . 
oi^vaterat  1(10°  Fahr.,  and  allowed  to  stand  until  the  prepaS;  S^^^^^^ 
,,He  when  it  can  be  measured  by  the  gauge  at  the  top.  ^  F^Snary  purposes  tC; 
n  ..0  better  system  lor  testing  the  butter-making  properties  of  a  cow        t'^'^P"'"^'^  ^"«^re 
For  the  estimation  of  the  liit,  however,  which  is  contained  in  milk.  Professor  Soxhiet 
m  invented  an  apparatus  which  is  most  valuable,  and  the  best  vet  m'lde  for  !,,  .iVn 
|,ose.    iiythe  illustration  it  will  be  seen  that  the  stand,  whiKa  ,nit.,n^^^ 
|,nl(l.r  litted  with  a  movable  screw  for  holding  the  glass  tube  A   to  the  nt^^L?"  '     T  '"^ 
,r  whi.h  the  india-rubber  tubes  h  1/  are  attached,     hi  the  <  entt^r  ot" « Is  RstS  "*-'  *"n'' 
,ubeof glass,  B,  the  topof  which  projects  beyond  a,  and  is clS  by u  corf  The df^  ^^^ 
of  I!  must  be  two  millimeters  greater  than  that  of  the  float  of  the  anometer      The   'ion'!'' 
eter  hasas<:ale  divided  into  degrees  corresponding  to  the  specific  cmvitip«  Vr,!i  /i 
attain  are  divided  into  halves.     In  the  float  of  the  i^rometer  is  fastened  fth^rf     "r*" 
.a,l..ate.l.    An  india-rubber  tube  connects  the  b.-ttom  of  B  wufthe  «h  s  Tr^^t  n 
which  passes  through  the  cork  E  of  the  bottle,  which  is  desiKnated  theSitVn    >   .  J  ' 
a,Kl  the  glass  tube  F  to  which  is  attached  a  pair  of  small'hiadlSvs??  LS  ^^^^^^^^^^ 
,  rough    he  cork.     The  stand  also  holds  three  pipettes  for  the  mcasur  ,  g  o7  ^e  n  ilk 
alier,  and  ea.istic  potash.     The  caustic  potash  solution  must  be  of  1  2(i  to  1  27  wpifi,' 
..av.ty,  which  may  be  prepared   by  dissolving  400  grams  of  fused  ciiwic  n^ffu  ■ 
I  kilfa  iter  of  water,  which   after  cooling,  is  lu.ulo  up  to  one  lite  .The  et.er'^nS  be 
..turated  with  water,  and  this  ciui  bo  obtained  bv  shaking  commercial  ether  xviH.    *  » 
;,  otits  volume  o   water  at  the  onlinury  temperallre.     A  large    Sot"  at  lei   7  A  '  !" 
«i|)a,ity  tilled  with  water  at  a  temperature  of  17°  to  1H°  (J   is  also  m.u  ,ed  ^    *"' 

To  perform  the  e_xperiment,  the  milk,  after  having  been  thorou.rhlv  mixed    .u„f  .  « 
I  ...iperature  o     17°.r,  C,  200  cubic  centimeters  are  mer.sured  by     he    arf^t  pLe  te 
,.,„i<liseharKed  into  one  of  the  agitating  bottles,  which  should  iLe  a  c.Stvol--i( 
.iibic  centimeters.     Similarly  10  cubic  centimetei-s  of  the  potash  solut  on  ir^  „fo  , 

;nKl  discharged  into  the  bottle  containing  the  milk   and  mixed     iOerVrf  "''^^^^ 
!  dher  saturate.!  with  water  are  then  ad.led.     The  ether  when   m.^ur   In,  ?/"  °' 

l(i^5ai,d  18°..5  C.     The  bottle  is  then  <.|osed,  well  shalTen    hi  hal    a  S 
water  at  a  temperature  of  17°.r,  C,  and  shaken  evcrv  ■iltern.t..  n     .   f  ?  .V'"""'''  P'»t;ed  in 
..our.    After  this  it  stands  for  a  <,uarU.  of.nl'  l^lu^  ;:ShS.  it  so^;;;:SSa°lr 

(Hi  .  when  !i  Iiivpr  i\i  tlir.  <.ili<>..„..l   .,„!., t; ,•  <•  i  •  "  """^■^  uitvLS  a  1011- 


.,•  peno.l),  when  a  layer  of  the  eUiereal  sol^Uo.     f' i     "^  se  ^  on  t  ii^Z'  Sd^"  ""K 
lie  perfectly  .'lear.     The  India  rubber  tube  at  the  bottom  of-,  is   L„  ..i    ' '.  -^^  ™"'* 
IT»  to  H  '  (■„  when  a  is  lille.l  with  the  water    J      c Ho       ,  d  c W       Tonnl'  :•"'"'„"* 
/  vvith  a  small  ghu.s  tube.     The  stopper  ^f  the  botfle1.stXed  byTheS''^ 


IT"  to 
(l.ils  //  /;' 

1111(1  the 

..on.  The  cork  at  the  top  of  It,  and  f  h^^dppe;;,  '1^  i^eing  o.l^^ned'a  !m^,!i'tv  or'  H '"" 
^..Ihcent  to  .•anse  the  a.ron.et..r  to  float,  is  bri^  -,1  by  nieuis  of  m  ,;p?,hL^  ^  '  '"*  '*''"' 
W  bellows  i..fo  the  tube  1  When  the  clamp  is  dlsS  and ';i.:'co^'£;^^ 


688 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


prevent  evuporation. 


which  coincides  with  the  middle  part  of  the  deepest  curved  line  on  the  Hiiiliiccdi 
liquid.  The  tenipcniture  dniinK  the  estiiniition  ol'  the  specilic  gravity  of  the  noIh 
must  he  noticed,  and  if  it  is  ^".nC.  the  speciflc  gravity  will   need  no  fiirtlur.,! 


The  position  of  the  scale  is  then  read  off,  that  part  heiiijr  tnui 

»l'  til,. 
*"'liitiijn 

tion,  for  it  uwA  be  nnderstowl  that  it  is  diminished  hy  a  higher  and  inereiwcirir 
lower  temperature.     The  temperature  of  the  water  in  A  may  lluctuate  from  Kj^  r^." 
18°.5  C,  and  the  specific  gravity  of  the  ethereal  Holution  at  n°.r>  C.  having  ])vvn  li,,'  " 
the  amount  of  fat  in  weight  per  cent,  ciin  lie  obtained  from  the  table  8Ui)pH((|  widnJ, 
instrument.     The  value  of  the  Soxhlet  apparatus  is  that  the  percentage  ol  fat  to  i 
second  decimal  place  is  obtained,  thus  making  it  as  valuable  as  actual  analysis 


CREAM-SEPARATING  MACHINES. 


REPORT  PREPARED  FOR 


CONSUL  SlIAW,  OF  MANCHESTER,  BY  MR.  JAMES 
IIETUUJN,  ENGLAND. 


lonn, 


OF 


Up  to  the  present  time  the  most  popular  machine  in  England  and  France  iim  i 
the  De  Laval,  which  is  the  only  one  that  has  been  regularly  exhibited.     There  Itt 
reasons  for  its  popularity— its  price,  which  has  varied  between  £30  and  <£  J?   ,,  i 
value— lor  it  is  a  good  m;Mjhine.     Perhaps  it  also  ought  to  be  said  that  it  hw  no  nn   "* 
tion  in  either  country,  for  this  is  almost  the  liict.     True,  three  other  ni'ithiixN  i    " 
been  exhibited  in  England;  but  in  one  case,  the  "Danish,"  patent  difliculties  Ii  v      ' 
vented  its  sale;  in  another,  the  "Lefeldt,"  is  very  much  more  expensive-  'iiui  in'!'r 
third,  the  "Petersen,"  a  quite  new  machine,  which  competed  at  the  Koval  lis 
against  the  Laval  for  a  gold  medal.     It  was  fiir  higher  in  price,  suitable  onlvfn/f' 
dairies  and  factories,  and  did  not  take  olfall  the  cream.     There  is,  however  ■uWff.  r 
with  the  Laval,  which  its  inventor  can  not  overcome:  it  requires  a  great  deVl  „.       '^ 
lor  so  small  a  machine,  and  it  cannot  be  made  in  smaller  or  larger  sizes  tiiespT"" 
most  insuperable  objectiods  when  rival  machines  are  introduced  without  ti'iein         '"'' 

The  De  Laval  is  the  invention  of  a  Swede  of  that  name,  but  it  is  not  the  culi 
vention,  for  centrifugal  force,  which  is  in  reality  forced  gravitiition  iw  iDnl'ie.I  i  '"' 
English  inventor,  was  first  uaed  by  a  German,  Professor  Fuch,  as  early  is  k-i'^  ," 
LavaPs  machine  the  receiver  revolves  with  the  milk  some  5,000  times  i  niiunt  i 
takes  the  cream  from  some  200  quarts  an  hour.  This  receiver,  which  is  "mado  i  •  t  i 
works  upon  a  vertical  axis,  ind  is  filled  with  the  milk  through  the  medium  of  n  f  1 
which  pa.sses  into  it  from  above.  As  the  milk  revolves,  the  centrifujial  letinn  ' 
the  lighter  cream  to  gather  at  the  top  in  the  center,  while  the  heaver  n'mtinn  ..'"If 
v«..,.„„  i.  f„„..,i  .„  «..  ..,.„;^„     Tu•'^^i"?..•!J^T^\*  «">y."eeds  some  additioual  out' 


volume  is  forced  to  the  outside. 


side  power  to  force  it  outside  and  this  is  provided  by  the  continual  stream  of  npw  „  ii 
The  result  is  that  the  heavy  skim  milk  is  compelled  to  find  its  way  llirou-'liTtn  , 
an  outer  chamber  whence  it  runs  out  by  a  pipe.  As  the  new  milk  enters  ancHs  sk- .,  f  i 
the  enlarged  volume  of  cream  likewise  demands  an  outlet,  for  it  Ciiunot  Lret  t.'.  i 
hery  nor  escape  with  the  milk;  hence  it  is  provided  with  a  special  tul)e  •lud  ,1  ,;,?"' 
nd  escapes  from  another  portion  of  the  machino  in  a  similar  way  Astliedr  "' 
il  meters  in  diameter,  the  surface  sp*d  of  the  interior  reriuired  to  senirit..  d.l  "* 
is  about  1 5. 000  f^et  per  minute.  »qwratt  tlie  cmnii 

Now  we  will  take  the  Danish  machine,  originally  so  called,  although  now  thu  (h,.r 
are  not  one  but  four  or  five  machines  made  in  Denmark,  we  ought  to  follow  the  .'v.     i 
of  the  Danes  themselves  and  use  the  names  of  the  makers;  otherwise  hiuei-s  will « 
d  ay  get  into  a  difficulty.     This  machine,  called,  respectively,  the  Petersen  iiid  I' 
per  &  Dam,  is  sent  out  by  H.  C.  Pet<'rsen  &  Co.,  Copenhagen,  wliieli  liut  slu 
specially  noted,  as  of  the  eight  matthines  wc  know  four 
this  name, 
tsan 
and 
feet 
center  is  a  C(>ne,  within  which  is  the  shaft  by  which  the  machine  is'woiked 


ire  made 


urnu'is- 

shnulil  lie 

>y  ditlereut  lirnisdl' 


mot 
round 


NO. 


off,  that  part  buinj- ,,iuUj 
I  line  on  the  him  liicc  (if  ii 
dlio  gravity  of  t|,e  t^^^u!!, 
vill   iu-(Ml  no  (liitluMCrr, 
hif^lier  iind  incicii.soil  1,,., 
lay  lludAiutc  irom  1(1^ ',  Z 
n°.r.  a  Imvin.  )..,,,,;„' 
lie  table  8iii)pli,.,|  wi(|,,L 
the  percentage  of  lUi  ^  a 
I  as  actual  anulyssis. 


NES. 

,  ny  MR.  jAstEs  Losa,op 

exhibited.  There  are  t« , 
.een£30andi;;;7,and 
Bsaidtlwtithasnoopiwsi! 
three  other  nu.diim>H  Lh 
latent  difliculties  have  pa 
ioro  expensive;  and  j,,  ,i., 
ted  at  the  Koyal  last  y,a 
price,  suitable  ouly  for  i,,,, 

lere  is,  however,  a  (lifficultv 
iires  a  frreat  deal  ol'  power 
ar  larger  sizes,  these  bdn- 
iced  without  them.  ' 

mt  it  is  not  the  eaillMt  in. 
aviUtion,  iw  applied  l,y„|, 
wch,  as  early  as  I>ri!)    i,, 

5,000  tiniesaininiitcauil 
er,  which  is  made  of  stcd 
gh  the  medium  of  a  liinnci 
e  centrifugal  action  caiisw 
'  ttie  heaver  portion  of  tlie 
needs  some  additioual  oui- 
tinual  stream  of  new  milk 

Its  way  IhrouKh  a  tube  to 

nilk  enters  and  is  Hkimiaed 
or  It  ciinnot  get  to  the  m- 
special  tube  and  chamlicr 
liar  way.  As  the  drum  is 
iired  to  separate  the  ei«iiii 

d,  altliouKh  now  that  tlierf 
ughttolbllowtheexainpiu 
itherwisc  buyere  will  soiiiu 
the  Petersen  and  nunm-is- 
Kcu.  which  liict  shnulil  lie 
made  by  ditlcreut  lirriisdl' 
hich  lias  yet  a|ipeare<i.  It 
^<1  ujion  a  solid  Ibiindatiiiii 
r.  The  drum  i.s  alMiiitr. 
le  depth  in  )i  kei.  In  (he 
ine  is  worked.  On  the  top 
issor  Fjord,  of  Copeiilii«eii, 
e  a  .set  of  strainers,  and  in 
passed  tliroiijrli  as  is  noirs- 
im;  it  is  bent  at  the  end  sn 
'.v.  When  the  drum  is  in 
<lyof  the  milk  is  whirled 
of  the  drum.    As  in  the 


1 


!         Ik 


> 

H 

ID 


^TT  ■ 


|o 
F 

lo 

|(/)' 
P 

In 
lo 
Ic 

H 

0 

3 


Jlft/>l' 


T" 


SBS 


1 

I  r 

0 

0 

m 

6 
I 
n 
> 


5  3 

s 


LH 


■:x~:!~rr;' 


1": :.':;  iiiIvj:'./'  ' 


ft 


^  IHIIIIIlf    -f— "■ 


r 
> 
H 
f'l 


jwm. 


S  .3 


'»ki; 


P  L.  A  T  E       2. 9  4 


NOTE  T,;i.s  1.-  Ihr,/  „f,;i  Ihr  lt,„„.</,  ,y,;:(nUrr  !,'„•  !,•„.,  I,:h,:~  ,-  ,1  rr.„-/n„„ 
'-IJiilh'U.i  .•I'l/ii-  i/iiiiii  riii-  iiulk  liiil.MittolJir  i/in,>  ■>t'tli,-  .v" 
•iVclKi-  cr.'.-trilliim-  iimi  i.y  /i.i.swil  nilollir  iii.nJllri,-  in  /,inir  ,v 
■^""lll  iilittilUUiW  ii.-r/u-,s-l,>f</<e>:'!  ■,  h  ,in-  iv.iili.lf,,!.  Ih,  ,,:/:'.<«■ 
}viili/uliiiii  the  iifdiii  tiilini  litri,  ill,'  •i,il/i 


.'ulius  BienSCo  fiith 


PROFEISSOR     FJOno'S     F^  ECU  LA  FOR 

BV     I   H  I  'J    MACHINE     ANY     M  t  H  C  t  N  "1   A  u  L       Of       C  F<  (_ /\  W 
CAN    BE    SKIMMED    B  Y  T  H  R.    [lAN.SH 


en 


n 


o 


n 


n 


n 


O 


V) 


en 


n 


.-K<; 


> 

H 
m 

M 
ID 


■ 

Julius  ?>leti*Co  t.i'h 


THE      VERTICAL     DRUM      CREAM      SEPARATOR 


Oi     Pr  1  Li-iSi.N     OH     H,\MBURC 


1 


^; 


-4 


I 

1. 

m 

FT* 

X 

0 

< 

n 

z 

H 
3 

C 
0 
n 

;  w 


> 

n 


CD 


PLATE     299 


Ir- 


,,  :.Nv,|i;Q\Jj;^^vv>.^ ■  ^  ^S^\^^:^\V:<.^^^^^i^^^^v^^^^^K\\^\\^<0-''''-^'^ 


Jul  I  us  Su      tCo.Lith. 


THE  !   !  DT    CREAM    SEPARATOR. 


fi 

r 
> 
H 
m 

CO 

o 
o 


SUPPLEMENT. 


680 


De  Laval  centrifugal  Torce  briugs  the  cream  to  the  surface  and  to  the  top,  where  it  is  met 
by  a  sharp  tube,  fixed  from  the  outside  and  literally  cut  oif,  i,he  tube  acting  like  a  plane 
■ind'  making  a  furrow  into  which  the  band  of  cream  rushes  only  to  be  cut  off  the  faster. 
It  rushes  down  this  tube  and  out  into  the  pail  .set  to  catch  it.  As  the  milk  continues 
to  bo  poured  in  and  the  cream  to  be  cut  off,  the  skim  milk  at  the  back  is  forced 
through  an  outlet  at  the  top  into  a  little  chamber  above  the  cream,  where  it  is  taken  by 
a  cutting  tube  in  a  similar  manner. 

With  regard  to  Professor  Fjord's  apparatus,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  if  all  the  cream 
were  required,  a  plain  tube  only  would  be  necessary;  but  as  different  milk  producers 
and  dealers  have  their  own  ideas,  they  must  be  consulted.  One  may  wish  to  make 
cheese,  .-nd  leave  a  portion  of  the  fat  in  the  milk;  another  may  prefer  to  sell  skim  milk 
which  is  still  rich  in  cream,  for  there  is  no  denying  the  fartthat  tliis  separator  takes  more 
cream  from  it  than  can  be  obtained  by  any  old  system.  For  this  end,  then,  Fjord's  reg- 
ulator is  used,  and  by  its  aid  any  proportion  of  fat  can  be  tr.ken.  Thus  if  the  supply  be 
increased  by  regulating  the  tubes,  the  skimmer  will  only  take  thesame  quantity  of  cream, 
consequently  more  must  be  left  in  the  milk. 

The  last  addition  to  this  machine  is  an  ingenious  machine  by  which  the  revolutions 
are  counted,  and  this  does  Mr.  Peterson,  who  is  really  the  inventor  of  the  machine,  great 
credit.  This  gentleman  claims  to  skim  with  his  large  machine  1,200  pounds  or  120  gal- 
lons an  hour.  This  statement  is  not  an  exaggeration,  for,  when  in  Sweden,  the  manager 
of  a  large  factory,  where  the  centrifuge  is  worked,  in  answer  to  a  question  told  us  that 
he  separated  200  Swedish  cans  an  hour,  this  can  being  6  pounds.  The  cream,  too,  can 
be  taken  of  any  thickness,  so  that  indeed  a  spoon  will  stand  upright  in  it. 

The  large  machine  costs  1,100  kroner  Danish,  or  about  J£60,  while  the  smaller  is  650 
kroner,  this  revolving  nearly  2,800  a  minute,  skimming  nearly  GOO  pounds  of  milk,  and 
working  by  one  horse.  There  is  also  a  tube  which  will  carry  the  skim  milk  away  over- 
head into  a  vat,  instead  of  into  a  pail  below.  It  should  be  mentioned  that  in  all  cases 
the  temperature  of  the  cream  and  the  quality  of  the  milk  has  much  to  do  with  the  re- 
sults, and  to  this  end  it  is  now  the  custom  to  hea,t  al  Imilk  to  its  temperature  on  leaving 
the  cow  by  passing  it  ovc  hot  water  or  steam  tubes  as  it  runs  into  the  machine. 

In  comparing  this  machine  with  the  Laval,  we  find,  first,  that  it  requires  less  power 
and  does  more  work,  its  surface  speed  being  9,750  feet,  or  5,250  less  than  the  Laval.  It 
can  be  had  in  almost  any  size,  and  can  be  regulated.  At  the  Royal  trial  it  gave  more 
butter,  while  the  analysis  showed — 


Component  parts. 

a 
.a 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 
in 

■Water 

61.46 

as.  44 

4.56 
.54 

52.32 

42.08 

4.42 

.58 

91.72 

.29 

7.22 

.77 

91.82 

.11 

7.32 

.75 

91.36 

Fat      

.44 

Cnaein  aii^.  Qufirar 

7.41 

.79 

Total 

100.00 

100.00 

1(10.00 

100.00 

100.00 

During  the  past  year  the  most  imj.  )rtant  contest  which  has  yet  taken  place  was  held 
at  the  Danish  Exhibition  in  Aulborg  where  prizes  were  offered  for  large  and  small  sepa- 
rators. The  Danish  of  Petersen  easily  won  in  the  large  class,  two  of  his  machines  com- 
peting, one  running  at  1,900  and  the  other  at  2,10r>  revolutions  per  minute,  the  in- 
dicated horse-power  being  1.3.  In  the  small  class  the  I  ury  selected  the  Danish  and  the 
Laval  for  trial  at  a  farm-house  under  the  superintendence  of  Professor  Fjord.  Every- 
thing was  done  which  science  could  devise  to  make  the  experiment  complete.  Every 
minute  during  the  trials  the  speeds  of  the  axle,  of  the  horse  gear,  of  the  vertical 
axles,  of  the  separators,  of  the  rotary  dynamometer,  and  of  the  intermediate  motion, 
were  written  down  by  self-registering  iiidicators.  The  Danish  g.ive  a  speed  of  2,400  to 
3,000  per  minute,  and  the  Laval  5,000  to  7,000,  the  result  of  the  five  series  of  experi- 
ments which  were  made  being  that  where  both  separators  were  driven  by  the  same  power 
the  Danish  skimmed  565  pounds  (Danish  pound  is  equal  to  1.13  pounds  Engli.«h)  per 
hour,  leaving  20  per  cent,  of  fat  in  the  skim  milk,  and  the  Laval  450  pounds  per  hour, 
leaving  24  percent,  in  the  skim  milk;  ov,  in  other  words,  it  was  shown  that  at  the  same 
degree  of  skimming  and  with  the  same  supply  of  milk  the  Laval  required  one-third  more 
power  than  the  Danish,  or,  supposing  that  the  same  power  is  consumed,  the  Danish  small 

H.  Ex.  51 44 


690 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 


iuuy  impioveu.  in  nppearauce  this  niachiuej 
wive.  It  was  first  produced  by  Willy  Let'eldt  ■* 
;k,  who  at  the  polytechnic  school  at' Carlsrnli.i' 
ing  of  tlie  iuveutiou  of  I'rofessor  Fuclis  in  thij 


machine  skimmed  one-third  more  than  the  Laval.     When  the  supply  of  milk  was  tl 
same  and  the  consumption  of  power  also  the  siime,  the  Laval  left  04  to  G5  per  cent  mor* 
latin  the  skimmed  milk.     Under  these  cireunisUinces  the  Danish  machine  took  theoth  ^ 
gold  medal.  " 

Now  we  may  refer  to  the  Lefeklt,  which  is  the  oldest  machine  now  in  use,  and  wlrd 
like  the  above  machines,  has  been  recently  improved.     In  appearance  this  niachiu.' ' 

not  unlike  the  Laval,  but  is  more  expensive.     '*  — -  ''—* ' — -'  •--  ^"•"    -    ■  - 

civil  engineer  of  kSchoningen,  Brunswick, 
Lad,  it  may  be  8uppo.sed,  seen  somethinj, 

town;  and  in  1874  he  produced  the  first  machine  which  was  shown  at  the  e.\liil)itioii 
Bremen.     The  Lefeldt  revolves  at  the rateof  2,400  upon  a  vertical  shaft  driven  I)y  ban  i 
attached  to  two  disks,  the  one  on  a  level  with  the  machine  and  the  other  above  it     Ti 
cream  is  taken  on  a  principle  similar  to  tlie  De  Laval,  but  the  machine  is  much  ninr^ 
elaborate.     It  is  made  in  three  principal  sizes,  thus:   the  one  lor  separatiiu'  4Uil]itr 
(88  gallons  or  about  900  pounds);  the  price  is  500  marks,  or  with  thefixturts  £V  r 
1,000  litre  it  is  £75,  and  2,000  litres  £125,  without  fixtures.     The  inside  diam'eu'rnf 
the  drum  is  24  inches;  thus  the  velocity  required  to  separate  the  cream  from  the  mill' 
is  15,072  feet  iier  minute,  or  a  trifie  more  than  the  Laval.     There   is  nodonht  whatew 
of  the  value  of  this  machine,  for  we  have  seen  it  working  in  Switzerland  at  the  amt 
Anglo-Swiss  works,  where  it  is  much  appreciated,  as  well  as  in  Germany  and  the  oni 
limit  found  with  it  is  that  it  has  now  and  then  to  be  stopped.  ^ 

The  machine  "System  llenrcich  Petersen,"  of  Hamburg,  while  working  under  centri 
lugal  force,  is  (luite  unlike  those  above  mentioned.  Instead  of  horizontal  drums  ■miU 
vertical  shaft  it  has  vertical  drums  and  a  horizontal  shaft,  the  drums  bein>r  also  verV  dif 
lerent  in  form;  the  diameter  is  large  and  the  depth  very  little.  Instead,  too'  of  the  i " 
cumference  being  fiat  it  forms  an  acute  angle.  The  shalt  is  fixed  to  an  iron  founilition 
the  drums  being  on  each  side,  and  when  there  are  two  used  tliev  lesemhh.  acou'nipnf 
carriage  wheels  upon  an  axle.  Tiie  shalt  is  driven  from  ;ibove,  and  the  milk  whidi  k 
poured  into  the  drum  from  the  front,  is  skimmed  from  the  same  position  uii.l  the  liv 
standers  can  see  the  whole  working.  If,  for  instance,  the  tiii!^erisintroduct:'l;ui(l  touch." 
thesurface  ofthemilkas  it  revolves,it  will  almost  be  cut  with  the  force  olcontutt  hutliet' 
alarge  cutting  tube  is  introduced  and  takesoff  the  cream  similarly  to  the  other  svstsm 
the  skim-milk  being  forced  into  the  outer  chamber  of  the  drum  and  alsoskiniuieil  Tlii' 
machine  is  now  improved,  and  can  be  regulated  to  take  any  quantity  of  cieam  livscrew^ 
ing  the  cutter  deeper  into  the  cream,  as  is  found  necessary.  The  drums  are  muiein 
various  .sizes,  but  are  decidedly  dear— the  small-drum  machine,  holding  loo  im.uikIs  milk 
per  drum,  skimming  (JOO  pounds  an  hour,  costs  £7.");  if  two  drums  are  purehised  tlmi 
the  cost  IS  £120  5.s.  A  200-pound  drum  machine,  to  sidm  800  pounds  an  hour  to.;t 
£9o,  or  for  two  drums,  skimming  1,000  pounds,  £UM.  These  machines  do  an  immense 
amount  of  work,  have  great  advantages  on  account  of  the  power  used  and  tlie  Dossihl,- 
addition  of  drums,  but  arc  too  dear.  '  " 

The  "Nakskov,"  which  has  never  1)eeu  seen  in  England,  is  a  Danish  machine,  made 
by  Tuxent  llammerich,  of  Nakskov,  and  rescml.'les  the  Danish  or  I'.urmeister  in  'i  .rr,..,t 
measure.  '  We  saw  it  at  work  at  the  exhibitions  in  Denmark  and  Germany  and  we  miM 
say  It  did  its  work  well,  although  it  is  a  palpal)le  coi)y,  l)ut  without  an  analysis  of  the 
skimmed  milk  we  should  not  like  to  say  that  it  took  all  t he  eieam.  1 1  has  no  re"uIitor 
or  machine  to  count  tlie  revolutions,  and  works  on  a  sliaft  from  al)ove,  which  is  nxei'l  to 
a  powerful  bent  inm  arm  which  comes  from  the  Ibundalion  and  over  the  Iwck  of  the 
drum,  which  is  22  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  smaller  openin,  than  the  Danish  (1)  indu< 
It  is  driven  from  a  horizontal  wheel  or  disk,  and  it  is  claimed  to  separate  I'mI)  tn  lui)  nimnils 
of  milk  per  hour,  the  cost  being  £27  Ids. 

Another  machine,  called  the  "  Aarlius,'"  made  by  Jansen,  of  that  town,  is  i)riee(l  a-^ 
and  is  also  similar  in  appearance  in  all  respects,  although  tiie  working  is  a  little  <litlir' 
ent.  The  milk  enters  the  machine  through  a  tube  fixed  in  the  top  of  7l)e  u\>rhM  shalt 
and  a  little  below  this  becomes  two  arms,  each  of  which  distributes  lli<r  milk  into  the 
periphery.  Here,  too,  is  an  arrangement  lor  the  escape  of  the  milk  at  the  lioltoni  llic 
cream  being  taken  at  the  top.  Tlu^  drum  of  this  machine  is  similar  to  a  plain  roiiiil 
vat.  .\t  the  top  is  a  wire  gauze  strainer,  from  the  tube  on  the  top  of  the  sh:il't  is  hlleil 
The  annexed  drawing  wilt  show  the  system  of  tlie  distribution  of  milk.  The  top  oiit-iue 
pipe  is  for  the  eseaiu^  of  the  cream  and  the  bottom  lor  the  escajio  of  the  skim-milk. 

Another  machine  is  manulaetuivd  by  O.  C.  I'eterscn  &  Co  ,  of  Copenlmu'en,  Imt  thi< 
did  not  compete  in  the  trial,  hav  in^j;  arrived  too  late.  Tlie  makers  informeil  ns  that  iis 
price  was  to  be  ;{00  kroner,  or  about  £!(>  Kl.s,  but  although  there  appears  to  he  sume 
niertt  in  it  and  a  consi<k'rable  amount  of  merit  in  the  price,  it  is  hanliy  perlWti'd;  vet 
the  makers  are  in  tiie  hope  of  ([uickly  placing  it  upon  tlu;  market. 

Again,  another  separator  wiw  entered  by  O.  retcrsen  &  Co.,  of  Koskilde,  bnt  this  nut 
being  perfected  was  not  sent,  although  it  also  has  some  merit,  but, its  price  is  consider- 


SUPPLEMENT. 


691 


able,  1,100  kroner.  It  is,  however,  upon  a  similar  principle  to  the  successful  Dauiau, 
and  consc'^iuently  needs  hut  a  passing  reference. 

The  last  machine  exhibited  was  called  the  "Solid,"  the  invention  of  Hervin  S.  Berg- 
lund,  a  Swedi.sh  engineer.     This  is  priced  at  450  kroner. 

I  give  sketches  of  the  Dauish,  the  Laval,  the  Lefeldt,  the  Petersen  (Hamburg),  the 
Nakskov,  and  the  Aarhus;  the  last  two  being  rough  sketches  made  in  Denmark  by  the 
writer. 


A  WILTSHIRE  DAIRY. 

STATEMENT  PREPARED  FX>B  CONSUL  SUA  IV,  OF  MANCHESTER,  BY  MR.  JAMES  LONG,  OF 

JIETCUIN,  ENQIAND. 

The  following  table  gives  a  record  for  seven  yeai-s  of  the  receipts  in  a  Wiltshire  dairy 
of  English  croasbreds: 


« 

9 

(M 

u 

, 

J, 

J, 

^ 

Butter  sold. 

0, 

$ 

3 

3    . 

8 
"3 

£  3 

S 
0 

2 

"v 

_  0 

J4 

a 

0  s 

ft 

Year. 

u 

2 

'■J 

aa 

2 
£ 

2 

1 

u 
1 
M 

Si 

1 

>> 

s 

■s.a 
1 

2 

<a 

■g,s 

1- 

i^ 

3 

0 

> 

> 

> 

s* 

> 

^ 

'A 

H 

< 

anlln. 

S 

3 

>i 

s: 

< 

< 

«<! 

«<S 

Oalls. 

Galls. 

1 

Ton.i.  <nvt. !  Cwls, 

Cwls. 

d. 

8. 

d. 

d. 

1881 

70 
70 
70 
70 
7'2 

308 
308 
308 
308 
308 

31,6;i4 
26, 386 
.30, 513 
31,1.'53 
28, 470 

1  ir,i 

136 
445 
3't,') 

H,  33J 
7,960 
3, 450 
3, 840 

1, 7yo 

8       51: 

7    15 

12    18 

12    lOi 

11    UJ 

40 
34  i 
36i 
43J 
42i 

5i 
6 

9 
9 
H 
9j 
10 

58 
32 
44 

59 
60 

13 

14i 

I6i 

16 

17 

12 

1880 

H 

1S79  

12 

1878 

12 

1877 

12 

1876 

80 
70 

308 
308 

.32,  <.I30 
24, 270 

4Ui 
34GJ 

150 
90 

13      4i 
10    10 

34i 
28 

5i 
4 

12 
12 

35i 
60 

16i 
16 

11 

1875    

10 

DAIRY  ASSOCIATION  LAWS  OF  WURTEMBERO. 

rinelosure  in  Consul  Catlin's  cattle  rei>ort,l 
Statutes  of  the  Dairy  Association  at  lleJdenfingen  {Registered  company). 

1.  The  undersigned  associate  themselves  toi^ether  for  an  indefinite  period  under  the 
title  of  the  liegLstertd  Dairy  Association  of  Ilcldenfingeu. 

The  seat  is  vt  Heldentir.gen,  and  its  object  is  a  most  advantageous  disposal  of  milkby 
ajoint  management  of  the  business. 

■J.  Only  persons  who  are  of  ajre,  self-supporting,  and  of  good  character,  and  who  own 
milch  cows  in  their  own  right,  can  become  members  of  the  association. 

'•>.  iMcmbership  is  acquired  by  signing  the  statutes  or  a  written  declaration  of  acces- 
sion, after  having  received  formal  admission  from  the  general  assembly. 

1.  The  membership  is  annulled  (er)  by  voluntary  resignation,  {h)  by  death  (c)  by  ex- 
pulsion. 

A  resignation  can  only  take  place  <at  the  end  of  a  business  year;  the  declaration  of 
withdrawal  must,  however,  be  sent  in  to  the  president  of  the  association  at  least  three 
mouths  in  advance,  otherwise  a  discharge  from  membership  can  only  ensue  at  the  end  of 
the  Ibllowing  year. 

In  case  of  deiith  membership  ceases  on  the  day  of  death;  it  may,  however,  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  widow  or  heirs  of  the  decea.sed  member,  who  can  carry  on  the  business, 
without  any  entrance  fee,  if  such  privilege  is  applied  for  within  one  week  after. 

Withdrawal  is  made  by  approval  of  the  general  assembly,  in  which  case  the  mem- 
bership uea.ses  on  the  day  of  the  approval.  Expulsion  mii.'it  be  acted  on  as  soon  a-s  a 
member  has  lost  the  capacity  to  serve  or  his  stiinding  as  a  citizen;  it  may,  however, 
also  ensue  through  a  non-compliance  with  the  duties  provided  for  by  the  statutes. 


692 


CATTLE  AND  DAI3Y  FARMING. 


5  The  settling  of  the  accounts  of  those  who  may  have  withdrawn  from  membership 
Ua  b  and  c)  or  of  their  heirs  +'<kes  place  at  the  end  of  the  business  year.  Their  bal- 
ance is,  however,  not  paid  over  before  six  months.  Also  for  two  years  from  the  day  of 
cessation  of  membership  ex-members  are  lial)le  for  their  share  ot  any  losses  by  the 
company. 

6.  Members  have  the  right—  m.  •     •  i 

(«)  To  take  part  in  the  general  a.ssembly  and  to  vote  there.  This  nghtceases  with  the 
day  of  declaration  of  resignation.  Female  members  have  neither  the  right  to  vote  nor 
admittance  to  the  assemblies.  w      ,  ■ 

(b)  To  forward  to  the  dairy  all  milk  which  they  produce  and  to  clami  their  payment 
monthly  for  the  same  from  the  company. 

(e)  To  draw  their  share  of  prolits  on  the  basis  of  section  30. 

(d)  At  any  time  to  enter  the  dairy  and  take  note  ol'  the  conduct  of  its  business. 

7.  Members  are  required — 

(1)  To  pay  an  entrance  fee  of  10  marks,  which  sum  forms  at  the  same  time  their  .share 
in  the  capital  uiock  without  interest.  On  withdrawal  from  the  compauy  (4  a,  h,  and  cj 
this  sum'is  repaid. 

(2)  To  observe  the  existing  regulations  and  subsequent  resolutions  ot  the  association, 
as  well  as  to  guard  the  interest  of  the  company  in  all  respects. 

(3)  To  be  individually  responsible  with  their  whole  property  in  so  far  as  the  proper- 
ty of  the  association  may  be  iusuOicient  to  meet  its  obligations. 

(4)  To  Ibrward  daily  a  stated  iiuautity  of  milk,  which  quantity  shall  be  lixed  by  the 
superintendent  in  each  case,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  the  cattle;  and  partiimlarly 
to  acquiesce  in  the  following  rule:3  relative  to  the  delivery  of  the  milk: 

(a)  The  milch  cows  are  to  be  well  and  regularly  fed,  as  well  as  thoroughly  milked. 
The  udders  are  to  be  washed  belbre  milking  if  necessary;  care  must  also  be  taken  tliat 
there  be  sufficient  straw  and  pure  healthy  air  in  the  stable. 

(6)  The  milk  is  to  be  delivered  immediately  after  milking  in  a  clean  vessel,  whicli  must 
be  properly  cleaned  alter  each  time  it  is  used,  and  must  not  be  used  lor  any  oilier  purpo.se. 

(c)  It  is  ibrbidden  to  deliver  the  milk  of  cows  which  are  diseased  at  the  udder,  or  not 
in  good  general  health;  the  milk  of  fresh  milch  cows  in  the  lirst  five  days  alter  calvin;,'; 
the  milk  of  bearing  cows  in  the  last  four  weeks  belbre  calving;  the  milk  of  cows  newly 
brought  in  from  market  and  which  have  not  been  previously  three  times  milked;  thiii 
and  poor  milk,  and  in  general  all  milk  which  in  any  of  its  conditions  is  not  normal. 

(d)  At  any  discussions  arising  relative  to  the  quality  of  milk,  the  areometer  ot 
Miiller  and  the  ereamometer  of  Chevalier  are  to  be  applied  as  tests,  and  each  member 
must  hold  himself  subject  to  the  decision  resulting  therefrom. 

The  milk  is  to  be  considered  thin,  when  its  specitic  weight— measured  at  l.j^'  Celsin.s 
by  the  areometer  of  Muller— falls  under  l,0i2!),  and  it  is  to  be  considered  a.s  devoid  of 
fat,  when,  after  twenty-four  hours  of  skimming,  it  yields  less  than  10  per  cent,  of  cream, 
aecording  to  Chevalier's  ereamometer,  at  a  temperature  of  10=-15^  Celsius. 

(e)  All  milk  which  is  intentionally  altered  by  the  owner  to  tlie  prejudice  of  the  asso- 
ciation (skimmed,  watered,  &c.)  is  considered  adulterated.  If  adulteration  is  proved, 
the  furnisher  has  for  the  lirst  oU'ense  to  pay  a  stipulated  line  of  100  marks,  and  in  case 
of  repetition  is  to  be  expelled  from  the  association.  Should  there  be  any  suspii-jon  of 
adulteration  of  milk,  the  superintendent  is  to  examine  into  <he  matter,  and  if  necessary 
to  cause  a  chemical  investigation  of  the  milk.  He  has  also  the  right  at  any  time  to  have 
the  cows  of  the  milk  furnisher  milked  in  order  to  compare  the  milk  obtained  in  his  pres- 
ence with  the  milk  furnish^!. 

8.  The  association  is  to  conduct  its  business  independently  with  e(iual  rights  to  all  its 
members.     Its  directors  are  the  executive  committee  and  the  general  assembly. 

9.  The  committee  consists  of  the  superintendent  of  the  association,  a  vicesuperiu- 
tendcnt,  an  accountant,  and  two  inspectors.  The  general  assembly  holds  two  separate 
elections  annually,  at  the  first  of  which  the  superintendent,  and  at  the  secimd  the  other 
four  members  arecho.sen.     These  ollicers  are  eligible  for  re-election. 

10.  The  committee  distribute  the  ))usincss  among  its  membia-s  according  to  its  own 
judgment.     The  vici-supcriulcndcnt  and  the  accountant  are  to  be  chosen  from  iimoii;,' 

i<^s  members.  . ,    r.     ..,      x- 

11.  The  committee  is  responsible  to  the  general  a-saembly  lor  its  action.  Its  members 
are  personally  answerable  for  all  losses  resulting  from  negligence  or  malfea-sance,  and 
may  for  this  reason  be  released  from  their  duties  at  any  time. 

12.  The  execulive  commit  tee  assembles  asoften  as  the  superintendent  fiitdsitnece8.sivry, 
or  upon  the  request  ol'  two  of  its  members. 

13.  The  business  of  the  executive  committee  is:  (a)  The  discharge  of  ciiriTiit  Inisi- 
ness;  (b)  the  arrangement  and  care  of  the  books;  (c)  the  directing  and  paying  of  the 
cheese-maker  and  all  hands  rcijuircd  in  the  business;  ((/)  the  purchase  of  the  necessary 
fuel  and  other  articles  required  in  the  dairy;  (<■)  the  rendering  of  the  yearly  accouuta 
and  the  taking  of  the  inventory. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


693 


liui  tkeir  payment 


ts  busiueaa. 


It  fiit(lsitnece8.siiry, 


14.  To  form  a  quorum  of  the  executive  committee  the  presence  of  at  least  three  mem- 
bers is  required.  In  case  of  a  tie  the  president  has  the  c.i.;ting  vote.  Every  subject  of 
discusi«ion  must,  if  two  members  of  the  committee  desire,  be  laid  belbre  the  general 
as-sembly  for  decision,  and  in  this  case  a  special  meeting  of  the  general  assembly  is  to  be 
called.     The  proceedings  of  the  committee  are  to  be  recorded. 

If).  The  executive  committee  represents  the  association  in  all  legal  proceedings,  and 
signs  tor  it.  The  signature  is  valid  in  the  name  of  the  superintendent  or  the  vice- 
superintemlent  and  one  other  meml)er  of  the  executive  committee  under  the  title  of  the 
n-ssociation.  The  legitimation  of  the  executive  committee  is  made  by  a  certified  extract 
from  the  record  of  its  election  and  that  of  the  vice-superintendent. 

l(i.  The  superintendent,  iuaddilion  totheotherduttesimposediipon  himby  the  orders 
of  the  executive  committee  and  the  general  assembly,  is  required:  (a)  To  issue  calls  for 
the  meetings  of  the  committee  and  general  assembly,  to  preside  over  the  same,  and  to 
take  care  that  the  resolutions  there  adopted  are  carried  out  to  the  letter;  (/))  to  have  an 
oversight  of  the  buildings  and  all  movable  eflecta  belonging  to  the  association,  which 
he,  according  to  the  inventory,  has  under  his  charge;  (e)  to  order  as  often  as  possible 
examinations  of  the  milk,  to  watch  over  the  employes,  and  to  hold  at  least  once  a  year 
a  special  revision  of  the  accounts;  ((/)  to  announce  immediately  to  the  committee  any 
irregularity  in  the  books  or  business  in  order  that  measures  may  be  taken  tending  to 
the  safety  and  surety  of  the  association. 

17.  The  accountant,  who  at  the  same  time  acts  as  bookkeeper,  if  the  committee  does 
not  decide  otherwise,  has  charge  of  all  the  funds  of  the  association  and  keeps  the  books  as 
to  income  and  outlay  accord-ug  to  his  acquaintance  with  the  business.  Paymen*sfrom  the 
treasury  of  the  company  can  only  be  made  by  v^Titten  order  from  the  superintendent  or 
the  vice-superintendent  and  some  other  memb^.  of  the  committee.  He  must  allow  at 
any  time  n  revision  of  books  to  be  made  by  the  superintendent. 

18.  The  call  tor  the  general  assembly,  which  has  the  linal  decision  in  all  the  affairs 
of  the  company,  and  which  is  issued  by  the  superintendent,  must  be  made  ia  writing, 
and  not  later  than  three  days  before  the  holding  of  the  same,  with  mention  of  the  matters 
to  be  discussed. 

1!).  The  regular  general  assembly,  at  which  the  yearly  accounts  are  to  be  rendered, 
with  a  reportof  the  examination  of  the  same,  as  well  as  the  election  of  the  new  committee 
and  the  auditors  of  accounts  must  take  place  not  later  than  the  end  of  February  in  each 
year.  Special  general  assembliescan,  in  cases  of  emergency,  be  called  in  at  any  time;  the 
superintendent  is  obliged  to  call  them  if  the  committee  decides,  or  if  a  third  of  the 
members  propose  it,  with  a  written  statement  of  the  su'  Y-cts  to  be  discussed. 

20.  At  the  elections  each  member  has  one  vote,  and  it  is  :.,)t  transferable.  The  elec- 
tion of  officers,  as  well  as  the  votes  on  receiving  or  excluding  members,  must  be  done 
by  written  ballots.  On  any  other  (juestions  members  may  vote  by  rising  from  their 
seiits,  or  remaining  seated,  provid'Hl  that  the  general  assembly  may  at  any  time  decide 
upon  another  mode  of  voting. 

•21.  Besides  the  cases  mentioned  in  section  'S:i  the  general  assembly  is  at  any  time 
cualilied  to  decide  whether  the  call  has  been  regularly  issued,  with  a  mention  of  the 
subjects  to  be  discussed. 

•2-1.  Decisions  are  binding  for  all  members  of  the  association,  if  they  are  taken  by  vote 
of  a  plurality  of  members  present.     In  case  of  a  tie,  the  vote  of  the  president  decides. 

'i;5.  The  general  a.sserubly  has  the  right  to  withdraw  the  privilejje  of  presiding  officer 
from  the  superintendent  on  any  proposition  brought  belbre  it,  and  to  offer  that  privilege 
to  any  other  member  of  the  association. 

24.  Minutes  are  to  bo  kept  of  all  decisions,  and  these  minutes,  after  having  been  read 
and  adopted,  are  to  be  signed  by  all  the  members  of  the  executive  committee. 

25.  All  sui)iects  not  expressly  appertaining  to  the  executive  committee  must  be  sub- 
mi  tied  to  the  decision  of  the  general  a.sseml)ly. 

20.  The  necessary  funds  for  carrying  out  the  objects  (?  1)  of  the  association  are  to  be 
raised  (1)  by  admission  fees,  (2)  by  mortgage,  (o)  by  lines  and  other  payments. 

27.  The  fiscal  year  is  identical  with  the  calendar  year.  At  the  end  of  the  year  the 
committee  shall  settle  its  accounts  and  take  an  inventory.  The  balanced  account  for 
the  year  is  to  be  forwarded  for  examination  to  the  auditors  of  accounts  not  later  than 
the  end  of  January,  and  is  to  be  placed  before  the  regular  general  assembly  not  later 
tliii!'.  the  end  of  February  with  a  report  of  the  results. 

:a.  'Ji'j  yearly  account  must  include:  (1)  All  income  and  outlays;  (2)  a  special  ac- 
count showing  i)rofit  and  loss;  (3)  the  balance  showing  the  assets  of  the  association  at 
thef 'jritj  of  tlie  year. 

In  tiio  latter  are  to  be  mentioned,  under  artin'cnpitdl:  (1)  the  condition  of  the  Treas- 
ury in  ready  money;  (2)  the  securities  actually  in  hand  (juoted  at  their  market  value; 
(li)  money  collectible  except  that  not  bearing  interest  and  that  of  whiih  the  probable 
value  cannot  be  estiioatet'  with  any  certiiiuty;  (•!)  the  actual  dairy  products  and  other 


iUl 


M 


V    ■■ 


I      l! 


694 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


stores  ac(;cr(ling  to  the  price  of  the  day;  (5)  all  other  movable  effects,  with  a  statement 
of  their  value  alter  dediictinji:  at  least  Ti  per  cent.  I'or  wear  and  tear;  ((!)  all  lixturcsac 
cording  to  their  cost  (i)rovi(hHl  the  general  assembly  does  not  decide  otherwise);  (7)  nil 
interest-bearing  debts  only  collectil)le  in  the  next  year's  accounts. 

J'timve  cnpi/<if.— (l)  The  menil)er.s'  shares  in  the  l)U.Hine,ss;  C^)  the  reserve-fund-  f'j\ 
debts  on  capital ;  (1)  unpaid  l)ills;  (,->)  expenses  yet  due  and  unpaid  (income,  waces  of 
hands,  &c.);  ((i)  interest  yet  due,  butm)tpayab'    before  the  next  year's  account  reclc 
oned  to  the  end  of  the  year.  ' 

The  surplus  of  the  active  over  the  passive  capital  constitutes  the  net  profit  the  sur 
plus  of  the  jtassive  over  the  active  the  net  loss.  ' 

29.  Any  possible  loss  is  covered  by  deduction  from  the  reserve-fund.  Should  the  lat- 
ter  not  prove  sullicient,  then  the  members  are  to  bear  the  deficiency  in  proportion  to  the 
mea.sures  of  milk  delivered  during  the  year  passed  and  to  pay  in  tiie  amount  iu  ca-sh 

30.  The  prolits  are  to  be  applied  as  follows:  ( 1 )  A  sum  in  marks  equal  to  the  nuiaberof 
hectoliters  of  milk  delivered  to  the  dairy  during  the  previous  year  shall  be  applied  to 
cancelling  l)orrowcd  capital  and  to  tlie  formation  of  a  reserve-fund;  {'2)  the  remainder 
shall  !>e  distributed  among  tlu!  members  pro  rata,  according  to  the  quantity  of  milk  de 
livered;  (3)  wlien  all  capital  debts  shall  have  been  \r,m\  and  when  the  reserve  fund 
shall  have  attained  the  amount  of  1,500  marks  the  net  gain  shall  be  distributed  to  ths 
members  ])ro  rata  as  above  mentioned.  t 

:n.  In  order  to  prevent  a  loss  in  the  yearly  accounts,  milk  should  not  be  paid  for  hii'lipr 
than  at  8  pfennig  per  liter.  *" 

32.  In  voting  upon  amendments  to  the  statutes  or  the  enacting  of  new  ones  as  woll 
!!3  upon  a  dissolution  of  memljership,  the  presence  of  at  least  two-thirds  of  all  the  niem 
bers  is  necessary  iu  Ihe  general  assembly,  and  at  least  tbur-lifths  of  those  present  mnsfc 
vote  alUrmatively  to  render  such  action  valid.  W  the  dissolution  of  membership  is  de 
cided  ui)nn,  then  the  property  remaining  on  hand  after  deducting  the  debts  willbo 
paid  over  to  the  members  in  i)roportion  to  the  ((uantities  of  milk  delivered  by  each 
memlier  to  tlie  dairy  during  the  last  two  years.  The  same  rule  isapp'icable  to  themv- 
ment  of  debts.     The  li(iuidators  are  to  be  chosen  by  the  (Jeneral  Assembly. 

33.  All  disputes  concerning  decisions  under  these  as  well  as  future  statutes  of  tlio 
association  shall  be  acted  upon  by  the  general  assembly.  No  member  is  allowed  to 
waive  this,  and  the  law  hits  no  voice  therein. 

34.  All  i)ub:icatioiis  of  the  Association  shall  be  made  in  its  firm  name  and  over  the 
signature  of  the  superintendent,  in  the  newspajjer  puldi>hed  at  Heidenheim  entitled 
the  "tJrenzboten,"  aLso  in  tlie  Wiirttemberg  Weekly  .Journal  for  Agriculture.' 

33.  In  questions  not  provided  for  by  these  statutes,  the  German  Association  law  shill 
decide. 


TRANSPORT  OF  CATTLE. 

REPORT  PREPARED  FOR  CO-WSUL  .S7/.I  II',  OF  MAycilESTER,    BV  MR. 

UKTCniX,  ENGLAND. 


JAMES  LONG.  OF 


Inciuiries  under  this  head  have  been  made  of  every  firm  of  .shippers  to  America  ia 
England,  but  the  great  majority  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  transport  of  live-stock 
Particulars,  however,  have  been  obtained  fioni  some  linns  which  will  W.  found  of  coal 
siderable  value,  Imt  it  appears  that  the  general  anangenient.s  of  ijtting  stalls  feedin" 
cartage,  and  minor  matters  are  usually  left  to  and  made  by  independent  persons  of  wJionT 
80  far  as  can  be  learned,  only  one,  Air.  Sherlock,  of  !)  Cunning  Place,  Liverpool,  is  re"iil 
larly  engaged  in  the  business  and  able  to  give  specific  information.  There  are  otricr 
persons  who  undertake  this  work  but  only  iu  a  visual  way,  as  they  mav  be  emploveil 
by  breeders,  or  dei'lers  in  cattle  in  their  piuticular  districts.  Somepcisons  make  their 
own  arrangements  and  send  stock  men  across  the  Atlantic  whom  tliev  Jiavo  themsehcg 
.selected  for  the  work.  Mr.  Sherlock's  particulars,  however,  will  be  tound  most  valua- 
ble, and  the  account  he  annexes  will  be  a  good  guide  to  intending  sliipju'is.  'There  is 
not  always  the  nece<sity  lor  engaging  any  particular  firm  unless  the  number  of  animals 
to  be  sent  is  large:  for  if  the  i'.ritisli  exporter  is  an  intelligent  and  carcl'iil  man  be  can 
surely  be  trusted  to  manage  this  without  the  additional  expense  of  an  aueiK-y. 

The  writer  has  himself  cxporte<i  to  America  and  found  little  or  no  diliiciilty  in  the 
matter.  Communication  was  made  with  llie  Khipi)iiig  firm  who  forwarded  information 
as  to  the  time  when  the  ciittle  were  to  arrive  and  where  they  were  to  lie  sent.  Tiiey 
were  fitted  with  spe-ially-mude  halters,  insured,  and  victualed  with  an  ample  qnantitV 
of  food.  They  were  then  met  at  the  station,  conducted  to  the  ves.sel,  and  placed  under 
the  care  of  one  of  the  men  on  board  who  was  allowed  for  the  purpose  and  used  to  tha 
work.     In  such  a  case  the  vessel  is  watched  from  the  other  side,  and  the  animals  taken 


III 


SUPPLEMENT. 


695 


the  net  profit,  tlie  sur- 


MR.  JAMKSLONG,  OP 


chargo  of  by  the  purchasers  immediately  upon  arrival,  quarantine  of  course  not  being 

"tIic  Cunard  Company  (Limited),  of  Liverpool,  furnish  the  following  particulars:  Ship- 
pers of  liritish  cattle  to  America  should  be  careful  to  select  the  lariiieHt  type  of  vessel, 
Ivitli  higli  'tween  decks  and  >;"«d  speed.  The  animals  should  be  berthed  on  the  main 
deiU  under  a  spar-deck  (never  exposed  to  the  weather),  where  there  is  a  certainty  of  ven- 
tilation. The  owner's  own  servants  take  the  care  and  management  on  the  voyage  and 
providing  the  food.  The  ship  linds  liitings  and  water.  The  cost  of  the  freight  will  de- 
pend «i)ou  the  seas(m  of  the  year,  as,  according  to  the  Hritisli  passenger  acts,  the  number 
of  steerage  passengers  in  the  vessel  is  limited  by  the  numl)er  of  cattle  carried.  Up  to 
March  and  after  July  freight  can  be  obtained  at  a  cost  of  from  £.S  Ht.  to  ,C12  12,>t.  per 
head,  according  to  the  numt)er.  Shipment  is  generally  effected  by  the  animals  walking 
on  board  (which  is  a  great  advantage  over  being  slung),  and  the  discharge  in  the  same 
way.  The  trade  is  greatly  hampered  by  the  enforcement  of  quarantine  by  the  Ameri- 
can Govennuent  on  healthy  and  unhealthy  animals  alike. 

Messrs.  tieorge  Warren  it  Co.,  of  Alexandra  IJuildnigs,  James  street,  Liverpool,  state: 
The  freight  on  horned  cattle  from  Liverpool  to  IJostoii  ranges  from  ,£:?  to  £5  per  head, 
according  to  the  number  shinped.  For  single  beast  of  high  value  ,t  10  lO.t.  has  been  paid, 
the  .shipper  faiking  all  risks  of  the  voyage.  The  fittings,  Ibod,  and  attendance  are  found 
by  the  shipper,  and  therelbre  we  cannot  give  you  any  information  on  this  point,  but  we 
would  refer  yoiv  to  M.  Sherlock,  esq..  Canning  Place,  Liverpool,  who  has  frequently 
shii)ped  sheep,  cattle,  and  horses. 

Mr.  Sherlock  has  furnished  the  following  information:  I  have  thought  it  best  to 
give  a  memorandum  showing  the  expenses  incurred  on  .shipment  of  two  horses  in 
May,  1HH.5.  1  have  discarded  odd  money,  l)ut  have  given  sullicieut  in  order  to  enable  one 
to  gather  some  information.  I  have  been  shii)ping  cattle,  horses,  cows,  and  sheep  for 
over  twenty  years.  I  shipped  three  or  four  herds  of  (tuernseys,  some  valuable  horses, 
and  two  lots  of  sheep  lately;  and  with  my  experience,  theretbre,  I  am  in  a  position  to 
give  considerable  iiitbrmati'on.  Jly  greate-tt  feat  was  the  purchase  and  shipment  of 
sheep  in  1 88:3,  iissisted  by  a  reti  red  larmer.  We  selected  thirty-seven  rams  of  six  different 
breeds,  and  shipped  them.  This  year,  188 1,  we  purchased  ninety-nine  ewes  for  the  same 
parties,  viz,  "the  Massachusetts  Association  for  Promoting  Agriculture,"  and  they  were 
so  pleased  with  what  we  had  <lone  that  they  sent  me  a  very  handsome  present. 

The  insurance  against  the  total  loss  of  the  steamer  is  trilling— same  rate  as  on  ordinary 
j,oo,ls_i)nt  against  accident,  either  in  shipping,  on  board,  or  on  landing,  it  runs  very 
high,  sometimes  as  high  ivs  10  or  15  guineas  per  cent.  We  have  always  victualed  for 
twenty-tive  or  twenty-eight  days,  according  to  the  sesuson  of  the  year.  Such  may  seem 
absurd,  but  it  is  on  the  safe  side.  Cattle  steamers  coming  to  l^irope  have  nearly  always 
something  on  board  upon  which  they  can  fall  back,  such  as  grtiin,  Indian  corn.  Hour,  &c., 
))iit  outwards  there  is  nothing  of  the  kind. 

Again,  as  to  the  man  in  charge  of  the  animals,  we  have  two  or  three  first-class  men, 
men  who  are  constantly  crossing  with  cattle,  and  they  freciuenMy  call  in  to  know  if  we 
have  anything  going.  These  men,  being  good  sailors,  do  not  suffer  from  sea-sickness, 
and  consequentv  can  always  be  at  their  post.  Five  pounds  is  the  general  payment.  I 
find  wedisburso'd  nearly  i.700  lor  the  last  lotof  sheep— ewes.  I  have  only  lost  one  horse— 
a  large,  heavy  stallion — which,  however,  was  no  fault  of  iiiiue,  as  he  wasof  a  fretful  tem- 
perament, and  very  shortly  after  a  gale  of  wind  sprung  up  he  died.  The  following  is  the 
memorandum  above  relerredto; 

Expcvmv-  of  I  he  i:hipm€Hl  of  two  hoi-msi  in  Jfaij,  \H8'^. 

Freight  out,  1 10  IO.m.  each - ---  21     0 

(iroom's  pabsage -• '*    " 

Victuals  for  twenty-five  days:  732  pounds  hay,  108  pounds  straw,  2  sacks  saw- 
dust, andsacks - --  4    0 

;',(I0  pounds  CTUsl'od  oats,  200  pounds  bran,  10  pounds  linseed,  sacks  &c 3    0 

Cabbage,  carrots,  and  turnips,  or  roots... 10 

Ironmongery;  Fork,  bucket,  scraper,  basket,  comb  and  lirush,  &c 15 

Stalls,  vrrv  strong,  padded,  with  mangers,  &v. «''    5 

Slings,  extra  strong --■ "  1^' 

Leather  halters  and  ropes ._    ._ 10 

Incidental  expenses:  Livery  stables,  grooiu's  board  and  lodging,  men  leading  to 
•^tables,  and  next  day  to  steamer  ( i  miles),  cartage,  porterage,  provender  to  the 

dock,  men  at  steamer  assisting  in  sliipping,  &c —   _ 3  10 

Consular  invoices  (breeding  purposes),  ;").<.,  say;  consularfee,  15s -- -  .  1     0 

Entry  at  customs,  dues,  bills  of  ladin^^  and  insurance  (against  total  loss  of  ship 

oniv.  and  not  against  accident) _ 1     0 

Agencv:  Attendances,  fixing  steamer,  and  ireight  at  dock,  and  stalls,  superintend- 
ing shipment,  early  oil  late,  Ircmi ..£3  3a  to  4    4 


<Ai 


696 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Messrs.  I-linii,  Main  &  MoutKomery,  tlio  inanagii.K  <lirector.s  of  tlic  MissiNsinni  «n, 
Domlm,,nSU"aM.sh>pt^,„,pany(Linut.Ml),<,^rarvevl!uild.nK^  24  James  Rtro^^^^^^^ 
8  ate  that  tl.0  rate  oClreisht  averages  (h.m  lour  to  live  ,.oum Is  l.er  1  .a.l,  wh tii^'K'' 
the  co.st  of  the  «UU)s  and  lit  lings  ns.Ml  on  the  stean,,!  an.l  the  suppi;  o  Zsl"  wu '' 
«lur,n«tbo  voyage.     Fo.l.lcran.f  attendance  arc  provide,!  I.y  the  Hhipp'-r.  un.l  u>ua,Z': 


is  allowed  Ave  lb,  every  :25  cattle.     A«  to,,,stoi- n.aint.Mmneo  dndngVhe  vo^;;;^''!;,^ 

•e  any  certain  information.     The  loss  fronrn'iortujit, 


1  luin,  Ma-.n  A:  (,o.  are  unable  to  give  any  .c. u..,.  ..u... uuiuon.  i ne  loss  jrom  mort.m 
by  thw  TOmpany'H  ve.sse  s  is  very  sligh,.  o„t  of  l,;M;t  hca.l  <.f  prize  breedi.  "S"  f 
rmd  to  (iuebe...  during  the  summer  of  lHs:i,  only  4  die.l,  and  during  the  wi  Her  1  k" 
they  have  been  earned  with  equal  succes-s.  ""•nths 

The  stalls  are  placed  on  the  maiiu  steerage  decks.     Their  averaire  size  is   (hr  „    •    , 
horse  8  feet  by  4  feet  such  stalls  being  always  padded.     Cattle^d     a n'   o,     r^f  ^ 
80    hat  each  shall  hol.l  two  animals,  and  their  size  is  usually  8  leet  by  ,d,o  i  T    I 
niches.     These  are  the  onlmary  sizes,  but  special  arrangements  can  bo  ^  i .  h     ' 

the  stalls  arrange.1  for  any  particular  lot,  as  shippers  may  desire.     For  shipp  .t    '  ^'r:*' 
company  s  l.ne.  or  ,n  li.ct  by  most  of  the  Atlantic  lines,  the  AlexaudriaS "u  fon t 
the  London  and  Nortnwestern  Railway  Company  is  the  most  eouvenien     „„"?»? 
should  be  .sent  lorward  the  day  previous  to  the  ship's  sailing  date.  '  ^"'' 

Note.— For  convenience  wherever  pounds,  shillings,  and  pence  occur  the  noun.l.  n, 
be  reckoned  at  |i5,  the  shillings  at  25  cents,  and  the  pence  at  2  cents.  ^  """^ 


BRITISH  CATTLE  MARKETS.* 

REPORT  BV  COySUL  RYDER,  UF  COPENHAGEN. 

The  attention  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  Denmark  having  freouentlv  h„ 
called  by  many  of  the  district  members  to  the  grt-at  want  felt  bythe  a-r  Sr.lci  '^^ 
for  lull  and  trus  worthy  inlorn.ution  on  this  subject,  it  was  (letern.ine,  by  £',  T;^' 
in  the  course  o  last  year  to  ;send  over  a  duly  qual.lled  expert  to  examine  c  otfr  ' 
the  workings  of  the  i^nglish  markets,  as  well  as  into  the\.eneral  re  n  ^  ^Rilof  f 
trade  and  the  results  of  this  onicial'.s  investigation  have  now  been  n  2  ,r£.  '' 
beneht  and  guidance  of  the  agricultural  community.  '        '^  ''"^  "'*' 

In  furtherance  of  the  objects  in  view  two  market  places  in  London,  two  in  \Vw,..,=fi 
and  one  m  Edinburgh  and  (Hi.sgow  were  visited,  and  it  is  remarked  i,r°heontri^^^^^^ 
much  truth  that  n.  order  to  obtain  a  proper  insight  and  become  fu ll^a     u°int         ' 
the  systems  ol  these  markets,  to  which  are  forwarded  a  large  nun.b.T  ofS  eo  ."7^ 
erable  money  value  from  this  country,  itwas  tirst  of  all  felt  to  be  ol'  p    marv  h.^lS^ 
to  seek  lor  lull  inlormat ion  regarding  the  dillerent  clas.ses  of  eustom'ers  a?  hS" irZ 
and  the  .leman.ls  ma<le  by  them,  as  constituting  one  of  the  e.sseutial  points  oriuvestij 

At  Newcastle  the  markets  were  found  to  be  held  on  Mondays  and  Tuesdavs  of  phoK 
week,  on  the  lirst  day  the  market  '..eing  held  in  the  cattle  stalls;  on  the  Sn,I  in  ? 
open  market  place.     On  tiie  Monday  the  buyers  were  traders  Iron,  disMnf  nK         ^■'" 
irom  Manchester,  York.  Leeds,  from  t;,e  lufrders  ,,f  Scotland   ^d  even^^f^o^^^ 
From  Manchester,  wlii..h  has  a  .attle  tia.le  <,i' e,ual  in.pon  n'°  Ls  Lon  ircJre  tZ 
largi^t  number  ot  buyers:  ^^hol,.sale  <lealers  wlu,  purchase  in  lar.^e  l.)ts  , lev^V  |?.rt,  '' 
a  ra.hvay-wagon  load,  and,  as  a  general  rale,  nearly  half  the  ca    IHs    on  h  V, 'T' n  '^ 
trade  center.     Though  Manchcs,...-,  ih.m  i,s  na^:u■L  posit^UI^  Li"^  '  2    i  P^  'j!' 
ee.vingport  of  the  Initcd  .^t.,(,.s  i,„p<.rts,  this  market  ,.f  Xeweastle    s   i\,  ys    Sm! 
in  luenced  aeconl.Mg  to  (he  extent  of  (he  .Anuriea.i  imi^orts      ( ,„  ,I„.  T  S',    on    i 
other  hand,  the  „,ark..(  is  genemUy  atten.led  by  the  local  but.hers,  a  '  a!s  "by  t    '    "t  f 
ers  irom  the  neighboring  (ovmis  n,  tins  (hi.-kly  popniale.l  disfri.t      Tuesdav  ,  ny  tl    s 
be  regarded  asa  day  ol  retail  (rade,  inasnnuh  as  each  bu«.her  only  buvs  a    minle  . 
niost  (roms.x  to  eight  head;  l,nl  ,.„  this  day  (here  is  generally  u  veiAM.ris],,  J;    ' ' 
nnn,bcr  ol  b,-.nsts  are  disposed  „f.      Finally,  there  is  a  third  class  of  buyers     nVtul 
are.noreuncer  ain  in  (heir  .lealings,  namely,  the  traders  from  l,..nd..i.   so  ;all  •  I  e  v« 
butchers,  who  look  our  (or  the  large  and  coarser  kinds  of  animals,  to  sell  tl   s        J.H^^ 
the  great  sausage  niaiiuliieturers.  '  ''«'"" '" 

In  comparison  with  Newcastle  the  London  market  ranks  ,,oorly  in  regard  to  the  nuiii- 
bersolcustomei>,iorthel)an,shea.tle.      Theehief  luiyer.  ,n  Ihis  liK.rketaiv  tl  e  v  1, ,  II  ■ 
hutehers  iron,  (he  wes(en,  part  ..(  (he  ..(y,  (he  Whi-echapel  biKehers,  who  bay  ,        h 
amount  ol  these  cattle,  one  individual  taking  a(  times  fro  n  one  liund re.l  to  one      n  Ir 
and  twenty  I.ea.l  in  the  week.     71,ese  pinehase  the  infenor,  large-horned       n 
aMhejameJime_  require  th.ni  to  be  of  a  i.erle.tly  souml  condition.     They  p„rdia"e 

■■'•Rcpubli'died  from  Consular  I'eports  No.  5:5.  ' 


f^tmtiimmnmmm«lmt . ' 


SUPPLEMENT. 


697 


chiefly  for  the  Jewish  iwpulation,  who  buy  the  forequarters,  whilst  the  hiiKlquartera 
are  sold  in  the  meat  markets. 

Another  class  of  customers  are  the  country  butchers  from  Kent.  These  buy  the  large 
animals  of  bast  quality,  especially  young  and  fat  heifers.  .  Individually  they  do  not  buy 
in  lave  (;uantities,  but  still  the  uumber  sold  to  them  on  the  whole  is  far  from  inconsid- 
erable! The  third  class  of  London  customers  are  the  large  maat  contractors  lor  the  arnjy 
and  navy  services,  the  hospitals,  &c.  These  are,  however,  a  class  of  buyers  of  very  un- 
certain nature,  inasmuch  an  they  can  often  remain  away  for  a  lengthened  per'od  of  time; 
l)iit  then  when  they  do  make  their  appearance  they  can  purcha.se  on  a  very  extensive 
scale;  frequently  a  couple  of  thousand  head,  one  individual  contractor  having  been 
known  to  purchase  twenty-two  hundred  beasts  in  the  course  of  two  days.  They  are,  in 
conse(iuence,  held  in  diead  by  the  other  classes  of  customers,  whilsi,  they  are,  on  the 
other  hand,  most  heartily  welcomed  by  the  commission  agents.  This  class  of  custom- 
ers as  a  rule  conline  their  purchases  to  l)easts  of  somewhat  inferior  description.  Finally 
a  Iburtii  class  is  to  be  found  in  the  retail  butchers,  of  which  there  are  a  largo  number; 
but  these,  unfortunately,  it  would  seem,  are,  with  great  dilliculty,  reached  by  the  im- 
porters of  Danish  cattle.  They  dwell  chielly  in  the  eastern  (luarters  of  the  town,  and 
only  buy  unimals  of  best  quality,  but,  as  belbre  said,  they  are  very  dilHcult  to  approach, 
and  when  they  do  come  to  our  agents  they  only  buy  of  the  very  best,  and,  on  the 
whole,  do  not  seem  to  favor  our  cattle,  but  preier  keeping  themselves  to  their  home 
breeds. 

To  the  market  of  Edinburgh,  or,  one  should  rather  say,  Leith,  which  is  the  port  of 
entry,  and  suburbs  of  that  city,  comparatively  few,  and  all  lean,  cattle  are  sent  from 
this  country,  and  it  may  be  said  that  this  market  has  never  met  with  much  success. 
The  trade  is  here,  for  the  greater  part,  carried  on  at  public  auction,  held  in  a  large  build- 
ing belonging  to  the  commission  agents,  who  are  mostly  moneyed  men  and  few  in  num- 
ber and  the  market  would  almost  appear  to  be  greatly  ruled  by  some  of  the  leading 
men. 

The  system  of  auction  may  undoubtedly  be  equally  •■ ,  a<lvantageous  as  that  of  selling 
by  lots,  nevertlieless  it  is  the  general  opinion  that  the  prices  in  the  Edinburgh  market 
were  more  lluctuating  than  in  the  others.  Both  in  the  Newcastle  and  London  markets 
the  supplies  have  increased  enormously  in  the  last  ten  or  eleven  years.  In  the  year  1872 
there  were  imported  into  Newcastle  (rom  foreign  lands  90  head  of  cattle;  in  1878,  28,9!)0 
head;  in  1880,  5r>,H00  head,  and  in  188;$,  10 1,;{00  head.  It  cannot  therefore  be  a  matter 
of  surprise  that  under  so  rapid  developmi>nt  a  system  of  conducting  the  trade  should 
have  arisen  which  should  not  be  allowed  to  e.xist. 

Several  bad  customs  have  crept  in  which  are  now  difKcult  to  combat,  but  which  may 
ultimately  prove  of  serious  detriment  to  the  trade  unles-s  a  firm  stand  is  taken  in  time 
against  them.  For  example,  it  is  now  of  very  common  occurrence  that  the  commission 
agent,  so  as  not  to  cause  dissatisiaction  to  his  constituents  when  he  has  made  sales  at 
low  prices,  is  in  the  habit  of  adding  to  the  price  at  his  own  cost,  whilst  on  the  other 
bpud  he  makes  a  deduction  from  the  prices  obtained  when  he  hiis  succeeded  in  effecting 
sales  at  unusually  lavorable  rates.  Again,  these  agents  treciuently  have  their  subagents 
in  the  kingdom,  to  whom  they  make  a  pecuniary  return  for  each  animal  which  is  for- 
warded to  them  through  their  inlluence,  and  which  muut  in  the  long  run  come  out  of 
the  pockets  of  the  farmers.  Aiiother  objectionable  practice  is  that  of  long  credits  too 
often  given  by  the  commission  agents  in  order  to  secure  customers,  but  which  can  at 
times  be  the  means  of  entailing  loss  to  the  farming  classes  at  home;  and  again,  the  large 
advances  which  are  also  freinuiitly  made  by  these  agents  to  cattle  dealers  in  the  king- 
dom (the  middle  men)  are  likewise  the  means  of  creating  an  amount  of  uncertainty  iu 
the  trade.  These  large  advances  too  often  lead  to  extensive  speculations  being  carrieil 
on,  which  in  a  great  measure  place  the  farming  classes  at  the  mercy  of  these  traders. 
These  middle  men  again  are  also  too  often  in  intimate  connection  with  the  forwarding 
steam  company's  agent. 

All  these  excrcscencies  only  tend  to  injure  the  vitality  of  the  trade,  and  in  all  prob- 
ability the  only  correction  against  such  .ibuses  will  be  found  in  "combinations "  by  the 
iiirming  i)opulation  to  protect  their  interests,  as  also  by  transacting  their  business  with 
a;ients  of  their  own  choice. 

.\iiothcr  great  fivctor  in  regulating  the  state  of  the  English  markets  is  to  be  found  iu 
the  (lill'erent  relations  with  our  competitors  in  the  trade.  Thenatureof  this  competition 
is  to  be  seeu  from  the  imports  from  the  different  countries.  Thus  the  imports  from  Den- 
mark which  in  1874,;were  20,  -OO  head  of  cattle,  in  1883  had  reached  uptoll!»,;50(»head, 
while  the  exports  from  France  are  very  inconsiderable,  amounting  yearly  only  to  about 
.'!,0()0  to  1,000  head.  But  owing  to  the  outbreak  of  the  cattle  plague  the  imports  from 
this  quarter  have  been  completely  stopped.  From  Schleswig-Holstein  the  exports  were 
gradually  on  the  increase  until  1876,  when  they  had  obtained  the  number  of  51,000 
head,  but  now  that  cattle  from  thciio  places  are  required  to  be  slaughtered  at  Deptford, 
the  exports  have  continued  to  decline  so  that  in  1883  these  exports  amounted  to  only 


"M, 


i 


698 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


28,000  heml.     Ifolland,  also,  like  tlio  two  ))erorn-meiitionod  countricH,  recoivel  ablow 
1877,  when  tho  Ireo  import  of  I  heir  live-stock  \v;n  also  icHtncted,  tiio  exports  IVoni  h'° 
country,  which  in  IH7(i,  uinounted  to  8U,()i)0  hoail,  l)eiii«  reduced  in  I88;i  t  >  call-  \\Z 
head;  but  on  the  other  hand  tho  imports  Ironi  Spain,  I'ortnual,  and  Sweden  hiv,.  u 
on  tho  increase,  and,  an  nu«ht  he  expected,  it  may  he  accepted  iwa  rnlethut  tho  esno? 
to  lOnKiand  from  all  those  ('ouii  i  ies  enjoyin-c  the  priviieno  of  Ireo  imjMirts  have  Ix,  n 
the  increase,  while  a  considerahlo  liillinj?  oil*  is  to  ho  noted  from  those  which  are  ni    "" 
under  tho  «lauKhter  regulations  atlho])orlof  import.     Of  thocountriesoutaidouil',,' 
it  )s  seen  that  the  exports  from  Canada,  which  (Irst  1.    k  its  (!oniinenuemcnt  in  1   -^- 
uboutiSOOanimaN,  in  1877  had  already  increased  (o7,(Wi»,  that  ii  hoHnowattaiuc.! 
(hivelopment  of  ',(),()()()  head.     From  tho  United  States,  while  tho  export  to  I 
]87J  was  also  only  about  iiOO  h(!ad,  these  have  likewise  iiKTeaaed  toaconsideralil, 
as  will  be  seen  from  the  followiu)^  tabular  smtoment,  viz: 


I'-tports. 


The  annual  imports  of  live-atock  into  Great  Britain  durinj?  tho  decade  of  1871  ls^'! 
have  l)een  increased  from  I'J.J.OOO  head  to  ;{(>7,()0(),  of  which  tho  United  States  of  AmMr 
ica  and  Canada  have  shippet  about  one-half  ami  Denmark  one-third. 

In  tho  imports  of  sheep  v.ermany  and  Holland  occupy  predominant  positions  thp- 
countries  exporting  annually  from  2()(),(M)()  to  :iO(),()(K)  to  tho  I'^njrlish  markets     Thi'o 
ports  from  Denmark  have  likewise  been  steadily  on  the  increase,  umonntinL'  in  the  '■^^l 
year  to  90,000  head.     The  sheep  tra<le,  in  opposition  to  that  of  horned  cattle  is  innni 
to  meet  with  moat  8ucce.s,s  at  the  Deptlord  market.  '  ' 

Of  the  fresh-mutton  trade  the  imjwrts  for  tho  past  five  years  were  as  follows,  viz- 


Countries. 


Ilolli.nd 

Nortli  America.. 

Australia 

Soiilli  America.. 
KuMsin 


IHHO. 


Cwt. 
87,500 


1881. 


Cwl. 
lU5,0(Xt 


1882. 


Civt. 

2(),(HI0 
87,200 


1883. 


Cwl. 
K't,  100 
tl.HK) 
1(X1,  CIKI 
0, l(N) 
■tlK)  ' 


iSH. 


Cwi. 

117,  so 

2l,2i«l 


Total I      87,800       108,000 


i«»,2w)|  •xn.im  \    :!4i),i(iii 


These  fi-jures  aflbrd  a  Rood  indication,  and  account  for  the  reduced  prices  of  this  irtii  I.. 
of  food.  Durin-  the  pa.st  year  especiallv  the  sheep  trade  has  been  8ul)i..ct  to  .Meit  .lo 
prea.siou,  owni-  to  the  largely  increased  imports  of  frozen  meat,  and,  uniortinntL'tv  f,,r 
the  sheep-owners  in  Kurope,  there  is  all  prospect  of  tho.se  imports  meetin"  w  ih  n.n.h 
greater  development  in  the  near  future.  "        '  '""'i' 

The  importation  of  fiesh  and  salt  ox  meat  can  date  its  commencement  from  tlie  Fnitcd 
States  of  America  in  187.->,  and  from  Canada  in  lH7(i,  the  exports  from  tho  latter  miiitrv 
in  the  year  18<{  havin.,'  reached  up  to  iM.OOO  cwt.  In  187.")  the  United  States  unlv  ex 
ported  ;{,00()  (iwt.,  in  1877  tiicse  had  already  increased  to  the  lari,'e  amount  of  4i;j(i(ii) 
cwt.,  and  in  the  tmbsequent  years  these  li.ive  furtlu-i  ucreased  as  Ibllows  viz-  In  187^ 
with  48:J,000  cwt.  -,  in  I87!>,  with  r,:>'J,m)  cwt. ;  in  1-s  ,,  with  7:1 1,01)0  cwt  '-  in  18S1  witll 
717.000  cwt. ;  in  \-i-i-2,  with  1 1(;,000  cwt.,  and  in  188;{,  with  7:{0,(K)0  cwt 

As  will  bo  ol)servetl  Ihiiii  these  tabulated  returns  a  considerable  decline  is  to  lie 
noted  in  theexportsfromtlio  United  Statesin  18S:>,  l)Oth()fliveHtockaswellassl:iU"literwl 
meat,  and  it  will  thni  ai)p  jar  tint  n)twit!istandiu'.;  its  Iar','e  supplies,  the  Unite  fstitcs 
have  not  yet  been  able  t)  bringdown  ))rice<,  like  as  in  tli'jgrain  market^  t)  sii-li  ,nv,int 
as  toexdudu  from  thu  markiiti  their  European  (•ompctitors;  but  rather  that  tlio  extent 
of  these  exports  is  more  dependent  upon  the  condition  oft  ho  homo  prices  in  our  countrv 
Thus,  f(>r  instance,  (Vom  187(!  to  1870— when  a  steady  redm-tion  in  meat  ))rices  was  felt 
in  the  United  States,  especially  i\>v  the  first  and  .second  class  (|nalities,  owin'.,'  in  a  iiie;is- 
ure  to  tho  diminished  home  ciinsamntioa  coiisniuenL  upon  the  unfavorable  eomlitioiKil' 
tho  working  cla.s.sei  in  tin;  Ibregoin,^ years  and  due  also  to  the  introduction  at  that  period 
of  the  short  horn  bull  breed  !br  cross i;';  |)arp(n.'s— a  large  increase  of  meat  prodiiets 
both  in  regard  to  (|uality  as  well  as  ([uantity  tiwk  i):ai-e,  which  led  to  the  rapid  devel- 
opment of  the  export  trade  in  tlio.se  years;  and  here  it  should  not  be  omitted  to  mentioa 


flUPPLEMENT. 


GbO 


■vm-  a,u(iooi    Mutm 


llUf: 


IH-      .VUH 

cattlti  loun- 


tjio  ui  devilopment  :i  Hie  rriHli-iiM at  trade  is  esHeutiully  due  to  tho  ^^rcat  iiU' 
.nitiU  li.iulo  i;  tlienuiliodMoiiiploycii  for  t  lie  iff  curriano  of  these  articles  over 
„4.ii  voyiiiic'*         lyu'r  ineooledconii)!!  "'    utM        thcHhipiH  now  UHcd  lor  the  full 

,^iviitioli  >~i  Ii  meat,  and  tliiM  huH  now  .1  bp  , -lit  t<>  sudi  points  of  perlcction 
tint  ulanuhtered  meat  tan  in  these  (lays  lio  lii.xight  in  sailing  'lipn  from  the  AiwtraliftQ 
,,,'|„„i,  ^    nd  delivered  to  the  i:n(?lish  marketH  in  excellent  eon.i      ,n. 

\  siiiliifii  pereeptible  deelint*  on  the  other  hand  heeoiues  appu\nit  in  the  .  xport*t  from 

■  United  States,  when  priet  <  at  the  elose  of  1W«1  atCliicano  and  throii;;h  the  llrst  half 

IHrtJ  met  with  an  advance  of  .wnio  4(1  to  1.')  per  eent.     n  the  letter  <iualities  of  meat, 
" )]\r\  ti)  the  loss  of  a  larj;e  number  of  aninials  in  scverui  uf  the  Xo'tliern  Htrites 
diiriH"  IIk'  i)ievioi.       severe  winter,  and  more  esi)eeially  to  the  enl  -.need  (       of  feei       ;, 
re.sultTl)'.';  iV'ini  the  had  cereal  crops  in  the  jirevious  year. 

The  (       f  elVc'  1  of  thi^  'u'^ely  diminished  supply  from  the  Uniterl  States  m 
1  corresiioiidin         '\f-t«-         n  to  incrt'asetl  supplies  from  other  exportm;' 
tries  80  that  ■  '  'l'"''^  y«^'""  was  found  to  take  part  in  the  exp  .it  of  slangL- 

tcriMi  ine:it  to  Ki  a<l  I'ho  imporUof  live  stock  into  England  from  Denmark,  an  will 
1)0  observed  llrom  i  iio  Icvfroing  tables,  Ikus  been  steatlily  and  largely  on  tho  increase,  ho 
i!n«  this  conntry  may  now  bo  considered  as  Uikinga  prominent  position  in  two  of  the 
,  ota.  During  tho  latter  years  n  much  larger  number  of  young  animals  have  been 
ivviiy  than  was  formerly  the  ease,  ami  atthn  sametimo  it  has  to  bo  noted  that  these 
iu>  i,ased  exports  will  be  found  mainly  due  to  tli«  larger  exports  of  cattle  in  lean  or  half 
lattened  condition.  In  fact,  it  may  be  stated  that  tho  great  change  which  has  been 
made  is  that  in  place  of  sending  their  cattle  as  in  former  years  to  the  marsh  lands  for 
fitteuing  jturposcs.  these  are  now  sent  to  England,  whilst  tho  exports  of  fattened  beasts 
liave  not  inerciused  to  any  extent  worth  mentioning.  IL  will  undoubtedly  seem  strange 
that  a  country  like  Denmark,  which  from  olden  times  htus  been  an  agricultural  and  cat- 
lle-raising  land,  I  '^  not  nuide  further  progress  in  the  liitteniug  branches,  whilst  the 
English  farmer,  >iu  these  tiims  subject  to  a  severe  competition  and  pressure,  only 
disposes  of  his  :  ils  when  in  luUy  fattened  condition,  and  which  he  must  tind  out 

without  doubt  is  must  to  his  advantage. 

The  fattened  beasts  sent  from  this  cou  '  v  are  forwarded  by  a  limited  number  of  the 
mo-st  intelligent  and  enterprising  of  tho  lanniug  classes,  who  have  made  themselves  fully 
awiuainted  with  all  tho  retiuiremeii  of  the  English  markets.  Tho  causes  of  this  un- 
satislactory  stiito  of  things  are  perhaps  manilbld.  One  of  them  without  doubt  will  be 
looked  tor  in  the  backward  state  of  the  r(K)t  culture  in  this  country,  as  fattening  with 
.'rain  or  other  costly  feeding  stulVs  can  only  become  prolitable  up  to  u  certain  point.  It 
muv  also  be  partially  due  t«  the  slow  fattening  properties  of  Danish  cattle.  And  again 
there  are  always  to  be  met  with  large  numbers  of  cattle  dealers  (the  middlemen)  travel- 
ing through  the  agricultural  districts,  who  exert  all  their  intluence  to  induce  the  farm- 
ing classes  to  part  with  their  live  stock,  and  iu  this  way,  without  question,  a  course  of 
fattening  is  too  often  interfered  with. 

In  the  concluding  remarks  of  the  report  the  Danisb  agriculturists  are  at  the  same  time 
strougly  reeommended  to  give  greater  attention  to  tho  improving  of  their  cattle  breeds 
by  introducing  of  good  short-horn  bulls  tor  crossing  purposes,  as  it  would  appear  to  be  a 
general  complaint  that  the  Danish  breeds  do  not  furnish  an  equal  amount  of  meat, 
neither  do  they  fatten  in  so  short  a  space  of  time  as  the  short-horn  breeds,  and  it  has 
farther  been  seen  that  more  favorable  prices  have  been  obtained  in  the  English  markets 
on  the  exports  of  crossed-bred  cattle  than  for  thoscof  the  pure  Danish  breeds;  thus  it  is 
mentioned  that  iu  the  spring  of  bust  year,  10'  cents  per  pound  Wius  obUined  at  tho  New- 
castle market  for  some  beasts  of  cross  breed,  while  on  the  other  hand  no  more  than  8 
4;ent3  weie  realized  for  the  animals  of  pure  Danish  breeds. 

HENRY  B.  RYDER, 

United  States  Consulate,  Consul. 

Copenhntjen,  January  20,  1885, 


ll 


THE  BELGIAN  PROCESS  FOR  THE  PRESERVATION  OF  FRESH  MEAT. 

JXCLOSURES  jy  THE  CATTLE  REPORT  OF  COySUL  TANNER  OF  VERVIERS  AND  LIEOE 
REPORT  OF  FIRST  COMMISSION. 


We,  the  undersigned— A.  Thieruope,  member  and  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, veterinary  of  the  State;  Professor  Ruge  Courloy,  chemist;  A.  Reul,  repetitive  at  the 
saidschool:  A.  Van  Schelle,  avocat  at  ISru.ssela,  and  .1.  Limbourg,  veterinary  surgeon,  in- 
spector of  tho  meat  market  atRrusscls  for  the  Government— members  of  a  commission 
constituted  for  a  process  for  tho  preservation  of  fresh  meat  invented  by  Dr.  Closset,  of 


if- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


k 


A 


/ 


5^     ^z- 


1.0 


I.I 


IL25  i  1.4 


2.0 


1.6 


HiotDgraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


72  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^v- 


\ 


iV 


\\ 


^'•'*,  -^v?*  '^'^ 


%"     ...V.     "<?. 

^-c, 


to      ms. 


^ 


i/.A 


700 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


o/Z'  St'Sclare?'  ^^'""*°'^  "'  ^^^««'  ^"°"^^  ^''  '^^''  *»  -»t«^  the  n^etho, 

m J.f '^ ..'"^^'1^°")"*^ '° preserving freoh  meat  in  an  artificial  air.  Four  piecea  off  . 
meat— anb  ot.  beet,  a  round  of  veal,  a  leg  of  mutton,  and  a  shoulder  nft-f,  ^^'^^ 
placed  separately,  in  air-tight  tin  boies,  which  werrdep^ited  in  the  i??""";;^'"^ 
the  laboratory  of  Liege.  Then  we  reassemble.'  on  tbol^id  of  FebrSrv^  a  '"^  ^'""^  «f 
alte:-wards  The  boxes,  identically  the  same,  were  opened  in  our  presence  IZ^  '"°«'' 
test  that  the  meat  was  prt^erved  perfectly  fresh,  not  even  havinrthe  look  i'^f'^'^- 
meat  which  when  thawed,  looks  repulsive  and  becomes  soft  and  moist  anSl?°=^'' 
quaat.as  in  the  eating.     Having  cut  the  meat,  we  found  the  lat,  ThTtissuL  rV^*"^^ 

^a'l^'^^f/^^^  different  experiences  we  tasted  some  slices,  after  bavins  had  thp,«      , 
naturally,  and  we  were  struck  with  their  taste  and  their  tendern^s     'TW  hT  "^^'^ 
that  degree  of  tenderness,  by  their  being  deprived  of  air  andSg  preSLw^^'li'^^ 
condition  necessary  for  an  easy  digestion  «"  «"u  oeing  pressed,  whicli  is  a 

These  pieces  of  meat  have  been  hunK  in  a  trianale  in  tlm  a^n^aA  ^n 
tioned,  exposed  to  the  south;  we  hav>observed  them  eveJ?  §17*^^^^^ 
and  we  have  found  them  totally  free  from  corruption  and  vSy  whoiesom«^      ^^''^' 
we  declare  the  pro..«s  of  Dr.  Closset  perfect  in  the  aim  proS  '  '°°'''l'i«"«y 


REPORT  OF  SECOND  COMMISSION. 

Experimenta  made  at  the  3laughter-houae  at  Liege  on  the  9th  of  3Ir-ch,  188? 

In  pr.  sence  of  Mr.  L.  Browier,  medicine  veterinaire,  director  of  the  slancht    u 
at  Liege,  also  inspector  of  the  ^jutcher-market  of  Liege    L.  D^ce  do^t^r   f  f^''"'* 
rS.'  ""'  ^-  '"*"^'^^'  '"'"^'"^''  '"  "^'^  P— «  --  S'  ?h"tilowiug°5 

Two  huge  piecesof  beef  and  of  veal  were  inclosed  separately  in  twoboxp^hv  n   n^ 
according  to  the  system  of  which  he  is  the  inventor  "^  ^'-  ^'"^t, 

.  he  first  box  coutaining  the  veal  was  opened  after  three  weeks-  the  menf  .n  u 
exposed  Xo  the  air  was  still  intact,  and  continued  so  eight  days  aiwlfnatl'  ''""^ 
tne  box.  in  all,  forty-six  days  after  being  killed.  Tho  meat  in  thifL  k  ^  ^^^"^  °'" """ 
natural  color  and  spread  a  ftesh  odor,  afd  when  c^ke^h^d  exX  th«  S^^^^^^ 
HfiS^K  Th''*-  ^"^  •■*  '^°"*'.*^  P^y^'*^*  l^'^lit'^  ^^r«  those  of  f^^h  meat  whf.t.  •'"''" 
tified  by  the  numerous  witnesses  present,  among  whom  were  MeC  N  Jf  i  k  " '"• 
prisentant;  Jules  Frisart,  bornquier;  D.  Closet  industripl-  H«  v,^,t  ^^''^•Arban,  re- 
de Nossius,  bornquier,  &c.  '  '°''"«triel,  de  Vaux,  engineer;  Delorme 

What  is  above  all  to  be  remarked  is  that  after  being  taken  out  of  th«  w..^  ,v 
can  stay  exposed  to  the  air,  without  losing  any  of  its  oualiti^  Jn  nr  fift^^]^'  '"'^' 
which  in  all  the  other  operations  nithert^  triKhe  re^  it  be  eatenlmS'  ff 
alter  being  exposed  to  the  air.  ^°  immediately 


REPORT  OF  THIRD  COMMISSION. 

Report  of  tlie  commismon  to  which  has  been  referred  the  account  of  nf,.  m      4      ..,  .  -, 

^'-^ly^ffrun^ntolofthepo^nhmtgofthepriservai^^^^ 

animal  food  in  Europe.'  '  ^'"'^^'■<  J'^'-^"',  Jrom  Oeyondseas  for 

GENTLE>fEN:  I  have  the  honor  if  civJDff  voii  nn  nrmnnf  «f  ♦!,„  •    ,. 

lu  the  actual  social  condition  of  Eurone  animnl  fnmi  fnr  f»,o  „„.i  •       i      .     . 
lulelv  „.»»„,      I.  I, al» clearly  shorihTtSlhe^i'L iffi?" '"t 


SUPPLEMENT. 


701 


•  witness  the  method 
Four  pieces  of  fresh 

the  glazed  cellar  of 

ruary,  a  good  month 
)re8ence,andwepro 
?. the  look  of  froze! 
oist  and  loses  lt8iin! 
le  tissues,  the  bones 
1  parts  of  the  piec^; 

"-T^*^  *l>em  cooked 

They  had  acqnirci 

!  pressed,  which  is  a 

gallery  above  men- 
l  the  6th  of  March 
wome,  consequently 


If  our  population  suffer  at  ihe  present  day  from  the  want  of  that  food,  there  is  hut 
one  means  ot  remedying  the  evil,  that  is  to  discover  a  process  by  whidi  fresh  meat 
can  be  exported  Irom  beyond  seas,  produced  from  the  mimercus  flocks  and  herds  there 
superabounding  Atter  numerous  trials  of  which  he  has  given  a  short  account,  it 
seems  he  has  realized  all  the  rexiuired  conditions  of  preserving  the  tissues,  n.uscles,  at, 
and  bones  m  their  natural  freshness  without  introducing  any  strange  substance  This 
process  m  (resh  meat  being  inclosed  in  air-tight  tin  boxes,  alter  the  manner  of  Mr  C 
the  meat  loses  none  of  its  freshness  either  in  color  or  taste;  at  least  this  is  the  result 
as  shown  to  us  ot  the  veterinary  laboratory  belonging  to  the  State,  composed  of  MeC 
Th.ernepe,  Van  S^he  le;  Limbourg,  inspector  of  the  markets  at  Brussel^  Coartoy,  prol 
fessor;  Hurt  &  Mussulman,  reporters  at  the  University.  """Vi  1"" 

After  having  assisted  at  the  preparation  of  live  tin  boxes,  containing  large  nieces  of  bpef 
mutton,  veal,  and  pork,  the  commission  above  named  has  seen,  after  thir^v-two  davs  the 
meat  come  out  as  Iresh  as  when  it  was  put  in,  losing  nothing  either  in  color  or  ta^te 

We  helieve  It  useless  to  insist  lurther  on  the  consequences  of  Mr.  Closset's  discovery 
ortheetjfect  itwiJ  produce  o--.  our  working  population,  a  plentiful  supply  of  whole- 
honor- """  Considering  the  importance  of  this  conlmnnication,  wi  have  the 

I.  To  address  thanks  to  the  author. 

II.  The  insertion  of  his  work  in  the  Bulletin. 
These  conclusions  are  adopted. 


he  slaughter-hoase 
'octor;  A.  Ansiant, 
ne  folio wi  ug  expe- 

»xesbyDr.Closset, 

le  meat  after  beinir 
t)eing  taken  out  of 
)  boxes  presented  a 
he  taste  and  smell 
leat;  which  is  cer- 
rs.  Nelf-Arban,  re- 
engineer;  Delorme 

le  boxes  the  meat 
r  fifteen  days,  and 
aten  immediately 


FEEDING  CATTLE  ON  THE  SOIIING  SYSEM. 

3EP0BT PEBPARED   FOB  CONSUL  SHAW,  OF  MANOHBSTSR,  BY  MR,  JAMES  LONG   OF 

HETCHIN,  ENGLAND. 

The  soiling  system  or  the  feeding  of  green  crops  where  they  are  carried  to  the  yards  or 
houses  lor  the  animals  irom  spring  to  autumn,  has  been  too  much  neglected  in  ffiand 
perhaps  owing  to  the  excellence  of  our  permanent  pastures.  Proflsor  Brown  ot^?he 
Agricultural  College,  Ontario  has  paid  much  attention  to  this  system,  and  he  estimates 
the  proportionate  feeding  values  of  various  green  foods  as  follows:  Green  fodder  from 
ifpSLy  comfrfy!  2T'"''  "''"'"''"'  '^'^^ «*' l'^'^-"  i«  38;  ofsanfoin"  sfredclo;:^ 

The  best  green  food  for  soiling,  therefore,  says  Mr.  Evcrshed,  a  well-known  Enelish 

authority,  is  the  produce  of  rich  pastures,  and  Professor  Brown  recommends  ibr  Canada 

hecultivation  of  other  soiling  crops  only  because  the  pastures  of  th™ntry  areTnS 

liable  for  continuous  progress  in  the  production  of  beef  or  milk.     The  rich  owjr^  and^ 

of  England  cannot  be  secured  there.     The  droughts  and  frosts  of  an  extrprni  rH,3i  ^, 

There  may  be  rain  enough,  but  it  is  not  properly  distributed  so  as  to  suppy  whaf  th^ 
professor  calls  the  'regular  top-dressing  which  is  essential  to  conMnuous %renn.  T" 
Hence  the  farmer  himself  mn^t  "  make  good  the  balancing  of  things  that  haf^  been  cHs 
placed  in  nature  "  by  the  growth  of  crops  suited  for  soiling.  Mf  Brown  does  this  ai 
the  college  farm  successfully;  "and  with  such  a  sun  as  oursf"  he  says^^enorisalri 
n?  h"rlT'-^  f ''^  be  attained  bythe  production  of  repeated  cropsof  fodder  by  Lefns' 
ot  the  plants  just  named.     I  have  no  doubt  the  old  turf  of  England  has  discouraged  thf 

CKe^^s fufedr -'  ^'^'^^  "^  ''''''  «°^  ^^'^^  *^«  --  ^vantale^sttSrsy's! 

y.eld.ngl6  tons  per  acre;  the  sanfoin  G  tons;  the  red  doveT,  7  tons;  mixed  ta^esani  oat? 
6  tons;  prickly  comfrey,  10  tons;  .-.abbage,  only  12  tons.  The  aveS  is  ]er?han  19 
tons  per  s,cre,  and  I  think  that  in  England  the  general  aver^grruTd  be  a  great  d^? 
more.    Each  animal  consumes  100  pounds  of  green  fodder  diTilv  with  nthJf^^A 

sTx^to'nSswr^Srf  '''''"''''  he^l  would b'eSSitdr^hellL"*^^^^^^^^^  Z 
SIX  months  when  this  forage  is  available,  or  about  oneand-iv-sixth  animal  ner  nnmna 
against  one  animal  on  3  acres  of  permanent  pasture.  In  Canada  it  seem  animals  fed  ?n 
a  20-acre  pasture  walk  several  mi  es  a  day  searchine  for  a  hellvfnl      H^  (•  fil?  „   • 

of  the  fodder  to  his  horses  and  pigs,  and  maintain^  with  the  rest  twenW  cattleTnste^d  of 
twenty-six,  aa  he  might  do.    In  fact,  by  setting  aside  20  acres  in  100  acr^  he  "S  to 


I 


|;pi 


i       ,i: 


'^^^  CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 

fl^aL*irf°*^  ?f"'^  '"m^^  of  seven,  the  usual  number  found  on  a  farm  of  that  ,• 
financial  results  of  soiling  20  acres  of  Ibrage  during  six  mouth  are:  "^''  ^be 

Ten  fattening  cattle  (103  tons  fodder  at  $-2.15,  $232:  attendance  $50) 
Two  milch  cows  (8(i  tons  fodder,  $184,  attendance,  ^iii^S^nsf^Y/r/S:--  «®i 
Outlay _ — . 

Increase  on  10  cattle,  $5  per  head  per  month  == 

Manure.. __ ""  '^ 

Sure*"^  ^"  '^°^^'  ^'^"'^"^^y^^  10  q'"arteaVir(inte-""""."II"":" 50 

Forty  tons  fodder  to  other  animals  ""  ' 40 

"■■ , 66 

Balance  profit  ._ ==: 

These  figures  are  offered  merely  for  the  sake  of  comnariqon      Th»„  oi,      .,    '         '* 
Brown  obtains  for  rent  and  profit  .bout  35lMmnSXac^^^^^  Pressor 

less  than  15  shillings  an  acre.  He  charges  against  the  land  alwut  9  sbn  i„  ^'""'  ''^'"S 
the  cost  of  the  forage  orabout  £5  5s.  per  acre,  the  yield  of  the  cron  bein^  1  fJ'*'  *""  ^ 
per  acre.  He  sells  the  milk  at  a  half|Jenny  and  an  Sh  per  au^r^  an?l^h  ^  ^^.f"  ^'^  ^'^ 
in  value  about  5  shillings  per  week.  In  England  afl  theK^  musul  if"  '*""^^ 
theni  to  the  very  different  circumstances,  and  each  person  wh^adont.tl'v*^  ^  ^>Pt 
must  alter  the  figures  according  to  his  o;n  partTcular  drcumstancT  °  '^'''"' 

One  of  the  most  successful  examples  of  soiling  that  I  have  ever  a?;n  w,. 
on  the  south  coast,  near  a  large  town  and  in  mifd  climate     ThfvH      ^^1"°  ""h  'and 

t"fv?eM  oft'  "  ""'  '^'  ''^'  «"^"  -  «-a™-  in  tKam^pS  Jtv'ett^^^^^ 
the  .>  leld  of  forage  per  acre  io  quite  50  per  cent,  higher.     Every  kim^  n'n-       "^'''  ^""^ 

usually  found  on  fertile li^nd,  or  which  Mr.  Brown  CinentionpTj  Ir^  ""i^^  '^"^'c'l » 
fo  n  and  prickly  comfrey, 'which  have  not  beratSted  LnL^rn  '^'^•''*P'^''• 
8oiling  crop  of  Canada,  flourishing  under  a  hot  sun  vfelds  rtrTl^'  '^lu''^  '^^hetei 
acre  which  Mr.  Brown  no  doubt  correctly  attrlS'totcE.S''?  ^\'^^  ^'^  «" 
claims  12  tons  an  acre,  yield  40  tons,  and  thou"  hth^v  are  hardlvT-V  "'"  ''^''^  ''«™ly 
are  one  of  the  most  useful  and  .luite  the  moSduTtive  of  th.  «^ir  "'^^'  "°P'"  % 
advantage  on  the  same  farm,  with  itTwarm  d  en  so  land  s^piS  J^  '""P''  "^""''"'r 
tension  of  the  se^^n.     Trifolium.  a  prompt  cr?p  fn^d  sS^^^^  ''T 

and  the  permanent  pastures,  which  are  mown  for  soilina  ntTn^  mL!  "".^"^''^'^e  forwarder, 
nowhere  later  in  their  growth.  ^      "°^  ''™^  '^^<='^  reijuir«l,  are 

To  carry  out  the  soiling  system  advantatreouslv  we  rpnnim  ,„.o.„ 
sorts  of  some  of  them,  eariy  and  late,  so  X  SnTthe'neriod  of  r '!?P''  ""''  ««^'^"' 
vent  the  occurrence  of  gaps  in  the  regular  pro^sTon  ot"  fo^d  On  tSSnT.'  •'""  '« ^"'■ 
there  are  four  sorts  of  trilblium-early.  late  later  latest— th^  u.^  J'  f,'".'"  'J'^e^'w 
acquisition,  and  a  timely  one.  There^are  two  sorts  Jfr^cLvTr  hil"''*  '••^'"«  "  '''''^' 
(1883)  almut  June  20  and  July  5,  and  the  ear  Her  ot"  he^  is  now  \T^3  ^1"^  >'«^^ 
for  hay,  the  introduction  of  the  "later"  and  "  latest  "  t7ithlim.T  1.  "'  «'^*-'rel.V saved 
trifolium  season  into  the  middle  of  JuW  when  natures  f.Iow  ^,*'1"-,^''''«"<1«'1  '^ 
food,  such  as^cabbages,  becomes  abundant."'  A  dd.trS:rS,Ti„1S  ,hiS: 


this  hirm  are  nearly  all  of  the  Aldemev  breed   and  thrv  arl  r*^     •  ^'"^  "'"'^  »» 

cotton  cake,  in  add i  ion  to  their  green  Kand^  thoiT  r  '!'/''  '""''  •"■"»'  "^'l 
farm  less  of  tlie  soil  constituents^thaii  nv  othe  ktnd  of  i£.  n  '"/'^''  ''"1"'*^^  '"""^ 
roots,  which  remove  in  their  side  morrthan  whe^  ?nr  h.ri  ^  '^"■''  '^•"'^^%an,l 
sold,  the  land  grows  richer  ye  bryear  tt  a'LTtted  t'hatT  '"/  '''''■'"'' ^'^'^^y 
8oili,,g;  but  the  system  nncLl,  oLi^r;\lZerf^^'l^^^^ 

jStl^eSr"'"-'^'*'  ^"'""'"^-^  ""'  '^'^  '"'^^-'  «^ »'--  P°-''  -?"  tKn^lSS: 
On  a  cold,  poor  hill,  where  Alderney  cows  would  norish   I  Ii-iir«  bn^... 


SUPPLEMENT. 


703 


the  field  us  a  rule,  unless  they  are  to  be  fattened  and  killed  young;  and  in  that  case  the 
soiling'  sy.steiu  is  most  .sucuedsl'uUy  applied,  as  it  is  in  the  case  of  growing  pigs,  which 
lire  not  a  very  desirable  kird  of  stock  to  ramble  in  the  fields,  and  are  very  properly  fed 
iu  yards.  In  the  case  of  small  farmin'^,  the  soiling  system  is  specially  adapted  to  the 
circumstances  that  usually  obtain  on  small  I'arnis,  and  therefore  in  many  parts  of  France 
and  other  contiuentol  countries  it  prevails.  In  the  wine  districts  you  will  find  it  uni- 
versal, and  very  properly  so.  The  manure  goes  chiefly  into  the  vineyards,  and  it  is  pro- 
iluced  under  the  soiling  system  by  cattle  bedded  with  the  straw  of  the  grain  crops.  A 
poor,  unmauured  pa.sture  would  only  maintain  about  one  cow  per  acre,  but  the  green 
forage  produced  on  a  single  acre  of  the  several  grain  crops  will  suffice  for  three  cows. 

lioth  on  small  and  large  farms  animals  are  fed  on  this  system  through  the  summer 
with  obvious  advantage  in  several  respects.  They  are  kept  in  the  cool,  and  are  spared 
the  annoyance  t  flies,  which  in  some  districts  are  particularly  harassing.  Their  food 
is  used  with  economy;  aud  instead  of  having  to  wander  for  jniles  to  and  fro,  as  they  do 
sometimes  on  poor  pastures,  to  obtain  half  a  bellyful,  the  nourishing  and  l)ulky  succu- 
lents which  they  love  are  brought  to  them  and  they  take  their  fill  in  comfort.  Then 
the  crops  they  are  fed  on  are  of  the  most  productive  kind.  They  are  grown  with  the 
greatest  economy  of  land,  and  there  is  no  tramping  under  foot  of  the  he/bago  in  its  con- 
sumption nor  fouling  it  with  excrements.  In  most  situations  from  two  to  five  times 
more  cattle  can  be  kept  by  soiling  than  by  depivsturing;  and  it  is  a  point  worth  notice 
that  much  second-rate  pasturage  can  only  be  grazed  in  summer  by  lean  stock,  owing  to 
the  annoyance  of  flies  in  some  districts,  and  tliat  corn  would  he  thrown  away  if  it  were 
given  to  the  animals  under  such  circumstances.  This  refers  especially  to  the  drier  and 
hotter  parts  of  the  country  which  are  least  adapted  to  natural  pasturage,  aud  these  are 
the  districts  where  soiling  oflFers  most  advantage. 

The  soiling  system  is  practiced  more  generally  than  in  any  other  country,  and  there 
cut  grass  is  brought  to  the  cows  all  the  summer— mowing  often  extending  over  four  and 
even  five  times— but  it  is  regularly  followed  with  liquid  manure.  In  England  as  a 
rule,  the  holdings  do  not  permit  of  such  heavy  manuring  of  grass  land,  but  where  it 
is  conducted  there  is  saving  of  time  and  better  crops,  especially  on  heavy  soils  which 
drain  better  without  the  weight  of  cattle  continually  upon  them.  Hedges  and  ditches 
and  drains  are  also  much  less  troublesome,  but  ,,  viust  this  there  is  the  labor  of  extra 
mowing. 


MIXED  FOOD  FOR  CATTLE. 

REPORT  PREPARED  FOR  CONSUL  SHAW,  OP  WANCHESTER,  BY  MR.  JAMES  LONG    OP 

HETCHIN,  ENGLAND. 

The  following  specimens  of  mixed  foods  for  fattening  bullocks  were  last  vear  collected 
from  the  Highland  and  Agricultural  Society's  members.  A  number  of  m'y  correspond- 
ents have  kindly  supplied  me  with  a  statement  of  the  diet  on  which  they  are  accustomed 
to  feed  their  cattle— both  feeding  animals  and  stores— and  we  proceed  to  give  specimens 
of  these.  It  will  be  seen  that  in  every  instance  very  much  less  weight  of  turnips  is  al- 
lowed than  the  beasts  would  consume  if  an  unlimited  supply  of  bulbs  were  placed  be- 
fore them. 

Jlr.  Jlutlar,  Coupar-Angus,  gives  his  feeding  cattle  the  following  mixture,  costing  10 
pence,  or  thereby,  daily: 

jE"enoe. 
].)  jiounds  cut  straw. __  

oil  pounds  (>T  cwt.)  turnips  (pulped)  at  6rf.  per  cwt. .."'  '_         •$ 

•i  pounds  linseed  meal  at  U(/.  per  pound '_  •{ 

t  pounds  cotton  cake  (decorticated)  at  Id.  per  pound I  3 

1  pound  treacle  (diluted)  at  Id.  per  jKiund "II-"!!!""!]  1 

10 

The  above  is  given  in  three  feeds,  and  after  a  time  the  richness  of  the  mixture  is  in- 
creu-sed  by  a<lding  cut  grain,  such  as  oats,  beans,  and  maize,  to  the  extent  of  about  [i 
pound.s.  costing  about  2  pence  a  day  extra,  bringing  up  the  cost  of  (ceding  to  n  shil- 
ling per  day  exclusive  of  straw  but  inclusive  of  roots.  Mr.  Buttar  thinks  that  "  cwt 
of  turnips  would  be  consumed  by  a  fair-sized  bullock,  if  getting  nothin"  else  exceiit 
strpw,  which  at  G  pence  per  cwt.  costs  the  same  as  the  richer  of  the  above  diets  He 
adds  that  even  with  all  this  quantity  of  turnips  it  is  dilBcultto  turn  out  a  welMinished 


704 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


^ 


beaat  without  a  little  cake  and  corn  in  addition.     Mr.  Buttar's  diet  for  yonng  store-wit 
tie  is  as  follows: 

15  pounds  cut  straw 

28  pounds  (\  cwt)  turnips  (pulped)  at  6(1.  per  cwt -""^11  ii 

1  pound  linsee<l  meal,  at  l^rf.  per  pound  .._ "  jt 

3  pounds  cotton-cake,  undecorticated ......  o 

1  pound  treacle,  at  Id,  per  pound l"_~_ i 

6 
Mr.  Buttar's  testimony  is  to  the  effect  that  in  the  above  mixture,  costing  6rf  dailv 
his  stores  are  kept  in  much  better  condition  than  IJ  cwt.  turnips,  which  at  6d  nerowt 
would  cost  9rf.  ■  ^         • 

Mr.  Dalziel,  Dumfries,  at  the  commencement  of  the  season,  places  his  feeding  cattlfl 
on  the  following  allowances:  50  pounds  turnips,  pulped  and  mixed  with  chaff,  Spounds 
linseed  cake,  2  pounds  Waterloo  cake,  and  4  pounds  Indian  meal,  well  mixed  with  hot 
water.     After  two  months,  a  pound  of  cake  and  a  pound  of  meal  additional  are  civen 
The  average  expense  of  the  supplemental  food  is  Id.  per  pound— that  is,  lOrf.daily  or  5s 
lOrf.  per  week  lor  each  beast  when  the  animals  are  on  full  feed.     Long  straw  ad  llbilum  is 
also  at  the  command  of  the  cattle.     Mr.  Dalziel  is  of  opinion  that  if  %  cwt.  of  turnios 
were  given  insteatl  cf  J  cwt.,  the  cattle  would  not  make  so  much  progress.     We  have 
alrea(ty  referred  to  the  experience  of  Mr.  Bryce  with  cut  hay,  oat  straw,  or  wheat  chaff 
Many  years  ago,  that  gentleman  informs  us,  he  used  to  make  bullocks  very  fat  on 
Swedish  turnips  and  wheat  straw,  an  unlimited  supply  of  each;  but  on  this  diet  it  took 
about  eight  months  to  make  his  cattle  ripe  for  the  butcher.    Now  he  succeeds  in  raakino 
them  equally  fat  in  one-half  the  time  by  feeding  them  according  to  the  following  sva 
tem:  He  pulps  the  turnips  and  mixes  them,  and  adds  2  or  3  pounds  per  head  of  corn  nieal 
the  whole  being  allowed  to  stand  for  24  hours  to  allow  the  meal  and  chopped  fodder  to 
become  thoroughly  saturated  wi^th  the  moisture  from  the  turnips.     The  beasts  are  fed 
Ihree  times  a  day  with  this  mixture,  two  and  three  year  old  bullocks  j^etting  about  80 
pounds  and  younger  cattle  60  pounds  each.     In  addition,  from  4  to  G  (lounds  of  linseed 
cake  (home  made)  are  allowed  per  head,  according  to  age,  with  an  ordinary  allowanpn 
of  lodder. 

Mr.  Wilson,  Ballencrieff,  arranges  his  cattle  in  different  sets  of  courts.  accordinK  to 
their  forwardness  of  condition,  and  his  scale  of  allowances  in  food  is  a  graduated  one  a 
different  quantity  being  given  to  each  set.  When  the  courts  containing  the  first  quali'tv 
of  beasts  pre  cleared  they  are  refilled  from  the  second  courts,  and  so  on.  The  foUowinir  is 
the  usual  Ecale  of  daily  allowance  for  each  lot:  ^ 

First,  or  mora  advanced  lot. 

Pence. 

10  pounds  chaffed  clover  hay,  at  £4  per  ton n 

56  pounds  (i  cwt.)  turnips  at  6.f.  per  cwt... """"*"  3 

4  pounds  linseed-cake,  at  Ihd.  p'^r  pound . ...l. « 

5  pounds  mixed  meal,  at  hd.  per  pound 1.11^..'.'.. qJ 

This  it  will  be  saen  is  exceptionally  liberal  feetling,  but  Mr.  Wilson  from  his  business 
in  Edinburgh  has  special  reasons  for  desiring  to  have  command  of  the  hi"he3t  nualitT 
of  beef.  °  •' 

The  second  courts  are  getting  the  following  diets  each  day: 

Pence. 

5  pounds  chaffed  hay,  at  jE 4  per  ton _._  2 

5  pounds  straw  chaff,  say _ ^ l'/\ I 

84  ponnds  (J  cwt.)  turnip,  at  6d.  per  cwt.. 111111!"!!"""       U 

2  pounds  cotton-cake  (undecorticated) !"!""""      l| 

3  pounds  mixed  meal,  at  Jrf.  i)er  pound... --II!!!!!!!!!!!!!    15 

The  cost  is  here  about  10\d.  per  day.  No  straw  is  given  as  fodder,  but  the  cattle  are 
roughly  littered.  In  comparing  the  outlay  on  Mr.  Wilson's  cattle  with  others,  it  should 
be  noted  that  an  estimate  is  put  on  fodder  in  the  former  case  which  has  not  been  calcu- 
lated in  the  latter. 


yonng  store-cat- 


SUPPLEMENT. 


705 


FARMING  IN  BELGIUM. 

(Jf.  FUAAiVJS  FLIiVTllET  TO  CONSUL  TANNER.) 

Tluis.VHtom  of  inana«iii«  cuttle  wliidi  is  practiced  by  our  farmers  liiw  been  in  uho 
luiioiii;  ilH'iii  (loin  11  very  tinl^  i.cikkI,  and  tlie  neixlilwring  cantons  of  Liniburir  \er- 
vMis,  l»ison  IKion,  and  IJiilhe.n  have  likewise  adopted  it;  it  is  the  only  one  of  this 
land  itiloiileii  m  Imuoih;;  it  is  so  arrangetl  that  all  the  cows  culve  from  February  1  to 

Any  (ovv  n.-t  will,  calf  by  Au-nst  15  is  liittened  and  sold  to  the  butcher  in  autumn 
S)iriclnius,  li  she  is  a  lirst  rate  milker,  tiie  liirmer  winters  her,  gets  her  milk   feeds  her 
u,lli  iiK'-d  and  ),'o«k1  hay,  auvi  n\  the  month  of  March  she  is  in  ht  condition  to' be  sold  to 
(Ik;  hntclier. 

iMklliu.-nt  faniioi-s  take  aire  that  cows  that  have  calved  in  March  and  April  shall  bo 
we; ,  led  with  nuuil,  oil-cjvke,  and  the  best  of  hay,  so  that  they  may  be  in  good  condition 
u h.Mi  Ihey  aio  (nriicd  out  to  pasture  ejirly  in  May,  according  as  the  spring  is  more  or 
|,.,„s  advanced.  All  who  are  able  to  appreciate  the  value  of  permanent  gniss  will  readil  v 
uii.lcistaiid  how  almiidant  must  be  tlie  yield  of  good  milch  cows  when  allowed  to  graze 
JM  <,ai-  rich  ol<  green  meadows.  Alter  tliey  have  been  in  piusture  for  some  days  thev 
aic  no  longer  housed;  they  remain  all  uiglit  in  the  memlows  until  the  month  of  Decem- 
ber, or  latlior  until  the  gnuss  is  entirely  covereil  with  snow.' 

The  cows  are  milked  thnse  times  a  day  for  six  months;  the  firet  milking  takes  place 
lit  4  o  clock -.11  the  morning,  the  second  at  11  o'clock,  and  the  third  at  7  p  m  Dur- 
ing the  nioiiths  of  April  and  November,  and  a  part  of  March  and  December,  theyaro 
■  milked  liuL  twice  a  day;  the  intelligent  farmer  always  manages  it  so  that  each  animal 
has  a  rest  ot  at  k^ast  two  months  from  the  day  when  she  is  last  milked  until  calvinir  time 
This  IS  done  .so  that  sh(!  may  not  be  exhausted. 

Not  only  do  the  liiriiiers'  wives,  daughters,  and  maid  servants  milk  the  cows- the 
larmeis  lliemse.v.s,  iheir  .son.s,  and  menservanta  arc  not  itshamed  to  perform  this  iJask 

llie  proper  nulking  ot  a  cow  is  a  scientific  piece  of  work;  it  requires  considerable 
stivugtli  Ml  Ihc  wiist,  (or  not  a  drop  of  milk  should  ever  be  left  in  the  udder  for  the 
Mry  gool  ua.-(>n  that  the  milk  is  in  the  udder  as  it  is  in  a  milk-pan;  in  the  cream-pan 
the  iTcaiii  IS  on  top;  it  is,  therefore,  readilyseen  thatthe  last  tenth  of  the  milk  extratW 
Is  the  richest  (laclion  that  the  udder  contains. 

It  is  not  Ion;.;  since  many  land-owners  bought  cows  that  were  not  with  calf  in  the 
.'ipnng,  and  lattciied  them  in  their  rich  pastures. 

Alariiiof  ten  hectaies  (;».'.  acres)  allbrded  pasturage,  early  in  May,  for  twenty-five 
aiiiiiials,  some  ot  which  were  fat  by  the  1st  of  ,July,  especially  those  cros.sed  with  the 
Diirliam  breed;  these  cattle  have  always  been  found  sui^erior  to  the  Duteh  and  native 
lireeds,  as  rcgaids  lattening  (pialities.  It  wius  considered  that  the  land-owuer  made  a 
pioiil  ol  l.)()  liuncs  (!s;:!0)  on  each  cow,  which  made  a  totid  profit  of  ;5,7r)0  francs  (S750) 
Tins  practice  has  been  given  up  since  the  price  of  butter  has  exceeded  3  francs  per  kilo^ 
Kiain.  1  wo  or  three  cows  in  pro;;ess  of  fattening  are  still  found  here  and  there  among 
a  herd  ot  iiiihh  cows,  but  no  (arm  is  now  entirely  devoted  to  the  liitteuing  of  meat-cattle 
Ihc  llc.xh  ot  a  cow  liom  (bur  U)  live  years  old,  fattened  in  the  rich  pasture  of  Herve-Aubel* 
IS  (ar  more  tender  aiitl  succulent  than  that  of  a  fat  ox  six  or  seven  years  old.  ' 

riie  breed  ol  our  jiiovince,  which  w.ts  originally  very  good,  has  been  improved  bv  an 
adniixti.re  ol  Diirliam  and  Duteh  blood.  A  number  of  Durham  bulls  have  been  kept 
lit  Lattice,  ien\eii,  .Sipiumaekeii,  and  Wcgimont,  near  Herve;  thonsimds  of  calves  of 
iMith  sexes,  sired  by  these  bulls,  have  been  reared  and  disseminated  throughout  the 
district.  " 

The  (iirnuis  al  ways  select  their  cows  with  great  care;  they  place  a  very  high  value  upon 
Hoo((  niLk-produciiiu;  (|Ualitiea,  and  itis  not  iincoiniiKm  to  meet  with  cows  that  give  milk 
eiimigh  in  one  day  to  make  a  kilogram  {-i.!  lbs.)  of  butter,  and  even  more.  The  success 
ol    li(!  (anner  depends,  beyond  a  <Ioubt,  upon  a  judicious  selection  of  his  cattle 

llie  cows  most  sough  tatter  in  the  spring  are  those  which  havecalved  for  the  first  tim(5 
aiul  whose  age  is  about  thirty  montlus.     Tlie.se  animals,  if  they  liave  been  raised  in  third 
or  imirtli  rate  meadows,  develop  admirably  in  lirst-class  meiulows,  and  become  splendid 
imlkers.     !■  our  tliousiand  (rancs  are  not  unfrequently  paid  lor  a  cow  thirty  months  old 
that  has  had  her  first  falf. 

There  are  in  the  district  magnificent  animals  of  the  pure  breed  of  the  country;  their 
loriii  IS  big  ily  .symmetrical  and  their  frame  is  in  no  way  inferior  to  that  of  Durham  or 
iiutcli  cattle. 

These  catthj  of' oiir  district  are  usually  excellent  milkers.  It  is  con.se<)uently  much  to 
ue  wondered  at  that  our  larmers,  who  are  so  intelligent,  economical,  and  mindlul  of  their 

H.  Ex.  51 45 


706 


CATILE   AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 


interests,  do  not  form  an  associiition  lor  the  pnritoso  of  improving  the  l)ree<l  by  njcinmnf 
Holcction.     To  attain  this  end  it  would  ho  HUlHcient  to  select  the  nioi't  liiKhly  imi)rm 
eows,  1o  procure  a  bull  irreproaehnble  in  all  respects,  and  to  raise  twcMiiy  or  more  cih 
every  year.     These  cal  vet,  at  theaKO  of  one  year  would  bosold  to  the  hi-^licst  hidd,.,'  „  i 
•     reparchufled  by  the  parties  who  had  raised  them,  or  by  their  neighbors,  an  estiniii,.'h'  1 
ing  previously  been  mmle  with  a  view  to  iudemnilyuig  the  raiser  for  the  expense  Intin  r  i 
by  him  in  keeping  the  animals  from  the  time  of  their  birth  to  that  of  the  sale 

About  thirty  years  ago  farmers  raised  no  calves,  for  the  reason  that  they  were  ahli- 1 
purchase  in  the  breeding  districts  excellent  milch  cows  for  from  three  to  four  liim,!,   i 
lran(»  (sixty  to  eighty  dollars);  but  Hinc(;  the  average  price  of  lirst-ratecows  hais  ris..  '( 
500  (raucs  (llOO),  and  is  sometimes  even  upward  of  $«00  liancs  ($120),  they  hive  ti  ■ 
up  cattle-raising,  and  they  have  acted  wisely  in  so  doing,  for,  u'i  they  raise  mir,,.'  Kn',' 
calves  whoso  dams  are  flrat-claas  milkers,  they  thereby  perpetuate  the  eood  n,  ,'i. 
qualities  of  their  herd.  ^   '     i  b    >i  mniviny 

Although  bulls  begin  to  leap  at  the  age  of  eighteen  months,  the  calves  i.rodiKv.l  i 
them  at  that  age  are  generally  excellent.     Tlio  number  of  these  breeding  aninnls  I  '^' 
doubled  in  the  last  few  years.     There  is  now  scarcely  a  farmer  owning  ten  cow-  t  li'it  ,i 
not  keep  a  bull.     He  thereby  secures  the  following  advantiges:   There  is  no  iimJir 
o»  removing  the  cows  to  a  distance  for  the  i)urpose  of  mating,  and  the  prolnibilitv    r 
cow  8  conceiving  is  much  greater  than  when  she  is  taken  to  a  bull  cxhausterl  by  too  ,„ ',,  " 
leaps.     This  system  is  not  costly,  for  a  bull  born  in  February  is  able  to  Icap'in  In 
J  uly  of  the  year  following;  he  is  sold  to  the  butcher  in  Heptember  or  OctoI)er  for  h   ,,',' i' 
as  a  fat  heifer  would  bring.     His  leaps  have  con.se<iuently  cost  nothinji,  and  tli..'.'l„   .  I 
result  is  assured.  "''"'" 

One  thing  that  has  greatly  contributed  to  the  advancement  of  agriculture  in  (I,,,  ,1; 
triutof  Herve-Aubcl  is  the  good  nnderst^inding  that  has  always  existed  between  tlio  lu.  1 
ow'ierand  his  tenant;  and  yet  leases  are  only  made  every  three  years      Thev  ■in'i 
three,  six,  and  nine  years,  and  always  begin  on  the  1st  of  May.     A  tenant  havin-r  ,   ,'"' 
leaves  all  the  manure  that  has  accumulated  during  the  winter  lor  the  use  of  his  siui' . 
he  IS  strictly  Ibrbiddcn  to  remove  any  liay,  even  if  lie  brought  some  when  he  (■•iin..  1.',",' 
he  has  a  right  to  arrange  matters  hd  as  to  have  all  the  hay  consumed  bv  his  own  clt 
the  number  of  which  increases  or  diminishes  in  winter,  according  as  feed  is  niniv  on  in  ' 
abundant.  '  '^** 

So  far  as  I  am  aware  not  a  single  landlord  has  been  obliged  of  late  years  to  kvv  on 
tenant's  cattle  for  non-payment  of  rent.     Kents  are  paid  twice  a  year  with  th..  lii,  ?,'! 
punctuality.  "imosi 

Wlien  a  tenant  gives  up  a  farm  he  proceeds,  through  the  agency  of  a  n')tarv  to  Iviv 
his  live-stock  and  farming  implements  sold  at  public  auction,  and  such  .sales  ire'riiKl.'  i' 
cash,  5  per  cent,  being  added  to  pay  the  notary's  fees  and  the  (!xpciises  of  the  si'lc 
the  seller  has  the  reputation  of  keeping  line  cattle  the  biddin'^  is  enthusiastic  in  tlir  .v 
treme.     There  is  no  need  of  giving  credit  to  purchasers.     So  tar  (ioni  this  bpin./  Im 
civse,  if  the  seller  should  make  it  known  that  the  sale  would  be  made  on  i  iu(|jr,,ii 
chasers  from  the  district  would  not  attend  the  sale.     The  reason  why  tlicv  would  11')    ■ 
reivdily  seen.     These  farmers,  as  a  general  thing,  have  .sullicient  capit^il'to  woik  tiicir 
farnxs,  and  they  do  not  intend  that  parties  who  have  110  money  sliall  coiiinctc  wilh  tln.m 
This  pra<;tice  differs  not  a  little  from  that  which  is  in  use' in  the  otlicr   i-MiciiIti     i 
cantons  of  the  province,  where  J5  percent,  is  added  to  the  price  of  horses  ciittre   md  im 
plements  purchased  at  public  sale.     However  this  may  bo  regarded,  the  iucrea.se  is  it  fli,. 
expense  of  the  seller.  "       '"'""' 

The  rent  of  a  farm  is  sometimes  fixed  according  to  the  number  of  cows  tlnil  m  iv  h 
kept  on  it,  and  sometimes  at  so  much  per  hectare.  While  some  farms  arc  .still  l,'/  n,, 
less  than  200  francs  per  hectare,  tlic  land  which  they  contain  is  fourth  and  liftli  r  itc  luH  • 
First  and  second  rate  meadow  lands  arc  rented  at  from  2.".;)  lo  ;;o(i  iiuncs  (|,.„",„  <;-||, , , 
$«0),  while  the  very  choic&st  lands  bring  4<")  francs  ($•*())  per  licclan".  These  no  sifi 
ated  near  the  town  of  Herrc,  the  burg  of  Aubel,  and  the  bfautifiil  villages  of  'l!,tii,i. 
Chaineux,  Charneux,  Clermont,  and  Thimister.  Ten  hectares  (2.T  acicsrof  these  vitv 
choice  mefidow  lands  afford  pasture  for  from  twenty  to  twenty-four  animals  in  suiiiiiici 
and  sufficient  hay  to  winter  at  least  twenty. 

The  farmer  who  undertakes  to  work  a  farm,  whether  lar.w  or  small,  always  Ins  ilic 
capital  requiretl  for  the  purchase  of  the  neces.sary  stock  and  a'^riculttiral  iiiiiiieiiiciits 
Six  thousand  francs  ($1,200)  are  required  tor  a  farm  of  10  hcflaros  (2.".  acres)  Vs  to 
implements,  their  cost  is  insignificant.  J[e  will  need  a  dozen  ])it(li-ti)i!vs  and  as  iiianv 
rakes,  two  shovels,  two  dung-forks,  a  straw-cutter,  one  or  two  wheel-barrows  daiiv 
utensils,  and  furniture.  Farmers  who  work  12  or  l.j  hectares  (;iO  or  ;{7  acres)  ami  up- 
ward keep  a  horse,  %vhich  they  u.se  for  hauling  hay,  manure,  fuel,  and  lumber.  They 
hitch  him  tf)  a  wagon  so  that  he  may  take  their  producu  to  market,  ami  .souietinics  icl 
him  work  for  the  neighbors. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


707 


Fauvhik  <nil  the  w.iKt-8  and  the  l>o«nl  of  a  |e,„:,lo  servant,  it  is  cstiniatt-d  fh  it  tl.o  ox 
p.„s.M.    e,.l  nation  does  not  exect-.l  r,()  inu.cs  ($l())  p..,-  hcrtaro  cll  a"^eH  10  her' 

t..,.s  ..t  i.usturc  Iim.l  thr.M,  and  a  l.alC  arc  n.„vvc.,l  at  a  cost  of  'i:,  tr  m^;  ,  e    l.ct  m 

:;:;' !;.::;X;d'^:^.t:i.  ir^  '-'"^  '^'""  ^'-  "-.i-'"':^-i:';^ai^  <i:^-i";S:? 

.„r,aly  Hon.  to  .ho  «r,mn.K     Thi^  ......nin.nJnf  "^uliy    n    Hi"  K  "hir  ,  ^  ht  ""[' 

tamed  an  avera-c  Icnu'lh  of  IVom  r,()  to  (iOcciitinK.iors  (  (i  to  ",)  in  1  »«/  ■■,  I  i  r  f  f^ 
,..;u..s:icunt^n.e,.,rH  (f  of  an  inch),  4  ,..r..n..  ot  ui  ,r;:^st    f  Jou^s^'  's^- '  u^^^^ 
wlKH  a  meadow  ,snu,w...l  as  d,«e  n«  it  ou^ht  to  he  the  mon.l  gr  ^i.  i^alSsZr;, 
vifiorouH  and  nniturni.  ^n'wui  in  uiwayM  more 

Those  ;!l  lu'ctams  (H]   acres)  ol  meadow  lami  ar,.  manured  in  the  snrin.r  with  .11  iu 
niimiirethat  has  accumulated  dnrin-' the  winter-  it  is  s nrlVl  W  fiJ      *^  ^       "  i  ^^*' 
llnnily  and  the  hired  n.en      A    re,ubr  cartJ^'^v^lhS.;:  K'^/c  n' w!  f  h^ 
.luysdoall   the  cart.n,  ol  manure  that  is  neede.l.     The  expense  of  til  1^1" 'loVrlnus? 

The  work  of  repairing  fences  an.l  keepinj;  then,  in  onler  is  intrusted  to  none  h.,t 
si<iled  mechanu^-men  who  thoroughly  un.lerstan.l  their  l.usine.^  and  w  ho  do  ts 
work,  when  the  weather  permits,  duriufr  the  dull  season 

The  traditional  way  of  judi{iii!/  of  the  excellence  of  n   fi.i.m   iu  v.    ti 
which  its  fences  are  kept.     This  is  verriKitur  l       As  f   Jv  .fr  ?   •    V  "'"  *'«"«''''"«  '" 
vigorous  herds  hoth  day  an.l  ni«ht     heL  fe     es  should  W^^^^  ;'"""'^""1  «»'» 

All  the  rjew  hedges  that  I.vcS.een  phu.te.l  ah^ tlfe  mal!/     I'  "nf.t,^ 
roiulsareot  live  thorn  bushes,  cut  and  kent  at  the  iiniil.ir..  i.„i„i       .•      '    1  , 

.vntimeters  (4  feet  :J  inches),    'ued^e^  pi    a  L  nearwS  pe^^  '" 

.ist  of  yoke  elms,  hazels,  hollies,  and  thorn  bushes        "'"'"°''''' '''''  P''r«^nn"*l.  and  cou- 

Atthe  loot  of  these  l)eautiful  hedges  the  Rras.s  grows  as  it  does  in  the  ,ni,l<ii,.  -.r 
meadow.     A  larmer  «-oul,l  bo  disgraced  if  he  allowcnl  bran  ble. .    e'tle       r  othS^niuri" 

The  value  of  land  in  the  province  of  Lietre  was,  in  ]H4«   '>  7<)7  frii„«.  ^*r.,.o^         i 
.a;.;  in  IJ.;  it  -^ ^f.^'"  iVjincs  ($720);  in  ,8B.i,  4,23.1  f^an,S  SS?       ^^^      ^  ^^  ^'" 

r.esta.st.csof  1>^I0    ia,(j,  and  18«r{  show  this  value  according  to  a«ricultural  din 
tricts.     We  conseciuently  know  that  the  avera-'c  value  of  a  heet^rn  !.?;!,„/       ; 

£::  IS:;;: ''''" '-''''  ^^"'^  ^^'"^  ■>  -  '«^^  ^'«'«  ^--  (*^o5S;  -•  ilns" 

'^'U-r'nfrr  """';■'.' J:?"^  J?"'  '»•■  ^'""^  ">  "le  province  was,  in  1S4(;  81  frincs  (SUi)- 

I'lai.     I'nces  are  now  mueli  larger.  -"'t-ae  "feurts  ate  om- 

Jn  almost  all  the  agricultural  cantons  of  the  province  of  Liege  farms  are  divided  unso 
t  ,at   hey  may  be  more  a.lyantageously  sold.    1„  the  district  ot' Jierv^Au  Id  tS  ,ne    o 
.1  selling  IS  ..nktmwn      .At  the  present  time  the  price  of  a  hectare  olT.Vt    In 
rate  n.ead.,w  land  „,  the  district  of  Herve-Antol  is\,pward  of  5,000  llan^  SI    0,)    n 

ll  .'.'!"    Ti^'"."^  ""'""'•  '""^  ^'''"'  '■'"'^  '"^^'^''"^^  '''"J  i^  upward  ri.trSr 
(5l,4i)()).      three  larms  were  very  recentiv  sold-one  of  them   situ  it  ..   Z  h   ,   i         :'' 

(•h.rueux,  contairnng  !»  hecures^wo  of  thetn,  situld  in    he  C^,.^^^^^^^^ 
'■niifainmg  10  h-ctares.  situated  at  Chene-du-Ljun;  the  other  contdnimr  wV,  ,V    '       . 
.;.;n.,l-Xl.,,re.atl.U)001ranc«per  hectare.     Six  hlctal^;^' ^.SZd'wmSSl' 
.....;.,  situated  near  the  village  of  Clermont,  were  .sold  for  <W,0(K)fra.  ^  tl^se  (  hecta  e^ 
we  e  puivbiused  by  two  farmers.    Two  of  the  farms  sold  were  h   sed  at  the  1 1  e  of  10.  fr  , 
iJ^  I)  per  hect..re;  the  average  price  a^  "hich  meadow  land  is  nowlo  Id  in  the  £^^^^^^^^^ 
llme-Aiibel  is  nearly  8,000  francs  (!i;i,«00)  per  hectare  "istnct  ol 

i  10  dwelling  hou.ses  and  stables  are  strongly  built  of  stone  or  liHcU-  H,..  ,„....« 
0   them  are  roofed  with  slate,  the  rest  with  tiles;  thatohe  I  "o(^L  ar"^ 

r  Ji!'i  ''?"'''^  ^^^  average  pri"i^^r;ir^ii^;uiurhii^^ 

(*14(/);  ol  meaitow  land,  3,377  .  ancs  ($07(5);  of  vine  land   2  7->7  francs  V^'-.lfil     ^ 
rent  paid  for  a  hectare  of  land  Wiw,  on  an  a  era-e   7.)    r  ncs'/«141    for  n      1^'  /']" 
10!)  francs  ($22);  and  for  vine  laud,  102  frauds  ($20  50  ^*  ^'      '  ™'^'^*'''  ''*"''• 


I 


ft! 


708 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


An  iiniiitect  iit  Verviem  recently  |)r€^|Mir«il  iin  cx»reJlfnt  plitn  o/'ik  Htul)l«  (Vir  !ii  li,.a,|  „f 
Cttttle,  it  in  ti'J  uu't<M-H  \unti  by  (i  wido  ((!(!  I)y  10  li't^t).     Iron  rulttrM  Hti|)|M>it  llif  vluill 
lour  rowH  of  cowH  iiro  itccoiiuniMltittMl  in  it  witli  fiwf,  and  tliero  urn  (wo  pa«MiiniM,  oiic  i;  ' 
two  rows.     Tim  iininialH  that  I'orni  tlio  two  niiddlo  rowH  arc  placed  hack  to  liiu  k.     \ 
Htaldo  of  thJH  kind  cohIs  l)iit  little,  and  unitcM  in  it«clf  every  hygienic  advaiilanc. 

C!uro  in  taken  to  l)uild  tlio  bakc-liouHO  of  each  farm  at  uHUttlcittnl  distiuxut  IVonith' 
other  huildiMKs  to  avoid  llreH.  The  lion-Hty  in  n<'>"'''""y  •'"'"■  <;''>*«'  *«  the  hake  Ikihn,.  " 
No  litter  is  nuvde;  the  cowh  lie  on  the  hanl  lloor,  vs  hicli  in  kept  in  a  Htato  of  coiiNtjini 
clennlincHH.  The  droppings  of  the  aniniulH  are  t^ikeii  and  piled  up  in  a  manure  diti  h 
which  iHljoiiiH  the  buildin}?).  The  ordinary  cuusca  of  waste  of  fertili/,li!}»  matter  uie  not 
to  bo  feared  hero,  an  the  manure  is  tinnly  piled. 

The  part  of  the  farm  wliero  the  cnttle  are  kept  uaually  coHHistH  of  land  Honicwiiit 
higher  than  the  orchard;  the  rain  wat«r  that  falls  from  the  roof  on  the  maniii'  li,.,„ 
Kome  elewentM  of  which  it  absorl)s,  is  led  through  small  trencluw  to  the  orclmid   whirl 
is  irrigated  by  it,  so  that  nothing  is  last.  '  ' 

At  a  short  distance  from  the  buildings  there  is  »  [K)nd  of  water  which  is  collected  Iron 
the  roots  or  from  the  little  springs,  with  which  the  di.strict  is  abundantly  sujjpliet'i,  Tlicr' 
is  nota  meiulow without  its  pond,  this  being  onoof  the  lirst  reiiuirements  on  a  liirnuon 
sistiig  entirely  of  permanent  meadows. 

There  are,  we  think,  1,(K)0  farms  in  the  district  of  llerve-Aubel.  The  orcliards  wlii,.| 
snrronnd  the  buildings  are  planti  d  with  walnut,  apple,  and  lu-ar  trees,  but  very  .sel,|,iii' 
with  stone-fruit  trees;  according  to  statistics,  there  are  1,«0(»  hectares  (4, ()0(t  jMrcsldi 
orchard  or  of  wooded  meiulow  land.  There  ligure,s  must  he  SMTcpted  as  (iorrect,  lor  tjier  ■ 
is,  at  most,  lor  eivch  farm  one  hectare  and  a  half  planted  with  fruit  trees  at  tiie  rate  ol 
HO  trees  to  the  hectiire.  The  district  of  Herve-Aulw  I,  therefore,  has  l'-!H,ooo  fruit  trw 
in  full  iMsaring;  yet,  oltLongh  they  are  cnred  ibraml  trimmed  with  the  utmost  ililiiffiuc" 
and  although  the  cattle  deiwsit  an  abundant  snpply  of  manure  about  them,  there  is  an 
abundanceof  fruit  not  olYener  than  once  in  three  years.  The  value  of  th<!  averaue  vidii 
of  each  tree,  in  years  when  the  crop  is  abnn<lant,  is  estimated  at  10  francs,  which  nmkis 
an  income  for  the  district  of  640,000  francs  ($108,000)  every  three  years.' 

Although  these  figures  appeac  high,  the  numbt^r  of  orchards  is  not  increased  liccuiise 
the  exiMjrience  of  more  than  u  hundred  years  shows  that  the  milk  of  cows  pus  ircd  In 
meadows  without  trees  is  richer  than  tliat  of  those  which  graze  in  orchards.  T| ,  iutt,,, 
iHiing  shaded,  do  not  receive  the  sun's  rays.  Another  reason  is  that,  if  ni.adiiws  in- 
tended to  1)6  mown  were  planted  with  trees,  the  grass,  Injing  deprived  of  the  licat  of  the 
Bun,  would  need  several  days  more  than  it  does  now  (or  drying. 

Many  farmers  sell  their  frnit  to  dealers,  who  resell  the  good  <iualities  iu  the  towns 
Others  convert  them  into  sirup  and  vinegar,  of  which  thoy  lay  in  a  stock  in  years  wlun 
the  yield  is  abundant. 

Drnnkenness  is  unknown  among  the  great  majority  of  the  farmers  in  tliisdislrict 
con8e<iuently  a  state  of  comparative  aflluenco  prevails,  wliidi  is  the  result  of  industry 
order,  and  economy;  morality  and  uprightness  are  the  main  characteristics  of  the  inhali- 
itanta. 

Rciincmcnt,  moreover,  is  not  lacking;  one  needs  only  to  be  i>resent  at  tlu-  conclusion 
of  high  mass  on  Sundays  and  feast  days  in  order  to  see  and  admire  the  el(f,'an(e  of  ihc 
yonng  people  of  both  sexes. 

This  district  is  abundantly  supplied  with  means  of  commnnication;  in  additimi  totlic 
nmin  roads  which  intersect  it,  first  clivss  minor  roads  have  been  built  Iwtweeu  the  vari 
ous  villages  and  hamlets. 

The  subject  has  l)een  somewhat  agitated  of  late  years  of  a  railway  from  IJatticf  In 
Bleyberg.  via  Aul)el;  there  is  no  doubt  that  this  plan  will  be  carried  out,  cither  liy  (Ik 
et-ite  itself  or  by  a  company  to  which  a  very  low  rate  of  interest  on  tim  amount  is  i,'uar- 
anteed  by  the  state.  What  is  called  the  network  of  railways  of  (Iu?  i>la(caiis  of  Mcrve 
would  not  be  completed  if  Aubel  were  allowed  to  remain  isolated;  it  is,  (lien  lore,  a 
mutter  of  strict  nece&sity  that  the  burgh  ot  Aul)el  and  the  neighborinj,'  localities  should 
be  connected  with  Verviers,  their  shiretown;  this  district,  moreover,  ollliHf;i(;ii  advan- 
tiiges  to  a  railway,  since  it  does  not  prwluce  any  grain,  and  all  its  cereals  arc  broiiijlil 
from  other  places.  No  pot^itocs  even  are  raised  here;  all  thature  used  are  l)rou,!,'l:t  Ironi 
Ardennes  and  from  Plolland. 

FRANCOIS  FLIXTRIX 
St.  Jean  Sabt-Aubex,  October  17,  1883. 


HUPPLKMENT. 


7,09 


leorclianlM  which 
but  very  ,sel,|„ni 

TOrrect,  lor  there 
•eesiittho  rate  of 
W,()()(»  fniit  iret,s 
ntnioMtililifreii,,,, 
Hiem,  then- is  ail 

tiM!  IVVcrilKf!  yiclil 

ics,  which  iimiieH 

rs. 

iiTcascd,  lifcaiise 

cowH  pas   ned  in 

■"IM;     'I'!.'  latter, 

t,  ifiiu'iKhnvM  in- 

»l"tlie  lieat  ol'the 

ies  in  tlic  towns. 
;k  in  years  when 


I  the  eoiichisioii 
!  cief,'aiice  ol'  Uie 

n  a(hliti(intothe 
ytweeu  the  vari- 


LIVE  STOCK  IN  BAVARIA. 

REPORT  R}  rONSI/n  IIARI'ER,  OF  MVSWIT. 

The  ronntinj?  of  livi'-stocrk  in  Hiivuriii  wiw  tnkon  In  Junimry,  IHKJ,  ami  in  conDeK'tion 
therewith  the  iiveniuo  market  viiJiio  mid  uvonmo  woigltt  of  tho  various  anininlH.  From 
tliis  iiccountinK  wc  gather  the  liillowinK: 

Tho  total  itapitul  ho  invoHtcd  was  ^1S!),7(K!,7(!1.(I»,  divided  an  followH: 


DeMriptlon. 

No,  of  head. 

19,973 

21,412 

17,718 

4,(H)7 

293, 141 

Total  value. 

8744,011  OH 

I,:i.'i,s,oo9  .'1^1 

l,\53, 127  79 

1,020, .508  Ihl 

.3.1,.580,0;H  49 

Value  per 
head. 

Iliiises: 

j.'iihIh  liiHler  1  yeiir  of  nue 

137  27 
62  43 
200  51 
2.50  18 
114  02 

Ilornes  1  jeiir  and  (niilor  2  yeiirs  of  iif{" 

ll<>rHeH2  yeiira  mill  Iiiiiler3  yeiifH  of  imo 

HdillioMM  .'1  yeftfH  iilil  hikI  over 

Oilier  liorHeH  3  yours  olil  niiil  over 

ToUl 

330,316 

.38,249,490  75 

107.14 

Mules 

R3 
1B2 

.5.2;)6  00 
3,043  78 

•63  07 
2iJ  97 

Neiit-eHttIo: 

(.'ivlves  umler  0  weeks  old 

90.482 
218,080 
088,318 

,32,.3'.)5 

42i,701 

1,581,4.50 

778,710  53 

3,460,255  50 

22,017,08.1  45 

1,»1.5,087  15 

27,07i,;i35  ;r7 

77,917,910  79 

8  50 

15  85 
31  99 
56  95 
05  15 
49  17 

Calves  from  0  weeks  t«  0  nioiithH  old .,.„ 

CiiKle  0  iiionllis  to  2  years  old 

Hulls  2  yeiirs  old  

Itiills  mill  oxen  2  years  old  and  over 

Cows  2  years  old  and  over 

Total 

3,(»37,098 

i;«,698,388  85 

44  03 

Hliiep : 

Wool  sheopiindcr  1  year  old 

.38,271 
09,749 
41,977 
108,  (K)0 
221,190 
098, 978 

145,444  89 
.104, 375  38 
102, 4a5  22 
611,175  91 
6!H)  910  02 
3,051,404  00 

.1  00 
5  00 
3  (XI 

n  00 

3  m 

4  00 

Wool  slieep  over  1  yearolil 

Meat  slieep  inider  1   vearold 

Meat  slieep  over  1  year  olil 

(Hlicrsliei^p  under  1  year  old 

Oilier  sheep  over  1  year  old 

Total 

1,178,270 

B,  02.5, 802  08 

4  00 

.Mwine: 

Under  1  year  old ,  .. 

7.59,923 
131,842 
140,  .579 

6,8.14,990  15 
2,445,410  02 
2,697,0.14  80 

900 
18  00 
18  00 

Swine  kept  for  breciliiiK  over  1  year  old 

Other  swine  over  1  year  old 

ToUU 

1,0.38,344 

ll,977,4;}4  97 

11  tio 

Ooats 

220,818 

748, 764  60 

3  00 

The  livinj4  weight  of  cattle  and  swine  was  as  folIowH: 


FLIX'TIJET. 


Desoription. 

No.  of  head. 

Total  weight. 

Weight  per 
head. 

Cattle: 

Calves  under  6  weeks  old 

90,482 

218,080 

688,318 

45.5, 1.50 

1,. 581,450 

Pnumh. 

8, '.WO,  019 

38,749,<t55 

2(H,.52l,.5e9 

.188,  (>"0,  .570 

1,0<.I7,092,807 

Poundn. 

Calves  0  weeks  tu  0  niontliH  olil 

117 

.184 

VoiinK  luttlo  0  month  to  2  years  old 

liiillsiind  oxen  2  years  and  over 

8.53 

( 'iiws  2  years  old  and  over 

09'* 

Total  

3,0.17,098 

1,798,020,920 

United  Statkh  Consiii.atf:. 

Munich,  Norenihrr  6,  ISSU. 


JOSEPH  W.  IIAKPER,  Consul 


710 


CAtTLK    AKl)    DAIHY    lAHMlNO. 


BRITISH  CATTLE  STATISTICS. 

isar.nsuKHs  is  (vshuItUKShhai.  MKRHtTrn  kki-oht. 

The  followitifli  is  a  copy  of  n  piintwl  (ircnliir  H«iif  Crom  Um  coimulalp-Kenoraf  at  Jo 
(Ion  to  leadiiim'uttln  l)nu<<lcrsiin(l  raim'is  in  l'!imliin»l.     'I'ho  iinMWorM  to  tliiHcirrular  i" 
Htitntotlio  "iiirloMiiros"  wl'crrcil  to  in  llM!<'otHiil-K<'in'rul'H  r»'iK)rl ;  and  hiicIi  porljoi '" 
tboHe  inclortiircM  UH  iti-o  not  incor[H>rate<l  in  wvid  roport,  and  urootlnirwiMt- conHidfrHi" '! 
pnu;ti('al  value  to  American  auriiulturiftts,  arc  hcrcwitli  publi^licd; 

DK(!KMIlKlt  !»l,  IHHII 
Sir:  The  favor  of  inCormation  on  the  lollowinKHuliJcct  woulil  much  ol)liuc,  tiicniiM, 
the  Depnrtnuuit  of  Htat<i,  Wiwhinnt^m,  to  lociile  hucIi  lorciKU  dotncMticalciT  m^|,u,|    ' 

have  been  (or  a  ioijn  time  prolltal)iy  lircd  and  reared  in  their  niiti\e  I icm,  uiidrrHimii"^ 

conditioiiH  in  the  Unitwl  Htiites.     I'leaw)  Ibrwaril  the  name  in  the  indoMed  ii(|ilr..H^"i 
envelope  to  ^'' 

H.  KAINS  JACKSON. 


PlWBlirr:  — 

ALTITUUR. 
Boll 


Mran  Tkmp. 


Tkmp.  in  Bummkr. 


WlKTSIi. 


-Alluviiit 

I.UHIU 

Oltty 

Huiidy,  Sic,  &o, 

<l«<ll<l|{iual  HtfHtA 


HiitMoil 

PA<<TtiBAaK,  Nati'bai.  cib  AnTiririAL  Oiumn:— 

How  Htook  Ift  hoiimd  7 
MeltiodH  iirr<HHllii|{'.' 

Do.  lirtM-iiiiiKT 

i>u.         nmrketliiK? 

Namk  of  IIbbeO:  — 

Size  nt  nintiirity.  Cow. 

Live  wcIkIiI. 

Aiiiiiiulit  criiKn  yii*l<l  of  iiiillc 
ill  puimdH  ur  iiuart.i, 

ORiniN  OF  liBERII:  — 

P(^Norl|itii)n,  Hiui  how  lunir  pure  lired  ? 

t  'olor. 

Mtttiirity.  AVeltfht. 

Product  111  ?'«lM>ur. 

Mm(.  Milk. 


Bull. 

■  t'ouiidH  orbiitlpr. 
.  PouiidNordict-Ne. 


Ak«". 


Oj. 


Cbctw. 


(tKNKKAl,  liKMARKH.— The  nbove  (jnestions  are  furnished  rather  i»s  hints  tlmii  (m 
rategoriwil  answers;  and  ycm  are  a«ked  here  to  ofler  any  inlbrination  un<l  sujrjrostidus 
and  iu  any  tbrm  you  may  wish  to  write  them,  in  respect  to  hinsi's,  mIiccji,  or  pigs,  as 
well  as  rattle.  The  obJtHit  tif  this  eircular  is  that  the  American  agriculturists  and 
Btoek-hreederH  may  learn  the  best  vurieticH  of  h.'ock  t«  purchase  from  abroad  asiuliipted 
to  their  own  special  localities.  • 


THE  SANDRINQHAM  HERD. 

[iiiclOHurc  No.  I  ill  CoiiMiil-Clenenil  Merrilt'H  report.] 

Stock  is  housed  at  night;  cows  and  heifers  always  runout.  The  feeding  is  chiefly 
hay,  mixture  of  !)e.Ht  lin.seed,  and  cotton— from  :{ to  7  jMiund-s.  Heilei-s  eome  in  with  lirst 
calves  alxnit  thirty-two  months  old. 

Ah  u  breedinj;  herd  the  milk  is  entirely  devoted  to  calf-rnisinn. 

The  present  henl  were  started  by  tlie  I'rineeof  Wales  in  1H77. 

The  rrineo  of  Wales  has  a  herd  of  Itates  &  KniKlitlcy  Hhort-horns  aud  one  of  Booth, 
and  iu  both  cases  the  C4ittle  are  treated  as  a  tenant  farmer  would  do,  the  object  being 


SUPrLEMENT. 


711 


to  niukt*  tliii  iuiinmUoM  hardy  (W  pomihly  can  bdmanAgiMl.    Tbo  land,  m  Minted  atiove,  ia 
vurloiiHimil  llmiliMlrictcoM. 

'Ihi*  I'riiitti  kf'^iw  niHo  ii  mhiiiII  hord  of  AldorimyM mid  u  Mtock  of  Hnuthdowii  ewea,  alao 
u  IfW  liliuk  I'olh'd  rftroUli  ('Jwh  for  liroediiiK  croHH  l)r«dH. 

Slidi  l-horiiM  imil  hUi-i'p  .  t  nxhibit<d  lit  tin  viiridUHiiKricnltnnil  HO<!ietii's,  mid  Win  Itoynl 
IlinliiifMM  took  the  pri/o  iiiH-  yrur  ivt  tho  Itoyal  AKricuKurul  Hwiety,  held  in  Vork,  for 
Miu  iK'Ht  Hhort-hora  fiimily  of  five.  The  I'rlnce  took  flrBt  for  aged  niuiB  at  York  and 
tliiiinpion  iH,  tln!  Uoyul  t'ouiilitH. 

All  Ht(M:k  can  Im)  Ini^ptwtMl  liy  niakluK  an  appointment  in  writing  and  t^ivioK  two 
clear  dityn'  notico. 

EDMUND  HECK, 
Agent,  ISandiiiitiliiim,  Narfolk. 

Tiio  uiiurcat  station  ia  Wolfertou,  and  tho  Booth  herd  ia  within  cue  luiuutc  of  the 
stiitiou. 


CATTLE  IN  THE  WEALD  OF  KENT. 
[InolMure  No.  8  In  Onimiil-nvnpral  Merritt'a  report.) 

Tho  SuHsex  breed  of  cattle  ha.s  tho  appcivriiDceof  beinK  nearly  idcnticjil  with  the  Devon, 
and  Im.s  been  the  prevailing  Hlock  tlirou^;lw  ut  Snssex  and  a  lar^e  imrtion  of  the  Weald 
of  Kent  for  a  very  long  i^riod.  It  is  a  hardy,  kindly  uninml,  yieldinj?  iihiKlHuuility  of 
beef  an<l  fat«  ntmiily.  Until  lat<ily  tlu^y  vv.n>  n>n<h  valncd  for  working  pnri)os(H,  bntn.s 
iiiilkiTH  they  are  of  bnt  little  use,  the  calf  tivkin^  nearly  the  whole  of  the  cow'h  milk  to 
rear  it.  They  are  yarded  in  W)nt<ir  on  account  of  the  wetneH8  of  the  soil  and  not  on 
uccount  of  any  delicacy  of  cont*titution. 

•  W.  MORLAND, 

LambcrhurM  Court  Lodge,  Kent. 


CATTLE  AND  SHEEP  IN  BUCKS. 


[tncloRuro  No.  0  In  Connul-Oeneral  Merrltl's  report.] 

My  farm  iaon  a  hill,  slopinR  into  the  valleys  all  around  it.  The  soil  varies  from 
strong  day  at  the  Iwttoin  to  tleep  loam  on  the  Hides,  and  stone  brash  on  the  top  of  the 
hill.  It  i.s  rt  mixed  farm  of  abont  270  acres  arable,  and  Il^Opjwture.  1  keep  a  breeding 
herd  of  about  70  milch  cow.s — Short-horn  grades;  sell  milk,  and  wean  my  heifer  calves; 
cows  average  when  in  milk  alM)Ut  Hi  pint.s  of  milk  each  per  day.  I  keep  a  flock  of  Ox- 
fordshire «lown  sheep.  I  lamb  twelve  score  ewes,  breed  rams,  and  sell  about  l!Mt  shear- 
ling rams  annually;  have  an  auction  sale  the  first  Wednesday  in  August  or  last  Wednes- 
day in  July,  when  L  sell  about  (iO  of  the  best.  Last  year  they  averaged  £215  Od.  {\il.  each, 
in  1882,  £2(!  VM.  Hil.  each.  Many  are  sold  to  go  tx)(jermahy  tocrosstheMerinas,  some  go 
t  )  Americji,  the  rest  to  the  leading  i-tock-ma.ster8  in  England.  I  have  bred  this  breed 
((jr  nifily  thirty  years,  keep  up  the  i)edigree9,  and  show  at  the  "  lioyal  "  and  some  few 
other  leading  shows,  with  what  success  tne  "Journals"  ofthe  Koyal  Agricultural  Society 
of  Ilngland  will  tell. 

1'.  S. — I  might  say  the  Oxfordshire  down  sheep  seem  adapted  for  all  climates,  all  soils, 
and  all  systems  of  management,  and  improve  any  breed  of  sheep  they  are  crossed  upon, 
especially  Merinos. 

JOHN  TREA DWELL, 
Upper  Winchenden,  Eyleahury,  liuckn. 


712 


CATTLE  AKD  t)AIRY.  FARMIKG. 


PRIZB  BREEDERS   OF  BRITISH  CATTLE. 

[Inelosuro  No.  U  in  Oonsular-Oeneral  Morrltt's  report.] 

A  nUttemmtof  the  lyreedn  and  ageM  of  the  nnimah  which  hace  won  (he  qold  mcdah  »;/ 
(rnv^,arul  champion  phite,  offered  h}j  the  eluh  for  mil/e,  to  the  year  1881  inchmve  'llZT 
with  t/w  names  of  tfie  exhibitors  and  breeders.  '    ^"'"''' 

NiTE.-Thc  rK.rtion  ofthe  folInwiiiK  iip  to  tl.o  ycnr  1857  inoliisive  ih  cxtnvcted  from  tlie  "nw,„„   , 
the  Smithnel.l  Cluo,"  by  .Sir  U.  T.  IJrundroth  Uibbs,  honorable  Mecretary  ^^  "' 

EXTEA    PEIZE  £10  FOR,  BEST  STKEU  OU  OX   IN  TIIK  FlE.ST  SiX  C^AaSEx. 


Year. 


1S07 
1N(LS 

to  y 
i82y) 


To  exhibitor. 


William  Flowrr.s.., 
Samuel  Chandler  . 

Discontinued. 


Breeder. 


.Tames  Walwyt»  . 
William  Walker.. 


BreecJ. 


^r;£::l"^"°^«  "■'■»-" Ti'^,  \ 


Haroford  os 


Ape, 


«   0  0 


Gold  Medals  foe  Bist  in  any  op  the  Classes. 


J  830* 

IW<2 
1*B 
■  1S'}4 
I  KB 
IK«i 

ih;!7 

IKTH 

IK!'.) 

IHIO 

1H4I 

IHl'Jf 

JKl.J 

1844t 


seir;;";!!!!;;;;!!!"""""!;"" 
.Self. 

Hoiiry  I'ownsliend 

.Self 

George  I'eaeh 

.Tr)lin  Veriiey 

S,!lf. 

<'.  Ilillynrd 

ICarl  of  Warwick 

.Solf. 

.Self. ;;;;; 

Mr.  Maxwell.. 

Sir  Charles  Tempest,  Ut 
Henry  Brown 


Marquis  of  Kxeter 

Karl  of  Urownlow 

.1.  B.  TopliHin 

William  Townshcnd 

Eafl  .Spencer. 

•lohn  Dent 

Marquis  of  Tavistock...! 

K.  W.  Baker 

Kx.  of  la»«  Mr.  Talbot... 

It.  Hill 

Rarl  Hpencer 

It.  WriKbt 

Sir  Charles  Teiniiest,  Bt. 

Self. . 

Self. 


Durliamatecr « 

Durham  ox i  '. 

■■■■■■■do »....::::::::: '^ 

Durham  heifer 

Durham  ox ..",.'. 

Durham  heifer...".!!." 

Hereford  steer !!!! 

Short-horn  heifer...!!! 

North  Devon  ox.... 

Hereford  ox ""\ 

Durham  ox !!!!!...'! 

Durham  cow...!!!!!!!!!!!! 

.Sliort-lKirn  cow..!!!!.!, 

Slioit-horn  heifer 

Durham  heifer.     


10  0 
7  0 
7  {) 
9  0 
fi  I) 

11  (I 

10  I) 
0  0 
S  II 

11  II 
0  7 
2  II 
H  U 
9  0 
0  0 


Gold  Medals  fob  Steeb  ob  Ox  (Best  in  the  Classes). 


181,? 
IKtfi 

I8t7 

iHiy 

18.V) 
IK.'il 
IS.-C' 
IK\T 
1^4 

i.s.V) 

IR")C 

isw 

IHfiO 


R.  M.  Layton 

Karl  of  Warwick 

\V.  D.  Manning 

Karl  of  Leicester 

Kiehard  .Tones 

\yilliam  Heath 

Kdward  I.onKmore..., 

Kiehard  Stratton 

do 

Duke  of  llutland 

Marquis  of  Kxetor 

William  Heath 

I'Mward  Wortley 

Itichard  .Stratto 

Kiehard  Hhirlay 

It.  W.  Baker 

Oecirgo  Taylor 


P.  Prosser 

John  Thomas 

.Self 

.Siiif. ! 

.Tames  Ci>rtwrifflit.. 

James  Ilill 

Self 

Self 

Self. 

Self 

Self. ; 

.Tohn  Possnuire 

Self 

.Self. 

Self. 

Self 

Christopher  Clark.. 


Hereford  o'r.... 

do ;;;'! 

Short-horn  ox " 

North  Devon  steer' 

Hereford  ox 

Hereford  steer 

do !;!!.;; 

Sliorf-horn  ox !! 

Shorth-lKirn  st<'er.... 

Short^horn  ox 

Sliort-horu  steer 

Devon  ox 

Hhort-lKiriiHleer...... 

do " 

I lereford  steer...... ... 

Short-horn  steer 

do .■.■'■ 


s  n 

17 


vt 


*  The  R-old  medal  In  1S;»  vas  offered  by  Mr.  KIteles 

I  Aft  "■  .'I'!"  ^'■'*'"  •.'"i'f  ""■»?»'•'  "»"hils  were  awiinh-d  to  the  exhil)itors  instead  of  the 
belfheifei oVTw.^'''*^  '^''"'""''  """'"'^  '^'•'"  «iven-~one  for  the  iM^stXr  r,'"ox'am'i 
i  After  this  year  (l.SCI)  u  silver  cup  value  CIO  waH  Buluuittcd  for  the  gold  medal. 


■1 
.1 
■I    1   II 

:!    H    II 

II 
II 
II 

I  10  (I 
.1  '.)  ', 
I  I  II 
:i  III  II 
(  .')  n 
;<  10  li 

2  ,S2I 
2    (127 

;<  s  (I 

2  11    7 


lirecilwrM. 

line  forilm 


•i    ..*,^ 


B. 


gold  mcdnh,  siker 
1  inclimvr,  logeiiiey 


iVom  the  "History  of 
iretary.  ' "' 

tX  Cl-ASSE«. 


;e  named. , 


Ape. 


y-m.(i,       ,, 
0  0  0       'i 

6  0  0 


3  10 

0 

i    7 

II 

5    7 

0 

4    » 

II 

•1    fi 

0 

4  11 

0 

.)  10 

0 

••i    0 

0 

■t    S 

II 

1  11  M 

S    0 

5    2 

II 

«    « 

1) 

■1    '.» 

0 

i   0 

0 

iES). 


vt 


■I  s  n 

5  fl  17 
■1  4  II 
."!    S    0 

II 
II 
II 

I  10  II 

.1  9  r, 

•i  i  0 

:i  10  0 

)  5  n 

.'J  10   li 

2  H2\ 

-1  11  27 

.'1  H   (I 

2  11    7 


if  llio  l)reccl«r». 
c,  1111(1  orii^  for  111! 


SUPPLEMENT. 
BiLVKB  Cups  fob  Stekb  ob  Ox. 


713 


Year. 


1802 

I  SO  I* 
IHIV) 

\na< 

ISIiV 

I  WW 

l.Slilt 
1«70 
l.s-l 
1.S72 
187.1 
1871 

I87r. 
1S77 

187.8 
1870 
I.S.SO 

msi 


To  exhibitor. 


.Tohn  Overninn 

William  Heath 

.Ii>iiu  WiileHby  Kirkliiiin. 

I  Juice  of  HiitlierlniKl 

Uicliiird  Hcnth  Harris.... 

William  McK'onibie 

William  Heath 

ICarl  of  Avlesforil 

William  Taylor 

.Tosepli  Stratton 

.lames  Briiee 

.r.  .S.  Hull 

do 

<!.  Sowerby 

Hamiiel  Kidmtr 

U.  11.  H.   the  Hriiiee    of 

Wales. 

.Tames  H.  Biilt 

Henry  1>.  Adamson 

.T.  .1.  (Jol-.nan,  M.  P 

Sir  W.  li.  Gordon-tHnn- 

Diiny;,  Bart. 


Breeder. 


Breed. 


Self. 

Thomas  Loekley  Meire.. 

l-ulte  HnrriHori..' 

Dr.  Medillivriiy  

Alexaiuler  Cowie 

Helf 

I<ale  Thomas  Klesmere.. 

Helf. 

U.  Stranger 

The  I  ,te  Ui(.h"d  Htratton. 

.Tohn  Macl'herson.... 

.Self 

.Self. 


.Self 

Helf 

William  Shajiland.. 

Self. 

•Tames  Briiee 

•Tame.s  Durno 

O.  Willianuioii 


Devon  and  Short-horn 

Hereford  ox 

.Short-horn  steer 

Seotch-horn  ox ....... 

Hhort-horn  and  8eot<'ii-i)olle(i. 

.Scol  ell-polled 

Hereford  ox .". 

Hhort-horn  steer ." 

Devon  ox " 

Hhort-horn  ox 

Polled  Aberdeenshire  steer.... 

Hhort-horn  ox 

Short-horn  steer ....'... 

Hhort-horn  ox .' 

l/evon  ox 

Devon  steer ........! 


Short-horn  steer 

do 

(IrosH  steer 

Scoteh-polled  steer.. 


^ge. 


y.  m.  d. 


4    0 

4  0    0 
2    5  20 

5  8  0 
8 
8 
3 
2 
6 
3 


3    8  11 


t    1 

3    2 


3  11    0 

2  5    3 

3  7  18 
2    8    6 


Gold  Mbdal.s  fob  Heifeb  ob  Cow  (Best  in  the  Clas.srs.) 


IMS 
1,810 
1817 

1.848 
1.840 
18.^)0 
Wil 

1S.S2 
I8').1 
l.8->l 
1'8.V) 
IS.'iC. 

i8r>7 
mx 
mv,i 

18I>U 
1861t 


William  Trinder., 

.lolin  Hooth 

Karl  of  Itadnor.... 


.Toh.^  Mann 

Samiie)  Wiley..., 
.Stephen  (looeh. 
Samuel  Druee... 


.T.D.Cook 

Henry  Smith 

Charles  Towneley 

Henry  Ambler 

Uiiliard.SlraUon 

liieut.  <'ol.  Towneley. 

.1.  W.  Brown 

Lieut.  Col.  Towneley. 

IfiehardHill 

John  Faulkner 


Ix>rd  Sherborne.. 

Self 

Self 


Self. 

Self. 

Nathaniel  Cartwright.. 
Self. „ 


Self. 

William  Smith 

Alexander  Banneruinn.. 
W.  D.  Manning  (the  late). 

Helf 

Self. _ 

Self 

Self. 

Self. 

Sir  J.  Harper  Crewe.  Bt. 


Durham  heifer 

Durham  eow 

Herefor<l  and  Long-horn  cross 

heifer. 

Durham  cow 

Short-horn  cow 

do 

Short-horn  and  Hereford  cross 

heifer. 

Hereford  cow* 

Hhort-horn  cow ' 

do 

do 

do 

.do, 


Shorl-horn  heifer., 

do 

Hereford  cow ., 

Short-horn  cow 


3  10 

0 

9  10 

0 

2 

8 

0 

9 

0 

0 

7 

2 

0 

5 

3 

0 

3 

4  U 

6  U 

0 

5 

8 

0 

C 

8 

0 

7  11  10 

5 

8 

9 

4 

1 

0 

3  10  21 

3 

7 

2 

n 

2 

0 

5  10 

0 

SiLVKB  Cups  fob  Heifeb  ob  Cow. 


1RC2 
l,8ii:i 

iscif 

I8ri.'> 

i,si;!i 

I.Si',7 

l,Hik8 

l8iW 

18711 

l,S7i 

1872 

is;:; 

1,871 
IS7.% 
1.870 
1.877 
1878 
1870 
I  "80 
1881 


Rol)ert  Tennont 

Clmrles  Kwaisland 

liii'liard  Taylor 

ijii'l  of  Itadiior 

Uii'liaid  .Stratton 

Ileni-y  Jiettridge 

i'jirl  of  Hardwi<'ke 

.Sir  W.C.  Tievelyan,  Ht. 

Tieviu-  L.  Si'iiior 

.bime.i  Itniee 

Trevor  I,.  Keiiior 

.lohn  Walter,  M.  V 

nil  hard  Htriillon 

William  I'ox  lieaven 

.Ioso;(li  Ht  ration 

N,  Catiliiiole 

Iii<'liiii'd  .'dilation 

do 

Ch;irl(.M  TliomiiH  Lucas.. 
Hir  W    G.  (iordon-Cnin- 
niiiiif,  Hart. 


Self. 

Lady  Lubbock 

Heir 

.Self. 

Helf. 

K.  Tanner , 

Self. 

.Self 

Lat<-  Charles  Gibhs ... 
.Mexandcr  Paterson.. 

Walter  Kadhing 

Hy.  Mi(!kleiu 

Helf. 

Helf 

S<!lf. 


Self..., 
Helf.. 
.Self  , 
Hell,.,, 
Helf..., 


Short-horn  heifer 

do 

do 

Short-horii  heifer 

Short-horn  eow 

Hereford  heifer 

.Short-horn  heifer 

Short-horn  eow 

Devon  hoifei 


.Scoteh-i)olled  heifer  ...... 

Devon  lieifei 


Short-horn  heifer.... 

do 

do 

do 

do. 

do 

do 

do 

.Scot<!h-polled  heifei 


3 

r,  10 

2 

11) 

0 

3 

H 

21 

3 

3 

0 

4 

10 

14 

3 

r, 

» 

3 

5 

21 

5 

3 

21 

.» 

« 

0 

3 

8  14 

3 

4 

3 

3 

2 

0 

2 

9 

0 

3 

9 

0 

3  11 

0 

3 

7 

0 

3  10  14 

3 

7 

19 

3 

0 

0 

2 

8 

0 

*Afler  this  year  (18(il)  a  gold  me.lal  to  the  breeder  was  substituted  for  the  silver  medal  hitherto 

I  Aller  this  year  (18t)l)  a  silver  cup  vali.     tlO  was  HubstituU'd  fur  the  gold  modal. 

(Alter  tills  year  (l.SOl)  a  gold  medal  to  Hie  breeder  was  substituted  for  the  gilvor  modal  hitherto 

J^' Veil. 


714 


CATfLE   AiJD   DAIRY   FARMtNtt. 


Silver  Citps  fob  SifRopsiiiUK,  OxroKusniUE,  Cuosh-beed,  ou  any  otiiku  I'rpp 
WOT  Before  SPEoirini)  (Best  I'bn  op  Wethers  in  the  Classkh).  ' 


Year. 


1862 
1863 
I8<>( 
IS65 
1860 
18()7 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 


To  exhibitor. 


Zndiarinh  W.  Htilgoe 

John  Overnmn 

do 

Duko  ofMurlboroiiKli 

.John  Overmnn 

.Siinmcl  Druce 

Alfred  ItoKers 

,lolin  Overman 

do 

Lord  Chesbaui 

IJiikcof  Marlboroii^rli 

do 


Breeders. 


Self. 

Self 

Self. 

Helf. 

.Self, 

.Self. 

HeW, 

.Self. 

Helf. 

Self,. 

Helf, , 

.'-iRif, 


Breed. 


.Sussex  and  Cotswo'd 

I,,el'?enter  and  Houth-down 

do   ""  ■ 

Oxfordtbirc-down   

Leice.Mler  nnd  Soiitli-diiwii 
Oxfordsbirc i 

do ::;::.;: i 

LonK  Wool  and  Hontb-down  "! 

do "■' 

Hbropsbiro  wethers ; 

Oxfordshire  wetliei's | 

Oxford  welbera ! 


Age, 


"1.  lit 
-'0  ;i 
•M 

2(1 

21 

211 

21  :; 

21    ■■ 

21 

21    '< 

21 

21 

21 


Champion  Plate  (Value  £105)  to  Exhibitor  of  Bbht  Beast  in  the  Show 


1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
X87I 

1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879* 

laso 

1881 


Karl  of  Aylesford 

Tbonius  I'ul ver 

Joseph  Htratton 

Janie.s  Hruee 

John  Waller,  M.  P 

U.  n.  H.  The  I'rineo  of 

Wales. 
Thomas  Willis. 


Self. 

Self. 

The  late  H.  D.SIrattoii 

.lobnMael'berson 

H.v.  Mickleni , 

HuKb  Aylmei 


Self., 

Samuel  Kidner i  SeU',. 

N.  (.'atebpole 

lllehard  Slratton 

James  .lolin  Katelill'o 

.1.  J.  t'olman,  M.  V 

Sir  W.  G.  GordonCimi- 
luiiig,  Bart. 


Self, 

Self, 

Self. 

iJamesUurno 

Self. I  Seotch-polled  lieifer  . 


Sborl-horn  steer 

Short-horn  ox 

<io !'.'.'.!;"■"■ 

Polled  Aberdeenshire  steer 

Short-horn  heifer " 

Short-horn  cow 


3   2 


I)  II 
.1  II 
Nil 
2  II 
5  (I 


do 

Devon  ox 

Short-horn  heifer 
do 

do  

Ooss  steer  . 


;!     1     I 

!  3  7  II 
■'!  ID  H 
■>  4  II 
2  7111 
2    «  II 


♦After file  year  1870  the  club's  gold  medal  was  KJven  to  the  breeder. 

Cup  Prizes  for  Best  ok  each  Breed. 

[Breed  cups,  value  MO  eaeb,  to  the  exhibitor  of  the  best  beast  ot  each  breed  1 


Year. 


1874 


1875 


1870 


Exhibitor. 


T.  L.  .Senior 

Ulebard  Hill  

James  S,  llidt 

.lohn  Kent 

Sir  W.t  iordon-t  'nmminK, 

Henry  Humphrey 

Ilenj.  Hrowii 

T.  L.  Senior 

William  (Jroves 

Thomas  Willis 

William  Wood 

Duke  of  Sutherland 

Thonvis  Htatter 

Samuel  Kidner 

Itobert  Worlloy 

loseph  Stratton 


Breeder. 


Breed. 


Richard  Stranjjer 

Selt 

Self 

William  AV'oo<l 

W.  Webster 

Sir  (,'.  (iorluK. 

Self 

liicbiird  Strantjer 

Mejisrs.  lleiKliwav  A:  Son, 

Self, 

Self 

Self 

tieoru'i^  Sluind 

Sell' 

TboMuts  I. owe 

Self. 


Age. 


Devon 

I  Herel'oni 

I  .Sboitliorn 

I  Husse.x 

I  HlKbland .'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.','.;', 

j  t'ross ' 

i  Norfolk  polled .'.......'. ri 

Devon .,.....,       't 

Ilcrefonl ....,..,.. •  ,j 

Hiiiirt-horn ] i  t 

Sussex I  I 

.Seoteh  HiKhlimd.  ..,..„'.'.'.'.'. ■.■.'.■.'■.■;  r> 

Cross '__ ^-j 

Devon  ox .,,,,,.,'  t 

Kreforil  ox  ,!!!...!!!'  t 


1877 


1878 


William  Me(;oinliie 

.lames  Keid  

H.  It,  II,  The  I'lin. r 

Wales 

Henry  I'a^ce 

Nathaniel  Calilipole 

,\irri-d  Apite    

.Sir  W.<lor(lun-<'ummiii){  , 
I.rfiri!  r.!!v:i!!  

.lohn   Koliert  Overman..,. 

HoIhtI  Woitley  

Hiehard  Slratton 

John  Woodrull' 


.lames  Marron., 
.lames  Merson, 


William  Sbanland 

D.  Kd wants 

Self 

.Self 

The  late  Ali-x.  I'aterson,, 
5  Wm,  llrown  of  Link-  I 
)       vv<M>d  «Sc  Aliei'decn,      / 

Mrv  Clark 

J.  II.  l-'armer 

Helf 

John  Kirk  pat riek 


,/.  TO.  il. 

I    II  II 

I      I  II 

, ;    2  ;! 

•i    7  II 
1  III  211 

:!  n  II 

'i  a  II 

')  II  (I 

I  II 

7  II 

II  II 
1  II 


Shorthorn  heifer. 

.Su.sse.x 

Si'otch  polled  ox.. 
Cross  steer 


;t  11  0 


Devon  steer 

Ilereforil  ox 

Shorthorn  lieifer 

.Sussex  steer 

Seoteh  polled  lii'iUr  . 

Sh.-.rtliitrii  steer 

Devon  steer 

Ilerefonl  ox 

Hhortborn  heifer 

Sus.sex  steer 


4 

3 

..I  4 

..■  3 

:i 

.  3 


li  II 

'.)  II 

2  0 

2  II 

7  II 

2  II 

III  II 


.1 10  II 
3   4  7 


mil 


NY  OTilKK  ijREEn 

CLASHKh). 


I. 


Ago. 


^"'d ';•*. 

mh-(lo«ii,..    ,  "ii  " 

"•■::::::;:::::::■  ^^ 

nth-down on 

•!  ^1 2 

I  '"I ., 

iontli-down...'  iji   " 

^rs..,V.'.'.'.'.V.'.'.'.','.;;  ^[  ■ 

*"•« 21 

21 


IN   TlIK  Snow. 


iliin;  Htecr. 


3  2  H 

■i  !l  II 

•1  3  II 

■'*  >i  II 

••!  2  II 

■1  5  0 


1 


0 


..  !  1  1 

■■!  3  7  II 

•j  3  III  ii 

.  3  4  I) 


sder. 


1>  Uivcd. 


Age. 


,/.  »i.  il. 

{  II    0 

I  I  II 

,;  2   :{ 

3  7   (I 

1  IU2II 

3  Ii    II 

n  8  II 

ri  II  II 

3  I    II 

4  7  II 
4  »  II 


f)  7  II 

5  I   II 

4  I    I 

4  3  II 

3  II    0 

4  8  0 

3  9  II 

I 

Is  3   0 

4  2  II 
!  3  7  II 
^  3  2  II 

3  III   II 


111 


3  4   7 

4  :l  2! 

,  3  mil 
i  3  II  0 


SUPPLEMEKT. 
Qpp  Prizes  for  Bkst  of  ka'cii  Bbeed— Continued. 


716 


Year. 

Exliibitor. 

Breeders. 

Breed. 

Age. 

1878 

SirW.Gordoii'Cumming.. 

George  Williamson 

y.  m.  d. 
4    7    0 

Self. 

3    8    0 

1879 

John  Walter,  M    P 

Siiinuel  Kidner 

4    0  25 

Mrs.  Edwards 

Rirlitird  Htrntton 

Helf 

4    3-20 

Self 

Hhorthorn  heifer 

3    7  10 

Jolin  Kirkpatriek 

Sir  W.Ciordou-Cumuiiiig.. 

Self 

C  Grant 

Hu.saex  steer 

3    7  10 

Seoteh  polled  steer 

2    8    U 

William  Keliuan 

Cross  steer 

Devon  steer 

3    6    7 

1880 

Inliii  WuVer.  M.  P 

Self 

2  11  23 

Kredpriek  Piatt 

(^luirles  Thomas  Liiais..., 

.lohn  Stewart  Oxlcy 

,J  J  <;olmaii,M.P 

Solf 

Helf 

.Self 

I'eter  Deattle 

Hereford  steer 

3    4  23 

' 

Hhort-horii  heifer 

3    6    0 

Hnssex  lieifer 

3    5  19 

St'oteli  polled  steer 

2  11  10 

,r  .1.  <!ol(naii,M.  1' 

.Taines  Dnriiii 

Walter  I'urlhing 

Orosssteei 

3    7  Ifi 

1881 

.lohn  Walter,  M.  P 

3    0  29 

Self 

3     1     3 

W  H    (iil)bs 

Belt 

Shorthorn  eow 

4  10    7 

Self 

3    8  13 

Si  r  W.O  ordon-t'u  linn  i  ng.. 
Sir  John  Swinburne,  Bt... 

Self. 

Seotoli  polle<l  heifer 

2    8    0 

Self 

2    4    0 

MILK  RECORD  OF  BRITISH  COWS. 

(Inslosure  15  in  Consul-Qeneral  Merrilt's  report.) 
Daily  yield  of  milk  {in  quarts)  from  sixfy  cows  during  twelve  months. 


No. 

Name. 

c 
o 

a 
s 

18  5 
18.5 
18.0 
16.0 
17.0 
10.5 
10. 5 
19.0 
11.5 
18.0 
10.5 
21.0 
18.5 
17.0 
19.5 
17.0 
18.0 

19.0 

a).  0 

18.0 
19.0 
'20.0 

20.5 
10.0 
2.'!.0 
17.0 

17.0 
19.5 
17.0 
17.0 
20.0 
17.5 

s 

o 

a 

1 
8 

c 

0 

a 

I 

s 

0 

a 

A 

9 

5 

s 

i 

3 
0 

a 

if 

• 
a 

0 

a 

a 
t 

0 
0 

a 
it 

5 

a 
0 

a 

a 

% 

a 

a 
0 

a 

S 
V 
t- 
<a 

U 

1 

a 

1 

Daily    average 
over    whole 
period  in  railk. 

09 

1 

a 

M 

a 

'u 

S 

R 

1 

•> 

Victoria,     second 
prize,    Dairy 
Show,  187.S 

PrimroHO 

14.5 
lU.O 
20.0 
10.0 
17.0 
15.5 
14.5 
1.5.5 
10.5 
1.1.0 
14.5 
10.5 
10.5 
14.0 
17.5 
19.0 
18.0 

20.0 
17.5 
22.0 
19,0 
19.5 

19.0 
14.0 
2*2.0 
10.5 

10.0 
18.5 
10,0 
10.0 
19,0 
10.5 

11.0 
17.0 
10,0 
14.0 
14. 0 
14.0 
Vi.ft 
14.5 
12.5 
13.0 
1,5.0 
10.0 
15.0 
12.0 
14.0 
17.0 
14.0 

18.0 
17.5 
19.0 
17.0 
18.0 

18.0 
13.0 
•22.0 
17.5 

13.0 
17.0 
1.5.0 
1.5.0 
17.0 
15.0 

11.0 
13.0 
14.0 
14.0 
13. 0 
1.3.0 
12.0 
12.0 
13.0 
11.5 
1,3.0 
15.0 
13. 5 
10.0 
11.0 
14.5 
12.0 

15.5 
14.5 
17.0 
14.0 
16.0 

18.0 
12.0 
18, 0 
1.5.0 

11,0 
10,5 
r2.5 
12.0 
1.5. 5 
15.0 

9.5 
11.5 
11. 0 
12.5 
11.5 
12.3 
10.0 
II.O 
12.5 
10.5 
l'2.5 
15. 0 
'2.0 
9. 5 
9.0 
13.0 
10.5 

1.3.5 
14.0 
16.0 
14.0 
1.3.0 

1.5.5 
11.5 
10.5 
11.0 

9.5 
14.5 
12.5 
10, 5 
14,5 
13.5 

8,0 
11.5 
11.0 

9.0 
11.0 
11,0 

9.0 
10. 0 
l'2.0 

9.5 
10.0 
11.0 
11.0 

9. 5 
10.5 
13.0 
10.5 

13.5 
12.5 
13.0 
12.0 
11.5 

1.3.0 
11.0 
10.0 
12.5 

10.0 
12.5 
1.3.5 
10.0 
14.0 
13.  S 

7.5 
9. 5 
8,5 
9,0 
11.0 
12.0 
7,0 
11.5 
12.0 
9.0 
10.0 
'0.5 
10.5 
8,0 
8.5 
12.0 
9.0 

11.0 
9.5 
12.0 
10. 0 
14.0 

11.5 
9.5 
11.0 
10,5 

7.5 
4,5 
12,5 
10,5 
12,5 
10.0 

7,0 
8.5 
4.5 
7.5 
9, 0 

10.0 
0.0 

10.  .5 
9.5 
3.5 
9.0 
9.0 
9.0 
0.0 
8.0 

11.5 
9.5 

9.0 
8.0 
9.0 
,5.0 
9,0 

10, 5 

7.5 

12,5 

8,5 

8.5 

io','5" 
12,5 
13.5 

0.0 

8.5 

5.5 
8.5 

5.0 

2,5 
7.0 

8.83 

11.54 

12.87 

10.3 

10.68 

10.63 

10.38 

9.0 

9.0 

10.  .55 

10.83 

10.00 

8.04 

9.77 

10.18 

12.15 

10. 15 

11,80 
12,9.4 
1.3. 83 
11,8 
12,8 

14,61 
10,30 
1.5.0 
13.  .33 

10.04 
14.71 
14  04 
10  50 
14.4 
13.0 

12 

12 

3 

8 

4 

ShortlegH   

3.0 
7.0 
8.0 
6.0 
8.0 
8.5 
1.0 
8.5 
7.5 
7.0 
2,0 
7.0 
8,0 
7,5 

,5,5 
3.0 
9.5 
6.5 
4.0 

0.0 
7.0 
12.0 

8.5 

7.5 

"s.b" 

10.0 
9.5 

2.0 
5.0 
3.5 

1 

10 

T) 

Hereford 

2.0 
1.0 



11 

6 

7 

Red  Cheeks 

Paxton 

11 
9 

H 
U 
III 

Cliunipioii 

Barry : 

Dasher 

8.0 
8.0 

7.5 
7.5 

0.0 
7.0 

10 
17 

<) 

II 

8.5 
7.0 
ti.5 

7.0 
7.5 
6.0 

0.0 
0.0 
5.5 

1'' 

Chariuer 

10 

i;i 

Jones 

17 

14 

9 

10 

Loosely 

(Viokhorn 

4.0 

10.0 

6.5 

3.5 

3.0 
9.0 
0.5 

2.0 

"7.0" 
5.0 

11 
13 

17 

13 

Meudow     Flower 
14th      (dam      of 
first  prize  Chip- 
penham)  

Hereford  (Cox's)... 

11 

9 

•») 

8.0 
1.5 
4.0 

7.0 

5.5 

12 

n 

Witney 

<  'lierry 

10 

Tf. 

10 

■a 

Hereford     (Corn- 
ish's)  

0 

?4 

Tiohorn    

7.0 
8.0 

5.5 
4.0 

11 

25 

:>A\ 

Hereford  (old) 

Noble 

11 

9 

27 

I''air  Mal<l  (second 
pri/.c,  Croj-iion, 
1880) 

0.5 

i'i'.B 

11.0 
8.5 

4.0 

"9.0" 
9,5 

"0.0 
9.5 

11 

?s 

Primrose 

7 

'«» 

V?. 

31) 

Lily 

15 

31 

Champion  

10 

32 

Droophorn 

, 

7 

716 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRV    FARMING, 


Milk  record — Continued. 


No. 


Name. 


Xi 

;m 
.n 
.'<(> 
ay 

io 
■n 

•CJ 

4t 
(5 

'(I) 
47 
48 
1!> 
W) 
51 

5:j 
r.3 
r>4 

ST) 

r>« 
r>7 


r.adv 

iiridc ;;; 

Pensnilt 

Pearl  ioth 

Ilenriettti  17tii 

•  'orniHli 

ShorlleKS 

Miiiiiio 

Inrtinui " 

Bailey 

Ariel  iUl ..'... 

VenUH.'id 

Huiulv 

HHikIIo 

Hrownio 

More  ton 

('lierrywliitu 

liuhy 

Venus  2cl 

Minilcin 

Jietts 

Star '.;■ 

I)uiu|>ljnK 

Infant 

<'lmriner  (<laiu  of 
first     |iri/.o,     ]h- 

litiKTtonJWJ) 

Slojjps 

staK .'.':;;; 

Nancy 

AveraRC  of  sixty 
cows  ! 


a 
o 

e 
e 

17.0 
IH.O 
IH.O 

i«.  r> 

Ki.O 
'M.O 
22.0 
IH.O 
20.0 
ISI.O 
I. Mi 
17.5 
1 1. 5 
IC.O 

ir>.5 

17.5 
IH.O 
15.5 
19.0 
lit.O 
Ifi.O 
Ui.O 
1!>.  0 
22. 5 


a 
o 

a 


15.5 
11).  0 

in.o 

III.  5 

13. 0 

20.0 

21.5 

17.0 

21.0 

Ki.O 

12,5 

lU.O 

15.5 

13.5 

1.5.5 

10.0 

17.5 

15.5 

17.0 

15.5 

15.5 

14.5 

IH.O 

17.5 


20.0 
17.0 
21.0 
10.0 


25.0 
lfi.5 


25.0 
14.0 
22.0  22.0 
18.5  1 15.0 


13.0 
18.0 
l(i.5 
12.5 
12.0 
17.0 
21.5 
15.0 
18.0 
19.5 
11.5 
14.0 
12.5 
10.5 
13.5 
14.0 
1.^0 
13.5 
15.0 
0 
13.5 
12.0 
15.0 
17.5 


10. 5 
12.0 
1.5.5 
12.0 
12.0 
14.5 
15.5 
14.0 
14.0 
18.0 
10.5 
11.5 
12.0 
9.5 
13.5 
11.5 
14.5 
U.O 
15.0 
12.0 
13.0 
13.0 
14.0 
15.5 


23.5  20.5 
12.0  10.5 
22. 0  20. 0 
15.0  115.5 


10.5 
1.3.5 
15.0 
11.5 

10.  0 

ir>.o 

H.5 
l.i.5 
13.0 
17.0 
7.5 
10.5 
11.5 
9.0 
10.5 
11.0 
14.0 
10.5 
14.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.0 
14. 5 
13.5 


10.5 
13. 5 
14.5 
8.5 
8.5 
1.5 
0. 5 
13.5 
8.5 
1.5.0 
7.0 
10.5 
II. 0 
7.5 
8.5 
9.0 
U.O 
9.5 
12.5 
12.0 
11.0  j 
9.5  I 
1.3.0 
12.5 


J3 

C 
O 

a 

o 


18.0   17. 09  15.  a?  1.3. 75  12. 55 


20.5 
9.5 
7.5 

12.0 


8.5 
12.5 
12.5 
7.5 
8.5 
9. 5 
8.0 
12.0 
7.5 
II. (» 
7.0 
9. 5 
9.0 
5.5 
7.(» 
7.0 
10. 0 
5. 5 
10.5 
10.0 
9.5 
(i.5 
10.0 
11.0 


14.0  ,12.0 
5.5  I  3.5 
15.5  12.5 
U.O     9.0 


11.34 


9.72 


7.0 
10.5 
14.5 
7.5 
5.5 
10.0 
7.0 
9. 5 
V.O 
10.5 
5. 5 
9. 5 
8.1) 
4. 5 
0.0 
5.0 
7.0 

5.5 
8.0 
.'!,0 
7.5 
1.0 


THE  POSITION  OF  ENGLISH  DAIRY  FARMING  IN  1883. 

J  irnolcsiire  10  in  Consni-Oeneral  Merritt's  rei)ort.] 

The  marvelou.s  changes  and  improvements  which  have  arisen  during  tl,,.  i.,.f  i  , 
in  the  mannfacture  an.l  disposivl  of  the  pro<iuct8  of  the  dairy  can  "arce  v^.l  '  If  ' 
b.y  the iict.vc  participat«.-H  in  the  movement,  ««tinga retrospecti'^  .ri.l^  '  f  '''"! 
depreasmn  of  the  dairy  interests  thro«Khont  the  country  so  rccent%"r  W.  vlf "  <^''' 
factory  syat<^m  ot  checsc-makinfj  was  (inst  intrmluced  into  Knghind^  Yi  r  i  ii?,'"'"  "'' 
n,  a  (c^  tavore<l  loc^alities  ..ontiguous  to  jK.pnlons  center,  wher    new  ,     k  r„^,^^^M^ 

red  twice  a  .lay  to  the  Imeksters  who  rctiile.l  it  over  the  c.  u  it^r  ,m-,T  .  ?.'''" 
no  orpm.^cd  .system  of  delivery,  those  living  outside  the  area  of  th  s  c  nVm ed  !  """ 
con.i>ei]e,l  t«  convert  the  chief  of  their  milk  into  cheese.  Jt  i.s  rae  t  7,  >2  T 
.•alvcs,  made  a  little  butter  from  the  whey  lleetings,  and  a  li-ditskimmiiilLn  'T 

.n  order,  as  was  alleged,  to  prevent  the  cheese  from  falling  to  pieces     "^  .?:;''' 

cheese  had  to  he  made  in  the  kitc'hen,  whi.-h  was  „ften  in"onveni,M'la„         ' ,       Vr" 
the  pnrpo.se.     The  a.-commodation  for  storing  and  np.ning  "he  Xte  wh    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
a  delechve  character,  lien.-e  the  produce  was  variable  in  .,uulity  an.l  ,n  Ju^r  i .    „n    / 
The  I  ernyslnre  lan.llords  and  others  who  contribute.    tlu/fu„,ls    '  n    ' '     I  ,  / V 
time  an.l  energy  in  experimental  dairying,  the  pionee.^  who  cont     ,,  t       1,       i     : 
nndertook  the  lal.or,  have  rmnved  .scant  m-ognitlon  of  their  phi    nt    o  i,    11         / 

accomplished  all  its  most  sanguine  a.lvomtes  everanticipate.l,  which  was  tor  is 't  h.  i 
fenor  .,„al.t,cs  to  the  level  of  lirst-class  hrauds.     Taking  the   aver  . en.   r^  £    ' 
n.a,le  u,  »  :{().)-<.onv  .lairy,  and  comparing  them  with  an  equal  u.^ulfitn!!/,: ;:,,;'     •'^ 
nat^iy  m  larinhoiise  .iairies,  th.,  unilbrm  ,,uantityof  the  hug.;  i.uila; '.'i'ves  (l.i.i.i  .^  r!  i 
a^lvantago  ,n  the  market.     Although  tho'systein  I.u,  not  expai,,lc.r',     a  ,'w 

im.'»g.nc.l,  .t  .s  not  due  to  any  inherent  imj^rfe<..ti»n,  but  tx,  a'  co.nl.iuatio.r. f   i'  uu^ 


SUPPLEMENT. 


717 


stiuicea  haviiiK  directed  the  law  iimteriai  iiiUj  new  eluHinelH.  Previous  to  Uie  factory 
uiovenieiil,  all  .statistics  as  to  the  yield  of  milk  ami  it«  pri)(lii<:t  was  nieajrer  and  nnrelia- 
l)lo.  The  more  Imsiiiess-liko  method  oldealiiif;  with  milk  by  wejj!lit,  and  the  weighing 
ol'tlie  cheese  iroin  the  j)ress,  showed  at  a  glanco  the  (luuntity  of  giten  cheese  produced 
liv  a  gallon  oi'milk  thronglioiit  the  year.  Having  ascerrained  ihls.  the  shrinkage  or  loss 
(,i  weight  in  ripening  was  esisily  ciilciilated;  the  cost  of  labor,  sa  t,  and  other  inateriala 
iisi'd  in  the  mannlacture  was  correctly  ascertained,  and  the  value  of  the  waste  prodncta 
(oriectly  appraised. 

Another  important  les.sou  to  the  dairy  farmer  was  the  transit  of  milk  forking  distances. 
The  Derbyshire  milk  trade  to  London,  and  otlier  large  towns,  dates  contemiwraneously 
with  the  introduction  of  the  factory.  In  18(>y  there  was  no  milk  sent  from  Derby  to 
London.  Now,  in  the  height  of  the  .season,  the  ({uantity  sent  by  the  Mi.lland  Railway 
iiloiie  we  estimate  at  '20, 000  gallons  a  day.  During  the  earlier  development  of  the  milk 
tiiulc  many  lo.sses  occurred  to  the  larmers,  generally  through  an  imperfect  knowledgeof  the 
);()sition  of  the  middle  men,  many  of  whom  were  needy  ail  venturers,  who,  by  fair  prom- 
ises anfl  the  oiler  of  an  e.^tra  half-penny  per  gallon,  imposed  on  the  good-natured  credu- 
lily  of  the  farmers,  who  allowed  their  accounts  to  run  on  and  were  freiiuently  mulcted 
in  large  sums.  The  old  adage  "once  bit,  twice  shy,"  has  kd  to  more  careful  inquiries 
as  to  I  he  respectability  and  solvency  of  the  purchaser.  Weekly,  fortnightly,  and,  at  the 
utmost,  monthly  payments  are  now  the  rule.  Yearly  contracts  are  common  with  avary- 
inf;  scale  of  prices  and  quantities  ibr  the  different  sea.sons.  Although  the  jjrices  of  milk 
have  not  generally  improved,  the  trade  on  the  whole  has  iissumed  a  mor..  settled  form. 

IMPROVEMENT   IN   THE  I3KEEI)  OF  DAIKY   CATTLE. 

Tlie  various  grades  of  Shorthorn  comprise  four-tlJtlm  of  the  cattle  kept  exclusively  for 
dairy  inirpoies  in  the  Midland  and  West  Midland  counties,  and  as  milk  and  meat  pro- 
ducers hey  cannot  be8urpa.s.sed.  Theirsize,  quality,  and  aptitude  to  lay  on  flesh  quickly 
hiis  betii  immensely  improved  by  the  use  of  pure-bred  bulls.  Where  these  have  been 
selected  with  judgment,  the  milking  capabilities  have  likewi.se  increased.  A  much 
greater  <l(;grce  of  care  and  attention  is  exercised  in  the  selection  ol'  cows  suitable  for  the 
dairy.  A  well-shaped  milk  veasel  is  a  point  on  which  dairy  itirmers  are  becoming  more 
critical.  Inferior  milkers  are  weeded  out,  and  either  passed  on  to  the  grazier  or  fattened 
oil'  on  the  farm.  The  chief  obstacle  to  more  rapid  improvement  of  the  ordinary  stock  of 
the  <liary  dislritt.s  is  due  to  a  parsimonious  and  grudging  spirit  in  securing  the  services 
ol  abetter  cla.ssof  bulLs.  A  man  withadairy  of  30  to  50  cows  will  give  £30  for  ayoung 
.Shorthoin  bull,  which,  after  three  years'  .service  and  three  mouths' stall-feeding,  will 
readily  make  tof)  to  €10  to  the  butcher.  The  stock  left  by  him  will  be  a  remarkable 
improvement  on  the  original.  Instead  of  exercising  more  ciire  in  the  selection  of  another 
pure-bred  animal  to  Ibllow,  he  .saves  a  vaW  from  some  favorite  cow  in  his  own  herd 
which,  being  only  a  half-bred,  reduces  the  progeny  to  their  original  state. 

The  milk-selling  mania,  which  set  in  about  187;5-'74and  culminatedin  ]8H0-'8l,  com- 
pletely demoralized  the  dairy  interests  of  the  Midlands.  The  bast  men  were  realizing  an 
average  return  of  i:22  to  X'JG  per  cow  by  the  sale  of  milk.  On  all  the  best  milk  farms 
rearing  was  for  the  time  completely  ignored;  the  ciipabilities  of  farms  were  taxed  to  the 
uttermcst  in  order  to  produce  the  greatest  possible  quantity  of  milk,  the  farmers  pre- 
ferring to  purchase  springing  cows  to  fill  up  their  stalls  as  required.  In  the  course  of 
three  years  the  system  began  U>  tell  in  the  scarcity  and  enhanced  jirices  of  calving  cows. 
The  diminution,  so  to  sjjcak,  of  the  cattle  population  of  this  couutry  is  largely  due  to  the 
■same  cause.  For  the  last  two  yeara  the  enhanced  prices  and  inferior  quality  "of  the  stock 
luusreilnced  the  profits  of  dairy  farming  to  a  small  margin.  Stock  reared  on  tha  farmare 
more  healthy  and  thrive  better  than  strangers,  and  these  are  fretjuentlv  of  a  nondescript 
.haractcr.  Instances  are  numerous  of  cows  purchased  at  Z'2\  to  £2(5,  aVter  being  milked 
10  or  II  months,  .selling  lus  barreners  at  .tl(i  or  £18  each.  This  makes  a  rather  heavy 
inroad  on  the  gross  returns.  The  very  few  men  who  have  (|uietly  gone  on  rearing  sufli- 
eient  lo  keep  up  their  herd  and  finished  off  their  cast  cows  have  suffered  little  from  the 
jiressnre  of  the  time.  This  year  the  rage  for  rearing  has  again  set  in;  colory  calves  of 
a  lew  days  old  have  been  eagerly  jiicked  up  at  IOm.  to  SO.s.  each.  We  have  a  commission 
(o  purcha.se  all  the  bull  calves  Irom  a  herd  of  40  ordinary  tlairy  cows  at  60s.  each,  deliv- 
ered on  rail  at  three  days  old.  I  need  scarcely  say  they  were  all  by  a  pedigree  bull. 
Wuch  prices  should  be  suflacient  inducement  to  use  a  better  class  of  sires. 


IMPEO\  ' 


^sETIIOnS  OP  PEEDINO. 


The  great  impetus  given  to  dairy  fiirming  by  the  introduction  of  the  factory  system, 
aud  8ubse<)nently  the  sale  of  milk,  luw  led  to  a  much  more  liberal  system  of  feeding. 
Formerly  the  produce  of  the  farm,  grass  in  summer  and  hay  in  w'nter,  constituted  the 


718 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 


I 


I 


diet  of  a  dairy  cow.  Cheese  was  made  during  eight  or  nine  mouths.  The  cow  was  put 
dry  and  rested  lor  at  least  three  mouths  outot  the  twelve.  With  milk-selliiiy  the  tuse 
is  entirely  changed.  The  supply  must  he  kept  up  to  a  lixed  standard  throughout  the 
year;  hence  shelter  and  artilicial  food  are  essential.  The  cows  are  now  regularly  milked 
to  within  one  month  of  calving.  Little  long  hay  is  now  used,  the  food  is  all  given  ia  a 
prepared  state.  Large  quantities  of  meal,  (;ake,  and  brewers'  grains  arc  used.  Durini- 
the  early  days  of  milk-celling  some  landlords  were  alarmed  lest  the  '.and  should  beconit; 
robbed  and  deteriorated.  This  contingency  has  not  been  realized;  on  the  contrary,  larue 
sums  are  now  sjjcnt  on  purchased  foods,  where,  under  the  old  cheese-making  trgi'mf  not 
a  shilling  was  spent  on  extraneous  substances. 

I  may  be  allowed  to  quote  an  instance,  within  my  own  knowledge,  of  an  estate  of  less 
than  ;{,000  acres,  purely  dairy  land,  where  not  a  Um  of  ciike  or  other  purchased  food  was 
ever  used.  The  average  outky  on  this  estate  during  the  last  seven  years  has  been  pp- 
wards  of  X2,00').  Some  of  the  best  men  are  adopting  a  modlQcation  of  the  town  system 
The  weak  milkers  and  the  more  aged  are  highly  fed,  and  are  thus  milked  and  fattened 
at  the  same  time,  and  are  passed  off  to  the  butcher  before  they  are  dry.  On  some  of  the 
larger  farms  a  recent  improvement  is  becoming  popular.  I  have  litted  up  cooking  cis- 
terns  on  several  farms.  These  are  ccmstructed  of  common  bricks  set  in  cement,  into 
which  is  placed  a  perforated  wooden  bottom;  a  pipe  from  the  steam  engine  delivers  the 
steam  into  the  open  space  under  the  false  bottom;  above,  the  tank  istilled  with  hay  orstraw 
chaff,  or  a  mixture  of  the  two,  with  a  quantity  of  unground  corn.  The  cistern  is  covered 
by  a  closely-fitting  lid.the  steamisturnedon,  and  the  contents  thoroughly  cooked.  This 
has  proved  to  be  not  only  the  most  ei  Jiiomical,  as  in  the  case  of  dairy  cows;  it  is  the  most 
efficient  method  of  feeding  corn. 


/ 


YIELD  AND   VALUE  OF  MILK. 

The  improvement  of  the  breed  and  a  more  liberal  system  of  feeding  have  increased  the 
average  yield  of  milk  1(50  gallons  per  cow  during  the  last  twelve  years.  The  averatu 
yield  of  the  best  South  Derbyshire  dairias  may  be  tiiken  at  (ioO  gallons.  The  popular 
taste  is  in  favor  of  a  rich,  mellow,  spiooth-tlavoured  cheese,  artihcially  ripened,  at  from 
six  weeks  to  three  months  old.  This  is  somewhat  in  /iivor  of  the  producer,  tbeslirink- 
age  in  weight  being  less  than  would  be  the  case  if  kept  to  a  greater  age.  An  imperial 
gallon  of  milk  at  a  temperature  of  (id  degrt&s  weighs  10  pounds  4  ounces;  uimUt  good 
management,  11  pounds  of  milk  will  produce  1  pound  of  cured  cheese,  if  we  estimate 
the  cost  of  labor  and  materials,  and  allow,  on  the  other  side,  one  halfpenny  pet  gallon 
tor  the  whey,  the  cheese  must  sell  at  7(*«.  per  cwt.  of  120  pounds  to  realize  7(1.  per  im- 
perial gallon  for  the  crude  milk. 

Immense  improvemeuts  have  taken  place  in  butter-making  since  the  Bristol  nicetini! 
of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  in  lH7i>.  The  Coolle.y  and  Swartz  systems  were  there 
thoroughly  tested  by  English  judges,  and  their  meritvS  fully  recognized,  lioth  the.se.sys- 
tems  have  been  completely  superseded  by  the  cream  separator,  which  elltcts  a  perlect 
separation  in  an  amazingly  rapid  manner.  The  milk  is  drawn  from  the  cow,  paused  over 
a  Lawrence  refrigerator,  and  immediately  sei)arated  at  the  rate  of  CO  gallons  or  more  an  • 
hour.  The  perfectly  sweet  cream  is  churned  immediately,  or,  as  preferred  by  some,  ren- 
dered slightly  acid,  either  by  natural  or  artificial  means.  So  rapid  is  the  jjroeess  that 
butter  from  the  morning's  milk  can  be  placeil  in  the  market  the  .same  evening.  The 
cream,  when  removed  by  the  separator,  is  as  free  from  milk  its  can  po.s,sibly  be  tlie  case 
by  the  ordinary  method  of  skimming;  hence  the  butter  is  liner,  I)eing  pcrlWtlv  Tree 
from  ciisein.  The  (juality  of  cream  is  further  shown  by  the  yielJ  of  butter.  Oue  hiin- 
ilred  quarts  of  cream  frequently  produce  112  jM>unds  of  Itutter;  the  average  yield  of 
butter  thnmghout  the  year,  in  an  ordinary  (arm  dairy,  is  Ki  ounces  o(  butter  from  II 
(|uarts  of  II.  *v  milk.  One  of  the  chief  advantages  of  the  separator  is  the  enhanced  value 
of  the  skim  milk,  which  is  perliectly  .iweet,  and  will  keei)  so  tor  a  much  longer  period 
than  milk  which  had  beeij  .set  from  twenty-four  to  thirly-si.K  hours,  hence  it  is  more  val- 
uable either  for  household  purposes  or  the  rearing  of  stock ;  its  coiiniiereial  value  is  '.iil.  or 
\(l.  per  imperial  gallon.  The  butter  fat  only  being  removed,  the  solids  remain  intact 
to  builil  up  the  l)one  and  muscle  of  the  young  animal,  and  tlu!  sugar  as  a  heat  pro- 
«lucer;  hejice  its  value  for  stock-raising.  The  market  pricf,  of  criitle  milk  varies  like 
other  commo<iities.     The  best  prices  are  generally  obtained  Iroin  local  vendors. 

There  is  still  a  large  field  open  amongst  the  mining  population  of  the  North  Midland.s, 
as  well  as  that  of  the  country  villages,  who  can  obtain  it  only  as  a  iu.Miry.  Though 
sent  daily  from  their  own  doors  in  large  (|uantilies  to  London  and  other  l;iri;e  towns, 
the  denizens  of  the  country  villages  are  unabh;  to  supply  their  wan*s,  Tlii'  iiriees  Miry 
from  7i(/.  to  Hrf.  for  the  six  summer  niouthsand  U'^il.  to  l(i«/.  for  the  six  winter  months, 
jier  imperial  gallon,  out  of  which  the  fanner  has  to  defray  the  cost  of  carriau'e,  vvliieh,  if 
sent  to  Loudon,  is  Id.  per  gallon.    Although  stringent  laws  have  bceu  placed  iu  the  stat- 


SUPPLEMENT. 


719 


\„'  L'linit'd.  A  constiintHUiiei  visiou  would  itisurf.  ii  more  iiiiilorin  uiid  liiKlier  <|uality  thi 
is  possible  wlicre  uu  ecjual  (niantity  is  iiiado  ui>  in  Hcimrato  dairies,  witli  ail  the,  disadva 
Utfji's  ol  iiileriorplaiit.  JJmter  factoritvsareon  the  iiRTC"a.se,  and  tliciinalilyof  thepmdu 
is  unil'oiiu  and  vastly  superior  to  the  f!;eneial  inn  of  private  dairies.     To  my  niiud   tl 


ate  book  aa  to  the  legality  of  certain  well-dellned  weixlits  and  nieaKures,  neverthelesa 
tl„!  old  barn  pillion  ol  17  pints  is  nwd  iis  a  measure  of  capacity  to  the  mystification  and 
„„t  niirreiiuently,  the  lo-ss  of  the  avera-e  counliyman.  Since  the  use  of  cream  senaru- 
t.irsluuH  become  more  general,  the  iiseof  new  milk  amongst  Iho  workini'  cla«se«  lia.s  Inieu 
gradually  lallinjr  oil.  Tl'o  retail  price  in  London  of  perfectly  sweet  and  wholesome  skim 
Miiik  is'J.r/.  peiMiuart.  Ihis  cannot  tail  to  prove  an  inestimable  boon  to  the  poorer 
iliusses.  ' 

THE   ADVANTAGES  OF   TIIK  CO-OPKUATIVE   I'ACTOUY   SYSTEM. 

The  isolated  position  and  the  general  circumstances  and  surroundin-'s  of  the  ordinary 
(l:uiy  (armer  seldom  IcjmI  him  into  the  keen  commereial  current  of  modern  lile  hence  he 
.omes  more  (retiueiitly  into  contact  with  the  middle-man  than  he  doe.s  with  the  eon- 
siiiiicr.  The  co-operative  principle  i,s  specially  applicable  to  modern  dairy  manaceinent 
and  on  ail  estates  ol  any  magnitude  liictories  should  be  erected  and  litted  up  with  the 
necessary  plant  lor  cheese  and  butter  making  and  milk  selling,  the  tenants  pavinu  u 
niddtrate  rent  lor  the  buildings  and  use  of  the  jilaiit. 

On  a  large  scale,  it  is  necessary  U)  have  a  skillful  inaiiager  who  would  act  under  i 
-eneral  committee  of  the  milk  ciiitributois.  The  association  would  be  hampered 
by  no  contracts,  and  be  aide  at  all  times  to  dispose  of  their  pioduee  iu  the  best  market 
The  sale  of  new  milk,  cheese-making,  or  l)Utter-mal<ing,  and  thesale  of  skim  milk  would 
each  be  resorted  to  m  order  to  meet  the  turn  of  the  markets,  so  that  larger  prolit.s  might 
he  earned.     A  constant  supervision  would  insure  a  more  uniform  and  higher  <nialitv  than 

vau- 
luce 

.....       .     ,,'        '        '. r  T", ■  "'  i""""^"  >uiiiic.-<.      iv»  iii_y  unmi,  the 

cliiet  objection  is,  they  are  not  conducted  on  co-operative  principles.     The  milk  is  pur- 
chased at  a  li.\ed  price,  and  the  farmer  has  no  further  inteiestin  the  concern. 

My  employer,  the  Earl  of  Harrington,  is  willing  to  erect  and  e<iuip  a  cheese  and  but- 
ler dairy  in  the  center  of  a. large  dairy  jiarisli  by  way  of  experiment,  charging  only  a 
iMiiiiinal  rent  for  the  lirst  year  or  two.  There  is,  however,  great  dillidence  on  the  part 
of  the  tenants  to  embark  in  the  venture.  Jn  order  to  take  full  advantage  of  every  fluctua- 
tion of  the  market,  one  or  two  .condensing  pans  .should  be  erected  in  every  factory.  This 
insures  a  complete  control  over  the  skim  milk,  which  can  either  be  condensed  as  plaiu 
milk,  when  it  will  keep  jierfeetly  sweet  for  si.x  or  eight  da y.s,  and  sent  to  the  distant 
towns  and  returned  to  its  original  state  kA'  skini  milk  by  the  addition  of  8,5  per  cent,  ot 
water.  This  is  a  palatable  and  wholesome  addition  of  the  tood  supply  of  the  working 
ehusses.  The  retail  price  in  London  is  ^'.d.  per  (|uart.  The  skim  milk  is  likewise 
s\vt!etened  by  the  addition  of  sugar,  condensed  and  packed  in  hermetically  .sealed  tins 
This  will  keep  for  an  almost  indefinite  period.  When  wanted  for  use,  the  tin  is  opened 
and  H.")  to  H7  per  cent,  of  pure  water  added.  The  mixture,  when  well  airitated,  has  the 
iippearanee  and  taste  of  sweet  skim  milk.  To  my  n-.ind,  the  great  practical  advantages 
ofthe  cream  separator  and  condensing  pan  is  that  the  condensed  milk,  either  plain  or 
sweet,  is  in  a  jiortable  form,  easily  conveyed  long  distances  at  a  cheaj)  rate,  and  will 
prove  an  inestimable  boon  to  the  liirmer  by  enabling  him  to  rear  his  stock  at  a  cheap 
rate,  so  that  rearing  may  be  successfully  jiracticed  on  liirnis  wliicii,  under  ordinary  cir- 
cniiistaiices,  would  b(!  imjiracticable.  A  condensing  factory  has  been  started  in  ftcuth 
Derby.shire.  .\t  preisent  the  produce  is  piincipally  .sent  to  the  L(mdou  markets,  and  aa 
its  i)ioperties  become  better  known  the  demand  will  largely  increase. 

Till!  yield  of  butter  varies  considerably,  even  from  day  today,  irrespective  of  food, 
■file  ((iiality  and  teiupemtiire  ot  the  drinking  water  has  a  marked  etleet  on  the  health 
and  secret  ions  ofthe  cow.  Thesimple  cream-test  tubes  now  iiievcry-day  use  longpuzzled 
(ibservant  managers  as  to  the  direct  cause  of  the  varying  (|iiautiliesof  cream.  Close  ob- 
seiv;itioiis  and  experience  have  strengthened  the,  conviction  that  temperature  is  the  great 
disturbing  cause.  The  .same  (|uantity  of  milk  which  under  a  mean  atmospherii^  teinpera- 
lure  of  (iO  degrees  will  produce  4  pounds  5  ounces  of  butter,  at  a  temperature  of  70  the 
quant ity  ol  butter  is  reduced  to  J  pounils  \,i  ounces,  and  at  M()  degrees  of  temperature 
there  is  a  fiuther  tailing  otl'  in  the  ((uantity  to  4  pounds  .i  ounces;  at ."ilt  degrees  the  butter 
is  iiierea,sed  to  ;>  pounds  14  ounces.  With  regard  to  added  water  the  analysts  are  Ire- 
i|iiently  at  lault.  As  soon  ius  the  milk  is  drawn  from  the  tow,  chemical  changes  begin 
to  tiike  place,  by  which  new  combinations  are  formed.  The  solids  in  theiroriginul.state 
vary  slightly;  the  chemical  forces,  which  are  constantly  at  work,  arecontinnally  building 
lip  new  structures  from  the  ruinsof  theold.  Uy  this  w<.  iniply  that  even  wh.eretb.ecnwH 
e  tiiirly  well,  kept  the  milk  at  certain  times  may  tall  fur  short  of  the  cream  standard 


without  a  iiarticle  of  water  being  added.     All  milk   now  .sent    by  rail 


is  passed  over  a 


refrigerator  and  the  temperatur.'  reduced  from  !»')  degrees  (the  normal  heat  when  drawn 
from  the  cow)  to  (iO  degrees,  at  which  it  is  usually  seutofl".     This  change  of  temperature 


720 


CATTLK  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


rcdiiocH  Ihe  volmiie  neuily  5  per  «;uiit.  AltliouKh  niciit  iiiiproveiutMil.s  Iiiivi!  lucu  ,„,i 
(luriiiK  tlu)  last  10  yeais  in  tho  hsuuIliiiK  of  milk  iiiid  iis  pioiliicls,  tliurt)  Ih  Htill  imiei,'.' 
learn  before  we  «iii  pretend  to  be  adepts  in  tbe  art. 

GlLBKItT  MUUIUY 

OCTOHEB  1,  1H8;1.  ' 


THE  MILKINa  TRIALS  AT  THE  DAIRY  SHOW. 

[IiiuluHurc  lOii  ill  CuiiMiil-Ot'iiorikl  Murritl's  rcpLH-t.J 

The  foUowiuj?  lull  re|M)rt  of  the  yields  and  analyses  of  milk  ut  tho  London  Dairv  Sli 
have  been  sent  to  us  lor  publication:  "*' 

COWS. 


Duto  uf  culf  or  kill 


Miiy  12 

iScptcmbiT  27 

AiiKiiNt  17 

AnxuHl2<.) 

H<'pteinlK;r  1  

July  2*< 

AiiKliNtO 

Juiio2'S 

April  H 

Oot»l>iT;i 

AliKiiHt  S 

.lulylO (. 

.riilyJ 

September  27 


Piiv'h 

Qimlity 

Age. 

milk, 

oftiiUkI 

Kilt. 

(luunlity. 

HOlllU. 

Years. 

Um.  (IS. 

per  mil. 

7f 

SI    0 

I2.W 

3.  Ki 

Ri 

17    0 

11.21) 

1.71 

•■■•A 

27  12 

13.11 

l.lll 

r> 

.'!l  12 

13.77 

•'>.;k) 

"! 

32    8 

13.21 

1. '.'() 

7,', 

2.J    0 

13.2i» 

1.  II 

5,', 

20    i 

H.21 

r>.  II 

1 

21     0 

M.liD 

5.  OS 

7.1 

IS     H 

11.2.-) 

•<.  r,  1 

».i 

30    4 

H.  IS 

.'■>.  12 

1 

.'«  12 

13.71 

•l.UJ 

7 

at   4 

12.12 

2,  HI) 

■a, 

2(i    S 

ll.?.-) 

•').  2.S 

r>i 

51     8 

11.4!4 

2.11) 

'l'"llll 
iiwurd. 


9!).  I:; 
fenr, 

"•I.  !f.' 

x\.H^ 

H7..')l 
7!l,N| 
Nil.  1.1 
'.l|..V,l 

Bit.  Hi 


m: 


No.  17,  Chiss   I.— UedCiierry  (Shorthorn);  color,  red;  aj^o,  7  years!)  niiiuth.s  midl 
week;  la.-Htcalf,  M;ty  I'J,  1Hh:$;  breeder  and  exhibitor,  Mr.  J.  I'hillip.s  (non -pudlirree) 
Yield  of  milk,  October,  18H;{:  8.:{0a.  in.,  27  pounds  8  ounces;  7.  irjp.  ni..  'J:t  nouiiil 


p.  111..  'J:i  poiini];< 
solids  not  Hit, 


!UI; 


ilUiility, 


8  ounces;  total,  51  pounds. 

Analysis:  Specific  f^ravity,  I.OI'.IW;  total  solids,  I'J.yO;  fat,  :5.8.') 
percentage  of  cream  by  vol  unie,  10. 

Number  of  ))oints  (1st  j)rize,  section  No.  1  Champion  prize):  Quantity  ,'il 
23.!)2;  time,  l;!.7(>;  additional  fat,  8.5(1;  tol.il,  iiO.l'J. 

No.  21,CliV.ss  2.— Daisy  (Shorthorn):  color,  roan;  a>?e,  5  years  «  months;  produce  'i 
calves;  hist  calf  due,  per  cat;iloj;ue,  Hepttimber  I'J;  per  cowman,  September  27,  IHSHe.x- 
hibitor,  Mr.  Thomas  liinlsey  (non- pedigree).  '       '  '   ' " 

Yield  of  milk,  Octobo  ;{,  1883:  8.30  a.  ra.,  2(5  poumls  8  ounces;  7.15  p.  ni,  2(»  pounds 
8  ounces;  totjil,  47  inmiids. 

Analysis:  Specific  gravity,  1.033(1;  totwl  solids,  14.20;  fat,  4.71;  solids  not  fat  d.i<)- 
percentafie  of  cream  by  volume,  11.  '    •  ■> 

Numl)er  of  points  (2d  prize,  section  1):  Quantity,  47.0;  (lualitv,  28.1-  tinii'  ikhw. 
mlditional  fat,  17.1;  total,  02.5.  '         ■ 

No.  25,  Claas2.  —  Honesty  (Shorthorn);  color,  roan;  a,'.^e,  5  years  2  moiitlis;  produre 

3  calves;  last  Ciilf,  jjcr  catalogue,  August  17,  I'^^.J;   per  cowman,  September  27,  H?;) 
exhibitor,  Mr.  T.  liirdsey  (non-pedigree).  '         ' 

Yield  of  milk  October:?,  1883:  8.3i"  a.  m.,  K!  pounds;  7.15  p.  m.,  11  pounds  1:>  ounces- 
totivl,  27  pounds  12  ounces.  ' 

Analy.si8:  Specilic  gravity,  l.()33(i;  total  solid.s,  13.11;  fat,  4.01;  solids  not  fat,  !).|()' 
IKjrrentiigo  of  cream  by  volume,  10.5.  '        ' 

Number  of  jiolnts:  Quantity,  27.75;  quality,  2fi.22;  additional  fat,  10.01;  total,  (ilUK 

No.  27,  Cla.ss  2. — SjMjt  (Shorthorn);  color,  Sus.sex  brown;  age,  5  years;  prot'hicc  ,'i 
calves;  last  calf,  August  2!),  1883;  e.xhibitor.  Rev.  W   Winlaw  (non-pedigree). 

Yield  of  milk  October  .3,  1881:  8.30  a.  m.,  19  pounds  8  ounces;  7.15  p.  m,,  l.j  pounds 

4  ounces;  totiil,  31  jMrnnds  12onnce8. 


K--' 1 '•  .-. s>  'p 

percentiige  of  cream  by  volumo,  14. 


tot^vl  solid!?,  13.77;  fiit,  5.30;  solids  not  fat,  8.17 


SUPPLEMENT. 


721 


tot 


quality,  28.42;  time,  5.80; 


Number  of  points:  Quantity,  34.75;  quality,  27.54;  time,  3.50;  ndililional  lUt,  23.00- 
lotiii,  K-^.?!). 

No.  :t<!,  Class  :}.— Lady  Savage  (Jersey);  color,  silver  gray;  a^o,  7  years  4  months; 
lii^t  till i" about  September  1,  1883;  exhibitor,  Mr.  H.  C.  Smith  (non-iiedigree). 

Meld  ot'milk  Octolier  3,  1883  :  8.30  a.  m.,  18  pounds  8  ounces;  7.15  p.  in.,  14  pounds- 

till,  'M  pounds  8  ounces.  ,  ' 

Analysis:  Specilic  gravity,  1.0326;  total  solids,  13.21;  fat,  4.20;  solids  not  fat,  U.Ol- 
iiTcentage  of  cream  by  volume,  12.  '  ' 

Nnn)ber  of  points:  Quantity,  32.50;  quality,  20.42;  time,  3.00;  additional  fat.  12.00' 
total,  73.92. 

No.  44,  Class  3.— Velveteen  (Jersey);  color,  fawn;  age,  7  years  2  months  1  week; 
l)roduce,  «  calves;  last  calf,  July  28,  1883;  breeder,  Mr.  Le  Brocq;  exhibitor,  Mr.  J. 
Cardus  (non-pedigree). 

Yield  of  milk  October  3, 1883:  8.30  a.  m.,  13  pounds;  7.15  p.  m.,  10  pounds;  total,  23 
pounds. 

Analysis:  .Speciflc  gravity,  1.0336;  total  solids,  13.29;  fat,  4.11;  solids  not  fat,  9.18; 
percentage  of  cream  by  volume,  12. 

Number  of  points:  Quantity,  23.00;  quality,  26.58;  time,  6.C0;  additional  fat  11  10' 
total,  07.28.  ' 

N3.  4)),  Clas.s  3. — Little  Katie  (Jersey) ;  color,  lemon  fawn;  age,  5  years  4  weeks;  pro- 
duce, .3  calves;  last  calf,  August  5, 1883;  breeder,  Mr.  C.  B.  Dixon;  exhibitor,  Mr.  H. 
11.  A.  Kigg  (non-pedigree). 

Yield oi  milk  October  3, 1883:  8.30  a.  ra.,  14  pounds  12  ounces;  7,15  p.  m.,  11  pounds 
8  ounces;  total,  36  pounds  4  ounces. 

Analysis:  SpeciUc  gravity,  1.0316;  total  solids,  14.21;  fat,  5.14;  solids  not  fat,  9.07: 
percentage  of  cream  by  volume,  18.5. 

Number  of  points  (2d  prize,  section  2) :  Quantity,  26.25; 
additional  fat,  21.40;  total,  81.87. 

No.  56,  Class  4. — Countess  (Guernsey);  color,  lemon  and  white;  age,  4  years  2 
weeks;  produce,  2  calves;  last  calf,  June  28,  1883;  breeder  and  exhibitor,  Mr.  W.  A. 
Glynn. 

i'edigree:  Sire,  Billy  1st;  dam,  Duchess. 

Yield  of  milk  October  3, 1883:  8.30  a.  m.,  12  pounds;  7.15  p.  m.,  9  pounds;  total,  21 
pounds. 

Analysis:  Specific  gravity,  1.0324;  total  solids,  14.66;  fat,  5.08;  solids,  not  fat,  9.58; 
percentage  of  cream  by  volume,  10. 

Number  of  points:  Quantity,  21.00;  quality,  29.32;  time,  9.60;  additional  fat,  20.80: 
total,  80.72. 

No.  57,  Class  4. — Gentle  (Guernsey);  color,  lemon  and  white;  age,  7  years  2 
months;  produce,  5  calves;  last  calf,  April  8;  breeder  and  exhibitor,  Mr.  W.  A.  Glynn. 

Pedigree:  Sire,  Johnny  2d;  dam,  Fairy  Ist. 

Yield  of  milk  October  3, 1833:  8.30  a.  ra.,  11  pounds;  7.15  p.  m.,  7  pounds  8  ounces; 
total,  18  pounds  8  ounces. 

Analysis:  Specific  gravity,  1.0316;  total  solids,  14.25;  fat,  5.54;  solids  not  fat,  8.71; 
percentage  of  cream  by  volume,  7.5. 

Numberof  points  (1st  prize,  section  2):  Quantity,  18.50;  quality,  28.50;  time,  15.10; 
additional  fat,  25.40;  total,  87..50. 

No.  65,  Class  5. — Liidy  Flora  (Ayrshire);  color,  brown  and  white;  age,  4  years  6 
mouths;  last  calf,  October,  1332;  exhibitor,  Mr.  G.  Ferme  (non-pedigree). 

Y'ield  of  milk,  October  3,  1883:  8.30  a.  m.,  16  pounds  8  ounces;  7.15  p.  m.,  13  pounds 
12  ounces;  total,  30  pounds  4  ounces. 

Analysis:  Specific  gravity,  1.0326;  total  solids,  14.18;  fat,  5.12;  solids  not  fat,  9.06; 
percentage  of  cream  by  volume,  12. 

Number  of  points:  Quantity,  30.25;  quality,  28.30;  additional  fat,  21. 20';  total,  79.81. 

No.  66,  Class 5. — Pride  of  Leigham  Lodge  (Ayrshire);  color,  brown  and  white;  age,  4 
years;  last  calf,  by  certificate,  August  8, 1883;  exhibitor,  Mr.  G.  Ferme  (non-pedigree); 
disqualified. 

Yield  of  milk,  October  3, 1883:  8.30  a.  m.,  18  pounds  12  ounces;  7.15  p.  m.,  ISponnds; 
total,  33  pounds  12  ounces. 

Analysis:  Specific  gravity,  1.0,312;  total  solids,  13.74;  fat,  4.92;  solids  not  fat,  8.82; 
percentage  of  cream  by  volume,  15. 

Number  of  points:  Quantity,  .33.75;  quality,  27.48;  additional  fat,  19.20;  total,  80.43. 

No.  78,  Class  7. — Magpie  (cross,  sire  Shortliorn,  dam  Dutch);  color,  black  and  white; 
age,  7  years;  last  calf,  .luly  10, 1883;  exhibitors,  Messrs.  .1.  Riimbal  and  Son  (non-pedi- 
gree). 

Yield  of  milk,  Octobe 
?,o.t,al.  (j'O  pounds  4  ounces 


II.  Ex.  51- 


3, 188:5:  8.30  a.  m.,  31  poun(^j4  ounces;  7.15  p.  m.,  29  pounds; 
40 


722 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


Analysis:  Hpeciflc  gravity,  1.0331;  total  solids,  12.12;  fat,  2.80;  solids  not  Iht,  ii.oe. 
percentage  of  cream  by  volume,  9. 

Nnnihcr  of  points  (1st  prize,  section  3):  Quantity, 00.25;  quality,  24,24;  time,  8.5o 
less  deOciency  in  fat,  1.40;  total,  01.59. 

No.  81,  Class  9.— Myrtle  7tli  (Devon);  color,  rod;  age,  4  yours  5  months  3  weeks 
produce,  2  c^ilves;  List  calf,  July  4,  1883;  breeder  and  oxbibitor,  Mr.  A.  (.'.  Skinner    ' 

redigree:  Sire,  DukeofFarriugton  (1323);  dam.  Myrtle  1st  (4705);  by  Squire  Winici 
(1453). 

Yield  of  milk.  October  3,  1883:  8.30  a.  m.,  15  pounds  8  ounces;  7.15  p.  ni.,  n  pounds 
total,  26  pounds  8  ounces.  ' 

Analysis:  Specillc  gravity,  1.03.30;  total  solids,  14.75;  fat,  5.28;  solids  not  fat,  O.47. 
percentage  of  cream  by  volume,  3.  ' 

Number  of  points  (2d  prize,  section  3):  Quantity,  26.50;  quality,  29.50;  time,  9 00 
additional  (at,  22.80;  total.  87.80.  '    ' 

No.  82.  Class  9. — Dairymiiid  (cross,  sire  Shorthorn,  dam  Dutch);  color,  blue  and  white 
age,  5 years  6  months;  produce,  2 calves;  last  calf,  September 27, 1883;  exhibitor,  Mr. T. 
IJirdsev  (non-pedigree). 

Yield  of  milk,  October  3, 1883:  8.30  a.  m.,  27  pounds  8  ounces;  7.15  p.  m.,  24  pounds' 
total,  51  pounds  8  ounces.  ' 

Analy9i'<:  Specific  gravity,  1.0330;  total  solids,  11.48;  fat,  2.40;  solids  not  fut,  0.08 
jiercentage  of  cream  by  volume,  8.25.  •  ' 

Number  of  points:  Quantity,  51.50;  quality,  22.96;  total,  less  6.00  for  detlcicucy  of 
fat,  08.46. 

GOATS. 

No.  171,  Class  24.— Kitty;  breed,  horned  goat  (short-haired),  Nubian  and  British 
color,  brown  and  white;  age,  7. years;  last  kid,  .Inly  13, 1883;  exhibitor,  Mr.  E.  T.  Crook- 
enden  (non-pedigree);  disqualified. 

Yield  of  milk,  October  3,  1883:  8.30  a.  ni.,  1  pound  8  ounces;  7.15  p.  m.,  1  pound  4 
ounces;  total,  2  pounds  12  ounces. 

Analysis:  Specific  gravity.  1.032;  total  solids,  14.09;  fat,  4.90;  solids  not  fat,  9.79. 

No.  289,  Class  25. —Nancy  (horned  goat),  long-haired;  color,  black  and  white;  age  7 
years;  produce,  7  kids;  last  kid,  July  3,  1883;  exhibitor,  Mr.  Nixon.  ' 

Yicldof  milk,  October  3, 1883:  8.30  a.  m.,2pounds2  ounces;  7.15  p.  ni.,2pound84 
ounces;  total,  4  pounds  0  ounces. 

Analysis:  Specific  gravity,  1.032;  total  solids,  12.39;  fat,  3.34;  solids  not  fat,  9.05 

Number  of  points  (1st  prize):  Quantity,  4.37;  quality,  24.78;  total,  29.15. 


CJSNTRAL  CHAMBER  OF  AQRICULTURIi. 

(Inclosuro  106  In  Consul-Ucncrol  Merrill's  i«|>ort.) 

Chairman:  Thomas  Duckhara,  esq.,  M.  P.     Vice-Chairman :  Henry  Chaplin,  esq.,  M.  V.    Sccninry 

Major  CraiRip. 


Chamber. 


Banbury  district 

Bedale ~ 

Herk»ain!  O.xon  Association 

UreekiiockNhire 

BuckinKhnmshire .^ 

("nwbridgeshiro  ond  Isle  of  Klf 

Cheshire 

Cirencester ■. 

Cleveland 

Clwyd.Voleof 

Cornwall  County 

Cowbridge  Farmers'  Club 

Croydon  Farmers'  Club 

Devon  and  Cornwall 

Houth  Durham  and  North  Yorkshire. 
Kfise.x.. 


South  Essex  Farmers' 

llloucestershire 

Iliimpshiro 

HiTcfordshire , 

Hertfordshire,... 


Association.. 


Secretary. 


Si 

W.T.  ■Warner, 59  Middlcton  rowl.Grlmsbnry.Danbury 1 

J. Tcalo,  solicitor, Itcdalo ,'  j  1 

.1.  Nci\le,21  Friar  street,  Iteudinn: ....!!.!/  I 

Hhys  Davlcs,  S  I.ioii  street,  Brecon .......T.  1 

Oeorgo  Fell,  Aylesbury 4 

U.  Peters,  jr.. 7  I)owiiint{Street,('«nil)rl<lj;i' 2 

Thomas  KiRby.  Hulton  Weaver,  Preston  Urook,  Clicsiiiro..  :' 

ItobcrtEllett,  public  ofHce,  Cirencester :> 

T.  Petch.  Marton,  Mi'ldU'sliro' 1 

.T.  D.  Ix'wls,  Innd  nKcncy  ofllce,  Denblffli 1 

G. H.P.Martin, Truro :  i 

O.  R.Tutton,  Broadway,  CowbrldRc '  1 

O.  Horsley,  85  Canterbury  road.Croydcn '  1 

J.  B.  Body,  Old  Town  Chambers,  I'lyinonth ;  1 

C.Waistell.  Northallerton I  1 

E.  H.  Bentall,  Elm  Villo.  Halstead 1  4 

U.T.WraKK,  Great  8t.  Helen's |  I 

A.C.  WiiL-fler, iiloutesler i  3 

Robert  Uaynhird.Bn.sinBstokc 

.1.  P.  Brown,  21  East  street,  Hereford 

Vernon  Austin,  Hertford 


SUPPLEMENT. 

Ctnlrat  Chamber  of  •Ayriculturc—QoniiaxxKA. 


723 


Chain  bor. 


IlnWlU'IlHllIrO 

IxworlliKorroert'  Club 

keiiiliil 

ICiiflt  Kent 

Loii'i'iilcrslilre 

MikoIiihIiImi 

MllldHtOIIO 

Moiiiiioiitlmlilro 

NVwt'iisllo  li'ariiicr»'  Cluh 

Ncwl)ury 

Norfolk 

NortliiuiiptoriHliiro 

NotliiiijliiimHhIro 

I'cmllli  raniiorn'  <,'liib 

I'l'ti'rlmro'  AKriciiltiiral  Hooiety..., 
Hi'ottisb 

S('v<<n<)HkM  Kurniers'  Club 

SliropBliiro 

HoincrsftMhiro 

.SIiiiror(l.thire 

Hliiliiilrop  Knriiiurs'  Club 

KiiHt  Huffolk 

WoHtHiiirolk 

Siiii(li>rliiiid 

Swiiiilon 

Wiirwicksliiro 

WislM'iich  District 

Soutli  Wilts 

Worcpsitcrnhiro 

KiiHt  UidiiiKor  Yorkshire 

WchI  Kiilliitf  of  Yorkshire: 

WukclloUl  Hrnnch 

DonuuHtcr  Urauch 

York 


Hccirctory. 


lleiirv  Ori'iMi.Hulicitor,  Ilowilen 

.F.C.  liooly,  Ixworth.Hutlblk 

Arthur  lioKKai'th,  Kendal 

Oi-orKo  HInUT,  land  ajfi'iit,  f-'anterbury" '!!!!!  !!„'.""*.'."'.!'. 

Thoiiuis  Wilson.  Knai.loft  Ilonso,  Ountlle 

Htciiheii  I'plon.Haintllcncdict'niiqnare,  Lincoln 

(I.  llurn,  Maidstone '   "■ 

.1.  H.  Hlone,  2U  Dock  Htroct,  Ncwpiirl 

T.  Hell,  Ilcdloy  Hall,  Murlc-y  Hill,  Oateshottd"..'.'.'.".".'.'.""."."' 
UeorKO  .1.  Co»l)urii,  Market  place,  Newbury 

.1.  U.  Forrester,  Tonililand,  Norwich 

Tlu.ma».J.  Adkins,  Kiirdcy  road,  Nortiniuiptoii  ...^..'. 

Kd.llrowne,l<'obdcii(,'lianil)ers,  Hclliunist.,Nottlniihftm 
ThoinHs  Uol)insoii,  Kaniont  llriilno,  I'enrllh  . 
.1.  I'v.  Llllle,  tiucou  street,  I'ctcrboro' 

David  Curror.  Indiu  IJuildiuKS,  Kdliibu'rith  .'.'.'.■.■...',".■. 

W.  II.  (Jrouk.HevenoakH 

Alfred  Mansell.CollcKO  Hill, Hlire'wNbury  ".'.". 

Messrs.  Mayo  und  Murcli,  Yeovil  .  

W.  ToinkinHoii,  Newcastle,  Statlbrd.shiro "* 

Johu  Abbs,  Westholino  Winston,  Darliuuton 

It.  I..  Knerett,  Itushniere,  Ipswich 

(J.'HIencowe.WhltinHr street,  Mnrv  St.  I'.dnini 
.I.T.  I.iiWHon,  Ilollycar  House.  TiuiHtnll  .... 
.1.  A.  Davles,  0  HiKh  t-treel,  Hwindon,  Wilts  . 

nuRli  Snll'olk,  H  I'riory  i-.iw,  Coventry 

OeorKo  ,T.  Moore,  1  IlriilKe  street,  Wlsbeaeh 

J.  It.  White,  Zeals  St.  Martin,  Bath 

Johu  Ulick,  solicitor,  Droltwicli 

Tom  Turner,  solieitor,  NewbcBln,  Heveriey.", 

M.  B.  Hick.  ExcliauKc  buildiuKs,  Wakefield 
(.eorfire  Chafer,  "J  Market  place.  Donoaster  .. 
n.  K.  Cundall,  2  Blnko  Btrcet,  York  


uuda.. 


1 


[.,  M.  P,    Scertlnttj: 


rook.t'hcsbirc. 


DAILY  INCREASE  IN  WEIGHT  OP  VARIOUS  BREEDS. 

[Inclomiro  17  in  Consul-Oonoral  Merritt's  report.] 

The  following  table  shows  the  cionipurative  daily  rate  of  iiuireuse  in  the  cla-wes  for 
steers  in  the  Devon,  Herelbrd,  Shorthorn,  Sussex,  Ked  Polled,  Scotch  Polled,  and  Crossed 
breeds  of  cattle  at  Islington. 

Classes  for  steera  not  exccodiuK  2  years  old : 

Cros-ses— 7  animals  nvoraKO o  go 

Herefi>rds—0  animals  overage, .".'.'.'..'.'."..."!......'..............,..! 2  2< 

Husse.x    7  animals  average ....".'.!!!!............. 2  14 

HhorthornB— a  nniniAls  average .................."."!!!.... 2  05 

Devon? -7  animals  average !..."."..!........!. l  70 

Cla8.scs  for  steers  not  cz(K<edi!>i(  3  years  old:  

Shorthorns— 16  animals  average j  9,3 

(.'rosscs— 10  animals  average ..■....."!...!......!"!!!!.."!!.'.'.!!..........  1  90 

Ilercfords— 8  animals  average ...1.!..".'. !....!]!..!...!.!.!..!!..! !!!."." 1  88 

Sussex— 7  animals  average 1  81 

Scotch  Po!led~10  animals  avorago ...!!..... "!i.".. .."!!!... .!!......."!!!.]]!  1  81 

Ked  Polled — 3  animals  average ............!!...!!!..."!!!."! ". J  tso 

Devons— 8  animals  average ..."...."..".".'.'.'.'..".......!!.....!!". 152 

('la.sscs  for  steers  not  exceeding  4  years  old : 

Shorthorns— 3  animals  average j  gj 

llerefords— 2  animals  average ...."......."......."..!!....".!!!"!!!".!!!!....  1.60 

Sussex— 2  animals  average !!!!!!....".!....."!!..'..."'.!!..'.'.'.'.".'." 1  (50 

Crosses— 3 animals  average ......!!..'.....".!.....!!!...]!!!!!!!',..'...!!.]!!.  \.m 

Scotch  Polled — 5  animals  average ...........,".'.".','......' 1  85 

Itcd  Polled— 2  animal-s  average ......'...."..'.".'.!'.'.'.,'.'.'.'."'.'......, 1  40 

Devons— 7  animals  average .'."."..!!!!!'.'....".', I'ss 


724 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMINO. 


FRENCH  LIVB  STOCK.* 

Tho  ruces  oC  domostictitcd  atiinmla  mot  with  in  Franco  iiro  ninnorous  and  « i.lni    ■ 
feront,  iind  conHtituto  one  of  tho  principal  Hoiircci  of  tiio  »Kriculturiil  wealn  ,7/l 
conntry.    Hul^iect  to  tho  vi.rious  conditions  of  clim.ite,  soil,  syfltcm  of  cultivatinn  i*' 
they  nro  diHtrlhutcl  iw  follows,  according  to  the  liwt  goneriil  censuH  of  1873:  '  ^■' 

Cttlvea 

YounK  bnllot;k8  and  buUi '.'.'I' ' ^'2'>2,477 

Heifers ■  W.H'il 

Hulls. 1. ■178,580 

Oxen . •■"•'>,081 

Cows...... I.7»2,57() 

0,0;{8,4r^, 

Total "---■ — 

■• 11.721,818 

The  Departmontfl  in  which  tho  number  of  stock  exceeds  200,000  head  are— Pin.-  . 
Vendee,    Loire-Inforieuro,   Ille-et-Vilaino,  Siwue-et-Loiro,   Cotes-du-Nonl    Mn?  l"''' 
Muiue-et-Loiro,  Mayenno,  Nord,  Calvados,  la  Mancho,  Ain,  l'uy-de.I)omo«„i '''?''' 
lerieure,  and  Cantal.  "^       ^'omo,  Heine-In. 

Those  in  which  the  stock  is  lass  than  20,000  head  are— Vaucluse.  Var  HRin.  >■ 

SeTfbrt     "'*^^"^'P*^'  «0"che3-du-Fhone,  Alpes-Maritimos,  and  the  jurisdicUoa'of 

THE   NOBMANDY  BHKEDS. 

The  Department  of  Manche.  tho  actual  cradle  of  tho  Normandv  races  nnnaf  it.,* 
«.at  of  Calvatlos,  the  principal  center  of  production  of  tiirsSTel  S  to  h«  t''^ 
nwndy  breeds  and  their  sub-lfecls,  which  latter  form  a  somewhat  i^Xt  &' 
tho  supplies  furnished  for  tho  consumption  of  Paris.  '"porHmt  nom  m 

The  Norman  breeds  are  also  kept.  thouKh  in  smallei  numbers  than  in  Mii„.h«  „  , 
Calvados,  in  tho  Department  of  tho  Orno,  Euro,  Soino-lnleriure  Enro-ct  ^t  <•  "'"' 
Oise.  Seine-et-Marue,  and  Seine,  whence  thoi r  heifers  are  .Z\^7n  ctmp  itSit'H- 
Flemwh  cows,  to  r&stock  tho  cow-sheds  of  Paris  and  its  environs  ^»™PG"t")n  with 

The  famous  Isigny  butter  is  made  from  the  milk  of  cows  of 'the  Bes,siiin  l,r„„.i  , 
from  thatof  other  Normandy  breeds  is  made  (Journay  butter,  and  the chZn r.,,?  V""'' 
Livarot,  Pont  PEve.,ue,  and  Neufchatel  cheeses,  as  well  as  the  Neua-StTdonhr^"'' 
cheese,  and  tho  Goumay  variety  known  as  Gervais  (iheese.        '^^""'''*t«'  doublocream 

THE  FLEMI.S1I   IIBEEI). 

The  Flemish  breed  are  pro-eminent  as  milkers.     They  are  met  witli  ■>.  fi,„  i 
raonLs  of  Nord,  Pas-de-Calais,  Aisne,  and  up  to  the  suburbs  of  Paris  but  the  nn'^P^''" 
breeding  center  is  in  the  arron.lissements  of  Dunquerquo  and  Hazebrouck  esLS  !'' 
the  extensive  pasture  of  Hergues.  Ca.ssel,  and  iJailleul.  where  a  ju.Uc  Ztw"^'  ''  f  ■''" 
tains  tho  breed  in  all  the  plenitude  of  its  byst  characteristics  stitction  mam- 

The  Flemi.sh  cow  is  distinguished  by  a  reddish-brown  coat,  deepening  in  color  towar.u 
the  he.-u     with  a  few  white  marks.     Tho  extremities  and'  the  nat.K  one niS   " 
lihick.     It  is  ol  large  size  and  liandsoine  conlbrra  ition,  wilh  a  lino  skin  a  ZZlt  i 
very  straight  dorsal  line,  a  largo  rump,  and  a  fine,  well-hung  tail.     At  the  samo  .Lf 
the  chest  IS  wanting  in  width,  and  the  sides  might  well  te  more  rounded 

A  good  Flemish  IJergucs  cow  will  produce  as  much  •■ ,  '.(JOf)  litem  of  milk  a  ve.r 

The  males  of  this  breed  are  slaughtered  when  quit«  young,  and  s  .ij  as  veal,  with  th« 
exception  of  the  few  reared  for  breeding  purposes,  '         *'"' 

THE  CIIAKOI-AISE  IlBEED. 

The  Charolaise  breed  is  the  handsomest  and  the  most  important  in  the  central  denart- 
ment«     Originally  coming  rom  Hrionuais  aud  Charolaise  (the  southwest  part  of  the 
d.'.partment  of  Saone-et-Loire),  it  is  now  bred  throughout  the  whole  Saone-et-M 
N;fi-  -f,  .;ud  Allier.  as  well  as  in  certain  parts  of  Cher,  Yonue,  Coted'Or.  and  HautI: 
Z^rl    .£    "^'    ^^^'^  working  oxen,  and  fluuish  linifc-rate  butchers'  meat. 
^^^'ife  poiiraita  of  French  cattle  which  accompanied  this  inckeirre"ar7ins^d~at^e 


RUPrM.KMKNT. 


725 


3  veal,  with  the 


Tho  Cimrolnlw  t«  rono«nuoil  by  its  wliit.wmt  of  ll:n  Hilky  lulr,  il^  roKuliircvlindrinil 
l„i,lv,  Mhort  \mm\  hiu  I.  niriiUluiil  with  lln  i  m>\  ll.«  si?  .1  sr'.nti)  hi)rii.  riirlml  ur.  towunl 
Ihn  iiiilntM,  iti  rtHo-ci)lor.!(l  niu/;zlo,  l.ir^rc  oyu,  im  J  Kmirln  p'lVHloniKimv  It  is  mhort  in 
tl„. !,%  and  oxhil.itH  a  wcll-lmiy^  t:iil,  u  v«ry  piN>iai.umt  ,m  I  <luo|irutrii>,  «  bmul  NtraiKht 
hiM'k,  well  roiimled  sidoi,  n  dill  ddoji  liUast,  uu  1  n  noci:  .tid  shoulderH  cinryinir  littlo 
(lnwliip.  * 

i'ho  (;ow  Ih  by  no  nioaiM  u  ^ood  milker. 

Th«  sub-breed,  ;'(marolairto-Nivorn;tl«o,'  thobest  typ,  >  r,f  ^hioh  coino  (Vom  Nievro 

ol^'or  Freniih  hroodn  from 
tbo  prizo  ill  open  com- 


mid  AMier,  in  partioulurly  worthy  of  notion,  and  NHi>erior  to  otii 

till!  biitchcrn'  point  of  viovv,  luvitiK  indeed  Hoiuotimos  curried  off 

pilitioii  with  hnrhnmsiiiid  Diii'iitm  i;rnH.'Hc>i. 
AniniiilH  of  tlio  Churoliiiso  biv.  ,l  ivro  bou;«ht  .it  very  hixh  prices  by  the  fiirmorH  of  the 
rth  and  ol  the  suburbs  of  Pans,  who  use  thorn  first  for  llidd  labor  and  then  fatten 


iiort 

tlit'in  for  (he  btitchor. 


THK  OASrONNE  AND  CIIIAROLAIHK  IlHREns. 

The  Chiuolttise  has  its  center  of  prodiiiition  in  the  district  of  Carollc  ( \rie«e)    th 
OI..I  in  the  department  of  Oors,  more  especially  in  the  ivrrondissementof  Lonibez 
are  clescended  (mm  the  Hchwitz  breed;  they  arc  essentially  working  oxen,  and  liVo  often 
kept  lUi  such  till  11  (teen  years  old  or  more. 


ewc- 
Uoth 


I  generally  black. 

Tlio  cows  are  tolerable  milkers. 

'flicso  two  bree:ls  give  rise  to  a  brisk  tr.ulo  between  the  districts  where  they  are  rei 
iiDdlhedepartmentsollIaute-Uaronno,  Tarn-et-(iaronne,  I.ot-et-(}iironno  Ande  Hai 
Pyrenees,  and  Tarn,  whore  they  are  much  sought  after  for  draught  purposes     ' 


reared 
antes- 


TUB  OARONNAIHIC  UREBU. 


This  l.reed,  the  bulkiest  of  those  found  in  the  subPyrenean  basin,  belongs  to  the  great 
.all.c  bovine  (amily,  and  IS  divided  into  two  groups-that  of  the  valley,  which  furnishes 
he  better  developed  animals,  and  that  of  the  hills,  whoso  members  are  smaller  and  less 
heavy,  but  more  capable  of  work. 

(iarounaise  oxen  are  very  long  in  the  body,  and  often  betiay  a  faulty  con(brmation- 
the  side.s  are  flat,  the  ches  conlined,  the  buttock  short,  the  tail  ba.lly  set  on  and  the 
osseous  frame  mean  Its  long,  heavy,  basked  head  gives  the  anii.-al  a  melancholy  ap- 
pearanee.  The  coat  m  ot  a  uniform  wheaten  color,  the  muzzle  and  the  border  o('  the 
eyelids  pale  red,  and  the  horns  white. 

Tlie  cows  are  better  shaped  than  the  males,  but  are  poor  milkers.  The  (Jaronnaise 
breed  is  much  esteemed  for  laboring  purposes,  on  account  of  its  colossal  strength  and  its 
patience;  it  also  fattens  pretty  easily. 

The  best  centers  of  production  are  the  valley  of  the  Gargnno  as  far  as  Agen  and  the 
Dordogne  valley,  "    ' 

THE    BAKADAIBE    BREED. 

The  arrondissement  of  Bazas  is  the  chief  rearing  ground  of  animals  of  this  breed 
which  ,s  nevertheless  found  m  the  departments  of  Landes  and  Gei«,  and  in  certain  mrts 
ot  Lot-et-Garonne  and  of  Tam-et-Iiaronne.  •'"■M«"ifl 

The  shape  of  these  animals  is  ,Hjrfect.  The  chest,  well  let  down,  is  broad  and  deep; 
(10  (lank  rounded  and  the  body  generally  almost  cylindrical;  the  line  of  the  back 
straight;  the  haunch  broad,  square,  and  well  placed;  the  rump  often  very  good  occa- 
sioaally  leaves  soiuothing  t^  desire  in  a  good  many  specimens.  '^Tho  head  is  sliok  the 
(orehead  broad  and  open;  the  horns  arc  often  faulty.  ' 

The  females  may  bo  said  to  bo  irreproachable  as  t«  shape,  but  they  are  poor  milkers 

llie  bull  IS  a  wild,  almost  ferocious,  animal,  and  extremely  dangerous.  Prom  a  very 
early  age  it  is  hardly  safe  to  go  near  him,  and  even  in  the  stall  he  has  to  be  tied  up  with 
.Urongropas  'I  he  oxen  are  c.apital  workera,  but  .always  pre.serve  their  character  for 
violence  and  spirit;  they  are  extremely  irritable,  .and  much  management  and  all  sorts  of 
precautions  are  necessary  in  leading  them.  wmmisunsoi 

THE  FEMININE    IIUEED. 

This  breed,  which  belongs  to  the  Comtois  type,  is  chiefly  raised  on  the  borders  of 
Doubs  and  Saone,  and  is  met  with  as  far  as  Hrelse.  "orucrs  oi 


726 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


The  hair  ia  of  a  move  or  le&s  deep  wheaten  colour,  the  head  slender,  the  horns  small 
and  pitu;ed  near  the  eyes,  the  ueck  slim,  the  chest  narrow,  the  body  long,  the  hiu(l(m„/ 
ters  broad,  the  legs  sJiort  and  thiu,  the  skin  supple  and  very  delicate,  the  root  of  the  tai 
a  little  prominent,  ' 

The  cows  run  small  and  are  generally  good  milkers,  the  ordinary  yield  of  milk  aftp 
calving,  ')eing  from  15  to  18  liters  a  day.  ' 

The  bulls  are  very  spirited,  and  become  vicious  as  they  grow  old.  The  oxen  ir 
strong,  active,  tractable,  and  form  excellent  draught  beasts.  ' 

This  breed  fattens  late,  but  easily. 


THE  PYEENKAN  BREEDS. 


I. — 27(6  Lourdes   Breed. 


These  are  good  milkers  compared  with  the  other  breeds  of  the  Pyrenean  basin-  th 
are  chiefly  used  in  the  valley  of  Argeles  (Hautes-l'yrenees).  '      ^ 

They  are  of  small  stature,  and  carry  a  coat  of  light  wheat  color,  which  is  consider  I 
characteristic  of  purity  of  blood.     In  the  bulls  this  color  is  somewhat  deeper     T? 
head  is  long  and  somewhat  heavy ;  tha  horns  of  a  dull  white.  ' 

This  breed,  highly  esteemed  as  good  milkers  in  a  district  where  these  are  rare  su 
plies  the  cow-sheds  and  dairies  of  Tarbes,  Bagneres,  and  the  large  towns  of  the  ~     ■  ■ '     ^ 


ssruthwest. 


II. — 2'he  Aure-Valley  and  Saint-Girona  Breeds. 


These  two  breeds  have  many  points  in  common.     The  first  is  raised  in  the  liiirli-jvii 
valleys  of  the  Pyrenees;  the  second  is  restricted  to  the  arrondissement  of  Haint-GimT^ 


(.\r:ege).    The  latter,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  ancestor  of  the  Hazadaise  breed 
well  made,  though  small,  and  of  general  graceful  appearance,     'i. he  coat  is  of  a  dee 
badger-feray  color  passing  into  ches^1Ut,  aud  all   the  exterior  mucous  membraues  •  I 
rose  colored.     The  auimals  are  not  so  strong  as  those  of  the  Lourdes  breed. 


The  Saint- G  irons  cow,  high! 


lO 

ngs,  and 


;ow,  highly  t-.-leemed  asamilker,  issent  out  to  Ariege generally 
Haute- Garonne,  Ande,  and  Herault;  it  is  essentially  the  cow  lor  small  holdiniM  'i 
may  he  regarded  as  the  Dretonne  of  the  southwest.  °' ' ' 

The  Aure  breed  is  not  so  small ;  its  coat  is  rough  and  more  tawny  iu  color  and  th 
cows  are  not  such  goo<l  milkers.  ' 

The  bullocks  of  lK)th  breeds  are  small,  squat,  hardy,  and  without  any  specially  nioini 


uent  characteristics. 


III. — Bearnaise,  Basquaise,  and  Urt  Breeds. 


.These  three  breeds  belong  to  the  same  family,  and  such  differences  as  there  are  between 
them  are  scarcely  appreciable.  Their  essential  characteristic  is  their  aptitude  for  work- 
combined  with  the  production  of  meat  of  excellent  quality. 

All  three  are  graceful  iu 'appearance,  spirited,  and  playful.     The  head  is  sliort  (ml 
s<|nare,  the  broad  Ibrehead  bearing  well-placed  and  finely  curvcd-horus.     The  ( oat  \  i'  ics 
from  deep  red  to  light  wheat  color ;  and  these  dilTerences  of  color,  as  wellas  certain  lt  lilii 
ations  in  the  direction  and  length  of  the  horns,  constitutes  almost  the  whole  distinciion 
there  is  Iietween  the  three  types. 

The  bull  bears  a  very  lully  developed  horn  from  an  early  age  (a  character  ^vhi(•ll  is 
rather  rare  in  the  generality  of  French  lireeds),  and  is  very  courageous. 

The  cows  are  bad  milkers,  and  are  chiefly  used  for  draught  purposes. 

Thebullocksaroactive,  and  good  workers;  but  they  require  gentle  management  be- 
ing easily  made  restive  and  obstinate.  ' 

i  he  raising  of  these  three  breeds  is  carried  on  in  the  part  of  the  Pyrenees  situated  be- 
twecu  >Saint-Jean-de-Luz  and  Canterets.  They  are  generally  sent  to  be  fattened  in  the 
departraent  of  Landes,  and  notably  in  the  arrondissementofSaint-Sauvenr,  whence  they 
aciiuire  the  name  of ' '  bocufs  landais, ' '  by  which  they  are  known  on  the  Bordeaux  market. 

THE  LIMONSINE  BREED. 

This  breed  is  principally  raised  in  Haute- Vienne.  It  is  of  medium  size,  and  the  coat 
is  of  red  wheat  color. 

T!<L-  h.ead  is  Hiiht.  the  muzzle  .iml  eyelid.^  p.i!e  roso  color,  the  Lotos  white  and  open, 
the  back  well  .set,  the  side  rounded,  the  attachment  of  the  tail  a  little  prominent  the 
liinlw  .short  an.l  lleshy,  the  extremities  white.  Their  leading characteri.stics  aredcRii'iity, 
aptitude  lor  work,  and  early  fattening. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


727 


iu  color,  ami  the 
y  specially  piomi- 


laraoter  which  is 


management,  !«>- 


lize,  and  the  coat 


The  cows  are  moderate  milkers. 

The  Limonalne  breed  ranks  tvmon}?  the  beat  of  France  ia  respect  to  yield  and  quality  of 
meat. 

THE  SALKR.S  BREED. 

This  breed  originally  hailed  Irom  the  motintaius  of  Auvergne— the  central  plate;,  a  of 
which  it  frequented— and  from  Cautal  and  Pnys-de-Dome,  e.xtendiuf;  westward  towards 
the  neighboring  departmeu\s. 

The  Httlevs  present  ti  slender  appearance,  with  bulky  and  powerfid  bones  ;  the  coat  is  a 
bright  red  mahogany,  marked  with  white  under  the  belly.  The  head  is  short  and  strong, 
the  forehead  broad  and  covered  with  abundan*  ;urly  I'.air ;  the  horns  smooth,  twisted! 
and  turned  outwards  ;  the  body  long,  cylinduciu,  mounted  on  long  legs  ;  the  head  and 
shoulders  strong,  the  dewlap  thick  and  prominent,  the  rump  short,  with  the  tail  at- 
tached high  up,  the  bony  prominences  well  marked. 

In  the  plains  of  Linmgue  these  aniniiils  have  ii  pied  red  cout ;  the  bo'y  is  shorter 
squarer,  and  lower  on  the  ground.     In  t  he  east  district  the  coat  is  brilliantly  dappled- 
pied  chestnut  or  black — and  the  head  white. 

The  Salers  cattle  are  repro<luced  with  great  fi.vity  of  type;  Ihey  are  hardy,  good  work- 
ers, and  tolerably  lair  milkers. 

THE  AtJBEAC  BREED. 

This  breed,  originally  froni  the  mountains  of  Aubrac,  is  mostly  raised  in  Aveyron 
Lozere,  and  a  small  part  of  Cantal.  ' 

Its  characteristics  are— coat  varying  from  lawn  gray  to  silvery  gray,  horns  large  and 
black  pointed,  bead  handsome,  eye  brilliant  and  level  with  the  he^ul,  neck  and  should- 
ers short  and  mnscular,  dewlap  loose,  chest  well  dtveloped,  trunk  compact  and  sym- 
metrical, legs  l.road  and  short. 

The  Aubrac  is  quiet,  gentle,  tractable,  strong,  and  well  fitted  for  working,  fattening 
or  milking.     Its  meat  is  of  excellent  quality. 

The  oxen  leave  the  mountains  for  Lozere  when  about  three  years  old,  and  after  three 
or  (bur  years'  work  are  led  up  on  the  Alezenc  pa.stnres,  and  thence  consigned  to  the  meat 
markets  of  the  large  towns  of  the  southeast. 

THE  MEZENC   BREED. 

The  district  of  Mount  Mezene  (Ardeche)  may  be  regarded  as  the  cradle  of  the  race, 
which  is  distributed  in  the  departments  of  Ardeche  and  Haute- Loire,  and  a  part  of  that 
of  Loire. 

Its  distinguisliing  points  are— coat  light  red  or  wheat  colored,  head  massive,  horns 
large  and  projecting   in  front,  skin  thick,  hair  coarse,  dewlap  hanging;  under  the  throat 
chest  tolerably  large,  tlank  long  and  liollow,  loins  weak,  bones  enoinious.     It  is  .saddle- 
backed. 

lieasts  of  this  breed  possess  strong  constitutions,  and  are  good  paying  animals,  owing 
to  their  aptitude  for  work  as  well  as  lor  the  production  of  meat  and'  milk.  The  Mezcnc 
ox  is  much  esteemed  as  iood  from  the  rich  llavor  of  its  meat,  due  to  Uie  Alpine  flora  on 
the  Mezene  pastures,  and  from  his  early  maturity. 

THE  I'ARTHENAISE   BREED   AND   ITS  OFF.SHOOTS. 

The  Parthenu'  e  breed  and  its  derivatives  (Veudeenne,  Nantaise,  and  Mancelle  breeds) 
constitute  the  horned  stock  of  the  department  of  Deux-Sevres,  Vendee,  and  Loire  In- 
ferieure,  and  a  great  portion  of  those  of  Mainc-et-Loire,  Vienne,  Indre-et-Loire,  and 
Charente-Inferieure. 

This  family,  which  the  l)reeder8  consider  as  a  pure  race,  is  regarded  by  zoologists  as 
the  produce  of  a  cross  with  animals  of  dili'ercnt  .Swiss  breeds.  Thus  in  the  Mancelle 
cattle  wo  recognize  the  characters  of  the  great  IJernolse  and  Fribourgeoise  l)reeds,  and 
m  the  Parthenaise  and  Nantaise  beasts  tho.se  of  the  Hchwitz  breed. 

The  whole  of  the  I'arthcnai.so  grouj)  proper  has  the  fixed  characteristic  of  black  ex- 
ternal mucous  membranes,  surrounded  by  a  badgergray  circle,  iu  the  others  this  mark 
varies  with  the  tint  of  the  hair  surrounding  them.  At  the  same  time  the  mixture  of 
foreign  blood  has  nci.  been  introducetl  to  siirb  un  extent  as  to  modifv  the  .sh.-vio.  of  fV.o 
animals,  which  remains  entirely  that  of  a  I'rench  breed.  "  i      '       • 

The  Parthenaise  ciittlc  combine  the  three  liiculties  so  desirable  to  bo  united  in  a  breed: 
working  power,  facility  of  fattening,  and  good  milking  qualities. 


728 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


if  I 


a 


Animal8  belonging  to  tliis  family  are  distinguishable  by  their  liuht  bony  framp  ii  • 
^1i  •  T«''-P^°P°'-ti«"f  l^«'ly.  «nuall  head^with  broad  flat  for^  S,  and  h^ndLn" 
well-directed  horns,  which  are  always  brilliantly  black.  The  eye  is  weU  plS  a!^^' 
mated  lu  expression,  and  the  general  iispect  docile.  ^     ^"'  ""'• 

r,  Ji'^'^^f"  ii''°.'''^P't^^  workers,  and  when  fattened  their  meat  is  considered  sepn„,i , 
none  on  the  Pans  market,  where  it  is  known  as  Chollet  beef  '^"'"^  *" 

s?rrf=.°„uss;:r°""  """"""•  -"'^^  »■>.»"•  «Sof jsk 

THE  TARENTAISE  OB  TARINE  BBKED. 

The  small-sized  breed,  originally  from  the  mountains  of  Tarentaise  ismiof  1,0  1 
patient,  and  distinguished  for  its  working  power,  and  above  all  for  its  <iSl  ty  ^t'n Sb'^' 
hnTw,''"''*  V'  -'^^^  ^'7'  ^^"^  extremities  and  the  natural  apertures  iS    ^^'^f 
bull  the  coat  is  more  Irequently  badger  gray,  black  on  the  neck,  cheeks    in.l    1     ' 
parts;  in  the  cow  it  is  tawny,  or  of  a  gray  wheat  color,  ol>servable  ii  no  otl  ^r  h  eJr''' 

The  trunk  is  compact,  the  leg  short,  the  sides  rounded,  the  head  short  tbeZj-    , 
broad,  the  horns  well  set  on,  the  cjes  large  and  mild.  ^  forehead 

These  animals  are  eminently  fitted  to  replace  sheep  on  the  Alnine  mstnroo  „    1 
maintain  their  fitness  for  the  Mediterranean  littoral,  despite  thTheat  o^e  di'nS  ^'' 


THE  BRETONNE  BREED. 


The  Bretoune  breed,  which  would  appear  to  have  originally  come  from  tho  ri«no  . 
ment  of  Alorbihan,  is  met  with  in  thetive  departments  formiu-  the  an do^t  n.       P'*''". 
Brittony,  with  the  exceptionof  a  portion  of  Loire-Inferieur^  where  treParthon^"' ° 
pSed.'""'"  ""  '''P*'  '^"•^  ''''  ^°°^"^^  ''  I"«-t-Vilaine,  where  NorST^Ks 

Bretons  are  hardy,  docile,  a^d  good  workers. 

The  cow,  which  has  been  justly  described  as  the  milker  ;wr  avcdlence  of  noor  rti«f,;„f 
.8  small  ami  squat,  the  limbs  are  short  and  rather  slim,  and  thcextrTmit  Ls  parS't' 
slender;  the  he  id  short,  tho  eye  vivacious,  the  muzzle  black,  occasiori  y  nSo^    fj 
rarely  white;  the  liorn«  thin  and  white  at  the  base,  but  occasionally  Suihrtio 
generally  picd  black,  the  skin  fine,  lissome,  and  i^iadily  detaS  the  ,"'*'' '"" 
decided,  and  the  disposition  mild  and  sociable.  "^-^-i^'ipH,  the  ga,t  ,,u,ck  and 

In  the  more  fertile  and  better  cultivated  parts  of  Brittany  animals  of  tho  Umf. 
race  are  more  developed  and  exhibit  a  better  shape  generally  ^^"'*°"°'' 

On  the  north  coiwt,  and  in  Fini.slere  especially,  pied  chestnut  animals  are  n.of  wifi, 

^  s.     Most  ot  these  are  the  result  of  crosses  with  bulls  otiier  than  those  of  Br  Umv  ft 
object  in  view  having  been  to  increjiae  the  size  of  tho  Bretonue  breed  ^""'"'y-  ^I'e 

DL'RHAMS  AND  DURKAM   CUOSS-UREEDS. 

The  Durham  breed  wiis  introduced  into  Prance  in  18;5S  by  the  "Administntion  ,1p 
I'Agriculture,"  ably  se<.,nded  by  MM.  Aug.  Yvart  and  Lefebvre  de  SaS  Mar'  e 

It  wa^s  at  irst  locate,  at  the  Pin  Stud  Farm,  but  since  18(!1  the  expcri.nen  al  1  Iclin. 
stiit.on  iKu,  been  f  ransfeireu  to  Corbin,  iu  C;.lvados.  The  foundat.oiro  th  feS  h^ 
ment  has  had  a  great  inllnenco  on  the  progress  of  French  agricultare,7y  s  owi;  .^  net 
owners  the  advantages  of  early  maturing  breeds  ^  blowing  stock- 

The  distinctive  qualities  of  Durhams  arc  their  extraordinary  aptitude  for  puttine  on 
(lesh  an,  heir  great  precocity  which  allows  of  their  being  slLghtered  .4  three  ylrs 
old  or  a  little  more,  and  alwaysat  less  than  four  years.  The  shape  of  tl  .  D  rh  „" T 
called  in  Englan.l  the  "Shorthorn  improved,"  i^  perlect  fronr^e l^he^fpirut ^l' 

Durhams  are  less  dilFicult  to  rear  than  might  be  supposed,  and  they  succeed  uerfcctlv 
well  under  lavorable  conditions.     They  have  iucreasil  la/gely  i.rUurStS   '  ' 
Maine-et-Lrnre  an<l  Mayenne,  where  they  are  maintained  p«./and  a  e  2  wUh  her 
and  there  m  all  parts  of  the  country.     Numerous  breeding.stations  have  LS  lisE 
and  are  answering  well,  in  Cote-d'Or,  Finistere,  Jlle-ctvilaine,  Loire"  me  S' 
SHne-Infmeure,  and  some  other  departuientsof  Central  France  '■"«- •■''■>""e, 

in,,re  fhanT?(.nn^;I^V'"'"^'n""^'  ^''"'"'"'^'^  "[  ^''"^•''  '"^^■^'  now  appeared,  shows  that 

a  emwiJS^lVn  the  bolls  especally  have  ct.ntrihnted  much  towanis  the  creatiou  of 

a  oonsulerable  number  of  desiiable  crosses. 


m. 


eir  light  bony  frame,  their 
it  forehead,  and  handsomp 
JO  eye  is  well  placed,  ani- 

jat  is  considered  second  to 

Ik  production,  never  beim, 

the  coast  from  Loire  to 

hold  their  own  as  milkers 


arentaise,  is  qniet,  liardv 

toritsqualityasamilijer 
apertures  black,    in  the 

neck,  cheeks,  and  lower 
iblo  in  no  other  breed 

head  short,  the  forehead 

Alpine  pastures,  and  yet 
le  heat  of  the  climate. 


y  come  from  the  depart- 
i  the  ancient  province  of 

'here  the  Parthenaise  and 
Yhere  Normandy  stock  is 

xcellence  of  poor  districts 
lextrmiities  particularly 
ccasioually  mottled,  and 

iially  dissimilar;  the  coat 
.lod,  the  gait  quick  and 

inimals  of  the  Bretonne 

b  auimals  are  met  witb, 
illy  remarkable  as  railk- 
lu  those  of  Brittany,  the 
breed. 


the  "Administration  de 

0  de  8ainte-Marie. 

e  experimental  breeding 
dation  of  this  est^ililish- 
Iture,  by  showing  stoclv- 

aptitude  for  putting  on 

Lightered  at  three  years 

lape  of  tliD  Durham  ox, 

the  butcher's  point  of 

1  they  succeed  perfectly 
in  till!  departments  ci' 
and  are  met  with  Iiere 
IS  have  been  established, 
e,  Loire,  Orme,  Sarthe, 

iv  appeared,  shows  that 
ding  i)urposcs  in  France 
towards  the  creation  of 


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SUPPLEMENT. 


729 


It,  is  more  p.irti(;nl;irly  in  the  department  of  the  West  that  Durham  croas-breeds  have 
been  moatmunerouH,  and  that  their  influenec  on  tho  condition  of  agriculture  is  most  ap- 
preciable.    At  the  present  time  the  superiority  of  English  blood  for  getting  good  crosses 


for  the  butcher  is  beyond  dispute. 


FRENCH  CATTLE. 

[Rcporti  fontribnted  to  Tho  Field  NewHimper,  Fet)ruary,  18S?,  by  H.  Kalns-Jackson.    Inclosuro 
O  O  111  CoiiHul-Oeiieral  Morritt's  report.] 

FAT  STOCK  IN  FKANCE. 

Paris,  February  1,  1883. 

The  Agricultural  Implement  and  Fat  Stock  Show  in  Paris,  under  the  auspices  of  the 

ministr.v  of  agriculture,  and  supported  by  tho  chief  land-owners,  stock-breeders,  and 

niaehiue-niakers  of  the  country,  has  Just  been  concluded,  and  I  send  a  list  of  a  few  of  the 

'  chief  ))ri/,os,  reserving  remarks  for  a  letter  next  week.     Of  lat  stock  there  were  345  bul- 

'  cks  and  cow.s,  !)1  lots  of  sheep  (tho  pens  being  sometimes  of  three  or  a  score),  120  lots 

•  "■■•' •  whilst  of  poultry',  rabbits,  and  pigeons  the  numbers  were  2,400;  and,  asa  special 


IDCJ 

of  pigs;  ,.i....,v  «.  j,.^>..v.j,  ...„.,....,„....  i,.^^„...,  „,.vj  uuuiuci,Ti  »y  c-1  D  .i,  1UU  j  uuu,  osaspeciai 
and  new  feature  of  this  season,  there  were  on  show  G8  young  bulls,  63 rams,  and  23  boars. 
Added  to  this  goodly  collection  were  318  lots  of  dead  poultry,  and  large  collections  of 
roots,  vegetables,  corn,  grass,  Iruit,  butter,  cheese,  oil,  &c.  Tho  implement  show  con- 
sisted of  1,500  diverse  inachineH  and  agricultural  appliances  and  tools.  The  show  of  the 
latter  wtus  open  on  Tuesday  week,  but  was  scarcely  visited  until  the  cattle  show  judging 
commenced  on  hist  Saturday ;  and  catalogues  and  prize  lists  were  issued  on  the  first  "  franc 
day"  (Sunday).  The  exhibition  clo.sed  on  Wednesday,  after  proving  a  successful  at- 
traction to  the  Paris  people,  and  country  inhabitants  of  tho  departments  generally. 


rente.     For  breed  prizes, _   ^  ^^ 

Saint- Aubin-les-Forges,  Nicvre,  with  a  white  Nivernaise  beast,  weighing  19  cwtTTqr! 
(i  lbs.,  No.  G  I,  aged  4.')  months.  The  first  prize  for  tho  Limousine  breed  was  awarded  to 
M.  Parry,  of  Limoges,  Haute  Viennc,  for  a  red  animal  weighing  1!)  cwt.  and  16 lbs.,  aged 
40  months;  number  of  catalogue  83.  For  Garonnaise  breed.  No.  107,  belonging  'to  M. 
lierncde,  of  Meilhan,  Lot,  and  Garonne,  for  a  light  dun,  aged  4  years  and  2  months,  and 
weighing  I  ton  and  28  lbs.,  took  lirat  prize.  For  tho  Laradaiso  breed,  M,  Chambaudet,  of 
Meilhan,  Lot,  and  Garonne,  won  lirst  honors  with  No.  11,5,  aged  40  months,  and  weigh- 
ing IT)  cwt.  Sqrs.  12  lbs.  Tlio  grand  race  of  Salers,  the  largest  in  France,  was  represented 
by  the  handsome  red  beai't  of  M.  Valtau,  of  Vindelles,  Charente,  aged  4  years  and  1 
month,  but  the  weight  of  which  was  only  19  cwt.  and  8  lbs.  The  first  prize  of  the  breeds 
Parthenaisc,  Chotelaise,  and  Nantaiso  was  taken  by  No.  132,  M.  Poinet,  of  Leche,  Vi- 
euuo,  for  a  gray  Parthenaisc  animal,  aged  5  years,  and  weighing  exactly  tho  same  as  the 
Salers  beast,  19  cwt.  and  8  lbs.  Of  the  breeds  Flanders,  Normande,  Mancelle,  Femeline 
Bourbonnaise,  Comptoise,  iV-c.  tho  first  prize  w;vs  awarded  to  M.  Jaques  Bellard,  of  Cours 
les-r.arres,  Cher,  for  No.  138,  a  Lourliounaise,  aged  4  years  2  months,  weight  not  given. 


.lui'uii-,  jiii.v.iin;,  iM.  iiiu  iii.ii.  yiii,i-  lui  liiu  jiiiiuiii^  lueeii  was  uiKeu  ny  m.  jeanJJros- 
sicr,  of  Saint  Loup,  AUier,  for  a  black  and  white  beast,  aged  4  years  4  months  and  10 
days,  weighing  1 1  cwt.  and  10  lbs.  The  prizes  of  honor  were  given  to  M.  Signoret  for  No. 
•J(i,  a  Durham-Charolaise;  to  .M.  Mativou,  No.  234,  also  for  a  Uurham-Charolaise;  and  to 
51.  Gustavo  Valtau  tor  his  Durham-Manceau  group  of  four  beasts. 


LIVE  STOCK    I.V   FRANCE. 

The  great  show  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  pigs,  of  poultry,  agricultural  produce,  and  im- 
plements, held  last  week  in  Paris,  and  which  represented  all  France  and  some  of  its 
colonies,  must  include  many  points  of  interest  to  tho  readers  of  Tho  Field.  Under  the 
auspices  and  control  of  a  ministry  of  agriculture,  and  with  such  a  magnificent  and  ceu- 
tr:il  .site  as  is  atlbrdcd  by  the  l'alaci>  of  Industry  in  the  (Iliansos  Elvsees.  the  exhihitiois 
Ibrmed  a  great  display  of  rural  economy.  It  is  of  tliecattlc  that  I  have  chiefiy  to  speak, 
;ind,  knowing  France  well  in  its  country  aspects,  I  may  say  that  tho  various  breeds 
brought  together  must  have  astonished  and  pleased  any  lover  and  critic  of  animal  life. 
Contrasted  with  English  breeds,  the  <'attle  were  most  conspicuous  by  tlieir  light  and 
even  color;  the  sheep  by  being  shown  out  of  their  wool,  and  from  the  relative  ab.sence 


730 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


of  all  heavy  stock;  whilst  the  pigs  looked  very  innitli  like  their  English  brothers,  and 
in  fact  were  often  more  than  half-and-half  nrili.sh  blood. 

It  may  bo  noted  of  "how  they  do  these  things  in  France,"  that  each  set  of  thejudges 
is  complemented  by  a  member  elected  by  the  exhibitors  in  the  respective  sections.  Cer- 
tainly this  is  a  commendable  method,  that  might  bo  introduced  in  English  shows.  In 
Paris  more  than  a  dozen  gentlemen  were  thus  a-ssisting  in  awarding  prizes. 

The  entries  may  bo  thus  grouped : 

Cattle .- ;;(J9 

Sheep  pens... ..* 92 

Pigs-- - 125 

Bulls 63 

Kama... , 63 

Boars ojj 

Besides  2,269  pens  of  live  poultry,  pigeons,  rabbits,  &c. ;  3,477  exhibits  of  roots,  seed,  fruit 
vegetables,  &c. ;  and  .'520  of  dressed  poultry,  487  of  cheese,  217  of  butter  and  milk  all 
of  these  being  inside  the  building,  whilst  outside,  occupying  ample  space  on  the  walks 
and  roads  atljacent,  the  implement  entries  num1)ered  3, 178,  including  a  working  but- 
ter-maker and  Laval's  cream  separator. 

The  center  of  the  largo  transept  formed  an  admirable  and  roomy  space  for  the  exliil)i- 
tion  of  cattle,  for  the  circulation  of  the  public,  and  the  ta.sk  of  "the  judges.  There  was 
abundance  of  litter,  and  in  all  respects  the  feeding  and  comfort  of  the  animals  left  uotii- 
ing  to  desire.  The  central  and  side  pa.ss;iges  were  kept  like  garden  walks,  and  shrubs 
and  flowers  in  the  center  Ibrined  an  ornament  and  a  rendezvous  where  friends  could  meet 
Under  the  galleries,  corresponding  to  those  of  Islington,  the  great  display  of  poultry,  iii 
wire-fronted  boxes,  Hanked  the  live  stock,  whilst  at  cither  end  of  the  va.st  buildln<' were 
the  sheep  and  pig  pens.  Ui>stairs  some  thirty  large  rooms — the  salons  for  pictures  in 
May — were  filled  with  cereal,  seed,  root,  forage,  and  other  agricultural  produce,  includ- 
ing oil  and  honey.  As  liirm  produce  hops  were  missing,  nor  were  tnere  many  exiiibits 
of  manures,  phospho-guano  only  being  well  represented.  The  cheese,  butter,  and  dead 
poultry  exhibits  were  excellent  Knd  very  numerous;  and  poultry  appliances,  iucludiu" 
many  incubators,  made  an  exhil)ition  of  themselves.  In  one  of  these  salons  the  Eni'lisii 
visitor  might  see  with  natural  curiosity  the  inviting  exhibit  of  sausages  formed  frouHiie 
meat  of  beasts  of  burden — horses,  mules,  and  donkeys — the  latter  being  especially  recom- 
mended at  1(W.  to  Is.  3(1  per  pound.  Many  persons  tasted  the  tempting  slices  oft'ered 
them,  and  judges  rank  as.ses'  llesh  as  Siivory  food.  So  good  indeed  is  it,  that  "Patede 
foied'ane"  formed  a  display  after  the  fa.shian  of  our  "Pimlicopics."  Looking  from  the 
galleries,  where  kuicknacks  were  sold,  the  scene  of  animal  life  below  was  cheerlul  ami 
picturesque.  The  great  blotches  of  color  were  more  distinct  than  in  an  English  show, 
as  the  breedsof  cattle — white,  cream  white,  dun — gave  much  the  same  impression  as  do  li 
number  of  harvest  fields  of  difterent  grain,  one  tone  being  general.  Of  course  there  were 
red  and  roan  and  pied  animals,  but  these  were  in  a  minority,  and  there  were  no  classes 
of  black  cattle,  Scotch  polls,  Welsh,  and  Irish  to  attract  notice.  This  omission  of  black 
color  from  a  fat-stock  show  wiw  a  notable  feature. 

As  a  curious  piece  of  animal  statistics  may  be  given  the  following  particulars  of  the 
prize  animals  killed  and  analyzed  a  year  ago,  only  the  chief  l)eing  here  given;  and  as 
French  weights  and  figures  serve  for  comparison  as  well  as  do  English  ones,  the  ollieial 
report  is  quoted.  It  may  be  stated  briefiy,  however,  that  a  kilogram  is  e(|ual  to  2', 
pounds,  and  50  kilograms  are  close  upon  a  hundred  weight,  and  1 ,000  kilograms  a  ton. 


M-0 

u 

>^ 

2 

Sf^- 

tr. 

i 

■3 

>. 

Breed. 

IK 

'S 
f 

o 

> 

-  -  " 

05 

It 

First  qual 

Second  qu 

2 

'2 

Kilof. 

KUo'. 

A-H"-.. 

Diirlihnin-f'liiirolaiHc 

ItL'O 

Ill 

oos 

22,3 

119 

110 

<I|4 
<.K:ri 

S77 
8U7 

.•11) 
•1! 
.'li 
IJ 

5'JI 

r,;!i 

.•jii- 

i',t') 

120 
l.M 

171 

V'.(> 

VM 

\m 

118 

*  !'r<)l)!il)ly  f>r  oxiiihilion. 

Fnrlhcr,  n»  regards  loss  of  weight  on  being  killed,  the  fat  Norman  only  lo.st  8  kilo- 
grams, whilst  Yorkshire  lost  1!»  kilograms,  and  the  big  Yorkshire-Limousin  hut  7  kilo- 
grams. 


SUPPLEMlONT. 


731 


lisli  brothers,  and 

1  set  of  tliejudf;es 
ive  sections.  C'cr- 
iiKlish  shows.  In 
rizes. 


■ -  '.m 

-- 92 

■ - 125 

68 

m 

2;j 

)f  roots,  seed,  fruit, 
tter  and  millt,  all 
pace  on  the  walks 
ug  a  working  but- 

ice  for  the  exhil)l- 
"Iges.  There  wa.s 
animals  left  noth- 
walks,  and  shrubs 
riends  could  meet, 
play  of  poultry,  in 
vast  building  were 
ins  for  pictures  in 
.1  produce,  inelud- 
ere  many  exhibits 
,  butter,  and  dead 
diances,  including; 
salons  the  f:nglisli 
!.s  formed  from  tlie 
i;  especial  lyrecom- 
iting  slices  oft'ered 
Jit,  that  "Patede 

Looking  from  the 
f  was  chcerrtil  and 

an  Knglisli  show, 
impression  as  do  a 
'course  there  were 
n-Q  were  no  classes 
i  omission  of  black 

particulars  of  the 
ere  given;  and  as 
li  ones,  the  ollieial 
ni  is  e(|ual  to  2^ 
liilograms  a  ton. 


0 

n 
.C 

i 
3 

11 

C  ID 

0  >, 

s  « 

""w 

3 

5 

|3 

0. 
Pranci. 

•< 

». 

m,  i(. 

>ri 

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.32   17 

i5 

L',(KIO 

SI  m 

.... 

l.illO 

■IS  U) 

■JO 

i.aw 

«1   00 

uu 

*5,(i00 

SI   00 

n  onlv  lost 

S  kilo- 

101 

isin  but ' 

'  kilo- 

I  am  hopeful  of  getting  similar  returns  to  the  above  of  the  cattle,  sheep,  and  pigs  at 
the  present  year's  show,  especially  those  referring  to  the  two  beiusta  exhibited  by  the 
Vicomto  do  Chezclles;  which  were  fed  on  ensilage. 

To  give  any  adcriuiitc  idea  of  the  I'aris  Ivxhibilion,  it  is  necessary  to  run  through  the 
several  chvsses,  of  which  the  first  prizes  were  published  in  last  week's  Field,  which  rep- 
resented the  llivo  stock  of  France,  I'roin  its  great  plains,  river  valleys,  and  mountain- 
.siiles  and  table  lands. 

In  Claas  1  of  young  bullocks,  born  sincoJanuary  1,  1H8{),  were  twenty-six  entriescom- 
petingfor  eight  prizes,  all  of  which  were  awarded,  and  a  supplementary  prize  was  added, 
whilst  two  animals  were  honorably  mentioned.  Many  famous  breeders  competed  in 
this  class,  of  which  nearly  every  entry  had  Short  horn  lilood,  the  exceptions  being  a  Ni- 
vernais,  IJasquais,  15azadais,  Limousin,  ami  Charolais-Nivernais  animal,  five  in  all  out  of 
twenty-six.  Of  the  eightprizes,  six  were  .Shorthorn  cro?  .ses,  the  sixth  prize  fa' ling  to  a  white 
Nivernais,  and  the  eighth  prize  to  a  Chaiolais.  The  llrst  prize  was  to  a  Durham-Cha- 
rolias,  the  second  to  a  red  and  white  pure  Shorthi)rn.  The  weights  of  all  were  good,  but 
1  should  not  consider  any  beast  satistactorily  ripened. 

Cla.s3  I,  section  '2,  was  for  bullocks  born  since  January  1,  18T!),  and  the  extra  year 
brought  together  thirty-six  animals.  Four  to  six  years  of  age  would  appear  most  in 
favor  in  France  at  present  for  exhibition,  ius  two  to  lour  years  are  in  England.  On 
this  point,  one  should  remember  that  the  greatest  proportion  of  oxen  have  two  or  more 
years  at  the  yoke  as  draught  animals. 

Again,  in  this  fine  class  Shorthorn  crosses  formed  two-thirds  of  the  total;  but  the 
heaviest  bejist  was  a  white  C'harolais,  whicJi  weighed  1  ton  and  41  lbs.  at  Ibrty-seven 
months  old.  The  first  prize  of  the  class  was  a  Durhum-Charolais,  red  and  white,  weigh- 
ing lOcwt.  and  14  Ib.s.,  age  forty-two  months.  It  was  M.  Nadaud's  prime  exhibit,  and 
fought  for  the  championship  of  the  show  against  the  Durham-Charolais  of  JL  Signoret, 
which,  a  year  younger,  weighed  within  (iO  llis.  of  the  older  animal,  and  was  judged  by 
points  a  neck  ahead,  and  so  carried  off  the  prize  of  honor.  (Senerally,  the  animals  in 
Class  I  woul  dhave  bee«  a  fine  display  in  any  country. 

Class  II  had  the  interest  of  being  one  of  breed,  and  without  distinction  of  age.  There 
were  nineteen  entries,  all  of  the  Oharolaiso  and  Nivernaise  breeds.  The  ages  ranged 
from  three  years  nine  months  to  seven  years,  the  majority  being  four  or  five  years  old. 
In  this  class  a  white  Nivernais  turned  the  scale  at  2;Jcwt.  3(|rs.  91  bs.,  the  age  being  four 
years  six  months  and  twenty  days.  It  gained  a  supplementary  prize.  These  breeds 
are  the  chief  working  oxen  of  France,  and  until  lately  were  not  fattened  until  eight  or  nine 
years  of  age.  The  meat  oftlie.se  animals  after  four  years  is  mature,  savory,  and  highly 
nutritive.  The  first  prize  was  taken  by  a  white  Nivernais,  the  youngest  but  one  in  the 
class. 

Of  these  famous  French  breeds,  the  leading  points  are:  They  are  handsome,  good  work- 
ing oxen,  and  make  first  rate  but( hers'  meat;  the  coat  is  usually  creamy  white,  with 
abundant  hair;  they  have  white  niiddle-.sized  horns,  turned  up  towards  the  points;  the 
head  is  short  and  l)road,  the  muzzle  rose-colored,  the  eye  is  larg(!.  and  the  aspect  gentle; 
a  regular  cylindrical  body  is  set  on  short  strong  leg.s,  the  neck  carries  but  little  dew- 
lap, the  back  is  straight,  ending  in  a  well-hung  tail,  and  the  rump  is  prominent  and 
deep.  The  race  came  originally  from  Saone-et-Loire,  and  is  now  the  chief  breed  of  the 
central  department's.  The  cross  with  Nivernaise— an  olVshoot  of  the  Charolaise — forms 
the  best  French  beast  for  butchers.     The  cows  are  but  jioor  milkers. 

Chuss  II,  section  2,  comprised  twenty  entiie;i  of  Limousine  cattle,  aged  from  three 
years  ten  months  to  six  years,  most  of  them  beiim  four  and  a  half  years  old.  The  color 
was  always  yellow,  from  a  fawn  white  to  u  red  wbeateii-duii.  The  weights  were  gener- 
ally close  to  M.  Parry's  first-prize  beast  weighing  1!)  ewt.  1(5  lbs.  at  three  years  ten 
months.  The  whole  class  was  a  good  one.  and  carried  one  supplementary  prize  and  one 
honorable  mention.  Docility,  aptitude  for  work,  and  facility  lor  fattening,  make  this 
breed  a  favorite.  The  Department  of  Haute-Vieiine  is  its  cliief  home,  and  at  this  show 
the  best  animal  came  from  Limoges.  The  other  prize  animals  were  from  the  Gironde 
and  Charente  departments.  For  yield  and  quality  of  meat  tlie  Limousine  ranks  high; 
the  features  of  a  good  animal  being  a  light  head,  with  white  open  horns,  pink  eyelids 
and  muzzle,  well-set  Irnck,  rounded  si<ies,  short  fleshy  limbs,  with  white  points  that  give 
a  look  of  breed  and  fashion.  A  Limousine  is  usually  less  bulky  than  a  Cliarolaise.  The 
cows  are  fair  jiiilkera. 

Class  II,  section  ."{,  included  the  (laronnaise  breed,  and  thirteen  animals  represented  it. 
The  race  is  improving,  and  was  reckoned  in  advance  of  the  Limousine  cattle,  supplying 
one  of  tlie  henvicst  lieasts  in  tlic  show.  No.  113  weiiihinu  'i'J  ewt.  -.'{jrs.  (•  Ihs..  am!  iraiV.in" 
third  prize.  Gironde  and  l.ot-et-tiaronne  furnished  the  best  specimens.  The  first  prize 
weiij;hed  1  ton  SM  lbs.  tlaronnai.se  cattle  are  said  to  In;  the  bulkiest  in  the  sub-l'yre- 
nean  basin,  and  form  two  gioujis  of  the  great  bovine  (iallie  family— that  of  the  valley 


and  that  of  the  hill.s.     The  latter  are  smaller,  but 


more  capable  of  work,  than  those  of 


the  valley.     They  have  a  very  long  body.  Hat  sides,  and  confined  chest,  short  buttock 


732 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FAKMINQ. 


and  bony  frame,  with  tiiil  badly  sot.  The  head  ia  ion^  and  heavy,  with  white  horns 
and  pale  red  eyelids.  The  coat  is  of  an  even  dun  or  wheatou-yeliow  color.  The  oxen 
have  colossal  strength  and  work  patiently,  fattening  easily.  The  females  are  hand- 
Bonier  than  the  bulls,  but  juwr  as  milch  cows. 

Class  II,  section  4,  had  eight  entries,  all  being  of  an  even  and  rich  grey  color.  Tiioir 
weights  were  DO.'j,  894,  t)33,  930,  881,  937  kilogrammes,  or  about  17  cwt.  3  qr.-i.  each.  Tlie 
ages  were  from  three  years  lour  months  to  five  years.  The  llrst  prize  went  to  M.  Cham- 
baudet,  of  Meilhan,  Lot-et-Oaronne.  Most  of  the  exhibits  came  from  the  Gironde.  Tiio 
shape  of  the  prize  beast  was  typical  of  the  breed  which  is  reckoned  perfect,  with  (lei'|) 
chest  well  letdown,  rounded  flank,  the  body  almost  a  complete  cyli>-  "er,  the  lino  of  Itack 
straight,  the  haunch  broad,  snuare,  and  well  placed,  heavy  rump,  souiotimes  bossy,  horns 
often  faulty,  on  a  short  head,  with  broad  open  forehead.  For  shape,  the  cow.s  are  espi^ 
cially  handsome,  but  are  only  poor  milkers.  Temper  in  the  bulls  makes  them  generally 
dangerous.  We  have  no  breeds  in  England  to  parallel  the  Bazadaise.  A  group  remind.H 
one  of  a  silver-grey  Jersey  herd,  grown  big  and  wild. 

Class  II,  section  5,  had  but  live  entries;  yet  these  were  specimens  of  perhaps  the  most 
special  breed  in  Trance,  the  bullocks  often  standing  0  inches  taller  than  our  biggest  Short- 
horns. In  colorthey  are  deep  mahogany  red,  with  white  oftenunder  the  uelly.  M.  (ius- 
tav  Valtau,  who  took  many  prizes,  carried  the  ilrst  in  this  class  with  a  four  years  ten 
months  animal,  weighing  20  cwt.  2  qrs.  10  lbs.  This  breed  is  improving;  they  are  good 
workers  as  well  as  meat-produeers.  The  mountains  of  Auvergne  were  the  cradle  of  tlu- 
race,  of  which  the  head  is  short  and  strong,  the  forehead  broad  and  covered  with  curly 
hair,  the  horns  smooth,  twisted,  and  turned  outwards.  The  body  is  longand  cylindrical, 
mounted  on  tidl  legs,  the  head  and  shoulders  are  strong,  the  dewlap  thick  and  promi- 
inent,  the  rump  short,  with  tail  attached  high  up.  On  the  Limagne  plains  the  body  is 
shorter,  scjuarer,  and  lower  on  the  ground,  the  coat  often  chestnut  and  white,  the  head 
sometimes  white;  yet  the  Salers  breed  is  one  of  the  most  lixed  character  in  France. 

Class  II,  section  (»,  was  compri.sed  of  seven  entries,  for  the  breeds  I'arthenaise,  Chole- 
taise,  and  NanUiiso;  but  the  specimens  shown  were  all  of  the  I'arthenaise  group.  These 
were  scarcely  e(iual  to  expectation,  yet  their  weights  were  fairly  good ;  the  lirst-prize  ani- 
mal,fi%-e  years  old, weighed  19cwt.(81bs.,  and  the  second  prize  turned  a  ton.  TheParthe- 
naiso  family  includes  Vendcenue,  Nantaise,  and  Mancelle  breeds, which  occupy  .several 
departmenta— the  Deux-Siivres,  Loire-Infcriemo,  Charentc-Infurieure,  &c.  The  biiwl 
is  regarded  as  pure  by  some,  and  as  a  mixed  race  by  others — crosses  between  Bernoisi-, 
Fribourgeoise,  and  Swi.ss  cattle.  The  animals  have  one  lixed  characteristic,  that  of  black 
external  mucous  membranes,  surrounded  by  a  badger-grey  circle.  The  shape  of  all  the 
groups  is  that  of  the  old  French  breed,  which  is  remarkable  for  good  .iiilking  qualities, 
good  fattening  qualities,  and  good  working  powers.  1  laudsome,  well-directed,  brilliantly 
black  horns,  a  graceful,  well-proportioned  body,  and  good  disposition,  belong  to  a  trno 
Parthenaise,  one  of  the  best  milch  cows  in  France. 

Class  II,  section  7,  included  several  breeds,  as  follows:  Flamande,  Xormande,  Mancelle, 
Femeline,  Bourbonnaise,  Comptoise,  Bearnaise,  Basquaise,  Aubrac,  Mezenc,  Brctonne, 
Tarine,  itc.  Only  ten  entries  represented  the  above  races,  and  the  first  prizes  awarded 
were  to  a  four  years  and  two  months  gld  BourlM)unais,  a  yellow  dun,  of  which  the  weight 
was  not  given.  In  this  class  was  the  exhibit  of  the  Viscount  Arthur  (le  Chezellra,  which 
had  been  fed  on  ensilage,  and  was  the  heaviest  beast  of  the  class,  weighing  21  cwt.  3  qrs. 
6  lbs.,  age  live  years  two  months  and  ten  days.  A  Bourbonnaise  took  second  prize  and 
third  prize,  whilst  the  Norman  entries  only  got  honorably  mentioned.  In  the  subcliis,s 
a  handsome  mottled-dun  Basquais  t(M)k  first  honors.  The  four  entries  of  Bretonne  cla,s,s 
were  good,  and  of  the  typo  well-known  in  England. 

Of  the  Flemish  breed,  the  great  merit  is  their  milking  qualities,  and  the  chief  breed- 
ing districtsare  in  the  I'as deCalais  and  Aisno departments.  Thecowsare  large,  straight- 
backed,  with  a  large  rump  and  well-hung  tail,  color  a  reddish  brown,  deepening  toward 
tbshead;  some  liave  a  few  white  marks.  The  sides  ar.-  wanting  in  roundness.  0( 
course  the  cows  are  too  valuable  to  send  to  a  fat-stock  show,  and  the  males  arc  killed 
early  for  veal,  except  such  as  are  saved  for  breeding.  Blanche  and  Calvados  are  the 
cradle  of  the  fine  Norman  breed,  wich  is  subdivided  into  Cotentme,  Bressine,  and 
Augeronne  families.  The  breeil  is  large  and  hand.some,  of  great  diversity  of  color  and 
shape,  but  usually  dappled,  and  often  of  the  brindled-brown  seen  in  our  LonghoniH. 
The  quality  of  the  meat  makes  the  oxen  vidued  in  Pari.s,  and  specimens  of  this  hreed 
have  been,  it  is  stilted,  fattened  to  over  30  cwt.  The  cows  are  remarkable  for  their 
abundant  and  rich  milk.  The  famous  Isigny  butter  comes  from  the  Bressine  breed, 
and  that  of  ( ;onrnay  from  various  Xormnn  families.  The  Livarot  cheese,  that  oht.iined 
the  prize  of  honor  this  year,  is,  like  Cainemliert,  Xeufchatel,  &.c.,  made  •from  the  milk 
of  Normans. 

The  Femeline  cattle,  of  which  there  were  no  entrieji  at  the  show,  are  of  the  Comptois 
type,  and  are  niised  in  Ihe  Donbs  ami  Saonc  deimrfnients.  The  coats  are  whoaten- 
vellow,  the  head  slciulcr,  with  small  horns  close  to  the  eyes,  the  neck  slim,  the  chest 


SUPPLEMENT, 


733 


loti),',  tho  hiiiil  qtiiulord  broad,  tho  lugs  short  ami  line,  thu  Hkiti  supplu  nud  dolicute,  the 
root  of  tho  tail  prominent.  The  cows  aro  good  milkers,  the  bulls  viciotw  wluii  old,  tho 
iixun  good  workers,  and  Iktten  easily.  The  (Irst  |)ri/c  lioiirbonnuis  eamo  Croni  M.  Bel- 
lurd,  of  Cours-les-Uarres,  Ohur,  and  most  of  the  entries  were  <!l()-,ely  of  the  Charolaiso 
type,  hut  of  a  red-duu  color.  Tho  breed  is  u  favoritB  one  with  the  but^hera,  and  is 
well  distributed  in  Hovcral  dep;irtnients  acrons  central  France. 

Tho  Bearnaise,  Uasiiuaiso,  and  Urt  breeds  aro  of  tho  same  lamily,  and  have  the  char- 
ueter  of  beiuj;  good  workers  and  prodnciuK  excellent  moat.  The  coat  varies  from  deep 
red  to  light  yellow  color,  the  varieties  showing  tho  breed  and  district.  Tha  bull  \vm  a 
specially-developed  horn,  and  i.s  an  animal  of  noted  courage.  The  breed  is  from  the 
Pyrenees,  near  Saint  Jean  de  Luz,  but  stock  for  fattening  are  sent  to  tho  Landes,  and  so 
are  often  called  "  I>andais"  cattle  in  the  Hor.leau.\  market,  where  the.v  are  highly  es- 
teemed. 

The  monntuius  of  Aubrae,  the  mountains  of  Mezene,  give  names  to  their  breeds, 
which,  feeding  on  fine  herbage,  have  (inely-Havored  meat.  Tho  Aubrao  is  of  a  silver- 
gray  or  fawn  color,  with  large  horns,  black  at  the  points.  The  whole  animal  is  compact 
and  handsome,  and  tho  breed  is  a  good  one  for  working,  fatting,  or  milk.  The  Mezene 
has  a  .saddle  buck,  enormous  btMies,  massive  head,  aud  large  front-projecting  horns. 
Tho  breed  has  a  good  constitution,  and  pays  well  Un  rearing  and  keeping. 

There  renmin  lor  reference  the  grand  open  and  large  class  of  cross-breeds,  of  the  cow 
class,  the  groups  of  cattle,  the  small  exhibition  of  young  bulls,  and  the  sheep  and  pig 
classes,  which  may  be  deferred  until  next  week. 

INVICTA. 

p.  S.— I  have  just  heard  the  sale  pricie  of  M.  Signoret's  champion  prize  was  4,000 
franes  (£100),  Ijought  for  Magazinsdu  Louvre.  Tho  fellow-champion  made  but 'J,000 
francs.     M.  Chaminade's  champion  pig  sold  for  1,000  francs. 


"We  aro  rot  accustomed  to  over-f.itten  meat  in  France,"  writes  one  of  the  leading 
French  jour  .als;  and  the  same  2>;iper  further  <lcelares  that  most  of  tho  animals  sent  to 
exhibitions  pass  tho  line  that  ..ap.irates  the  best  me^t,  as  an  article  of  f(X)d,  from  the  too 
gross  animals  which  carry  oil' tho  prize*.  Moreover,  breeders,  in  preparing  stock'for  ex- 
hibition, disregard  economy  in  their  production,  whiili  is  hotter  studied  when  ordinary 
butchers'  animals  are  sent  to  market.  "  We  are  not  La))landers  nor  Esquimaux,  to  re- 
(juiro  such  ma.s.ses  of  fat  as  do  tho  inhiibitant.'^  of  the  Polar  regions,"  indignantly  ex- 
claims the  patriotic  Frenchman,  and  next  learnedly  ((uotes  the  data  of  Messrs.  Lawcs 
aud  Gilbert,  that  ordinary  beasts  have  only  1!)  per  cent,  of  fiit,  whilst  a  fat  prize  ox  has 
30.1  of  the  same  oily  constituent— record •<  of  a  v(Ty  fat  Simrthorn  cow  showing  G  inches  to 
10  inches  of  fat  under  theskin  !  Ifowevt  r,  as  i)efore  observed,  tho  fattest  bullock  in  the 
Paris  Show  wius  a  good  way  behind  the  cliampions  of  Norwich,  Birmingham,  and  Smith- 
tield,  a  finely  ripened  animiil  being  a  great  rurity  in  the  palace  of  industry.  Last  Tues- 
day week,  certainly,  the  '"  Mardi  (iras  of  Paris  did  not  liavci  any  available  fat  ox  to  rival 
those  of  former  days,  even  if  carnival  revels  still  hud  Iteen  in  fashion. 

To  walk  with  the  catalogue — and  so  continue  my  narrative  of  last  week — the  visitor 
to  the  Paris  Show  came  to — 

Class  II,  section  !),  for  pure  foreign  breeds,  in  which  there  were  but  four  entries,  all 
Shorthorns.  And  here — whilst  in  Kiigland  there  is  a  eontrover-sy  about  white  cattle — 
the  first  prize  may  be  recorded  as  falling  to  the  forty  months  old  white  Shorthorn  of  M. 
Deplancho,  the  weight  being  17  cwt.  :iqrs.  'iOlhs.  The  second  prize,  for  a  white  and  roan, 
wiis  taken  by  M.  Nadaud,  which  Weighed  11  lbs.  more  than  the  first-prize  animal,  ivl- 
tliftugh  four  months  younger.  The  other  two  entries  in  this  cliuss  were  alike  red  and 
unsuccessful. 

(;iassll,  section  !),  w;is  the  field  of  combat — an  open  class  to  all  comers  that  were  cross- 
breeds. The  collection  was  a  really  line  one  of  forty-three  entries,  and  to  which  no  fewer 
than  seven  prizes  aud  three  honorable  mentions  were  awarded.     I  put  in  a  tabular  form 


i; 


^vm 

Prize. 

Breed. 

Color. 

Owner. 

J 

First 

Dnrhnn»-Munceau 

Wliito  nnd  red 

Wliite  and  red 

Wliitpgrny 

I)nn 

...    M.  Arnand. 

....    M.  Itouille. 

....;  M.  i>ert-n-r.f;,rfi!itl. 

....!  M.  Miitivon 

h    *- 

Second  

Thir;! 

Diirlmni-oroHs 

^ 

Dnrlnim-CharoliiiH 

' 

KifMi 

Yellow 

While  and  red 

Uriudletl 

...!  M.  HriKUon. 
...1  M.  Xadiiiul. 
.  '   lU>iint  Rrieif 

Li   ""  ^ 

Hixtli 

Durlnini-Manceuii 

wS 

Seventli 

l)urhiuii-eri).sH 

KU 

IM 

*  Heaviest  beast  in  sUov 

r,  weighing;  'iS  cwt,  1  qr. 

83lba. 

ff 

784 


CATTLE   AND   DAIUY    FARMING. 


us 


The  three  houorubly-monlionediiiiiiiialH  wore  Diirhiim-CliuroluiH,  l)urlimik-MiiU(x>mi,aii,) 
Durhuui-CImrulitm.  The  I'rliiftxle  Wiiki'^"'  ''ihI  si  vvliUti  l)iirhuiii-Ay  i^hiic,  an<l  there  wei« 
i'Oini)etiti)rn  in  liiinouHiii-ChnroluiH,  tiuroiiuiviH-lluxudiiiN,  Lorriiii),  and  othe"- vuricticM,  u|| 
loft  behind,  whilst  the  Shorthorn  blood  >viw  in  tliu  van. 

Freneh  politene.'*.'*,  tliat  bidn  ns  |{ive  "pliu:o  anx  dainoM"  in  the  Hulon,  duca  not  extetnj 
priority  in  the  Hhowyard  to  c.ovih,  which  now  patiently  follow,  and  form  into — 

CImw  III,  HeetionI,  for  aniniaN  born  before  May  1, 1H*!»,  and  beinn  pureorirosNed  Trench 
blrnxl.  This  cliuw  was  a  hchxI  one  of  twenty-fonr  entries,  the  ajies  running  np  7.\  vciiim. 
It  is  cnonKh  to  nay  the  pri/cs  fell  to — llrst,  a  whiteCharoliu.se-NivernaiMe;  Hecond,"a  liuht 
dun  liiinouHine;  third,  a  white  NivernuiHeCharolaise;  and  fourth,  tou  wiiiteCharoluise. 
The  red  Flemish  and  Norniun  brindled-red  auinuvl)*  failed  to  attract  attention. 

Section  3  was  moreeoHmoiMilitan,  and  invited  pure  and  cross-brud  cows;  and  here  anaiii 
first,  wcoud,  third,  fourtli,  and  (H'tli  prizes  had  Shorthorn  bloiu!,  two  of  which  were  pur(. 
white  Shorthorns.  An  elj;lit-ycar-old  Swis.s  cow  and  a  yellow  Limousine-Swi.s.s  were 
competitor;  bnt  then  the  winnin;{  animals  were  exhibited  by  Hueh  extn^rts  na  MM 
Mativon,  Tiersonnier,  Nadund,  lianKlnde,  and  Larzat,  the  Strattons  of  France. 

The  good-group  Hystem  tluil  is  in  favor  across  (ho  Channel  now  brought  before 
twenty-eight  l>eas(H,  in  lots  of  four  each  : 

Class  IV,  bullocks  born  since  .lauuary  1,  187!).  It  was  in  this  class  that  M.  Onstavo 
Vttltau  took  Ilrst  prize  and  the  championship  with  his  four  Durham-Maiueau  cattle  a 
remarkably  even  and  well-linished  lot,  well-built,  scjuare-.set,  and  with  capital  hind 
quarters.  The  cross  of  the  Durham-Norman  gioup  was  piusaed  over.  The  third  prize 
and  lot  honorably  mentioned  were  also  of  the  Durham-Maneeau  breed,  bnt  the  secoml 
prize  fell  to  four  white  Nivernais,  and  all  the  groups  were  heavy,  good  beasts. 

The  second  seciiou  of  Cla.s8  IV  was  for  older  anipjals,  born  before  .lauuary  1  ls7'j 
Here  were  lifleen  groups,  sixty  animals;  and  besides  the  four  prizes,  the  class  was  good 

enough  to  ea'-ry  a  supplementary  prize     •'=— '  -   ' ■  — i-J'-  i>...-\ .. 

whit 

Nivernais.     i  eouiiuue  ui  give  coior,  in  evuience  inai  wniio  in  rranco  seems  livvoredbv 

climate. 

The  groups  of  cows  in  Cla'?s  IV  had  sixteen  animals  and  four  prizes,  but  only  two  were 
given — Durham-I.imousine  Ilrst,  'and  i)urc  Shorthorns  .second. 

Class  V  was  fat  calvwt 
thri*e  entries  there  were 
rtsnb-race  of  Norman) 
with  ii  totttl  weight  of  1,20'.)  cwt.  and  3  lbs, 


lere  were  iiiieeii  ^ruupn,  sixiy  auiiiiais;  uuu  ucsnu-^t  uiu  lour  prizes,  ino  CIOSS  Was  uood 
nough  to  ea'-ry  a  supplementary  prize.  First,  red  and  white,  Durham-Mauceau-  second 
irhite,  Charolais;  third,  yellow,  l!as(iuais;  Iburth,  yellow.  Limousine;  extra  prize,  white 
Jivernais.     I  continue  to  give  color,  in  evidence  that  white  in  Franco  eeeros  lavoredby 

in  Cla'?s  IV  had  sixteen  animals  and  four  prizes,  but  only  two  were 
iisine  Ilrst,  'and  i)urc  Shorthorns  .second. 

c>«,  most  of  which  were  of  Norman  breed,  as  out  of  the  twenty- 
re  bnt  the  exceptions  of  a  Swiss  calf  and  three  Coteutin  (the  latter 
The  three  prizes  together  aged  but  five  months  twemv  dava 


twenty  days, 


I,;. 


KM 


SUPPLEMENT. 


735 


it  only  two  were 


PORTBAITS  OF  CELEBRATED  BRITISH  PRIZE  CATTLE. 

Ilii.l.wiiro  OOO  III  report  of  C'oiimil-<icii«ral  Mirrltt,  of  I-omlon;  U'xt  niid  iMirlraltN  iH-lnn  Ihkrii 
'  from  KiikIIhIi  i><>l>li('utloii».  I 

A,  Sliortlioru  cattle;  U,  Devon  cuttlo;  C,  Huffolk  cuttle;  I>,  Loiinhorn  cHltic;  K,  Ihiiu- 
litrd  ciittlo;  !•',  Sussex  tuttle;  (I,  AyrHliite  cattle;  If,  JeiHey  uiid  Guernsey  cuttle;  I, 
Welsh  black  cuttle. 

Tiio  portruits  of  each  group  inimcdiutely  follow  the  text  relating  to  the  sonic. 
A.  MIIORTIIORiV  VATTm. 

Shorlhnm  Bull  Duke  of  rndaUy.—We  here  present  our  readers  with  Mr.  WillianiM'H 
j.ketihot'  Lord  Bective's  Duke  of  Underley.  The  Ibllowing  descriptive  purugruph  re- 
lutes  rutiier  to  general  funiily  history  than  to  this  imrticular  bull.  The  Duchess  ofCie- 
iipva  Tenth  came  over  to  this  country  with  the  reputationof  being  one  of  the  most  beuu- 
tilul  hliorthorned  cows  in  the  United  Htutes.  Nor  did  her  merit  end  with  herself  Her 
liisl  calf  in  Knglund  was  Duke  of  Underley,  the  subject  of  this  portrait.  He  too 
HUtialicd  the  most  fastidious  breeders,  whatever  their  preferences  might  be.  lie  repre- 
HentH  the  Duchess  liiniily  as  America  has  made  them,  i.  e.  with  a  slight  infusion  of 
strange  blood  through  Komco,  who  entered,  indirectly,  into  the  pedigree  of  the  sire  of 
Duchess  of  (Jeneva  Tenth.  Hhe  was  put  to  Duke  of  Tregunter  Second,  u  Duchess  bull, 
liaving  the  "  Usurer"  cross,  which  was  added  by  Earle  Ducie.  Duke  of  Tregunter 
Sicoiid  had  proved  himself,  in  Gloucestershire,  to  be  a  sire  of  rcnuirkable  merit;  his 
(laughters,  especially,  at  Kingscote  and  Siddington,  being  very  grand  animals,  with  the 
best  of  middles  and  long  liind  (luarters.  It  seemed  but  reasonable  to  expect  that  the 
coupling  together  Duchess  of  Geneva  Tenth— an  American  success  in  breeding— with 
Duke  of  Tregunter  Second,  a  well-proved  English  sire,  would,  to  liorrow  a  Yankeeism 
Iroiu  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  "eventuate  a  spanker."  The  engraving  is  from  a  drawing 
in  tiic  preparation  of  which  measurement  and  photography  were  both  employed. 

Slwiilioni  livifcr  IauIij  Violet. — These  portraits  (front  and  side  views)  represent  Mrs. 
I'cry's  Shorthorn  heifer,  iMdy  Violet  (calved  December  19, 187G),  to  which  was  awarded 
the  lirst  prize  in  her  class  itt  the  Koyal  Dublin  Society's  last  spring  show.  Lady  Violet 
is  by  Don  Diego  (X{5:J9)~dam  Lady-love  by  The  Earl  (27623),  g.-dum  Latly  Surah  by 
Ik'st  Hope  (23413),  &c.  The  side  view  is  a  good  reproduction  of  a  very  successful  pho- 
tograph. 

Slioiihoni  hull  Anchor. — Lord  liathdonnell's  bull  Anchor  (winner  three  years  running 
nt  the  Dublin  Spring  Show)  was  one  of  the  sights  at  the  Kilburn  Show.  It  is  good  to 
have  opportunities  occasionally  to  compare  the  products  of  the  sister  kingdoms  with 
our  own.  Clydesdale  horses  and  Irish  and  Scotch  Shorthorns  are  good  tests  by  which 
to  try  English  showyard  favorites.  Mr.  Chaloner  (the  Irish  judge),  who  bred  Anchor, 
stepped  on  one  side  when  the  chief  prize  in  this  class  was  awarded.  The  other  two 
jiidj^cs  pive  the  lirst  place  to  Anchor,  who,  in  addition  to  his  personal  successes,  was 
shown  in  (ompaiatively  hard  condition,  an  example  worth  copying.  The  engraving  is, 
we  think,  a  remarkably  successful  example  of  justice  done  by  photography. 

Slioi-llioru  Lull  Tiitmachiis. — Four  or  five  groups  of  Shorthorns  have,  in  the  course  of 
the  last  two  scatons,  made  themeelvea  conspicuons  above  their  rivals  for  number  and 
excellence.  These  are  the  Marquis  of  Exeter's  Telemachus  family,  the  Earl  of  Dun- 
luoic's  lied  Ko.se8,  Colonel  Loyd-Lindsay's  Burlesques,  Mr.  T.  H.  Miller's  Kinglets,  and  Mr. 
W.  11.  Wodehouse's  Countess  groups.  One  and  all  of  these  are  a  sufficient  answer  to  the 
oil-repeated  assertion  (which  is,  however,  very  limited  truth)  that  fattened  parents  en- 
tail barrenness  or  dcKcncrato  ofl'spring.  It  is  one  of  the  merits  of  the  Shorthorn  that  it 
will  bear  forcing  without  breaking  down.  Among  all  the  groups  named  the  Uurghley 
one  nuist  now  be  held  to  be  entitled  to  the  first  place.  Sea  Gull  and  her  offspring,  ail 
by  Telemachus,  are  so  curiously  alike,  and  all  of  such  a  very  striking  typo  iu  the  show 
ring,  that  she  and  they  must  be  held  to  be  the  most  remarkable  family  group  in  Eng- 
land. The  members  of  the  gronp  seen  at  Kilbnrn  were  by  no  means  all  Sea  Gull's  pro- 
duce by  Telemachus. 

Here  we  have  a  portrait  of  one  of  the  winning  four,  all  of  whom  are  for  color,  size,  and 
condition,  entitled  to  rank  separately  as  prizeworthy  cattle. 

Shorthorn  cow  Lad;/  Careio  Third. — In  her  old  age  Fanny,  a  Wurlaby  cow,  went  from 
Mr.  V/ilson,  of  I?rawith,  "for  a  soug"  to  the  Koii.  Culouci  Duncombo,  who,  bringing 
her  to  Waresley  Park,  had  a  heifer  calf  Irom  her  by  Hero  (a  bull  sharing  Bates  blood), 
which  he  called  Heather  Bell. 


■  i 


736 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


When  Heather  Bell  wiw  wcll-strickea  in  years  she  fell  "  to  the  nod"  of  the  lute  Mr 
Pawlett;  who,  hardly  venturing  to  expect  produce,  pnt  her  to  one  of  his  IJooth  l,iil|,s-l 
Prince  James— and  had  a  calf,  m  little  expected  that  ho  named  her  Miracle.  Jliiailc,  ji, 
her  turn,  bred  freely;  and  her  blood-red  daughter  Lady  Jane,  by  the  "  ISracdet"  l)ni| 
Baron  Killorby,  was  one  of  the  cheapest  lots  at  the  famous  Beestou  sale  in  1HT;>. 

Mr.  St.  John  Ackers  took  I^ady  Jane  to  Gloucestershire,  and  she  has  proved  that  tlio 
virtue  of  regular  and  long-continued  fecundity  is  hers,  as  well  as  her  grandduiu'.-;  ibv 
she  hiis  produced  in  succession  three  light  roan  heifers,  each  of  which  in  turn  -a'ccived 
the  name  of  Lady  Carew,  by  the  white  Warlaby-bred  bull.  County  Member,  of  the 
Christon  tribe.  All  the  Ladies  Carews  have  been  successfully  exhibited,  and  all  iLuy 
had  the  same  characteristics.  All  have  been  somewhat  small  heifers;  with  veiv  line 
bone  and  on  very  short  legs.  All  have  had  the  silkiest  of  hair,  and  a  long  even  ea'icase 
somewhat  unduly  weighted  with  flesh  and  lilt  fit  both  ends.  Lady  Carew  third  (of  whom 
wo  give  a  portrait)  has  a  I)osoni  which  is  wonderful  to  see.  She  inherits  the  blood  o 
almost  all  the  leading  strains,  though  her  siro  is  purest  Warlaby. 

Shorthorn  dairy  cow  Victoria. — The  portrait  represents  Mr.  Fretl.  Harvey's  first  prize 
cow  in  the  dairy  class  at  Kilburn,  named  Victoria— type  of  a  capital  dairy  cow;  well 
formed  as  the  mother,  whether  of  meat-carrying  steers  or  milk-producing  heifers,  llore 
too,  wo  have  an  example  of  successful  representation  by  means  of  photography.  ' 

Shorthorn  dairi/  cow  iUuidi'n.—T\w  prolilo  portrait  represents  Mr.  W.  vStrattou's  white 
dairy  cow,  Maiden,  which  took  the  first  prize  in  the  class  of  unpedigreed  dairy  cattle  at 
the  dairy  show  in  the  Agricultural  Hall.  She  is,  wo  understand,  out  of  a  gooil  ordinary 
.Shorthorn  dairy  cow,  by  the  same  sire  as  got  x'^ectarino  Bud,  which  was  a  noted  prize- 
Uiker  at  both  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society's  and  the  Birmingham  shows. 

S!iorlhorii  hcifcrn  StiinwicL-  lloae.  nnd  Gaiety  Sixth. — The  portraits  represent  two  very 
pretty  Shorthorn  heifers  exhibited  at  the  Perth  show  of  the  Highland  Agricultural  So- 
ciety,"  by  Mr.  J  a'mes  Why  to,  of  Aldbro,  Darlington,  which  took  the  first  prize  iu  the 
cl.n^ies  for  yearling  and  a  two-year-old  Shorthorn  heifers  respectively.  The  older  heifer  is 
SUmwick  Hose,  by  Lord  Godolphin  (:]()0G5),  dam  Moss  Koso  by  Baron  Killerby  (-27949) 

The  yearling  is  Gaiety  Sixth,  by  Ben  Brace  (:50524),  dam  Gaiety  by  Merry  Jlonareli 

{•2-xm). 

Shnrtliorn  cow  April  /I'o.sc— Tho  favoriteold  "  Mossrose"  (!0w  April  Rose,  having  ceased 
t«  In-oed,  has  gone  to  the  butcher.  This  cow  was  remarkable,  notonly  for  her  pensonul 
merits,  which  were  very  great,  but  for  the-excellenco  of  her  progeny.  Calved  iu  April 
ISt;:,',  she  brought  her  lirst  calf  iu  August,  1361,  and  her  tiiirteenth  and  last  in  1S7()' 
Among  the  best  of  her  produce  were  the  following:  A  white  steer,  calved  iu  LSG,"),  that 
gave  remarkable  promise  fot  Christinas  honors;  but  he  went  wrong  before  the  shows,  and 
when  slaughtered,  a  large  stone  was  found  in  his  stomach.  Twin  steers  in  1H(J7.  'oue 
of  these  won  the  prizes  for  Iwst  Shorthorn  aiul  for  best  ox  or  steer  in  any  of  the  classes 
at  Birmingham;  also  the  Champion  cup  and  gold  medal  for  the  best  beast  in  the  yard 
at  Smithlield,  1H71 ;  and  further  distinguished  himself  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Morrisou  in 
1M7-2.  Flower  (Jirl,  by  James  First  (-^I'JOi),  won  lirstprizeascalf  at  Manchester  ''Royal" 
and  among  her  many  other  prizes  wiis  lirst  as  breeding  cow  at  the  Bath  and  West  of 
England  at  Dorchester.  Passion  Flower,  own  sister  to  the  above,  was  never  shown,  but 
was  the  nr  plii^  ultra  of  a  Shorthorn.  Village  Rose,  another  own  sister,  won  the  tirst  prize 
as  calf  at  the  Yorkshire;  lirst  at  the  Bath  and  West  of  England  as  a  yearling;  and  see- 
o:m1  at  CardilT  "Royal,"  where  she  was  sold  to  Mr.  Cochrane,  Canada,  lor  ;>0i)  guinean. 
Since  these,  April  Rose  has  produced  two  heifers  and  three  bulls,  one  of  the  former 
March  Rose,  by  Protector  (;!:2-221),  is  still  iu  the  herd;  two  of  the  bulls  died  young,  hat 
Kvpect;iti(m  (;;'-<;]'il)  is  l)eiug  largely  used  iu  the  Duffryn  herd. 

Shorthorn  hull  Diihc  of  Howl  JoAh.— This  white  bull  is  Mr.  John  Vieker's  Duke  of 
Howl  .John,  a  not  euphoniously  named,  yet  a  remarkable  animal.  He  was  six  years 
two  months  three  weeks  two  days  old  when  his  photograph  was  taken  How  well  he 
li:us  held  together  during  that  long  fattening  time,  his  portrait  tells,  lie  represeius 
the  mixture  of  Bates  blood  (in  a  small  indirect  infusion)  with  that  of  the  dder  .Mr.  ,1. 
Booth.  The  earliest  named  dams  canio  from  Killerby,  the  latest  sire  from  Mr.  IJariies, 
of  Westland,  Meath.  Tiie  bull  himself  has  attained  great  distinction.  Almost  every 
recent  English  show  of  "  lirst "  ela.ss  has  seen  those  victorious  which  were  placed  below 
liiin  at  (Carlisle;  yet  Duke  of  Howl  John,  by  his  selection  by  a  quite  competent  beucii 
was  preferred  to  all  of  them. 

It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  such  a  Buccecs  should  bo  at  once  accepted  as  deserved  by 
everybody.  Yet  it  would  puzzle  the  critics  who  challenge  the  decision  to  tind  more  faiilt 
iu  the  Duke  of  Howl  John  as  a  breeding  animal  (about  whom  the  u«liesl  point  is  his 
name)  t'lan  enn  bepoinltHl  out  in  any  of  liis  defeated  rivals.  His  rough  shoulder  points 
are  his  most  conspicuous  <iel'ects;  and  this  is  proJvibly  owing  to  liis  sire,  White  l)nke, 
who  inherited  the  blood  of  (irand  Duke  Tliird.  Y(;t  the  presence  of  these  .shoulders, 
wotjld  sccni  to  imply  great  masculine  vigor.     At  all  events,  unsigiitly  as  they  are,  the 


SUPPLEMENT. 


737 


animals  which  have  this  conformation  have  }?enerally  extra  stronj;  fonstitutions.  Dake 
ol'  JIowl  Jolin  has  besides,  through  his  grundsire,  the  blood  of  the  Townley  Richard 
C(cur  do  liion,  whose  use  by  Mr.  ICastwood  was  believed,  by  the  luto  Mr.  I'awlett,  to 
have  been  the  means  of  invigorating  that  branch  of  the  Bracelet  tribe  which  came  into 
his  jiossession.  It  furnished  the  liull  Baron  Killerby,  to  which  the  Beeston  herd  owed 
so  much.  It  undoubtedly  would  be  preferable  to  obtain  a  bull  for  the  showyard  with- 
out rough  she  ilders,  and  also  for  use  at  home.  But  rough  shoulders  should  be  accepted 
with  something  more  tlian  toleration  when  the  animal  which  has  them  brings  into  a  herd  ' 
li'oundity  and  length  of  days.  The  photograph  successi'ully  represents  a  very  massive, 
well-made  animal. 

Slioi-llioni  cow  Baroness  Oxford  Third. — We  give  the  likenesses  of  two  of  the  most  fash- 
ionably-bred specimens  of  Mr.  T.  Holford's  herd.  The  cow  (whose  head  is  fairly  repre- 
sented) is  Baroness  O.xford  Third,  a  granddaughter,  in  direct  line,  of  the  celebrated  old 
Holker  cow,  Lady  O.xford  Fifth.  Baroness  O.-cford  Third  is  by  tlie  famous  Kingscoto 
sire,  Duke  of  Hilhurst. 

Slinrtltniii  huU  Duke  of  LeinsUr. — The  young  bull  is  Duke  of  Leinster.  He  is  a  grand- 
son (by  his  sire)  of  the  cow  of  which  we  have  just  been  speaking;  but,  on  his  dam  side, 
he  is  of  the  Airdrio  family  of  Mr.  T.  Bates's  "Duchess  "  tribe.  His  dam,  Duchess  of 
Airdric  Seventh,  was  bred  by  Mr.  Albert  Crane,  Kansas,  United  States  of  America. 

Slinrthnni  cow  MaichlcHs  Fifth. — The  portrait  represents  Mr.  E.  C.  Tisdall'scow  Match- 
less Fifth,  shown  at  the  Agricultural  Hall  at  the  recent  dairy  show,  which  took  the  cham- 
pion prize  as  the  best  dairy  cow  in  the  yard.  We  heartily  join  in  the  congratulations 
which  Mr.  Tisdall  has  received  from  his  many  friends  U])on  his  success.  It  is  a  happy 
and  most  welcome  fortune  that  one  who  has  shown  so  much  public  spirit  in  the  thank- 
less and  laborious  work  of  establishing  and  guiding  a  great  national  institution  such  as 
the  dairy  association  must  become,  should  himself  reap  the  highest  honor  awarded  liy 
the  society's  judges  at  its  annual  exhibition.  Of  the  cow  herself  the  best  account  is  given 
by  her  well-known  breeder,  Mr.  Hobbs,  of  Maisey  Hampton,  Gloucestershire:  "Thelirst 
i)rize  cow.  Matchless  Fifth,  at  the  London  Dairy  Show  \n  the  shorthorn  class  being  bred 
Uv  me,  and  in  my  possession  until  within  two  months  nables  me  to  certify  as  to  her 
ir()od  milking  (jualities.  When  newly  calved  slie  has  produced  twenty  (juarts  per  day, 
and  yields  a  good  supply  through  the  whole  of  the  sea-;on.  The  judges  appear  to  have 
looked  on  her  square,  well-shaped  udder  as  iudicativeof  a  good  milk  producer,  although 
her  last  calf  was  dropped  on  November  1,  1880.  She  is  by  a  bull  bred  by  Mr.  Edward 
Bowly  of  his  (Jazelle  tribe."     This  is  one  of  Mr.  Stacey's  photographs. 

Sliortlioni  cnw  Generous. — The  following  note  is  from  the  Herdsman:  The  cow  (4en- 
rrous.  in  the  Uatton  I'ark  herd,  near  Eastbourne,  was  bought  for  :50()  guineas  in  September, 
1878,  direct  from  Mr.  J.  B.  Booth.  She  is  of  the  same  tribe  as  Mr.  St.  John  Acker's  cow 
( tnei'u  of  the  Georgians.  We  give  an  engraving  of  Generous,  from  her  photograph,  with 
lier  hist  year's  heiff^r  calf,  Georgia  Regia.  She  is  by  King  of  Trumps  (;J151'.i),  calved 
March  I'i,  187!). 

f<ltortli()mhu.U  ealf  AeropoliA. — Shorthorn  bull  calves  at  York  were  represented  in  a 
cla-is  of  many  entries;  but  the  stalls  showed  several  gaps.  Oddly  enough,  all  the  win- 
ners of  prizes  were  outsiders.  Mr.  R.  Stratton's  capital  young  bull  Acropolis  (one  of 
the  younger)  was  put  first.     Wo  have  here  a  capital  portrait. 

siiorUioni  dairy  cows  {Mr.  Birdgey's  and  Mr.  Tanlor^s). — These  portraits  represent  two 
1)1  the  late  dairy  show  winners,  in  one  of  (Ike  best  classes  iu  the  hall,  i.  c.  No.  ;5,  Short- 
liorns  for  which  no  jKidigree  is  asked.  In  many  country  districts  cattle  of  this  stamp 
arc  reaicd,  generally  by  pedigree  bulls  from  cows  which  were  similarly  l)red,  but  of 
wlio-ic  breeding  no  authentic  record  has  been  preserved.  These  really  are  milking  Short- 
horns in  i)roper  condition  to  exhibit  at  a  dairy  show.  The  darker  roan  is  Beauty,  No. 
•.')  ill  tlie  catalogue,  and  tho  property  of  Mr.  Thoma-s  Birdsey,  of  Southcoto  Farm, 
l,('igliton,  Beds.  She  was  awarded  the  highest  place.  Tho  lighter  colored  animal  wa.s 
1)11 1  second  by  the  judges,  but  was  preferred  by  not  a  few  of  the  lookers-on,  and  her 
yield  of  milk  proved  rather  tho  larger  in  amount.  She,  too,  is  called  r>eauty,  and  was 
shown  as  No.  ;{5,  and  is  tho  property  of  Mr.  (jeorgc  Taylor,  of  Stanton  I'riors,  near 
llristol.  Although  not  extraordinary,  these  are  good  specimens  of  the  milking  Short- 
horns, such  as  exist  on  hundreds  of  farms,  where  this  mast  Hcrviceablo  variety  is  culti- 
vated. 

Sliorlhoni  cow  lied  Cherry. — The  jwrtrail  represents  the  second  prize  cow.  Red  Cherry 
the  property  of  Mr.  Joseph  Phillips,  in  the  class  of  dairy  cows  at  Reading.  It 
has  evidently  been  taken  when  tho  udder  was  empty,  and  thus  it  does  not  compare  so 
favorably  as  it  might  with  ])ortraits  given  elsewhere  of  cows  in  the  same  class  which 
fcrcivcd  iU)  award.  The  judj;es,  hov.-?ver,  h  ..e  uo  diruht  'leen  gnsdetl,  ;i.s  in  our  opiii- 
ion  they  always  ought  to  1)0,  by  the  other  <'icments  besides  milk  which  go  to  make  up 
till' character  of  a  cow  for  tho  dairy.  Mr.  Phillips's  large  and  massive  Shorthorn  cow, 
tbongh  it  does  not  promise  milk  protluco  either  so  large  or  so  good  as  thatof  thoGueru- 

n.  Ex.  51 47 


738 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY    FARMING. 


sey,  or  that  of  tho  Ayrehiro,  ia  likely  to  be  ou  the  whole  a  better  animal  for  the  ordinary 
cheese  or  butter  dairy  in  a  iairly  fertile  jlistrict.  ItvS  superior  capability  of  couvertin" 
food  into  beef,  after  it  has  done  its  work  as  a  milk  producer,  makes  it  the  best  of  the 
three  as  a  dairy  cow  in  the  opinion  of  the  society's  judges. 

Shorthorn  coio  Innocence  Second  of  NaHcby. — Innocence  Second  of  Naseby  was  calved 
June  20,  1880.  Sire,  Earl  of  Geneva  (:}3794):  dam,  Innocence,  by  Telemachus  Tliird 
(32650). 

Shorthorn  hull  Sir  Simeon.— TUe  celebrated  bull  Sir  Simeon  (42,412)  whose  portrait  is 
given  in  page  89,  was  bred  by  Mr.  Aylmcr,  and  calved  January  16,  1878.  He  is  by  Hi 
Booth's  Sir  Wilfrid  from  Foreign  Ueauty,  which  was  bred  by  Mr.  \V.  Torr,  and  purdiuscd 
by  Mr.  Aylmcr,  when  a  handsome  calf,  at  the  great  Aylesby  sale,  1875,  lor  500  guiiuas 
Hitherto  she  has  produced  only  bulls,  which  ha  been  sold  for  large  sums;  Ui:  .Johii 
Feel  purcha.sed  one  of  them  for  his  herd  at  Knowhncre.  Sir  Simeon  is  a  deep  ridi  red 
in  color,  of  large  scale  and  great  substance,  and  walks  likca  thoroughbred  animal.  ][,, 
has  what  those  old  Judges  who  founded  the  breed  considered  a  great  attribute— a  lin,. 
large  maaculine  head,  with  a  pair  of  strong,  rather  upstanding  horns.  His  appyaraiur 
indicates  vigor  and  line  constitution;  his  ribs  arc  round  and  deep,  but  his  latv^  hi,,,] 
quarters  and  full  tli^j;lis  are  somewhat  dwarfed  by  hips  a  little  too  prominent.  Sir.  Teas- 
dale  Hutchinson,  of  ("atterick,  whoso  career  as  a  farmer,  breeder,  and  exhibitor  liasrarelv 
been  equaled,  oflered  500  guineas  for  him  when  a  yearling;  but  his  superior  merit  anil 
high  lineage  induced  Mr.  Aylmer  to  keep  him  at  home  for  his  own  herd.  It  is  to  this 
bull  that  the  Duke  of  Manchester's  two  best  O.Klord  cowa  of  Bates's  blood,  as  v  ell  ai 
other  highly  bred  animals,  liave  been  sent  for  aer\  inv  He  was  sold  last  autumn  to  Mr 
\V.  Talbot  Crftsbie,  for  his  extensive  herd  at  Ardfert  Abbey,  Ireland,  to  which  place  the 
bull  will  be  taken,  early  next  spring,  should  disease  regulations  permit. 


Naseby  was  calved 
Telemachus  Tliird 


PLATE     3  i  7 


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Julius  BianiCo.Lith 


THE     EARL    OF    BECTIVES     SHORTHORN     BULL 
"DUKE       OF      underlay" 


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SUPPLEMENT. 


739 


PORTRAITS  OF  BRITISH  PRIZE  CATTLE-Continued. 

B.  DEVOIV  CATTI.E. 

Devon  cow  Phlox.— The  portrait  renresentq  Mr   p«Uo„  t^        ,    ^ 
calf.    The  calf  is  a  charmiSg  little  he?Ky  M^'efof    I  h7„v'  '  ^T\  ^'^'°^  ""^  ^'^ 
tho  Devon  County  show,  competing  in  the  class  of  l.l^^ir.  '\°?  ^''^''^  P^-^e,  1883,  at 

at  the  Bath  and  West  of  England  at  CaSfft^  C/ al   )f„  if  ^^^'"^^^^  than  heraelf;  first 
and  third  at  the  Koyal  of  England  at  EeaiSiDg.  °  ^^°^''^  ^«™^^"  ''^  Launceston; 

C.  SUFFOLK  CATXI.E. 

Suffolk  coto  Wild  Rose. — The  portrait  renrp<jpn«.    'Wi^A  i> 
cow,  the  property  of  and  bred  by  Mr.  GeorsVSorlvim  at  ^^'  %  ^^'^^'"'^  ""^^   Suffolk 
Sullblk,  calved  April  10,  1 874/ Sire,  TlSSitTam^?!!';^^ 
dam,  Beauty  by  Wander.  ^^»'mant,  dam,  Ixosy  by  Perfection;  grand- 

Troduce:  Januarys,  1878,  Wild  Ease  of  TTin..,,.,,     a      ,  ^   . 

This  cow  has  been  shown  three  times  for  thn  miiUnr,  +„  <.  i  ^l  „ 
Association,  and  has  gained  one  first  aM  two  se^nd  S  n.*'  *.'^^S"fl«lk  Agricultural 
never  been  beaten  by  a  red  polled  for  milW  pui^  Shf^'*  "^K^'^f^^  '''"^  has 
Beccles  20  pints  in  twelve  hours.  At  home^sCS  I^l  ?f^  f  Woodbridge  and 
months  after  calving;  and  as  20  pints  of  her  mi  k  mak«  1  «^?  1^?  ^  ^°'  "^«  ^"^^  lo"r 
that  she  has  made  nearly  19  pounds  per  wSr  sScen  ^eks  %i?""''''  '^T  ^^^'^^ 
giviu,^'  40  pmts  per  day,  and  makes  14  pounds  of  butter  weeklv  u  ''  "°Y  (August) 
that  this  proportion  (t.  c,  1  pound  of  butter  for  20  nint,  J  ^;  A  ^^  '^  '^'""^^  noticing 
as  that  from  Shorthorns  (reported  from  the  Jour^Tf  the  S' f  ^^'^f^^  ^^e  sau.o 
ol  England,  near  Hull).  uuuiuai  or  ine  lioyal  Agricultural  Society 

».  XiOIVCiHOBlV  CATTLE. 

Lmnhorn  hull  Priucc  Vidor.—The  portrait  renresents  Prmr.«  v;.*         ,       . 
owned  by  MaJ.  Oen.  Sir  F.  W.  Fitzwygram,  St    of  T  e[X?>Il^  w'  '^ ^°°«h«rned  bull 
yeans  and  three  months  old,  bred  by  Mr  Shaw  liw  OIH  w'^i,";'^'!^  "^e 

of  Lpton  7th  (70),  <lam  Princess.  This  engrSL/irSS,?e??  '  ^'^'^fi^^J^^-hy  1^'arl 
photogra].h  taken  in  thcKilburn  show-yard  for  the Sk  T  nnfr  ^'"  "  ''^7  admirable 
^IZ^''-  *"  ^^^  ^^-  -  ^'^^  --^^ot^^fl^,S;^,^-e  Victor 

oki,"at  the  Bristol  show  of  the  Royal  CicnlSsoSf  °a?''^ ''''*'^^  *'^^'^«  y^^ 
dairy  aptitudes,  and  this  cow  in  partkular^is  SnUvr^     ?■"  ^''^"^  has  distinct 
graph  has  done  fair  justice  to  the^ow.  and  the^'^r^v^erhf^oUTft  r..cu^,t^'^ 

E.  IIEBEFORD  CATTLE. 

;in,.e  as  uuusive-quite,  we  think  as  goo^in^fb  and  sirloin  a^H  f  ^''^^^  he  breed  are 
hee    .MOWS  as  any  other  breed,  the  Shorthorn  included  ""'^''  '''^'^'^  ^^^  ^^^^ 

JUo^S;;:^i^i^\r\;;:^:i!i^s^  ,  ^^ «.  .ass  tbr 

-Mr.  Aaron  Kogers,  of  theKodd,  Kingtoi    llerSsliirP  f^if  «  '.  [^'^  ''^  his  exhibitor, 
;vas  ,aced  second  to  him;  he  is  be4r  i^!"^^  ^r';^^,J^Z 

oftjS^S  i^S;wlr;:^l;;£iJ,:^;,fr;  ^  ^heKc^al  Agricultural  Society 

^ '•'  nH-.si  uii  ifirs  Ko  shi.ri       i.",...i„r,,.t„i..  .„_  r,    •■        . ""' — : '■  '""jiuj;  auch  a 


son.ethin.mol.^uianr^^'llll^elrar^SjI^jIifr"^^ 

near  such  stock  as  the  hW  sisS?  iiSd  ^m  -"''  "''"  ""'  ''-'^^  ^S'^^'i  *«  ^ 


740 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FAUMING. 


V.  SUMSUX  OA'FTIiU. 


Siissi.1-  hiifn!'.—Tho  Sussex  is— like  tho  Abcnlociwliiir,  Poll— the  "cominK  aiiimal  " 
for  liinuers  only  in  those  districts  where  cattlo-brcedinK  is  (llstiiict  IVoin  iliviryiu;,'.  lint 
it  seems  oertain  that  it  eau  add  size  and  deep  llesli  to  in;iny  herds,  which  are  kept  ii, 
remote  places,  under  the  natural  conditions  of  luivinj,'  "to  proj;  I'or  oneself."  Willi  its 
somewhat  thick  (Ihoufjh  snpplc)  skin,  hard  hair,  and  ^reat  activity,  it  seems  unite  the 
animal  for  the  ))ii  i,  the  backwoods,  or  the  roui^h  land  now  bein;;  laid  down  to  frrass 
because  it  cannot  liiid  a  tenant.  The  portraits  are  capital  representations  of  a  most  uhc- 
ful  kind  of  grazing  stock. 

a.  A%-KMIIIHI<:  CATTING. 

Ai/rshiic  cow  ,/(»»<•.— Mr.  (ieorge  I'^erme's  Jane  was  the  lirst  jiri/.e  Ayrshire  cow  iiulii.s,s 
5  at'thcAutumn  Dairy  Show  at  Islinj^ton.  .lano  is  abcat  nyears  old,  breeder  unknown. 
She  is  a  cai)ital  specinien  of  the  Ayrshire  breed. 

Am-Hhiir  cow.— The  portrait  represents  a  capital  dairy  cow  of  the  Ayrshire  breed,  and, 
us  can  ho  seen  from  the  ennravinu;,  a  good  specinien  of  tliat  admirable  dairy  brecil;  she 
yet  remained  undistinguished  in  the  midst  of  a  large  class,  not  expressly  of  Ayrsliiic 
cattle,  but  of  dairy  cattle  of  any  breed  or  cross-breed  at  tlio  lieading  Show,  so  good  a 
representation  did  it  give  of  the  best  dairy  cattle  in  the  couutry. 


— the  "coiuin;;  aniiiial" 
iiict  IVoin  iliviryiufi.  lint 
Ileitis,  wliicli  arc  kept  in 
!JC  lor  oneself."  Willi  iis 
tivity,  it  s(!(Mns  (luitctlie 
hvhv^  laid  down  tofjrass 
esoiiUiliona  ol'  a  iiuist  use- 


•.ri/,0  Ayrshire  cow  iiiclii.s,s 
ir.s  old,  breeder  unknown. 

ftho  Ayrshire  breed,  iiiul, 
mirablo  dairy  breed;  .she 
not  expressly  ol'  Ayrsliiic 
lieadin;^  Show,  so  jrood  u 


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Jersey  heift 
l)reetl,  taken 
street,  Philat 
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corded  to  liin 
(it'lirst  prize, 
lirize  herd. 
sketch  that  tl 
lore  leg  toucl: 
the  two  legs, 

Jcrscij  coto 
veteen,  whict 
(Ins  sent  three 
veteen  in  the 
but  over  two 
was  seven  yej 
Fowler  lor  ex 
Grey  Prince  ( 
Mr.  Le  l?rocq, 
Mr.  C.  B.  Bh 
twenty  or  thi 
aud  after  bree 
She  calved  in 
ricultural  Sho 
the  Dairy  Sho 
prize  at  the  K 
mended  at  tht 
maturely  a  bi 
Vixeu,  her  cal 
by  Baron  Lion 

Jmcy  cow  A 
bred  by  Mr.  F 

Jimcij  cow  Lc 
beautifulJerse 
itcd  by  Jlr.  J; 
Society  .show,  a 
inealt',  having 

Jersey  vow  C 
ConD,)isnnnil 
11871  A.  J.  ('. 
many  successiv 
cow,  and  the  If 
1874tol87C.  I 
In  seven  day,s  i 
I  an; in  1879,  1' 
18S0,  M  pound 
added  also  that 
<luction  waspu! 

GwriiKeii  hull 
sliown  at  Tunl) 
"I'Les  Vauxlu'l 
lieen  unlbrtuna 
iiize  bet  from 
cliUisliOorOl  ol 
vcllow  and  whi 
tbrni  aud  beaut 

!!!(•!:!^:s!.t4rcnliU 

diifniKey  cnw 
umongOneruse 
uraving  eonveyi 


SUPPLEMENT. 


741 


PORTRAITS  OF  BRITISH  PRIZE  CATTLE-Coutinued. 

H.  JER8EV  CATTI.E. 

street,  Philadelphia.  Their  sire  was  brecl%r  E  Gibrouf  ^f- V"°'  °^^*';  ^^^  ^'''^ 
was  winner  of  his  parish  prize  when  ahont  tP,r,A«,.VT  , ,  i^*-  I^^rence,  Jersey,  and 
corded  to  him  twenty-eight  ourofThe  tSi  onP T„  n  '  ''^'ll  ^''7'°^  ^'^^  «*  that  age  ac- 
of  first  prize,  as  three  ylars  old!at  State  Fa"ra^tTHfr«^''/"Ty'''^'«:  then  winner 
prize  herd.  He  was  sold  to  Mr  E.  DSfiel^Smith  i?'«rn?/'™T^'"'-?.^'"'  ''*^''«^*nK  ^^e 
sketch  that  the  fore  legs  of  the  older  f".u-«ri!„v  "*  ^^^^-  ^*  ^^'^1  be  seen  in  the 
fore  leg  touches,  the  ground  Shincf th^other  and^'n^';^,.'  T*'"'"  "^^  P^°P«°  '^^^ 
the  two  legs,  which  are  hardly  distinguishable  above  thow'-  •?P^"'-'^°ce  of  width  in 

Jerseu  com  Vclvetee,,. -Thovovtvait  rlTrSs  Mr    ?obnr '%"'"' 'fP''"°'^'^- 
veteen,  which  took  the  first  prize  in  the  co^o^iss  ami  nnf  f .  T^^^'  '^*^"'^^y  '^"^^  Vel- 
dus  sent  three  animals  (of  six  entries)  to  thJshow'  Tl  '"^  ""1  Dorothy.     Air.  Car- 

veteen  in  the  cowclass;  second  pSe  for  wfe  ^'1  ^"''^  '°'  Vel- 

but  over  two  yean,  old;  and  firit  prize  f^rlTroStyZmll^^^^^^^^ 

was  seven  years  old  in  June  last.  She  was  selected  ii  f  l,?  lii  '  7°r ''^'^ers.  Velveteen 
Fowler  ibr  exportation  to  the  United  Sto^L  hi  Tune  lS7n  f  '1°'  '^''^'y  '^^  ^^'-  ^-  ^'■ 
Grey  Prince  (168),  Jersey  Herd  Book  fSat^nTnl  V  ^■'l*^"^'^^''^  «''^;  she  is  by 
Mr.  Le  I5rocq,  St.'peter's  Jersey  She  warnorhowovl^rni;'^  Valentine  (734),  bred  ),y 
Mr.  C.  B.  Dixon  (late  of  the  vLery,  Shirley  Sour.rnt^n??^^^  ''i^''  *^  ^""^"<^-'»'  ^°^ 
twenty  or  thirty  others  in  the  SoutLmp  on'Sr  "nd  rS^n,  ^T  °"*  ''''"'"  '^""''^ 
and  after  breeding  two  calves  for  him,  Mr  Cardus  bonlt  .?  fi'  ^'""^  expatriation. 
She  calved  in  July,  1880,  a  heifer  calf,  V  xen  who  toS bV  1  f "  "'*'  ''"'V"'"  *'''  ^«'9- 
ricultural  Show  at  Derby  in  1881  in  the    ellV  rnHV^ol'  '**''  P.'""'®  '^'  ^he  Koyal  Ag- 

the  Dairy  Show,  Islington,  in  1882  In .  u  '  IW^^l  1^'^!!^  ^va^  highly  commended  at 
prize  at  the  Koy'al  Counties  Society's  Show  at  W?ndttrin"l'8s\^  '''f^'  '1'^  l'"''^^^^* 
mended  at  the  Royal  Agricultural  Show  at  lladin  in  J'hs"  tJ  "lul^'l'  '"^.'^'^  ""'"- 
maturely  a  bull  calf,  killed:  and  this  veir  1  Ks'  «i,L  i"  ,"  ^^^"^  ^^^  «i'^<^il  Pre- 
Vixen,  her  calf  of  1880,  was  by  Daii  v  Kin  w'n  if  t^fA? J™^^  ''e»'e«-  ^^^f,  Veh-et. 

by  Baron  Lionel  (994),  son  of  Dairy  King.^^''  """^  J'^"- ^^l^eK  „f  1881,  1882,  and  188:{, 

Jmcy  cow  Alice. — Alice  was  21  years  old  nt  thn  f  inir>  +i,„  «    l    -^ 
bred  by  Mr.  F.  Le  Brocq,  St.  Fetcr-s,  JcrseJ  P"''^'^*''*  ^''''  ^''^"''''  «'>«  ^^«s 

Jcmij cow  Longtievillc  BcUe. — The  portrait  is  ■ivpi'v«n,.,....,cf„i  ^    . 

beautiful  Jersey  cow  bred  by  Mr.  Luu^rens  of^'o^V^ut^ir  St  S^  «*■  ^^^  ^'^--y 

ited  by  Mr.  James  Plyth.'  of  Woodhan  ,  St  nsC  /  fe^V     t  tt^^  "ndcxhib- 

Societyshow,  where  she  was  highly  commended  ibVr'f^VcJ  f  .the  Loyal  Agricultural 
inoalt;  having  previously  calved  i.f  August.  S)  '  '"''"S  then  a  three-year  old 

Jmctj  cow  Coo;nrts,s/(?.— This  cow  (the  pronertv  of  Mv    S    Ar    p       i 
Conn.) is  numbered  1442  in  the  ''Foundation   ^K-k''  of  ;i.!r"''l'J™'.  ''^.''"S^tud^'- 
11874  A.  J.  C.  C.  H.  U.     She  wascalvc    in  1H71     ,.  i  ,        •^V's^'^  "erd  Book,  and 

manysuccessive years,  87SSindusive-  irlti\i^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  '""T  "'.'u''^"  I«l""dinas 
cow,  and  the  last  thr^e  times  a.s  thr' '  iLnS;"  eile  "n'r.lr'  '^'V  *'''*'^"  ""'^'  " 
1874  to  187G.     She  brought  with  her  from  lo        he     1 1    vi,  ,   'm"^''  P'"'^'*''''  ""'" 

In  seven  days  in  1878,  14  pounds  If,  ounces  "i^ooulVZ'n J  l'^  '"•'*''  'r''^- 
ran:  in  1879,  14  pounds  11  ounces  Jerscv  eniv  1  V,.' ir  ,  *'V  ~P  "''  '  ^  """^'^'^  ^'ne"" 
1H80,  14  pounds  n  ounces  Jerse  '  J qS-f  noun  N  ',' out  ^ ';"''""  •'"""r^'V '  •■^""  '» 
added  also  that  the  photograph  was  tak4n  Vo  r  I,;  n  W     .        '''"        .  ^*  •'^'•°"'''  ''^^ 

.luction  was  past  its  Vighti J//„|,i;'S rZ-  "J^'I^I'^^J^'''^'  •'^'l  v"^',  when  Iwr  milk  pro- 

ofLes  ^aux.u.le,s^;uer„sey,  <akh;;i^:  S.i^:'^:,;^ ;;';;'?.  '^:,';  -''!"r  '"'r^- 

been  unlortunafely  n.isnnmbered  by  the  pboto-nnhor       I'  ,• ,  n    ,i  '  '  ''"'^  '""' 

nize  ho,  from  \^i^v  y.vy  ^s(^cuj  .u^S^^'^'t^lnJ^^T.l'y  ''''''''  "■'''^'  ''*-"'••'«- 
•liu^sOO  or  01  of  the  Tunbridg,.  \V..H.s  show      Tlu>  i m        i'  '.'""  "  ''  P'"''  '"''  *" 

vcllow  and  white  which  characteri/rth  I  n'o.!  ,,  ,1  wv  ^  """  '■'•P'''^'»t  "'  colors 
lbrmaudbeautv,,ftlu..MniLs      ',:.'.     :      '*  ""'^  "'"  '"  "">•  '^"''  iH'-strato  the 


in  clasM'srcnmrkabk-  Ibr  iiu 


d  the  milk-likoai 


niiu  r  and  fxci-Iiei 


pliinUK'C  of  (be  cow.      'rii!  V 


were 


!l  cow  Ehi/dntc—Thv.  above  is 


among  Guernsey  brcedc 


rs— E 


plat 


I"  of  a  (tuornscv  < 


■ow,  now  well  kiiowi 


Kraving  conveys  a  very  accurate  idea  of  lier'in  a*ll 


.■ganto,  No.  ,l!.;j  ,No.  ll)s  i„  the  iilan.l  ivgistrv)      ' 


respccl.s  except  <olor.     1  Ut  col 


heon- 
ors  aro 


¥ 


B         t        » 


•fl 


;L., 


742 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


i     \ 


sits,';!LtS,s,";  i;:rr;U"»:."  f '»«"  »—j  t.  =.pp-»ci.  >.- »'  «p«»  .h, 

hair  to  see  the  glow. 

I.  WEIiSlI  BLACK  C;ATTI.K. 

Tho  l^lu-k  eittlo  are  natives  of  the  counties  of  Pemhrokc.  Carmarthen   and  Cardigan, 

ihc  J.lat.ivcaiuG  ueiuu,  Pembrokeshire  Blacks,  sabdivuleil  into  Castlemuitin 

and  are  more  p  «  «J'y  ^^^''^  OudiSiire  they  also  extend  along  the  North  W  al.s 

and  Dews  and      eeds.    }^^^^J^^f:^^%f  tlie  College  of  Agricultnre  at  ])ownto„, 

':^^^.^^>l'^^S^^i^^^^  an,l  I'odolian  cattle  are  of  the  same  breed 

"m  "  SlSTl£^^'^^^^>^  preface  to  the  Welsh  Black  Cattle  Herd  Book,  .ays  the 

Ml.  Kitnarii  J^-  "'J\:^>,     ,       ,^      Occisionally  there  are  some  cows  striped— red  ami 

cattfcaro  generally  ot  black  colo.      ^.."^  ^'«^i^   ^        ,      .,„ji  feet;  but  these  are  be.o.n- 

^''^^'''^-'rl^r^The  Htel^  I  Dy  v^^'^l  «ome  very  fine  specimens  of  the  white  l.n.d 
ing  very  rare.     1  ^\\l']^';./^^]'l^^^^^  .^ere  line  animals.     The  horns  shonld  b.  of ;, 

near  ^^'^'^^!'l{'^^ ^^;^^  tpcdwth  black,  an.l  do  not  come  ont  yello^v  to  tho 
neb  yellow;  they  ''  ^  ^^,"^,^'^''^^,^^;;'  ,  a  dillereut  .itch  of  born  lor  bulls  and  cows.  A 
b'lk'Sri  shmlld  be  h^^^^^^^^^^^  well  .spread;  the  co^s  narrower,  and  tho  pitch  more  up- 
'"The  steers  and  oxen  take  more  after  the  bull.     This  description  applies  in  a  K.eut 

'•'^Si;:iScH;:;io,XwevS  Mf  ^i^iJ^K^^^  .  b-aemf  tiiese  cat.le, 

tool   exception  ^  1  le  never  .saw  a  black  cow  with  a  dark-brown  lace. 
%icv  sSuld  have  the  hair  long  and  wavy,  neither  short  and  cnsp  nor  very  curly.    X 
incy  snouiu  "-'^^  be  nreferred  to  any  other.     A  white  udder  and  a  gray  or 

SSJ^f  hai^i^the'nd  o^  tSaU  is  the  o^y  deviation  irom  the  seU:cdo,.-,„ae,. 

°^J?'''''■^"'''''f  7;ili;^i'iie;  of  the  breed  may  be  described  ;vs  narrow  on  the  sl.aidde, 

T'' hiT  "sHcrr    e  o^^^       n     clination  to  be  high  on  the  rump,  and  Uat-side.l. 
'"  V  "^  ?il.^;^stnd  cold  ni     vet  with  greater  hardihood  than  the  Blacks.    Their  Iu.uk. 
•    ^     ft  rn  V,  Xne    u^^^^^  Bl^ieks  roam  in  the  llelds,  their  only  sholt.u'  bein, 

,s  111  a  «to""y  ^''7Vh?.   „,.l,,.nres      Cows  and  heifers  ireciuently  calve  in  the  tempest  „r 
l'"  't  ^int :i  Sh  apparel: conZ;   and  without  ilijury  to  their  ollspijng. 
''I^U^^^mI^^^^^'^  breed  is  Veniark^tble  .   A  stranger  may  go  sately  !„.,,  a 
1      1     • /avvw      It  it  is  not  sale  to  do  so  where  there  is  a  bull,  unless  accoiupanuul  by 
herd  ot  '■''^\'^: J  '\;,   '■', '  .'i;  ;  i,,  habits.     Bulls,  after  they  are  one  year  old,  shovhl  al- 

r;^  i""^:;   r  ^u-  -'t -.ly  -<>"ii»^  --^l-^:^  '^"^  -""^'ii-  v"  T"  ";  '•"^"■ 

ite  tlK^  t  nes  of  <'alvl.ig.  The  c:.ws  stand  very  .lUietly  t.)  be  'mlUed  ni  the  yard  or  ,n 
the  bouse  and  with  tlidr  large  full  eyes  and  .lUiet  expression  look  the  very  putureoi 
dociHty      They  are  most  uselnl  dairy  stock,  ivs  the  have  a  good  How  ol  luillv,  ot  more  than 

''"/'^,?»7 -It  is  a.lmitted  that  the  Black  breed  will  fatten  at  an  early  age,  ami  when 

/tho  inii.rovcd  breeds,  will  make  good  weights.     Looking  at  tlie  sud,  tl:e  ch- 

S  an:ruI'--'omnulaion  Ibr  them  during  the  winter,  they  are  the  only  hieed  tha. 

"mJ'^C^  1"Br:Sof^;n,ersal,  near  Derby,  never  ties  np  any  of  hiscattk^^  ^ 

•  ,.  ■  1  •  ■  iw.l  ,.(V  c.r  the  butcher  Tie  calves  reared  on  their  dam  s  mdk  at  one 
he  nu Iks  and  '"  f  '  ' '  /,  ^  '  „  ts,  than  those  reared  by  hand  at  two  years  old. 
Sr  cllv^  ^  l^;w  en  re^^s  on  skim  milk,  Simpson's  calf  meal,  mid  a  little  dissoh.! 
on  «[ke      For  ii;cding  purposes  it  is  considere.l  best  to  buy  barren  hcilersand  hullo.ks 

'"  v7-!  \l!r/v,S/oIm./  .1/.r^,7^-Another  breed,  the  large  Black  or  Kunts,  isof  great 
Black  Welsh. 


eml  and  neck  than 
on  any  part,  Is  not 
ich  her  or  open  the 


lien,  and  Cardigan, 
I  into  CasthMuaitin 
j;  the  North  Walus 
ulture  lit  ])o\vnton, 
c  of  the  sunn-  Ijveed 

[ercl  Book,  says  the 
kvs  Htriped— red  ami 
ut  these  are  hecuni- 
s  of  the  wiiite  hn^til 
orus  should  !)(■  of  a 
le  out  yellow  to  tlii' 

bulla  and  cows.  A 
I  the  pitch  nioie  up- 

n  applies  in  a  )j;R'at 

back,  and  slimier  in 

(fellow. 

eder  ol'  these  cattle, 

)  nor  very  (turly.  A 
udder  and  a  gray  or 
the  seU'-i'olor— black 

rrow  on  the  sliauldcr 
),  and  llat-sid(!(l. 
Blacks.  Their  lioiiii' 
ir  only  shelter  heiii:; 
Ive  in  the  tenipest  (jr 
leir  olVsprjiin. 
may  «o  safely  iiilii;i 
less  accDMipaiiied  by 
1  year  old,  sliovld  ai- 
1^  the  lariiier  lo  rcuii- 
vcil  in  the  yard  or  in 
k  the  very  iiicture  of 
of  milk,  ot' more  than 

early  a;;e,  and,  wlii'ii 
ij;  at  the  snil,  tliecli- 
e  the  only  breed  thai 

r  his  cat  tic,  only  tho« 
eir  dam's  milk  at  one 
and  at  two  years  olil. 
and  a  little  dis.'iolvcii 
1  heifers  and  bullocks 

:  or  Kuuts,  is  of  great 
heaviest  beast  was  a 


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Ill  onler  to  p 
iiiiiverHul  tliroi 
Wiirteniburg  t 
iii(j;  I'ur  tho  iiini 
rui'o  or  ract'H  ( 
syNteniatic  in  ii 
iiivorporiite  it  I 
eoiiiinnnities  ni 


Townships  shi 
poses  in  their  re 
|j'  as  is  not  oth 
aociHte  thcmscl 
This  joint  uctic 
representatives, 
siibtownships,  (h 
the  Hul)township 
existing  contract 
lations  hetwceu  i 


Townshiiw  maj 
der  tliat  of  a  dul 
I'or  a  period  not  k 
or  by  several  pers 
bapormitt«d  in  e: 
tho  advice  of  the 


Any  appeals  b; 
tlio  eounty  author 
ixse  of  Article  II, 
whose  decision  shi 

Appeals  must  b 
the  county  authoi 

A  delay  beyond 
suit  holds  in  the  ri 
regard  to  redress. 


To  defray  the  e: 
tflwuship  may  itse 
tlie  siune  by  the  bi 

The  consent  of  t 
ing-fees,  as  well  as 


The  brceding-pl; 
and  shall  becFosec 
lu  towns  not  comp 


SUPPLEMENT. 


743 


WUETEMBURG  CATTLE  LAWS. 

systematic  in  its  provisions  that  notwithstamlim/  ^i'  ^  '''  '"^^  '«  «<>  thorouifh  Zul 
incorporate  it  bo.iily  in  „,y  report  a..  HS  Kn  'i"""^''.^  •'''^'•»  *'  wor  i  wh  le  o 
communities  may  I.e  gui.led.   '^      ""  "  "'""«'  ''y  whuh  po,ssihly  „ther  cattle.l7reedin« 

Law  in  regard  to  the  keeping  of  bull,. 
[Enacted  June  10, 1882.] 


poses 


Article  I. 

Townships  shall  bo  obliircd  to  nminfnjn  „ 

-ses  in  thL  respective  di's??icts  in  p^opttioSTthe"""''!^^  °'  ^""«  f-  'needing  p„r- 
„ .  as  is  not  otherwise  provided  for.     A^^mSer  o f  fnwn'^"«  """''^^  "^  cattle  an    so 
s,H;;ate  themselves  together  lor  tho  Joint   Snenanoe^/f  "' •'"^*°^^"«'»I>-''  i"''"  as 
llns  )oint  action  shall  bo  ellectod  by  ngreemcnT    •  H,«    "'«  P^"?*''  "umber  of  bulls 
representatives     (ArticloVIir.sectionL.uUjTfthelt  ^.^''^'/m"'  ''""""J^'h  their  proper 
sjihtownships.  defined  by  distinctive  bonn  larVs  Srill^^^*''"';^,"^  185:U    In 

theHuLtownships,  so  far  as  nothing  to  tl  e  coSrv  k  pW^',"^"'''^  *«  obligatory  upou 
existing  contract.  (See  Article  Vll  of  the  stSr  f<'  f ''f '"'^  ''•>'  »«agoor  previous Iv 
lations  between  adjoining  townships,  Kerilbtt  p.^o  fffir       '^'  ^''''  ^"»<5«rnYng  re- 

AnxicLE  II. 

Townships  may  arrange  for  the  keepin-'  of  the  bnlio  „„  i  .,  . 
der  that  of  a  duly  appointed  bull-keeper.  In  the  Wh  r  f  "''"■  "^'^  '^''"^tio".  or  un 
lor  a  peruxl  not  leas  than  six  years.  l\,e  tak  "g  du  geol' trbnli  "r^™''  T'^  '^«  '»»^1« 
nr  I.V  severa  persons  together,  or  by  tho  in.livid.nl  Stlelwi^,?!'  u'  "  ''"*''''^^'-  I'«"od, 
Ik  l)eriuittedn.  exceptional  ctvses,  subject  to  re vooat^nnhj'rv."  "'tcrnately  can  onW 
tlu'  advice  of  the  inspecting  officera.  evocation  by  the  county  authmites  upon 

Article  III. 

Any  appeals  by  tbo  townships  against  the  carry  in-  ont  of  \.r  ^    r 
tlio  county  authorities,  as  well  as  agaiast  a  refusal  bvLJ- 1     '^"^^"^'^  ^'  section  1,  by 
i:Lse  of  Article  II,  section  2,  shall  bo  in-vdo  to  ihA  tr  •     '"^"-  "^''""^^  authoritea  in  the 
whose  decision  shall  bo  final.  **"  "'^  kre.sregic.ung  (district  authorities) 

Appeals  must  bo  brought  within  two  weeks  jiflAr  ti,„  „         ,     ..  ' 

till-  county  authorities.  ^^^  '"'^'^  *'^°  promulgation  of  a  decision  by 

A  delay  beyond  tho  period  named  iuvolv&s  the  loss  at  r!a.i.f  + 
snlt  holds  in  the  right  of  appeal  by  tho  county  autSitU^Mi*"  T^-"^''  •  T''"  ^''^^  ^^- 
regard  to  redress.  ^"umy  aurnonties.     No  advice  will  be  given  in 

Article  IV. 

Article  V. 
Thebrcedimr-nlnpnai.oii  h"  ;»  ti — ,  -•  i'     i.     i     .  . 


'!.' 


m 


I    (I 


■•»   ,'! 


744 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    KATIMING. 
Artici.i:  VI. 


only  ..nils  fo.  .vhich  a  permit  ^^;^t^,::::X^^y'l^^^^ 
ether  in  whole  or  in  part,  ^^^ /^ ^T^^'!^  l;,:^:r^::^,^n^t^on  been  acl,i«.l,e.l 

AuTicMO  VI r. 
,-1      i-i  4i.„.w>vi  roiriilii-iiiMtn'ction  (Article  X),nu(lanywherethrou<>;li- 

^Sin^^ii^U^^^'^  the  bull  pn.v...  unlit  tor  breecbn«  pnrpo.es. 

AUTIC'I.K  VIII. 

The  board  of  inspection  competent  Tor  the  issue  or  revocation  of  snch  permits  shall 

consist  oTtr^^^^  n^nl^"'  '"'^■"'"■'•^  '^'"'  ""  '''1"^''  ""'"''^  "'  ^"^f """'  ,;;^'''"  '"^''  "!  'f 
ofXV™alinf^re^j.c.hcrhina^^ 

K:^S^:^trn2iS:?nu;-t';;f!he;"^ 

;   S.in(erthei..vision,.ftlu.st 

..Vl    1      1H77  li'e.'icrun«s  Ulatt,  pa-e  Hi),  a  re-nlarly  orpini/.ed  district  iissociution 
;\^   ts  thVel^'liol-n^nSers  o(  the- board  of  inspection,  with  the  cxeoptu.n  of  the 
nres  dii     omccT  and  his  substitule.  is  to  he  letl  to  the  conim.ttce  ot    he  association 
^   ASlution  of  the  board  of  in^.c-lors  (with  the  excrpl.on  pointed  out  m  Article  11, 
section  1)  is  only  valid  when  adopted  in  lull  session. 

AiiTici.i:  IX. 

Members  of  the  board  ..f  insi.ectors  may  on  application  to  the  .■ounty  autlioiities  ro- 
«i.  ,1  heir  ol  ice  before  tiie  expiration  of  the  lime  lor  whah  they  are  appointed.  'Ihey 
3  e  nvolnut  Mily  dismissed  f. n„.  oHice  hv  order  o.  the  c,.unty  authoritieson  ado.ree 
"mm  the  ministry  of  the  interior  ul.en  base.l  on  }:ood  grounds. 


Ai.'Tici.io  X. 


Ki  be  fixed  by  the  iircsidini;  officer 
i;c  a  i'cj;nlar  inspection  of  tlii'liulls 
'stion  of  the  issue  nf  ]icniiits.  M 
]r,'ovisi()nsof  Articles  I,  llnudlV 


11  to  any  irregularities  discovered, 

)v  called  by  the  ciitiiity  authorities 
,  and  ])ievioiis  to  llic  next  rej;nlar 

i tics'  knoulcd'c  as  scorn  to  render 

Iher  cases  of  ciiicr^cney,  tlio  lioaiil 
be  cli.'.r'icd  by  the  coinily  :uitlinri- 

idition  of  tile  laills  in  a  township. 


The  board  of  inspection  shall  annually,  on  a  day 
in  conjunction  xvith  the  n.yal  eonnly  autho.ities,  nuu 
ineaciitowushii.,  with  a  view  to.leternnn.n-    he  qu. 
the  same  timein-iuiry  .shall  be  made  asf.  whctlwrthe 
are  complied  with.  .  ,,     .        .  ,: 

The  result  of  their  inspe('tion,  especially  in  rclatu 
shall  bo  reported  to  the  county  aullKnitics. 

Hnceial  meetings  of  the  luurd  of  inspect u.n  nuiv 
in  eases  when,  after  the  is.sne  of  a  permit  h.r  a  bul 
inspection,  sm'h  facts  may  come  to  tlie  county  author 
neces.sarv  a  revocation  of  the  permit.  Likewise,  in  o 
of  inspection,  or  an  individual  member  thercol  may 
ties  with   the  duty  of  making  an  inquiry  into  the  ( m 

Airnri.i:  XI. 

Annlicliona  for  the  issue  of  a  permit  alter  tlu.  niakin-  of  I  he  re-ular  insiin  tion  shall 
be^leciSuponWthe  presidin;,'ollicer  of  the  board  o.   inspection,  or  .some  othennem- 

'",r?ie  thel:,;';;;";;  ismlt  made  by  a  township  o.Ucial  tlieappli.uit  inn^  ,>rior  to 
thllns^'eVtilm  lH-in,M.uub>,  .leposit  the  amount  of  the  costs  ansnij,  tlicrclrom  «,th  the 
chief  map;istrato  of  the  village. 

Aktk'I.k   XII. 

tow 


Such  appea 
iiutliorities'  ( 
case  tlio  piovi 
luiide  by  the  ( 
hy  the  connt.y 
apjpcal.  In  c; 
may  lie  dismi: 
presiding  ollk 


Fordccidinj 
of  inspection  1 
tural  .associali 

Said  hoard  > 
who  serve  in  <■ 

The  presidii 
hythc  Central 
tees  of  the  a^v 

The  provisir 
inspection  Avit! 
of  the  county 

The  superioi 
it  iu  full  sessic 


Any  further 
superior  hoards 
their  proceedin 


In  the  aise  o 
tion  without  ji 

The  costs  of : 
who  proposed  i 
pellant. 

All  other  cos 
hoariLs  of  inspe 

The  county  c\ 


Violations  of 
ished  with  a  111 
ration. 

Articles  IX- 
amendnioiit  of 
to  the  inipositit 


The  provision 
exception  of  A  r 

of  .lanuary,  ]8ti 
Our  ministry 


nship  bull  or  by  the  bull-keeper.     (Arlielo  lli.j 


SUPPLEMENT. 


745 


iarciTy;u'urlv, 


fitii's  (liscovereil, 


•Such  appeals  must  be  brought  within  two  wor-k-o  nftor  +i,„  i     .  • 

autlioriticH-  decision,  either  verbally  diS  hi  nrotn.o U'^  "'^"'^  ''«""t.^ 

,as.  the  provisions  of  Article  III,  section  iuro  ■  ,>tt„?  m"'  'V.'V'^"'«-  ^"  «"f''' 
,un.le  by  the  comn.on  council  the  ^^W^^l^muT^^^'ttlV.  ^^"  •^^'^  "'V'^l^''^'  ''^ 
l,y  (he  county  authorities,  deposit  a  .inm  aden   .,te  t      HV^l  h  ']  *""''  '"  '"^  "''""-''» 

ap,,cMl.  In  case  this  deposit  is  not  n.a.iJ  or'  t  L'  /, '  f.,  ''  ""T  i""'"'"-  '"""  ^^'^ 
„!ay  be  dis„us,sed  by  the  county  anf  horities  o  i,er  visf  i  i  ''i'  T  "  'T  T'''''^'^"'  '' 
presiding  ollker  of  the  superior  board  01- inspection  "'''''  «^'^'' '<>  1'"^ 

AirrrcLi:  XIII. 

For  dccidinf;  upon  appeals  asjainst  the  refusal  or  rcvoc-tinn  nf  o 

„f  inspection  lH,l,iin^.  olHce  n>r  a  space  of  thrc"' v.[rs  .;:",! 

(iiral  a-^HOciation  district.  •  ^^"  '"  'U'l'omted  in  cadi  iisricuil- 

Siiid  board  shall  consist  of  thrcci  n'Ltnlar  inciulwiv  .i,„i  .,„  i 

.1,0  serve  in  case  of  the  personal  iute;..;^^:'    in     .;:?!;;^;,::::;"^''''"f '-♦'*"«««- 

The  presiding  olllcer  and  othe.  .nenib..rs  as  well  as    lei ';    7'''"'  ";;'',"'"''--^'    . 

bytheCentralstelleforAgri.ulturenponlluMccomuJ,    a     ,T  ,? 

tecs  of  the  agricultural  asso,  iations.  nuciKiation  ot  Ihe  lespective  conuml- 

Tlie  provisions  of  Article  IX  govern  the  action  of  tlif  n>,>,„K>       ,•.-, 

iuspcction  with  th<-,  und(Tstanding  that tuStrl  'lie  o  '-"."'"''''''  '""''"''■'^  *"' 
of  the  county  authorities.  ^cnt,ai.^ltllt  to.  .Agncuitnieacts  in  the  place 

The  superior  board  of  insjiectioii  niiist  furnish  "roniuU  i;„.  .,.,„        ,   ,• 

^in  fnii  cno^im,      M.  v,..,>i„* i,.... ,i.. .,      v     ,"  .    ,  ""■^  rcsolution  adoi)lcd  by 

Ao  lees  are  to  lie  charged. 


it  in  fill)  session.     Its  resolutions  are  linal. 


Autk;i,k  XIV. 

Any  further  provisions  in  regard  to  the  organization  of  the  boards  „f  Jn=„,  .• 
superior  boards  of  inspection,  the  indemnification  of  the  r  men    c  s  a  d  uTlT  'TI 
their  proceedings  shall  bo  pron.nlgate.l  through  the  n.inistrj  of  the  interior  "     ''^ 

Akticlk  XV. 

In  the  aise  of  Article  X,  section  3,  he  who  may  have  brouLrbf  nl.nnf .,  c      •  i  • 
tion  without  just  cause,  shall  bear  the  costs  incurred  ^  '"''"''  '"•'P^''- 

The  costs  of  a  special  inspection  as  provided  for  in  Article  XI  fill  tn  fi,»  m,„         e ,  • 
jW.  proposed  ;t,  and  the  costs  of  a  ivjected  appeal  (ArtlSxn,'?"tt*ch'it"'SVhe'a;! 

All  other  costs  arising  out  of  tho  action  of  the  boanls  of  inspection  and  the  superior 
hoards  ot  uispect.on  arc  to  be  borne  by  the  corporation  in  whose' district  the  bulls  are 
The  county  authorities  shall  act  in  lirst  in.stancc  tor  the  imposition  of  the  costs! 

Article  XVI. 

.  ™\f'^  f  the  provisions  of  Article  V  and  Article  VI,  sections  1  an(i  2  shall  be  nun 
.s!|e,Uith  a  line  not  exceeding  100  marks.     The  tines  go  to  the  treasu.y  of  the  co^rpo- 

Artidcs  IX-XXV  of  tho  law  of  tho  12th  of  Au<Mist    1S7<)    in  rel..fion  tn    n 
.imeiKlmcnt  of  the  rural  police  law  of  December  27   1 87  Ian,   t  ;e\  L^il-  ^  /-''^ 

to  tho  imposition  of  lines  by  the  police,  are  here  equally  appHcable.  ^'''''''^'''^'  ''^^'''''' 

Aktici.e  XVI  I. 

The  provisions  of  the  present  law  shall  take  eirect  on  the  1st  of  May  1S8.1  with  tl.P 
oTSr;,'  issl.     ^'  "'*'""  '  '"'  ''  "'"''  ''''''  ""^  *^"  '»*«  openftion  un'til  the  1st 
Our  ministry  of  the  interior  is  charged  with  the  execution  of  this  law. 


I  ,  u 


I    ifcl. 


746 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FAEMINO. 


DECREE  FOR  THE  CARRYING  OUT  OF  THE  FOREGOING  LAW. 

[The  following  decree,  tbonj^h  extremely  detailed  in  its  interpretation  of  the  law  to 
^vhieh  it  relates  and  upon  which  it  is  based,  contains,  nevertheless,  many  ponits  of  in- 
iiest  to  stock -hreed era,  and  is  therefore  herewith  appended.— Note  by  Consul  Catliii.] 


teiest 

Decree  of  the  minintn/  of  the  interior  pronJinn  for  the  cdrryinfj  out  of  the  law  of  June  10, 

1882,  ill  rrijarit  to  liHll-hrcpituj. 

[OctohcrSl,  1SS2.] 

For  the  carrying  ont  of  the  law  of  .Inne  Kiof  tins  year  in  regard  to  bnll-keeping 
(Heg.  Blatt,  page  2(1.5),  it  is  with  the  approval  of  Jlis  Majesty  the  King  decreed  as 
follows,  namely: 

AnTici.E  I. 

1  Townships  shall  take  charge  of  the  bull-keeping,  in  so  far  ius  the  necessity  for  it 
there  exists;  especially  in  so  Cir  as  cattle-owners  in  the  township  are  not  in  a  position 
themselves  to  keep  the  bulls  re(|uisite  for  their  cattle;  and  in  case  where  the  keeping  of 
bulls  in  some  other  manner,  viz,  by  eimtracts  with  a  third  party,  is  not  already  provided 
'br  if  bv  contracts  with  a  third  party  or  by  other  arrangenu  ut  the  actual  rciniirenient 
isouly  snppiiid  in  part,  or  in  the  event  that  those  who  hold  conlractsdo  not  lullill  (heir 
duty   the  township  siiall,  according  to  the  recinirement,  supply  the  demand. 

If  in  a  township  some  cattle-owners  keep  their  own  bulls  lor  their  cattle  and  allow 
other  cattle-owners  the  covering  ot  their  cows  by  such  bulls  under  llie  condition  tlwl 
the  latter  serving  f)r  the  use  ofothe.s'  cattle  be  supplie.l  with  peiniits,  and  tliut  tlify 
be  a(iapted  to  the  breed  of  cattle  ill  the  township,  then  bull-kieping  by  the  tovnsLip 
c'mbedispen-^ed  with  so  long  as  no  necessity  for  it  exists  and  no  inconveniince  rtsulis 
liieiefroni.  If  tlirouiih  existing  contracts  with  third  parties  only  a  part  ot  tlie  rt(|uisitc 
nnmb<>r  of  bulls  is  kept  and  yet  the  bnll-keepiiig  be  in  general  in  chaige  cf  fie  town- 
ship, then  ill  order  to  avoid  inconveniences resnl ting  from  such  conditions,  reliel'istobc 
.sou'dit  through  tlie  said  existing  contracts  with  third  parties. 

in  adjacent  townships,  consisting  of  ii  greater  number  of  subtownships,  as  well  ;is  in 
isolated  townships,  a  joi;it  system  of  bull-keeping  corresponding  with  tlie  lecal  nnvm- 
liients  and  on  a  proper  arrangement  between  the  subtownships  is  to  heainiid  at.  It 
is  hereby  made  known  that  the  law  permits  associations  of  subtownships  with  various 
townshms,  and  of  subtownships  with  single  townships,  and  that  it  is  also  p(rniittpd  to 
such  associations  to  keep  bulls,  if  only  for  a  single  breed  of  cattle.  An  approval  aittr 
inspection  by  the  police  is  not  necessary  for  as.soci.ations  of  this  kind. 

2.  As  to  luiniber  and  breed  of  bulls  to  be  kept  the  following  rules  are  to  be  obfeived: 

To  eve-y  HC  cows  and  full-grow;;  calves  at  least  1  bull  should  be  kejit.  Hut  if  there 
be  iu  one  township  4(10  or  more  cows  and  full-grown  calves,  then  100  cows  and  lidl- 
g:own  c.dves  maybe  reckoned  to  1  bull,  if  the  bulls  are  togetherand  kept  by  one  nnd  the 

The  breed  of  the  bulls  must  correspond  with  that  of  the  cattle  in  the  township,  or 
must  be  sueti  as  can  bo  advantageously  crossed  for  the  raising  of  geod  cattle. 

The  township  is  not  obliged  to  keep  special  bulls  for  cattle  of  an  exceptional  race, 
r.nt  should  there  be  more  races  in  the  township  not  suitable  for  crossing  (article  (i,  sec- 
tion :?  of  the  law),  then  for  each  o!  these  single  races  special  bulls  are  to  he  kept.  \ 
race  is  to  be  considered  sufficiently  iiuincrous  if  there  be  40  cows  and  full  uiown  calves. 
'  In  reckoning  the  number  of  bulls  to  be  kept  by  the  township  only  those  female  cat- 
tle are  counted  for  llKM'ovcring  of  which  the  bulls  are  tube  kejit.  'I'liere  reniain  to 
be  counted  separately  tho.se  female  cattle  for  the  covering  of  wliidi  the  owners  keep 
Iheirown  bulls:  and  again,  if  bulls  of  dilVeient  races  are  to  be  kept,  for  example,  lor  1,10 
cows,  of  which  Kiobclonu'tooneaiul  ."0  to  another  race  not, suitable  for  coveriim.iUmllsarc 
to  be  k"pi,  while  for  !.')()  female  animals  of  one  and  the  same  race  '!  hulls  snltiee.  Hon 
account  of' the  condition  of  the  bulls  or  from  some  other  cau.se  the  proportion  in  nomlur 
be  not  snlUcient,  then  the  township  shall  keep  more  hulls  according  to  the  leiiuironienis 
of  (he  case. 

AnTIci.E  'i. 

*1  The  management  of  bull-keeping  by  the  township  is  evcrwhcre  rooommended  where 
local  conditions  permit.  l!ut  if  the  bull-keeping  is  not  iu  the  charge  of  the  to.vnship, 
it  u  dPBimblfi  that  the  bollashouUl  be  Imught  by  the  townshipanil  retuiuu  tlieir  property. 


EGOING  LAW. 

etation  of  the  law  to 
s,  many  points  of  in- 
te  by  Consul  Ciitliii,] 

/  the  law  of  June  10, 


gard  to  bnll-keepini,' 
Ihe  Kin 5;  decreed  as 


19  the  necessity  for  it 
are  not  in  a  position 
wliero  the  keeping  of 

not  already  provided 
le  actual  rciniirenient 
ictsdo  not  liiilill  their 
2  demand. 

Iieir  ('attle  and  allow 
I'v  the  condition  tliat 
units,  and  tliut  tliey 
ling  by  tlic  toMnsLip 
inconvcnicuc(^  rcsulis 
I  i)art  oftlu'  r((|iiisite 

cliaige  cf  tl;e  tnnu- 
iditions,  relief  is  to  be 


r'nships,  as  well  as  in 
'ith  tlie  Idea!  iciniiir- 
s  to  be  ainicii  at.  it 
>\vnsliips  with  various 
it  i.s  also  pirniittfd  to 
!.  An  approval  afdr 
nd. 

los  are  to  be  observed: 
jc  kept.  i;ut  if  there 
len  loo  cuws  and  fiiil- 
lul  kept  by  one  and  the 

,e  in  the  township,  or 
;()od  cattle. 
1'  an  exceptional  race. 
jrossing  (article  (i,  sec- 
lis  are  to  be  kept.  .\ 
an<l  full-^irown  calve.* 
oidy  those  female  eai- 
'l)t.  There  remain  to 
licb  the  owners  keep 
)t,  for  example,  for  15(1 
t'orcovciini.',  ilhnllsare 
'1  iiullssaltiee.  U'oii 
^proportion  in  nunihir 
lu;  to  tlu^  reiiuireiueuls 


re  recommended  where 
iar;ieof  thcto.vnahip, 
remain  their  property. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


747 


It  -a  bnll-keeper  13  charged  with  t.he  bull-kcepmg  by  contract,  then,  in  the  first  place 
in  charging  bim,  it  19  to  be  seen  it  his  capacity  can  bo  trusted-if  he  have  proper  st^ls 
and  a  place  lor  exercising  the,  animals,  according  to  article  5  of  the  law,  and  if  he  hasor 
iniys  suOlccnt  lood  of  a  proper  quality.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to  award  this  position 
to  the  highest  bidder;  but  sboiild  proposals  bo  received,  it  must  be  with  the  condition 
that  the  township  have  the  choice  among  the  applicants,  and  the  position  is  only  then 
to  he  awarded  to  that  one  who  will  serve  lor  the  least  wages,  provided  there  is  eprtain 
.round  for  believing  that  the  bulls  will  be  well  cared  for  bvhin  Inthe  oTnshinmH 
otcs  it  is  to  be  recorded  that  no  doubt  exists  on  this  point"  township  min- 

1.  The  post  of  bull-keeper  under  the  provisions  of  the  law  is  not  to  be  awarded  for 
less  than  si.K  years,  but  as  a  rale  should  be  awarded  ibr  a  longer  time,  so  that  the  bull- 
ia.epcr  nia.v  be  in  a  position  to  make  the  necessary  outlays  for  the  proper  fuimimen^  of 
his  contrae  .  1  he  township  na^  hovveyer,  the  right  to  relea.se  the  bull-keeper  from  his 
.oHlract  belore  its  expiration  it  any  failure  in  the  fulliUment  of  his  duty  can  be  shown 
Tlic  Imll-kceper'.s  wages  must  be  so  fixed  as  to  give  him  a  proper  remuneration  for  bis 
time,  trouble,  and  expense. 

,-,.  I  nder  the  exceptions  of  the  law  contained  in  article  2,  section  2,  townshius  are  to 
ohscrvo  the  lollovving  principles:  f       v.  w 

The  awarding  of  tho  po.st  of  bull-keeper  for  a  shorter  period  than  six  years  is  only  to 
lie  permitted  where  exceptional  local  or  personal  conditions  rerder  a  six-year  contract 
impiact icable.  Its  awarding  to  several  persons  at  once  ma^r  only  take  place  under  cer- 
Uiu  local  conditions,  as,  lor  example,  if  tho  farms  belonging  to  the  township  be  located 
far  apart,  anil  then  only  it  there  is  no  risk  of  a  disadvantageous  rivalry  between  the  bull- 
!;eepers  on  the  too  freiiuent  use  of  u  single  bull. 

If  bulls  of  dillerent  breeds  arc  kept,  then,  in  exceptional  cases,  where  no  doubtexists 
a  special  keeper  may  be  allowed  for  the  bulls  of  each  individual  race  ' 

The  alternate  awarding  of  the  post  of  bull-keeper  to  individual  cattle-owners  may  only 
lie  permitted  111  tho.se  townships  which  consi.st  of  scattered  farms,  and  then  only  incases 
where  it  is  shown  that  tlio.se  cattle-owners  among  whom  the  bull-keepin"  is  to  alternate 
are  capable  of  lulfilling  their  duties  in  a  proper  manner.  " 

The  tbrcgoing  exceptions  are  ba.sed  npoii  the  condition  that  the  rule  .  u.ticle  5  in  ref- 
erence to  location  and  kind  of  places  for  exercise  nre  complied  with.  Moreover  exceo- 
tions  of  this  kind  are  only  to  be  permit-ted  for  a  stated  iieriod.  ' 

Aeticle  3. 

fi.  It  is  the  inspector's  duty  in  the  regular  inspection  of  bulls,  as  well  as  by  special  rc- 
(|iiest  of  county  authorities,  to  examine  whether  the  townships  fulfill  their  duty  in  ref- 
erence to  bull-keeping  and  to  give  their  opinion  to  the  .said  authorities.  They  are  also 
by  joint  counsel  with  the  county  authorities  and  null-keepers  to  aim  at  improvements 
and  as  much  as  possible  prevent  irregularities. 

The  county  authorities  in  carrying  out  the  law  (according  to  articles  1  and  2,  and  in 
litllillmcnt  of  the  above  rules)  are  to  hear  the  opinion  of  tho  inspectors  and  as  tar  a-s  pos- 
hMc  to  cnmniission  tho  board  of  inspectors  or  a  member  of  the  same  with  the  investi^'a- 
i;mi  of  the  lHill-kcc;nrg  in  any  given  township;  aLsolo  provide  a  check  through  another 
iiuiiilKr  of  the  board  of  irl.^pector3  to  see  that  the  coinnii.ssion is  properly  executed.  If 
the  county  authorities  have  doubts  on  the  opinion  of  the  board  of  inspectors,  they  are 
to  address  themselves  to  an  overinspector  for  an  iniiuiry,  submitting  a  statement  of  the 
lai'ts  ill  tlu'cas(-. 

Wlicie  thedistri(tt  authorities  are  called  on  to  decide  upon  an  appeal,  it  is  left  to  their 
ehoiee  to  isk  tho  decision  of  the  inspector  or  overinspector,  or,  if  reiiuired,  the  central 

lelle  for  agriculture. 

Articlk  4. 

T.  The  increase  of  fees  for  theu.se  of  bulls  is  to  be  allowed  in  townships  where  (a)  eat- 
ile-'iwuiiig  is  distributed  very  unevenly  among  the  population;  (h)  a  lo.ss  to  the  town- 
ship is  oecasioncd  or  increased  through  bull-keeping,  and  has  thereby  to  be  borne  by 
tax-p.iycrswiio  derive  no  iininediato])rolit  from  it,  as,  for  instance,  trades-f.eople  or  land- 
owners owning  cattle  in  tho  township,  or  those  who  keep  their  own  bulls,  or  where  fc) 
oil  account  of  there  being  several  breeds  of  cattle  more  bulls  have  to  be  kept  than  if 
ilieic  were  only  cows  of  one  and  tho  same  race.  In  such  townshipsa  proper  fee  is  to  be 
elianjed,  and  tho  iacreaso  or  decrease  of  tho  same  only  to  bo  allowed  by  the  coantv  au- 
thorities when  there  is  no  unjust  burden  occasioned  to  aomo  tax-payers  to  the  benefit  of 
others, 

■Sncli  increase  or  decrease  of  fees  in  townships  which  sufltain  no  loss  and  do  not  incur 
any  loas  thereby  will  not  as  a  rule  be  objectcil  to. 


i 


u 


-a,'4 


748 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    lARMING. 


AUTICLE    5. 

8.  It  is  to  1)0  observed  that  the  provision  of  article  5  with  regard  to  locality  and 
character  of  places  for  covcriiij^  and  the  prohil)i«tion  ai^ainst  covering;  in  a  idaco  not  cor- 
rcspondinj^  to  these  regulations,  not  only  refer  to  the  employment  of  township  hulls  but 
also  to  bulls  of  private  parties,  whether  they  be  used  for  covering  their  own  or  others' 
cattle. 

Abticlk  G. 

9.  The  provisions  of  article  G  arc  not  applicable  to  bulls  kept  ou  Governmoiit  or 
royal  farms. 

According  to  the  provisions  of  article  G,  sections  1  and  2  (also  article  16),  in  future  the 
use  of  bulls  without  a  permit  is  allowed  only  so  fir  as  they  are  kspt  by  private  porsons 
exclusively  for  the  covering  of  their  own  cattle.  Although  the  exceptional  use  ol'a  bull 
without  a  pt  rniit  for  the  covering  of  others'  cattle  is  not  punishable,  yet  the  police  au- 
thorities  arc  to  .see  that  the  provisions  of  the  law  are  not  thereby  evaded;  and  special 
attention  is  dincted  to  the  circumstance  that  a  frequent  or  regular  use  of  jjrivate  bulls 
without  a  permit  is.  puui.shable,  even  if  no  fee  be  paid. 

Permits  can  only  be  withheld  for  the  reasons  mentioned  in  article  (i,  section  ;j. 

"  Townshi])  bulls"  in  the  meaning  of  the  law  are  to  be  considered  as  not  only  those 
mentioned  in  article  G,  .section  1,  but  also  those  which  are  kept  under  lontract  liy  third 
parties  for  breeding  purpb.sea  in  the  district. 

Article  7. 

10.  In  case  of  any  change  in  the  ownership  of  a  bull  the  right  gj-anted  by  the  permit 
passes  over  to  the  new  owner.     In  such  ciise  the  permit  may  be  transferred  by  means  of 
an  indorsement  upon  it  from  the  jjresideut  of  the  board  of  iusiiection  wliicli  i.ssued  if 
provided  that  the  identity  of  the  bull  transferred  is  established.     Such  transfer  is  to  Im 
entered  in  the  minutes  of  the  board  of  inspection.     (Section  IH. ) 

11.  If  there  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  authorities  (acts  indicating  the  unlituessof 
a  bull  for  breeding  purposes,  and  a  consequent  necessity  lor  the  withdrawal  of  the  per- 
mit, the  bull  owner  is  in  the  first  i)lace,  in  consideration  of  article  7,  section  'J  of  the 
law  and  of  the  costs  arising  from  the  api)cal,  to  be  rtHjuested  to  give  up  the  pen'nil. 

If  this  summons  is  not  complied  with,  the  board,  which  can  Oiily  in  full  >neetiii"order 
the  withdrawal  of  the  ])ermit,  is  to  be  assembled. 

The  county  authorities  are  to  inform  the  board  of  inspei'tion  which  issued  ituf  the 
withdrawal  or  voluntary  return  of  a  permit  in  order  that  the  necessary  note  niav  he 
made  by  theiii  in  the  minutes  (section  18).     (See  further  section  :>1,  sections  1  and  ;;.) 

If  a  townshi])  bull,  even  though  not  unfit  for  breeding  ])urpose.s,  yet  proves  not  adaiit- 
ed  to  the  breed  prevailing  in  the  township,  the  county  authorities  shall  rei|uire  the 
removal  of  this  bull  from  the  township,  but  no  withdrawal  of  the  penult  in  such  ease 
is  legal. 

Articles  8-11. 


12.  The  election  of  the  board  of  in.spection  is  to  take  plai'e  in  such  manner  that  the 
ordinary  members,  the  substitutes,  the  president,  and  flu!  vici'-presidcnt  ;iie  chosen  hv 
.se])arate  ballots.  Au  ordinary  member  maybe  elected  as  vice  picsideiit  imiteio.  lii 
this  ease  every  time  su(!h  mend)er  acts  as  vice-president  a  substitute  is  to  till  his  ]ihiee 
in  the  meetings. 

Substitutes  arc  not  elected  ""as  such  for  any  particular  regular  member,  biitlbranv 
regular  member.  Therefore,  the  president  may  choose  as  to  whi(di  one  of  tlie  sidistjtutes 
he  wishes  to  call  in  in  individual  casas. 

\Vherc\er  no  sj)ecial  rea.sons  exist  to  the  contrary,  that  substitute  is  to  be  called  upon 
whose  sulistitution  involves  the  least  exi)ense. 

V.i.  In  order  to  avoid  delay  in  the  election  of  the  board  of  inspection,  the  counl\  au- 
thorities are  to  summon  the  committee  of  the  agricultural  district  association  at  least 
four  weeks  before  the  meeting,  at  which  the  president  and  his  sulistifute,  ami  erail- 
ually  all  the  members  of  the  board  of  inspection,  are  to  be  elected.  (Aeeordiuf,'  toarti- 
<de  H,  section  ;{. ) 

It  is  left  to  thcit  .judgment  so  to  provide  that  the  meeting  ajipoint  the  piesideu*  oi 
vice-president,  or  both  of  them,  from  those  elected  by  the  comniiitceof  the  airrieuKural 
di.-<trict  union,  and  fi^  elec  t  at  1  he  same  time  in  liieir  stead  one  more  re;,'nlai'  iik  inberand 
one  more  substitute. 

If  no  doubt  exists  that  the  committee  of  the  agricultural  distri<(  union  intend  loavail 
thfciU.sehe.-M  of  Ihflr  right  of  voting,  the  lueetiug  ina"  go  tiirougii  iiie election  ufpresiJeul 


regard  to  locality  and 
in,i;  in  a  i)lacc  not  cor- 
t  ot'towuship  buU.sbut 
»  their  own  or  others' 


3pt  ou  Governnieiit  or 

rticlcl(i),  in  future  the 
Dpt  l>y  private  persons 
iceptionaluseol'almll 
ible,  yet  the  poUcx:  an. 
I)y  evaded;  uud  speciiil 
lar  use  of  private  liulls 

cle  (!,  section  ;j. 
lered  as  not  only  those 
nder  contract  liy  tliird 


wanted  hy  the  permit 
ransferred  hy  means  of 
'ction  whifli  issued  if, 

Such  transfer  is  to  1)0 

I 

ieatinj^thc  unlituessof 
.vitlulrawal  of  tlieper- 
ide  7,  section  'J,  of  tlio 
ive  lip  ilie  pen, lit. 
y  in  full  iiieeti III,' order 

whi(di  issued  it  of  the 
iccess:iry  note  iiiuy  lie 
:M.  sections  1  andD.j 
I,  yet  proves  not  adajit- 
ities  shall  rcipiire  the 
10  permit  in  such  ease 


such  manner  that  the 
■csidcnt  arc  chosen  by 
)rcsidcnt  imiteio,  hi 
utc  is  to  till  his  ]dan' 

■  nieiiilicr,  hut  liiranv 
.  one  of  t  lie  suhstitntes 

te  is  to  he  called  upon 

lection,  the  coniilvaii- 
ict  association  at  least 
sulistitute,  and  crenl- 
.     (According;  to  arti- 

poiiit  the  presideu*  »i 
[ceof  thcafrrieidfnral 
e  rc;,'nlai'  iiicinherand 

union  intend  to  avail 
ecleeiioll  uf  presiJeul 


SUPPLEMENT. 


749 


and  vice-president  already  before  tho  election  of  tJ,<.  ^.i 

said  comniittee.  '"'"''«"  «*  ">«  other  members  on  the  part  of  tho 

If  an  aKrieuItiiral  district  association  does  not  eifi.ov    .    „ 
Un.c  avail  itself  of  its  right  of  voting,,  the  nieeti,  f  is  to'cle  /''ir  u  ""  *''*-'  Prescribed 
lioard  ol  inspection   and  any  subseriuent  votini?  bv  the  •?,.;,.  ^'  ,""'  '"embers  of  the 
ism  such  case  invalid.  ^    •>     "  ''""^'"'ti'iiil  district  association 

1 1.  'J'lie  term  of  ollico  of  members  of  the  bmr.i    r  • 
year  acd  emls  April  ;;„  „f  the  lust  of  tho  three  y°rs  l[!rSei;\'^'''"  ^^7  '  "'"  ^^c  fii^t 

It  mcnibers  ol  the  board  of  inspection  annlvlhr  W    ,,      ,   V*'"''^  •""'  ''•■"sen. 
term  of  olhce,  it^  is  f,  be  ^.raut..!  them  by'  j  1,^;  c.>n,  ^  a   Sh-  ".'^  •■''"''''''°"  "''  *'"^'' 
been  mate  lor  the  n.>cessary  substitution  and  eventual   ill? /ru  '"''""  I'^^'^ions  have 
of  uisiiection;  until  dischar-cd,  members  arc  to  atten,!  Vn    i^         !v  \"™»ey  in  the  board 

if  mcn,I)ers  of  Uio  board  of  inspection  withllr  ut     . .  "     ""■  ""'•'''»'  '''"ties. 
I„r  which  they  are  chosen,  a  snpplementary  election  t  ,i    iw.  ,v    ''■^'".''''tion  of  the  period 
he  held      Such  election  may  be  omitted,  if  no  ncS  i  y  - 'is     "'!'!';'"!■.?/•■  ''''^^  P""'^l>«  to 

I,).  1  he  composition  of  tho  IJoard  of  1  inspection  as  w.>n  ?  tlieliUinj,M)f  the  board. 
Iironiul-ated  liy  the  county  authorities  throusli  the  otIi,^i' i''.^  '"iiuj^cs  therein,  are  ^,o  bo 
,Hirtc<l  to  the  superior  board  of  inspection  au'l  to  the  (' .,  f,.,'i   ''n"  *    ^^'^  'listrict  and  re- 

The  president  an.l  vice-president,  as  well  as  the  other  •   >'  1  ^"^  ^•"'  "J^"^'"lture. 
stat,  arc  to  be  sworn  by  the  county  authorities  and  niemlo.s-'r '''''*''''-  "*  the  county 
scat,  hy  order  ol  the  .•ounty  authorities,  throuKh  thH  lunr  ,V?.     "  *',"*•'"'''  the  county 
The  lollowin-  oath  is  to  be  used:  ^  '  ■^'"^  "*  their  place  of  resi     ice. 

"Iswcar  by  th(!  Almighty  andOmniscientGod  th  it  r  ■■«  .,  , 
>peetion  will  attend  impartiallv  .,ud  to  tho  best  of  mvknmvl  ,'""*"■  "*  ^'"^  ^''^^'^  of  in- 
,lisehar-e  of  the  duties  of  the  ollice  conferred  unon    f/""^y  edge  and  con.sdence  to  the 

Members  of  the  board  <.l  inspection  who  in  the  saim.  c.mnlV^,""^'  ^'?''-" 
vionsly  sworn  arc  to  be  reminded  of  the  oath  alre-idv  n',..)^    i    ^,    '^''^'  already  been  prc- 

hl.  The  li.llouing  persons  are  on  account  of ,,.  rs  In.w  i± !7/'''^^"!-.,  . 
i,,atio>i  in  the  resolutions  or  decisions  of  the  boanfof  i  is  e,  tio".  ?V;')p,"*«'  ''fom  Partic- 
one  who  during  the  last  two  years  lias  been  owner  oft),,  .,  ii  ;  \  '  •  "°  owner  and  any 
dse  having  a  substantial  interest  in  the  decision  of  the  bo.r  /  I'  '"^^Peeted,  any  one 
interested  in  the  use  of  the  luill  under  ins.icction  ()r  wl. '  ■;,  '"^Peetior,  or  any  one 
amedaiiy  one  contributing  to  the  expenditure  ot'the  tow,  sl.in  c  *r','f,l''P  '^"^  «  mi- 
t"wnship  taxes.  (:5)  The  husband  or  wile  of  su d  pa  " les  t^^ ,  "''  '^"H-kceping  through 
laml:2,  even  if  their  state  of  matrimony  no  loic'e.?  ;!''*,'  ''^  «  'nentioned  in  articles 
iiuiireet  line,  by  marriage  or  by  adoption,  or  relate.l  in"' ,'.nii  .  ,  ,"''"^ '''''°  ^^'^'  elated 
ik-reeor  by  marriage  up  to  the  second  degree  to  tlie  nmS"''''  .•  ?'  "P  ^"  the  third 
sp«.o„,evenif  the  state  nmtrimony  on  ^^^^^^^  SSZ;^^^:^!^  ^t^ 

.Slflnnderancir^^iSr'  ''''"'''  ^^-'^«  (otherwise  the  president)  whether  ly 
,  ir.  The  hoard  of  inspection  enters  upon  its  duties  npon  the  call  of  the  county  author- 

The  president,  or  in  his  absence  the  vice-president   i.a  .-       •     i      ■ 
summons  to  name  a  <iale  tor  the  assembling  ot  the  1  o ard  ot' 'l,wf     . •"^'''  '"'^'^^^'P*  "^  the 
:.ml  time  for  the  bull  inspection,  ami  to  sum.ium  in    ea  on  b  ^Ti'^fV"'''  "'  Tf''  ''*'  l'^'^*^« 
uliu  members.  stason  toi  that  purpose  the  two  reg- 

ll:i  summoned  member  is  iirevcnlcd  from  takin"  nut  ,«.  .„  .    r 

.r  other  .ausc,  he  is  at  once  to  inibrm  the     S  tot      ,■'?''•''  ^ 
ofasnhstitute,  and  if  necessary  the  putting  .  If  ot'  the      t     m  v  .    '  '"t''^'"^*  ^^'^  ^'"'l 

111  ease  tlic  president  is  tneviouslv  •iwir.'tb  f     ,,!  •      '-^  '"'  """'e  m  f^eason. 

in.  he  may  at'oncc  sununon  a  substittu;.!  '"'"'"'''  "  I"'^"^"^-"*"'  l™'"  PaMicipat- 

Memhers  of  the  board  of  inspection  who  proven^  the  insi».,.f;„.,  <  i  • 
miexensed  absence  or  the  tardV  notice  of  fheiHnab      y  ^^eu       rc'r'*^  P''"!^  through 
tojvnship  corporation  li.r  tin-  costs  incunvl  on  tiieir  am, , nt  '   '^  respons.))le  to  the 

Ihenia.vorof  the  township  ctmeerned  is  to  1...  i„r„!...,    i  • 
are^nlar  hull  inspection,  or  lor  <,   '    ^^  ,t  U    ,    n   "'li   IM^'r""  "'  *!l'  '^'''  "^^^^  ^^^ 
"laspeeial  inspection  of  a  town.ship  h.^.a,  t'       a,  i    h         ^e.   l'''^'"/''"  tom,,Mp,  or 

Kh;^i;-:ss::;r"^>-^*>  ^''-••-'-^^ 

wi  1.  the  exception  named  in  Article  XI  ol  the  hw  "'^pection  is  necessary 

Hie  hoard  ot  msiicction  decides  bv  a  mai(uiiv  of  vnt,...    ,.,  i 
"iHr  the  inspection  ofthe  bull  at  thrphcc  "^        ^'>tcs,  ami  as  a  rule  immediately 


■v.S" 


750 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FAKMINC.. 


« 


delivered  up  to  the  l.ourd  and  by  >*  ^l^fj^'i^  ,,,,^,.,,  ,or  special  ifasoMs  t!,e  ,i,. 

11).   If  no  furrier  be  a  '"7^^'^'^, '   •1'^,'^^^^;'^'^  ^  \  p     'Vbe  result  of  L  veterinary  exa.nina 

..ision  as  to  the  granting  ot  f,  P*^""  J,;'*:  X^  hol.lin.^^  of  su.'h  exannna.iou  a„,| 

tion  of  the  bull   propose  to  ♦^"^.^.'""Jf^i^^;    ?\      ,.our(l  is.  lu.wever,  in  sueh  eases  t„  he 
the  report...^  othe^suKlu^dm  ^^^^  ,,^^^^j^ ,,,  „^,  ^^^^^^^^^ 

ti;,^^out'!:no.ic:i^ins;;e:;ti;;n  o?the  b.dl,  thereby  causing  turther  expense,  and  .1,1, 
out  further  oral  consuUatiou  ot  the  bo^^^^^  Association  and  the  township  mcetin, 

oo.  The  committee  o  e  ^g  'j^ll"^.  \^  ^^^\„  ^,  .^e.s  their  opinions  as  tudm,,,,,. 
are  to  be  summoned  by  the  /  "/>^^  ,'"'". '^,,,,,,  ,,^3  ,^ui.  Upon  such  opinions  the  I'iv>. 
atwhichthoreguarannualMlm^^^^^^^^^ 

^^rmaUin,  the  regular  buU  M;ect^on  tl.  ^J-^^li^'- ^^  ;^,:^'Sr;;;^^  ' 
i„  the  diirerent   ownships  .s  to^^^^  ^^  ^^  ^J^  ^^^^^^  ^^^J^^_ 

S'^The  VSuiof  Udk'^iuil^J  isto  be  entered  in  a  special  current  record  of  vi..  I 

"n^'^S^uumber'^rue;;;  ^S'uHl  «l"^^lity  «f  '^'  ^"''"^^VP  ^'"|\(^'^^"""  '''  ^''^^ «^^"«"'.  I 

(1 )  1  he  "'^'"'^^','  ppt  it.n  1    sect  ion  '2  of  the  bulls  mentioned  therein. 

"^"^.r m-  rmbe    mdrac'o  throws  and  full-grown  cUv^s  in  the  townsliip  districl, 

(2)  i  tic  numoci  •'""   .'^^  . ,     „u,„bei-  of  uuimals  belonging  to  each  race,  is  to 
whereby  It  there  are    >"^  ?"    '^liose    tl  e  m^         of  which  is  to  ],e  stated)  for  the  cov- 
!:^i^''of 'SifuI^'^vlSs  U^p':;:;^ia  bulls  of  their  own.     These  iigures  are  to  be  j 
placed  at  the  disposal  o^he  board  'O^  J^j^  -^^^  ^„,  township's  own  mana,enieut,  or  1 

.  ^''  ^^''''':^  n,  d"bu  1  ke  Sc'r  ■  or'    ilir  without  the  purchase  of  the  bulls  at  the  u- 
SZ^tR^S^^^^'^l^^nrav^rn^^-^  contract  lor  buU-keeping,  .c, 
^74^  Mature  of  the  Stalls  where  the  bulls  are  kept. 

(-})  Nature  of  the  place  for  covering. 

((5)  Maintenance  of  the  bulls. 

(7)  Irregularities  discovered. 

(8)  Suggestions  by  ^J>';,.\';'''''i,,,,,,,   .,,,11  i„s,.ccliou  this  record  of  visits  nia.le,  with  the! 
After  tae  te"B.,ija.ono     he  u,g  U  m^  ^_^  ,^^,  ^,,,,,,  .^,^^^  ^„ ^|,^  ^,,„„. 

t^^lSSti^Siidr  ;SIli:  ^d  atterward  to  l^  reta 

dent  of  the  board  «'' '"^1«'':[:""-  ^  .„.,  ,,c,„.,„,its  as  well  ;v.s  the  giving  up  olthesamo.isl 
01.  The  fi'-'».^t'"«/\''f ,    ''    '  A-;^;",^,   \  \^^^^^  bv  him  ill  the  usual  inunm,. 

^•'iri^ieixsii^-^"'^^''^ 

re^lU^^ile'ilgu^buUin.^^ 

.i-:i:^'S^;h:^::aK 

where  there  exists  no  reason  lor  •'^"'^Pf.'^^     '^ '"  •  ,';:i^  i,,ui  inspection  are  to  he  resis-: 
00.  Proposals  lor  i^X^^U^^r^^^^^^^^^^^  '-"-■^  fronatowuship 
Sl^r ';u,"2:;int  is1    ie'i.e  ^i.:^"  wltl.  him,  which  ^  liUcly  to  cover  the  e.^eo^J 

^S^;iito=^th^^^ 

"  U'^'n^'iiemeiit  .0  .leposit  a  su.licient  amount  .or  c.ts  be  not  iul.ille.i,  the  pro.| 

pJIus  to  be  ielused  by  a  resolution  of  the  county  authorities. 


■t.S! 


e  ii'coid  may  l)i'.  made 
)y  hiiu. 

,  iM  as  a  I'lili'.  to  1k'  miuk 

I!  (si;e   liK'losuic  V),  lu 

latiuv  of  Uic  pifsuloiu, 

Is  thLTefor  arc  vcrl)a!ly 

luiiuuufatioii  ol'  tin;  1,.. 

ill,  siu'h  iiLTir.il  iiiu.slht 

[•  special  Vfasoiis  tlie  (ii- 
)t'  a  veterinary  examina- 
if  such  examination  ami 
ver,  ill  such  cases  to  lie 
i  result  of  tlie  exaiinii:i- 
ther  cxpenso:,  and  wiih- 

ad  the  townsliiii  nin'tiiis 
ir  opinions  as  to  (lie  .lime 
)U  such  opinions  the  I'lfs- 
shall  lix  llie  (iate  lor  till; 
;ard  to  the  saving;  of  ux- 

nic  time  to  make  imjiiiiy 
couipliauce  with  the  pit- 
,  and  8  of  the  preseut.dc ■ 
1  current  record  of  visits 

I  (section  !),  last  section), 
therein. 

in  the  township  distiiil, 

ionf^Ln^  to  each  race,  is  to 

to  be  stated)  ibr  the  tov- 

Thesc  ligures  are  to  be 

lip's  own  iuaua};er.ieut,  or 
ise  of  the  hulls  at  the  ex- 
i  for  bull-keeping,  ie. 


■d  of  visits  made,  with  llii' 
he  submitted  to  the  omii- 
by  the  latter  to  theprwi-j 

e  givini;  up  of  the  same,  isl 
him  in  the  usual  iiiuiiui'r. 

blisltiiiji  a  statemeutol'tliel 

•  of  the  (listrii't. 

eidaimed  and  destroyed  liv] 

the  medium  of  the  iiwynv. 
jiresident  of  the  hoiinl  dl'l 

,im  is  to  be  complied  with  j 

inspection  are  to  he  reps-l 
lal  comes  from  a  towuship I 
ikely  tocoverlheexpen-esr 

is  kept, 
isal  when  made,  statins;  tliej 

.s  be  not  fiillilled,  the  pro-| 

BS. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


751 


In  case  a  suHicieut  amount  (or  costs  is  advanced  or  I  f  1 1.,.  ,„.^^^    i 

Hhipollicial.thecounty  authorities  are  .orcquiretheVre^^K^^^ 

to  Ining  about  a  decision  witli  regard  to  it.  I'HMdtnt  ol  tiie board  o(  inspection 

It  is  lelt  to  the  president  whetlier  he  himself  will  ilcci.l..  „„  .i 
he  will  charge  another  n.end,eiHd' the  boar,lo.ns,.„t°^^^^^^^ 
he  is  to  consider  all  possible  savimi  in  travelintr  exnenws  '"*'"'"'"«  ««•     J»  «'>'»  "sitter 

As  rules  for  procedure  iu  other  reirards  llic"iii-.'vi»;i,.„l ,  <• 
applicable,  with  the  modilication  Ihatt^a    u  e       yZ  ,  ^,:tie  '"r  h'"^*  "V""'  '-^  '"•« 
turn  makes  and  decides  upon  the  examu,ati.,n  of  tile  hull  "  """''  '"  '"■'I'^'^- 

The  examinatiou  of  the  bull  can  be  made  at  (he  i.l  ,ci.  ,>c  •■    ■  i 
member,  if  Ihe  owner  of  the  bull  takes  him  Ihithel- fo!  j^u"  ur nose''''''  "'  ""'  '"'^'"""^ 

111  exceptional  cases  a  permit  maybe  i-ranlril  wi(ii,>„t  .        !'"'■■ 
hull  at  th!,  place  where  i[  is  kept,  pmvhl^Uhe    ,       n"  i,^  nUe:'",.  n ''T'"'V"';  "'"  '"" 
tion  is  Uioroughly  informed  concerning  the  bnll,  in  conse  ue     ,  ,  r  '""''•'"  "'•'l"^^" 

.horl  time  previously,  as,  lor  instance.^.t  a  recent  awarTol  ,   e,  .i   ,       ""'""""  ^'''"'  '" 

The  couulyautborities  are  to.be  inlormcd  of  thedecision  tiV,.,, 
a  statement  of  the  bill  of  costs.  'itcision  taken  upon  any  proposal,  with 

•S.i.   Upon  the  .special  re(|uest  of  a  bull-owner  the  full  boir.l  „r  i„  ,.,    .• 
upon  a  proposal  tor  a  permit  alter  the  regular  bull  ii  snecti  „  i ni     '      r''"  '"^'^'  ''^"'''''^ 
to  hear  the  cost  arising  therelrom.  ".spection,  il  the  apphcunl  is  willing 

It  is  lelt  to  thejudgiuent  of  the  county  aulliorilies  after  consnli.,(w  ,        .,     , 
nntlee  of  the  agricultural  district  a.s.sociation.to  allow   so  f^r     '      '  ''  '  """" 

Imll  inspections  to  be  held  in  certain  townships  liv  the  whole  \Zlu\nn T!"'T'^'r^?'^ 
the  cattle-owners  concerned  or  the  townships,  or   bv  v.     ,  i     ',  "'^l?«^<'»""  either 

township  corporation  are  willing  to  defray  the  expenses!  '"^^"«I"l'  meeting,  the 

Aktici.e  13. 


superior  hoard  of  inspection. 

The  composition  of  tUe  superior  board  of  in  snectiou  is  to  1,p  ,>.«.„■  i     .  j  .. 
ollieial  papers  of  the  districts  concerned.  ^  '  *"  Piomulgatcd  tlirough  the 

The  members  of  the  superior  boards  of  inspection  are  bv  direitinn  ,.c.i,„       *     .  ,  ,, 
fora;^ricuUure  to  be  sworn  by  the  county  a,  thorite's  ,,f  ih  '     ,  ."    "      'e.'j'^^"tralstelle 
the  oath  given  iu  section  15.     Members  of  the  suneriorbo     i  .t  il  .?  "' .'^•■^"•'^•":'  "«'"« 
^eijy  have^  been  already  previously  sworn,  arrr^i";-:,;;.!!^^^^^ 

.i^^l^ti^i^:^!^^^^^  of  the  superior  board 

•2,5   If  a  complaint  is  transmitted  in  the  prescribed  lorn:  (article  12  of  this  law)  the 
county  authorities  are,  m  cases  where  i)rools  are  subjoined,  h>  the  lirst  t,  V,  o  tl    ' 
the  board  of  in.spection  to  report  promptly  upon  the  compla'in'.  a..d  tS      s  n,     '""'" 
sueh  report  to  the  president  of  the  superior  board  of  insi.cction  Ibi-  fnrtliei 
the  amount  of  costs  deposited. 


it  with 
er  action,  stating 


The  corresponding  provisions  of  sections  1(!  to  1!)  are  properly  aDDlic'dd^  t 
ecednigs  of  the  superior  board  of  insj.cction,  with  the  followin..  moMlicitions- 

11)  j-articipation  in  a  resolution  or  opinion  of  the  sup.'rior  Imard  o'f  insnect 
hibited  to  those  members  who  are  at  the  .same  time  members  of  the  bond  of 
lioiii  will. h  the  contested  decision  cobjcs,  or  who  have  participated  ^is  'imZl- 
m  the  .said  contested  decision.  '  "    'i'wiki 


to  the  pro- 


ion  IS  pro- 
inspection 


(2)  I  the  permit  is  granted  in  second  instance  it  is  to  be  enforced  at  once  and  1-inde.l 
othecaiini.nt,  and  thecou.ity  auth  ,rities  are  to  be  informe.;  of  it  f..r    he  ' „„nse  „  • 
taking  urther  steps  witl-  .egar.l  to  the  costs.     I'.ut  if  the  cmplaint  i    re  e  te       hen 
without  preiudice  to  its  immediate  communication  to  the  cla  n.i         n  r      i,  f' 
..risinga  brief  explanation  is  to  Indrawn  up  and  sent  to  th;;ou;;t;;;;Uio^£*;o';^r; 

..'!'.r!""*.^\'*"*A'""''* '.',■'' ''"  '^l*^^'':  l»'"t  '-"^  <o  fix  the  costs' 

the  superior  board 
handed  to  theconi- 


the  complaint  was  iiddresscd. 

to' 
ol' 

1'' 


he  home  by  the  comiilainant,  and  theii  to  cause  the  resolution  of 
mspectio.i,  together  with  their  decision  concerning  the  co.sts  to  be  1 
umint  through  the  mayor.  ' 


-I).  The  members  of  the  boards  of 


"""I""*'^ '""""■' ■'*i'l>''''i»"' boards  of  insDPctinn  on.  ♦„ 
WeivcMor  perlorming  their  functions  outs.de  the  town'ship  di.s.riet  ^U^^Z^^ 
toceo  marks  allowance  lor  aa  entire  .lay,  an<l  a  proportional  sum  for  a  shorter  tin 


I    f 


i.y<; 


tune, 


752 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  TAUMINO. 


accordiiiK  to  «.M.tion  J(»  of  tl.o  royal  dc-ree  of  February  22,  1H41  UW  Watt  page  K!), 
bSs  the  <lelrayii.«  of  their  tnivclinf?  expenses  uecr.l.nj?  o  Heetion  4  ot  the  royul  ,1... 
cr™  Juno  M  187?.  (Ke^.  lUatt.,  i,nj:e  :n.l).  and  ...  ease  ol  tl.e.r  rema....i.K  abroad  ovw 
ni-'bt,  lor  every  niKlit  ofHUeh  ahseiiee  a  reiinl.i.rseineiit  ot  ;i  ii.urks. 

It  is  reserved  to  the  judg.ueiit  of  the  township  n.eet...j,'H  with  the  consent  of  the  district 
uoverument,  their  superiors,  to  increase  in  a  proper  way  the  allowanees  and  traveling  ex- 
nenses  of  the  membeis  of  the  board  of  inspection  in  consideration  o  the  special  conditioiiH 
of  the  district  coucerued,  or  to  fix  certain  contributions  lor  them.  1  n  the  hitter  case,  how- 
ever it  is  left  to  the  individual  members  of  the  board  of  mspeition  to  reiiuire  through  u 
declaration  to  be  f^iven  covering  the  whole  period  of  tl..;ir  ten.,  ol  olhce,  that  instead  of 
Bucli  lixed  contributions,  the  allowances  and  t.avelii.K  expenses,  according  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  lirst  section,  may  each  time  be  granted  them. 

Farriers  when  serving  as  members,  receive,  unless  by  contract  some  other  provisions 
are  a-'recd  upon,  the  usual  allowances  and  traveling  expenses  of  county  iarriers  accord- 
ing to  the  existing  regulations  (decree  of  the  ministry  ol  January  10,  IH/l,  Keg.  lilatt,, 

^' The' bills  for  allowances  and  traveling  expenses  of  membeis  are  to  be  transmitted 
through  the  president  to  the  county  authorities  for  auditing  and  payment  from  the 
township  corporal  ion  funds  or  out  of  the  moneys  deposited  i.j  advance. 

The  cost  of  blank  forms  for  permits  and  minutes  and  ot  other  writing  materials,  ixist- 
a"e  &v  reduired  for  the  boards  of  inspection  and  superior  boards  ^oi  inspection,  arc 
liliewise  to  be  defrayed  through  the  county  authorities  and  out  ol  the  township  cor- 
poration funds.  ,1  •    1       .,  V        ,v    I   ,  •  1    ^, 

"7  The  township  authorities  are,  even  belore  this  law  takes  etlect,  to  provide  thai 
coutncts  for  bull-keeping,  not  made  out  in  compliance  with  the  provisions  of  the  law 
and  tills  accompanying  decree,  be  made  to  do  so  as  soon  as  possible.  New  coutract.s not 
corresponding  with  these  provisions,  and  the  period  ot  which  extends  beyond  the  l.st  of 
May,  1HH;{,  are  not  allowed  to  remain  in  force.         ,,,,„,  ,,     „ 

The  county  authorities  are  to  assure  themselves  that  bull-keeping,  alter  the  i)iomnl- 
.'■vtiou  of  this  law,  is  carried  on  stHctly  according  to  its  provisions  and  tho.se  of  this  ac 
rommnvi""  decree.  At  thesamc  time,  however,  diinngthe  period  ol  transilion,  so  far 
•IS  Di'icticable  and  esiiecially  in  the  case  of  poor  townships,  regard  is  to  bo  had  as  niiuli 
•IS  possible  to 'local  conditions  and  to  the  difliculties  encountered  in  eliangmg  the  exist- 
'inn  order  of  things.  Whenever  in  such  eases  a  departure  Irom  eompnlsoiy  provisions 
seeius  necesssiry,  applications  are  to  be  addressed  to  the  ministry  ol  the  interior. 

Btuttgart,  Odohcr  31,  1882. 


Itliitt.,  page  y,',), 

of  tlio  royul  dc- 

iiiiiK  ubi'uad  ovi;r 

n\i  of  the  district 
iiiul  travt'liii}!;  cx- 
ipecialconditioiiH 
latter  case,  linw- 
Kliiire,  tliroufiha 
i,  that  instead  of 
rding  to  tlie  iiro- 

1  other  provisioiiy 
y  iiirriers  accord- 
H7.J,  Keg.  JJlatt., 

)  be  transmitted 
lynicnt  from  the 

tl  materials,  (wst- 
M'  iiispeetion,  art' 
the  township  for- 

b,  to  i)rovide  that 
.isions  of  the  law 
<ew  c'outnii'ts  not 
beyond  the  1st  ut' 

alter  the  iironmi- 
l  those  of  this  at- 
'  transition,  so  far 
o  1)0  had  as  niiuli 
lanniiij";  llie  exist- 
mlsory  provisions 
u!  interior. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


753 


DOMESTIC  ANIMALS  IN  BAVABU. 

[Report  byCo„,ulHa,.per.ofM....,,„,j 


The  results  of  the  ireneril  Pn.,«*i 


County  ilislricts. 

Upper  Baviiria /(  1883 

I  i  187.3 

Lower  Bavuriii /     IHKJ 

; 1    I8r;j 

Pulatiimte  f    l8.s;5 

I  '  1873 

IppcrPalaliiiatc f    1K8.J 

1     I87.J 

IpperFraiicotiiii f    I88,'(  i 

<  I     1K73 

M><(lle  Fraiifoiiiiv )     188,'! 

(     1873 

L.  \ver7raiicoiiia /     I8,8;{ 

I     1873 

Sua  MB f  i  1883 

\'.  1873 


(     1S.«3 
\     1S73 


101,110 
101,  ,37 
31,0H(i 
71!,  aw 
■'!•'!,  sii'i 
:u,im. 

l«i,0|3 

15, '.VM 

(i,  ilSl) 

<>,  :.'oi 

ffi.  2sl  t 

aj.iict ; 

I0,7(i.-,  ' 
17,111 

64,  W2  j 

5.-).  m 

3T.S,,V.O 
3!0,2;» 


3.  '«'i,  433 


1.  '"'il.^sii 
1. 317,1173 


1,071,778     ofTp; 


JiECAPITL'LATUXV. 


I'pper  Ravariii f  1883 

,         „  (  1S73 

Lower  Havana...  /  IshS 

„,..  I  IS73 

™atiiiate <  IH8.3 

,,        „  ,               (  1S73 

l-PperPuhitiiiati' f  1,>»83 

,.        „                       "(  1S73 

••PpcrFrancoiiia /  1s.h;! 

)  ls",3 

Middle  KniiKoii ill                              (  I.sk'j 

,         „                  I  1S73 

i-owertniiiciuiiii (  I,s,s,3 

S-""!" I \    l^ 

}     1873 

Total f    18,8.3 

____  (     1873 


HI, 
111, 

73, 


.3.V» 
21  !l 
Ul    ' 

is7 


■W,  8C'J 
31,0»i.J  I 
17,0.53 
lii.iiTiO 
N,J(I8 
7,  7(18 
2!t,  KH 
28.  2.-.;) 

1",  2!I2 
.^!',  780 
.VJ.,38.8  , 

3ii2,0KS  :' 


l!l.r.37i  I 

<i2.5,(;(i.-, 

■'■)2i,ii27 ; 

512,811  I 
-•17,m.9 
221,8.31 
3l(i,2.')l   I 
■H7,270  , 
2i;2,  ItJK 
27'.i,(K)'.)  I 

•'«Ki,^,88 ; 

2W7,8!I7  i 

2V2.41I  ; 

297,007  ! 
■l'>8.577  , 
■18.'^,  058  ^ 

3,  021. 920" 
3,066,a.M 


-■17, 7ii| 
211-1,1,',!) 
15), 'IM,"-, 
202,  .'xi  J 

37, 1-;;.  : 

33, !f,7  i 
112, '.Nii;  , 
129  719  , 

lA.  1)7 

l^.'5,(i,^s  i 
-'i5.,s'.s  : 
221,  imi 
H5,r,i() 

152,  123 
Is-'),  1,5 J  i 
I9<.l,ti90 

1.178,  UH    ' 
1.312,190 


Ml,0.')O 

I08,.V.M 
!!'3,tU3 

IVi,  .jiij 

72,  .5.3-. 

5(i,  "C.i^ 
I3i,0<i<i 
I2.>,110 

77,  .306 

70,071 
191,7.52 
121.287 
171,1,T0 
M(',,M.H7 
lllti,K38 
81,1(H 

•'..OitlTJlir" 

•'*72, 098 


12,304 
12,  (i9:> 
15,G(i.5 
17,511 
■19,724 
•31,  .502 
l'i,,392 
II,. 521 
■10,  .3,50 
31, 8f,7 
3<i,.525 
32,855 
■l!l,712 
•38,800 
8,90a 
8,087 

219^ 
Ifl.J,881 


it 


764 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


.     1  f  i».ta  tnhln  Hhows  that  the  immbcr  of  neat  cattle  decreased  somewhat; 

A  glance  ^^^  ♦^jf^S.lUSV  X  number  of  horses  hM-^  increased  «  tritle;  thenum- 

.  I'er  oTgo^tL  ha^^Tsri^Sa^^  -  '^^  --'-  "'^  ^°««  '"^  ""  """""""* 

""  rV    .v.n„«,in.,  table  shows  the  relative  comparison  of  the  extent  and  charact.    nf  the 
chinget^n'mL*,:  of  sSiud  the  per  central  increase  and  decrease  u.  IHH.as  ..g,u„st 

1873: 


Hones. 


Xciitcal- 
,       tie. 


Sheep.       IIoKH.    I    Goutu, 


Upper  Bavaria 

Lower  Hiiviiriii 

Pulutliuiti" 

Upper  I'liliitiiiiite,.. 
Upper  I'ruiuonin.-- 
Midille  I'riiiicoiiiii., 
Lowtr  Kruiiconiu  . 

gimbiii 

KingJoin 


..*. 


(  Per  cent.  ; 

'      + 

ti.i  1 

+ia.4 

_ 

0.0 

:{: 

0.0 

o.s 

'  + 

s.o 

2.3 

+ 

0.0 

+ 

a.u 

Percent  I  . 
—1.0  i 
+  1.7  I 
—1.9 
—0.3 
-.1.0 
+  1.0 
-1.9 
—3,4 
—1.3 


cent.  ' 

Pvrcenf.  ' 

—15 

+30 

-2:1 

+25  1 

+  10 

+27 

-13 

+  6 

—25 

+14 

—  4 

--67 

r^ 

--17  : 

--27 

—12 

+25 

Per 


-  3 
-U 
+15 
+  13 
+  16 
+  11 
+20 
+  10 
+13 


This  r  rf  Tin.:;^o;^^^r;:n^ef  ^  wiS^  ^'Ll^^nmSr  a^;f  ks;: 

?rtro    up  :^  SS^rUppL- I'iiii^^  Snabu.  from  one-tenth  to  one-half  of  1 

percent     and  in  Middle  1-ranconia  and  Upper  Frauconia  5.V  to  Oi  per  cent.    Ihem- 

iTPn-io  ill  the  whole  Kingdom  amounted  to  3  per  ctnt.  ,•„.,, 

Xe    umber  of  neat  cattle  increased  in  Lower   Uavavia  1  per  cent.,  and  in  Mul.Ue 

FrLicona  1  l.er  cent.,  whereas  there  was  a  moderate  decrease  in  the  o  her  distru'ta, 

w    ,rn.' in^Suabia  t<,  over  3  per  cent.,  and  in  Upper  I'ranconia  to  nearly  G  per  cent. 

In  the  whole  Kingdom  the  dccrea.»e  was  a  little  over  1  per  cent 

VheciT  avt"  aeerciise.!  evervwhere  except  in  the  I'alat.nato  where  the  increase  was  10 

^^'^'^''.''/'''^m;'' f 'Jrl"  so  in  Upper  Frauconia  and  Lower  Havana  was -i,,  per  ceut,.  iu 

per  cent     1  he  l'';^;^'^^';  '"  > 'ijp'r  I'alatinato  1 :!  per  cent.,  and  in  the  other  districts 

LT"4prcent  tr7  p^;  ;ent.''l"t^  whole  KiuUm  the  decrease  reached  1.  per 

''^The  increase  in  the  number  of  ho-s  is  lar^c  in  all  the  districts,  amount  iui^' in  .MM,1I,. 
Fraiico  ia  to  .-57  ..ercent.,  in  Upper  lUvaria,  P.iU.tuiate,  ^uabia,  and  Lo.vcr  Uavuna,  .',, 
L"  0  per  cent  in  Upper  Franc.Hiia  and  Lower  Frauconia,  M  o  1<  percent.;  I,, per 
ralatiiC  (i  pe    cent.^    In  the  whole  Iviu.^donj  t  he  uu-reaso  was  -o  per  ,ent 

X  umber  of  ^oats  was  augmented  in  all  the  districts  except  prr  Bavana  and 
Lower  "iva  b,  where  the  decrease  was  3  per  cent  and  1  per  cent,  i he  mere..*  in 
Lower  F  u  conia  w.us  -8  per  cent.,  and  i.i  the  other  d.sr.cs  Horn  per  cent,  to  1(.  per 
cen       The  increase  for  the  whole  Kinu.lom  amounted  to  1.5  per  ■  wit 

The  decrea.se  in  neat  cattle  has  been  more  than  compensate,  l,y  the  miFOvemen  of 
stock  i    breed,  size,  and  value,  and  the  firmers  preter  to  keep  tcwerau.   better  «tok. 

The  dS^sc  in  sheep  is  partly  owing  to  the  low  pnee  ot  wool,  the  chai.gu.^'  ot  pas- 
ture into  arable  land,  and  similar  causes.  ,,.,       • 

The  r^nid  increase  in  hog.  is  due  to  a  larger  consumption  and  high  prices. 

re  increase  in  goats  i.uu-  be  attributed  to  Ihe  fact  that  marriage  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Twusehold  is  now  more  easy,  and  the  working  people  keep  one  or :  ore  goats 
for  milk,  as  it  is  not  necessary  for  them  to  possess  and   or  their  nourishmeut. 

Population  of  the  Kingdom  ot  Havana,  -'->^t  .,O0J,(.U0.^^  ^^^    ^^^^^^^^   ^^^^^^^ 

United  States  Consulate, 

Munich,  .May  Vi,  1B33. 


^^^ 


UPpJKME.Vl. 


765 


JgM. 

Qonta. 

cetil. 

Per'tnt. 

+*) 

-3 

+■^5 

-U 

+27 

+15 

+  « 

+  13 

+  U 

+16 

+ft7 

+11 

--17 
--27 

+28 

+  10 

+23 

+13 

Suppi 

OU  till'  (I 


8P    EP  AND  h  IGS  IK  TWT?  TTwro^T.^ 

A«  IHE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 

V  to  my  rt'port  01  tattle  i        r 
"•  '""■'^''  "'■^heep  aud  pi«s  o.  ,  .^tUl^'"'  '"^^^^t  the  followiug  aotea 


B.tKBr      or 


I*. 


V    th  the  except  w,a  of  tho  mouniaui 
puM    '■nturyeveniu«rethauBriti-,  cftt.i        ( 

"'•;£  s;;:.*:i'?L"iiirr™TT  "';'•  ■ "     ""°  '■■"•'"'""■  ""*'"'"  '"»'-■■"" 


"»S^«^Ks,^S«™?^!;: 


I  h 


ri    /•  * 11.    '"', '•'""^'iiK  witli  other  k 

I  lie  (nf.swokl  l)ree(l  can  no  doubt  i.riU-..,      ,  • 
most  other  breedM,  and  it  is  L'enoi-iii.r  .i         ""    "'*  diuiu  to  antiimit./  f„_  u  ^ 
nana,  to  the  .sheep  cotes  o„t  To  i^^^;i;»"        '""•  the  CV,.  n-o  .1  *  r/^a^hiU?     '  "'!'" 
tlun  nny  other  variety  in  the  Kin  do  n    l  "  '^'T'     '^"^'^'^  -^l^' "p  havj"  .trj;-"^  "« 

shoahlens,  while  their  heij-ht  niak  rs  t     '     '     -  '''y  '""«  -'"il  broad    nvr  ,h,  ''™: 

l.e  the  ease.     Cotswolds  have  1).:.,,  so         i  '■'"'"■  '""■■"  i'"P"sinK  l  i      Vvo,    f,    "''  ""'^ 
liittea  durinji  the  present  (rn     n  that  "•'^^'■°'"'' '"  ^V'u, „.",',„,    "    l";".'^'."V'«e 

Leicester  blood  took  place  in     a  ■.in-        ""  "  "  «'-'"^'''''  "Pi^.     i  t     t  i"  .•'""*"'"  *« 

uld.     Draft  ewes  are  sometimes  1  ,1  t  '""""''  ^^•''i'"  ''''"i  ele\. ,,      tf.         '''  '"""■ 

tlut  he  has  know.i  i.istS     ,,'/'. -'V''^*  "'i''-'''^  ""'•  -Mr.  -5  u  Co    ,n.  n  ,''  '"""^''^ 

pounds.  The  native  home  of  tli^  Iree  wV  '"'"  ''^■''  "^■'^^'■";  bo-et'.!  '  .^^  f '^l'  ^ '! 
t;!on<:estershire.  Afterwards  thev  e^^  d  rthen,";'-'"^'"''"""  "^i  C  Sa',  "!;  ^ 
lonntu's.  csjiecially  Oxfordshire    \Vor<es   ..     "'  ■"^i'^^'-'^  very  niueh  into  the  n,  i  'i  '" 

lieen  received  trom  Mr.  II.  ].  JClwes   ,,r   V>r?'"'"''V'"«  ""^es  (inehnure  Vo   1  ^i  ,, 
i"  ^vlueh  he  alludes  to  the  origin  or'u,  brS'"?'''    "'^'  ^''''•'''■"l'=''''   Ulouce  te  s  Irl' 
niilty,  nature  of  soil,  &e.     This  ^^hi;Wo  ^^ J  nrtunT'h  ^""  '''""''^^l'   £t: 
l.osses.scvsKreat  n.entsin  respect  to  in.poriat       as      'w  "'  •'^''^•^'1',  it  may  be  noted 

wool      Ihee.xeellenceof  theeross  hetwe.'    C  n t,-'  ""  ^'"^  '■"^"^'  "'"their  meat  .ml 

.c  ers  of  the  Ox.ordshire  Down,  7^^"^    IJ^'  '^^^^  «"-!>  i^  aekno^l:^ 'l!^' 


snitable  lor  Jabri.s  tor  rou-h  wear.  -  —  ■  -^  — "ug  anu  aurable 

'''*'<'io;<-^  produced  between  Merinos  aud  (•„'««„n    i         •    , 
13  a  pure-bred  Merino  at  two  vears      Vvn  ,;.      ?''^  ''"'''''  '**  >»«ivier  at  a  year  old  ihn,. 
Cotsuold  breed  as  making  a  k"  cX  i^d  '!"'","'"'':  ^'>'  ^''  •^•»1'"  I^a\S  ere  it^ha 

'.reed  which  he  luus  ..ompared  w  ith  he  n'  Laml  v'';'"  ""'  "'  '"'"'  ^l'='»  'l*^-^  any  other 
•mmths  old  The  Cotswold  sheep  bea,^  cold  sZl  T  ''■'''  1"^"''  ^''''  '"■«'^'li"«  at  eS 
}^'ar  round.  From  .51)0  ewes,  the  mZlu^vTllTv  ''  •"  ^^l•^"8'i•^l'  dimale  all  Se 
counted  when  weaned      Th,.  <t«..«i    J"""""."'  Wi-  l-lwess  lock  is  (JOO  tn  ()-,n  ,      ,  *- 


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Fhotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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756 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


ing  with  specimens  from  Gloucestershire,  a  result  that  might,  however,  happen  from  the 

superior  grazing  qualities  of  the  Norlblk  pasture. 

The  Leicester.— The  Leicester-  breed  may  be  described  as  follows : 

"The head  and  ears  are  covered  with  short  white  hair.     Some  are  rather  bald  on  the 

forehead,  but  this  is  general.'y  caused  by  their  having  been  housed.     The  ears  are  Jong 

and  thin;  the  eyes  full  and  quick;  the  chestdcep  and  wide;  the  back  broad  and  straight; 

thebone  line."  ,        .  ,.•         ^   . 

This  breed  generally  takes  the  foremost  i>08itiou  among  long-woo)  varieties.  Owing 
to  the  magical  change  wrought  by  Bakewell  in  them  they  became  towards  the  close  of 
the  last  century  the  model  sheep  of  Englard,  and  the  means  of  transforming  well-nigh 
all  the  long-wooled  breeds  iu  the  Kingdom  by  bringing  about  bettor  quality  and  more 
symmetrical  proportions.  At  the  present  day  really  pure-bred  Leicestera  are  somewhat 
limited,  many  of  the  Yorkshire  llocka  being  crosses  with  the  Wensleydale  to  increase  the 
size  and  make  the  flock  a  better  rent-paying  one,  although  the  blood  is  less  pure  than 
that  to  be  found  in  the  midland  counties.  In  Scotland  and  the  i^orthof  England  "Bor- 
der Leicesters  "  are  in  great  favor.  They  are  a  much  less  symmetrical  and  far  stronger 
boned  breed  than  the  Leicesters  proper,  but  yield  heavier  weights,  both  of  mutton  and 
wool,  and  are  far  more  profitable.  Leicesters  do  not  get  so  weighty  as  sheepof  the  Cots- 
wold  or  jjincoln  br^ed  owing  to  their  smallness  of  bone,  nor  are  they  extraordinary  wool 
bearers,  7  to  8  pounds  per  fleece  being  a  good  average.  Their  wool  is  not  so  valuable 
as  formerly  now  that  Australia  sends  to  England  the  best  quality  of  merino  adapted  to 
liner  kinds  of  fabrics.  It  is,  however,  the  best  of  the  long-stapled,  bright,  coarse  wools, 
r.nd  is  used  for  making  the  l)est  quality  of  luster  yarns.  The  weight  of  wethers  from 
fifteen  to  eighteen  months  old  is  usually  from  20  to  22  pounds  per  quarter. 

The  Lincolns.— The  Lincoln,  like  the  Leicester  breed,  is  an  old  one  very  much  trans- 
forme<l  by  modern  art.  The  eld  Lincolnshire  was  a  gaunt,  big-boned  animal,  capable 
of  feediag  to  an  enormous  weight,  but  taking  a  long  time  to  accomylish  it.  By  a  prod- 
igal inlusion  of  Leicester  blood  the  modern  Lincoln  has  been ..  ade  pre-eminently  wejilthy 
in  both  mutton  and  wool,  with  a  predisposition  to  fatten  scarcely  excelled  by  any  other 
long-wooletl  variety.  Lincolns  are  best  adapted  to  the  fens  of  their  native  country, 
and  very  high  class  flocks  of  the  breed  are  likewise  to  be  found  in  Notts  and  Yorkshire. 
The  type  of  Lincoln  sheep  to  be  found  iu  the  latter  country  is,  however,  much  crossed 
with  Leicestei-s.  Wether  hoggets  feed  to  about  25  pounds  per  quarter.  Being  very  broad, 
deep,  and  compact  in  form  they  generally  outstrip  the  Cotswold  in  weight  at  tlic-  Smith- 
field  Club  shows,  and  last  December  the  heaviest  pen*  of  sheep  in  the  agricultural  hall 
was  that  of  Mr.  John  Pears,  which  took  the  first  prize  in  the  ewe  class,  the  animals 
weighing  9  cwt.  2  quarters  24  jiounds.  There  was,  however,  a  heavier  pen  of  wethers 
in  the  Cotswold  department  than  in  the  Liucoln,  Mes-srs.  Gillctt'sweighingBcwt.  Gpouuds, 
whereas  the  heaviest  Lincoln  pen  of  wethers  belonging  to  Mr.  Robert  Wright  weighed 
7  cwt.  ;?  quarters  8  pounds. 

As  wool  bearere  Lincoln  sheep  excel  all  others.  The  fleeces  average  from  12  to  15 
pounds  for  ewes  and  wethers  and  18  to  24  pounds  for  rams.  They  have  hardy  and  good 
constitutions,  they  thrive  on  bad  clayey  soils  and  where  the  land  is  wet.  Their  hardi- 
ness recommends  then'  for  increa.sed  cultivation.  In  regard  to  Lincoln  sheep,  Mr.  Mac- 
kinder,  of  Lincoln,  sends  a  record  (indosure  No.  2)  of  his  nine-months  old  lambs  weigh- 
ing 14  stone,  and  ewes  three  years  old  2(!  stone,  live  weight.  The  sheep  are  not  housed 
in  winter,  and  their  wool,  when  washed,  weighs  10  to  :50  iwunds. 

The  Ihvon  Loiu/- Wool. —ThM  is  a  breed  of  long-wooled  sheep  much  valued  in  Devon 
and  West  Somerset.  It  is  the  result  of  a  cross  of  Leicester  with  an  old  loc;il  breed 
called  the  Bampton.  The  sh-icpare  longer  and  stand  higher  on  their  logs  than  the 
Leicestei-s,  in  which  resjiect  they  .somewhat  resemble  Border  Leicesters,  ))ut  are  much 
finer  in  Iw'ne  than  the  latter.  The  carcivs.ses  of  wether  hoggets  when  a  y.'ur  old  range 
from  21  to  24  pounds  per  qiiart«;r.  The  districts  where  they  are  found  iu  tiie  greatest 
perfection  are  alwut  Tiverton  and  throughout  North  Devon  generally,  i'lso  in  the  Taun- 
ton and  Willeton  vales  of  Somerset.  There  are  two  other  long-W(X)led  breeds  to  be 
'found  in  Devon,  but  chiefly  in  the  southern  part  of  that  county.  These  are  the  South 
Hams  and  Dartmoor  varieties. 

The  former  are  considered  excellent  rent-payers,  and  yield  fleeces  almost  as  heavy  as 
those  of  the  Lincolns.  They  likewise  feed  to  tolerably  iieavy  weights,  yet  are  far  coarser 
in  bone  and  le&s  symmetrical  than  the  North  Devon.  The  Dartmoors  are  giants,  and  in 
case  of  crosses  on  the  old  mountain  Dartmoor  by  South  Ham  rams  the  fleeces  are  heavy, 
but  most  remarkably  cmirse  and  long.  The  carcaases  of  the  .beep  are  very  weighty,  but 
they  are  considered  to  Uike  a  long  time  to  fatten.  The  locality  where  they  are  found  is 
around  Tavislock  or  on  the  slopes  of  the  Dartmoor  mountains. 

The  Krntish  or  liomney  Unrnh. — The  Kentish  or  Komney  Marsh  sheep  are  gaunt,  and 
very  strong  in  Iwne,  muscle,  and  w(M)1.     The  Kent  Marshes  are  very  much  e.xposed  to 

*The  word  "pen"  signifies  3  animals  of  a  kind  taken  collectively. 


SUPPLEMENT 


757 


channel  blasts,  so  that  breerlpra  Hn,^  «  ^  • 

Kern  tho  b„ed  i,  to  2,  met  tlU,  S,w  '»f '7'  'J'"?  ''"™™".  "ut  in  »„o  „,,,  „, 

early  maturity,  the  first  prize  pen  of  lambs  omr  /l"  P'°«f  that  they  are^Sble  of 
3(juarters4  pounds,  which  far  excel  led  ZtmnHoK  ^i  ^^^^'  °*  Calmer;  weighed  4  ow? 
to  wit:  3cwt.  2  quarters  lOpounds  Tltt  ,TSeYaSr^'^"^«*P«°  of  LeicSerVmbs 
The  lioscommon.  —The  Koscommon  breed  il  o      i  u*^'  ^^"^^  ^^o  weeks  older  ' 

which  new  rivals  in  usefulness  m^t  of  S  KlhS'^'^*^  ^''P^''^^^  variety  in  Ireland 
old  lioscommon  was  peculiarly  »nnnf   i  •  ^°8"sh  breeds  of  a  similar  kin/  otl^    ^? 

by  aplentiful  infusion^f  "L^teZd'a^^^^^^^ 

are  usually  fed  ip  to  from  25  to  'iO  nnnn^  *'^"  v  marvelous.     Shearlinc;  ™^  *C    ' 

fed  up  to  40pounds  per  qSart^r     i^X   ^\  '^T^''  ^^^  ^^^t  ewes  S  som«f^^'' 
each      The  wool  is  U'de'e^grow^iS  "^Thetrefd^^'^^^^^-'S^'o^^^^^^^^ 
county  giving  its  name,  but  also  in  W^f  ivroatr   ^  r    '^  '^  ^^^  only  to  be  found  inTi? 
of  England  a  long-wooled  bree^  ^,Khf  wStmo'reHnT'^'^J  •  ^^^^  ^^  ^^  "Se  North 
a  soiiiewhat  similar  kind  called  the  Wensleydale     Sh^'  '"''*  '°  Yorkshire  another  of 
more  hardy  than  the  Leicester  with  which  they  have  lln'''^  rent-paying  sheep  and  are 
show  a  handsome  shearling  ram  of  thn  wlof ,,  ^  V    1  "^®°  crossed.    At  the  I)f  rh^  r«„  i 
son,  of  Singloton  Park,  KLa^Z^^ZtStZ  in"''  ^^'""^^^'^^  ^  Mr^^ 
animals  of  the  Devon  long  wool  and  WensTevdafe  L're'edV^r?^'''^^^^'  competing  wTh 
K'^'J?^"^  f]  P""'^^^  «f  ^«"1  the  previous  April  "  ^"^  ^^''^^  that  the  sheep 

iA(Ox/orrfM*rc.— The  Oxfordshire  breed  df«PrlL         ■. 
tween  long-wooled  and  short-wooled  varfeties     nl T r 'f-'V""  °«^*.  ^  ''^^nding  be- 
wold  and  Hampshire;  but  which  for  maiy  ylars  ^s  bv^'  ^r'^^"","^  ^^''^^^  from  Cot^ 
to  a  tolenib  y  uniform  type.     The  best  of  E  flocici  LTr^^^'l  •^''''"°°'  •'^en  brought 
Beds  and  Uant«,  but  the  breed  is  very  much  exWdln  ^  *?""•!  '"  Oxfordshire,  Bucks 
and  the  combination  of  quality  and  qnantityTn  thStn?"^  ^  '^  ^^-^^thy  character' 
that  weights  of  carcass  exceeding  30  pounds  npfn*'^'','''^''-    ^t  has  been  claimed 
froni  wether  hoggets  a  year  old,  and  coSerin^.  fi^^rl^'i"'^^  ""en  been  obU^  ned 
quality  to  the  Hampshire,  it  is  very  much  injhvorM ^''^  ^'^^  '«  J»i«y  ^^^  ofS 
f''„^f!ii^^^^«>y,  «"«>!?,  writes  t'liriTom  Sraock  of  oJf  h^^^^"'  ^l>9^^^t 
lambs  240  ewes,  and  breeds  about  10()shear]in«raniramuLn°''^'^''''  ^°^^  «heep  he 
in  Jnly  and  August.     The  average  at  which  M,?J^i!  annually  which  he  sells  at  auction 
been  A-23  9..  6rf.  each.     Many  s^t  to  Gemai  yTo  cZ ?h ''  M  '  ">^  P'^^  t^«  ^  "^^sS 
Mr  Treadwell  has  worked  this  breed  and  kent  im  thl     ^^  Merinos.     For  thirty  yeara 
tatioa  to  all  climates,  all  soils  and  sVat^i  s  ot^,,  "n.      P^'l'Sree.    He  claims  for  t  a^lT 
any  other  it  crosses,  especially  the  7£Z      "^'^°''««'"«"t.  ««d  that  the  breed  i. nprov^s 

1  he  Hampshire  or  Wilt)  hire  />oi('ms  — Th«  nri^  •     i  j- 
are  South  Wilt  and  North  Hants,  they  beK^n^'"       iH'''*  ^""'^  ^^^  Hampshire  breeds 
than  the  other.     The  HampshirekarfalsobKr*^*''"'""!  '^^  ^"^''^'^  *'  the  one  district 
Cambridge,  Surrey,  Sussex^nd  Kent  "^^  to  a  considerable  exten,     ,  Dor^t,  BeS 

fbis  breed  appears  to  rival  all  others  in  pjirin-       t.     -^  '' 

successes  m  the  show  yard  was  scored  onlv  iLf  n  i  ^"*'  ^^  ^^'■-  l^arsons's  creat^t 
where  his  pen  of  sheep  were  ad^Sed  one^  ?f  r'"*'!'"  "*  ^^^  Smithflelds  Club  stS^ 
ambs  belonging  to  Mr.  W.  xxStoifof  Berks  tJ'u^'  '"f  ^''l"^'^^^''  ^hile  a  pen  of 
2  pounds  at  the  age  of  ten  months  and  two  Sks  ^wtri  ?"  *''""."  *=^*«-  ^  W^i 
of  the  .South  Down  wethers  a  year  older  ernZHf^'ti,-"  ',*  '^  considered  that  only  one 
the  early  luaturity  of  thisbreedTSXnis,W^'%W*'  '\  •""^*  ""'  ^d^ittKat 
Its  origin  by  an  amalgamation  of  two  old  «THn  ?^'  ^^  '^•""^'^  "^  said  to  have  derived 
«h.Je  Notts,  and  subs^uent  crol^:?  Sith  S wnT'"'  *''  '""''^^'"^^  «°^°^  '^^ '^^2 
^^^^iX:'^^;^^^:,^^  to  two  very  old  bre^,  the  Long- 

amalgamated  race.     No  n.i^ l^Zll^f  1^1^:0"^- :^f  "V,"^.  ^-^^^^^-^r^  on  th'e 

■"  ^--.    Although  growing  to  ^^l^^^^^Z^S^^^  ^ 


iff 


758 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


remarkable  for  early  maturity,  the  quality  of  the  mutton  of  the  Shropshire  is  superior, 
and  only  to  be  excelled  by  t^^'^^of  the  houthaowu  .^  ^.^^  ^  ^^^  ^ 

.KS^^imSrr^^i^^i^ 
s;srsorhV^LTand\«rj^ 

^«^,EU/o.««.-The3outhaow^^^^^^^^^^ 

LrXdV^ura^eSSSSL^^^^^^^^^^^^^  This.however. 

?  rtStlble  to  change  of  P-}u-,  jt  t«  any  cro  s  of  blood.  ^^  ^  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

On  the  fertile  grass  lands  ^^  ^0™!^  Jie'^^^^^^  those  which  have  been  propu^uted 

have  increased  their  s  ze  and  l>ecome  mucn  larger  ^  SouthdoNvns  are  the  pride  of 

for  countless  generations  on  theu  naUv'^.S^ 

most  show-yards,  but  are  refe^n^ed  in  y^^^^  i„  ,^  ^^^.^.; 

''"£?aVe'L'me' g^^atks'oi-  Southdowns  in  Dorset  and  Gloucestershire,  no  less  than 

in  Sa^atir^^u^ty.  as  ^^^^^^^^^  ^iftt-body  thick  and  cyM.uhi™,, 

Their  characteristics  are  a,  foilo^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^,^^^^^  ^.^^  wool,  uhieh 

the  ears  wide  apart.     Both  th«  ^ara  anrt    ore  ^,^^^    ^j^i,.  the  che«t  wide,  deep,  and 

SS  ttTaik  fla'^o  tieliTwhich 'is  J  on  high;  the  hind  legs  are  very  fu.lon 

rtiir  It  is  -- -ShtSTrns^i^wltrth;^'  r^^^^^^^^         valuable  papers  as  in- 
On  the  subject  of  Southdowns  Itransumw  ..g^t,,^io,^,j  gheep,  their  history, 

closures,  first  (i°<^»o«»»^«  ^?V  fH  ^  ^^  iSy  Woocls,  of  Merton  Thetford,  before  the 
brenlingand  u,auagement  ^^^^^^^y^J^'^K^S.^^^^^  Museum,  March,  1884;  and  second 
Institute  of  ABiiC-ilture^at  the  houtli  Kcus^^g^  ^.^  ^^.^^^  ^ 

(inclosure  No.  4 ).  a  paper  on  ^o'  tMov> ns  ana  v.a        j       Southdowns. 

er<2«'bfttS;Xlo^^^^^ 

hardy  and  «««/,"    "".'j^^^^^ ^^i^^^^^  faces^l  legs,  with  long  donkejAar. 

al«j  louna  '!^,^^}i'"^^^^^^^  improved  of  late,  probably  by  the  impress  of 

lu  West  huftolk    1  ey  haNt  b^^^^^^^^  ^  ,      ^^n^^ved  them  a  wether  and  lamb  class  at 
Hampshire  rams.    .  ^^'^  ,^;"''  .^;;;;,  ^^a^^^  in  a  formidable  appearance,  sufficient  to 

the  Deceml^r  show,  am  ^>«  ';">;'^^,,X  „?e  not  delicient  in  early  maturity.    The  heav- 
S^:^  iSVhow  r '1^'  of  Mr.  K.  Tyson,  of  .ilverley,  Newmarket,  wLich  at 

briir£^(^es.r.I.;j^t^om^ 

tiou  of  the  same  'I'^t"^^  "  ^^m  k^  a  ^n  t^^slopes  of  Quantock.  below  Bridgewater. 
are  some  good  >^"-^'7^J'"«  /  j'^.^'l^^.^enU^  twh.s  an.i  triplet-s  at  a  birth,  and 

The  ewes  are  remurkably  V^'^'^.^J'^^^^^^^^  This  b.i.s  been  the  breed  always  chiellv 

with  go^Kl  feeding  -'»  P^"' ^.'.^^V  ™  riambs.  Dmft  ewes,  after  having  be^n  put  to 
depended  ui>o.i  in  ^^'^  P"^  "\  ["^^"w^^^^^  i„  Octolx-r  and  panluused  by  Herks  an,l 

a  Southdown  ram,  are  ''^""K  ^^^^^  ^o  Iv  ve  them  lamb  down  in  Noven.l)er  and  Decem- 
Horne  Count.e^  lanners,  ^^''OP^'^'^'^^.^'^'V  '*;;;;,,,,,  ke  goo<l  weights.  .Mr.  1  lerhert  Far- 
^.^tX^^^^i^^^^^^^  rvSiiTtt  late  sfnithtieMsbow  scaled  7  cwt.  .3 

really  a  mountain  l>ree«l.  |"  "^^^''^^P'^i'^^t'uey  ^,ve  no  horns.  The  faces  are  large 
as  follows:  They  are  prol.bc  and  goo^  nurn^^  ^^^^^  prominent;  the  ear. 

and  whit*,  Y/^'^^'^TJuh, '.^^^.  Xche^^  Their  thick  wool  makes  them  very 

a;"\t  w^^":sh:rUiSni^diSn^;uality,  but  with  go«l spinning  ..tialities.    It, 

J^^trXl^l:^^^^^  "-  l.-k  sheep  -ronndl  the  lower  Soo.t.sh 


SUPPLEMENT. 


759 


hills.     Originally  tho  carcase  weiaht  nf  Ch^r,;  . 

quarter,  but  now  from  18  to22pounds nprnnli?    .^^.^^^ed  seldom  12  to  15  nnnn,i»  ^ 

hunger,  and  thrive  on  scanty  food,\avn\  freouentfv^V  '^^''^^''  "^  enduring  coW  and 
get  it.     They  are  good  mothers.  '^  frequently  to  scratch  through  the  snow  ♦« 

They  have  a  shaggy  lur  and  coarse  open  wool  of  mi,i^,    , 
elined  to  curl   but  is  hempy,  and  only  fitffoi  tTe  coare^?  d  ^'°'''"?'  °'  "^^her  long,  in- 
such  as  carpets,  &c.     Tho  face  and  le^g  are  black     Thf    ^.''^"'P*^"'!  of  mannfacturS 
ami  the  females  also  are  mostly  po.^s,sed  of  horns    burs::f  i^'*^  I'-'^g^  spiral  homt 
the  muzzla  Ireo  from  wool,  the  ears  lonir  an.i  til       '  "" .  smaller.     The  face  i«   inrT™ 

nr  //erdm/ci-.-ThelleVdwicrbreed  isSiJ  t.^r'^"^'^°°^  lively-  *' 

ihood.    They  are  propagated  in  the  fells  of  CumlS'^  w'"  ^'^^  black-fa<;e8  in  hard- 
poi .  .on  of  Lancashire.  '^uiuueriand,  Westmoreland,  and  a  smsUl 

These  she.  p  are  very  active,  and  it  is  difficult  f/i  rof  •     *r. 
They  will  return  from  almost  incredible  distances  if  r„T      ,.  ^'t^^in  any  inclosure 
The  fleece  is  thick  and  .natted  together.    The  wJil  is  r„7h*  ''T  ^^eir  native  rS 
finer  ni  quality  than  that  of  the  black-faces.  ^^^"^  ^^^^^'^  in  staple  and 

Tllf    r.fllll-H. This  lirOOrl    r».irrin»^»,l    ;_  il.       ."..- 


I. 


i 

I  'i 


quarter.  '  '^"  ""  «"«"  «"««  1^"'1>  weighabout  IBpounds p^r 

ne  Exmoor.— The  Exmoor  is  a  mountain  race  nativo  t^  w  ^  c. 
Devon,  and  belongs  to  the  elevated  range,  runninij  from  AIin^hl„  i  .  ."'^'^^*  "^d  North 
to  the  Forest  of  E.xraoor.  The  wethers^un  on  thVhuTs  lor  thr-  V  "*^  *^*'"^"'  '"^"^^ 
fleeces  which  average  from  4  to  5  pounds  each.  The  onl  n.,r^^^  *""  °"'"  ^*^^'  yielding 
to  about  15  iiounds  per  quarter;  but  highly  improved  nrZ'''"°°"  '""  '^^°  fatten 
early  maturity  has  been  induced,  so  that  at  eigCen  SL";^  now  found  in  which 
pounds  per  quarter,  but  these  do  not  of  course  run  on  the  ^nnL  •    ^^^^^rs  fatten  to  18 

Otall  mountain  sheep  the  Exmooi  .  ,.e  tho  most  shan!w        n  T 
their  round  barrel-like  forms.     The^  are  short  thick  com ,!fn7      .™'°'^  ™°^«^«  ^ith 
horns  curling  downward  and  outward,  white  fiwcs  le"s  iln.iflii'!,   '  "?•  ,'"*^®  ^^o*"*  legs, 
the  wool  coming  well  up  to  the  cheeks.   .  An  excellent  S^for^A!!^''l  T  ™*^«'-  ^^^ 
of  the  Leicesters  with  tho  Exmoors.  "^  ^°'  lowland  feeding  is  that 

WMi  3Iountahiecrii.—Thia  is  a  diminutive  breed  fnnnrl  /.,„*„ 
ranges.  They  arr  a  small-horned  breed,  wild  and  S  Cf  ^T'^^'" }^^  '^^^''^^'^ 
of  tho  mountains,  thriving  on  scanty  HxhI,  and  CeedinK  on  alninn  nr!l!..  .•  .  '^^^^^P^^ts 
no  doubt,  are  the  sources  of  the  tine  flavor  of  Welsh  Zftnn  .^u""-'*^ ''^''^'^■'  which. 
Their  fiioes  are  usually  white,  bnt  sometimes  speckltirLrav  pf  '^^.'shly  prizedl 
the  fat  wethers  seldom  yield  u  carca.ss  of  more  tlian  40  tmnn^L  ^^f°  "*.'""'"  y^^^s  old 
weighs  over  4]  pounds  it  is  deemed  of  doubtful  purity    ^   "°''^'  "°<^  »*  »  leg  of  mutton 

A  cross  with  the  Cheviots  hiis  done  well  on  some  of  ^he  less  p1pv„*^,i  *      .     .„ 
There  is  a  variety  of  Welsh  sheep  wiUetl  the  "  Itiuluorahire  -  wS^  w'^  of  Wales. 
prove<l.    They  are  prelilic  and  excellent  nurses.     S  are  hardv  an^'  ""'^7  ^^^"^  ''^■ 
ing  mountain  storms,  while  the  mutton  is  lino  favored      Thl^uT  ^^^^ 
ranch  to  the  county  giving  its  name,  and  even  there  has  been  mm. h„''''  ^o^j^^^^l  very 
Shropshire.  "**"*  ^'^'^n  crossed  with  the 

The  Wivklow  ami  ike  ^em/.— These  are  the  mountain  breeds  nf  Tr«i„„.i  *i  ^ 
sembles  theDoreet  in  a  remarkable  propensity  for  early  Snditv  hMfn^'^'^  ^?™'''  '•^- 
in  size,  bearing  allinity  in  this  respect  to  Welsh  sheei.  The  breed i,m  T 1°""''  """'"^'^ 
Wicklow  Mountains,  but  farmers  in  the  neighborhood  of  I)nh  if.^  ^  '^^^ '""''  «"  ^he 
productionof  ear.y  lat  lamks.  Tlio  Kerrvs  on  VKll-r  imn^^  V  '^'?"  ''^^  for  the 
Ireland.  Sheep  of  this  breed  are  Wgefin  J  e  t  J  n  tl  le  WickLws 'V'  '/^  '^^  ^'''  ""^ 
boned  and  unthrifty,  taking  a  long  time  to  mature.  ^icklows,  but  very  coaree- 

ne  Shetland. —Theao  sheep  are  natives  of  tho  Shetland  and  Orkno  -  ToI     ^ 
them  are  polled,  bat  some  of  them  have  small  horns  SS  St  h^^'^T,.  ^"^^"i 
smallsize,  weighing  when  fatteneil  only  from  7  to  10  pounds  ^^r  qtrtTn  ^^  ^''  ""^ 

BRKEDS  OF  SUEKP  AT  TUB  PARIS  SHOW. 
As  regards  the  exhibition  of  sheep  at  the  Paris  show   ISHVftt  wi,ir.i, 
included  a  prize  greup  of  South.iowlis  bred  in  the  nSVo.  I'Lsmit  SwUWif  !^""' 
No..)  a  note  from  II.  Kaius  Jackson  on  the  different  bre^ds.'^ith  hisS^uVuponThe 


'if' 


•¥ 


4  1^  '■ 

."J 


760 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


WEIGHTS  OF  SHEEP. 

As  furnishinu;  a  very  complete  record  of  the  age  and  weight  of  sheep  of  different 
clns-ses  at  the  Islington  show  and  the  average  gain  per  day  m  pounds  of  the  several  ani- 
mals, as  also  the  comparative  daily  rate  of  increase  in  the  classes  lor  lambs  and  wethers 
of  the  different  breeds,  &c.,  I  forward  (indosure  No.  6)  some  tables  ou  the  subject  pub- 
lished in  the  Mark  Lane  Express,  of  December  '24,  1883. 

SHEEP  AND  MUTTON  IN  1883. 

A  paper,  under  this  heading  (inclosure  No.  7),  taken  from  the  Live  Stock  Journal  Al- 
manack, furnishes  a  very  complete  list  of  prices  at  which  the  sheep  of  the  various  breeds 
of  the  country  sold  in  the  markets  during  the  past  year. 

PORTRAITS  OF  SHEEP. 

Inclosure  No.  8  is  -said  to  furnish  excellent  portraits  of  three  noted  animals,  to  wit: 
An  Oxford  Down  rum,  which  is  considered  u  littiug  iUustratioii  ol  the  breed;  a  three- 
year-old  Lincoln  ram,  "  Hermit,"  ar-.l  an  Oxford  Down  ram,  Campsfleld,  three  years 
and  five  months  old. 


aided,  and  1 


II.  BREEDS  OF  PIGS. 

The  Berkshire  —The  J'.erk.xhire  is  a  most  extensively  cultivated  and  a  very  valuable 
breed  The  animals  are  usually  rather  above  the  medium  size.  The  prevaUing  coloris 
black  and  white,  the  white  generally  being  on  the  nose,  feet,  and  end  of  the  tail.  Some 
are  however,  almost  entirely  black.  These  differences  are  attributed  by  some  writers 
to  the  iulluence  of  either  Chinese  or  Neapolitan  blood  with  which  they  are  allied.  The 
Berkshire  pig  is  altogether  thoroughly  useful  in  its  character,  fulhlling  m  all  points  the 
reciuiremeuts  of  modern  farming.  One  of  its  great  merits  is  the  large  proportion  of  lean 
meat  to  the  fat  and  the  distribution  of  fat  and  lean  when  properly  fed.  As  a  result  of 
this  a  given  live  weight  realizes  a  larger  proportion  of  available  meat  than  any  other 
breed  The  late  Mr.  William  llewes  was  for  many  years  a  most  successful  breeder  of 
Eerkshires  having  a  favorite  sow  which  on  one  occasion  yielded  fifteen  pigs  in  the  year, 
the  produce  of  two  litters,  for  which  £150  was  realized,  the  pigs  having  been  sold  when 
quite  young  at  £10  each.     This  breed  is  especially  adapted  for  bacon  ot  excellent  qual- 

*^  The  points  of  the  improved  Berkshire  are  as  follows:  The  head  is  moderately  long, 
the  eaissomewhat  projecting,  butnot  drooping;  the  skin  has  a  slight  tinge  of  piuk;  the 
eves  are  large  and  intelligent;  the  hind  quarters  often  droop  rather  too  mucW;  the  legs 
are  short;  the  hair  i.:  abundant  and  indicates  great  hardineas  ot  constitution. 

Mr  Joseph  Saunders,  of  Sutton  Wimbonie,  Dorsetshire,  whose  specialty  is  pigs,  writes 
anclcisure  No.  9)  recommending  the  Berkshire  l-reed  as  the  li:»rdiest.  It  should  be 
noted  that  one  of  this  breed  took  the  champLon  )  ,0  at  the  last  Smithheld  show.  At 
the  age  of  eight  months  one  week  three  days  iU:     Aght  was  16  score,  or  ,m  pounds. 

Mr  Alfred  Ashworth,  of  Woodham,  Chelmsford,  bears  witness  (inclosure  No.  10)  to 
the  excellence  of  the  Berkshire  breed  of  pigs.  As  a  successful  exhibitor  and  breeder  Mr. 
Ashworth  linds  a  ready  demand  for  his  stock  for  breeding  purposes  a  fact  that  may  be 
emphasizeii  as  showing  the  extending  demand  amongst  farmers  and  others  lor  the  best 

The  Large  White  or  Yorkuhire.—Thia  breed  is  cultivated  principally  in  the  counties  of 
Yorkshire,  Lancaster,  Lincolnshire,  and  Leicestershire,  and  it  is  probable  that  it  is  de- 
scended from  the  old  English  pig.     Mr.  Ronaldson,  in  his  prize  essay  on  the  breeding  of 

''There  are  good  grounds  for  supposing  that  the  old  English  hog  with  flop  ears  was 
originally  the  onl>  domestic  animal  of  its  kind  in  the  Kinr^onj.  The  genuine  0  d  Eng- 
lish breed  was  coarse  bonetl,  long  in  limb,  narrow  in  the  uack,  and  low  shouldered,  a 
form  to  which  the  animals  were  most  prolmbly  predisposed,  from  the  fact  ot  their  having 
to  travel  far  and  work  hard  for  their  food,  undergoing  at  thesame  time  considerable  pri- 

"""a  W^Umprovement^has  been  effected  in  this  breed  by  careful  selection  and  greater 
attention  to  fWing.  It  is  said  that  Bakewell  was  the  first  to  improve  the  Leicestershire 
pigs  and  this  by  a  process  similar  to  that  which  proved  so  successful  in  the  case  of  the 


SUPPLEMENT. 


long-horned  cattle  and  the  Leicester  hIipp.,   vJ,    i  ,      . 

ar«e  coarse  animals,  aud  selecting  suclwasw.Tll..^!^  selection;  that  is,  discarding 
is  probable  that  the  first  step  in  the  i    nrnr  .?!!;Tf.'^^"'"'«^"«al  and  finer  boned 


761 


is  probable  that  the  firststep  in  the  In  ^rove  ne^t  "r^^^^^^^^  »"d  finer  boned*!     It 

proved  Le.ceeten.hire  pigs;  certain  it  is  that    tone  tSpyr''''"'^  ""^  *'>"■«"«''  ">«  im- 
rated,  and  are  described  as  "of  largo  si™   .  nnnt   ^r^H    '^ T'^  particularly  unculti- 

I.n„„.K„^.„?^^'"?°'^'  S^^^^y,  und  unthrifty;  coarse  in  the 
f 'lL!!:T".^.^'-k«^--B^l  havesoine  of 


vated,  and  are  described  as      ,.  .„,™  „,,„ 
quality  of  meat,  flat-sided,  and  huge-boned 


\      ,•'       : — _.,_^„«  o'v.,.u,  uiiu  uuge-ooneu  " 

the  characteristics  of  the  original  breed,  viz  a  Ion.,  ,-".-"—""«'=""  nave  some  or 
ears  very  long  bodies,  but  narrow  iu  proportion  i?th«  Ik ''"rS?°«*°«  '*°*^  drooping 
sided  and  the  hind  quarters  usually  drZ  The/nn  uT^'  ^^^^ ^'«  therofote  fiat- 
are  therefore  usually  kept  till  they  attain  their  -nn-^r  ^u'^'^rtn**  ^"'^  maturity,  and 
size  and  their  meat  is  specially  suitabb  for  curiiu  LCn  "     V^^  '^'''  "^^''^  ^^'^'S^ 

Mr.  Sanders  Spencer,  a  breeder  of  hiirh  r      !  *^  ^  "^"'^  ^''^^- 

classes  at  the  best  English  shows,  and  tfie  honor^b^I  J^f/.^^K^^''^''''  J^^^e  in  the  pig 
ciation,  writes  (inclosure  No.  11)'  that  the  deS.i  f^r  ,,1  T  V^^  l^i^-breeders'  aJLo- 
that  he  no  lonirpr  mmr^t^  ^^  41-1 ....    ""«  uemand  lor  his  l)reed  of  pigs  has  been  such 


MiLML 

^ 

very  capital  one.     "This  bTe^d;  f  ^aTher^VeTrd '  we^e'^otihV  "^''^'•g^^Wte  "  breed  a 
tiona  summer  exhibition  at  Hamburg  in  jX  laTt  wb^™  *i^'"''*=*^'^"'  attheinterna- 


„.>.  .^^j  «.^.v...     xucj.  cuuiuiue  aptituae  to  fa 

out  coarseness,  and  hardiness  of  constitution  ThoV  nr«TrA-C"rr"**i'"'"''->'  *"  "^"  ^ith- 
lilic  than  the  small  white  breeds,  and  they  are  c^^lHr  ^''^f^,^^>  being  more  pro- 
in  characteristics,  sometimes  appioachiuK  the  Unr^r.^^  .■  ^^^^  "^^  "  80«(l  deal 
and  may  be  said  to  be  more  fitted  for  bac^on  than  f  r  °  rk  '^'  ""^"  ''''''''''' 

As  observed  by  Mr.  Sanders  Spencer  ^ii<.  i«  n««o vi'    ^ ' 

ms,nall  v>kl.-TMs  breed  SE^Tom  "^brtewhu:  ^n  f  '"*  ''  '''^^''■ 
animals  have  very  short  noses,  slightly  turned  un  t hpi^p.^  1""^  respects.  These 
w.ard,  and  may  be  termed  "  prickears  "  The  bodv  s  p.1  T  ?if  ""P  "^^^  ^'^^^^  ^or- 
which  is  usually  mther  long,  but  in  some  cases  t  is^thiok  Inf 'iT'  '^  ""^l^^  ^^'t«  l^'^i^ 
ever  is  generally  rather  delicate  in  consSiin  and  wiH  Vot^bear^'^'' ''''''''  ^•"^- 
shoulders  are  %-ery  wide  and  full,  the  back  straicht  the  T■^n  i"  .  ^  exposu-e.  The 
deep  and  square.  The  bone  is  fine ;  the  carcass  fs  thick  ,  n^n  T*  ""^  '"»^'  *^«  '^gs  are 
The  small  white  breed  possess  a  wondorlXa^  tude  to  'fattT  '  '*"'l  ^^-y  ^y^nietrical. 
often  are  almost  hi.lden;  but  there  is  an  undue  pronortirn  If  .'  .  ™"'^  '**  ^^"*  *''«  ^y^^ 
le..n.  This  breed,  however,  is  extremely  usSlTr'^rils  „f/J  h,'?  comparison  with  the 
rieties  of  pigs,  and  they  generally  improve  the  nudUv       1       ,  ^'''^*''  ^"^  *=«""er  ^a- 

TAcSH/yo/A-.— Thesepigsareof  a  small  black  brppH  wbIi  ^  *  .  •  ,.  , 
the  abundance  of  which  indicates  that  they  p^eiToll  iL  n  k'^  with  long,  soft  hair, 
and  slightly  turned  up.  and  the  ear.  are  sho'^H^oiSrib  SThp  T'**^  ,T^  *^  ^^°" 
cellent,  the  back  is  straight,  the  tail  is  set  on  Wb  ^n,i  fi,  '  ^  «  'onlders  are  ex- 
panvllelogiam  and  very  syii'imetricivl.  The  skin  ifnoraJto  ,^^^^^^^^^  form  is  that  o  a 
They  pcssess  great  aptitude  to  fatten.  P*  ^  '^^^^^'  ^^ '«  so'"e  breeds. 

Mr.  .T.  A.  Smith,  who  acted  as  delegate- iudse  for  the  Fn.riioi,  n      ,  .     • 
ciety  at  Hamburg,  and  has  taken  many  mize^  wr  LlVi.    i  °  ^  S"^''''  ^^g"cnltural  So- 
his  breed  of  Suffolk  pigs,  and  ^lyrthat^  he  mea^^^  '^^l-^'  "»  reference  to 

to™  he  farms,  is  fi%  degrees?  burner  tomSu^eS"^^ 

grees.    This  indicates  a  goSl  climate,  but  tirSes  cuf  Imrd  vl^p^^f '  TJf '  ^""^  •^^■ 
respect  to  the  district.    They  probabh-  refer  il  n  n.r«t  i  ^  ''*'  accepted  as  exact  in 

to  Tr.  Smith-s  preference  fol  E"  oVrthiS  pilf' Tle'bl™  tw^he  f"  "  ''".^^' 
exposure  to  the  sun's  ray.<.  when  fee<ling  better  than  the  latter  '^^'  *'**''** 

pigs  are  deficient  in  hair™  tlieTskin  is^  ^kj^^tre^ato  v^^^^^^^^^^^^  ''^^^ 

symmetrical,  and  they  ix>asess  a  great  aptitude  toKLn^rSt^^^^^^^^ 

noses  and  legs  are  short,  and  the  animals  are  usually  very  liand^fe^  '*'^^'  *^^"" 

Impmrd  E^c.-There  is  a  great  similarity  be^tween    he  Sex  and  Doi^et  l>ro«, 
both  evidently  possessing  a  gocxl  deal  of  the  Neapolitin  bhJiV    tL,         ^!^\  ^'^^' 
Es^x  have  n.ther  longer  heads,  with  straighterZe    ^^mSat  ilJuLTt    Y^     T^' 
and  have  not  much  hair.     Their  aptitude  to  iatten  'is  eS  ve     tZv  „       'I'  ''''T' 
handsome  in  every  rtepect.  "'neu  is  txcessive.     1  hey  are  extremely 


U^.i-i 


'l  ^1 


1 

4^ 

i 

m 


762 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


Tamu>orih.-ThiB  in  a  breed  whose  chief  diBtingaished  characteriatic  is  that  the  color 
i8  red.     They  are  very  hardy,  "fj}?*  P'«^-.  .„  y.■..^^  ^jth  coarse  bones,  very  hardy,  and 
/n«/..-The  native  pigs  of  Ireland  »'«  ^J'^^flfXl  Iobk  strong  hair    some  are  white, 

The  foregoing  notes  on  the  ^"""us  breeUs  ot  sm^p  an    l  g  En&land,  Sir 

scriptive  volume  on  the  sheep  and  pigs  ot J^reat  """!'V\";  jj^'^eferretl  to. 

bound,  and  superbly  illsutrated  ^Ji^^/JXnV^  t'o^^yi"? «"^^^^^^^^^^^  ^''''^'  "^ 

The  foregoing  observations,  with  inclosures  accompmij'iuK, 

sheep  and  pigs  may  be  found  of  service  at  home.  ^    ^    MEKRITT. 

Consul-General 

United  States  Consvlate-Gknekai,, 

London,  Manh  "25,  lei54. 


CO'rSWOLD  SHEEP. 

REPORT  BY  II.  T.  KUVES,  COLESBOR^'E  PARK.  CHELTESirAST. 

[Inclosure  No.  1  in  Consul-Geueral  Merritfs  supplementary  report.] 

,  .  ^  1  •  »  ^#  M.o  «iflpst  iii  EnKland.  and  its  origin  is  lost  in  obs^curity,  at  any 
This  breed  is  one  of  *'»«  "If^f ' ;"„|r°fi"7„nc  wooled  sheep  three  centuries  ago,  and 
rate  the  district  was  a  ^^^^^"^^iXri  Leicester  rams  were  used  to  correct  the  .:oars(. 
though  in  the  beginning  of  t^f/«°\°'^,i^^'^^„a^er  •„  England,  except  the  Southdowu, 
ness  of  the  native  bree<l,  ^^^^^^ '^.f^^^f^^'i^y  f^^ck  The  Cotswold  Hills  are  a  poor,  e.- 
so  like  in  general  appearance  to  is  or  B'""^  «^'-'-  ^^^  ^^^^^^  ^as  spread  into  Norfolk, 
posed  district  in  the  west  of  ^Jf^l-^^^y^^  niore  or  less  when  .removed  fro.n 

South  Wales,  and  other  !»'*'♦?> /'^^"^'^f/^t^e  ^[Xcold,  clayey,  aud  sticky  in  winkr; 
its  native  hills.  These  consist  most^^  l"™JtS  never  finished  before  October;  lami 
raiu-fall  ^eavy,  Irom  30  to  45  .ndi«i,  har^e^    geological  formation  is  o<ilite  limestone, 

Sh  it'L^^frSSl^s^m'^J  iSfnU'S^  wool  is  not  ,uite  so  line  on  account 
of  the  inferiority  of  the  soil  and  climate.  instances  on  record  of  sheep 

The  size  of  old  mms  -  « J;;^ -™«^,,  s^kinnXnrdrS^.     The  onlinary  weight  o'f 
weighing  trora  80  to  90  pounds  per  ^^^^^^  ^.^  ,^^^  .vetheis  fed  by 

sheep  a  year  old  ^hen  they  are  iwaal^^"^^  j  weightVat  twenty-one  months  old, 

myself  hf^^^  weighed  upto  JJ  PO«°«i^I^^  q^^^*  „f  this  breed  at  the  Islington  show  in 
and  my  lambs  which  took  t''^  ^"P, ^  ";„i^a  ^^l  20O  to  206  pounds  each,  and  the  (lend 
December,  1883,  ^eighetlahv^at  ten  montl^som^^^^^^^^  ^.^.^ 

weight  was  33  to  34  P«'^°'l='J^„^,^"'^^'i^7i  ^^  „"°ewes,  about  10  pounds  per  fleece,  clean 
The  wool  averages  througha  whole  fl<^kma,xaint,e   e  ,  j^     ^^  ^v^       ^^^^^ 

washed,  but  individnal  ^^^e^P^X^' Xf^'^JS     hor^girthsanJ  Mankets,  and  is 

Sh^A^preSn^tfmt^^^^^^^  '-  than^*'-  ^^^  ^'^^'^  "'  ^^'■ 

Shropshires,  having  a  tendency  to  prcHluce  ^^  .^^  ^^  Lincolns  or  Leices- 

SS^SCctS  ^itSSbT^s'^htb  are  dedcieut  i^^irly  maturityand  fatten- 
rn?;u:J£UperU.themost^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

AH  the  finest  cross-bred  sheep  '^Jf^X^'^:^Z,J  ^nd  it  hxs  been  proved  that  the 
produced  from  Hampshire  ewe«  by  a  ^^^^^^^^  „;^™' ^.^r  d^  than  pure  Merinos  at  two 

^roes  between  iI«"'»V;;°'^  ^"^HmJCrmuch  h^^  Sandy  districts 

years  old,  the  wool  at  the  ««7  t^i-nej^ing  mu^h  n^  1  ^^^^  ^^  ,re  never  shel- 

Z:^X^^^^^^^S^^^  endure'a  great  deal  of  cold  withont 


SUPPLEMENT. 


763 


injury,  the  Inmbs  when  (luite  youun  beini:  nlwavo  aii„^   i  * 

their  uiothers,  uud  are  healthier  wlfen  so^jSuhan  whl''  'ZT-  '°  ^^^  ««'"«  ^»th 

(ira88,  clover,  an.l  sainfoin  are  thc*rind,v  iL"  ,hr  m      ™'  *"^'*  "'  '''^«- 
vember;  hay  and  turnips  in  winter,  an.l  t  j  4i.Z  .  r.   ^'.T  ^l'^'^  *"«>•"  M«y  "'1  No- 
that  Cot«wol,l8heepn}a,lea  ureat^r  an,    Ser  Iturnl^.^^^^^^  Lawes's  experin.entn 
other  breeds  which  ho  tried  against  them  ""^  *^®"'  '^°»**  than  any  of  the 

rnrchasera  of  Cottswold  sheen  (or  cxjKirt  slmni.i  i  .  , 

ran.8  got  up  for  show,  as  these  olten  sS  on  1  V"'"''  °°^  ^  ^""^  ''^'^  ^'^"'y.  &» 
an.l  climate  more  than  ranUan.bs  or  year  olVs  ,e.l'  "r°''^""'V'''*''  the  change  ol'food 
jainbs  are  preferable  to  older  rams,  a.s"thev  are  liLrimir  „  ""  "°f?'"B  with  inferior  sheep 
dKuse  and  are  fully  fit  for  breeding  at  e^t  miff:  lu^^^^.^hn '  """^  '\"'^'  *"  P"'' 
iiiti  through  dealers  are  usually  pu  t  off  with  the  intor  «1  '^'^chascrs  m  America  buy- 
«cK,d  Hock  and  pay  for  them  as  m„chorWo  e  «  hS"'.?J„ fir^'"*^  '"'™'"«  ''^"'n  a 
direct  from  the  breeder.  The  present  va  u^of  Ire  ^Zl**,  T*'*^*^^^^ 
aotk  is  from  8  to  20  pounds.,  thouKh  mucli  hii-h^r  il"  ^otawold  rams  from  a  pedigree 
iambscan  bo  had  at  alK,ut  )mlf  thraSnt!  "'SET r*^'  ^^  rambreedera.    I?an? 


counted  when  wcmeci.     The  death" rate  from  ^.'u'nnl'-.T^^^''^  annually  600  to  650  lambsi 

COLESBORNE   PARK,  H.  J.    ELWES. 

Cheltenham,  Gloucestershire,  Jannary  2,  1884. 


if! 


ti', 


LONG-WOOL    LINCOLNS. 

yOTE  BY  Mlt.  MACKiyDER. 
[Inclosure  No.  2  in  Consul-General  Merritf,  supplementary  report.] 
My  breed  of  sheep  is  Long-wool  Lincolns  md  oviiiKito^     i  .li.     „ 
Iamb.,  !»  ntonths  old  (live  weight),  14  stont;;  uVef 3  ^ean  o  d  -f'  ^'nithlield  show; 
i,s  all  arable  loam,  with  limestone  subsoil      SWn  bi  in^f^      '' ''^*^"^^-     Mylar»» 
seeds,  and  in  winter  on  turnijxs  in  Hel   ;  not  housed-  wei^^^^-T  nf'  ^TT"^  ""^  "°«  y*-^^''^ 
10  pounds  to  30  pounds  washed.  '  *''  '^'"^H  of  wool  when  clipped,  from 

JOHN  W.  MACKINDER, 

Jlcrc  Hall,  Lincoln. 


f;|  :  ■ 


SOUTHDOWN  SHEEP-THEIR  HISTORY,  BREEDING,  AND  MANAGE- 
MENT. 

Licture  delireral  In  Mr.  Henry  H'ood,  of  Merton,  Thetford  to  the  Tnollhit^  »e  a     ■    u 
in  the  Lecture  Theater  of  the  ,outh  Kensington  ^lLuCin',;^C^'tn"''Z 

[Inclosuro  Xo.  3  in  Consul-General  Merritfs  report;  from  Bella  Weekly  Messenger  ] 

Mr.  Wood  .said:   The  Southdown  breed  of  jheen  is  b(.li»vf..i  t^  k„  •    i- 
Downs  of  Sus.sex.     It  is  said  by  the  editor  of  tL  Fanner'!  TV  .    '»^''K?°\'«  *«  the 
isted  there  before  the  Conquest.^  It  is,  n..  dotlt  one  oH^e  nnr    /    "^       *1  ''*'^''  «'^- 
breeds  i.j  Britain.     Little  ieoms  to  ha  e  beenTmAriltnZ  tn^^^^ 
comparatively  limited  area  m  whuh  they  were  kept  until  about  two huS^ySraeo 
when  (as  Mr.  Tl.om.is  Ellman  writes)  several  flocks  on  the  Southdowns  appLrThfv; 
been  nearly  annihilated  by  an  outbreak  of  the  small-nox  disease  wi,in»,  ,„„    •  f 

into  this  country  from  Holland  alwut  that  time  ^  '     '"'^^  ^"^  imported 

The  sheep  which  the  di8ea.se  spared  attracte<l  rather  more  notice  than  had  previouslv 
ken  bestowed  on  the  breed,  but  it  was  not  until  the  latter  part  of  the  hdt  ceEv  S 
they  came  to  be  r^uch  esteemed.  It  wa.s,  in  fact,  Mr.  Arthur  Youmr  who  L  nnS^ 
nsefnl  e.ssays  pub  ished  about  1794,  which  male  his  name  funon;T,?i,i^u'''^? 
world,  tin,t  called  puplic  attention  'to  S.uthdown  sheerspe  king  I'^vtvblv  of  hS 
hardy  constitution  an,i  ^f  A,  fine  ouality  and  llavor  of  ti.e  mmton^hey  proiuced. 


1 

r 

w 

) 

1 

1  >t 

Ei 

1 

764 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    KAUMINO. 


AlKJiil  Ihe  8unii>  time  tliev  were  also  descrilKMl  l).v  otlu-r  Nvrit«rH  iw  I.eiiiK  «pwkle-fnpp(l, 
loiiK  and  thin  iu  the  uecl<,  i.i«l»  on  tlu<  top  of  tlie  Hliouiders,  nlurk  \n  the  girth  .ixh  ami 
narrow  on  tho  lion,  low  at  the  nimi-  .'n.!.  with  m  wt  on  very  I'/w  H.urp  on  the  l.u.k, 
llat-rihl.e(!,  narrow  in  the  lore.iuarteis,  and  Kent-rally,  thon^h  with  little  spiuoI.etWHMi 
their  lorelo«8,  showing  a  fairly  >{oo<l  le«  of  mutton.  A«  a  rule  they  were  looked  upon  „« 
plainly  formed,  if  not  ugly  sheep,  whieh  produceil  (i.M)d  and  1  ne-llavored  llenh.  1  li,.v 
were  Hmall,  very  small,  as  compared  with  the  Kouth.lowi.H  <)t  the  present  .lay. 

To  Mr.  John  Ellmaii.  of  (ilyi.do  (the  father  of  the  late  Mr  .lohn  Kllman,  ol  Laii,l. 
port  au.l  Mr.  Thonuw  Kllman,  late  of  IteddiiiKham),  will  most  deservwlly  always  htlon^; 
the  credit  not  only  of  l)riii>;i!i«  Southdown  sheep  into  more  general  notice,  Imt  ot  .„„i. 
meuciug  (ftlH)ut  the  year  1780)  a  eonrse  ol  valuable,  well-consulered  skilllul,  and  ,su,. 
cessful  exiwriments  upon  them.  Th.-se  experimeiit.s  were  eondmited  by  him  with  .low 
anil  steady  good  elVect  during  the  long  i)eriod  of  more  than  ha  1  a  century.  In  jusuic 
to  the  memory  of  one  who  so  earned  the  gratitude  ot  sheep-breeders,  not  only  in  this 
country,  but  iu  various  parts  of  the  world,  1  will  ([uote  to  you  his  well-tounde.l  and 
i)raeti(-al  opinion  as  to  what  an  improved  Southdown  sheep  should  be  ;  and  1  would  ii„. 
n.ess  upon  you  the  desirability  of  carefully  studying  those  remarks,  with  which  I  tlior- 
oughlv  agree,  except  as  to  two  particulars,  which  1  will  i)oint  out  to  you  later  on. 

Mr"  Tolin  Ellmansays*:  "The  head  should  he  small  ami  hornless;  the  taie  spnk. 
eled  or  gray,  and  neither  too  long  nor  too  short;  the  lips  thin,  and  the  space  between  the 
nose  and  eyes  narrow;  the  nmler  jaw  or  chop  tine  ami  thin;  the  ears  tolerably  wide,  and 
well-covered  with  wool,  and  the  forehead  also,  and  the  whole  space  between  the  ears 
well  protected  by  it,  as  a  ilefense  against  the  lly;  the  eyes  lull  and  bright,  but  not  prom- 
iuent-  the  orbitof  theeve  (the  eye-cap  or  bone)  not  t«K>  projecting,  that  it  may  not  Ibrm 
a  fatal  obstacle  in  lambing;  the  neck  of  a  medium  length,  thiii  t(>wards  the  head,  hut 
enlarging  towards  the  shoulders,  where  it  should  bo  broad  ami  high,  and  straight  m  its 
whole  course  aliove  and  below;  the  breast  should  be  wide,  deep,  and  piqjectinglorwards 
between  the  lore-legs,  indicating  a  good  constitution  and  a  disposition  to  thrive.    Cor- 
responding with  this  the  shoulders  should  be  on  a  level  with  the  back,  and  not  twiwidc 
above-  they  should  bow  outwards  from  the  top  to  the  breast,  imliciiting  a  springing  rih 
beneath  and  leaving  room  for  it;  the  ri lis  coming  out  horizontall;  Irom  the  spine niid 
exteu<ling  lar  backward,  and  the  last  rib  i)it)jecting  more  than  the    thers;  the  hack  Hat 
from  the  shoulders  to  the  setting  on  of  the  tail ;  the  loin  broad  anu  Art,  the  rump  long  and 
broad;  and  the  tail  set  cm  high  and  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  spine;  the  hips  wide;  the 
space  between  them  and  the  last  rib  on  either  side  as  narrow  as  I'oasible,  and  the  rihs 
generally  i>resentinga  circular  form  like  a  barrel;  the  belly  as  straight  as  the  back;  the 
legs  neither  too  long  nor  two  short;  the  lorelegs  straight  from  the  breast  to  the  loot.uot 
bending  in  at  the  knee,  and  sUuuling  far  apart  Iwth  before  and  behind;  the  lunks  bav- 
ing  a  direction  rather  outward,  an<l  the  twist,  or  the  meeting  ol  the  thighs  behind,  be- 
ing particularly  lull;  the  bones  line,  yet  having  no  apiK'arance  ol  weakness,  and  theleg.s 
of  a  dark  color;  tho  belly  well  defended  w ith  wool,  and  the  wool  coming  down  liclbre 
and  behind  to  the  knee  and  to  the  hock;  the  wool  short,  cloee.  curled,  ami  tine,  and  tree 
from  spiry  projecting  libers."  ^m   ^    ,  ,     , 

Mr.  Ellsmau'sdascription  of  the  main  points  which  constituted  a  symmetrical  and 
well-bred  .Southdown  sheep  early  in  the  present  century  iniiy  be  accepted  as  the  essen- 
tial re(iuiremeuts  of  a  gmxl  .Southdown  .sheep  at  the  present  time,  with  the  two  follow- 
ing exceptions,  viz,  speckled  faces  and  the  set-Qp  of  the  tail.  A  speckled  lace  is  very 
pronerly  no  longer  looked  upon  as  denoting  a  pnre-bred  Southdown  sheep.  The  tke 
and  legs  should  be  of  »  nice  mouse  color,  neither  too  dark  nor  too  light,  but  of  mediura 
tint.  In  fiict,  anything  in  the  way  of  a  white  speck  on  the  face  or  legs  is  now  con.sid- 
ered  to  show  a  detect  in  the  purity  of  the  blood.  The  other  point  in  Mr.  Eilnian's  de- 
scription of  a  well-made  Southdown  shec'p  with  which  I  cannot  agree  is  the  set-ou  of 
the  tril.  Mr.  EUiuau  says  the  tail  should  be  "  set  on  high,  and  nearly  on  a  level  with 
the  spine."  I  am  of  opinion  that  if  a  sheep's  tail  is  placetl  on  a  level  with  the  spine 
the  position  is  an  unnatural  one.  1  have  generally  found,  too,  that  when  the  tail  of  a 
sheep  hm*  been  placed  very  high  the  back  has  been  weak  and  not  well  covered  with 
flesh.  There  is  a  right  and  wrong  position  for  the  tail  of  a  sheep,  and  to  he  right  it 
should  be  neither  t;)0  high  nor  to<i  low.  „•»,■.,,      ,  •. 

NotwithsUiuding  the  great  improvement  which  Mr.  Ellnmn  ellected  in  the  lireed,  it 
was  some  time  before  Southdown  sheep  won  their  way  into  public  favor,  if  we  may  judge 
of  this  by  the  prices  which  they  made.  15ut  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  in  those  days 
sheep,  even  of  the  most  esteemed  breeds,  did  not  realize  high  prices.  It  apiiears,  how- 
ever from  an  article  in  the  Agricultural  Annual  of  that  date,  that  m  IHIKi  there  was  a 
considerable  iucrea.se  in  the  value  of  Southdown  sheep,  the  breed  having  become  better 
known  and  its  merits  tlien  more  fully  recognized.  In  the  year  1787  a  .Southdown  ram 
fetched  for|the  first  time  as  much  as  10  guineas,  Mr.  EUman  selling  two  lor  121  to  Lord 

♦Farmer's  Dictionary,  vol.  2,  p.  534. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Wttldenrave,  nf  Essex. 


at  'ja*.  i»  hea<l.     In  1790  Mr 
'HU.  each,  niul  n  rum 
the  Glynde  ewe«. 


at  I'J  «u.nea«.     la  17!)1  Mr.  BoyTiave  •uJ^''"T'  '^.'^  ''"•"'  "' 

"ysKave  .n».  04.  per  head  for  sijty  of 


From  this  year  I  btilieve  we  mnv  diit«  tViA  i.w..^ 
into  Nortolk,  under  the  auspices  of  Zt  ?enoSTl'onr'"*=''""  «f  «o»thdown  sh.ep 
ment  and  proKrms  Thom,u,  William  Coke  S  w  r  N  ^  ^Jt*''"^"''"'^""^  *™P™ve^ 
cera.u  y  visited  Holkham  iu  the  year  17!)0.  llSu  sl^i  ..  'tr"-**""^"  ^r.  Elhmiu 
which  he  considemi  more  remarkable  for  their  act iv^fvTh  ^^"^  ^°"""*  •''««d  «f  «l>t'en 
^  ^\'i  ^^''■^^r  <loMirabiIity  of  a  trial  of  Tfew  ffl,,  ow„""^""°«*''^-  !>« «ug«e.-^ti  l 
would  be  suited  to  the  wil  and  climate  of  l^  Ik^mm  Mr  ?^^^^  ^°  «««  1"°"  1«T  they 
sheep  were  sold,  Atr.  Ellman  bought  five  hun,lredewesnn,M^'*^f "'«''•  A«  his  own 
i„Hu.s.sex,  and  sent  them  to  Holkham,  with  four  ^^ni'T** '^^«»  the  best  llocks 
givjuji  as  much  as  70  gu  nea«  for  these  'rams.  In  V^-JMr  T„i?  «^?  fl««k;  Mr.  Coke 
each  orexhty  ewes  and  in  1701  the  l.^,rl  of  RrKemo  ,t  iav«  9  •?""•  ^'-  J^'l'""'' ;«.. 
the  Ulynde  ewes.  After  this  Francis,  Duke  of  H«l  r  t  th  m  ,*^"'"^"«  *'"*-"''  'w  "Ay  of 
„oi,lemeu  and  gentlemen,  visited  G  ynde,  ami  we  f  ^^ 

down  sheep  into  ditTerent  counties.     The  first  mm  fh!f        '"^"f  "'  introduciuK  South- 
by  Mr  Ellman  in  17!.«  to  Mr.  Goocleno^;!;  oV ZSwr"  '  Fro?;^  «"""""  '-->•• 


tou-r,  and  no  wonder,  for  he  c;uried  out  what  he  umlertoSk  ^l^^^  ' '  Eough- 

His  connection  with  Southdown  sheep  commenced  when  i.pt... 
itered  upon  a  series  of  experimental  trials  with  sevenl  r1  L^     *V""?*''  '"""•     "« 
(Icr  to  lind  out  which  breed  w.us  most  suiUnl  to  the  f\i,V,l.r  .      .  •  *  ^'^^'^'*  °'"  «l'eep  iu 
Me  Mr.  Webb  had  no  particular  preference  Wr  ^.v   "  !'?'«'"''>.^*"  »?'""''''■     At  that, 


entered 
order 


time  Mr.  Webb  had  no  particular  preference  Ibr    mv  nn.:7^  , '*u'*"  "P'""'   

trials  he  fully  satislied  himself  that  Southclown  sheen  nZlneriM  '"''"  exhaustive 

ISive  the  best  quality  of  mutton  for  the  amount  of  foid  consump.i  l^,'"''*^*^'*  ''■*''«ht,  and 

tl,»  ninat  nrnf UjiI.Ia  Ixlfli  in  K..,>«,I„ 1   :  "  t-OHSUmeil,  aud  Were  CnilSB,.„«..»H„ 


j;,nc  u".  ..cai.  K,L.»..^j.  u.  .uuiioiiiur  [lie  amouut  of  foodconmiiiiPil  a.,  i  "^'B'"-.  anu 

the  most  proUtiible  Ixitli  to  breeder  and  grazier  ^-onsumed,  aud  were  couseciuently 

These  trials  determine<l  Mr.  Webb  to  liave  nothing  to  do  with  an,r   *i      , 
than  South<lown.     He  therefore  ,,un-hase«l  for  the  Church  iS  Z^ ^f^^' !''^'^  °*'  ■^^^'''P 
n-,msof  the  late  Mr.  John  Ellman,  „f  tilynde  and  other  1,^..'      ^f^''^'''*'*'"-  ewes  and 
started  it  he  gave  unremitting  attention  to  his'  flock.  ^  vHn.!!l^"*^'-    ."'^^•'"-''' 

sure  improvement  in  iU  character.     His  lirst  lettingot' ruuThv Zlhu         !■  *''""'""'  ''"^ 
in  18-2(i.    These  lettings  were  continued  annually  .U,wn  t^t he    e  r  1h«^^^^        ^"^ P''*^" 

Many  will  remcm.ber  the  Habraham  liam  Lettmg^,  and  the  •'  u,'  ,- 1  ,^  ' 
lowed,  with  mingle<l  tWdiugs  of  pleasure  and  regret       ewsiurir  hi   I""" '''"'"'' ^°^- 
days,  and  regret  that  such  meetings  are  now  things  of  the  n^^t     thinking  oyer  those 
long  and  gaily-decke<l  wagon-lmlge  which  formed  a  chanict^erist^c  hm    w'""u"IF^  ""^ 
with  agriculturists,  aud  among  them  many  l««li„g  nSmen  L  """'* 

not  so  much  to  do  business  as  to  pay  honor  to  an  old  ?rS    w  lo  Io^^IT^"'  ''H"  '^''•"^ 
late  Earl  of  Hardwieke,  with  his  burly  .fohn  Bull  for.  .<m;i  T  "**'  remember  the 

of  the  guests  delivering  his  pithy  s,  J^^^reSterth       ,-"'■' ^'"""'^   *''^  ''*^ 
rent  topics;  who  does  not  reeall'the  jolly   clToSS  ^'m  ""'   h'Wy  hits  on  cur- 

..eremonie.s;  and  his  face  giving  o.V  n.S'^e  eSgMo  have^^^^  T'''  "{  '''' 

the  aid  ormndles;  or  the  lithe  and  active  John  cTayde     who  w '  h2  If  ^'""^  T'*''""* 
where,  with  a  kind  won!  for  everybody;  or  the  hos   himself  hi  hu'  ^^ere  andevery- 
tible,  supporte<l  by  his  friend  and  opj^nent  "u  Cthdnv'  b  i^^^^^^^^^ 
and  by  the  UU  and  spare  form  of  JeTruruer,  of  Chy;;^:,;':^ o^'thriXdg'of 


4 


llilfl 


'«i^ 


76G 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


11 
li 


Hoathdown  .beep  that  ever  Hv.l  1     Tho^e  were  lu.leea  n,eeti««.,  the  like  of  >»hich  will 
never  be  neeu  uj^iu.     Hat  U>  ^^^:^YJ\'';\'^^Z^^  for  170  guiue.u.,  u 


uud  iu  18«)U  a 
were,  1  Iteliyve, 
yearling  W.W.  Hold,  atUMi)e.UK»«>uu..»".^^^^  Mr.  Webb  wub  a 

the  hiKlie«t  priceH  i.mde  by  lUbniham  "^"f»„  ^/\;"3al  and  other  agricalturuUhow.. 
;„.n,tMUcox^.lul  ««»bitoro.  Southdown  HheepattJ  „^ 

HiH  UrHt  pn/o  was  won  at  the  Lwex  «'  «*^'  ";"         ^^  Ireland,  Kcotland.  and  Fnina-. 
.,uentlyawarde.l  V"^*'^ '%  ^in  Bhoep  a   exhibUiou^  ^^  ^^ 

he  ilrHt  exhibited  at  the  Royal  )Kr  cuUura    H<xlety  h  m^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^^ 

ii:Lt?n^JtT.-tt  ityrr:d.:rtrnd  'iX-S  t...  Canterbury  .cetin«  i.  1««0. 

In  the  IbllowinR  ymr  (lH«-i)  tUe  «hea  lm^t  ran«  and^cw^^^^  ^^^^^  ietcbed  the 

lidy  di8,K,«ed  ol,  and  '»•;"»»!'',  ^;';,7,\  few  mon  l'^  the  dlBpersiou  ol  his  lavorito  ll.„k, 


S^wuer  p.v::d  .'.way  in  Nove.>ber«.  the  Bameyear. 

and  Babrahuiu  Houtlulown  Hoiks.  ^   j^^  jj^^^^  j,f  ,,l,i,,,,  j  ,,,,^.,, 

Here  I  would  venture  lo  »,«'^1'J,^.,^'  ",^,S, tain  t^  pur i      ol  the  bree<l,  eacl.  ui.„ed 
juHt  H,M.keu  were  scrupulously  ^^  "  ,  \^,,  ,"2^^^^^^^^^  Mr.  Elln.ausu..., 

it  a  <liffereut  type  oi  an.uu  ..^^'"'''^^^  *;  ^"/.t  large  sheep  were  nmcb  the  IrsI.  ...ul 
Mr.  Webb's,  "large  uud  good.  J\'^  ;:'">*,„"''  ,4^,,v%vell  Mr.  Webb  succeeded  iu  pro- 
would  be  the  sheep  ol  the   uture      ncjd  n«^^^  Southdowns  of  Mr.  ku- 

Si;':fdariii'-tE.s^.:';^taE^u^ 

down  sheep)  that  the  hrst  and ,>«;-\'.'^,'^[.n"  .V^Uv  ,  'Xd.  The  lirectiou  in  «lud.  im- 
ero.s  to  .linnnisb  the  '"-'•^^""''^Vdl  ri  1  " "Vi  b  uity  of  cha.  .er,  strength  ol  n,.. 
provcMuent  in  '^'-'S^;^;,,^^^^  „u,ttou.pro.luci„,  ,„„p. 

S  "^rilni  .  blnr^JVom,:!^  with  weight  ol  meat,  yet  not  such  s.uallue.  .,  ,o 
prevenUhe  casing  ol  an  incre.ised  amount  ol  Uesh. 

TlIK  MKBTOX   FLOCK. 

n  V  tivLt  these  -ire  tb.'  points  to  wuich  our  attention  has  been  always  most  wpt- 

I  may  say  that  tbese  f/«- '"'  .l^"' ,    .  .    ^^  now  bad  the  management  lor  upwards  ol 

eially  directed  in  the  "»V   „  I  ♦  .  nav  1  ow  1  r  we  have  been  8ucces8lul;in.lee.l,lnubt 

thirty-six  years.     It  is  not  '''V,  '^/^hI^J,  ,     n  v  subi"'t.  I  ""'  i»  ^^me  degree  eompdled 

eai'h,  live  weight.      ^ '  ^^.^ J    '  f,''',^"  exhibition  thought  that  the  great  weij-ht  of  tliose 

time.     ^"'"'^Pf^n^l^rellu    beenso^^^^^  i"  tb''  breeding.     1  nee.l  scandy  .,y 

sheep  suggested  that  there  had  J'^^l'J'^J"     ■  r^^^,  ^,„e  iu,,,utat ion  had  been  iRlore 

how  "tterlygroutid  ess  w;us any  such  sugg.^^  producing  large  Houth.lowu 

laid  to  the  charge  ol  J7'^.,^J*^'  "^  Ji*^"*^     / IX  small   sheep  ol  lorn.er  times,  la, 
^V^  X<S^^^^:iZ^>^^^  -th  Bome  other  breed,  but  the  suspiciou 
was  as  »V?'«""^*:\\;"  IJ'"  i*:!^;;!  ^-  iHToTtUcr  Merton  pens  of  shearling  wethet,^  have  iH^eu 
K-rf  ^l^^"^!!^    iv   he  averige  iSght  of  the  chamjion  sheep  of  that  year,  and  no  q.a.- 

At  the  late  ^""t^'^'^  Exh.bno^i  Urd  ^  .^^^^P   ^,^^^^^,^,^,  ^^^  .^^  J^^, 

cedent^il  average  fo^  Southdovv  ^  ^-Jj  ^'  .  t^e  champion  wether,  of  1.^70,  to  which 

-fS^no'Snthm  of  trying  t-a^ppear^tha^^^ 

been  accomplished  than  may  '^^  J^""^ ''y  "i^"  and  excellence  ol  .nuttou 

ton  sheep  have  attained.  .,„.,,„„.  pure-bred  flocks  of  Southdown  sheep  iu  this 


SUPPLEMENT. 

to  paw  over.     Utit  ntandiuK  in  the  front  mnk  nr  — .„       i-  .  ,. 

nreWt  day  we  ai .  natumllv  r«.Vl'ilT„7*.' .''. '^L''"''''*?  0'»  «"nthdown  bred 


767 


•TH  ut  the 


present  day  we  ai  j  naturully  reminded  of  thu  l'r3.!  !T\V7  ■      ..    ". 

the  Earl  of  .Suffolk,  Lord  ArlinKt,,n   H?r  W  |  ,  ^Tl^ro  l,"''""\*'^^  KUhn.oud, 

Cohnan,  M.P.,  (i.  n„d  It.  Rm«ry   John  h\,r,|      Zrv  fc  "".'i  "i'.  ""I''  "*'''*"^-  ''•   •^• 

thou«h  not  lea  >    ..y  excellent  tViend  M.-nry  Wei.b  "  """*'  ^""'K"  •^»"«»-  n»»i  l«t, 


now  TO  POBM   A 


FLOCK-PBACTtCAL  81UOK8TI0N8. 


In  the  formation  of  n  (hx-k  of  Houthdowii  or  imv  <.n,«r  i       i    ^ 
judgment  art,,  of  cour^,.   n.ont  OHHtrntial       U.V.Wmitv  ,  f    .H!^  ^  «'^'"">«» 

look  iw  much  alike  ",w  peas  in  u  prok/^hou  T,  v  .Ll  I  ."f^""'  *.'  "'"^  ^''«  «"»«» 
judge  of  the  Kenorul  churaiiter  of  ,  llmk  of  S  h  .w  J!  "'''r!'  ''  y"»  ''«'«''•«  *« 
;,  it  were,  u  lamily  likcu.,HM.  havo  thnn  d  iv"^  Z  t  dSn'^"''/"  '"^.  ""  ^"^^^  »"'*«' 
an.l  then  suddenly  whceh-d  r<.un,l  h„  that  tl  1  h«"u  c  tlnl  ?""  ^^''"f"  ^l^  "^"^ 
Been  at  a  glance.     This  will  onahio  you  t..  <lete,.  Tnv   hLl  1''  •"''  "'*"''  '"'^^ 

there  beany.  In  a  wor.l,  theew..Hhould  he  ''  itZ.K  '"t  .e''^'.  "'  """"7"'^;  "' 
ewen  and  HfparutinK  them  into  lot«  for  the  nmw  v  ,  imwt  tII  i  ^  When  drawing 
theselecUon,  tiarefully  uotiu«  individual  f..rni  tiol.^ni'.M'''^,'"'' «'''"V "''«'"«''*  '» 

1^  ;?t:;iiZ!^  ™"^"  ""^"  -  •-''"-  -«i  ^i::i-i  u^  thi^X^-^- i?t?^ — 
..,.5rc::;r:!;;i;;r'i>jeL:::r^;;.Sts:^^^^^^   ^^«,«t  ^^''•^'> 

likely  to  improve  in  the  offspnnK  the  faulty  ,  out.  ohserv.I?l\r""  ^^^^^^''/^i'l  »>» 
moreover,  he  a  n.atter  to  whieh  ti.e  ll.KknL\"   l  ven  unx^.^,^^^^^  *"'"'''•    /'  "'"''^• 

ram  that  in  correctin«  defeets  in  the  ewes  he  d  .^     ,o     v  "  X^^^^^ 
the  ran,  which  may  be  transmittal  through  the  ewe  an     tl  erebv  .^    f^  ^  ''"•"^'  '" 
in  the  lamb  which  the  mother  did  n..t  jKKsse.ss.  "'e^eby  create  imperleetions 

Only  by  practice  and  carefully  observiuK  the  tnienrincinloa  nf  i.-  i-       •.,     ., 

uKu.ter  ublo  to  nuiko  a  proper  an.l  Ju.licious  Ji^Aio'Zl^^^^^^  "  """:  ^^l'- 

,nate  them.  I  therefore  (le«irc  to  i mpre,s.s  upon  v..  Ld.'i  . nr.  /  '?  '  '.''*'  "^''^  ^'^ 
neimsity  of  your  becoming  IhorouKh  y  a.ur,"  u.    4    v  1  '  ,  .in^^^ 

bud  points  of  Hheep,  no  n.utter  what  tLi^ bre ed   n"mM«t   T'^  "'"  ^"^^  "'"' 

«kill'>.l,iudKmcnt  requisite  lor  the  HUcce^sful  u  m  ^emS  1  So^  "^^  """'^ 
quired  in  the  manu«cment  ol'  other  (locks.              'B^^""'"  ot  houthdowus  are  also  re- 

E;icli  liiml  has  its  own  murkul  peculiurities,  faults  and  merits  »v),i,.i.  «..,  *  i 
.juried. md^carelhlly  looked  alter  or  a  man  will  n.^^^^^^  ^l^f^^^^^^ 

IIBEEDINO. 

Remember  that  the  brecliuK  of  k,k„1  or  bad  animals  is  no  ^ame  of  chance      You 
m,f-l,t  as  well  expect  to  breed  a  suiMri..r  Shorthorn  beast  by  usinJ .«    \  dernev  b>?n 
.„.  ahrst.<las.s  Shorthorn  cow  as  to  breed  a  really  «,h,,1  Sou thd,. J ^Hll:,;l^us•L^^ 
Ulterior  ram  on  o  good  Southdown  ewe.  ""^tii  ny  u.^mgau 

Jf  a  man  desire,  nrd  most  lloekmaHtt  rs  <lu  desire,  to  breed  l'o<«1  nn,i  ..i,  ..^i      i 
uo  matter  what  their  breed  may  be,  he  n.ust  first  en  le, 70/^0  .bw.rvl         ^'i"  ^^^^^'' 
,l,e  ri.ht  way  to  work  to  obtain  it.'    Leave  not hi.lg  to  eW  ""'"'*'  ''^^""'^ 

Many  persons  when  they  have  hired  a  gmxl  ran>  try  to  get  as  much  out  of  himasnos- 
s.),le,  aiul  give  h.m  a.s  inany  ewca  as  he  c^n  be  got  over.  Xo«,  I  look  n  Z  t hTs Tj  ?u 
rniwise  thing  to  do  .Nature  has  Its  limits;  and  it  is  far  nu.re  judicious  to  imit  the 
number  ot  ewes  put  to  a  ram  tr  ron,  50  to  70.  The  ewes  will  tlius  be  seasonal  a  he 
proper  time,  and  have  strong,  lu.ilt  h.y  and  vigon.us  lambs.  It  you  ovei.lo  a  ran.  ami  there 
are  many  em*<  "  run  oyer,"  you  ^v.ll  probably  brewl  a  number  of  weakly  Jambs  to  *iv 
notimig  as  to  the  bad  eflect  upon  the  ram  for  the  following  season  ''""'«,  10  Siiy 

I  may  ohservo  tliat  I  by  no me«ns recommend  what iscommonlv  knownasa  "teaser  " 
nun  to  show  which  ewes  are  ,n  use.  Nature  never  intendcnl  thai  such  a  courseTould 
be  adopted,  an.l  I  would  unpre.s.s  uiwn  you  the  necessity  of  following  the  laws  of  nature 
as  closely  w  yon  c^n.  When  a  ewe  is  taken  from  the  t«a«er  to  the  ram  bv  which  she 
18  to  he  served  there  IS  (r«iuently  a  great  deal  of  nervous  excitement  and  tfear  produced 
in  the  ewe  and  this  being  so  how  can  we  wonder  if  there  are  manv  cases  of  ew^  "run 
nmgover,  '  when  they  have  been  subjei^ted  to  such  unnatural  treatment,  which  maybe 
aggravated  by  the  rough  conduct  of  an  irritable  or  batl-tempered  shepherd. 

PBACTICE  AT  MEBTOX. 

I  feel  that  I  can  beat  explain  my  views  and  recommendati.ms  if  I  allow  myself  once 
more  to  say  a  few  words  with  respect  to  the  system  of  management  adopted  in  the  Mer- 
ton  flock.    In  doing  so  I  desire  it  to  be  clearly  understood  that  though  I  have  been  con- 


:y 


*  ^ 


n.     ' 


'I 

t 

1l 

•  l 

'   ^--^ 

1 

768 


CATTLE    AKD    DAIRY    FARMING. 


nected  for  so  .any  year,  witu  Ho.tMo-  sh^^^^^^^^^^  ^uf  diaporeS 

them  with  all  the  admiration  felt  lor  one  a  //f * j"J^'    :'  ''^^  j,^  taught  me  to  recog- 

praise  them  by  depreciating  other  b.^,^^^^^  ,^e  weH  Xpt^  to^'Pl^'^^  -°d  dry  soill, 

.  nize  the  fact  that  while  Soixthdovu  sheep  <ire  ^^'^  '^i^^P         j  eonditions.     And  ^vhen 

they  are  at  the  same  tune  "f^  "^^^  jf,,,^„7\^„fh4  tak«°  Pl"''«  ^"  *^^  breeding  of 
pointing  out  to  yon  the  great  unproven  ent  tf  ;*  '^^^^^  \^„^,^°„S f„l  of  the  marked  change 
Southdown  sheep  during  the  present  ^t°S\/ ''"u  "  Li  3^^^  Oxfords,  the  Shrop- 
effected  in  other  breeds  such  aa  th'^  -«tf;j»'  ^«'  *£  iuv'Sness  it  would  involve,  I 

mit  this  digression.  ,iwrorpnt  families   and  the  shepherds  know,  from 

The  Merton  flock  comprises   .^^^J^J^'^^'^t.acl  fTm  ly,  which  ram  to  put  to  them,  and 
long  experience   how  to  fj^f*  the  ewes  lor  ta^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^.  ^^         ■      ^j^^ 

the  kind  of  lambs  that  are  I'k^ly  *«  »e  Pro''»ce«        v  f  ^^^  ^^^^^^^ 

several  families  we  have  prouuced  and  n^^^^  ^.^^  ^^^^  ^,  ^l,,t^„  t„     j,  J^ 

We  have  always  remarked  t^at  whtn  rams  na^ e  ,  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^.^^ 

SirX^a^nS^^^^^^^      of ffeSr biriCthW  own  sheep,  have  been  most  sue- 

^=^1^  a  rule  at  Merton  tbatwhen  a  hired  -m  has^jt  a  p~n^^^  ^.mb  fhe  Injnb 

!lStu^'t£i5S^:^t  XKS  ari^om  his  proc^ce  not  being  satisl.eto?y 

i^a^'""'^'^-  FEEDING. 

^  J  o  f,>rt„i.rl,t  before  rams  are  put  with  the  ewes  it  is  advistible  to 

For  ten  ^?yy''^,[^l\^^f^^    ometlihg  more  stimulating  than  that  which  they  bad 

;SSrc!:ia;;;^ri:::  SlSrrS  weeks,  when  doubtless  the  greater  partof 
the  ewes  will  be  seasoned. 

JIAXAC.KMENT  OK   FLOCK. 

*  ,.,,„  ...iiat  im  .exorcised  not  only  in  supplying  the  ewes  with 
JS^^S^S^^  kee^iXn  trom  a^  greal  Lcitement;  s„el.  .or 
uutiitious,  ne.uui  Mviui,  ' /^  .  ,>i.rht  from  beini:  run  by  a  reckless  dog.     J  maylieie 

instance  as  might  be  p^^^^^^^^^  -"fuS  of  a  Jell-trained  sheep  dog,  1  .au- 

observe  that,  «hile  luliy  recoMiizmK  free, uently  seen  in-lamb  ewes  and  other 

not  but  protA^st  against  th^^vay  iuj;'hu^h  \^;^%e^^  |  apparently  under  theslif^hl 

.sheep  chiised.  banished,  /V^';;^^"",';^^^;  ho  to  save  his  own  legs,  will  unnecessarily  ruu 
control  of  a  careless  and  buy  "h'-'P  .^[  •  7;,?;^^Jts  it  may  produce.  A  good  ami  carelul 
the  dog  after  the  "^eep,    ecdh^ o    t       i  '  el^c  s    t^     .y^I  ^^^  ^.^^^^  ^^^^b^^ ^^.  ^^^^ 

manwillnotdr^amol  •\"'"fJ,;"'; ' ;\  .''Vhg  f  they  are  in-lamb  ewes  thtrc  is  great 
that  is  done  by  the  inj ud.cu  us  "P^^  °'  'i'  f  ^^t  ug  3hi.>p  the  effect  of  the  alum,  caused 
risk  of  producing  at)ort.on   and  it  thty  arc  ';»^^'">j  ^\     P      ^  .     j^^.^  ^^-^^^^^^^  j,,^^,^      , 

by  an  excitable  dog  upon  thein  '«  ^,,  l^,^^^',,^^^  .'^J^^^^r  is  a  sutferer.  The  excitement 
can  put  on  again  in  live  loui^.       " '»  "V";^'-^;;;  '  ^i,,,^  ...ith  the  (,uictude  which  m  so  de- 

woald  it  thiy  were  *l^i>\\\\\      ,.o,„-se  o(  feeding  for  iu-lanib  ewes  is  a  most  impoitant 
The  ',,uesUon  what  is  the  ^  «t  to ui>c  M^  g  ^^^.  ^^^^  t,„^kmaster. 

one.  and  calls  tor  the  ^''«  «,-■-♦  ^«nM   hat  w"^^^^^       are  kept  on  gnuss  laud  u.Ail  alter 

Thr-e  exists  '"'  1'^'"°"^    H,''Sr^^^^^^^^  prcsupiM>siug  that  they  arc  kept 

they  have   amued    here  is    t^U^^^^^^^^  Jatcr-cu^..,  are  not  over-drivel., 

free  In.m  "»f/y;.';^  "''4'"'^?,^  ,  "  rove.«  '•^'VOU'l  .,nestion.  with  the  Mertou  ewes,  that 
nor  sul).|ecte<l  to  fright,  .Vc.  l  "'';.'',»;,;':'',,;,  ..,-,^.;  they  have  lambed  is  a  decided  safe- 
keeping them  entire  y  aw^vy  rom  t lun  ps    n^^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^.^^^^^^^ ^^^  ^^^^_  .^^^ ,,  ,,^^ 

guard  against  abortion  Up  ^o »;  ^^  >"^[/^  foliowiuu  year.  They  were  then  ius  unhealihy 
the  end  of  Oct-.ber  until  he  spring^  "^^'^l^  \^,^  there'were  something  like  110 
a.s  any  ewes  in  the  eountry.  in  ia«  •?,•:,:  that  a  change  in  the  tr.iatiueiit  must  e 
eases  of  abortion,  and  HO  «w^  « .-I  ,  ^'^^^^X^U  L.t'be  .e<l  on  turnips  (except  ,or 
msMle-.  I  determined  that  in  tlieiuiurt  iiic  t.y>i.  ^^^^^  ^        ^^^j  lambed.    Since 


live  or  six  wi 


L^ks  when  the  rams  welt-  with  tiK-Mi; 


that  time  they  have  been  loldwl  aix 


fed  on  grass  land,  with  tiie  supply  of  grass  dail 


supplemented  by  a 
bran,  at  the  rate  of 


ableallowanc«of  a  mixture  ot  hay  ( 


reiwouL 

bushels  of  chaff  to  one 


^^ 'half  ami  fiesli-iiuide  broad 

of  bran.     .Vt  about  the  tiiteeuth  week  of 


SUPPLEMENT. 


769 


geswtion  half  a  bushel  more  bran  is  added  in  aioK  .■       u     , 

ance  of  ,nixed  food  is  gradually  increased  in  pSrS  .„"?''?  °^  '^'^'  ''"'»  «»«  «»ow- 

by  the  unborn  lamb  on  the  system  and  strength'^/ the  « we    **  '""''^""'"K  ^e'n'»°d  made 

HOW  TO  AVERT  ABOKTION. 

Since  the  introduction  of  this  chamre  in  our  • 
ton  cases  of  abortion  have  been  uukuowrand  thp  ?yTl'?K  ^'^^  ^""'aiub  ewes  at  Aler- 
at  a  mjnimum.  On  this  point  I  may  be  permTtid  to  c U '  ^  ''''T^  '^'  '''''  !'"•'  ''«'« 
on  "Al)ort.on  and  Mortality  among  Ewes/'  de limed  in  te"'  t^**"*'""  ^  "'i'  »««*»« 
at  something  like  a  deflaite  idea  as  fj  the  ci.isp  ,?.•  ♦  ' V^'^'  ^^  enable  me  to  arrive 
which  aborted  and  died  in  many  part^  of  the  eoun  r}  i^  ho''""/  ''^■•««  »"'"'"^''  «'  -we! 
referred  to,  I  sent  out  more  than  lour  hundred  circular  VthLTr^  P'""*"'  ^'■'^  J""""  ^  have 
tainmg  twenty  .juestu  ns,  to  flockmasters  and  oth"rs  [hmX^'";!"'^^'  ™^''  'ettercon- 
'l:,ese  letters  were  almost  all  replied  to.  and  the  Son«^  ■'  *''«  ^^°'^'»  Kingdom, 
clearly  and  conclusively  that  the  greater  mrt  o.  1 1,1  „T  }^  »ns«ered.  They  showed 
flocks  where  the  ewes  had  been  lkU„  a  c^mSi^tivelv  u'n!i  '?f  .""f,  '^"''^'  «eJurred  in 
turuipa  and  swedes  unmixed  with  dry  food  .vnd  tlv.t  ..,.?, '^  allowance  of  common 
donbtedly  does  aw-ay  with  m  ,ny  of  the  ill  e  lects  producwri L"  •"'^1"'''  *'*'  "^'y  ^""'l  «"- 
also  very  clearly  shown  that  where  the  ewes  were  ™  li''.^  """l^'**  ''^'^  ^>'«*-  It  was 
of  any  serious  amount  of  abortion  and  mortalitv  tL  l'^'"'', '*'*''''""  ^°t'''«' aWnce 
irivpii  for  the  cnnflnawino  nf  ,.,k;,.u  t  ..__:     ,         ■'•     ^"^  particulars,  with  the  rea.son>' 


o  generally  ailouted   wm.  *^"  ""'  ^PP^^'i^ted  i,  it 

flotkniiusters  as  to  dairy  larmers.  cbee.se-make'rs  -nd  sf!I!.t  .!  ^^"''"*.  ""'^  a<'vautage  to 
justiHed  in  this  confident  statement  by  my  rece^^lt  exneHp,,;  Z"'  *"  «^"*"''^>-  I  »ni 
have  followed  theu.se  of  ensilage  in  the  c  JoS.'.Xwe^T  *''"  ^"^l^  ''^^'''^^  ^^»'i«h 
to  the  public  in  the  lecture  which  I  hope  to  have  the  hnnn-  „.f'?';.^^4't-'*  will  be  given 
on  the  nUi  of  March,  on  which  occasion  his  Rovvl  HiJh?,  '  "  /l*^  ';?""K  i"  this  room 
with  gracious  condescension,  expressed  his  willingue.ss  to  Side''  "'  '^^"^^^  '»"«' 

LAMBINO. 

Aa  the  time  draws  near  forewes  to  lamh,  a  sheltered  woii  i,**  a 
Tided.  This  should  be  .surrounded  by  straw-tKS  shll.  ^'^r^T'.''''""''^  ^^  P"-"- 
Diee  comfortable  pen  for  each  ewe  when  she  lamb?  The,  '  ""/''""'«'l  =«  '"  I'ave  a 
for  a  comparatively  small  expenditure,  and  the  cost' will  if.L^'"',"*  "'"^  '*"  *:»"«tructed 
savin-  of  life  Imth  among  ewe.s  and  lambs;  many  th  ir wo.  m ^  J'l'  "^  t;""il)eii,sute.l  by  the 
in  severe  weiither  being  pre^.rved  by  meansof  his  mernv^,""^'''^'''' P^''''^'''y  >>«  lost 
dry  litter  should  also  be  provided  close  at  hLul  .^  th  uilT^^^^^^^  «"'*^''>"<'  '"od  and 

in  seanh  of  these  neces.sarie8  at  a  time  when  tl^  ewes  te S  .f  r"'' T  ^  ■"""  «'>"»^ 
which  he  can  give  them.  ''''  '^'^'^  '^^"'"K  '">•  "il  the  attention 

Hear  in  mind  t'lat  the  duties  of  a  .shepherd  at  lambiii.r  finw> ,.,  •  , 
anxious,  and  it  is  a  "pennywi.se"  pnujtice  t^  stint  him  '^Ti  ''/■''"•'*^;.^''>'"«'  "'"^ 
sonalile  amount  of  manual  help  when  he  re.iuires  it  will  be  l„ir  i '.7  !!•  "'  ""■  *""'  '■^"- 
the  cause  of  >he  death  of  many  lambs;  beci«.s,rhm^!ve  win  "C'.^'?'  ""'•'  ""t^  ''« 
to  the  shepherd's  Imiily  power,  besi.les  which  he  «iunot  bl'  „  wo  >r  h  ""T  ''  "  """* 
,>..me  time.  A  careful,  painstaking  shepherd,  of  th  g  e„te.st  ilZ Z  *?•  ^^'""'T  "^  "'" 
doubly  valuable  at  the  laborious  and  an.vi.,ns  tiiueon  Swl  i    "^  »«'"«,  l.i'.omes 

importance  and  worth  of  such  a  shepherd  can  oi  1  v  h.'  r^i  ,  *^"  a  ^^  ronHiderable  is  the 
by'?hose  who,  like  my.self.  have  wat^l.e?  l^c  im  zf  and  Z '.'::' """  ^T''^-'^^ 
to  do  the  best  in  his  power  for  the  interest  of  his  e  "plover  re m  /  „  "  .*''J'''""7"''"« 
lornier  oca-sion,  that  it  i.s  very  de.siralile  lor  the  ma^/r  to  vi.it'  ,"*\  ^  ?"'  °"  " 

lamhinK-lold  during  the  night  .is  well  as  during  the  I  .sfe.  eh  "'''"''•  ,"'  '''*' 
csiHrially  in  coarse  weather,  and  if  he  o<c«si,,mill v  t  k  ;  w i  |?  '?' 1?^!'*.''^  ""'^ 
and  comtorting"  it  will  be  gmtefully  re.-eive.l  an.l '.  X  ap  i^i  i ted      S^  r"" 

worthy  the  shepherd  the  l>etter  pleased  he  is  to  lind  the  n  u. T      t  "*  """"•'  *'"**- 

work.  If  everything  is  going  on  s.itis.;u.t..r  Iv  i  wi  „  ^^  ^1.1^  /^  ""  ''"'T'"'  *V  ^"^ 
known  to  hisemploN,,,  while  on  the  ..the:  hainl   i7  I  le      el^^^^^^  '"""^^  >» 

nary  anxh-ty  and  dilVuulty  in  ,H-rf..rming  his  .1   tiis   he'v^I      ™^  "•""■ 

Kmnnded  in  all  the  ,,nu  •  al  details  of  shee,.  Lni^em.^.t  i  vl  -^t"  "'t^,  to  be  well 
M  fl..k„..ste.,  or  J|esu^.  ,o  have  your  ih^KKkuJ  toVZZidS;"""  "'""'■ 


:■    , 


770 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY   FARMING. 

8TBAININQ  IN   EWKS  AFTKB  LAMBING. 


Tn  a  lecttire  on  the  "Diseases  of  sheep,"  delivered  in  November  1872,  I  referred  to 
,r,it  of  the  dirisesto  which  sheep  are  liable.  On  this  occasion  I  can  refer  to  one  or 
most  ot  *"«  "'^'7*',}^.  ,."  \  disorder  "straininK  in  ewes  after  lambing,"  as  to  whicb 
two  only.  Ihere  «  *»^»*  *"■**!  f'*™f'X k^^^  the  success  which  had  Ibllowed  the 
I  may  say  that  in  the  «P"°K  ."Ji^^J.^/t^if^^JS^^^^  use  of  carbolized  oils,  by  which 

treatment  ot  ewes  when  affec^^^^'tj  \^  amT^t  ewes  is  prevented.    Not  only  did  tlie 

?;i"ern"srpheT:.ve  eve^r^^^^^  f-*  t'^^  '^^ 

Merton  s"^P"f^"  J^'-".    •    W    ,    *  f^w  years  baa  been  entirely  Iree  from  the  diseaae, 

wSrAhiE  whX  attr  buSL  r^^^^^^ 

which  1  '^'^''^fjfj'"""^^^  ",,;,,_  ,.^  arisen      Since  th  s  treatment  was  made  known  by 

rthr^hlhe'S^^ulSrp^li"  ir^  been  tried  by  many  ilockmaste..  and  witu 

^'C^TtrarptTsicians  of  Norwich,  and  at  the  present  time  mayor  of  that  city 
m?  E^e)  w»r^tru  k  with  the  snccess  of  the  treatment  that  he  tried  it  in  two  out 
fftive^ver^^  danRerous  cases  of  puerperal  lever  in  women.  The  two  pat.ente  8<. 
of  hve  severe  ana  "»"fe*''""°  ,  .■  X     r^^^^    ^^^  ,nost  interesting  and  important 

treated  recovered  the  other  t^Ff.*' /^'^.^i^j,^' '"^ewirted  in  the  British  Medical  Journal  ot 
(from  nia^y  ^.nte  of  view)  ^^"  XSut^dTy  Dr.  Bade.  It  would  take  too  much. 
?rmrt:;'eSr  Si;rhe  paV  fculEf  2"atal  diseLe  and  the  method  of  its  treatment 
time  tn  enter  i"""  ^""^  ,v,int«  I  would  refer  vou  to  some  correspondence  on  the  subject 
SLrSXTop^tTro'?  t'hrNirwtarcury,  at  whose  o^ffice  copies  may  be  ob- 
?^ined  There  yon  wUl  find  full  directions  for  the  preparation  and  use  of  these  Ciubol.zed 
^ Is  The  utm(^t  cTre  must  be  taken  in  preparing  theoils,  which  should  be  compounded 
of  the  b^t?nTSiente  Failure  here  may  lead  io  lailure  in  result  Indeed,  such  js  the 
i^mmt^  u  thapreparation  that  (though  no  doubt  there  are  otbei^)  I  myselt  know 
on?y^  one  or  two  fl^ms  in  England  whose  oils  are  pertectly  satisfactory. 

THEATMBNT  OF  KWES  IN   LAMBING. 

A  few  brief  general  directionB  as  to  the  management  of  ewes  during  lambing  time  may 

^u^Sr;E\£  shepherd  should  make  it  his  practice  to  quietly  walk  amongthe 
ew.^  carefully  n^ing  thos^  which  show  symptoms  ot' lambing  within  a  few  hours,  and 
tiJjrUin  J  all  mfch  into  a  sheltered  fold  near  the  lambing  yard,  or  into  the  yard 
fS^si  that^hltbrr\  be  will  know  where  chiefly  to  direct  his  attention. 

When  the  laboT  pains  come  on,  and  the  lamb  is  believed  to  be  in  the  right  position  the 
shSerd  should  not  l>e  in  a  hurry,  but  allow  nature  (the  best  of  all  midwives)  todo 
Kwn  work!  \n  exper.ence<l  s.epherd  will  pe-r  attempt  to  help  a  ewe  un^^^^^^^ 
that  there  are  signs  of  her  (to  use  a  shepherd's  term)     giving  up.        then  assistance 

"The'larb^Tltllhould'be  placed  ne«r  the  head  of  the  mother  who,  ^  a  rule,. 
will  irformhor  natural  duty.  When  the  ewe  has  done  what  is  ne.-essary  by  the  lamb, 
rnd  hL  sJmewhat  recovered  from  the  fatigue  and  exhaustion  of  the  labor,  she  should  be 
snariSff^d  at  first  with  a  mixture  of  gmnl  hay.  chail,  bran,  and  crushed  heavy  oats. 
iTit  ever  be  ren  embere.l  that  the  more.judiciously  and  generously  a  ewe  »««  alter 
haiinc  fullv  re^'overed  from  the  lambing  the  better  she  will  be  able  to  nurse  the  lamb. 
wTn  the  Hmb^  are  old  enough  to  pick  or  nibble  a  few  turn.p  ops,  or  a  little  young 
7r^  t Jev  Tould  H.  allowed  i^,  run  into  a  forward  fold,  where  alter  a  little  time  some 
S^-cr^shtMl  inst-c.!  cake,  mixe.l  with  crush..l  heavy  oats  andasrnal  quant,  yo)  fresh 
f,r  »  sluS  L^i^^^  in  1.  w.  covered  troughs,  so  that  they  mav  eat  a  ht  e  o  the  mixed 
S  \t  Xts  Ke  This  kind  or  feeding  should  be  continued,  nu^reusing  the  allowance  of 
ScdlK  rUe  1  unl«  grow  older  and  stronger.  Of  course  expenem^ed  shephcnis  r 
Wk muXr^ll  un.lcr.tan.1  that  it  is  desirable  later  on  to  throw  out  a  lew  inanKolds 
vhic  Ith.  Hmbscr.  pick  over  in  the  forward  fold,  the  ewes  taking  what  the  lambs  leave. 
S  U.S  t  N  m«"  as..rv  1  Hh..uld  ^.y  that  it  is  desirable  lor  the  n.angol.ls  o  ,..  some- 
f  I  '  -4^  r,,n.vVT™L;ire  to  the  sun  and  uir  before  they  are  thus  given  totbecww 
Tud  in  .s  klw  o.>  nwrngo  d  so  well  suited  for  early  feeding  by  ewes  and  bunbs  a. 
aud  l-inibs^  1  «;'."^:^  .  ,„t,.,^„.,,i,ite."  We  are  so  satisfied  with  it  that  we  now  ^row 
Sutton  .V  Sons  ^  .  I  «  ;"*"'":;;  ^.,.^  ,v,r  weaniiu:  the  lambs,  which  will  be  about 
r  1  M >f  "ul  '  pr.'  n  io  IZld  brmade  to  have  a  supply  of  ..oles..ed  or  cabba,. 
'^'VimVr'i"'-' "'<>"«'    ♦"<•<•"<'  «bem  upon  at  night,  and  during  the  day  they  should 


SUPPLEMENT. 


771 


ance  of  from  three  to  four  onnopH  n«r  k„  j    . 


avcu  uuuj',  wmte  ana  t)ioodle8s     A  nup^  ;= ■■■■"•i^iui 

the  fever  remains  unchecked  for  in  vf^T""*  *'""«" 

matten.,  i.  far  easier  and  therefore  KrTh.V'  ''""'•  I'^^vention  Tn^  tTirri^rT.' '' 
injudicious  and  nigKardlv  feelinEr  t  Itl  •  "  *^"™-  My  experiencp  n«„,,- '  '°  ***''^'^ 
art  given  a  change^^f  S  ^f'S HWeTha^^^^  °' *^^  laS  E^^'^^'^Sr^f  that 
ores  or  layers  where  sheep  have  been  .^wT^^'J  "'"'^  "^e  not  allow^'to  fc!^  '""''* 
generally  remain  healthy,  and  are  seWom  Sf  h^'*^^  ''^'^  ^I'icklyTn  the  uronn?.  T*" 
thriving  condition"  is  a  ule  wh^j^ouX  i.^^^  '"*''  *'>«  'everf  ''KeefS  •^'^ 
which  also  applies  to  sheep  of  a  lages^  Til^>  ''""«'» ^^  betters  of  gold  ^w  ?i  '  '°,*' 
minutes  to  speak  of  the  miiim^emnnf\p        **  P"^*^  so  quickly  that  r  ,  .V.  '^  ''"'® 

may,  however'  briefly  olJ^TuT^l:^'^::^^'^^  -Ln  «L*'£, V^thVurl:  '"f 
hoggets  to  turnips  by  throwinc  a  few  «>  „  ♦  •  *"'°°'"  be  taken  to  Kraduill^  o«,  *  ^  ,  ^ 
increasing  the  daily  allowaZls  th^y  it  S.?  T  '^«^'*««  '''^^^  Cft  t  ^  1  TpH  ^^^ 
accomplished  put  them  into  a  fold  on  fht^  ^•*^'?'"'  ^  t'»«  food.  When  thu  .  1'°^- 
supply  of  rooti  n.ust  be  limit:/l  for?M  ,t  "wh'enT^"*  "'^^^J  i°  S  cl^'f  i^« 
it  is  of  the  llrat  importance  not  to  pinch  them  wifi?  -^^^^S^  y°»°g  «heep  on  tur^in  li^^ 
£1(1  expended  in  hurdles  n.ay  sav'eS  l^":,^];^  /^"^"V^urdle  rim.  Tn'^^^^^^^ 
hnnl  es  enables  the  animals  to  get  exerc.ran  1  fo  nick  „  *"  '^"«P-  ^  good  supply  of 
which  may  have  been  passed  over  duriutr  thp  lili-r  ^  c"P  «°y  withered  parts  of  n.rnil 
by  ,shee„  when  the  weather  is  line,  audlre^u  nt  ^avf  .''^  1""/«*  ^o^'te  enS 
passil.Ie  ev.Mioni  the  tresh  turnips.  *  '''"'^  ''"'«  ''  ^^  etfect  in  checkin«Tnv 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  irnn,i  .,«,!  .  .  ^ 

food  with  a  mixture  of  ehutr  (if  of^.^y  1  M  t hXt  )T.r"  f^PP'e'^ent  the  turnip 
cake,  amlaregui(le(  in  t  ledailvallnwo,,-.  k\  .  -''  'n-^'t,  cu  ms,  bran  arwi  i;!,  ? 
sheep  ready  tlfr  .vle.  ^^^Jti! ^:t:^^y^l^^-^^f  tli^yT's'liTolilS 
other  common  turnips,  care  must  be  tiL-...,  t^  •  /  ,  '*°  swedes,  n  place  of  whUo 
gradually  to  increase^  the  r.n.poS,n  ot^t  es^unt? t  Uin  •"■"  ™'^^^  «tSt!^:cUh:u 
overdo  them  with  root^  at  any  time,  or  bad  results  m^v'^n'^  "'%  «^^«"  «*  all.  t  v  ^'^"t 
hat  under  any  circumstances  a  lot  of  sheep  will  C'f''!""^-  J^  ^ometime.s  hupS 
this  .8  the  case  do  not  hesitate  to  entirely  chLure  tlS,'?  '^'^  ^"^^y  on  roots.  VvC 
astrons  loss.     I  have  f reciuentl v  known  ,.  i      ■  ^  .  ''  'o*"  a  time.     It  will  ivnij    ; 

change  in  the  health  of  u^otTsl^    L  to    ^^^^^^^^^  of  food  1"  l  ^^^^ 

charge  01  them.     A  ..reful,  ol>serva„t'a,Td  prSaTi.  5  wi,?^ 
^sh.ch  another  pen,on,  less  observant  and  leLs  pracliclll    !s  clllleTl,"'°n"fo'*'^^    ^^  ''"'""^ 

nist-r.sHiox. 

Loni  Walsingham,  who  was  warmly  cheered  said-  Pr„r 
moment  very  unexpectedly  done  me  the  honor' fT   V       ^■'''"""  ^''^^^^  having  at  thela.«t 
Mon  it  Incomes  m^  duty  Ld  ^iv^me  g  rjlea  ""•  tTnr" ''''^'  *'^  ^'^^'^  o?fh!  i": 
^\ ".His  lor  his  most  excellent  lecture.     I  in  v  h.mesth-  ...^ITT  "  ^"*«  of  thanks  to  Mr 
pmnnityot  judging  of  Mr.  ^V^KKIs•s  intiniatcMuC,!^   I .,  ^  ^'•''.*  """"«  '"*'''w<l  nioreopl 
a.^)nst  spoken  than  I  have  myself     I    m  i,  I    ^  ''" ''''"'  "'^'«a'>)t^.'t  on  whid.Z 

i-«gr,ru!t<  r:tl  nu-nuuro  arc  known  and  valued      r  tulvr.i.'        '"'"  "'■**'>"triinuions 


y 


i 


s« 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY    FARMING. 


I 


B 


1T2 

,    .    1  „„  ^f  rnmhridae.  and  bears  testimony 
ni-  that  Kentletnan  whi<th  stands  in  the  n^'*'i»^«t-pl««  «f  ^a ml    dge,^^  ^  ^^^^^,^^  ^,.  ^,,^^p 

to  tSe  S   eputation  iu  which  he  -^;:.  f^^^V^i^t^d  very  m        to  the  improvement  of 
T  fhink  we  shall  all  ajjree  that  Mr.  Webb  contrinuvea        y  ^.^^^,,^,^  ^^.^^  ^  , 

ou?mutton  and  wooU  and  I  am  .juUe  sure  ^^^  Z  the  ime  satisfactory  result. 
Woods  has  done  his  duty  durmj^  his  lite  »\"3'"^^^^^^       the  remarks  which  have  lallen 
^^Sr  Tanner:  I  have  great  V^^^']'*"  l^'J^'^f^^'^Xm.  Woods,  which  have  been 
1  ™J^**"\A",„i_,,l,,inj      In  reference  to  the  lectures  "'  ""  amoniist  agricultural 

Sdistd     \1  qn?te  sure  that  they  are  ^-^^^I^^^ireTp    i^^^^^ 
l^^eratare'  embmlying,  as  they  have  done,  f  «'^*  P^7„"°  ui  h^ve  the  pleasure  of  hearing 
ud'iient;  and  I  have  no  '^o'^bt  that  those  of  UBwto  w.1     ^^^^^^  ^^^.^^^  ^-^^ 
jua„mcuL,  March  will  find  that  in  reierenct  v^  ^^^e  front.    I 

-i?>^stio^s^Sd  with  -^^^^^iiij^i^hSSvSSi^ 

thenobTelSdVoranotherof  the  very  many  and  great  kinrt  ^^^  ^^^^  this  evening.  1  am 
IZ  me  in  speaking  so  Afttenngly  and  ^  ,°^^y^V'  ^^«„„,,„  to  you  something  of  the  prac 
very  glad  to  have  had  the  oPPf  t""'*^^'  "".^Son  and  if  it  proves  ot  any  advantage, 
very  gi.i"  .  yo^tiniown  sheep  at  5^^""";/\":n„titnte— which  from  my  heart 

Tl  hope  tt  S  do.  to  the  students  ^^f^^^^^^^i^f^^^y^n.^  had  the  manage- 
Twi.!  success-1  shall  be  f '^atly  gratihed.  J^^^^^f  J^  that  it  would  have  been  a 
meat  of  the  Merton  sheep  lor  such  a  ^^s   f  I  L\  not  been  so  thoroughly  and  pract.- 

lufrelebrated  Hock.  ^  ^jj^nks  with  great  pleasure.     He  said  he 

Mr   Bidden.  M.  P.,  seconded  the  vt^teolinan  iu^ebted  to  his  lords liip  and  o 

cou  d  not  help  feeling  that  ««"«"!*" Vl.Thev  had  great  practical  talent  and  scientific 
h"    til  "rate  agricultural  adviser.     Wh^^^^^^^^^^  ^\,Z  wealth  ever  ready  to  spemi 

attainments,  combined  with  wealth  and  t»«  «  ,  j  „„t  be  too  gratelul  for  the  advao- 
?i  on  behalf  of  agricultural  advancement,  t^.^y 'f'"',  experience,  he  advised  young 
igTs^h'ly  deriv'ed  the-froin  Speakin.^lron  ^^^^-^^^.^^ Pithing  like  weight  for  ge,- 
^mers  to  disabuse  their  minds  oi  the  id^  uia  ^^.^^^  bring  more  pro  it  than  .arge 

tiu2  a  large  price  for  their  sheep,  ^'^•''''i,,^  portion  to  their  food  much  la.ster,  aud 
sheep, Suse  they  would  make  """^ ""  \^, Pffi  it  wa.s  much  more  Pliable  thaularge 
'^^en  it  was  made  the  butcher  -""  'J^'^i^^,^^'  J^en  South.lown  Hocks  would  again  he  the 
mutton.     He  hoped  to  live  to  ^tt  tuc  uay 

most  fa.shionable.  ,         ...  .x,.„i,  you  very  much  for  your  great  kindness 

'"The  noble  chairman   in  ^«P  >^  ^^'^ , Ln.^ iu \vhuh  tlie  proposer  and  seconder  o.  this 

towards  me,  ami  for  the  very  hitt^ring  ternis  i  ^^  ^,^^^  ^,^^  ^^^.^^^^^  1^. 

iX      thanks  have  been  good  enough   o  «P  '  ^  «  JJ;      ^his  is  very  niuch  owing  to  my 

^ible  interest  in  all  .luestions  P'*>'"f,;" , ''' ^  ,n  my  iutere.st  in  a^ncultmv  won  d  have 

f  en.i.  Mr.  Woods,  for  I  am  atraid  ^^       '^'^^^^''^^^  J,  „po„  to  begin  a  cour.c  ol  larunng 

\Zln  verv  luuch  handicapped.     It  1  "'H  "e'^"  *     ,        '     .^   atciiculture  has  not  been  id 

S  get  up  "lock  of  sheep  at  a  \''-.- -^,::  'I'lit  L^lued,  and  .lid  that  .  woujdno, 

A      M„%-t  urosnerous  condition,  1  migut  nave  u.  .     j   ,;  j    ^^ m,  ^  Uo,  k  already 

a'L  much  trouble  alniut  it;  but  coming  '"J"  ^''.^J^  n    w  th  everything  in  my  favor, 

^UiblX  1,  with  able  '"'^"'^^r;"^^'^",:::^.!  L"       U  r:-  .  not  only  m  the  purnnit  olagri- 

U^'w  imi^^ssible  for  me  not  t.)  t^^.^;,  .  f  '^un  ,  upon  the  M.rton  estate.    NV^tl,  re- 

cuu"elmtal.s..inthellocko.slieep^w^^^^^^^^^^  I    j..^,,j^,,j    ,  .^^.j,,  ,j,,,^,  ,vi  ii  him 

t  ml  to  the  size  of  sheep,  the  ,M;int  a    u  e.l  »      '-^  j,,^,,,  ,,  ]..iTA^.  „„e.    Siuall  mat- 

U  at  a  snuU  slie^p  ortei,  means  ">  •  e  I  r  '     J    \  ,,i",,^,„  ,Ueep  will  l.t.h  lugl.er  price. 

u\s,  no  doubt    in  great  '  e^^-^^      /;  "^    '^tinu.'  ii'  you  can  increase  si. e  witUou.  losing 

iiffi?!"  horn  ihS^S'Sii^^-iiect  which  we  should  have  m  view. 


[liiclosuro  Nc 


ri' 


SUPPLEMENT. 


773 


SOUTHDOWNS  AND   CAMBRIDGESHIRE  FARMING. 


[iMclosuro  No,  4  iu  Consul-Qoneral  Merritfs  Ueport-Reprintea  fro 


ui  tlie  Field,  August  18,  1883.] 


The  history  of  the  Babraham  flock  is  the  his  nrv  nf  .„   i 

Babraham  Hock  originated  ia  this  way.     The  litP  \t7  t^  m«dem  Southdowns;  and  the 

ing  farmer  of  his  day,  and  when  his  W  we  f^rown  ^  ^^^^^^  ^'f ,«"•  ^««  «  l^ad- 

into  years,  he  spoke  to  them  to  this  effect-     "  There  o^.uLT.'  '^"'^  ^^  ^^^  «e"iag 

,vith  different  kinds  of  sheep.      But  that  is  younc  men'^  L  •  '"'"*"  "i'Pe'iuients  tried 

begin  now;  you  make  the  experiments."  Hisson  Jonl^Pnt^^Tf?!  -^  ""  *°«  "'*^  *» 
the  suggestion,  and,  having  hired  the  Babraham  fnr^^  entered  fully  into  the  spirit  of 

trials  11  suggested' themselves  to  him      LSe^'^^^eVhS^^  ^'^^  «"^b  test 

day,  as  wa«  then  shown  by  this  breed  being  drat  on  theliSnff.''?'''^  ^\^'^  «f  t^*** 
Smithfield  Club  Christmas  shows.  They  stillit  need  hlrHif  i  ^  "^Tl  ,«^»^^^  ""^  ^^^ 
of  place  "  at  the  London  shows  to  this  dJy  And  notonW  S^-  f  '^' u'  ^°^*^  *^'«  "  P"^^ 
ricultural  Society  of  England  was  inaugurated  a  Oxford  ^inis^^O  Th^T  '^^  ^^^^^  ^8" 
first  iu  the  list  of  classes  lor  sheep.     They  were  Jivpn   U  '  ^^.^.^eicesters  stood 

York  show.  ^  ^     ^-'^  f^'""^"  ^^^  ^nie  Position  at  the  recent 

The  young  Jonas  Webb,  of  some  sixty  years  auo  disnlnvp/i  of  *  *• 
and,ju<igment  which  ultimately  led  to  his  beinKThe  LrlK  ^^^""^  ^^'^  ^^'^Y 
He  experimented  with  Leicester3,  Southdown  ramotheTSeds^of'il''"''^'  ^''  ■''^'• 
with  a  view  to  ascertain  which  would  produce  the  most  m^^tindLn^'  '/'^"  ^^  "''*''• 
If  that  wius  not  a  stroke  of  genius  at  that  time,  It  wrth^Srect  w.v/f  r''  "'P'-'''""'"- 
question  from  a  practical  point  of  view.  Younii  Jmris  ™?  m  '^.^^  'T'""-  ''^  ^^^ 
sWlthen,  as  it  is  acknowledge,!  by  every  pra^tSrman  now'Ihrl'^/'"'''*y  ^"'^^^^ 
that  the  greater  individual  weights  at  a  given  a  e  of  ."^^^^^^^  '  ^T- ""*  ^*^"«^^ 
Cotswohls  yield  the  most  protit  on  the  ibod  a  lurmer  may  hav  flH  "r^  *"  V"-^^°'°^  '^"^ 
will  grow  ..at  of  nothing;  and  a  large,  coarse.  Cy- vLi^^X^J'^^^^^^^^^^  >^^^'"= 

food  than  smaller  and  more  compact  ones.  It  wfis  this  eon,  nt?  "fi^^^^'ly  requires  more 
referred  to.a  question  of  so  much'mutton  and  money  p:r.cf'Sw.^L^^^^^^^ 
of  laucy  prices,  as  now  given  by  rich  amateur  breeders  at  homL^and  by  ibTekm  n?,  n  ^^^  '^''^^ 
The  question  then  was  closely  limited  to  the  value  of  Ztton  n/l  3 
the  food  consumed,  as  between  the  br'-cdercr  producer  mdHu.K.lf.'  '"^^^^oriluig  to 
It  is  true  there  were  some  high  figures  given  tor''  New  Lditers  ^'VZ^'JTT'l 
this  time;  one  Leicester  ram  w.as  let  for  a  thousand  guine.is  to  three  ow n;i!.f  f  -^^T*^ 
ewes.  But  young  .Jonas  Webb  clearly  did  not  heed  this  and  es^crtemmi^?  Leicester 
After  the  several  experiments  he  instituted  ami  carrie  1  T  J^t  .1  T  ^''"T"^'- 
Southdown  breed.  """^  ''"  ''*'"^«^l  ''own  to  the 

Having  come  to  this  decision,  young  Jonas  Webb  then  brouL'ht  his  ,rrp.,t  „..♦„    i  •    , 
meat  to  bear  i.,  improving  his  lloek.     The  result  of  his  jndSt  amfsk  1   in^  :^^^^^^^ 
his  males  and  fen.ales  culminated  at  the  Hoyal  Society's  sV^  a  it  te   .ur^"  n^n^^^^^ 
when  he  took  easily  the  six  [.rizes  oflered    or  rain.s   liiNt   second    .i,.,!  fi.;  .,i  '^       .       ' 
lings,  and  lii.t,  second,  and  third  in  the  chus.s  ,or  o  deV  Xep       v  .v^n^  '°:f^'''''•: 
painting  of  these  sheep,  with  .lolm  Day  (now  of  >Ierton)  an  K^\h,,u   c  [.'^^^^^^^^^ 
hangs  in  the  dining-room  of  Jonas  Webb's  eldest  son,  .W.       "irr\\Vbr,.rK^ 
llall  near  Linton.     The  artist  was  the  well-known  animal  pa.nleYo    h     iay   Mr   w"^ 
H.  Davis.     Mr.  Jonas  W  ebb  Inwl  resolved  not  t..  exhil,it  his  .heep  after  the  Canierlnrv 
meeting,  and  his  success  there,  as  above  nu-ntioued,  was  a  well-.uerited  liud,  tl  ^  i,l.w 
career  of  sueee.sslul  breeding  and  exhibiting.  'ueriitu  unale  to  a  long 

Not  so,  however,  a.s  an  agriculturist.     For  some  years  previously  Mr  Webh  ),.>,i  .t....f.  i 
aherdof  Shorthorns  and  a-  the  Hatten^.a  slu>w  of'tho  H^y.d  ^f^^^^^^^  f^^ 
a  wliite  hul  call,  which  was  in  the  most  bl.H.ming  condition  that  I  had  ever  seen  .in  an 
imal  up  to  tha  time.     I  or  I  i.st  !•  ru.ts  (appropriately  named,  as  this  w.is  the  firs  .SI  ort- 
liorn  he  exhibited)  he  «wsily  won  the  first  prize.    Then  in  the.Hanie  vearcame  hishnVe  ted 
death,  at  the  age  of  si.Uy-six.    But  the  honors  he  lud  won  lus  an  a^'riml  tudst  li  S 
with  his  d,^easc^  for  be  ha-  so  gaine.l  the  confidence  and  respect":,' idi^^t^rS 
cnltunstsol  the  kingdom  r'  .,    •^  statue  to  his  memorv  wiiss,.lw.Tii.^.i  r,>r  ■»,-!  c~  t      r"i 
was  ilie  nret  honor  of  it.s  Ivini.  that  was  ever  conferred  lor  purely  agricultural  eminence 


Ill 


771 


CATTLE    A.ND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


Ss^hotevT^Si  the"eadiDg  breeders  and  prize-winners  at  Royal  audo^er  shows, 
aa  will  be  8««»«^ortl^.  ^  jj  ,    y^.^  ^^  ^^out  six  miles  from  Babraham)  four 

^'V^r'''.,^  H^f  h  nf  hiSZhL  Herntinued  to  superintend  his  father's  flock,  so 
years  belore  t^e  death  oj  his  father  ^«  ^""''^t^^i  of  males  and  females  went,  and 
far  as  seeipK  to  his  «f '{ ,9f  J^f '8'^^,*°?i^®J^  glfe^p  and  lambs  as  his  father  coald 
during  tto  time  he  ^^^  *f «  ^^^J  °"^?^^Jl  ^  "^^^ 

spare.    Then  «ttbe  sale  at  Babraham  m^^^^^^^  he  wellknew. 

chara^terof  which,  Iwth  in  regard  to  tn^^^^^^  to  the  ewes  he  then  purchased  and 

He  also  bought  eight  /^"f  «/,  ^'il^.^^^  u  wa^Tthis  way  his  present  flock  was  founded, 
rdtSvCwTl:l;Td"af  o^nc"e1L  n^^^^^  ehee^  of  either  stock  has  since  been 
and  It  may  as  ^«"^°  ="'"  "  ^  ,  ^^^^  close  in-and-in  breeding  has,  of  course,  re- 
introduced  to  *^«J^^fXrent  aS  well^^^  intimate  knowledge  of  the  complete  record 
^f  relatSL'p  tSCCn  ke'^t"  AU  this  has  been  displayed  in  a  masterly  way  by 
Mr.  Ifenry  We^b  ' 'evide^      by  the  prolific  character  and  unilorm  appearance  ol  h, 

^Tr2t?v°Hali  five  miles  northeast  of  Linton,  is  an  occupation  of  550  a<;res,  40  acres 
btreetiy  Jiau,  ";» J"'        „,  .    ~        .      ^       jq  the  Webb  lamily  for  four  generations, 
only  ofwhich  are  pasture.  Jj>^fl™^^^7t^  soil  is  all  of  a  tenacious  character,  th; 
or  upwards  of  »  hundred  and  mty  yea^.  specially  skilled  management 

rnSopSislhrrS:  rS^ed  t^'^k'oTsuitablc  for  ?he  health  and  progr^  of  a 

^^h^A^Llt^^v^^kep^^^^^^^^^^ 

SeteZ'^^.Zi:ne\{rZl^^^^^^  floc^k  yearly,  and  these  are  replaced  „ 

S^reauked  number  of  the  l>est  shearlings.  As  to  t^e  health  of  the  sheep,  the  greatest 
tS3e  S I  token  to  avoid  contagious  diseases.  The  fences  by  roadsides  are  hnrd  ed 
^  andtihe  gat*^by  roa<lside.i  are  fenced  off  by  squares  or  semicircular  oopn  or  hurdes, 
BO  thatthesheTpmay  imt  come  in  contact  with  any  passing  stock  It  sheep  or  cattle 
are  Sen  to  pa.^  along  theroad-and  the  shepherd  is  always  on  the  lookout  nrth.s-the 
^eattlhe  same  road  of  the  Streetly  Hall  flock  is  °«Vi«"  Thf/,:^.!?  ''i!5 
K*no  matter  what  the  inconvenience  and  extra  expense  may  be.  This  may  be  looke^ 
^  'T^^aBtlk  keenersasan  overdrawn  precaution,  but  this  great  care  is justiUed 
hri^heShat  while  to^  have  existed  ii,  the  neighborhood  and  close  at  hand,  the 
SuSvllall  ?ock  h^^^^^^  attacked  in  any  form.     As  an  instance  ol  the  healthy 

and  prolific  chiS^ter  of  this  flock-its  close  consanguinity  notw.thstanding-every  ewe 

nhTm*Soreg7sirgrX-o?l^«S^^^^^^ 

laSs  S^givenC  before  th^  are  weaned.  Then  the  dams-wh.ch,  of  course,  have 
ifa^thoh-ir-marks  since  they  were  lambs-aro  dotte'd  with  paint  on  the  near  or  off 
shouSe^  oToifthe  side  or  runfp,  e^ch  mark  indicating  that  she  was  by  a  certain  ram, 
or  had^mc  other  close  relationship  t<.  other  rams.  These  signs  are  all  recorded  in  ho 
flock4)^k^  and  when  the  time  for  matehing  rams  and  ewes  in  the  autumn  arrive,,  it  is 
to  be  s^n 'at  a  glance  (by  any  one  like  Mr.  Henry  Webb,  who  is  used  o  it)  whub  ew«< 
^ndr^s  are  dosely  related,  and  whi-h  are  further  removed  in  relationship.  T  is 
BkUled  and  accurate  system  necessiU.tes  the  use  of  eight  or  ten  rams  every  year  for  the 
?wo  hundred  and  thirty  to  two  hundred  and  fifty  ewes.  Sometimes  ten  ewes  of  one 
TWO  nuuiireu  uii     I        J  nnother  St  rain.      In  other  cases,  twenty,  thirty,  or 

strain  may  ^«  f '*^'''tn^  n Tie  su  uT/lf  r  ot  er  rams.  The  best  rams  o.  par.imlar 
lifty  ew.^  of  other  sUuns  may  ^  ^""'^  ^''j;^"  t,,e  ewes  of  the  current  flock  ire  valud 
^irndV^rfo^nf  oiSuitS  "mtrtlt  b.  s.ld.  An  instance  ot  this  ..ourred 
beyond  P"*-^  •'";,"  fonc  of  the  leaciig  breeders  of  Southdowns  in  Iraneejcame 
o^?-[rusual  t:  b  ran  h^showel  his  ^ood  judgment  by  s,HHnally  a.ln.irin,apar. 
fionlarsK  but  htf  was  peremptorily  told  that  he  was  not  tortile,  as  he  was  require. 
ticuiarsneep,  oui  in  "*  i^™,  .'  i,,,^^„vpr  did  not  p;wM  V  mousieur.  lor  he  went  liack 
for  so  many  ewes  at  home  JJ'"  ^^^^^^^^'^'^  J  n„.  L  all  last  evenin,-,  and  .Ireaming 
the  next  da.V  and  said.  ^  I,!:'^.!.  S^«  bave,  him."  But,  as  I  ha-e  said,  aspecially 
ttlioui  mm  an  niiiu.,  '^l''r\-"':r^W^^  ^^  ,{e„ry  Webb  as  i)em«  i)eyond  jirice.  and 
good  «^*P".f  "«;7.»*.'^^'   ;;:,",  "e^^^^  many  ewes,  and  no  templinj^oiTer  could 

SiliKCn  l^im  h;:.::^^  ™;  l  how  Ihe  ane  char..ter  of  the  B.i)>rahani 


SUPPLEMENT. 

775 

•stock  haa  been  preserved  at  Streetly  Hall     Th«»«  k    .  , 

Ah  an  instiince  of  the  way  this  nl^n  h..o  k  "reeaers, 

*heH,.^pmeshearhngatLntr&,J,'^i\'l^^^^^^  ™'*y  be  mentioned  that 

relerred  to,  waa  used  at  Babraham  inlt^rX^'^,,'"  ^^^  P*'"^'^  «^«"P  of  s^x  above 

yo  K.     ^'le  strain  of  thm  sheep  is  now  stroufflvmn^iTi.'   ^ut^hess   County    New 

ent  ilocks  is  due  to  the^n/p™ nradVt^rArcSon''  ''^  '^"'^  '^''-^S  oSi^'J^S 
so  named  alter  the  first-prize  shearling  afthe  first  lioLT  ^'V'^^^-     The  Derby  sfS 
hue  ol  sheep  that  is  now  consDicuona      n^uL  /^oyal  meetiuir  at  Derbvi  i»  Llif 

4illottedforii9oat  home  tZ  S  %t  2,  T'!  *^''^  8''*°d  «hl,r HnSof^hisZ^^' 
thought  and  dreamed  so  muV  The  ewT^tr.  Z'  f  *^^  '^''^  the^FrLS  SSr 
Derby  stmn  This  shows  the  imp^rJu^'^fth  Pf\°*  T*  «"  ^^e  off  hip  are  0^1 
«ee.l  hardly  be  said  that  the  male  deSansnf^  T'*^.^°'^  »  '^^^  of  them  1? 
fenmles  of  that  strain,  but  a  ram  wilfbo  ch^'' f^^^'^^^  ^J."  P«*  be  matched  wi^h  the 

'Th*'f'  'T.u'  ^^^  .  '*  '"^y  bo  tiiat^n  ArchWsL?f  'V'^^  forthestTemoJed 
.matched  with  them.     But  in  this  lam  only  Kuessin,.  1  .T  "  .*  ^^^^8""  "ne  may  be 
for  I  could  not  enter  into  the  complica^,!  Ldl^Zll^y?^,  »  general  illustration 
altliou^h  tb.se  entries  are  ABC  to  Mr,  Henry  Webb  ^',*'^' •*^t*'^«  of  the  flock-Ck 
with  them  irom  boyhood  upwards.  ^  ^^^^^'  ^^«  ^  grown  into  Jamiliaritv 

The  younger  animals  of  this  flock  are  remarkahl«  «.*..■ 
frome  and  color  There  are  one  hundred  and  twenlvvlaHi  "*'''' "•"*  tmilbrmity  of 
will  be  selected  for  strengthening  the  muinflo^k  Tlw!I  ^'  ^'"^-  ^^'  ^bese  seventy 
might  be  run  promiscuously  into  lots  of  live  or  ten  e«;.  ^X,®°ty.  when  put  together 
not.  to  «iy  an  affected  Judge,  who  would  have  con£  .J""*^  ^^^""^'l  be  a  fasted  oS' 
the  better  pen  of  the  lot,  so  alike  are  they  ^0^  ?-h?r*''J°"^''^"  '^«^'''*^«  which  ^ 
will  be  sold  to  French,  Canadian,  American"  or  orhiSS'L  V'"  ^'^^  ^"^'^^^^  ^'V 
buy  at  high  hgures  any  number  that  can  bo  spare^l  lh)m  th^«  n  K^f  "**'  "^^^  *'«  Slad  tb 
men  in  particular  are  eager  customers,  from  the  recolbwin.. Vh  f*^**'"  ^^°^^-  French- 
cessof  the  late  Mr.  Jonas  Webb  at  the  Paris  Interl^ational  fe  v'" ■^''  *^«  ^'^''  8uc- 

The  rams  are  eighty,  most  of  which  are  shelirlinLAuf        ''*'*'"  ""  ^^^''■ 
uniiormity  of  size  and  general  character  asewes  do  n^rf  i,.„i    "?**     ,  °°^  ^^^  *»  *>  much 
.iB  left  for  stock.     But,  even  with  this  large  numb^r^  ther 'T^iT^'"  '^ '^'^«  proportion 
stamp  and  likeness  to  be  seen  in  the  meanest  sheen      Th^      •    t  ""niistakable  family 
good  demand  for  the  smaller  and  less  evenly-balancwl  r.,,^0  .•'^'  b«sules,  a  regular  and 
is  well  known  that  animals  are  often  as  much  like  the  rmn*     ""  ^'°*","^  Purposes,  as  it 
their  parents;  and  therefore,  by  the  .same  ruW,,  ^conZZ^hT!if''^^^^'^,^^^y  "'elike 
not  forgetting  the  dictum  that  "like  breeds  like ''-n,,rr^  ^^"^^ 
vstock  purposes  as  his  more  jwrfect  relative  would  be      « ),V  f  1  f  "^  ^'""»ble  for  ordinary 
saves  the  large  number  indicated  of  his  nuUas  fbr  which   ..!       «'''"°il/^Ir.  Henry  Webb 
and  gowl  demand.     But— and  this  is  not  singular    us  tl,«  rl      '  ""V "."""*'*•*•  ^  regular 
bmhan.  sto.k  causes  it  to  be  still  resorte.l    o  Iw  u"^  nnncin,?.T''*  "'''*''**-'*«'  «*'tbe  Ba- 
te keep  their  flocks  up  to  a  high  standar.l-there  is  more  d  Sn  !l'  '  "i"^  *"  .Wouthdowns 
or  £1-2  rams  than  for  such  as  run  into  three  ligur^      iw  V  r','^-'  '"  bargaining  for £10 
feed  for  a  direct  profit  over  the  scales,  look  at  an  extra  shiT  in  ,  ''"'"'^''^'.^bo  breed  and 
oost  of  £-i  or  £-.1  for  their  sire,  with  s;i3picion  o  d  ;trust   &        b.mb,  Irom  an  e.xtm 
when  a  pure-bred  ram  from  an  old-established  fl(^^k  is  mi   to  I  h^  i  '.•'""''  *^*^  ^'"'^  ^bat 
they  of  the  same  or  of  a  different  breed,  the  i.ssue  "  shoot  n,,t  a,         "  ("'"'""o  ^wes,  be 
.size  tl.au  they  will  do  if  they  be  i.ssue  of  common  ormon^rel  fT     '"  '',*'»'•  greater 
These  le.s.ser-prieed  rams  are  therefore  geneiHlly  s^id  toT^?[      ^^'''"^  °"  ^"*^b  sides. 
Canada,  and  other  fo,^ign  aud  colonial  partT  Tl^    etL,^,c.^rn^  '"^  ^""If^'  '^»"*^"^- 
api.re<iated  by  the  customers  of  Mr.  Henrv  Wehl     ill  7 h«  h       '*^'"««°  ^"11  known  and 
order  by  letter  for  .so  many  at  the  unTleVsU.„f''p;l" ''^p'S^j^'^  ""- 
whose  issue  are  now  marked  with  a  paint  spo.  on  the  ne.ir  shmTl'ar     ^     to  mention, 
prize-winning  flock  last  year,  and  he  has  since  f^t^rsold  at  ,1         1  '.•''''-■'  "^^'^  '"""°S  » 
French  breeder  of  .Southdow.is.     Ilardih  Jd    N^riO).  t  t    KnoP''  '"  '1  '^'"« 
favorite  lineage,  and  she  is  well-woolleil  down  to  her  j  w;  a„     ."^      u'^'r^*  ""T^i" 
No.  :t,  a  four-year-old  of  well-preserved  form  as  he  is  ie;ir  v  L  ,  "'"'•''bood  is  by 

although  his  grand  ,hara,.ter  h'as  le.l  to  n,ue.^u!:lu^Iei",VS  'V-f  r*^*''  ''"  "  Bhearling, 

liie  lambs  are  simpiy  living  pictures,  both  r.ims  and  evves       »"J.i,    ";    , 
mis  together,  there  are,  of..Mi..e,  variations  in  h!  1 1^  d  si,e      H     " '^t^^^^^^^^^ 
character,  there  are  very  few  under-size.l  ones.     .Vnd  a,  ^o  thdr  faiSy*  tr!iit;^  H  ^"yS 


t,  i^ 


77fi 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


jaws,  and  down  the  legs.  ^,i„  „«-/.rnnninff  Streetiv  Hall,  I  willjnstraen- 

^  Before  I  make  a  few  notes  about  *»>«  "no*^"  »' f ™PP'°?  i^r^^Jf  "be  etting  of  Young 
tion  that  I  saw  the  entry  in  the  Babraham  «*talogue  ^^  >  *"  ;^°X«  „,•  ghropshires  ami 
Elegance,  the  sheep  ^^ich  causal  so  ^^'^l';^™""  j",™^"«  hired  in  the  above  year  at 
their  critics,  Irom  twenty  »«  ^wenty-Uvo  yea«  ago^     »  ^,.ordin«ly  used.     The 

L^LTa^h^DXra^^o^nrh^^^^  named  The  Dnke-at  170 

^^Seropping  of  Streetly  HaU  ^'^^^^S^:::^^^:^^  Ifn^PuKf 
valuable  llock  of  sheep  kept  on  the  lariu  1  he  .'^'J^  «"  ,^  ^  th,^t  the  green  crops 
The  cereals  need  not  be  relerred  *« '»  ^'^'^ft^i^tejl  '  Sv  on  them  in  a  lavorable  sea- 
and  other  food  prepared  lor  and  given  to  ^J'^. ^^^^fj^"  ^^"'^.ore  favorable  than  forsev- 
«on.  This  year  the  spring  ami  ^^^^['^J^;;^ZdtuTv.he.a,  oats,  and  barley  have  a 
eral  past  seasons,  the  crops  are  K^n/r^^^  °^"  .^^^^^^  have  patches  of  a  dark  appearance  in 
very  fruitful  appearance.  Home  of  t*^e  ™*  ''7£  autumn  having  killed  some  of  the 
them;  but  this  is  due  to  the  ^^^P^^^^J^^f  J  VeplSs  having  tillered  in  the  spring 
plants  the  sai.l  dark  appearance  being  di^  f^ there  ip^'""^'  ''^^  threatened  to  be  more 
from  having  had  too  much  room.     Mildew  is  there  appa  .^^^^^^  ^^, 

^^eeT-rops  of  almost  allkindsaregro^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Sainfoin  is  a  favorite  variety,  and  '\ «["r^« '!f '^  "°th  of  tkres,  ryegraas,  and  clovers  in 
marly  subsoil.  This  year,  "^'."f.  J^jS^^ave  ifeen  mvvet  for  s^d!  and  f^m  the  way  the 
April  and  May,  several  acres  «»  «*'°'f/"  ^'^f ^j ''t  °  rTne  sacks  per  acre  in  the  husk  will 
stems  are  heavily  laden,  it  is  ^^P^^^^^ed  ttot  ei^^^^^^^  "drawing'  this  seed;  that 

l,e  yielded      Mr.  Webb  J'^ -^^'IfJ'^^J^l^^^S  ^h^^^^^^^^  it  is  unnece. 

^.  rhfsirw'sf  4hIU h'h^k^  sells  what  he  has  to  spare  ,n  the  same  cond.- 

^^i  swedes,  r  ^«f '^^^^^l^lo^r^SJ  wSt  cC^ -^^^^^^ 
feet  tilth  may  be  made  wh.  o  the  crops  »[«  ^'™^  ^  ^^^  ^ws  are  generally  left  with 
nece-s^iry  point  in  farming  «t™»^;  ^  ^''^^.^.^^^^^^^^^^^^  nature  of  the  plants.    The 

a  short  space  between  them,  but  tn'«'«y""^' a  Garrett's  horse-hoe  is  used  for  cleaning 
later  white  turnips  are  *«'7  «"J  J^//^*;; '^^^^hUe  ti  Sp^^  a  bunch,  when  they  are  re- 
them.     The  Xorfo  K  plan  o    leaving  three  white  ^^ 

,„irc.l  "c  spnng^ed,  -  be  «  P  -u  d.^^  IreXeTgether;  W-  -  »^™wi°*^'  ''''' 
the  etlect  of  winter  irasts  "e^er  ««»i  frozen,  by  rising  trom  the  inner  or 

to  the  sxvelliTi-  of  the  soil  at  the  time  ot  '^  f '"^^^^^^^^^  stretched,  the  cellular 

touching  mU  of  each  turnip,  ^hereby  the  roots  arejniysi^^^^  ^ 

tissue  not  being  broken,  as  it  l^^.^'^^^"  V^",,",^"'"'^,^  pS^^  clay  soil;  so  the  latter  are 
Neither  mangold  nor  kohl  rab.  ^row    ree  y  on  thy cuu  >  ^^^.^,   ^^^^^ 

not  cultivated,  and  swedes  are^own  with  the  iW^^  ^^^  .^  ^^^^^^  ^^,^ 

t^-X^a::1^tZ:^^^i^^  '^Z:::^^ir  bu^,s  much  larger  than  the 

being  applied-iu  the  place  ot  '"«  «• '^^^"t, ,i  t  e  no  "  l.rluK^^  I  heard  of  a  case  of !) 
are  also  generally  grown  to  a  '^""'l- ex^*""\  "  Webb's  lant  was  H(»  inches  long,  and  very 
,,„,uters  to  the  acre  having  been  grown.    /'.'^'  7,fJ'  ^^^  ^'^."  harvesU-d.  nipe  and  mustard, 

fn^i^ttis:---:'-^"^^^^^^''^^!'^^ 

for  thecwfts.  with  a  v.cw  to  make  the  [-V«^  ;^*^  '7,  ,  ,  ^  la.i.  Turnipsarc  sownaller- 
i„„  ,„  Ih.  «»-™  a-l  ll'«  "  "«'  ""k  ^, ',lL1.!::™;,ta/„„  whit,  clover  «,..l  l..«m.    Tte 


SUPPLEMENT. 


77r 


year's  mangolds  remaining,  and  will  annarpn*!,,  k„  r 
lent  condition,  and  two  of  three  tonsTda.  S^^L^"  "  *?'*''*'>•  These  aw  yet  in  excel- 
them  freely,  and,  owing  to  the  ripenesa  cJ  ^he  ii,Z°th°'°.^^?  ^°^'''  *»'«  'ambs  "ting 
showu^  no  signs  of  scouring.  A  arue  «(  uanf  ^  '  ^''^  *''"''«  admirably  on  them 
every  fold.  Mr.  Webb  pre4s  the  reled  blocL  to  nT"^^  ^^''«  «"!»  is  ^n  a  bixTn 
It.  They  certainly  nibble  it  off,  or  scoon  it  off  fni  ^^  '^^*'  "«  ^^^  sheep  take  more  of 
ah.  Ensi  age  in  an  incipient  Ibrm, T^ommr^"  Sf  ?r»ti«««.  ^ith  an  evideTrel- 
this  practice,  has  been  long  in  use  at  StZfll  irJi  *  ^i"?  knowledge  we  now  have  of 
success  which  has  previously  attended  the  Ste"""'  ^^  '*  »  «t"l  <intinued  wS'hi 
cut  into  chaff  by  one  of  Maynard's  riddling  mShin  J /n^r*^*  '*""'  "'  <»'e  farm  if 
barn,  mixed  with  as  much  cut  green  tares  clo^ff'"'  ""^  '*  '"  packed  in  the  bay  of  a 
degree  of  temperature  of  a  well-secured  haystock  ^rn't.^"' '""««  '*  *^  heat  to  the 
has  been  cnsumed  and  it  is  necessary  to  Kre  anSr  .*'"^""•"'"°  «"*«»  <>f  ^  bay 
tares,  ryegnws,  or  lucera  is  fit  for  the  scyfhTa  s3^„^"?P'y  <  ""^  «P"°K  ««e  belbre 
generate  the  required  heat  for  giving  a  relish  t^the^irch^ff^  ot  mangolds  is  used  to 

These  point«ofMr.Webb-spr.ticeclearlys.m  to  beworthy  Of  general  consideration 
The  flock  of  ewes  consists  of  about  300.  after  about  70  yearlings  are  putl alal 

H.  W. 


iW\ 


FRENCH  SHEEP. 


NOTE  BY  MR.  IT.  KAiys^rACKSON.  OF  THE  PARTS  SHOW,  ISsa-S. 
llnclosure  No.  5  in  Consul-Oeneral  Merritfs  report.] 

To  most  English  breeders  these  would  he  <lma«,^^;.  »• 
contingent  and  ragged  regiment  in  ^ompad^n  ^1^0,"   cLw  '^"^^ ."^'^^^  ^^^  a  light 
and  Downs  sheep;  whilst  their  being  exhibUed  „„   of  tt^^.      ''"'  V°'"'"'  Shropshire, 
clothed  up  like  greyhounds,  gave  a  very  for  «rn  annear^  ire  fn°  '>  ''"^  '"''"^  "*'  ^^e  best 

The  lireeds  of  France  are  lieaded   by  the  NWinn^n.  .  ^"^  w*"  ^''°'' 

be  the  most  widely  distributed  of  any  over  the  L"ohenI5"nf  ^^^*^"°«  v"''-'*'««'  ^'^  ^ 
at  the  close  of  the  last  century.  A  gootl  ll^hTo^'Jt^  ^T^  *''''-'^*  '■™'"  Spa^Q 
from  the  tip  of  the  nose  down  to  the  feet  TTe  chief  Z^"^^'  ^'"f,"  ?"'  "^"^  «l"««c, 
trict.s-Sois.sonnais,  Chatillonnais,  Beauce  Chai  inainp  VnV'  "'■^^■*""'  "^er  their  dis- 
hy Merino  nims  have  been  greatly  improved  rurcil^edM/t^'tr"^?  ^""'"'^'^  "°^«<^ 
of  our  New  Leicester  or  Dishley  bree<i  wit  \r  r  nL  I  ^''^t'f-Me""08.  Tbe  cross- 
favorites  in  France,  especially  in^l.^KldS  t  a„  I'The  Sn  '^r'^'^r''^""""  ^'^''^ 
Solofiue.  The  French  long-wooled  breeds  are  r'  1,  TIJt  *lepartu.ents  of  Berry  and 
Flemish,  Saintongeoise,  an.Wend.'.en^  „nd  ha  f  lon^£ri!!n'  ^^"[r"^'^'  Pi'-^rdy. 
and  leKsdevni.l  of  covering,  ami  coarse,  1o„k  point«K,otefr''K^  ^''"'"'^  ^^'^^^ 
re.sentative  of  the  Flemish  breed  whicl  hw  th  e  ^™.,7  .  T/^*"!.'  ^"'''''-  ^^"  "^e  rtp- 
oheaply.  Grassing  with  the  Dishley  or  New  t^ls'  Se  VoU""'"'"^'  ^''^"^  «°" 
from  its  former  meagerness.  "^'  "'*  ^^^^  "'  ""proved  much 

In  tlie  great  central  sheep-breeding  provinces  of  Berrv  .in,i  ^,j„  .      , 

land  bree<ls-tl,e  Berrichon  and  Solognot;  bu  tht  wi  1  i7l  ard  ,tTV''''  ^'""'^^  '«^- 
belly.  thighs,  an.i  legs  being  bare-and  the  s  Le  is  Xnsnuin^  fe  "''  ''«»°,ty-''ead. 
hang  backwards,  and  the  whole  animal  is  the  an  m  .1;^ f :?  i-  • ';'"^  '""^  ''^""''  "n^l 
the  liesh  is  delicate,  and  the  bree.l  Stet  wel  Thrsl'^ll  'T  !^*  '^''^-  ««' 
their  a,f,r-n,lor,;l  hcuh  amf  l,„x.  Cologne  sheep  attract  notice  by 

TlRMnouiitainshavelocalbreedsofsmall.size,  comnacttnink  thini-  i,„    i      ,      . 
well-llav„rcd  meat.    Thcchiefarethe  Larz.M-,  I^u  n    S  C     slV  m  wh     ?^  "°* 

they  are  found  in  the  southern  departments  gS  mS  n  i  ri       U  ^^"^^^  ""'^ 

The  tn><t  iiMnu-d  producers  the  celebrated  Ko-iueSX^sev,...,  "'"•"'  "\*°  ''^'^^' 
ma.i.-  UMny  .n.ss  and  valuable  varieties  iu'tWni  our  V^^ 
have  cnatcl  what  is  „.,w  often  s,H,ken  of  =^  the  i'sii  SrhMr.L?  '^«"^"n'l  «errichoii 

At  the  show  held  last  February,  1HH4   tl  fp  ii  ^ron^of  I"  .'^  c       u  , 

bred  in  the   Nievre  by  M.   Colu.s    and    he  h)l  of  15  wTr."  .t      ^  ^^^^^  Southdowns, 

would  take  a  g.K^d  phL  at  an  Eng  ish  sboV  nroLb     .^1/      '"''*" '"^  fr»"P'   »'»» 

The  next  l.reeds  thaV  gained  notice^  weVrtTe'  i:2;:!;e;.*'t  D  r.^.r^rt,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

dions,  ana  pure  r.errhli.,us.  and  Ariesiennes.     The  pure  and  crn^  hr^^i  It    •  .     "' 

occupy  front  rank.     The  Oxlonlshire  Downs  cm"s  with  the  vZulf      ,''"""'  '*'^'*y* 

teemed.    In  1883  the  prize  group  wasof  the \leHm.bree.lP^n?hK^^^^^^^ 

not  be  recommended  tbr  export.  i"e.Hennoi»ree*l.     French  breeds  of  sheep  can- 

H.  KAINS-JACKSON. 


778 


CATTLE   AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


WEIGHTS  OF  SHEEP  AT  ISLINOTOH. 

,„Co«.«.  NO....  Oon.u.^n.~.  M.rr.tf,  repoH. ^ Pro.u tb, M.,..  I-a.  E«pre«of  O^rn^r 


Tablb 


1  -Aae  in  day,,  weight,  and  average  gain  per  day  of  the  »«'«;«««»•««;«'  ^^^<f  '*« 
\latet<^S>landin  the  catalogue,  with  the  exception  of  those  for  ewes. 


Deacriptlon. 


No. 


Exhibitor's  name. 


ClaMM.— Fat  wethersheep 
of  the  Leicester  breed 
above  1'.'  and  under  24 
months  old. 

OIbmSS.— Fat  wether  ambii 
of  the  LeioeHter  breed 
under  12  months  oUt. 

Claiw*).— Fat  wether  sheep 
of  the  Cotewold  breed 
above  12  oud  under  24 
months  old. 

Class  41.— Fat  wether  lambs 
of  the  Cotswold  breed 
under  12  months  old. 

<31as842  — Fat  wethersheep 
of  the  Lincoln  breed 
above  12  and  under  24 
months  old. 

Class 44.— Fat  wether  lambs 
of  the  Lincoln  breed  un- 
der 12  months  old. 


Class 45.— Fat  wethersheep 
of  the  Kentish  or  Kom- 
rey  Marsh  breed  above 
12  BLd  under  24  mrotns 

ClaBs47.— Fat  wether  lambs 
of  the  Kentish  or  Ilom- 
ney  Marsh  breed  under 
12  months  old. 

Class  48.— Fat  wether  sheep 
of  the  Southdown  breed 
above  12  and  under  24 
jnonths  old. 


215 

216 

217 

21f) 

222 

223 

224 

225 

220 

227 

228 
229 
230 
234 
2:15 
2:16 
237 
238 
23» 
240 

245 

246 
247 
248 
J4U 
250 
251 
252 
253 
254 
255 
259 
260 


Second.... 
Cup,  tlrst. 


Mrs.8.P.Herrlok 

do ■ 

Executors  late  B.  Painter, 

do .." 

Mrs.  S.  P.  Herrlok 

do.. 

Kxec..tors  late  11.  Painter.  .^^^^ 


Honors.       Age. 


First  


..do.. 


T.andS.O.Oillett., 

do 

J.H.Elwes 

T.  R.  Hulbert 

O.W.O.  Thomas.... 
T.iindS.a.Oillett.. 

J.  II.Klwea 

T.R.  llull>ert 

O.  W.  a.  Thomas... . 
Thomas  Ouniiell.... 

Hubert  Wright 

John  Pears 


First., 

Second.. 

Third... 


Second. 
Cup,  first.. 


Herbert  Mackinder., 

do 

n.M.Kirkhmn 

Thomas  CUinnell.  ..., 

do.. 

A.,1.Whltchcr 

ThonmsWotten 

Henrv  Page 

B."W.  TMse'li 

Fred  Neiime,  jr 

Henry  Pace 


First 

Second.. 


First 

Second., 
Third... 


Class  80.— Fat  wether  lambs 
of  the  Southdown  breed 
under  12  months  old. 


Class  51.— Fat  wether  sheep 
of  the  Hampshire  or 
WilUhire  Po  w  n  breed 
above  12  and  under  24 
moiiiusold. 

Clas853.-Fat  wether  lambs 
of  the  Hainpshireor  W  11- 
shire  Down  Breed  under 
12  months  old. 


i-'l 
262 
203 

264 
265 
266 
267 

208 

269 

270 

271 

272 

273 

275 

285 

286 

287 

288 

289 

290 

291 

292 

293 

294 

298 

297 

298 

299 

1  312 

I  313 

[314 

315 


First 

Second. 


n 

Cup,  first. 


B 

Cup.  first.. 


Third. 


H  R.  H.  Prince  of  Wales. 

do • V 

Duke  of  Richmond  and 
(lordon 

Sir  John  Kelk 

Lord  Alington 

The  executors  of  H.  H. 
Penfold. 

.^.'^d^^*'".'.".'^''."."".:".."---   Second 
Diike  of  iiamiiton.. 

Eorl  of  Onflow 

Lord  Bray  brook 

O.  V.  Carew-Olbson 
("harles  Chapman  .. 

Earl  of  HuUblk 

do 

Henry  Upton 

Alfred  lit^asman  ... 

'■j.j"Coiman"'M.P!!!!l..'....   First 

William  Toop 

do 

Sir  John  Kelk 

SlrC.  M.Sampson 
Alfred  Morrison.. 

do.. 

llnnrv  Ijvml>crt... 
Wiiliiim  Newton 
do 


R 

Third... 
Second., 


B 

First  .... 
Third... 
Second., 
U 


Weight. 


Day*. 
014 
614 
614 
614 
254 
254 
254 
254 
630 
6-i4 
6.10 
Otto 
6.']0 
281 
•00 
240 
270 
66U 
690 
630 

270 
284 
201 
800 
300 
270 
607 
600 
600 
600 
630 
240 
240 


William  Parsons ji  liiit-fliiit 

William  Parsons  cup  and  I  Plaienrsi. 

champion. 


690 
630 
630 

630 
630 
6.30 
630 

614 

614 

630 

044 

630 

6,% 

600 

270 

270 

9U7 

307 

284 

284 

270 

270 

284 

644 

644 

674 

OIM 

644 

314 

314 

284 

900 


Daily 
gain. 


Pound*. 

242 

248 

255 

232 

134 

131 

129 

122 

292 

271 

311 

260 

274 

188 

201 

149 

168 

m 

292 

280 

179 
189 
179 
192 
173 
172 
243 
264 
246 
254 
259 
160 
179 


Pou 


203 

213 
206 

221 
214 
215 
234 

2S1  I 
230| 

208  I 
217 
210 

209  I 
204  I 
160  I 
147  ! 

ita  I 

163 
151 
135 
131 
lU 
153 

m 

279 
319 
277 
2<t8 
2« 

m 

199 
214 


niU. 
0.39 
0.40 
0.« 
O..TH 
0.53 

c.,v 

U.5I 
0.48 
0.47 

0,4: 

0.4'. 

o.« 
0.4a 

0.66 
0.1)7 
0.C;! 
0.62 
0.42 
0.46 
0.44 

0.66 
0.67 
0,62 
0.61 
0.58 
0.64 
0.40 
0.44 
0.41 
0.42 
0.41 
0.67 
a75 


0.32 
0,34 
0.33 

0,35 
0.34 
034 
0.37 

0.41 
0.37 
0.33 
0.34 
0.33 
0,33 
0.34 
0,59 
O,.^ 
OX 
CM 
0.53 
C,48 
0.4'.) 
C.57 
0.54 
0.46 
0.43 
C.i7 
r.42 
0.46 
0.77 
0.63 
C,70 
0.71 


(  Oeoembflr 

,  taking  the 
s. 


Dailjr 
gain. 


Poumlt. 

0.39 
0.40 
0.« 
O.JW 
0.53 
C.V 
0.51 
0.48 
047 
042 
0.41 
Oil 

04a 

0.66 
0.1)7 
0.6;! 
062 
042 
046 
0.44 

066 
0.67 
062 
061 
08* 
061 
O40 
044 
041 
042 
041 
067 
075 


032 
034 
033 

033 
034 
034 

os: 


231  I 
230| 

ms  I 
m 

210 
209  I 
204  I 
100  I 
147  ! 
KB  I 
103  , 
1151  I 

i;» 

131  ' 

153 

279 
319 
277 
2<.I8 
2W 

199 
214 


041 

037 
033 
031 
0.33 
033 
034 
050 
05) 

05i: 
C.53 
053 
C.48 
049 
C.57 
0..54 
0.46 
0.43 
C.47 
r.42 
0.46 
0.77 
063 
0,70 
0.71 


SUPPLEMENT. 
Tablb  I. —Age  in  days,  weight,  and 


779 


Deaoriptlon. 


•ClawiM  —Pat  wether  lamb* 
ofthe  Hampshire  or  Wllt- 
■blre  Down  Hreed  under 
12  montha  old— Cont'd 


•Cla««M.-Pat  wotherMheep 
of  the  HiiflTolk  (  black - 
faced)  breed  above  12  and 
under  24  niontlui  old. 


■Claw 8S.— Fat  wether  lainba 
of  the  Suffolk  (  b  I  u  u  k  - 
faced)   breed    under   1 
montha  old. 


•ClBMSe.— Pat  wether  «heep 
of  the  ShropHhire  breed 
above  lii  and  under  24 
uionlhs  old. 


No. 


316 
317 
318 
.SIO 
330 
821 


average  gain  per  dag,  .ftc-.-Continued. 


Exhibitor's  name. 


-Claw 5S.— Flit  wether  lambs 
of  the  HIiropMliIro  breed 
under  12  months  old. 

-Class  59.— Fat  wel  her  sheep 
of  the  Oxfordshire  breed 
above  12  and  under  24 
months  old. 

Class61.— Fat  wether  lambs 
of  the  Oxfordshire  breed  i 
under  12  months  old. 


!fJH 
32fl 
;t!7 
328 

;m 

330 

331 

.332 

333 

XU 

3.3S 

336 

837 

838 

34U 

340 

341 

347 


Rtr  Edward  nulaa 

do 

F.  K  Moure  ... 

SIrO  M.  Sampwii"' 

do 

«i  1  John  Uarlon ■o::rL"'J— 

■W     Alfred  UeMornay I  *««»'««•■ 

•Ji4     Marquis  of  Bristol...   I  b 


do 

KdwanlOlttiis'."" 
AliredMUoblnson 
O  Uentliick  Itobtna 

do 

Joseph  Smith  .....;'" 
Murquls  of  Bristol.. 
Kdward  tiittus 

Kdwttid   Fyson 

«.  Bentlnrk  Robins' 
■1.  8iurleyNunn   . 

.loseph  Hmilh 

Robeit  I,oder,  M  p 
Uird  Cheslinm 

do 

Duke  of  Portland"!;; 
Orim  wood  Cooke. 
Robert  I-oder,  M  p' 


p'mt.. .:;;;; 

Second..,, 


PI  rat, 
R 


348  I  Roberto.  Oliver' 


Cla8862.— Fat  wcthershoep 
of  the  Cheviot  breed  of 
any  age. 

'ClassftS.— Fatwethersheep  ! 
of  any  white- faced  moun-  ( 
tain  breed  of  un.v  ajje.        | 

•ClassGl.— Fat  wether  Nheep  ' 
of  any  blauk-faced  or 
speckled-fuced  mountain 
breed  of  any  age. 

■Class  8.5.— Fat  wethershccp 
of  the  Kyeland,  Dorset, 
or  any  other  pure  breed 
notspecifled  in  any  of  the 
foreBoinjf  clasfies  above  12 
and  not  e  z  c  e  e  d  i  ii  k  24 
months  old. 

C1b(w67.— Fat  wether  lambs    385 
of  the  Dorset  breed  un-  s 
der  12  rnontliH  old.  i 

Class  6>J.-Cro»s-brt>d  fat 
wetlior  slieep  iibove  12 
and  miller  24monthNold. 


:  34U 
390 

!  .-ui 

I  352 

I  353 

334 

.'W2 

am 

'Mi 
300 
387 
388 
389 
370 
371 
372 
373 

ff4 
o78 
877 
378 

380 
381 


do 

Chorles  Cliappell." 

Albert  Brassey 

James  and  F;Howird;; 
iN.  1".  Stii({oe... 

Charles  ChftppeU." 

Albert  Brassey.. 

do :. 

J.  A.  Miles ; 

do ;; 

Thomas  Irving. 

do 

Duko  of  Sutherlaiid 

do 

Lord  Poltimore; 

do 


Second.... 

R 

Cup,  Nrsi; 
Second ..  , 
Third 


Second...  '! 
First 

R ;;;;! 

Second  ..    I 
Cup,  Hrst.. 


Third.. 
H 


R 

Third.  ..;, 

First 

Second... 
Second..  , 

First 

R 


Cup,  tirst.; 
Second..  ..! 


Second., 


William  Gordon 

Thomas  Irving... 

do 

Mundoll  and  Wediier 
spoon. 

Herbert  Farthing |  Cup.  Brst.. 

Second 


Class  70.— Cross-bred  fat 
wether  lambs  under  12 
months  old. 


I  386 
387 
388 
389 
390 
.391 
.3<,>2 
303 
394 
3i» 
308 
397 
398 
399 
401 
403 
403 
404  { 
MS 


Herbert  Farthing.. 


Duke  of  .Manchester.. 
William  Robinson 

do 

H.  V.  .HherrinKliam';;' 

....   do 

H.  A.  IJnissey.'M   V     ' 
Charles  \V.  Hchrocter 
I'.dwiirU  Burbidge...    ... 

do 

11.  V.  sheringhauj;;;;;; 

lio 

ThoQiua  Rush,.;; ; 

do 

William  Toop ; 

John  t'hiwes 

Francis  Minelt...; 

do 

Algprnon  J.  WhitcJior 
do 


First.. 


R 

Second.. 
Cup,  first.. 
Third... 


First 

SiKind., 
Fourth., 

Third 

R 


284 
391 

80O 

291 

284 

814 

291 

674 

674 

660 

630 

630  i 

630 

660 

814 

800 

284 

800 

800 

300 

614 

630 

6.30 

630 

630 

294 

800 

800 

607 

680 

WW 

830  I 

614 

257  I 

284  I 

284  ' 

284 

284 

8U)  \ 

970  1 
1319 
1319 
1383 
1389 


130S 
940 
940 

1339 


697 
097 


837 


63'! 
000 
600 
660 
660 
644 
270 
281 
278 
314 
314 
300 
800 
814 
261 
800 
300 
291 
291 


200 
2*23 
695 
203 

in 

198 
190 
273 
269 
301 
^ 
279 
246 
244 
199 
173 
203 
168 
187 
198 
296 
269 

2.V8 

232 

190 

195 

133 

190 

292 

302 

311 

282 

276 

193 

173 

170 

177 

178 

189 

217 

214 

197 

2-24 

308 

204 
184 
193 
178 


269 


181 


190 
298 
283 
304 
263 
243 
197 
197 
194 
224 
209 
201 
207 
180 
lOB 


0.70 

0.77 

0.69 

0.70 

0.63 

0.63 

0.8S 

0.41 

0.40 

0.46 

0.46 

0.44 

0.80 

0.87 

0.91 

0.97 

0.71 

0.96 

0.63 

0.63 

0.42 

0.42 

0.40 

0.37 

0..30 

0.61 

0.51 

0.50 

0.48 

0.46 

0.47 

0.43 

0.45 

0.75 

0.61 

0.80 

0.83 

0.83 

0.31 

0.23 

0.16 

0.19 

0.10 

0.19 

0.16 
0.20 
0.21 
0.13 

0.89 
0.39 


a54 


0.24 
0.43 
0.47 
0.46 
0.40 
0.38 
0.58 
0.70 
0.70 
0.71 
0.67 
0.67 
0.69 
0.87 
0.6B 
0.S4 

asr 
o.fla 


I  h 


!l 


i'rI^ 


■  1. 

i,  =j5 


780 


CATTLE    AND    DAIRY    FARMING. 


1S.T   (Vm?^^  /"'^•-''t  /^,«//M.  .SV,u<A'/««.u.  /fa«,>./k.r«  Dow,^,  Suffolk,  Shrnp^hire,  0*- 
fonhhire,  DorM-i,  and  Crofbred  thetp  at  Iilingtm.  


Breed. 


LAMB*. 

Kcntlnh 

Hituipaliiro  Down 

CotswoUl 


Br««(l. 


t)xft)r<l»litre 2 

I,lllC«lll " 

Hiinolk 

DofHOt "•■ 

Mhropxlilro I        2 

Soulhilown I       J 

Leicester ' 


TIVKTIIRRI*. 

OxfonUhlre 

("OIHWOUI    

Haiupsliiro  Down  .... 

Lincoln 

HufTolk 

KentUh 

I,eli'eiit«r  

OroHMi*  

Dorwt 

HhroMire 

Boutbdown 


H    1 

1 

1' 

£ 

< 

Ptiand. 

.4« 

.« 

.« 

.44 

.U 

.42 

.« 

.:» 

3 

.39 

U 

1           .» 

TAB..K  'X^^Kclntm' position  oj  the  lamhs  a,ui  mtkero  givfn  in  mU>  1,  acc-o'.li.,  to  the  av 
iAm.B..>.  e  iraf/e  Qoin  per  day  m  pttunda. 


1 


DeBcrlptloi.  of  ajilm»l. 


Honon. 


Age. 


I 

> 


817 
812 
■260  I 
862 
83.3  ! 
3U5  i 
315  ' 
391  I 
31)3  ; 
314  I 
816  i 
31U 

am 

aw  ' 

24(i 
2:iB  I 

ay? 

24.-4  i 

234  ; 

4Ul 

323 

318 

2.10 

248 

403 

313 

:ai 

2.36 
2.37 
367 
366 
320 
247 
402 
347 
368 
864 
2M 

?»:. 

■MJ 
M 
IU4 
3»2 
399 


Third. 


Third.. 

U 

Hecoiid .. 

Kirst 

Kdiirth .. 
Mecond ., 

First 

Second . 


SirE.  HuUo'h  llftnipKhlre  liinibs ^   

W   NfWtoiiHllmiipxl''''*' """'" First     . 

11  'I'ttne'H  KenllNli  liinilm  H'lip) \ 

(!   4'hi»ppi'll'»  Oxtbril  IuihIm  , 

E.  Kywrnn HiilVolk  lumlw  ........ FiJiit. 

II   8l!erliiK»uiin'«<'r.)»<H-liriMl  luuibH."......-—;:" I  p,    , 

W   IW..m'«  llan.psl.iro  !»owii  lambs  (ch.  pit.) |  »•'"«•;•;• 

E.  Iliirridge'BC'koKH-Wrcd  luinba ■•■• 

do 

W  Parnons'H  Unnipslilro  lambs 

HIr  K  lIulHc'sHanipBliiro  lambs.  ..  ■. 

Sir  V.  M.  Hiimiwon's  llaiii|>»hlro  lambs 

T  RukU'm  Cross-bred  Inmlw 

H  Phk^'s  Kcntittli  Irtiiilw 

iT.  Muokiiid<'i'«  l.iiirolii  lambs 

.1.  11.  F,lwff«'H<'ot»w<)id  liiml>s  (cup) 

T  uiiHir«t'ron«-bri'il  lambs^.. 

II  HIioriiiKliaiii'wCroHJtbroil  lamlw 

II'.  Mackindcr'H  Lincoln  IhihIih  ..^ 

T  &H.  (i.<>illclt'H  CoHwold  Inuilm 

J  flowes'stroHs-bred  liinilm 

A    Do  MoriiBv's  llampxhiro  lamlw 

F   It   Moore«  Haiiipuliirc  liiiiibx 

A.  .1.  \Vhitclll•^■^*  l.iiioiiln  lambs 

T  (liiniiclI'M  Lincoln  lambs 

F   MinnctrH«'roH.'<-brcil  lambs 

\V    Newton's  Hampslilro  lamlMi 

J.  Marlon's  Hiimiisliiioliunlis 

T    H    Hnllx'rt  «<"o<»wol<l  lanilw 

ii  Vf  'rhoiniissrotswold  lanilw 

J.  A.  Sliles'B  Oxfordshire  lambs 

sir  t'  Saiiips4>n's  Hampshire  lan»l)S 

H   M    Kirkham's  Lincoln  lambs 

\'whltchcr'srros«-brcd  lambs 

it  Loder's  Shropshire  lambs. 

a'.  Bn««c.v'H»>tfordshire  lamt>8 • 

Karl  o7  Suhol'ks  Hoii'tlHlo^^  

C.  W.  H«,-hrt>eter'8  Cross-bred  lambs 

T  (Juiii.rirs  I.iiu-olii  litmlv- .....t. 

W  T<M)p's  Southdown  lambs 

A   Whltchcr's  Cross-bred  laml>s 

e"  Gitlus'sHiitrolk  himbs.... 

W  Toop's  Cross-bred  lambs 


Day: 
■Ml 
814 
240 

2S7 
284 
814 

300 

278 

281 

284 

384 

391 

300 

210 

2P4 

!«X) 

300 

814 

270 

284 

261 

201 

80O 

270 

800 

30O 

314 

.314 

.'.10 

2(0 

284 

284 

2H1 

third I    2«l 

I    291 

Second ..' 

R 

Third-..., 


Pottndt. 

223 


Pound. 


siecond .. 


Second .. 
First 


2.M 
284 
284  ! 
270  1 
270 
300  ' 
270  j 
291  I 
800  ! 
814  I 


248 

.77 

179 

.7i 

193 

.75 

203 

.71 

224 

.71 

214 

.71 

194 

.70 

197 

.70 

199 

.70 

200 

.70 

2ai 

.70 

2»r7 

M 

160 

.67 

189 

.67 

201 

.67 

201 

.67 

209 

.67 

17» 

.66 

188 

.66 

I«9 

.65 

IM) 

.« 

lUS 

.(& 

172 

.(A 

192 

.64 

193 

1          ,61 

199 

.63 

1«S 

.m 

149 

1          .(C 

leH 

.62 

176 

1          .62 

177 

.'i2 

177 

.62 

179 

.a 

179 

'.         .62 

IS5 

.61 

173 

1          .61 

170 

1          .60 

IIH) 

.» 

1S7 

.58 

173 

..W 

Im 

l«7 

.57 

172 

.57 

180 

.67 

HUPPLEiHENT. 


i^und. 

s 

.IS 

s 

.« 

B 

.4A 

a 

.44 

7 

.4-i 

B 

.42 

4 

.40 

A 

.:» 

3 

.;» 

B 

.;« 

U 

1         ■» 

' 

i 

• 

K 

i 

I 

ndt. 

Pound. 

.77 
.7& 
.75 
.71 
.71 
.71 
.70 
.70 
.70 
.70 
.70 

.m 

.til 
.67 
.67 
.67 
.67 
.W 
.66 
.65 
.65 
.65 
.64 
.64 
.64 
.63 
.63 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.fi2 
.62 
.62 
.62 
.61 
,61 


.5J 
.58 
W 
.57 
.57 
.61 


TABLK3.~ReMivepo,Uiono/the  /ami.  and  u,Hher,  givm  tn  Tabk  I, 


i 


334 

Ml 

403 

.138 

•ilfl 
■Ui 
34.H 

.in 
;i4v 
^vi 

22« 
3W) 

av) 

3lW 
2'.'» 

as'j 
aw 

23» 

a.7 

'.MW 

2U4 

3811 

331 

326 

,1'J4 

353 

2.'>2 

328 

240  I 

387 

22» 

230  I 

2US  j 

2U  ' 

217  , 

331 

338 

227 

23.S 

•m 

2.W 
2lW  I 
258  , 
324  1 
2.51 
216 

aw- 

3110 

325 

2!5 

afi)  '• 

380 

381 

21S 

:i»l 

•im 

2B7  ' 

340 

330 

y>\ 

I'A 
26*1 
265 
262 
271 
263 
270 
272 
273 


781 

<fo.— Continued. 


OaMrlpilonofnnltnal. 


O.  n.  R<.l.lim'«H..tT„lk  hirnlii,.., 
;  lif' "'■•''I'lli.llc'      mtlidowii  Iambi" 

iy.;,""'' 7  **""""'"«■"  '»">•>» '. 

!*.•  MliU'tt'H  lr<»».|)ri,l  lui„l>M 

I  11.  KnnhlnK'ii  Dorst- 1  IuihIm 

M™.  a  Ilorrl.k-H  I,.  Iimter  luiiibii ■.■.■.'." 
I  A.  licaitMiaii'MHoiitluldWiilHiulw 

J.HiulUrHSulIolk  l.iiiilw...  

II.  t'utoii'H  Hoiithiluwu  laiulm 

I  1"J?r,-  "'"■'•'<•'''«  lelwlorlamu;'."". 

.1.  H.  Nueurn  Hiiffolk  lamlm 

II.  t'pton'H  .Soiidiilowii  Ininlm  . 


Hoik 


ion.   Age. 


U.  K.  niivor'H  .Slir<>|m|iiru  laiiihM 


lauiba.. 


IMiirniilii  of  BrUlorH  Miillolk  lainbii 
K.  i:.  Ollvir'ii Hliropurilri'  lamba . 


J.  J.  Culmttir«  Houtlidowii  luiiilm 

.1.  11.  IClwen'a  ColHwolit  \vi!llier«. 


Kit'jiil.irtt  late  II.  Palnur  x  I*lce'ii'orl»,ii'bi' 
A.  tIe»HiiiitirHS<iiitliilowii  laiiilw 
!;•, ^|'."'l'J»'"'".'J-^'"r«l»liiru  wt'tlKTH 


\V.  ItobfinHiii'it  C'DHUt-breil  wetliiir 

T.  &  H.  O.  Oilletfii  Cotswol.l  wethew V" 

A.  llrasKoy's  OxronlHhIru  wcthera        

A.  Morrixuii'n  llaiiipNiiIro  wclherg 

U.  Wrljtht'M  Miu'ulii  wi'tlit>rR " 

A.  M.  Koliiniuiii's.Muirolk  wethere 

II.  Ijiniliert'H  llariiimlilri' wethera. 

Hir.).  Kclko'H  IIuiiipHliiro  wi'lliors 

II.  HberiiiKliuiu'H  CruH^t-bred  wetliei-H  (cunT 
A.  nraH.wy'nOxfordnliIre  wethers  (tuD)       " 

R  Gittll»•H^Sllll■l.lk  wetbiTH ^   

.M.  r.  .StIllKiK-'.HOxronNliIre  wctiierii 

.1.  &  K.  llownrd'nOxfi.rdsbire  wethetii 

II.  llaKo'H  KeiitlNlnt'ethcni 

(f.  II.  liDbiiin'aHuirolk  wctbent. ,.....'.. 

.1.  I'eBPt'M  Lincoln  welliors .....'.,." 

W,  linbiimon'tt  CrosB-brcd  wclherii."!! 

T.  U.  lIullM'rt'M  Cotsu'iild  wuthcni 

U.  W.(*.  TboiiiHM'HCutHWold  wctherii 

.Sir  V.  Uuiiip.Hun's  IlaiiipHblre  wctliers 

It.  W.  TaKell'D  Kcnti.sli  wothpni  


H. 


Klnrt.,.. 
FIr.1.... 

Second 
H«ic'ond 


TUIrd. 


H«conU 

VSnC". 


Flnit 

Kiret 

Second . 
Second., 


FIr»t 

FIrtt 

First 

It 

Third... 
Flret 

Second . 
K 


KxeciitorH  H  l'aii|l..rH  Uleestorsiiire  weth^^^^ 
MurtiniMof  Uri»t<>r»  (Suilolk  wctlicrM...  \^"Vi- 

I.onl  ('heflhanrxSlirupMhirc  wethers  (cud)' 

T.  .'i  .S.  OilletiM  ColMwold  wethers ' 


K 

First..! 


First.. 


Third... 
.Second , 
First 


11. 


Second . 
Second . 
Third... 


r.  (iunnell'.s  Lincoln  wethers '  Second.. 

A.  Morrison's  IlanipNliire  wclherij .".'.". 

II.  I'kkc'm  Kentixb  wellicrw .'.......'.'.Z 

Lord  VValxinKhnni'tt  .Southdown  wethers  (cuiji 

K.  .NcHiiie's  KcntiHli  wftliers 

MiiniulH  of  Ilristol's  Hiitl'olk  wethers!!!........ 

T.  Wootton  s  Kcntinh  wethers 

Mm.  S,  I'.  Herrick'sLeict^ster  wotiieii)!!! 

Lord  ClicNliant'.s.miropsliire  wethers  ........! 

II.  SlierhiKliiuuB  Cross-bred  wethers! 

.Maniuisof  ltrist(>r.>i  Sutfolk  wethers    

Mr.i.  .s.  P.  Merrick's  Leicester  wethers 

(i.  H.  liobins's  SulFiilk  wethers 

II.  KarthinK'x  Dorset  wethers  (clip) \"vV: 

M,  Karthinir's  Dorset  wethers.  J*™ 

Kxcciitors  late  H  Painter's I^ieestVr  wethen! -Second.. 

H.  A.  KrasNcy's  Cross-bred  wethers 

Lord  WalsiiiKluun's  Southdown  wethers 

KxeciilorsolII.  Penfold's  Southdown  wethers' 

Duke  of  Portland's  Shroiwhire  wethers  

.1.  Smith's  Huffolk  wethers 

■■^ir.!.  Kelko's  Southdown  wethers 

('.  <'hapiuan's  Southdown  wethers..  .      

I  orcl  Allng^ton's  Southdown  wethers    

.  ..do 

IVim*  of  Wales's  Southdown  wethers 

Karl  of  Onslow's  .Southdown  wethers    

Diikpnf  Richmond's  Mtv.jth:!;-.-.?!-,  Tv^fji^'^' 

Duke  of  Hauiiiton's  Southdown  wethers  

Ix>ril  Hraybrook's  Southdown  wethers.        

t).  C.  Carrw-Uibeon's  Southdown  wethers 


Second . 

R 

Third..., 


Second. 


J 


782  CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 

Table  3. — Relative  position  of  the  lamha  and  wethera  given  in  TdbU  1,  Ac. — Continned. 


261 
308 
341 
384 
301) 
377 
370 
374 

37a 

370 
371 
373 
378 


Description  of  animal. 


Prince  of  Wales's  Soutlidown  wethers 

T.  Irving's  Cheviot  wetliers 

O.  (Jookc's  Hliropshire  wetliers .' 

Dukp  of  Minu'hester's  t'ross-bred  wethers 

T.  IrvinK'H  Ciuviot  wetliers 

T.  IrvinK"  Moiintiiin  wetliers 

.1.  IrviiiK'rt  Mountain  wethers 

W.  (tordon'H  Mountain  wethers  (cup) 

Lord  Poltiniore's  Mouiitnin  wetliers 

Duke  of  Siillierliind's  Cheviot  wethers 

do  

Lord  Poltiniore's  Mountain  wethers 

Mundell  &  Wedderspoon's  Mountain  wethers.. 


Honors. 


Second ., 


First 

Second . 


First.. 
R 


Second. 


Age 


Day», 

630 

600 

6.30 

638 

970 

940 

940 

1305 

1365 

1319 

1319 

1365 

1335 


<a 


Potmd*. 
203 
185 
100 
150 
217 
193 
184 
204 
224 
214 
187 
208 
178 


I 


Pound. 

.32' 
.31 
.30 
.24 
.22- 
.21 
.28 
.16 
.16 
.15 
.15 
.15 
.13 


The  above  tables  have  been  coustrnctetl  on  the  same  plan  which  has  been  observed  in 
those  for  cattle.  The  average  gain  per  day  in  jwunds  is  calculated  to  the  nearest  deci- 
mal; that  is  to  say,  when  the  remainder  lepresents  a  fraction  of  grester  value  than  one- 
half  it  is  reckoned  as  one,  and  where  more  than  one  animal  is  represented  by  the  sarca 
average  rate  of  daily  gain  relative  positions  are  determined  by  the  numerical  value  ;' 
the  remainder.  With  regard  to  the  tables  of  averages,  it  will  I  3  seen  that  the  numb*  1 3 
e.Khibited  refer  to  pens  of  three,  the  weights  and  daily  rate  increase  referring,  of  course,  to 
an  average  of  the  three  animals  i^  each  pen.  The  weight  of  each  pen  has  been  divided 
by  three;  a  remainder  of  two  has  been  reckoned  as  one,  and  a  remainder  of  one  has  been 
dropped. 


SHEEP  AND  MUTTON  IN  1883. 

[From  the  Live  Stock  Journal.    IncloBure  No.  7— Consul-Gcneral  Morrltfa  report.] 

The  past  season  h,^8  been  on  the  whole  an  average  one  to  the  flockmaster.  Neither 
liver  rot  nor  fluke  have  disturbed  the  flock,  although  foot-and-mouth  disease  and  scab 
have  caused  some  anxiety.  The  losses  in  Licolnshire  and  Norfolk  were  most  severe, 
and  caused  a  drop  at  some  of  the  sales.  The  regulations  in  force  to  prevent  the  spread 
of  the  di.sease  were  inellective,  aa  the  local  authorities  in  some  areas  granted  licenses 
which  were  refused  in  other  places;  hence  disio'itent  and  dissatisfaction,  encouraged  by 
bad  .seasons,  hits  produced  a  wonderliil  progeny  of  evils. 

]n  the  spring  there  wa-s  quite  a  stampede.  Farmers  usually  endeavor  to  have  a  good 
crop  ol'  early  lamb  for  market,  whiirh  helps  t«  pay  th<!  way  at  Easter.  An  embargo, 
however,  was  placed  on  the  sale.  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  issued  an  order  that  no  lamb 
would  be  required  for  the  royal  household.  This  immediately  lowered  the  price  of  this 
liivorite  dainty,  and  occiusioiied  a  .serious  lo.ss  to  flockmastcrs  residy  to  sell.  The  outcry 
against  the  order  Wius  so  great  that  another  \va.s  issued  explaining  Her  Majesty's  com- 
niaiids  only  aflected  the  royal  household,  and  was  in  no  way  int«nded  to  interfere  with 
the  sheep  nuirkets. 

iJoubtless  Her  Majesty's  advisers,  looking  to  the  fearful  decrease  in  our  flocks  of  late 
years,  were  anxious  to  "retain  all  the  ewe  lambs  possible  lor  future  use.  But  llock- 
iniu-ters  know  their  business,  and  can  attend  to  it.  They  can  spot  the  lambs  which 
ought  to  be  fed  for  lamb  and  thos«-  which  should  make  mutton.  Hheep-breeders  have 
foun<l  out  that  mutton  pays  lietler  than  wool,  and  that  fat  lamb  brings  a  better  return 
than  mutton.  The  prodiice  of  bhick-f;uvd  short-wooled  rams  and  white-faced  long- 
wool<-d  ewes  is  found  to  be  a  prolitablf  early  lamb  for  the  market;  and  the  lamb  dropped 
by  Dorset  horns  is  jmr  (jwlleiirr  the  dainty  of  early  spring.  In  Scotland  early  lambs  are 
jiurpcwely  bred  from  old  ewes,  beini«  their  last  crop  of  lambs;  cvmscquently  it  pays  to 
feed  both  with  as  much  artilicial  Ibod  its  jwssiblc.  These  old  ewes  begin  to  lamb  in 
iM'hruarv,  and  droj)  more  laiiilis  than  uidiiiai y  .-.lock  ewes,  biCiiusc  thry  arc  put  m  ;;Md 
condition  when  the  rams  are  with  them.  It  would  not  pay  to  keep  the  lambs  till  they 
got  bigger,  as  it  would  increase  the  liill,  anil  as  mutton  fetch  less.     Therefore  flock- 


SUPPLEMENT. 


A 

& 

>, 

&. 

t«. 

Pound. 

3 

.an 

5 

.31 

D 

.30 

0 

.24 

7 

.22- 

3 

.21 

.23 

.IS 

.1ft 

.1» 

.15 

8 

.15 

8 

.13 

785 

mastera  in  both  conntries  trv  t.^ ,.,  i 

movement  of  cattle  contribSed  to  i'^„7°''  "?«  restrictions  in  force  resneHi...  th 
almost  entire  V  .stonnB<i   „o +1,  "Jase  mutton  dear     'Ph.;  +»..-i    V'^"  •^^"Pei'iiig  the 

It  wiw  estimated  that  over  £30  000  h  J  h       *^^  Wiltshire  sales,  and  wUb.n  „  .•    *  •  .,. 
Down  fleeces  letchimr  from  u;  *    ir,      September  sales  wern  riHioI^      •  7    .  *'  ""• 

great  demand  from  Australia  fnr  i?I,„i  •  u    1^°"^*'  Downs.    Time  wm  wh,^,u  "^'^ 

mg  monr  markets.     <)..r  AuMmTian'^^oS""     *"''''"«"  '■'"i  JaVlil  „  *biv 

as  we  hnd  it,  and  therefore  iliront  ^..'"'"•^"ice.  vve  must,  howevi-r  tnt.  ,? '^  '"^"®» 
sale  ringduring  ti^n 'TfsH*  "xT°"  ^«  ^''«  ''"^tunes  ol  Kriot  hri"". '^*'^.*^* 
pride  o/place.  ^  "^^  "*  ^^^-^^     Naturally  liakewell's  D^hky  S<S^tik4"  It 

LEICE8TKRS. 

This  famous  breed  owe  a  great  deal  of  th^i,.         n 
Robert  Bakewell,  of  Dishlev      Ft  au-,^  .  •      ^^''®"^»'«  and  popularitv  t<,  ti,„    <t-   .     . 

At  I'orres.  over  70  rams  were  offered      \r     »»    , 
priceofi;20forastn)ngwell-brou./htsL...    i  ^''*-'^'.<'«'"»'k,  of  d.-es,  gave  the  hiirh..t 
average  was  £7  higher  than  lastyear      It    ,  '^  ""«'">'  ^"  ^^'-  '^""ter,  otDe,  L  So«1 
sold  40  at  an  averse  of  £6.       ^      '     '^'  ''"-  **"''  «*  «"l  lair.  Mr.  Gorran  o\' Arabella^ 

BOBDEU  LKICE8TEB. 

EiS'lt"  tT^tefo'vingt  S'and  ^^'"^'r*!;.-"'  «'«<'  in  Scolhuul      At  the 

low  thase  current  at  tile  iWhian^^les  in    HHTrS  "^'T''  ''''''  '''^  I'er  c.e„r  £ 
in  ine  coud-fion,  numbered  1,807   bdm,  xnLr.J  ^^  ?,?.'-* '''"  "■'"""•  which  were  forward 
I'olwarth's  lamou.  Mertoun  'rams    ec"u«     1^1:;°!;'""""'-'^  ''^"^^  y«^"''«  tot.U      Lord 
From  the  siime  Uock  Lonl  Arthur  Ceci    n„r,.i  ..     *-    ^*  Pn<:e-,t;]2,-,-for  a  grand  r  .. 
tononeatijoljandMr.l.ocldH.O.l^"'^^^^^^^^^ 

IUH,I.     Lord  I'olwarth  also  h.'aded  tlie  h,.   :-       T  ,    Mertoun  average  was  i;a({ 

m...le  XTH.  Mr.  Thon.,«„„,  Hai  ok„ow^  ""^.T  ^^T'"'  '"''•'"  "'"  ''iKl'-'^^t-prired^rtm 
CJO  :i,.  Mi.ss  Stark.  .^Ielle;ulean  secured  m  fo  1  rb"  TrV  '^^  ''"'"««  Pn«'e  .e  g 
m({  an  average  of  XLS  ;i..  j,/.  "  ''"^  '»'  "»^  l>'-'«t  lot  m  her  iien,  the  lot  mak 

avi'i'S-'iiti.^JiiiiSthi^r  i!^^'^;  t;^r  "r'T""-  -•  ■' "  •"^-  "'«- 

ran,  w:ks  iH.ugl.t  by  Mr.  Milrov,  Torranc;  Ibr  /-u,  I  »'  •^■'■'"•-  ''''"■  '"Kiu-st-priJed 
secuml  the.se,.oa,l.,„i.e  f.an.leVVa  uTt   e^,    M^ ';,'!•"''  Mr.  Aloxander.  Last..r    )ean 

t  e.i  .vc.ai>f  ha.l  the  highest  averajto  lor    trd.r  i  5''*''?' ^-*'''''''"'«l"''k'^.  ^ 

pl^onthiscKx.^ion.''  Their  u~'^"^'i'.';  l^'^?^'^-  '"'t  they  ha.l  only  the  t[,:nl 

-^^  mw  *,i^  ,M.  I,/.,  iw  compared  with  il'M  Uh.  3rf. 


M# 


I      H 


i 


CATTLE   AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


784  . 

COT9WOLD8. 

CoUwolda  are  greatly  favored  on  tbe  Glo^^^f  ^^^^^j^^^^  bS^' Mr  iJot 

^°**„J„',,vl)ree(:er8  in  othercounties  are  exceedingly  lom  exceediujrly 

:rJ;  nt  ro^dSrth,  obtained  the  ^-^^-S'^o'tVi^A"  r  Jpecti^  Buf  it 

even  lot;  and  Mr.  C.  Mace  and  Mr.  •';  V,"5"^  "^^„  „aii  Uock  met  a  ready  sale  at  tn.m 

!lempt«n  Green  Mr.  T.  Brown's  ;=«  ^^nvt^^J  MarJ^'*'"^^,  ^,^,  Mr.  Brown's  highest  price 

«  to  18-k  guineas,  »he  sixty  averaging  i-^^^"^'  ^  Aylmer,  of  Fincham  Hall,  mudelhe 

WM  ITV'guineas  and  his  average  ill  ..?8.  ,  ^^/- 'iar  xv'^  15  guineas.     Mr.  T.  Thornton's 

Sh  avefage  ol  £V2  ISs.;  the  t«P  P"ce    a«t  year  w.^  i^  g        ^  ^^  ^,^^  ^^. 

v^onrlimr  runs  bred  from  the  west  Dereham  ""CK,  leic  le  compared  with  li 

fe^r  SprCr^n  irom  9  to  ID  ^-^^^^  i'dTn^um^er  of  Vam.  at  porringer  |Hir, 

Rr  n  1881      Mr.  Thomas  Allen,  ot  Maikshali,  ouereu  ^  ^^^^^^  of  the  West  Denham 

^h  eh  ma.ie  prices  ranging  from  f J''^oX,^'^,_  ^  e.    Th"ra^is  o.Vered  were  of  a  flue 

Long-wools,  H"gh  Aylmerhadamos   s»to^^^^      combination  of  good  quah  les  lor 

unilbrm  character,  P^f  «°t!»^ '\Vf«  o  s      The  average  for  the  lamb,  was  X7  10..  9d., 

:^SJ^^:^S'£^^^^-  ^'-^  -- '''  '''■ 

MNCOLNS. 

1  .->      Pnaoiblv  this  was  due  this  year  to  the 

This  long- wool  breed  seem  to  decline  1°  ;'»  «e    ^°^    J  ,„ovement.     Time  was  ^vhen 

prevalence^,f  disease  and  the  >^«?t"^\^«'»,'^'"iSfo;rnun  which  hxst  season  only  letohed 

'^^^T^:::^^^  S=glf-rw:/-"-'>  lowertHan  thoseol  la.t  year-a 

eightnrsaveSeaatriUeoverHguine^  ^^^  o,/rams.     The  l.ighest 

Mr.  Edward  .Tames  Davy  (  Jwershj     "«'"^  »  ^[         r^,^  average  was  17  gumeius     Mr. 

h„„,hed  sheep  realized  a  tota  orU,4  H  1^  ;/  ' -. ^^,„^, ^.^he  Hultolt  llo.k,  the  property 

the  average  of  Wf  sbeep  was  tl.<  •'■-•«''•     \'„,,i„^„u,  of  Aiulevby,  gave  10  cimeas.    1  he 

of  Messrs   W.F.  and  C.  li«^»n«"»' ^^^  Mr     iXi  Turner,  aveia-ed  11  ^junuas.    The 

Uk ibyTirange  Hock,  the  property  «1  Mr.   "J"  "  ^,1,  ;™i);„uUng,  of  Hiby  Cirange,  ,uur 

Sh -r  prices  were  i;-i5  10.     £^  ,  ami  ^.^"^^'^J,^  of  nearly   ^I'i;    h.  Samue, 

/V!i...„u„   (lite  of  Panton),  sod  .iO,   maKiu^,  »'  .i-,  dor  exportation  to  New  Aa- 

r     t    Br  gfgot  one  for 'il  gnin^*^-  "'"' 1^  ,f  Mr  Tl  "• .  l^  Tavh^r.  Havercrolt,  anr- 

and   '    The'w.K,t.oii  Dale  rams,  the  g-    >-  ,,:^  ;  Z-^,  bred  i.y  Mr.  John  Wal..),, 

I  ,,«..rlv  £«(      Fortv  rams  oi  the  lainous  v.aui   j        .....raues  obtained  in  Lincoln 

W   Urfmrof  Harmston,  made  an  ;'--^«''  "'     /^^  '^^^X^  £\0  7,;.  6!</.     In  Ireland 

;:;i;;:r^..,icken..^A.,|u^^^^^ 

l^S^irt^^ofLtyear. 

YOKKSIUBK  OK   WEN8I-EYDALK. 

i«  i«  loeallv  termed  Wensleydale.al- 
.   ,       ,  ,.    _  u.p^  5,  HiMuewbat  obscure.     It  >"   '"""'^  ","_„      ,    ,.  ,.,•,  „i„«,pr 

,Sr^in^^r;h^^::^th  of  s^'ou-i^^ii^'i-i^^l^^rsfU;^^^^^^^^  t.u:.v. 

ml  au.l  it  is  tbnmgl.  tins  cross  t»\f  <  J,'^"  J.'^  i  ..wch  and  Cheviots,  the  pnxhK.^  h^ 
i:;;;h;ies  fumish  r•^^^'^|-\r^?^^l'^  rul  rams  follow  the  ewes  over  the  b.l^ 
.iugstyletrliaU-bf-'e<ls      or      sia-sn-i 


785 


SUPPLEMENT. 

present  in  large  numbers.    Tr^le  w  ,  Sttr^'l'-'^P  *?"'^  '''"'hH  ^vere  pennc.l-  bnv.r,  » 

S  IZ IZ  r  «r^^^'""'^  -^  ^-        aTea  T  *«  ^-'"-  '-'cionTTS 
il6,  good-bred  ram  lambs,  £3  lOs.  to  £4.  ^  *'^'®  "*  P"«es  varying  from  £i)  to 

UEVON  LONOWOOI^, 

Tbeso  are  cbiefly  confined  to  Hpvnn   „«  i  r 
tain  that  Sir  J.  11.  HeathSe  Amorr^ti"?  onH,  '^^V''''  '■^««"led.     One  thin^  i.  .-or 
s,K.ce.>«fulIy.     At  the  Royal  Yorkrecti'ngSrn  i' '''/'"'  ^  the  KoVal   ^^„^ '^  ^ 
was  placed  second  w  th  an  iinconinionlu  «r..*  entered  in  the  Any  Othpr  ,.ine<.       ■ 

the /..and,- for  another  c.xcE  "h"en  o"  n.  ""''  *^'T'  ^«^«»  I^on™  •  !,«  J '^7'' 
pri.e  with  the  only  entry  in  thTJht'r  Fng  Ew'e  7^t  ''T 'p""^'  ^^  --^«i  ^Ir  'tte  SS 
..  yst,  sold  20  rams  for  £217  7..  Many  onKhcen'h.ul  l  ^^  ^''■"'''  «*'  Motion,  ifrid- 
sliows,  and  were  sold  in  line  condition  with  hZrl*"''''"  P'-^'^s ''*  the  agricuUr.1 
guineas  and  another  at  ir,  guineas.  The  I.tw  ^  "'-'''''■'•  <^"«  ™'"  was  let  at  Th 
lot  10,  and  for  it  he  paid  21  guineas.  Mr  V'^N  v^'lV''^  «'"«»  ^y  Mr.  Bowden  fir 
rams  for  £103  Os.  The  highS^t  (igu^o  oftbred  was  v''.  l"'  ""'  V"-^'^^""'  «li  W^  23 
year-old  ram  which  won  third  at  haunceston  :md  i ^1  f  "T  ''^  ^^'•-  ^^ould  for  the  o. 
JJciulmg.  The  ewes  fetched  fair  prices  ThV"  '  ^''!:"  '"^  ''^  Cardiff,  Torquav  mrrt 
au.1  Mr.  Franklin's  9  guineas.       ^"-     ^^^  ""'  *^^"S«  °f  Mr.  Norris's  was  lU  gTin^as^ 

DORSET  JIOBNS. 

The  Dorset  Horn  is  pre-eminently  the  sheon  wi.,v,i. 
This  breed  had  wonderful  luck  duKg  theTrt  seasr^"'T*\^^  in  spring 

about  early  lamb.  But  the  breed  is  evi  le,  uf  nS.?,'  r"°  *^°".''*  «^*'°8  to  the  Sy 
spriug  innrket  at  Cro.xton  Farm,  near  DorSfe;  >  nnr  ''I"  •'^''y  maturity,  and  at  the 
izea  for  Dor^t  Horns.  Two-to<,th  ewes  ?a  iS  'ron  75?'.nT"^  '"-8''  P"«^«  ^^ere  rea,- 
tooths  made  from  Wk  to  SHs. ;  six- tooths  Irouuhn-r^^^^^  f'  "P'^'«e,  whilst  the  four- 

cwes  Gfi«.  to  G9.. ;  couples,  »as. ;  ran,,.,  •!  to  5  guine^  mul  /'  '",  ^^^t-  ""^  ^he  off-going 
per  pair.  This  lot  was  brought  to  A  high  tuilorZri-  ♦•  '  "'"''"•  '^  ^o  10  guineas 
amply  proved  by  the  extraordinary  priee.s'-lS^d  vSf  1^^!  '''•  ^"°-^'  ^'"«  »>«^« 
the  .sheep  had  been  previously  shorn.     That  this  v  vrTetl  V'  •  '"'''^  ^'  «»°«"'c"ni 

no  denying  and  at  the  annual  sale  Mr,  T.  j'nsm  of  iLn-h  T'"',"^  P^P"'--*"-  ^here  il 
one  (lay.  This  was  considerably  in  excess  of  mI'v^L  i  ■^''''■'.  'I'^l^e*!  of  20.000  in 
suit  w:is  due  mainly  lo  the  efforts  ,mt  for^  by  S  F  ?.„  *^  T""'^^  thousands.  tK 
of:»guineasforthe  best  drafts  of'horn  ewLs  Lter^i  ibr  «:»7e  ^tf 'fP"^''^"''*''^  ^■»>»'' 
a, spirited  competition.  The  priztewes  of  Mr,  MavoShed  tSV'""'  .""^^  this  evoked 
good  lots  made  «8s.  to  71.^.  ■     *  'eicned  the  top  price— 80s. ;  other 

SOtTHDOWNS. 

Thi,s  is  the  principal  breed  of  the  Downs  varie*  v  ,m,i ;  <• 
and  1  onl  Walsingham  who  have  HockTof  "n  hlvil  S  e  t-  \\?nco  V^^'"^ 
l)cautilul  sheep,  and,  though  short  in  wool  m-iko  .^ni^i  VI  '  ^''«  Houthdowns  arc 
place  last  .s.>;ison.  The  rams  belonging  uLtxeVun^  VT'\  ^^^^^  ''^'^  ^^^  t(^k 
^n,  Deopdale,  near  Hc.irlwrough,  were  sold  The '^'Tn'  ^l^  ''1*^  ^f''-  '^'homas  jrk- 
lion,  ami  realized  t(i  10  ,.  aven»^.e,  T«^  ^.^nJ  sheeuTvon.'n^^K  ''T.  '"  '"«»>  ^""di" 
horouRh  lur  £•»  an<l  £7  ctwh-  four  othep,  .s«I  S  over^n.  ^1''^:'^''^'^  »>y  ^^ord  Londes- 
"• ,  Mr.-  W.  liigden,  of  Hove,  sold  2(i  st  r'n^  .a  .w  .'*'!? f;"''  '^"**  """">"  <■«'  *« 
e,uh.    This  was  a  capit;il  price  for  sheep    uid  Mr     •  iV  "^'^rage  of  £21  lOw.  6rf, 

torinhiwlin-rsuchanexcdlentlloc-k        niu  :,no^^^^^^^ 

Uoikhas  gained  at  the  Hoyal  Show  sinre  laV      t  i -w    r^^^^^       '^^ 

ml  We.,  of  Knghind.  1  prizes  at  tli^^' Sm^J  .     .J;^  ^T  S'v.h'  ""="^^  "*  ♦'^^"' 

shows,     liu.  socret  of  the  success  of  tl.«  Hove  llo<  k         Ml        ,       ""'.  P"''"'*  »t  other 

pre^Mt.sbepher.1  has  been  with  Mr,  KMgde    for  twe„  l  ' i^''"-'  ^"'^  '"  ""'  '"^t  that  the 

IH  first,  26  .second,  and  «  tliini  pri/es  lla vc  been  wo,"  ^      '  ^'"''''  '""^  '*»■•'"«  that  time 

UOM.VEY   MAB.SH. 

Thi.s  breed,  which  is  confined  chiefly  to  tliis  distrirt  1,...  i 
01  late  years,  and  Mr.  (ie.,r<«.  .mat^r  i^fV^.. A  ,?,,''  ''"^.''^'<'"  wonderfully  Ibrtnnat* 
In  the  south  Kentish  sheep  are  extro,nelv',K,m,hr''  uV','.  .-"A*"  '^'^'P  "'*  '»  f«»°t. 
Mr,  Powell  prices  ranged  from  t7  7.s. "  o' £1  ,»  „,  :,  f.'.H  .'  "  f ''"''''  'H^Ionging  to 
These  01.  good  ligures  to  pay  for  the  nmcb-d^ij;:;  K4;;i';i;'b;eij*^"'^'"  *'"^  ^"^  ^^o. 
il.  £^X,  51 '■    -oQ 


;li 


uf 


li 


t." 


iiti; 


786 


CATTLE    AND   DAIRY   FARMING. 


OXFOBDSHIUE  DOWNS. 

Tht«o  liuvo  Ukcii  ijuilu  u  firm  hold  of  the  ulTuutions  of  luuuy  breedura  iu  Beiirordshire, 
HackH,  Ilunta,  &c.  The  Oxford  Dowu  is  an  attrnctivo  sheep,  ami  the  specimens  exhib< 
ited  ut  the  lioyal  York  Show  were  worthy  of  the  national  gathering.  (Juality  was  ob- 
servable all  along  the  line,  and  where  so  much  excellence  was  diHccrniblc  they  were  most 
dilticult  classes  to  judRe.  The  ram  sides  were  fully  saccessful,  and  attracted  numerous 
buyers  from  the  continent.  At  Mr.  .John  Treudwell's  sale  at  Upper  Winchendon,  a 
number  of  shearling  and  ram  lambs  were  disposed  of  at  an  average  of  a  trifle  over  X'i',i 
I'M.  A  number  of  the  rams  were  bought  for  Gernuiny,  although  a  few  were  picked  up 
by  our  Gallic  neighbors.  The  Fyfleld  flock  of  Mr.  A.  F.  Nulton-Druce  averaged  £17 
1U«.,  and  the  Biddenhnm  lot  realized  the  handsome  average  of  £15  lis.  Mr.  Albert 
Brassey,  who  was  so  successful  at  the  Koyal  Show  at  York,  wa.s  equally  fortunate  in 
the  sale  ring.  The  lleythorp  flock  averagetl  £14,  lieing  an  increase  of  nearly  XI  com- 
pared with  last  year's  aven  go.  Mr.  George  Street,  of  Maulden,  obtained  an  average 
of  £10  1«.  '.id.  Mr.'Fred.  Street,  of  Somersham  I'ark,  also  disposed  of  40  fine  sheep  at 
an  average  of  £14  !)«.  8i(.  Mr.  John  Worley's  flock  averaged  £14  3s.  2d.,  and  Mr. 
Kd.  Gillett'.s  Hampton  flock  obtained  an  average  of  £15  3,s.  Drafts  were  sold  from  va- 
rious flocks,  the  averages  ranging  from  4  to  10  guineas.  Equally  favorable  prices  wero 
obtained  for  ewes  and  ewe  lambs;  and  on  the  whole  the  Oxlbrd  Downs  went  off  very 
well.  Thev  are  great  favorites  on  the  continent,  and  before  long  will  bo  found  in  the 
United  States. 

HAMP.SHIBK  D0WK3. 

These  are  a  comparatively  new  variety,*  and  are  said  to  have  been  produced  by  South- 
down cro.sses  on  the  old  Wiltshire  sheep.  The  breed  possesses  in  a  high  degree  the  ijual- 
ities  of  fecundity  and  early  maturity.  Indeed,  we  have  known  100  wether  lambs,  just  a 
little  over  six  months  old,  fctcii  7'2».  per  head;  and  as  for  weight,  three  lambs  under 
ten  months  weighed  at  the  last  Smithfield  ClubShow  (1HH2)  224  pounds  each  Jive  weight 
or  upwards  of  ;{5  jMJunds  per  (juarter  butchers'  meat.  Tiiese  sheep  are  massive,  broad 
even,  deep,  and  close-wooled,  and  do  well  on  dry  chalk  soils.  The  Hampshires  fared 
particularly  well  both  in  the  show-yard  and  in  the  sale  ring.  Mr.  Alfred  Morrison  after 
iiis  Hamburg  success,  won  well  at  York  with  large,  long,  and  lusty  animals.  Mr. 
AVllliam  Parsons  (Michehlever)  also  had  a  fair  time  of  it,  and  secured  first  and  seeond 
in  the  shearling  cwo  cltiss  with  well-rounded,  neat  sheep.  In  the  salo  ring  his  flock 
avcn-iged  £15  llli.  for  rams,  and  !)7,i.  3rf.  for  ewes.  The  llackwood  flock  of  Mr.  Jolin 
IJarto  1  averaged  £12  10«.  The  Wrotham  Hill  Park  lot  wero  quickly  di8po.sed  of  at  an 
average  of  £(>;  two  of  the  rams  being  bought  for  exportation  to  .Jamaica.  The.siipnly 
at  Wclton  fair  exceeded  100,000,  and  wero  chiefly  bought  by  flockmasicrs  in  the  west- 
ern counties.  Mr.  Twiddell's  flwk  f"tched  from  £4  14«.  Gd.  to  £12  \2s. ;  and  Mr.  John 
Pa  rris's  averaged  alwut  74  guineas,  and  Mr.  11.  Dudding  sold  16  rams  at  an  avcnigeofflS- 
and  Professor  Wrightson  <lisposed  of  40  at  from  £6  to  £7  lOs.  each.  Mr.  Oakley  had 
l.V)  from  his  Underwood  Hall  flock,  which  fetched  from  £7  to  £10  each.  Six  raraswcre 
iKHight  at  Peterborough  at  £5  lO.i.  each  for  shipment  for  Buenos  Ayres.  Mr.  F.  Boyce 
(Manor  Farm)  disposed  of  1,400  ewes  and  lambs  at  high  prices,  the  total  sum  realized 
l)cing  £4,484  IT*.  The  Brondfleld  lot,  belonging  to  Mr.  William  Ijine, aver.iged  £17  7.. 
Hf/.,  the  average  last  year  being  £17  ISs.,  and  in  1881  £12  Hi.  i)d.  The  Homington  flock 
was  weeded  to  the  extent  of  l.'U  lots.  The  rams  wero  let  as  high  as  07  guineaN.  Mr. 
Dibl)en  hired  at  42  guineas;  Mr.  Parsons,  of  Micheldever,  at  61  guineas.  Kara  lanilw  were 
sold  at  41  guineas,  which  was  given  by  Professor  Wrightson.  At  the  side  of  Mr,  Piil- 
mer  (Berry  Court,  Wallop,  Hampshire)  ram  lambs  were  let  at  from  7A  to  22  guineas 
each,  the  average  of  70  being  £11  iy,f.  6(/.  A  nunilwr  of  rams  of  the  well-known  Tont- 
hill  floi'k,  which  took  the  champion  prize  at  the  Hamburg  Show,  were  let  andwldat 
high  prices.  The  ram  lamlw  were  let  for  the  season  at  64  guinea.s.  The  average  at 
which  11$  lot«  were  hired  was  £;i4  6/(.  6(/.  The  selections  from  the  flock  of  Mr,  W.  Clieyncy 
Street  made  satisliictory  prices,  and  the  draft  ewes,  which  were  remarkably  well  matched, 
sold  for  upwards  of  5  guineius  each. 

siinoi'HiiinrA 

This  breed  is  making  great  headway,  and  seems  to  l)e  a  great  favorite  everywhere. 
They  are  fancied  not  only  in  Shrop.shire.  but  are  found  in  Scotland,  Wales,  Ireland,  .md 
in  several  continental  countries,  while  numbei's  have  been  exported  to  Canada.  That 
the  breed  in  decidedly  popular  cannot  be  denied. 

^Next  oldest  to  Southdown. 


*i.<«..vaa»itMia«iiia«B 


u  Btiiirordshire, 
>eciraeu8  exhib< 
Quality  was  ob- 
thcy  were  most 
Mited  numerous 
Winchendon,  a 
i  trifle  over  X'£i 
were  picked  up 
B  averaged  £n 
Is.  Mr.  Albert 
lly  fortunate  in 
nearly  XI  coni- 
led  an  average 
10  flue  sheep  at 
.  2rf.,  and  Mr. 
re  sold  from  va- 
iblo  prices  were 
8  went  off  very 
)o  found  in  the 


SUPPLEMENT. 

Tl.„  < /I    ..  .        . 

hi„  -  ...... 

miDKham  sales  were  .nosScS,^^^ 

ship's  shearlings.  Tho  c wes  a^lf/     •    l^"""  ^'-  ^^""dell  Ravo  100  m  in     ^I""*''^-     ^'^'«  J^i""- 

Mr.  A    .<<    iJo..-.». -1-..       .J>  *»o'verhamntnn   ,.,„ ouufeures.     Tlio  lot  sent  by  Mr. 

;  each;  and  some  of 
-e^ewhiclfh^-- -er^or^ 

u„  J  i?  l/;  ?«f '''  '°''^  "°'l  let  wen  and  fi!  ™'°S^"°'-     Tl'oHat- 

Kuineas  for  his  flrst-nrit  J.l  l^'^'  ^^'-  T-  J.  Mansell  of  n^''''''''■*°*'  ^'""^  '^^^^  was 
famed  Uffington  utk'rMr'  " ^t^«,2n^-k.  »"'!  tKer^^e^'wi^'S^^^  ^«'^ 

a  little  over  £10  for  ewes  JutL  °^  'Yeraged  .£30 6..  2dfor-^^^?  r"^"  '^''-  ^'''^' 
wardine,  I^rd  ChancelloTwas  so  d  "t  ^^^  *^'*^  °*'  Measr..  0^"  ancf  T-In^'  "'^'^^.'^'^'^ 
The  average  was  £19  14,  if,,,     n"  "•}  ^^  Snmeaa.  and  Koval  OnL^,.,  ."•""'  *"^  '^''^'i- 


Ifcn 

M     

sold  at  h 

Chesham        ,„,.,,,„  tj 

tons  lock,  belonging  to  Mr 
XJ7  l)i.^,  and  for  owes   "~ 


luced  bySouth- 
legree  the  (jual- 
er  lambs,  just  a 
ie  lambs  under 
ach  Jive  weight, 
massive,  broad, 
impshires  fared 
Morrison,  after 
animals.  Mr. 
lirst  and  second 
■J  ring  his  flock 
:k  of  Mr.  Jolin 
isposed  of  at  an 
a.  The  supply 
ers  in  the  west- 
;  and  Mr.  John 
average  of  ,£12; 
Wr.  Oakley  had 
Six  rams  were 
Mr.  F.  r.nyce 
al  sum  realized 
veniged  £17  7-. 
romingtoti  flock 
f  guineas.  Mr. 
{amlanilwwerc 
iile  of  Mr.  Pal- 
to  22  guineas 
ll-known  Font- 
let  and  sold  at 
The  average  at 
Ir.  W.  Clicyncy 
f  well  matched, 


to  everywhere. 
p.",  Ireland,  and 
Canada.    That 


of 


.....»ftv,«uu.u,eaiortneUnibury  flockofMr  Fr'  ?•'''  "^erageda  littleover  £11  97   a>. 
ing  to  the  late  Mr.  George  W  ■Lntr^oi„     / r  "^^^  ^''^  £10 12s.  lOrf     Th.  <t    1   1 ' ,  ^'"^ 
(lisiwsedof,  the  rams  makMiurannS"'."'^  Leconflold  Park  IIonT",.o;    ,."°''H  ''*^'°"«- 
The  IJeaumont«-oto  rams    h«  nrn"^^"^"^'  ^«-  the  ewes TtchkTnrln    '  ^'^^^^rley,  was 

Thomas,  of  Uaschurch,  got  an  averse'  Z  ^^  ^"^fl  ^°'^  "*  1«0.^.  c:k  1       \      \  ;         'l" 
mther  over  !)^.  guineas  each      For  ^„„  r"^  ^""^  ^^^  "id  let  of  i;>8  7  s  ,..,  .         ,'''''"' 

highest  pricc(l  shearling  ran  wa'■lJ^ZL^r°T  ^*'"^°  ^"™'  l^owmi    Lr     't. 
(stablished  Haughton  Hock  wasdi^SJ'^.f^'"-  ^'  ^-  ^'^iHips  al ;{.-,  «u  ne'^^^Tb      T 
Mr.  Charles  Wadlow      The  rVm  Vr^       .2^  acc-ouut  of  the  deceiso  of  f  hf '  •  "'•'' 

HHussohl  averaged  CU  L' 7,  :"U"'f?r"  'e  P  ^"°^'«^  ^l^^n  ai^yg,  iLr"ffi*?A 
.sheariiDg  HHus  ranged  from  7  toSuin^Is  ih ,  f  IfT""  '^"''^  '*  l«t  of  rams    nd  cw.m     t. 
Earl  I'owis.     The  ewes  fctch«  S'S'.i^"  '^''Z  'T^  ''''  '''^'^^'^  Pri  ■"  and  ™id  bv 
g.KHl  buyer,  iu.d  turned  up  at  several  i    uTX'^  '*""^»  ^'«'«"'^1 1^11^°  ..y  "^J  '■ 
gave  still  prices.     Goo«l   stock  were  m  d   „l      *k        "'  '""'*^'  ^'^'ected  good  ,  nff  nn," 
round  t'H-Shroj.hire.salesof  188,/w"ir^ij:^;Vi?- j;:>-  --  ^^^^^     '"cSe"..""! 

J  "iiu  iiio.seot  previous  seasons. 

fHEVIOTS. 
THK   nL.\CK-l.-ACED  SlFFor.IC* 

.„.J''^.f:?  ••;r!'.V.'«.'"'«K  iuto  favor  in  I.:a.st  An-^lia     Thi.  hr     1  r- 

*Fin,tde.scribe<l  iu  Augu.st  1883   bv  If    KW  •       ,  •'^'a.can.l  leg. 

uaaokuowlcdge*!.  *=      '  '*^^'  ''^  ^f-  ^<»n«  -liH'kson,  in  "The  Field  "  but  here 


788 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


KO  aud  the  more  mh\a  tliey  are  the  better.  Thin  breed  is  a  cross  between  the  South- 
downs  and  Norfolk  Blacks  of  halt  a  century  ago,  probably  improved  with  Hampshire 
Down  crosses.  The  meat  of  the  BulVolk  is  juicy  and  lean,  and  Iho  mutton  is  much  in 
request  in  various  centers.  The  breed  is  active  and  hardy,  and  can  live  where  other  va- 
rieties would  bo  lamishcd.  Mr.  K  Giltus  made  the  top  figure  of  tho  season,  namely, 
£'20  and  the  average  beintf  £1A  2i».  Mr.  Gittus's  shearling  ewes  fetched  12««.  for  Iho 
l)est  pen  at  Newmarket,  where  Met«rs.  Slater  and  Northcnd  both  sold  rams  at  2«  guineas 
each,  and  the  Maniuis  of  Bristol  got  '25  guineas  for  another.  At  Ipswich  fair  Mr.  J.  A. 
Smith's  consignment  was  one  of  great  promise,  having  been  selected  from  the  Ijest  cwe« 
of  liis  flock.  He  sold  10  ram  lambs  at  an  avenigo  of  i:t  guineas,  and  40  lambs  at  an  av- 
erage of  £ii  3s.  Mcs.sre.  8extou  and  Grimwado,  who  were  the  lirst  to  inaugurate  the 
auction  competitions,  old  70  nun  lambs  and  n  line  lot  of  ewe  and  wether  lambs.  A  line 
viiu  wiw  purchased  by  Mr.  KobertCross  for  £'*  5.s.  Mr.  W.  Gurdon,  of  Branthani  t:ourl, 
sold  his  best  apecimen  for  £i:i  10.s.  Mr.  E.  Fyson  .sold  12  ram  lambs  at  12]  guineas, 
&c  Mr.  Jacob  Walker  sold  bis  Hock,  as  he  was  about  to  take  a  smaller  larni.  The 
Suilolk  ewes  made  high  prices.  Tho  210  shearlings  realized  a  total  of  XOll.  The  highest 
ligure  realized,  95«.  per  head.     Shearling  rams  realized  from  £8  to  £3. 

SCOTCH    BLACKFACES. 

In  Scotland  Black-faced  sheep  are  supplanting  theCheviota,  as  it  is  a  more  hardy  breed, 
which  has  weathered  the  storms  of  severe  winters  more  successfully,  aud  on  this  account 
larger  numbers  have  been  offered  for  sale  all  over  the  countrj'.  They  met  an  exceed- 
ingly good  ninrket,  and  averaged  within  a  shade  of  £16  each.  Mr.  Brydon,  of  Burn- 
castle  had  the  ne.xt  average  of  £10  13s.  Tho  highest  price  paid  of  £45  was  by  Mr. 
Thorb'urn,  Stonehill.  Mr.  Dodd,  Northumberland,  also  bought  one  at  £44.  The  Duke 
of  Ajgyll  bought  one  at  £37,  and  another  at  £24. 

Mr  Charles  Howatson,  of  Glcnbnck,  Ayiflhire,  offered  a  wonderful  lot  at  his  twelfth 
annual  sale,  and  made  capital  prices.  A  three-shear  ram  made  £20.  The  highest  prices 
were  given  for  three  shearling  rams,  sired  by  Glenbuck  Yet.  Mr.  Fleming,  Lesmaha- 
gow  mid  the  top  figure  of  £43  for  Glenbuck  Again.  Mr.  M'Naughton,  Aberfeldy, 
bought  Arabi  at  £30;  and  Mr.  Hamilton,  Tyndrum,  gave  £2i>  for  Duncan  Gray.  The 
tup  lambs  got  by  Glenbuck  Yet  made  the  remarkable  average  of  £13  14».  (id.  each,  Mr. 
Brydon  Burncaktle,  paying  the  extraordinary  sum  of  £28  lOn.  Ibr  a  handsome  ram,  com- 
bining symmetry,  size,  and  substance.  This  price  has  never  been  equaled  lor  a  Black- 
faced  lamb,  the  highest  last  year  being  £13.  ,„     ,    r      ^    ,  r,.v     ,       ,. 

Mr.  Malcolm,  of  Poltalloch,  Argyllshire,  sold  some  Black-faced  sheep.  The  shearling 
tups  averaged  £7  a  head.  Mr.  Campbell,  Ormaig,  bought  the  highest  priced  one  at 
C3(i  The  total  increa.se  on  the  stock  proceeds  of  last  year's  sale  for  a  similar  number 
of  sheep  was  £000.     This  shows  that  the  Blackfaces  are  gradually  rising  in  value  in 

Scotland.  ,  .     . ,  ..       ,  ,      , .  , 

There  were  doubtless  many  other  sales  and  incidents  worthy  of  remark  which  trans- 
pired during  1883;  but  we  have  simply  dealt  with  tho  facts  as  presented  to  us  in  the 
markets.  Under  tho  circumstances,  llockmasters  are  to  be  congratulated  on  the  results 
of  the  iKist  soa.son's  sales,  and  to  hope  for  a  continuance  of  the  .same  friemlly  competition 
in  the  year  188 1. 


SHEEP  PORTRAITS. 

[Inclosiire  No.  8  In  ConBuI-Oencral  Merritt's  report.] 

The  iwrtrait  ( Plate  307)  is  repro<luccd  from  the  Agricultunil  Gazette  for  1874,  as  a  fit- 
ting illustration  of  the  Oxford  Down  breed.  This  ram  was  shown  by  Mr.  C.  Howard  at 
t'le  Hull  and  Cardiff  mcctingscf  the  Koyal  Agricultural  Sotsiety,  and  he  was  commended 
at  i)oth  places.  Everyone  knows  that  the  history  of  tho  breed  includes  many  names,  sucli 
as  Trea<iwell,  Gillett,  Druce,  Howard,  Street,  and  others;  and  illustrations  might  have 
l»cen  select€d--reproduced  from  former  years— of  sheep  from  any  of  their  celcbr.ited 
Hocks  Wc  have  selectetl  the  illustration  here  given,  however,  as  being  on  rather  a  larger 
scale  than  the  others;  aud,  notwithstanding  a  certain  distortion  due  to  the  lens,  indud- 
ing  much  exnggeration'of  the  head  and  muzzle  of  the  sheep,  as  being  a  fair  representation 
of  the  excellent  and  massive  form,  line  character  of  wwl,  tS:c.,  indicative  of  the  breed. 

This  breed  originated  in  a  cross  between  the  Cot^twold  ram  and  the  Hampshire  Down 

,-.-.  l„,i  M-  'r.""!>npi    jw.ur  nf  Winchfjtf IT,  was  one  of  the  leaders,  fort v  years  aco,  in 

maintiiining  that  the  breed  should  be  made  permanent  by  continuing  to  breed  from  these 

proes-bred  sheep,  until  at  length  a  penaaueut  typo  waa  estobljsbed.    This  has  now  been 


ft 

h 

w  ■ 

m 


•u 


m  the  South- 
b  Hitnipshire 
)U  18  uiutii  in 
lere  other  vu- 
«ou,  namely, 

12««.  lor  Iho 
iit  2(i  Kiiiiieim 
iiir  Mr.  J.  A. 
Lhe  Ijest  ewes 
nbs  at  an  av- 
au^urnto  the 
iul)8.  A  line 
iithaiu  Court, 

12\  guiuetts, 
r  I'arni.     The 

The  highest 


1  hardy  breed, 
1  this  account 
et  au  exceeil- 
lon,  of  ISurn- 
>  was  by  Mr. 
I.     The'Duke 

it  his  twelfth 
highest  prices 
ng,  Lesmaba- 
n,  Aberfeldy, 
1  Gray.  The 
(id.  each,  Mr. 
mo  ram,  coni- 
i  for  a  Black - 

The  shearling 
priced  one  at 
milar  number 
{  in  value  in 

:  which  trans- 
L  to  us  in  the 
on  the  resultH 
y  competition 


1874,  osatit- 
C.  Howard  at 
as  coninieiidcd 
ly  names,  such 
Qs  mi^lit  have 
tir  celebrated 
rather  a  larger 
3  lens,  indud- 
rcpres(!iit»lion 
f  the  breed, 
iipshirc  Down 
T  years  aco,  in 
eed  from  these 
liiu  now  beei^ 


II 


'ti', 


5 1 


t 


'4\ 


l^h-A 


t 


1 

^  1 

^1 

1 

^8 

■~  '1 

-  -i-i-sB 

T<     <•,      ^Hj 

'.a 

'     t^    f-          i^l 

Ul 

h 
< 

J 
a 


Q 

-J 

« 

< 
u 

< 

a 

2 

o 

Q 

Q 

q:  ! 
o  ' 

o 

,M 

U 

u  j 

c 
a 

2  j 
0 

t- 


i 


I  s 


Q 
J 

ol 
« 

< 

u 

< 

2 

O 

Q 

Q 
It 

0 


u 

u  I 

D  j 

m ! 

2  I 

o| 

t- 
J 

i 

<j 
cj 


u 


i 


SUPPLKMENT.  ^gg 

aawnipllnhwl.     The  breed  ii  roiniirk.ihin  r,. 

MUTTON   AND  w,«,,. 
Tlio  iK.rtmitH  will,  wo  l)(.li„v,.  iMuiilinlti,.,!  t    i 

li:::Su::.a'.i.:^;u:r:.r^'" 

li:iv(,«uc<oc.I,.,l,  iiove  tliolosH     n.r     '"''"•  "■"'  ^*""  "«  "f  the  si  om  »      '     "''y  ''" 

..uiH  or  tv^  vcVy  i,npor;.;;;rc!.  .:;r '"■"^'"«  ^' "-  -"•-  ^-.tz:..  ^  Lii^i::  i:!';;,:- 

I'liito  .KIM  ro|)rcscnts  '•  Hermit  "  n  r  i,,,.  i  "■  ifrihiK  p.,!- 

l'i;Ue  .mi)  is  tt  portrait  of  ji„  Oxronlsl.ir-.  it  • 

A.  i;  Milton   Druco,  and  Hlu.wnt  l^X^i^l';;.^^  l.eIon«inK  t..  Mr 

,l.e  ilrst  pruo.     ,t  is  :,  y.u.  and  5  n.onZ:£,:'U^^^;^  S'^h.S.^'^''  '"'"^ 


BERKSHIRE  PIGS. 

"""'"•"■•'' ^"- "'"  ^•°— •<'<•".•-.  MorrUtW,.,,.! 

.     ^"•"■*>.V.WlMIl()KNK,  ^>„itSKT, 

Siu:  My  spetrialty  is  j.i^rH;  tluTofon.   I  inuwrinn  J,:»,ian,H,  \H^i, 

mm  nuikr  the  abovoprinte.I  ,,,„.rie.s.     I  Imvo  ror  vZ!  f""""''''  ""  ""«''  w>"l«l  liardi  v 
ot  lar«.  wh.to  pi«,s,  und  u.oro  recentlv  J  n^vlZlZ^  ''''■'  ^■"•V«''«e.sHnd  as  a  I   ce  K^ 

These  l!erkHh,r..s  at  e.RiU  months  one  woek  an     th  oo      J     V.'*'" '''>'«^  *•>  the  «how 
,v,„mk     My  wh.to  p,«s  arc  h.rdy.  and  fanu-d  "r  s    .  a,   ^rl     '  T'*^'"""  «"'''  »"  ^'oro 
.xubitedat  tbowunotwno  as  tbo  llorksbirrs.  also  t.diiri.^f^"'"'"'""^;  ''•  ■'•.  f'o  P«n 
woRbt  cm-b  01  :i;'  s,.oro  pounds  at  sixfon    n  n  b       mV^'^^^  "i"  avernir. 

l,re..d  H   !u>  most  hardy,  and  ..oul.l  bo  bred        1  ri^.r.  M?r",i'^*''-'^  '^'^  J''"ksb"'?o 
,m«t  p.rl.vt  sn.ccs..        u-,;.!  my  pi^s  on  barb.y  and     .  L    ,,.    I     '""''  ''^"^*«  ^^i^''  "'« 
I  am,  sir,  yoiir  obedient  servant,  '"'"/e-meal. 

.J()HKF>H  SAUNDRRH. 


[riicloniire  N< 


""''<'-'m.|.(ic„,.rnlMorrilf«r,.p»rl.l 


My  Horksbires  answer  a.lmiral)!v.     My  sow^  nm  ,.,.. 
round,  except  when   th.-y  have  yo"un«.    '  1  have  "I  (!,.,"    ^\^^,  '"'"'  "•''^'-ly  all  the  year 
JispoMMilmy  tail  e..rn  more  proiiiabiy  than  sendln-'  it   on,  ,ri  ?''''"'*•  "'"'  ^  ""'•  «^vine 

Taiimcv  (JitANoio,  ALFUKl)  ASHWoii'I'lf. 

Kemtufnrd,  Chcuhin: 


5 


i 


THE  YORKSHIRES, 


|liU'lc>Ni:re  N'o.  II 


i"<'..us,i|.«;,.ucn,lM..rritfHiv|,ort. 


I'iKsIiiivebeenmyKreat  weakness.      I  have  dnrim.  Hm  i„.t .        .      . 
(«ir  LuKlixh  varieties.     Ilerksbires.  1  loan,      v  ,        L    .    ^  *^^'''"V'-'i^«  .va.^  fried  all 
very  slowly  when  .r.m.  three  1..  six  nn.nthsob       T,w  ,',"''' '"""'  T'^^''''  '""'  ^^"-''^^ 
>low  puycn*  or  feeders.     The  small  l.laeks  an.l  Hn,.l|  "  I  I?,!'     ''  ''"''  f^  '••"''^^"^  •■""!  ^ery 
iniiKiv  at  iiiw  ;ii«..    lull  II.. .i ..  .    .    •'" '"' ^•'Kiil  iirec(ier.-<  :i.iii  i-.h.,.. 


cKly  atauy  a><e,  Iml  liuir   meal  is  t 


pig  is  a  brute  prolille  cnon;;h  I 


<">  lilt  for  present  tastes.     'I'l 


readers  .i.id  fattei 


»nt  ruinous  to  tatt 


<'»      1  have  found   II 


(■  eoiumon  I'nulisU 


10  middle  wbito 


790 


CATTLE  AND  DAIRY  FARMING. 


and  tlio  liuj^o,  white  Yorkshiro  ftir  awiiy  tlio  beat  of  all.  They  arc  very  prolific,  grow 
last,  and  I'attiMi  ijiiickly  a(  any  iigu,  aiul  the  careaat!  is  exiuilly  what  is  now  reiiuired  cither 
lor  \wvk  or  l);u'nii  purposes.  1  have  ivow  a  herdoi"  'MO,  all  eligible  for  entry  in  the  pro- 
l)oscd  licrd-lxiolc  wliicli  a  low  of  us  are  trying  to  estai>li.sh.  I  try  to  keep  my  pii^s  as 
naturally  as  jjossible,  feed  well,  give  plenty  of  exercise,  and  begin  to  breed  from  tlicin 
carlv      1  scud  them  all  over  the  world. 

KANDEIiS  SPENCER. 


THE  BLACK  SUFFOLK  FIO. 


friiflosurc  No.  12  ill  ConNiil-Ociiornl  Mcrrltl'H  Uoport.] 
District: 

Main  temperature,  .W  F. ;  temperature  in  summer,  G0°  F. ;  winter,  40°  F. ; 

Soil,  sandy  preferable. 

Subsoil  geological  .strata,  grit. 
Pa.sturage,  natural  or  artificial  grasses: 

Ifow  is  stock  housed?    Warm  and  dry,  avoid  floors  or  walls  whi«!h  are  good  roii- 
ductora  of  heat  and  cold. 
Name  of  breed: 

Suflblk  small  black-breed  pig. 

oize  at  maturity  ?    '120  pounds. 
Origin  of  breed: 

Cro.s.sc3  between  Es.se.x,  Chinese,  Dorset,  and  other  breeds. 

Description,  and  hov/  long  pure  bred  ?    Thirty  years  or  more. 

(Jo  lor?    ]5iac!c. 

Maturity?    Eighteen  months. 

Meat?    Short,  sweet,  and  Juicy. 

Black  pigs  arc  preferred  to  white  ones  because  they  stand  exposure  to  the  sun's  rays 
better  when  out  feeding  on  the  pastures  or  (\lover  leys  in  summer.  During  a  greater  por- 
tioM  of  the  year  this  description  of  jiig  will  find  its  own  living  on  good,  well-drained 
l)asltires,  with  an  occasional  rain  upon  the  .stubbles  or  clover  leys.  Tliey  are  small  Iccd- 
trs  and  very  contented  and  easy-tempered.  When  fattening  it  is  sometimes  dilUcult  to 
net  thcni  to  take  suflicient  exerci.se.  They  can  l»e  Ibrcetl  into  early  maturity,  at  six 
months  of  age,  if  required. 

J.  A.  SMITH. 

.\Ki;NjrAM,   Ijinwilh. 


INDEX. 


ITinclpal  points  of  circular  to  consuls  3    „ 

beef  importe,     ml  .'^o  rrri "''""  ""P"'*^"."    «?"' ^''^^  ""'»''"" 
whence  Lport.,,1  7    vaiuor        '""'"''"»  '''^'•'e    h;  1"^'!    "V"'""  "''"'' -■• 
tries  into  tbe  xVnitLi  V  "Z     ^^"       '' '"•'  '''"'^  ^eenap^rte.  f!  '  "?.''  ""•  '='"""^'«« 
tl.oE„BlisU  market  8  of    ";     "''°"'  ""^  i""™  l^SO-"^        17,*''"  **"''"' ''°""- 
purposes  for  wUitXir;iu':7a^-"*'"'" '''" -^^^^^^^ 

a.ul  supply  of  tbe  several  countr  0^  ,  i  '"?""  '■''"°*^'««  "^ Europe  an.f„T'  '"' 
«amn«,  into  the  United  Kin^om  lirinTt,  ""  """'*'  l^""^--  »' hor^J^l'"  r""'* 
value  per  pound,  and  the  eountruT^ l"  '/ ,  °  ^""^  ^»«^'  *«*«'  'luant  t  ,T  L  .  ^ 
outside  of  EnroDo  12-  fr,.„i '      "  *°''° ''"P«rte<I.  12  :  numlw„,?f       1  '  '"'""■ 

..airy  P-ductsr  E  ^    ;'S;::f  °'  «''^-°>'  -'"• "    a  -  /„^;    ■« '»  --tries 
and  value,  value  p„r  pound  and  th.      '""'"'  °^  "'«  ^'»'t<"l  KinX '."?""•"'"'  "' 
American  butter/doercZ  co"  ul.r"''''"^''''  ^'""""'  '".ported  Ig^i  ?      """""""' 
l;ermetlcaUvsoai;u„tTo:;re,^Coroi!"«^"''-''- 
.0  year  xm.  10 ,  cheese  i„,ports Z  tl  rn  W  Er  '^T  *""  ^"'""l  sil    1,,^ 'J 

A3;_.o„ndcatt,eproduet:d:^n«t"-^^^ 


Calllo statistics:  "^'  ^^^'^^^^Jil'S  LETTBB. 

(U  Statement  showing  the  exports  of  rattle  from  ,k    t- 

;ndin«  with  the  year  ,«84,  BhowinrthlTu  uhcrs"''"/ ''•*^''''''^"'«  ^'-o  eleven  year, 
hoad  0.  ,1.0  cattle  exported  to  each  eoun  r  """  '"*"'  ^•'""«  '«'•'  »""  v  "ufl^ 

(3)  Statement  showine  the  einort«nr  f.»  I   .  

..-..'  ..rst  efllclally  reeonr,Tea;o  U  ^'Crr  '\  '''"•-l  ^'-tes  fr«.  the  year  ,877 
ll'o  quantity  and  total  value  and  t he  1.  '  "'"'  '"<''"'"»«  the  year  18«i  Itl, 

..  statcueut  Showing  the  .a.p.;;s?f^,.t:r"irt:.';h'!  r'  "f  ?r  -'--'-^ -So;^^^^^^ 

.voarn  e„diu«  with  the  year  Xm.  showi;.':  ';"''''   '^'■>«''""'  'l"Hn«  the  olZ„ 

IluU^rHUurtic"'  '"  '"""'''  '■"""  "«*^"  -.uutry    ...'.."'.'''.;;';;'  I'"*'  ^■'""«  "".l  the  value 

(■"  Statement  HhoxviuK  the  exports  of  butter  fmn.f.     ,-        ,  

-din«  with  the  year  xm.  ^o^^ZJZ^'^^^  f  "'"^  '"-'"^  '•'«  eleven  yoar« 
l.mmt  and  country  therein """"■   ""'' ^^"""  "^  "■"  exports  to  ea..hcr 

i«)  Stntement  showing  the  Imports  of  hntt 1 

cl>.ri««.  he  eleven  years  ending  with  the  Tear  !ir.""r""'""  '"'"  "■"  ''«"'''^i  KinKd;,ni 
and  value  ,„,r,H.und  of  tl l.u'!:jZ^';^r''^'''^'^^'y  ^-'^  ^^^''^ 


Page. 


26,20 


28 


M 


30,31 


Cli(>(>«t 


c 


ntatint 
Statcni 


los: 


nt  showing  the  exports  of ,  h 


'"«  '*'•''  "'o  year  I1W4,  slmwlng  tlii 


liiK  lit  and  country  therein 


!'f  I'nitod  Slates  during  Ih 


IB  the  'luantityandvalueof  II, 


10  rlcvei 


years 


sports  to  ejieh  con- 
T'Jl 


32, 8S 


31,35 


Page. 


M 


792  INDEX. 

•^  (sTsuitnrH^oSr^^^^^^^  of  cheoHO  int.  tUc  Uni.ca  Kingdom  during  the  clcveu 

^         y^r-  enlg  with  lUo  your  1881.  .howin«  the  ..uantity  and  total  value  and  the  value 

per  pound  of  the  imports  from  c»cU  country 

""trattment'howiuB  .lu,  cxportH  from  the  XTnitod  S.utcB  of  eat.lo  and  cattle  producU- 
*          l,orncd  cattle,  frenh  beef,  canno.1  beef,  olher  beef,  butter,  cl.ocHe.  beef  allow   and  .. le... 
r.rKVrlne-d..rinK  the  year  1884,  Hhowinfi  the  „.\n.lK,r  and  value  ot  cattle  and  the 
quanUlv.  and  value  of  1  l.o  Bevoral  productH  exported  to  each  co.intry .W-44 


1NI>KX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


Abattoir:    («««<,  aliio  ShiuKhtorhouHOR.)                                                                     ^^^^ 

Klberfeld.  gtiitiittics  of Ml 

I,l8lo,niodoofdividinguuoxat '^^ 

I'ariB,  mmle  of  dividinu  an  ox  at .....!!.".......  258 

StatisticHof "L., 

Abb»\v  farm  herd  of  Sliorthonw 16B  m 

Aberdeen.  topofp-apl'V.  »oil.  climate,  &c 

^'";ir;Sa;o:;^Ml-  .-.y  ."".—^  .ndivid,.alaa„d  iu.,itu.ion«  which  will  J!'''^-;  ";  J'';'^ 

alSabetical  order  in  tb.H  inde.  ..«  .ontributorH,  tho  following  are  referred  to  in  .1... 

XS  and  renpeciive  report-  in  eomplimentary  teruiH  f..r  courtosieB  »hown    and  as- 

rUncoTeudered  to  varlm.H  conHUln-general   and  cou.uIh,  in  the  preparation  of  thdr 

papers. ) 

BolBlum:                                                                                                                                                             ;,g;, 

Houar,  I'rofesuor.  UrusHel* ,■■;■■;,"■■,■, m 

Chevron,  Vrofo«Hor.  Koy.il  Agricultural  luHtltute,  (.anhloux M 

Leyder,  ProfesBor.  Koyal  A  -vicultural  Institute,  (ianbloux « 

Mlnno,  Edward,  in»pecU>r  of  abattoir,  C.bent J»J 

Seiiaote  director  of  iU>atlolr,  Ih'URseln ,  'V  V  ,Vi"   1 '"'  \o. 

?ydSt.  LouiH.  Hccrrtury  A«ricultural  Society  of  Flandre  OrlonUlo.  Uhent 38,1 

*'TrurreKelonuue.  Marcel,  secretary  of  tho  Society  of  Afirlculture  of  the  Girondo ;;2 

Manauor  of  the  (ienerul  Milk  Company  of  Bordeaux '- 

Germany :             .  ^■^^ 

KnBchman,  I'uul,  Ilrenlau ^.^^ 

( lallo  ProfesHor,  Itrenlau  IJniverslty ;  ■  •        '  \Vrii .' 

Gro..;  John,  consular  a.-cnt,  for  securin«  st^itistlcs  for  report  of  Consul  Wilson  on  cat- 

tloiu()ldenbur;:,.Teviland,  andKastFrlsla |Ji 

S:.^;\::!n:;n;m:.:';::es;dentofA^.icultu,:alD;str,ctAssociat.;;a.:K 

Neefe,  ProfesHor,  llreslau  St.it  i«lical  Iluroau ■■ ',J 

President  of  the  Hn.nswi.k  ("entral  A«ricultura   Assocatiou        - 

Kueff,  Dr.  von,  late  director  of  the  veterinary  HchcK.!  at  Stuttjjart 4W 

Sachs,  Leo,  Ureslau ;         ......!!!!.....!!!  O 

Saxim  < Jovi  rniuenl ■ ... 

Stat.H  mluisterof  tlioCrand  Duchy  of  Ilailen ■.'.■.".'"'.■.'..■.'.'.'.'.'.  4M 

StatiHtical  Bureau  of  Sa^ouy •■■^ 

Vossler  Professor,  lioyal  A Rrieultural  Sebo.d  at  Uohonbe.ra .   « 

Z.?b  a--»or,  Uoyal  Centr»l  Stallo  for  ApricuUnre.  WurtotuhurR <63 

''"lSt:;u<...»«ent.o.hePri..ceofWales,Sandr.n«ham ^^ 

CUrke.  K.  (!..  Bristol ,.. 

Do  la  Perelle,  < ieorco,  l,iverp<K)l 72, 179 

Dnckham,  TlioinaH,  M.  P.,  llrwick '|.j 

nine,  N.  .r.,  Smithileld  Club "'  ,^ 

Howard,  .1,  and  I".  Bedford ,,5, 

Jones.  .T.JWiwen.  Shropshire '.'."Z.'..'.'.'.^..Z  " 

Kains.  J  ackson  .Mr ;j 

Lawes,  Sir  John  B,  Botham»ted,  Herts .'.".."..'.'."..  17 

Lord  Moreton,  M.  P 


INDEX.  ^gg 

Acknowledgments— Continued. 
Holland : 

Animorafoord,  J.  P.,  Badhoevo  **** 

ha.  Pierre,  Uoniiquo,  ilatanioroa    • 

ontS"''"'"""'''""'''''''^'''"'*'^'^'^"'^"'^*'^'':::::;:::;;::"^    ^85 

Fiilloi.Valauco.vF,  Hamilton  ^ 

Oeury  Urog.,  London  ...  

SoutliAfrica;  '^ 

Stockdalo.Klchardir.,  Wvnnborc  rannri  ^^ 

Adan.8,  LyellT.,  consul  at  Genox a         '''  ^"P^^olony 

( 1 )  Kcport  on  cattle  lu  tbo  ai»trict  of  Gonova 

(Cnttlo  census,  meat-caltlo  imports,  rcsuU;";}^;.^.";-;-----. 32W23 

cliaractcriHtks  of  SwiHs  cattle  ■  sneciul  ..„.!"  ^'^°""'"ix>''t^d  cattle.  321; 
feeding,  brccdins,  ...il,  „a  J,  Tc'"^'^'"''''''  "^  Swiss  cattle.  322;  housing 

(2)  r.eport :  The  manufacture  of  .Swiss  choo.;  /'i'       '    • 

Adulteration  of  food  products  in  Eu,.pe  and  thoV  l^stS"  '"  ^"""'  <^^-<^r, 

Advice  to  Americans  in  retard  to  lmyi„a,„,^ig„'r^''*'.'"'«^, ,0 

dn- United  States,)  -"'K"  cattle.    (4^«  Purchasing  cattle,  and  aJ,o  un- 

Afiicander  cattle,  charaotoristics 

SI  ilk,  price,  weight _  ^^ 

Age  for  breeding  cattle ..„ 

,      ,      ,.  OiO 

Agriculture:  ^ 

Average  yield  of  Carlton  County,  Ontario 

Central  Chamber  of,  England 5gg 

College.  Ontario.     Keport  of:   On  Shorthoros'and'Avr"." ■■■■;■ ■         72" 

.    ^,  l>«vonH.t«0;  .violdofditrerenthr™  sTfeattC'IoV''''   ""  "•^"'"'^''  --^ 
Shows  m  England  in  1883,  list  of i^»i"oat,  5C1. 

School  of,  at  Aicbstottin,  Ciornmny...!"!"j" 54 

Uoheuheim,  Germany ^50 

Alb  cattle: 448^50 

Characteristics,  weight,  &c 

I'"*'* ^^-""'"^"!!;! 392 

Algttu  Dairy  Association oj- 

A  JKauor  cat  tie ;  „. 

lUitter  yield 

Clwiracteristlcs 394.438 

Habitat ' ^35, 

Markets  for !!!.!!.!..'/ 308.400.440 

Milk  yield. 3|u 

Origin ••■••...!!!....... **♦>  *"5, 400. 439. 448, 478 

Pr'c« 304,405 

Weight ■ 3gg 

Algerian  cattle  :  '**•  *05, 400. 439, 448, 478 

Care  and  handling 

Characteristics 25il 

Milk  yield 257 

Allan,  David.     Experience  of  Ayrshire  breeileni. !!!!..'".. 258 

Allfs,  Charles  M.,  consul  nt  llcrmuda:                           138 

Report:  Cattle  in  Itermuda 

Alp»:                                                                                   039 

Dairying  on 

tiraziug  cattle  on 311 

American:                                                                          810 

lieef,  canned,  in  Hungary 

Fresh,  exports  of.  1877-1884 533 

In  England,  and  Ilritisli  butchers  ]" 28.37 

Salt4Ml.  canned,  and  prowTvcd.  exports  of,  1884 * 

Butler,  decliuii  lu  expnru,  and  remedv  the-ri^fur                    21,37 

Decreased  consumption  of,  in  Uritish  markets ^^. '* 

Exports  of,  1H74-18S4  16 

r>  Danish  and  French  in  Ceylon  30 

877 


iih 


r 


s   -B' 


m 


I 

4 


794  ^^^®'^- 

Page. 

American-Continued.  4 

Cattlo  best  general  cattle  in  tbe  world 25 

Exports  of,  1874-16M 40 

rattening  in  England •■■' 103 

Imports  into  Germnuy 581 

Mexico 364 

In  Belgiuni 270 

Bordeaux "" Wfi 

Lower  California *'^ 

Oldenburg '''"' 

Peru ^'•'- 

Markotfor,  in  Ontario ••■: " 

Superiority  of,  in  IboBritisb  market..... 5,0 

Cbceso,  butter, and  oleomargarine  in  Holland ••••■   20 

In  the EngliBb  market '"* 

Exportaof ^- 

Crazo  for  Enelish  cattle 51 

Farmc .-8  at  fault  in  cattle  breeding ■•■••• 382 

noracB  in  Belgium • 309 

Proaucts,  counterfeiting,  in  Belgium 370 

for  Belgian  consuraption 444,445 

Analysis  and  value  of  eattlo  food  in  C.ennnny .■.'.■.■.■.■.■.'.■.■.■.'. 1== 

Analysis  ofmilk  of  Jersey  cattle 

Andalusia;  ^^'^ 

Cattle  in ?^ 

Grasses  of '."'""e'^^it\\ '^^ 

Pasturage  and  special  statistics  of  cattle j^ 

A  iiilnlnaian  cattle,  cliaractoristics -  •  •  •  - 

InlrowTc.C.,  consul-general  at  Kio.ic  Janeiro.  03„,. 

Report:  Cattle  in  Brazil ■  " '  Zt !  V ,"  „' old  native  cattle,  630;  felxed  breeds  in 

Brazilian  cattle  and  tbe  f^^^J.  ''^  JJVl'l  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  631 ;  special 
Brazil;  consuraption lof  beef  <""'  «>"''^yP        ,      ,  ,„  „,  ..ttle  ,  soil,  houciup,  to- 
statistics;  weigbts,  yield,  charactenstlc,  and  orig 
pography,  ic.,  032.) 

Angeln  cattle :  *^'' 

Census  of  bulls ;;;; 3»S,4W 

Characteristics  of ■■""  » 

Habitat ;: 410,400,492,524 

Milk  yield  of ••■■■ <92 

Origin  of • 396 

Price  of 410,  411, 490, 4»2. 494, 49,^524 

Weight  of ,■.■':■■■; '™ 

Anglesea,  topogmpliy,  soil,  cl.mat^,  &c 307 

Appau'-ell  cattle,  characteristics  ot.. 301 

ArLnnaiHOcattle,  chai-acteristicsof 268 

l:^:reage  and  cattle  distribution  in  France ..••-•••••••• ,,, 

And  population  of  Uussia •••  •• 432 

Of  Silesia .......'. ' "" 

Venezuela 

Argentine  Kopnblic :                                                               •'12 

Cattle  r«.  sheep  in AM 

Coiisuh  of  homed  cattle  lu COO 

Unviug  cattle  in 0>9 

l-Htanoias,  cattle,  in ;■-;']' "° 

capital  required  to  start  an  estancia  in fi06 

Exports  of  cattle  pr.     ictsfrom ■ Vi 

Freshroeat  trade  of,  with  Germany 620 

Future  of  cattle  ralsii^ij: •- «12 

Guaclio  bortlers,  doxterity  of CU 

Herding  cattle  in....... "l!!!;!!!!! !1! 

Improvement  of  breeds  in CU4 

Introduction  of  horned  cattle  into •••; 007 

Management  of  callin  in "-i- 

Marking  cattle  in,  feasting,  &c '"'''.^^". 5"? 

MiUUcowsin '' 

Milkandbiit'vorin 

butter,  and  clicose  In . . .  


INDEX. 


Vmg/t. 


40 
i03 
u8l 
364 

27!) 
r.9fi 
423 
<i3C 
fi.'i'i 
0 
510 
20 

;)9 

5i 
51 
382 
309 
370 
444,445 

ion 

384 
385 
385 
38« 


030-C32 


oils  in 
special 
up,  to- 


4M 

305,490 

395 

410,400,492,524 

492 

396 

402,494,49,5,524 

ICO 

307 

301 

208 

521 

432 

037 

012 

12,005 

COO 

C09 

019 

fioe 

Vi 

620 

.: «12 

oil 

CIO 

C04 

007 

Ci2 

[ 008 

[[_] 017 

003 


Argontiuo  Itepublic— Continued. 

Prices  of  cattlo  in 

Slaughter,  outllo  raised  for 

SlaugUtering establisliments  in....."'".. 

Wild  cattlo  of  tlio  pampas 

"Wintering  cattlo  und  losses  tliorefroni ' 

Working  oxen  and  milch  cows  therein 

Arnold, L.  B.,  on  "Exorcise  for  Cows".... 

Asliworth,  Alfred,  on  Borkshiro  pigs 

Association:  

Dairies  iu  Denmark  (union)  

England  (co-operative) 

Silesia ^ 

Wurteniberg 

Dairy  at  Heldoniingen "[[ 

AUgau 

Heldoniingen 

Laws  of  Wurteniberg 

Aubroc  cattle : 

Characteristics 

Cross-breeds 

Meat  yield 

Anro  cattlo: 

Characteristics,  milking  qualities,  &c 

Australasia; 
Kew  Zealand  : 

Breeds  of  rattle  in : 

Aldernoy  (Jerseys)  characteristics, &c... 
Ayrahirog,  charncU^ristlcs,  &c  ....!....." 

Devons,  characteristics,  io 

llorefords,  charnctRristies,  &c 

Mixed,  characteristics,  ifcc 

Tolled  Angus,  characteristics,  &c 

Shortnorn,  characteristics,  &c 

Census  of  sheep  and  cattlo  in 

Cost  of  transportation  to  the  United  Stotcs!!! 

Dairy  furniiug  in 

Number  of  distinct  cattlo  breeds  iu 

Pasture  lands  of 

Price  of  cattlo  in 

(^narantino,  cattlo,  regulations 

Special  statistics :  cattlo,  soil,  climate,  ic 

Tasmania,  cattlo  census  of 

Victorio 

Aveyron,  dairjingin 

Aylnier,  Hugh,  ou  Abbey  Farm,  Shortliorns 

Ayrshire,  topography,  soil,  climate,  &c 

Ayrshire  cattle: 

lirec<Ung 

li'itter  yield 

Characteristics 

Dairy  henls  of 

Feeding " 

Housing  and  treatment 

In  Canada 

Finland 

New  Zealand,  milk  and  butler  yield 

Maturit  y  :i.s  meat  prod  uccrs 

Milkers 

Milk  to  butter  and  cheese,  proportion  of 

Milk  yield 

Only  Scotch  breed  of  any  object  to  Americans 

Origin  and  history  of 

Percentage  of  meat  at  maturity 

Price  of 

WclRhtof .....!.... 


795 

Page. 

GI8 
tOJ 

.  (iia-«io 

■104 
GOO 
COS 
40 
789 

408 
710 
433 
4,'>Q 
450 
457 
400 
COl-004 

253,  727 

233 

253, 727 

720 


.539,  .'■i42, 


•  75, 137, 


048 

...' C48 

"""' C47 

[['[ 043 

[.." 048 

\\\[\ 047 

,..""" C4G 

"' 12,042 

.'"'] 049 

" 049 

. "' 049 

""' 042 

'     049 

'' GI3 

' C.% 

" 030 

051 

'" 2.53 

" V2 

1C9, 200 

l.'!7 

;■ 212,048 

"3- 135, 108, 200,  211,  212,  220,  740 

i;i5 

• 130 

547,  ,-M9,  .553,  555,  5,50,  ,55H,  501,'  ,508,  ,'Hi7;  309 

C25 

048 

130 

137, 200,  540,  &18 

108, 171,  200,  202, 2i2, 2io,'2i7,'2io,  .523,  m 

217 

0.3, 1 34 , 1  'Ji*,  -J  1  •_' 

138 

84, 100, 20,5,  214 

'4,138,108,171,200,21(1  219  5''5 


I 

T  il 


i.'^' 


796 


INDEX. 


Bur  cattlu : 

Breeilinf 

Census  of 

Characteristics  . 


Feed  ins — 
Habitat — 
nooHiog... 
Milk  yiirld  . 


I'rico  of 

Welglit  nnd  size 

Baar  district,  topofirnpliy,  soil,  climate . 


Page. 

472 

470 

468, 47-.' 

4I6S 

m 

4(M),  472 

40U,  47! 

470 

4011,472 

4G8 

460 


404 
471 
466 
471 
473 

003-021 


(irosscs 

Bacon,  John  K.,  thnrR/i  d'nfTairea  at  MontPvidoo : 

Keport :  Cattle  and  cattlcbrecdinR  iu  UruKuay .•  —• • •••••■•  ••;•••,;  —  •■  ""•"-^ 

(Climate  ,  voluo  of  lands  and  sto.-k,  C22  ;  slaughter  of  cattle  and  exports  of  beef,  02J ;  the 
Liobig  extract  of  beef  iuct^rv,  024  ;  froze  nt-^at  trade,  025.) 

Baden,  cattle  breeds  iu 

Census  of  cattle 

Feeding  and  breeding 

Keckar,  cattle  in 

ProtluctP  of  cattle  iu 

Baker,  K.  L.,  consul  at  Buenos  Ay  res: 

Kepoi t :  The  cattle  industry  of  the  Argentine  Kopublic ••••••;•• '  ■ " ,;  ••••••-■••  •  ■ 

(Milk  butter  nnd  cheese;  cattle  raised  exclusively  for shiughter,  COa  j  introduction  of 
'  horned  cattle  inio  the  river  Mate;  wild  cattle  of  tho  pami>as,  004;  census  of 
cattle,  005;  exports  of  cattle  pro<lncts,  liOC;  uianageuient  of  cattle,  007;  work- 
ing cattle  and  uiilch  tows,  008. 
Estancias-  From,  to  slaughterhouse ;  requisites  of,  000;  number  of  animals  on  estancia 
will  maintain ;  herdin.:  stock  on.  Oil;  cattle  vt.  sheep  on  ;  mai  king  youns  ani- 
mals on ;  horsemanship  .ind  dexterity  of  Cuocho  herders,  012 ;  groat  slaughter- 
ing  establishment,  013. 
Cilv  slaughtering  establishments,  015;  cUorts  to  Improve  Arpentlno  cattle,  010;  milnh 
cows  and  buttermaking,  017;  prices  of  cattle,  018;  future  of  tho  cattle  in- 
dustry of  tho  Argentine  Kepublic,  020.) 

Baldwin,  Prfocssor,  on  Kerry  cattle 

Ballow,  Frank  M.,  consul  at  Kohl ; 

Beiiort  •  Cattle  breeds  of  lladen 

(Messkirch  cattle;  district  of  Messkirch,  404;  peculiorities  of  cattle,  465;  si/.e  oiid 
wei.'lit,  breeding  and  feeding,  460;  meat  pi-odnction  and  fattening,  uiilk  pro- 
ducrion,407;  prizo  winners,  408;  Baar  cattle.  468;  stables,  milk  prmluction,  fat- 
tening, 100;  census  and  prices  of,  470 ;  Black  Forest  cattle,  470  ;  Odenwald  uud 
Neckar  cattle;  cattle  census  of  Baden,  47 1 ;  si>ecial  statistics  of  Badlsh  cattle, 


130 


4(H-4? 


472.) 


3e« 
400 
130 
7'JIJ 
475 
7,'i3 
700 
480 
477 
478 


Barmen  cattle  and  cattle  product,  supply  of 

Climate  of 

Barle:,Uichard,  on  Kerry  cattle -•• 

Basquaiso  cattle,  cliaracteiistics,liabitat,  milking  qnalities 

Bavaria,  cattle  of,  characteristics  of 

Census  of  domeslicanimolsof 

live  stock  of 

Cheese  (Limburger)  and  butter  of 

Cultivated  grasses  in 

Ilandliug  cattle  products  in 

Uousmg,  feeding,  and  breeding  cattle  in |j^ 

Soil  and  substratum  of • ^,^  ^^^ 

Special  cattle  statistics  of '  ' 

Topography,  soils,  cliaiate,  &c 

Bacodaise  cattle :  ,^. 

Calves,  raising ' 'Vif,  274  7>; 

Characteristics  of " "225  274 

Crossbreeds ■* '  ^^ 

(Irazing  grounds  of ]"."..       s.'iS 

Origiu '' ;"!""''""""!!!!  225,274 

Superiority  of  iiioat 2^j 

Weight  and  value  of  oxen ^^j 

Working 


472 

47« 

468,47-.> 

4169 

40!) 

480,472 

40U,47I 

470 

400,472 

408 

460 

022,629 

023 ;  tlio 

404 

471 

466 

471 

473 


603-021 


iluction  of 

CCUHU8  ut' 

07;  Tork- 

D  vstancia 
yoiiusniii- 
Mluuglitor- 

310;  inilcli 
CHttlu  in- 


130 


404-47 


Hi/.o  aiul 

inilk  pru- 

ictiou,  tut- 

nwalil  uml 

lisli  ciittlu. 


400 
130 
720 
475 
753 
709 
480 
477 
478 
477 
470 
....  478,479 
475 

275 

.225,274,725 

....  225,274 

270 

255 

....  225,274 

275 

725 


-INDEX. 
Boach.  Xlorntlo  S.,  consul  ntOuayaqnii 

IScpo.  t :  C«Mlo  brooding  .o..  caltlo  ,.r„„,.„u  of  Ecua.lo, 

(Tlio  HortHons  In  Kcua.lor,  i„ilk  vii.1,1   mTni  '; 

Rra.«.a;  proflu  of  cat.lo  .aia  ui  '  o   «  i"!:.';""":  *"'  ''""'•'■  "'*■  -'"-"'«"' 
•apIi.v,.oil,pa«tnrc8,&c.,fi;tj,        ""«'""""'  ^••'"r'>cl...rmtics  of  cttlo;  (opoff. 

Boaurhainp,  K.nory  IV,  conmil  at  Saint  Gall     '     "*" 

Keporlon  Swiss  oattio  au,l  .lajry  pro.Iuct* 

(Oovei nn.cnt  asHistanco  to  cattle  brciuors"  VoV  '  '.■.■ 

tr.o  »poito,l  bred,  ;.U5;  tho  IlrownSchi  ,"  "'"         ''"'""''  ""' '  "«'''''°<'«''  «'f 


797 

Poge. 

034,  630 


720 
303-320 


<nntonalprizo«bo»-8,so'7;  ol.l  and  llv T.".!"''"''"  '"''"^""''■"•<"'«  l)roc(l8,  300- 
-.rinK  of  oatUc.  309 ;  cattle  gra,.i„«  on  the  A  "r.i",  "  l'""""'  ■'"" '  '"""""'^'  """ 
•«1  I  poHty  of  SaintO.ll  milk;  mUk.cu  o  ,'^  i,'  ^  ''"'■■''"'«'"' »''«  '"kI.  Alps, 
milk;  c»n,lense,l.milk  m«nufa,^tnro,  3  2  cond^^'™*;;"'  "'""■'  '"  -"""""-l 
S....OS,  313  ;  b„tt«r.,naki«K  U  Swit  erlana  a U  '""'  """"'"' '»  ">"  l^»'t«-l 

"""cr.makins;  ^•heese.n.aking.315  ™  'of  s''  ' ,"■'  """"'■■  «=""•■"■"«•" 
o  brecU  m  Swit.erlan.1 ;  SwIh^  ca  tloT  ,",  l""?"  «'''"''"'.  ^"  ^  PorcentaRe 
Charles  Kuhn.  Deiorshein,  .-.la  ,on  >  "'"  ^"""'l  «'«t«s.  ^18; 


milk-book  of 


Charles  Kuhn.  Dejor8helm,3l9  a-JO  ) 

Jleck,  E.,«.ara.  an  the  Prince  of  WaWa  heras'ot-cattle  ,;t  Sanarin«ha.„ 
American: 

('nnnedin  Ilnngary 

Frosli,  best  moans  of  mmliug  to  Engiiind 

exports  of,  1877-1884 

in  Belgium 

Kngland 

Snlte<l,  canned,  proservod,  &c.,  oxporu ... 

Consumption  in  Itio  de  Janeiro ' 

Kxi>ort  from  Chatham,  Ontario 

Kxport  from  Urngiiay 

Kxtract,  LiebiK'.M  factory  In  Uruguay....!! 

Fresh :  

British  imports 

Kxport8fromU,issla,(iermany,  and  Franco 

Imports  into  Franco 

Increasing  demand  for,  in  Europe...! 

Trade  of  tho  Plato ' !! 

InlapannmlChina,  nowordfot,  inVhoIanguaKes • 

III  Northern  Mexico,  price  and  quality " 

lifCfl  in  Saxony 

liHsInn  cattle  :  

Snitalilc  for  the  United  States 

Weljjht,  size,  Sec 

licOpinn  method  for  preaervinj;  mi-at  and  vegctabies  fresh 

Belgian  milch  cows 

Bclsium ;  

Agriciillnral  f^to  at  (ilicnt 

American  prwluets  for  consumption  in  ...!!!!!!! 

lirecds  of  cattle  In,  eliaraeteristics  of....!. !! 

(Ardennai-so  end  Cliarloroi,  301     Fli/tci,,./ nn.i  ui'  '     ,' 

nollandaise,  307;  lavor  to  lu'eed     3fl      ?  roi.    '""^   '         '  ^'■"^'""'"■•^""'•■"■1".  3«h 

fattle-breeding  in ^     ^'  "^""^'K"  """'  «roHs  breeds,  301.) 

Cenitnsof  cattlo. 

Coimterl'eitins  American  products  in !!  ! 

I'niry  machinery  in 

Kxportation  of  A merican  horses  to !!!!!! 

KnrniinH  in 

Imports  of  butter  into 

meat  and  cattle  Into 

Market  for  Amoricin  beef  and  cattle  in...!!! 

MiUh  cows  of 

Milk  .vicMiif  cows 

Milking  qualities  of  cows ! ! !  " 

Preservation  of  meat  and  vejjotublos  frc.1.  !u 


710 


633 

81 

•  28,37 

304 
8 

•  21,  .'17 

031 

."ioa 

023 
024 

7,11,28 
U 
206 
13 
025 
003 
570 
431 

304 

373 

370,  OIK) 

37l,;i74 

371 

370 

301,  307 


Vv 


icps  of  cattle. 


3,-.9 
307 
309 
371 
382 
70,-| 
308 
303,  .-loa 
:!C4 
370-3f?l 
378-381 
374 
....  370,099 
304,  385,  373 


303, 37, 


798 


INDEX. 


BelBliiDi— Continued. 

Special  ciiUlo  stotiBtlOB  of 

Ti  ansportatlon  of  «!at.tle  to  the  United  Stoten 

WolRlit  nnd  siJie  <>f  cattle 

Dell  lino,  province  of: 

Ansoclntlon  dairies  ill 

Ciittlo  In 

Dairying  In 

TopoKniphy,  soil,  climate,  RrnMei,  io 

Bcrfsnmaso  cattle  In  Nice : 

(Imports  of^  miataml  milk prwluctsj  price*) 

Itermiidn,  cattle  nnd  cattle  products  in 

Dickie,  lUohanl,  Bradstono,  on  DoTon  cattle 

Bird,  W.  8.,  consul  nt  I^  Guayra: 

Kcport:  Cattle  Interest  of  Vcnenuela V'V.i"  Vi •••■••■-• 

(Inadequate  communication  with  the  interior  i  area  and  cattle  iilains;  number  ol  pco- 
pie  cngBged  in  cattlcraUinR ;  roundinB  up  ;  public  pasturaRO ;  price  of  cattle, 

&c.) 
Blrkenfeld  cattle,  characteristics,  weight,  milk  yield,  &c 

Trice  of •"•• 

BoRoU,  plains  of.    (S«e  United  States  of  Colombia.) 
Bomboldt,  ret,,  consular  agent  ntKlRn: 

Eeport:  Cattle  in  the  Baltic  provifloes r,'"".Vr" VVi":!  ""V 

(Potlollan  cattle  for  the  United  States  j  price,  &c.i  special  cattle  statistics,  toiiogra 
phy,  housing,  feeding,  breeding.) 

Boriteaux : 

Cattle  and  meat  supply  of 

Census  of  <Ustrict 

Cost,  of  introducing  i  «UbUng,  feeding,  &c 

Export  of  Amerlcaa  cattle  to *• 

Bonlolaise  cattle : 

Characteristics 

FeedlDRand  houaing 

Ora7.ing  grounds 

Milk  y'eld 

Not  suitable  for  export 

Origin,  weight,  price 

Boshell,  Msrtin,  vice-consol  at  Bogota: 

Eeport:  Cattle  on  the  plains  of  BogoU ••  ;■•■■■:■■ ■• 

(The  ranilla  i>est:  foo.1,  l)rco»l  of  cattle,  tojioRrapby,  temperature,  &o.) 

Bowden,  George  F.,  on  Welsh  cattle 

Branding  cattle  in  Argentine  Republic • 

Branding  cattle  in  Mexico 

™  Beef  and  dairy  pnnlucts,  consumption  in  Itlo  do  Janeiro 

Brazilian  cattle  and  the  homo  market 

Mixwl  bree<l8  In 

Nati^'o  cattle - 

Special  cattle  sUlistics  of 

Topography,  soil,  climate,  &c 

Breeders.  (Sen  Cattle-breeders.) 
Brcotling.  {See  Cattle-breeding  ) 
Breeds  of  cattle  in  the  various  countries. 

A  fricandcr 


Page. 

363 
:iflO,  3BU 

ao8, 37:i 


343 
33U 
341 

350-358 

'.'«0 
r,3» 
IIU 

037,  C3t 


489 

487 


5'.'4 


270-281 
'.'81 
SHI 
279 

'.'70 
'J77 
l;7(i 
i;7« 

:'70 
i;70 

(KI3 
1,")G 

cr." 

578 
031 

am 
i;;u 

030 
032 
632 


(See  aUo  Special  statistics.) 


.009,071,073 
392 


Alb 

Ahlcniey  (««  Jersey ) •  -gj,'  "g^ ;3i;„;398;405;408.'4ifl,'438, 430, 440, 

Allgauer ...^ 


Algerian. 


Andalosion  . 
Angein 


384, 

.,39.'),41(>,490,40'J, 


Ajisbacher. 


253, 


Anbrac 

Aure  Valley "  " '  .j"^'  jg.'  j'g^"  V„  „^4  ji„r,  r^,,  ssr,  .»«_  ..rg.  fi^s. 

Ayrshire 4jg  4^ 

Baar 

Baritone 


048 
478 
258 

;>« 

.'.24 
478 
727 
720 
744 
472 
257 


S^^m-^imim^mlSmMmmlm 


INDEX. 

BH2iMlallM) 

B  >rnalne 

a  ody .-..........'.'.'.' 

UttlliinFRo 

HtTKBIIlttdo 

Ulrkenfcia 

UI«ok  African .'"' 

Black  Foroat [.'. 

lilac  kSpottcUJutUud.!!!!!]." 

BonlelalHo 

Uiaillioii,  native 

Urittany 

Uuffalo '    ' 

Cumarguo 

Canadian,  native  or  Fronoli '......". 

CharleroU 

ClinrolalHo 

Chlanlna -."!". !.!...!!! 

Cholmogoriau 

Comtoiso 

CrloUo .".'.".'."■ 

Devon ...V. 

Dexter 

Donnersberg 

Drentbiah 

Dutcb ■■■■■■ 

Dutch  Encliah 

Eifei ;;; 

EiiDgor ■..'!"!!".!!.' 

Femelino 

Floehet ^"*."!!!'.i."."." 

Floraiah 

Flemlsh-OeldrlauHolland 

Freiburg 

FroiburgFniilano 

Friealand .....M[ 

FriesIandDrentblBbGeldrian 

Friaian  (East) " 

Furnese  Ambacht 

Uaronualso 

Galioian 

Galloway 

Gaacon 

Ueldrian 

(ilan 

Gronittger 

OronlngerFriealandOeldrian....  !!....."*] 

Onemsey 

Uaare '"_] 

lUyay 

Ueilbroner 

"""'f"'^ ..".'.'.".".'. '.'.V.V. mVo 

UiBhland "*•"• 

Ilinterwaldon 

]loIstelna* 

UoUand  (fee Dutch) 

Jcraey ' 

Jonlany .'.".........'.... 

Kelheinier 

Kerry '""' 

Landaise 

LaDdviehraaM , 


799 


Pago. 

720 

253,274,720 

720 

05-! 

310,353 

288 

<87 

873 

470 

400 

276 

830 

245,327,328,728 

320,  528,  530,  058, 660-002,  OW,  008 

271 

530,540,556,604 

301 

248,724 

[ 330,334 

"' 610,624 

"" 250 

•  •  •  .57,  70, 108, 158, 191,  530,'55O,  MO,'o47.  670,  S 

""" 228 

485 

••••3<'^'302,398,404'4!i,'«0;48O,S,5l2 

504,515 

488 

■ 478 

250,725 

368 

;; 2<l-243,308,r«l,5.i,724 

504,515 

[ 201,301 

"" 3;:6 

503,070 

504,515 

•''»».  408, 417, 420, 421, 436 

361 

;■■;■• 2H  272-274, 725 

• _  ggfj 

«2, 147-153. 194, 210, 210, 539, 557 

257,725 

501,515 

439,478 

503,515 

■V 604 

04,124,741 

480,482 

052 

■-.. Ann 

110, 161, 172, 181, 100,  538, 645,  OlU,  564, 070,  739 

03,143,196,211! 

473,474 

^98,  430, 504,  552, 556 


.  04, 1 10, 166,  205,  551. 557,  558, 564.  572, 048, 670, 74 1 

•      852 

478 

05,120,670 

250.277 

480 


i 


'  Se«  remark,  at  page  504  regarding  the  ml.naming  of  Dutch 


cows  in  the  United  SUtes. 


i 


800 


INDEX. 


Bre.di  of  cttle  lu  tho  vrlou.  countrio*-Contlnaed. 

Limbur«er '.".'."..".'..........• 

Limerick  I)»lry 

LlmooRlno ' ' 

LonKboru 

LourdM 

MkDcollo 

Mantuan 

Maromniano ' 

Messkirch 

MoHticoi 

Mezeno ..........'...•- 

Mexican 

MlenbttcUcr 

Moorish 

Montefonor "'   

MountalD 

Z:*^«!^ou,b;;«;ioathVup,;^;T}ru;;uayBwe;:;:::^^^ 

Nookar ; 

NormBDily _  _. 

Odenwald • 

UldonlmrR 

Farmenso 

,  

Parthenalso 

rianura ""'^ 

riotlfflonteao 

rinegauer 

I'mloliiioh*  (PodoUan) ".'.'.'..... 

PolUU 

Polled  Adrub 

PngUoM ..........."!..-. 

Pyreneon 

QuIbanoB 

Rwl  Polled  (Norfolk  and  Suffolk) ..".■.■.■.■.'.'." 

RlRl 

Rasstan,  common ■"■ 

Saint  Girona ......*.........•. 

Balers " 

Bcheinfelder 

Schwab  Hall ■■VV 

KchwlUer  (Brown,  Spotted,  &o.)-— • 

5^S:in::::::«^W7o;72;7c;o8;l;^V8^■2l3.«M»^^ 

Slinmenthal  (Pernosc) ■•   

SinRhalese ■■"" 

Suffolk 

Sussex ri"'j!"      

Swiss  (not  particularly  defined) ...  v  •••  •  •••••■■■ 

Tarrentaise 

Tondern ' ' ' '  ic»\ 

Trles«lorf  (misspelled  frw«dor/on  page  3<«»-   •••—•; 

Turiiio 

tJdine 

uri ;;;;;;;; 

VoReUberc 

Volghtland 

Welsh  (Knntsj  Black  cattle) .'.'.".".'.'.'. 

Wcsterwald " 

Whlt«  Dunoiarlan "' 

AVild  cattle •••••; 

Brewer,  11. 8.,  consulfieneral  at  Berlin  : 

B«iiort :  cattle  in  Prussia •■•■■..■.  VJ 

"  Seattle  census  of  Oermany,  and  c.ttlo  in  i^an.crn 

'  cattle  in  SchleawiB-DoLteln.  410;  cattle 

Tarlous  breeds  i  PruMlan  prito  cfttti?,  41. 


Pago. 
391,447 

^ 2*.!^ 

""....... ".48,278,720 

"",.... (K  14, 100,739 

726 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ^*» 

3a» 

. ...•••■■■•  •••••■ ••••••••-••  »w  J 

'.'.'.'.'.' 464,468,473,474 

'/'"" 031 

687 

'*" 303 

'.'..'.'. 072 

*" 303,405,440 

"W 307,320,728 

'[\[[ • 300 

".'.' 010 

WW. 301, 447, 471, 473, 474 

"... 243,2'?2,724 

'.'. 171 

.415, 418, 410, 420, 436, 480, 524 

". 320 

247,727 

320 

325,320 

['. 303,478 

.' 838,354,305 

*. 525,520 

' ' 62, 104, 103, 209, 540, 543, 551, 557,047 

326, 340, 3,')2 

" 257,720 

631 

...01,70,71,86,162,100 

."V 405 

.   510.523 

"." 726 

'" 250,727 

.'.'.'.'. 478 

392 

201,208,304,806,304,405 

""'. 143 

538,  547,  555,  504,  570, 577, 046, 070, 728, 735-738 

.......  287-201, 304, 305,  301, 404, 442, 444, 478 

" OoO 

™ 

'''."'.'."' 61,114,160,197,730 

326.332,344,347,349 

WW^^'^"'''. '28 

303,410,411 

■""""'" 30! 

031 

! '. 3.17 

!....".... 720 

[WW 485 

!.!.!!..!.!!.. 305,442,4-8 

.     ..65,15.3,186,198,742 

;;; 48? 

'" 023 

579,601 


408-411 


j,..,jji  4og.  cattlo  In  Oldcnburc,  400; 
of  UntcU  descent,  411  ■,   sIStiHllcBflf 


INDEX. 


I'»Kc. 

301,447 

m 

.'•4«,  278, 720 
H.  H,  100, 730 

720 

i!40 

320 

332 

4,408,473,474 
031 

687 

303 

U72 

...303,405,446 
...307,320,728 

300 

010 

147,471,473,474 
...243,2?2,724 

171 

120, 430, 480, 524 

320 

247,727 

320 

325,320 

303,478 

. . . .838, 354, 395 

525,520 

,543,551,557,047 

320, 340, 3,'>2 

257,720 

031 

70,71,80,162,190 

405 

510.523 

726 

250,727 

, 478 

392 

i,  304, 800, 304, 4O5 

143 

5, 070, 728, 735-738 
1,404, 442, 444,  <T8 
OoO 

m 

1,114,160,197,730 
0,332,344,347,349 

728 

393,410,411 

302 

031 

3.17 

720 

485 

305,442,478 

05, 15.1, 160,  i98, 742 

487 

528 

579,601 


iburc  409 ; 
itOtiHllcsflf 


408-411 


Britlnh : 

Cattli!  »u(|  cottio  iniportH 

bunt  lirn<'<|i«  for  export ' 

ninrkKU 

Hpeclol  i,x<;cII«nco  of  ouoli  "broeU 

wliiTti  to  imrcbnuo 

Ti Izo  brpodtirii,  oattlo 

Urittnii.v  cattio:  

Caru  of 


Oriain 
Brown 

K 

On 
Iti'iiiiHwIrk  : 


>  cattle.. 


ChnrnctorlgllcH 

Habitat 

l.pro2^b,cr„„.„-^H-D^ 

OHsin 

Evi,l,.„co  n.«ur,nu«  tb„  valuable  ..uaurj^',^'''"'"  ^ 

)ii  P(.ll...l  An-.i»  cat tio  I"""tl«»  of  the  native  Canadian  c 

[iHwIrk  :  

JIroo,Uofc«ttloin(H.r.,Uollaml,Undvlcbra«,e  n.H     .  

Cmreusofcnttle """"'^Me,  OldenburR,  480  ;  imported,  481) 

CbaractorlHlicdof  cattld...., '  '" 

Craitwts 

I'riccaand  weight  of  cattle 

TopoRrapby,  hoII,  chninte,  &o........'. 

Uivdon,  Mr,  "toward  of  tbc  MnninU  of  Iiii,^'„'.!'i .'  

ll„.ki„.ban.Hbiro,Reol„..c,..for„;2:'„t';trcS,?;^  

B.ick»,  England,  cattle  and  8bcep  In '  »""  """'"•"•oeding  in 

Buffalo  cattle :  * 

CD.yloneao,  characteriatica 

Hungarian ;  

(^haractoriaticR 

Milk  .yield 

Price 

Weight !!!!!!!!!!! ^^"!!"!! 

Italian  (Terra dlI,aroro):Characteri»Ucsandu8o« ■■■..'.. 

Jrtvane80:CharacterlHtiogand  uaes 

Malaysian  nnd  SiamcHO 

.Southern  China:  Humped  buffalo 

YanRtsoKlans  Valley;  Chanwterigtici,' work 'wi^m.;';". ■-.'..!!!! 

UoflinKton,  U.  C,  commercial  aRent  at  Chatham  •    '  ^^""''  '""''?'«'''.  &o 

Ke|)ort:  Cattle  and  cattle  product*  in  SouthwB«t.>rni.  .     . 

,Cattle.breedin«ln  the  Chatham  dSct  S       ,T    •; 

cen.as  of  cattle  in  district,  relative  ^X„7c.ut''^'?t"/''«■'-•^''''' •»"«<>•. 
beef  export*  of  the  Chatham  digtrlct  So"  ,  "7'"'«''«"'.  Ml ;  cost  of  cattle, 
gpecial  gtatigtica  of  cattle  (broe,!,  yield"  we W  f  "?"'"'  ^  *'"'  ^'"'^'^  S**'*". 
ucU),9«3,  topoKraphy,  goil.  grag^eg  houll  r  ^^"""*"''"°'''  »''«'«.  Prod- 
564.)  ^™'^'"''  "•"'•'"S,  leedlng,  and  handling  products. 

Bull  keeping  at  Kircheim-under-Teck 

racing  in  Landes .'.'.'.'.'...'. •-... 

Bullock,  George  S.,  congul  at  Annaberg :        

lU'port:  Voightland  cattle 

(VoighUand,  and  cattle  of;  origin  roha'racteVi.UcgV 

Bulu:  '' 

Al.b..y  Farm  herd:  Sir  Anthony,  StalTord,  Sir  Simeon,  SIrBenedut 
Anilalugian,  flurconegg  of ".  oir  ueneuu  t, 

Angeln,  in  Denmark,  cengug  and  keeping...". 

Ayrshire,  Baron  O'liucklyre 7. ' " 

Camargue,  used  for  bull-fighting  onlv  . . 

Census  of,  in.Sjxony,  for  bree<ling. .. 

t'hianina,  degcription  of 

Devon,  Sweet  William 

Galloway,  Black  Prince,  152 ;  Harden,  224. 

Guernney,  S<iuire  of  Vanbeleta 

flfreford,  FiHherman,  101,  Komeo,174,  sir  OlVver',' MaVcoVm' 
t<>rj,  Colmorc,  liro- kwoo.1,  la?.  Ttionchtlnl  71/,' 
Highland:  Portrati.oflwopri«ewinDerg  21-    3r!     'Jt  .. 

H.  Ex.  61 51  '""""'  ^'-'  P"^'"*"  of  Duke  of  Atholeg  prize  bull,  224. 


801 

^^ 
7» 
■  80,204 
8M 
2>Ki 
170 
712 

240 

248,728 

243 

Lilt 

•  240,72' 

•  245,728 

S3S 
Ml 

.  480,481 
481 
483 
482 
482 
482 
142 
73 
711 

658 

S30,63S 
S3S 
S31 
535 
320 
001 
000 
008 
660 

550,504 


,  Felix 


lipoid.  WelHngtOD,  Vic" 


450 
256 

442, 443 


73 
3R4 
493 
221 
271 
427 
■".12 
7)0 

741 


/'^^H 

m 

a  '^^^1 

^H 

'i 

J 

«02  '''''''''' 

no 

Uulli»-CoiiUliur.l.  

8»n.»on,  VI«oi.nt •■••••  ♦'•• 

«"«■"• 1.. 

Bum..  th«  (tt»»),  InMoxlcA. r ^^  _^- 

„„tchcr..nr2JM.o.-,Vn.„.-U...AmorU..„ 

ButtM'  18 

^"bSL  in  export..  u„.u«moayth.,ro.v.r i;;::::::::::::::"*  ■■ >« 

Export. of.  i874-i8«4 :;;:;; j;;; i" 

InlloUonil . 

,.,  Danl«l>  I"  «t- '1''"""""  •••; ,„','', 

"'"•"'•'■  t«;rm"i -">>'-  ;::v.:;:;:;:::.:;   S 

sr:;i:r:S^':^.-="-:E;;E::;::::::;:::::^^ 

In  tli«  KnKli.li  mmk.-t ■■     • «'. 

La,,.*.,, --..-- 

in  Snlnl  Thonm. 498-501 

Union  .lalry  r..  oUl  imabotl '.'.'.".!'.'.*.".'..• '"" 

„..rn.«l.hlre,a»iryln«m ;;.;;;V;.''V.'''^-'''' '^^Mim.m 

Export,  Anioriian ^^^ 

I>»nl«U ■■ ^^ 

8wl»« '^ 

Kr.««h  rf.MUcd  it.  Franco ' ;^ 

im,K.rt»intoMK»u'" ;' ;,; 

Frnnop ■•                        °" 

Saint  Tl.onmH •)!•; 

8wlU«rhvml '"■ 

llnitwl  KiuRdom '"J 

T.,  Arfit-nlino  Uei»>Wlo ^^'..^^ 

UiBny,e.W.rnt.«l  French •• ^ 

M»kinKinH«i»K'"'y 344^8, 

'^"''""^ ;;; 'Z'.ii<i,'Mm 

^fy, ;n4„in 

Mexico „^ 

SwiUertanil • 

• ' •" 

TJormaniiy * ' i*  i; 

Price,  in  cork,  mi-lH81. '\^ 

England,  importeti ^ 

Mcxii'o ^^^ 

<^l\o>!nn , , 231 

Tliuringian ** 

Trade  of  Cork 

Unknown  in  Southern  Clnna 


-U 


INDEX. 


lit 


;iM> 


Wil- 
ton, 


rley. 


forcut 


415 


lAU 
3U 

4.M 

r>ui 

Wi 

200,  :'0t 


18 

:iu 

610 
Ml 

i\" 

..     !B,4UC 

m 

400 
.    4!Hl-49tl 

«" 

...   \r,,m 

041 

...  498-501 

ITC 

40l,4«r.,4»H 
315 

368 

610 

315 

iio;i 

2».'.'r. 

■.".'9,  Ml 

M 

531 

235 

344, «S1 

..078,588,51(1 

314,315 

283 

:3t 

Iftli 

m 

431 

441 


Uutter— CoutlniKMl. 

Ylelil.    (Stt  alio  SiKiclol  nUlUllcn.) 

AtKUItmlKn  row* 

ISrixllliiii  I'liwit 

llrltlili  row*: 

Ayriililrii 

I'nvon '"' 

<i»ll(iwiiy 

Giicrniey 

Ilerefon' 

Hljfhlttiid 

lri»h  cowm 

Jertey 

Kerry ..' 

I/onKluirn 

l'<illt'4l  Adkus 

Il<HlI>ono<l '/" 

Shortborn [ 

RiiRsex 

W«Uh 

UanUb  cowii 

Dutch  cnwa 

Frrnch  cows 

(ipniinn  cow* 

Hiiiiitariau  cows 

Moorish  eowH 

Now  iCealand  cowi 

Ontario  row* 

I'rinco  Kdwttnl  Inland  cowh  . . . . 

(JuelH>c  COWH 

Kiisalan  cows 

Syrian  rows  . . 


803 

aw 

033 


..7S,1M,17I,200,2I2, 

73, 

75, 


....75. 


••118,120-123,107,171, 
1.11, 


75,105,171, 

00, 

••73,103,158.100 


.75,100,171 


244, 


•302,aaU04,410,412.42M35;4;.7;;30; 


.553,558,581,103,500,507, 


o.vriiiu  I'liwB 

IluyinK  loroltin  cattle,  best  manner,  tlmirpkcV"  Ac'  ('?^J  n ' " '  I" ' '. -.. 

l!y..r»,  S.  It.  M.,  cononl  at  Zurlcb:  '  l'"rcha«in(,'  cattle.) 

i!ii)ortou  Brown  Scbwltzer cattle 

(Ad  nillkrn.,  20S-301 ;  cbaractcilVticH  VkV«lin,i    nnV'"'. 

.1.0  mitcd  8,..,ca;  market  va,!'V.twS'  '"j  ''''""'  ''^'''^''-»  '" 
irovincoof "'"-■""'' to  export,  ;i03.) 

cen.„.„r  cattle,  ^^T/tlpograpb;.  ^oli.  cilinatiiuia'g^ai 


CailiJ,  province  of 

(Area  of  pasture  Und«.  3fo 
383.) 
Calves,  reariDK,  ^c, ; 

Hereford 

Jersey,  on  the  island  of  Jersey 

In  France 

Switzerland 271 

Welch ■^^■.. .[[]].. 

l'»lw,  price  of  cattle  in 

(,'»niariiiie  cattle,  used  for  bullfl^jb  ting  only 

Campliell,  Kobcrt  C,  consul  at  Monterey:  

Fiisl  report  :  Cattle  iu  the  State  of  \uevo  Leon  ... 

(loiiography  and  cattle  of  XiievoLeon  o&7  ■\',atiZ\.',",""', 

butter,  and  chees.. .  e,u..o  c.ponf  J  '  t.^  rn      d  Su^  rirt^^''^   '"""• 
,.„ _. .  i   .-  "^^" '"^'"*''' •«'o;  census  of  cattln- 


210,  210 
100, 102 
105, 210 
123-127 
101,171 
107,210 
235 
201.200 
13;i.  134 
75,100 
105,  210 
103, 171 
210, 227 
75. 108 
108.061 
401 
437 
232, 203 
40-1, 472 
535 
072 
018 
500, 570 
575 
573 
520,525 
034 


208-303 


385-38; 


butter,  and  cheese 

an  cuerjjetic  dairyman  wanted,  Si'O  ) 
Second  report:  StoclcraisinK  in  the  Stale  .if  N„ov„  Le„n 

(Sheep^nnins,  «oa,  and  ho«  n.i.in,,  590;  horse,  mul^'and  b«;ro';aish;,:^,;i- 


187 
116 

273, 275 
290 

154,155 
454 
271 

5«7-5<<a 


Canaila.    {See  Dominion  of  Canada  ) 
Cukdiau  cattle,  native : 

Bre<l  oat  in  Ontario 

Characteristics 

Good  qualities  of 

r^.  Jersey 

Uloo<led  breeds  superior  to  British  ... 

Cattle  companies  in  the  United  States 

C«at»l  Muuutttin.H,  dairy inj;  on 


5!ia-5a2 


.'.40 
530 
.'71 
i"t72 
556 
537 


I! 


is^ — 


804 


INDEX. 


Page- 


cbivrmteiiBtlca  of: 


Cttjio 'Colons: 

}<rceil»  of  <;»"'"  '°  

Africander  •■•-",  ■TiJ.R^vHKonVB,  Mixwl,  Sl.orU.orns... 

CuUlO,  CODHUHOf -•■ 

cJ:?::X^'£^:"--''»"^"'"-::::;::;:::::.::::: 

(TopoBr»pl.y  i  LouBinc ,  ro<!Q"'R 

to  the  llnltoa  Stfttfs. )  

•     .  „  AV    Kinc  Mills,  on  Gmmsoy  cnttlo 

•  "iirrinulon,  "  M '^'"h  "^  

^=s^s^"x=r'--- :::i 

*  l.«,.«or  ami  Nockar br.o.U.  ^^J-   2,  „  448  -,   «tablin«,  fo-UnR,  ''n'^;"";'^  "« ' 

tUo  nri'-""""'!  "^'^""^  f        VrTru   4:.o'    cattlc-brcclingnt  Kottwel  4ol  ; 
buUkecins  at  Kir.-l.Uoin.  "naor  Ic.kJ -0    i  ,„ttl.brc«dln«  ntUei.lou- 

e'   l!  br'cediBS  atKi>chber«  and  ^";-     "^^^^^^  ,,3  ,  cattle  trado  at  Calw ; 
beim;  cnttlo  transport  via  thob.OotUar  ii„„  „f  „rca,  and  meat 

Ue  fairs,  climate  of  ^r^';^^'^'^''::'^u.U,.vt .  dairy  aseocla.ion  at 
supply  of  WurtomberB,  -^^^  ^  '  "  "     '""  ,^,,  ^.^  ,  .lairy  nHsoeiationatlleldeu. 

noidcnbeim ' 

Kircbberi: 

lluvensburfi '' 

Kottweil ■ 

Kxperlmenlal    I^aroUH^-  — ■•-•;^_^,,,,^ ■■■■■■■■■■ 

,.>om  inuH.rtcd  stock >nSw.m^^_^.^^^^^^ ••;-- 

,.,,.,,,nnrorn,atio„.byanEn«UM..M.ort....-^  ;:;;::;;::::: 

111  I'.ra/il 

t'ape  Colony 

Ceylon 

Denmark "" 

Kciiidor 

S^.;du;;vnu;;isu;;e.';o;;t^ 

( lalicia 

Ccrmany 

IJaar "_ 

Baden 

If  avaria 

llary.  Mimntains 

M  urshes 

Oldenburn ■■"'" 

Hilesia '' 

Tburinjiitt ■'■' 

Holland ' " 

Honduras  

lluDitary '"   j,^ 

Mexico 

Ontario ., 

Kiissi* " 

Scotland 

SwitzorUnd 


fiQO 
C70 
070 
070 
42,4:1 
568,500 


1188 


ir. 
r.79 
387 


444-464 


...  44JWW 
4:^1 
4M 
iU 
4J1 
02 
321 
411 

. . . .  SI-JO 
Ul 

C(J3 

6oJ 

wi-m 

o:n 

..   ..      41-54 

M 

397,™ 

472 

491 

4TI' 

^3 

41J 

K\ 

433 

W 

Ml 

:* 

,V.'V.m1 

...  0:8,5fJ,M4 
549, 550,  Ml,  559 

5.M 

2Gt*,  :.": 

,287, 304, 3(18, 323 

M 

W 


Syria 
Yang 


UeKianB  Valley 


INDEX. 


Page- 
neo 

070 

070 

070 

42,43 

568,500 


\i(» 


ixport 


ri70 

387 

444-464 

I;  Llm- 
Klio);  at 

?il  451  ; 
Ueitloii- 
t  Calw  ; 
ud  meat 
atiun  :<t 
llelilou- 
lactcris- 
ilairy  as- 
•75-'.) 

44Mr)0 

i:a 

...  4M 

4W 

4J1 

321 

, 411 

ei-fG 

C32 

n 

6.W 

wi-m 

m 

41-M 

3llj 

397,3M 

472 

40(1 

a 

4>'3 

4IJ 

1:1 

433 

440 

M4 

, 'M 

M,."l 

578,  jf  3,  M4 

..  M7, 549, 550,  Ml,  559 
5:t 


W,  ;.-j 

287,304,3(I8,3'.'3 

Ki 

68; 


Cattle-breeders 

American  fajrincrs  at  fanlt 

Ayihire,  experience  of .' 

Britisli  prize ' 

Devon '_" 

Ualloway,  caution  to ' 

Guemsoy 

Uorefonl 

Highland '--!!!.!!!!!! 

Jorgoy 

Kerry 

LonKhom 

Polled  Angus 

Ited  Poll 

Sliortliorn 

Sii88ex 

Welsh !!!'"..!!.. 

Cattle  fairs  (»««  also  Cattle  shows) :         

lu  England  and  Scotland 

Uormany,  Messkirch ' 

Silesia 

Wurtomborg " 

Cattle  improved  by  transference  to  foreign  coantries ' 

Insurance  companies  in  Germany 

I.AW8of  Mexico 

Wurtombcrg 

Market,  British ■-.!"....!!!!. 

Xeags 

Products  from  Dutcli  cows  in  Silesia 

Handlin.q;  iu  Tlmringia 

Imports  of  American,  into  Mexico  .....". 

Sliorthoiii  dairy,  sale  of 

Suiijdy  of  IJanucn 

t^attli' t.aU»,  aud  prices  realized  I lierciit: 

Auld's,  K.  C  (PoIIimI  An;;us) 

Ajlmir's,  SirIIu};li,  West  Diirhuiii 

liaiuaby  Manor,  Hereford 

I'ustle  Hill,  Ceruo / 

(.'oopcr's,  Connecticut 

Duuuiore's,  Earl  of,  Hi<{hland8 

llullord's,  Mr.  T.  (Shoitliom),  Sheiboiio 

lla\kvT  (Shorthorn) 

Jonjcy  cattle 

KellogCombioation,  Ni;w  York 

Knight's,  Thomas  (Sussex) 

ICiiightlcy's  (Shorthorn) 

Lovatt's  Uenry  (Shortlioni),  Wolverhampton 

New  York  Mills,  New  York 

I'itt'B  (llerefiird) 

riait's  (Hereford),  Nrwark 

Turuer's  (Hereford) 

Cattle  HhowH  (jfcc  altii  Cattlu  fairs) : 

Iu  England 

Dairy,  London 

Knuico 

liermauy 

Uiitario.(Toronto) 

Scotland 

Switzerland 

Cittlo  trade  of  Ireland 

United  States,  ex]iorls  

Cattle  r»,  Nlicep  iu  the  .Vrgontine  Uepiililic 

CeosuH,  latth' : 

Aii  I  iiantries :  European 

NuD-Europeiui 


805 

Page. 

"•*•'•"•• 01 

" 138,2ia 

712,710 

109,1,0,103 

100,110 

120, 12« 

183-188 

145-147 

117,123 

121>-13,'l 

05,109 

139-142, 103, 1114,  200, 210 

8ft-0:) 

...09,72-74,00,105-107,180,040 

ii4-nc 

153-150 

170,182 

408 

434 

454 

605 

402 

685 

742-752 

090-009 

488 

437 

440 

581 

103 

.103 

7J 

7ii 

7(i 

LW 

015 

70 

70 

7C 

70 

015 

70 

101 

IJtJ 

177 

70 

ITn 

''O.M,  170,1  Ki),19.-. 

720 

200,720 

41(;,4,V) 

,'.55 

170 

3n7,,^o8 

225 

4,25 

UI2 

10,400 

la 


i 


.IV  « 


806  INDEX. 

Census,  ooltlo— rontlnHeil.  "Bo. 

Argoutiuo  ilt>l>ui>"<' 

AnstrivlaHiii ' ' 

Now  Zt'ftlanil 

050 

,      IT  - 10.4U0 

^"''''•''' 10,232,M7,400 

"'8'"" ". ri,c;io 

Jinizil 

Ciiiiatltt,  Dominionof - 

...    ,  Kw.nrifl 

Ontnrio ' 

AvHliirrs ' ,,„  ' 

Jiloddwl  Rtock H.,,..>i, 

Chatlinm  district ^' 

r-in 

Dovoim " 

llastlngH  County 'f^ 

IIorolorilH • '''*^ 

fji'i 

.Torscys ;"' 

I'olica  AiiBus '.'*;' 

SliortlinniH •^^■' 

Simcoo  district "l^^ 

^'-'p^^'^'^'y :\:::::::::::zy^^^^^zz:::::::::Ao,AooX 

DoninorU 

Kcuailor 

Kuropo.     (S..nUo«ntrles.)  10, 232, 206, 208,400, 7:4 

Fraiioo 

uordeaux  aistrirt :'"::::"::;:;.;::;::::::::::io:2i?:  390, 400,^8 

Germany 

Uaar  district ]•" 

,,    ,  ...1, ■ 4il 

y^ri 481 

Uruiiiwick 

IlosscDarniMfadt -^1' 

IIoBseNassiiu " 

MarsliuH 

Nockur  futtlo '' 

'"'••"^re ;;;;;;"■;.■■"■"■■""■■■■■;"!!;!;;;:;  300,399 

''•"'"'''' ....  400 

lihine  ITovlncii •     •  "" 

429 

Saxony 

Sili;sia,  and  dislillmtion ^f' 

Tlinrhi^iia,  and  distribution "■" 

West  phalia 

'144 

WnrtomU..rK' -; ,,„ 

(Jveat  IJriUilu 10,232,400,50«,J17 

IIoUUDtl P,,., 

, W- 

""•"i"''"" ;";•■■.■.!"."...; w-^o,-*.' 

lluu^jary 10,80,225,227,2:12,4(10 

'"■''""' 10,4(» 

i"''>' ra 

riedniont , ,. 

Terra  dl  Lavoi-o  (bufl'alo) '-'^ 

Nrw  Zealand [[''.'.'..Z......    10,4ik) 

>•■«"■«">• 10,400 

••">■'"«»' .■■■■■ 10, 400, 521,  ,w; 

KuBsia go  214  2:3 

«<"'l"n'l !'.".'."..'.!!.!.'....    loijlH) 

Simin 3^; 

rrovii'co  of  Cadiz ^^  ^^ 

i^*"*!''" 10,32l!400 

Switzerland ' ,(,  j,,, 

I'nited  Kin;;doMi ',2 

T'nited  Stales oog 

Color.idod'oU-d  AnRUS) '  '    ,._,^. 

I'lUKuay ...!!..!...  ...!^ ?0 

Wales (jo; 

YangtBeKlang  Valley 


...r.',(ior.,(ii7 

12 

Mi 

CM 

10,400 

10, 232,  .107, 400 

12,0110 

12 

r>:i8,r.ri0 

r.4a 

542,550 

Sfll 

541 

500 

543 

5411 

■ 54;t 

54;i 

570 

070 

10,400,491 

(;:i:i 

206, 268, 400, 7:4 

281 

212, 399, 400, 4C8 

470 

471 

481 

48(i 

:;89 

414 

473 

414 

390,399 

400 

429 

437 

in 

4iJ0 

444 

10,  .lOO 

,  232, 400, 508, 517 

CO'.' 

10,400,:*.' 

1,225,227,232,4(10 

10,41K) 

330 

35 

(M2 

10,4lH) 

10,400 

..  10, 400, 521, 5:'-: 

60,214,2:3 

10,400 

3>7 

10,400 

10,321,400 

10,fcO 

IS 

208 

...,..,..     12,C2J 

80 

007 


INDEX. 

Cenang,  cattlo— Contlnncd. 

UomeBlic  nnimaU  in  Buviiria 

Cntllr, "■"■ 

Iloracs  in  Saxony ' 

Mvo  stock  in  llav,'»iin 

Saxony 

Sheep  in  Argontino  Kopublic........ 

XowZeniond / 

Unigimy 

Control  Cliuiuboi  of  AKricuUnro,  Englima 

(;outrifu-nl  Imtlei-.nmkiii;;  in  Switzcrlaua 

('eyiun :  

American  v».  VanhU  and  Frcnoli  butter  in 

Unftalo  cattlo  of '""rin 

(^atllo-brcedin;;  in 

Imported  cattlo  in , 

OrlKin  and  liistoiy  of  Sin^rhnleso  nittlo 

Cbaractoristifs  of  cattle  (color,  form,  „„iu,8''n";  ■,■"."■■  •",•; 

llelKi.im :  '  ■  ""''  «'""^''»'  'Inscription) 

Klcmir''^''.'^^^^^^^^^^  l--..rnos.Aa,bacbt  

llolandiila  (l)utcli) 

Ilra^ilian 

Hrit isb  : 

Ayrshire 

Devon • 

(ralloway 

(iuernsey .'/"' 03,148 

Hereford 

Hi){hland 

.Icrsey 

Kerry 

l,ou);horu 

I'olled  Angus 

Ued  Polled ^    ...!.!!.. 

Shorthorn 

Sussex 

Wekb 

t'nnadian  native  breed " "  "* 

IthHKled ''"' 

Triuoe  Kdward  Island 

Cliiuese,  VuL'gtse  Kiang  Valley 

Dullish  

Dull  li ...v. 

I'l  elieli :  

Algerian 

Aubrac 

lla/adaia 

Itonlelais 

Ilritlany 

( 'aiiiart;ue 

( 'hartiUiae 

Comt4il»e 

yemelinu 

Fh'iuiHh 

(laruunais 

( iasoou 

Landaine 

Uinou»in 

Munrello 

Normandy 

I'artbenaiiMi 

I'yreueiui 

Saiors """' ■     ■- 


Page. 

753, 754 
387 
431 
700 
480 
02D 
C42 
0-.'fl 
722 
315 

677 
058 
057 
057 
050 


301,308 
36m 
3(i7 

030,  031 


03, 
150, 


135, 

i;>3, 


..62,8' 


168,200,211,212,220,740 

57, 108, 157, 159, 101,  7S9 

1^195,209,210,218,219 

64,128 

'^8.110.101,174,198 

63,143,190.212,218 

-  M,  no,  167,  200, 205,  200 

05,129-133 

00,35,00,199 

'.130-142,103,105,193,210 

61.  71,  87, 102, 163, 196 

59.98,90,157 

01,72,114-110 

•05,153,155,106,198,742 

• 039,640,503 

558,563,5Ct 

575 

006 

490,492 

307,392,404,411,503,515 

257 

258 

555,274 

270 

245 

271 

248 

250 

250 

241 

254,272 

257 

277 

248,278 

249 

243,282 

247 

2S7 

261 


m 


808  ""'®^- 

UharacterlsllcH  of  cattlo,  &c.-ConUnuod.  •«•• 

Uenumi:  3a.j 

^^^ 804,401 

AllKOUor jg,^ 

■^"««'" .■.■.".*.".'" 408,472 

l**"''    • ■.;■.■..■. 475 

»*^»''»"-, •..  487,480 

lUrkeiifoia ^^,, 

liriiiiHwick !!!!!!!*...".'!'  •m> 

^*»''"' !!!;!!!!!"!"""!!!""""""""' 488,480 

«''"' ;: 41.9 

'1''"' 4«0 

""" 4:iu 

llellbrouner ••■■  ; 4«6. 472, 473, 474 

MvHsktrch 

"'"'*^'"'' ■ ::;:;;;;;:!;!"!!!!!!"!i;";;^";:ii^;"ao3,405,4« 

Mimtafonur j,,  ,„. 

.,     ,  447,473 

Nookar 

(Monwald . 

l'Ui««»uor • 

Schwab  Hall ^ 

SohwlUer  -""'"J 

SUeilaa "■  ,„  *^^ 

81mm.u.tl.al  391.«5,404 

Triowlorf  {mi»\mncA  h'rie*dor/} 3»2 

Vol«htW »»5,44:. 

\v.vHt«rwaia ;;„;!,';!'"' 

,  520,  530,  Mj 

Iluugarlan. 

lulluu : 

Unffalo  of  Saploa •  ■•        •'-' 

Vouollan '*'^ 

Java  biilfalo 

Maluysiaii  butfalo '^' 

UooriHli  ^'" 

KuHtlHIl  ''' 

8.>.vclu«lle« "'■' 

Sierra  L«h>iio 

SlDKhalc*. ^ •"; 

SouUi  AlricHii  (C«iK)  Colony) ""' 

8wi«n: 

niiick  SiioUwl  Fnitburg ->" 

Schwitzor  ^'-^^ 

Simuifuthal ^,,  ,. 

052,0,4 

Syr""" ^ 

Vouoxiiolan 

(Uiarlorol  caltlo 

CharulalH)  catUe:  „^ 

Charncterioticii ' ' ' 

CroasluB  with  Ueroforda • ;^ 

MllkiuK  qiialillKH ^• 

Work  uml  moat  (|ualitioM  

CliHtbaiii,  Ontario  tliHtrict; 

........■> 50'' 

lW«f  oxportfrom 

I'atllc  raUiuK  in  '" 

rrl«'i'»  of  oati  U>  In 

AniirUan,  exports  of ' 

In  Holland • '^^ 

A  r  sen  ti  ui> ,,j 

fuuiidiau,  In  the  l'nlt«-d  Statci, ^^ 

lluvariun  ,j, 

( ' iinUil  Moun taiu ^ 

l>-!rv!!!i;  !n  Ha«tiug»  C'onnty.  Ontario 

KxiMirtH  fruni  Franco ■"'        "  ' 

'  ,       ,  31 1 

•S  w  i  tzorland „^.^^ 

L'ultod  SUUa ' 


Page. 

3(CJ 

804,  Mi 

30S 

408,472 

.    ...  475 

......  487,480 

48'i 

:i02 

4K8,4H0 

4:io 

4M 

4:i9 

88,472,473,474 

'.m 

...383,40S,44C 

447,473 

471 

393 

3^ 

304,405 

435 

...391,445,404 

■ 392 

305,443 

487,489 

....52O,530,rKl5 

3'J7 

35« 

662 

Ml 

UT:' 

5a 

073 

071 

Ui7 


291 
202, 301 
289 
.  052,fl:>4 
U38 
301 

.  248,724 
248 
725 
248 

502 
M9 

5t2 

.      20, 34 

510 

m 

573 
480 

500 

'xi 

317 

..     20,34 


ChocM— Continued. 

Imports  into  Franco _. 

Saint  Thoniaa ' "<»• 

United  KluKdom " ^ 

LatiUnI,  ftom  niiU  of  buffalo  cattia „  "*" 

Manufitoturo:  -"'^ 

InHunffivry ^-' 

jnit'iy ".■.■::: „ 

turn,  081.)  ^•cciocavttUo,  Iia«co,  080;  Slcillun    Prora 

In  Ontario ' 

In  Hwitterlund 

Mexican..  '•'     ''"""'''""'  ^»"^'  'f«""»«'.  WocS.^^j''"'™'''  *^'-"'"'"'»'.  ««>'e- 

^:;?j:riSui!s5:'':J"'^^^  ""•  «««■«« 

Svriur  ' 20 

rhurinKian "« 

Vloeumin ' '^ 

VU,ld  from  milk  of  (,«a/,o  Special  VtaUsUcV)".' -•■."!.'.'."!!.7'         m\ 

liritiah  cows :  ■         <n% 

Ayrehiro 

SSZd ;:::::::::: :::::::::;;: ''•'f,-\T'' 

,         .  75,195,210 

^,'!«^°™ 75.197^2,0 

PolIedAnRua 75,97,190,99 

^,'^,^""'^» 75,194  210 

^'•""'•"'•n ,8, 

Sussex ,    '•" 

Welsh ^ff" 

,,        .  75,198 

(rcnehcowa .,  ,„„ 

75,198 

(loniiau  COW8 „.^ 

,    ,.  252 

Ital.ani^ws «4, 435, 404, 472, 483  489 

lliiuparian  cows K8. 229, 333,' :bj 

New  /ttolund  1-OW8    '         'ror 

Outnriorowg .... 

I'riDco  Edward  Island  cowg "**• '**•  5C3, 500, 507,  seo,  57o 

Qupliec  rows '  ... 

,,      ,  5.J 

KuHsian  cowg ^70 

Swiss  oow» f,^ 

Choucy.  KM.,  ronsul  at  Zanzibar:  322 

I!i>IKirl :  Cattle  In  Zanzibar 

Chi'SDt'.v,  P..  on  Kerry  caltlo _     (q., 

Chianiua  cattle  of  Tus<-«ny jaj 

(Chara.terUtirs.  weigUt,  value,  fo<^infe^  houaing.t'raneiMirVuVinn  V>'r';;' .  ^ ^30,334 

Chibualina.     {Ste  Mexico.)  •*' "*"*P°"'»"o'>  to  I  uite.1  Sutea,  4c.) 

China : 

Southern  Cbina,  rattle  in 

Vangtsi'  Kiane  Valley : 008 

ltr(>ed»  of  rutlle  in 

I'atllebretHiiugin;  census  of  c*ltle 005 

Kiportof  oaltlo  to  the  United  Stat«a 0*7 

Housing  and  feeding  dttle  In '^ W7 

To|H>(jr«phy.  climate,  Ac COO 

Wster  Ituffalo  of fOI 

riiiilmogorian  cattle :                                                   ggg 

t'liiniolensties,  feeding,  milk  yield 

tl«a<h.v,  J  J.  report  on  the  butter  trade  of  Cork 520,  52< 

(■Ia.v  Jolui,  jr  .  on  careless  Canadian  cattle  f»nuinit Wl-ISO 

CliastSQf:  * -jg 

llraiil 

Ceylon 02 

«S« 


gjQ  lNt)EX. 

.        ,  P»K« 

Cllnmlo  of~Coiiliniio(l.  n(^  ^. 

(;hlnft,Y.inK-t(«vKlniiB  Valley •■■■" \^^.^ 

Colombia,  Unltod  Staton  of 

Dominion  of  Uiinmla :  648.  BM,  6D8,  506, 5(18,  ,170 

Ontario r^^jr^ 

I'llnco  Eilwanl  iHlaml !!!!!!!!!!!!!! 571 

Qiiobco *.!.....!.. Kit 

nt'iiador ' 200-271 

KriHico _r,j)7 

Honduvns .|,;.| 

Italy,  clloclrt  ol",  on  Impoitotl  onttlo -piR 

'I't'iTadl  Lavoro ' '^jj^ 

'I'nHcany .j.g 

Vcnotirt 

Mexico  •■                                                                                                       _r,g(j 

Clilliuahii.i "^ J.JI4 

Northorn  Moxlfo '^^^ 

'riiinaulipas ^^ 

Sii n  Donii ngo ' "_'. O"  1 

Sierra  Leono 

SP"'"-  m 

Andalusia ^^ 

Syria 

Uniti'd  Kin«d(>ni : 

KnRlniHl:  \1im 

OovouBliiro ,|,.,'     ■ 

Ht<r<>l'ord»lilro '.*.............--.."."-.''  luii  171 

•T^rx'-y • ^^""""/^"'^!! !"!!.. .!.!"''"!!  m.\l\ 

Norfolk „.y  J,,., 

North  DevonHhiro ,ri' ,-', 

,    „  „  IM.lil 

^"ff"l»' 101, 171,  IDS 

BiiMex ITiK  ri 

YorkHlilrc '_  ',„^ 

Iri'land .j|-  .,.,j 

Scotland - '  jUg 

Abonlccnsbiro ■!^"''."!!!!!!"!!!!'''l«fl,  ITI.iOO 

AyrHbiro „|. 

West  Hif!bland» m 

Wales j,.|Q 

Anglosea f^i 

rruRuay c;,S 

cioI;t;riI":--t;;m";f\;r;;;;;;nKm;;u;;^^^ 

Conbiiila,  catHoof •       •• ^.^ 

'''';S;^>!<^;i2n:::!a':::ii;;Vo:u.op;Ht„nd;;pbier;-c^ 

Color  of  cattle.     (.sVeChiiracterialieH.)  ^.^^ 

Conitoise  cattle,  cliaractoristica  of ," 

CoiidciiBt'd  milk:  31._> 

Kxportof  Swi9« 312 

Maimfacturo in  Switzerland ^j., 

United  States Lj,, 

rooperative  factory  Hyntem  of  dairying  in  England 

(.S>r«Uo  Asuociatlona.)  5(12 

CcioUincinoat  in  lIondura.<! '"" <.;;i 

( '.irk ,  Imt tor  t radi>  of "07 

(•oiiiwiill,Kn;;land,  cattloin 

(ToiMismiiliy,  8oil,  feeding,  liousini;,  ic). 

(•list  of;                                                                                                                                           m 

l-attenluR  catllo  in  Franco  and  tlio  Un>»oil  State* ,,^l 

Introdncins:  and  keepins  cattle  in  MoriloMix ■•■•■■ ,„, 

K.  1  pin"  cows  let  out  to  laborers  in  Kngl»nd ^.^ 

8tat«a). 


INDEX. 


Page. 

nn4,  Bfl,-, 

n:i:i 


,  &68,  S06,  Dfl8,  r<TO 

r)7r> 

571 

ait 

200-271 

r)n7 

SKI 

:kh 

xu 

;m 


r>84 

(VtU 
871 


118,1 
CM 


171,193 

IK,  171 

lUH.lTl 

104,171 

1(;0,1»2 

KM,  171 

nil, 171,  UW 

.   ir,«,i7i 

228 

217,221 

ICO 

100,171,200 

217 

I!18 

100 

c:-j 

n:t8 

;)70,  om 

m 

0311 

liy,  &f.) ... 
2ri« 


312 

312 
3i:i 
710 


002 
221 
207 


2M 

281 
107 
43  I 


tbo  Unitisd 


CotawoUl  cattle  (Sboi  tiiorns) 

Sheep  iiiEnRlaml.    (SeeWioop" ) 

Cow"  "*  ^"""'''""  I'-o'I'-ctHinllelsiuu, 

Abbey  rami  Sliortliorn 

Aymbire.  " Uright Smile"  ..."". 

Bolglan,  milking  qualities...... '".''."■ ........'. 

Dairy,  feeding  at  Munater  Dairy  sjt'liooi 

Devon.  Myrtle  (milker)  7,". ,  I'retty  Faeo  '  Un  '  "xV  W " " 

Draft.  InTbnrlngia ^  '  ""'  ^^tle.  102;  Phlox.  739.  

Dutcb,  Wentje  nn.l  SHH(,tte.  niiVk  rccoV.l 

KxercUofor 

(rallowiiy.  LallaRookh.....!l.i.."" 

Oiieraspy.  VoBta»,  I,  a,  ami  3  . .!!!" 

CoIebrateUhcrdHlMSiiHsox  !.. 

Herefonl,  Clautes.s,  CO;  Dolly  ViVr,l,"nnn,Vo' 

Jen..y.  Mary  Ann  oiS.  Lanfber  „  ./oakiall"'  ""'     ' 

Signs  of  purify  of  breed ""  """lands  Cora 

L.tdng  out,  to  laborers  in  Kngland 

Mexican,  breeding,  for  the  L'ulted  Slates 

Milrh.  Kelgion 

Milk.     (*'c*  Milk  yield.)     

Nonnan  sutitaWe  for  export  to  the  l-nited  St..tes 

rolled  Angus,  Juno  and  Sybil  'I'w  .  ■iMiir        „      

I'rognant.  feeding ^      '        '  ^'""^""'■'  ^  '''•lo.  5th.  194 


Ked  l-olled.  Doll,^   Sllont"udy;D:;V;;^h.'88V  DaV;"oi;,- v ■•••••••■••■---■■;: 

press,  Sultana,  I'rimrose.  Wild  Rose  of  Km  -^"''  ^""O"  3rd.  Pet.  Tuiip.  £„, 

Shorthorn,  rn.ty  a„d  her  deoendants,  Lu^;;:;,  :'';'■"'■  «'^,^"t  Lass,  M 

P.inu.l„  2nd,  Ghul  Tidings,  I'^aclv  Carew  9     'gS  ^'  "'*'  ^•'"'y  ^'--K  L^dy 

.   ilatchless  ..„,'  Generor  ^.f^frV^P^i  "r^^"^  ^'''''-- 
*.  ^"^'^'^y'  '3' i   Innocence  2nd  nr 


I.auru,  105 
Oxford  3rd 
NeseU.v,  7:i,>*. 
Swiss: 

llortl  of  t;harles  Kuhne 

Mr. Page  .'  '*" 

Monastery  of  Eiusedein ,][[ 

Cmin,  Dunham  J.,  consul  at  Milan  : 

First  l{ei>ort:  Cattie  and  dairying  in  Lon.bardy 


Page. 

74 

'iC9 

73 

224 

374 

48 

439 
511 
49 
224 
122 
127 

557,550 
110 
107 
580 

371-374 

285 
48 


.     ..     — •-""',>'iiKiu  uonuiardv 

(^wiss  cattle  in  Lombardv  3''4    .utti..  i,.-,"  i'"",.\, 

iauca.tlo,  320.)     "  '        '  """'>'•--''">'  ^'-r.  hem  Italy,  325;  portrai,;;flVaV. 


S,-cond  Report ;  fhc^se  and  buttormakiug  in  Italy 

(Chee8e.making,C77-C81;  butter-making,  C81  ^^' I 

Cream:  i"°-; 

IVroonlage  of  yield,  Shorthorn  dairy 

■rerm'y  tows 

Sopiiniting  niachiuea 

Yii'ld  in  iTersey 

Crosby,  .1 .  S,'huyler,  consul  at  Klorence :  

Ui'IMirt:  White  cattle  of  Tuscany 

Cross  linHxIs :  "  

liiitisb  cattle: 

Devtm 

tialloway 

Herefonl 

Kerry 

1-onghorn 

Tolled  Angus 

Kecelpts  from  a  Wiltshire  dairy  of.... !!i 

.'<honliorn 

Ill  lii'lsinni 

liraz.l  '"".!."!!.. 

Colombia 

Fnuue 

Germany 

Hangwy,  for  dairy 


319,320 
299 
300 

324 -.320 
C77-C?2 


103 

JOO 

688-691 
120-123 

•  331.3,1 


.244.  245, 246, 248, 249. 2:>0, 252. 2.-4, 257, 


159 

152.211 

211 

l.%1 

96 

141,201 
C91 

,  100, 72S 
301 
Kll 
C13 

274. 72« 

418-4^1 
527 


Wl 


t 


f*      (I 


I.  u 


i.f* 


gl2  INDEX. 

Page. 

CroM«.br<HHli»— Continued.                                                                            51^ 

In  Mexico ..!!!.....!!!!!."!'. o^-i 

Morocco (MH 

NewZvaland 524 

iiu""!" !.!!!!!!!!!!!! 07i 

SlerrttLoono 201 

Swlt/.orlBiitl 

Dairy  AHHoolatlonH;                                                                                      _ 450 

AlchHU^ttlu.  Oormnny "' 457 

AlKan,  Oimmuy ."."."!.." Ml 

Ih'Uiino,  Italy _'[ 49g 

Di'iimark,  'union" *"'" 719 

KnglamI,  " «o operntlvo "  '.""."*.". HOO 

II.«l«lontlnson '"'" 433 

SlloHia '/.'. 450 

WurtomberK 

DolrycowH:                                                                                                48 

FwtUuK,  at  the  MnnstovDolry  School ■ ••• ^^^ 

Improvement  of  BritinU 570 

In  Quebec,  Jorney  i'«.  Native ....,..,"..'.. MS 

Treatment  of,  lu  Ontario 

Dairy  farm  Inn :  710-720 

PoHltlon  of  Knullsh -15 

In  Ireland W9 

NowZealand 433 

Slle«la 101 

Dairy  herils,  how  to  farm  anil  lianUlo •' 

Dairy  InstmmentH :  ^  GSk-tOl 

Cream  Heparators n»,V088 

Solentlttc ■."■■.■■■ir"ivAV„' '.' ^'1 

Dttkv  machine- exhiblteU  at  Ghent  ABHcultuTallfito ..- ,^,^ 

Diiirymiin  ■wanted  In  Nuevo  Leou 

Dairy  pro(lucf»:                                                                                                    0,11 

(;or.BUniptlonof,  In  Kio  <le  Janeiro H-21 

In  Kurope KO 

Iniportsof,  intoCapo  (Colony ^.v, 

llnmliiirn  and  Hrenien ' Wi 

Dairy  reeonl,  wonderful  Shorthorn 601 

Doiry,  retuni»  "f  a  Wilt»hlre... ■"' ^.,3 

Dairy  sehool,  (lovernment,  in  Siloaia <« 

Dairy  sehiMil,  Miinstcr,  Ireland 1q._, 

Dairy  Sliorthonis.  value  of,  as  dairy  cattle .'!....... 7L'0 

Dairy  gliow,  London,  milking  triaU  at y ,^j 

Dairy  «to(k,  treatment  of,  In  Ontario ."..'....!!!!! -'«- 

Dairy  toHtH,  London 

Jtairying:                                                                                       2il 

In  Aveyron 480 

lUivarin,  rheeHo 34I 

llcllnno '" 

Enslond,  CO  operative '" ;,'.>7 

lluniiary,  (TOHH-lireed 324 

Lonibardy ^ 

Malay  aia X"i 

radna '.'.'.' ^21 

Terra  dlLavorno,  buffalo  cattle ;;;17 

rrtlne .........■■•-.. 34.1-M6 

VIccn/.a -Jl 

OnCantoI  Mountains ■" '" 311 

Darwin:                                                    ,„                                                   ^ 

DroUK'ht^  "'  '"'■  ArK'-?"-'"-  I-  !— '•— ...  W. 

CountiuK  cattle  In  the  ArBentineUepubUe 6,0 

CuriouH  breed  ofcattle  on  the  •i-pi>«'"'-"K"'»y  ""'*'■ '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ""* 

OtasneBoftbo  AfBentine  Uepublle 


!»avy,  CoI.J. 

Dcoreoao  of  «i 

DeReueration 

Do  la  I'erello, 

Denohfleld,  K 

Denmark : 

liroods  of 

lilaok 

Redt 

Cenana  of 

Danish  oa 

Exports  o 

Cattle 

Union  dali 

Description  ol 

Devon  cattle : 

Character 

Cow,  Phlo 

In  Canada 

Cape  C( 

Now  Ze 

Milk  yield 

North  Dev 

Origin  and 

Price  of . . 

Somerset  I 

Varieties  0 

WeiRht  of. 

Devonshire,  to 

Deieyk,  A.  J., 

Kcport,  C« 

(Oreedi 

Disease,  cattle 

Knot  and  ni 

In  Mexico 

On  thoplaii 

I'laRiie  in  J 

Distillery  fed  c 

Dithrasr,  Henr 

Report,  Slh 

(lutrod 


Diviilon  of  liim 
Dockery,  A.  V. 

Domluion  of  C« 

Ontario ; 

Beef  ex 

Breeds 

Ayi 

Dev 

Ual 

Her 

llol 

Jev 

Nat 

Poll 

Sho 

British 
Crnin? 


mp^r^ 


INDEX. 


813 


Davy,  Col.  J.  J.,  nn  DnvooH  as  milkers V»ae 

llcoreaao  of  Mtmik  In  Hcotlitnil \ IgJ, 

DeReuoration  of  oattlo ' ,,., 

Denmark:  •■<  niotK .^ 

liroods  of  cattle  iu : 

lilook  spotted  Jutland 

Red  Danish  (Angeln) ^p,, 

Census  of  cattlo ;;—;; 490.492-105 

Danish  cattle  for  tho  United  Ststog 10,400,491  19.1 

Exports  of  butter  from '      \,jy 

Cattle  from '  '■ '  ■■  ^os-m 

Union  dairies  in .«, 

•  •••-.■,, ,.,^^_^_^  ■*'"•-•••»•.••        4m 

DoDoriptlon  of  cattle.    (Sm  Characteristics.)         408-601 

Devon  cattlo: 

Cbarnct  eristics 

Cfl^-rWoi •..'.'.'"■■■.■.■.■.■;.■; 07,108.157,159,191.739 

In  Canada 

Cape  Colony 539.650,653,556  558 

NewZ.«land ' g-„ 

Milk.vield Oil 

NorthDevons ''5.159,100,101.171,192,202 

Origin  and  history 72 

Price  of '['" 57,107,158 

Somerset Dovons •> 75,8C,208 

Varieties  of •-»- ^^ 

^^'"'K''*"^ ".".'.*.'.".'.■.■. 72'7VVnoV;^"; 1«8 

Devonshire,  topography,  soil,  olimato,  cotUeralslnB  &o  "'"                              '  ^"'  *"'  ^^'  "*2, 2ol,  203 
Dcieyk,  A.  J.,  vice-consul  at  Turin:  '        lOO.ioi 

Kcport,  Cattle  in  Piedmont 

(Breeds:  Milk,  cheese,  and  butter  vield  •  wn'<Th»  «!.„ i — 329  2ou 

F(iot  and  mouth,  in  Ireland,  ravages  of 

InMcxIco 22i 

On  the  plains  of  Bogota 583 

riagiie  in  Javo  and  Sumatra 633 

Dijtlllcryfed  rbtUo  in  Canada  fur  export ,, 662 

Uithraar,  Henry,  consul  at  Breelau :  565 

Kpporl,  SilrHinn  cattle 

(lntro<lnctory .  431 ;  area,  climate,  •o"li.\opoe«ph v.'catlio.fei^'in;'  VVo  ■■,■"■■•■"■; ''^^"^ 

iuB,  .„d  dairy  farming,  433 :  cattlo  fairs  in,  an    catUo  iLortl  a"?""-''  '"'"'• 
Silesia,  434:  •■«nsn.  and  sUtistics  of  cattle  n  S  lesia  .r  '^  "1  oxporUof 

ite  breeds  in  Silosl..  438 :  products  from  Dntcl ml         i  ""'^'*'^*  '"'*  ^"^•"• 
tion  of  cattle  in  Silesia,  437.7  ' ""''  '""'""'  "^^  <"«t'>bu. 

Division  of  land  in  France 

Bakery,  A.  ^•;;;:'^-;,-i^-^-;;;;n.tti;^^  eoe 

Dflmiuion  of  Canada:  181 

Ontario ; 

Beef  exports  from  Chatham 

Brocdsin:  5C2 

Ayrshire* 

DcTOns 539.  M9, 556, 563, 570 

Galloways '"M. 550, 553,  556, 558. 561 

Ilerefonls ,[ 539,557 

nol8t«ins "!....!!."!.! 539.549,564 

Jerseys 538,552,550 

Native  cattle 538,551,557.558,504 

PoIIm!  Angus 539,  MO.  556, 504 

Shorthorns .V.V wo'iuVVj:";;:":; 538,540,543.557,561 

Pr.«l!nz  !n  the  Ch-thr-  aistrict  ...■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■■.■.■."  '       '  "*'  ^'  ^  *•"'  ^- "» 

British  breeds,  relative  value  of ,[\\ 559 

CrDiQiofblooded  cattle  in  Ontario  538.539 

842 


vU 


0(' 


814  INDEX. 

UuniliiUiii  (if  (;iiu:ulii-Coiitluucil.  '*•• 

Oiiliuio— Coiitimicil.  . 

(.;..iiHim..liill.'iittli.l.i()ntivrl.i '*"•'*" 

(•(.iiHUHofciitll"  in  Cliiilliiuii  «ll»tri<t ' 

nuMKCnaU  m,  in  Hant !..««  Couuty ."  i;;::;  i.'.'.'.'.MS.'oM.MH.  504,  578 

ClimiitoolDiitinlo 

UiHllllory-fetMlcnttlo  lor  oxpoit  to  EiisIbb<1 ^» 

KiiHtoru  Ouliirli),  ciitlln  In j*" 

KxiM.rtJtolciittlornmiriTscoft  tothoUnltoaStntua -^J 

I'ViMl,  ctittlo.  loliUlvo  vftliicof ■ • 

Imports  of.iiUlo  from  tliotJnitoaSlulu  not.  probabl.-  se.J 

Import  of  fuUbloo.leiUiitllo  into  Il8»tln8»  County •^^> 

iw.  of  .anio  in  Chatham :::::.:::::i,!^f.i^:m:^m,m:m 

Spo.lttl<'atllHHt«liHtk8 554,  558, 504. 500, 568, MJ 

Toiiouraphy ,  hoiI,  Ac 

Transportation  of  -attjo  to  tl^  United  States -[[-[[[^-^^m:^}^, 507, m 

Yiehl  of  (litroruMtlircoiUof  rnttlo ■""" 

Qnebct : 

EautiMuTonuahipH: 

Bri'oiU  most  Huitablu  (or  Quobeo ^'•' 

Climato „. 

Puiry  laltlc,  best '         ,. 

Disposition  of  cttttlo  and  proiUiclB •'•^ 

_,  ,..........-•••■•--•••••"'•■■••"■""•■•  Oil 

KodJor jji 

Nativo  or  Fruncb  cattlo )._^ 

Jerseys  m.  native  cattlo 573 

Special  cattle  statistics j^, 

TopoKraphv,  liousing,  fcediuR,  &.<', '' 

r.nBpO  Husin,  district  cattle  and  products .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.".'.".'!.'.'  574 

Prince  ICdwaid  Island  cattle > ' ^^^ 

Kxport  of  prodnct  to  Boston .  " R-'i 

Special  cattle  statistics jr! 

Topography,  housing,  feeding,  <tc 

Donner,  Herman,  vice  consul  at  llelsinRfors;  ^__^ 

^^^CX:^-::H:;i:wei.M;p;oii;a:topogn^d;y:s;;u:hous:„g^^  ■ 

Donnersberg  cattle j.^ 

J )orMet shire  butter 

Drivin;;  cattle:  gyj 

In  Artjenline  Uopnblic .....!.....!... 581,588 

Mexico    . .  jg.! 

Drought,  eflects  of,  on  cattle  raising  in  Mexico • ^.^  ^_- 

DucUhain,  Mr.,  on  Hereford  eatllc - ^^ 

Pntrryn  herd  of  Shortborns,  history,  yield,  &c •,;•••■•;•■; ,- 

Dumirns,  Courier  (Scot  laud),  ■Caution  to  Ualloway  Hree<le,B     

Duncan,  James,  Ilenmoio,  on  Highland  cattle 

Dutch  cattle  <«fc  old"  Holland  cattle) :  ^^ 

In  llelgiuni ••""■ SO:;, 39a, 390,411 

liormauy ^yJ 

Silesia,  products  of ^^ 

Misnamed  in  the  Tniled  States []'''['']]'l][[^^[[[[['.[[["Z'.m,!Mi,:,W 

rriee.sof 505 

Snitableueas  of,  for  export ,^.^ 

And  I'lemish  cows,  milk  yield  of 

Dulio.'*,  catlle:  5i).i 

In  Honduras ■■■" Ow),582 

Mexico 155 

Karl  of  Cawdor,  on  Welsh  cattle " ^^^ 

Kail  of  Coventry  ou  Horefoid  cattle .!...........!!..         140 

KarlofSeaflcldon  Highland  cattle 

Kast  I'ricsland.  413 

Climate ■■■_■_' 40.^420,421,423,430 

Kast  Frisian  cattle 409 

Feeding  cattle  in;  grasses "■■■ 43- 

Housiug  cull  loin ^n^ 

Special  cattle  nUUistica:  WoiKUt,  yield,  &C 


Ki»,:M 

r*i 

087 

M,  558, 504,  578 

605 

550 

505 

501 

5fi;i 

560 

502 

m,  567, 509, 570 
>fl4, 500, 508,  MJ 

54,1 

J02, 568, 507,  W» 


572 
571 
571 
573 
571 
5T1 
572 
573 
574 
574 
574 
574 
575 
575 


485 

170 

009 

581,588 

iK 

173,174 

09 

45 

H6 

367 

.39^,393,390,411 

437 

501 

390,505,510 

505 

378 

J!)!' 

580,582 

155 

ini 

140 

413 

8,420,421,423,430 

409 

43:1 
424 


INDEX. 

Kck.t-.ln,  !».,  c„„Hul  at  Am.tordam- 
l{oiM»rt :  Diitcli  cattln 

Dutch  catti;  ror^~V",7:;  D>;^-""';--»  '"  ^"'"'«"  """""'  ^-t 
United  8tat^,,.W;,,aUl^..fnl"l;■,^''1'  ';""';'•  '""'  '■•'""•l'"''»l'''"  t»  tho 

Kcua,ior :  '" '  """""'"'"'  """"»«■  f-ainrbreeCour™'    '  """  """  "'■  """""''• 

Ce.,HM8  of  cattle,  milk  yiel.l,  .oaaoi..  In 

rrofU8ofc»tHornlMnsln,Krani.e»  unil   »„,i'iV"". 

Special  .tatUicsofcattlo..  ■""•*""""'"' .:..; 

lOi  I'nl  cattle :  

ChnraetiTUtlcs.wciBUt,  y|«ld,  4o 

Price  of 

Kiuscilcln  cuttle,  chiiracterUtic«,ylel,l'&o •".... 

Kllicrfcld  abattoir,  utatUticH  of '..     

Elwcii,  II. T.,  onCotawold  sheep...."".! 

liuconrngouient,  Oovornnient:         

orcnttlo-hreoding: 

In  Euro|>o 

Hungary 

Uutario 

Uf  fresh  moat  exportH  from  Urucuav 

tiiKlund:  

Americnn  r».  English  fresh  boof  in 

Uroeds  of  cattle  in:  

Ay  fMro 

1)0' jn j3j 

Gallowny ...!!!!.!!!.". 57,72,74,107,158! 

(luemsey Ijo 

Hereford 

Jersey ...'.'..... ''^i  72, 110,101, 172, 182, 

Kerry !!...... 110,100,' 

Loughorn 

Polled  Angus 60,04-07, 

it'd  Poll  02 

Shorthorn 61,70,71,80, 

.'.'.".'.".".  59,60,70,72,73,157,' 


816 

QU2.fiU 


634 
6:15 
63S 

480 
488 
300,  307 
401 
762 


53 

528 
504 
626 


Suffolk 

Sussex 

Welsh  Kunts ......!!!.... ' 

West  Highland ..!!.".!!!.. 

Of  pigs  (n " 

Of  Hheep 

lirecding  cattlu  lu 

British  cattle  and  c;itllo  products ..". 

Cattle  markets 

Priiecattle.    (Acs  Prize  cattle.)         

Cattle  shows  ia 

Central  Chamber  of  Agriculture 

Cent  of  producing  lino  cattle  in ..._\ 

CotHWold  slioop  in 

Dairy  funning  in,  condition  of 

l)ut<h  cattlu  imported  into  in  1040 

Milliiiig  trials  at  dairy  shows  in 

Milk  record  of  60  English  cows 

Prize  breeders  of  British  cattle 

Sheep  and  mutton  ',u,  IS93 

fwuthdowiiH  and  Cambridgeshire  farming 

.Southdown  sheep,  history,  brt«cdiug,  and  munagement !!! 

.Sux'k  feeding  in 

Wrights  of  Knglish  sheep .....! 


•01-72,111,160, 
•  ■-.65,153,160, 
03, 


199,740 

101,739 

147, 194 

124-129 

100, 739 

200,741 

1211 

199, 730 

l-',  193 

1«-'.  190 

188, 735 

730 

197,  740 

108, 742 

,  14:1, 196 

760-762 

755-760 

81-83 

79-81 

096-600 


-50,51,170, 


180, 105 

43 

702 

710-720 

!W,  306 
7:'0-722 
7 1  .".,710 
71^-715 
782-788 
773-777 
763-772 

83-85 
778-782 


g(g  INDEX. 

Pago. 
..      ,,, 000,  oii,nia,«i» 

.rk.nryo..u«  u»l.n.l..  ....1  r—i".K  «"«-•.  •'-'  ■■  «*P"-'  """"•^  "•  '•"'  •" 

eNtanolii,  tlO.) 

KuroiNti  4-i 

C«re«fc«Hloln»#.  th«rnU«Hl  Sulci •••••• j^^^^^ 

Oniia*  of  cbUIo  In "" 14  .ji 

l)»lry  prmlmu  In ' j,3,r.2H 

tJovernnM<iit  Bill  to  "'»ttlt' lir«H'«l«'™ '" ,_, 

Incr.MlD(t  a.niBml  lor  frf  ih  btwfln i!]..!!!!. .!.!".....!..  3Uo 

Origin  of  (uttl*  of ••••  •■•••••" !."!!".'.!!!! lU.ll 

l>rn<luot  Ion  «nil  ooniuniptUm  of  cattle  in  

Kihlblllon  of :  Vat-TM 

French  live  iito«:k  at  I'ttrU ^ ^ly 

ThiirlnRlnn  tattlo  »t  llollWronn '  ' ' ' ,^^ 

Kipfrlraimtol  onttlofewUnR  In  Kramo ; 

Ontario 

Kiport*— 

Beef; m 

Ararrlcanlollplnlum 13  28  37 

Kriuli  to  nil  countrlPi '' 

SalUHl.canmMl,  &o.,  towi'countrlea !.'.". !.\!] '.".." ]'".l.' .'.'."        joj 

From  Chathnni,  Ontario i.iii!! !!!!!!!...... ......  ea 

Uriifcuay 

llutter:  30 

Anii-rloan  ■■■■" «l,  495,  498 

l>«nl»»> ■ 315 

»wl»a 

Choeao:                                                                                        _^ ; 34 

American 317 

Swlaa 

Cattle: 

American  :                                                                                4,  2.',  SS 

To  all  countrlea .!.[!!!!.....!!..   ......  304 

To  llelRlum ...........!!....!..'.!.!.  271) 

To  Wonlraux ' ".!!".'.'.'.!.'!!'...  *;; 

llrltUli ■••• ". rL 

Canadian,  .ll.tmerjr.Ml,  to  KnglanU • 

Fancy  Jora.-.v»  to  the  Unite.l8Ul«i "-'-^ 

rrmlnota  from  Arftentlne  Kcpubllo .......!..!        Mti 

Lowci  California ^.^ 

Quebec  to  the  VnltcdStaiea ' 

Sierra  Leone  to  the  Unltetl  Slates ' 

I  ....• -I^i 

SwUai-rlana 4,22,28,30,34,37,30 

rnlted  State* 

Dutlea  nn.l  taxation,  cattle:  ,^^ 

Hon.liira* wj 

rJ^u.n:v^^-^^'^^^^«^Tr""''^^^^^  i 

Hidea:  Frow  Lower  California  to  tl..' Unltcl  SUtea •  •  ^^ 

Sierra  Leone  to  tho  Caltnl  Statea .!....!...!!!!!!!...  M7 

YanRtacKlang  Valley ,j  3„ 

Olfonurgorine  from  the  Unlteil  States :i,33 

Tallow  from  the  United  Stateii  '^^ 

Kxtract  ..I  beef.  Liobls  a  factory  In  nruKuay 

Fairs.    (Sw  Cattle  falra.)  4j^5 

Farmara' J..arnal  (Lomlon),  '  CatUe  Statlatlca    ■..■.■.*.■.::.■.■.■.;■."."."'.".".'.".'.!!!; 70!k7(» 

Farming:  In  Belgiom - ;ij 

England,  .lalry,  position  of ^j 

Sonthdownn  and  Cambrldgeabire r,""','",\ '. ',1  ' u* 

Farr1n«.on   nirry.  an  American.  ...Ubllahe-  factory  cheeae-maklng  In  O^.... ...........  ^ 

Fat  stock  In  France,  prlw,  cattle  alMiw ^g 

Ff.tenlng  American  .»lUe  in  England 1!.^.!!!. .."••••••• "" 

Calvea  In  Jersey .".... ** 

Cattle  In  Franc* 


mm 


I'sgn. 

[)U,  Oil,  fli':,  «ll» 

lltU    nil 

n|i   nil  I 
tiirt  iiii 


4ii 

1U.4UU 
14, -Jl 

&3,  ran 
la 

300 
10,11 

7;'o-7a4 
45a 

1!77 
47 


ao4 
. . . .  la,  'jB,  a? 

37 

Mi 

ea 

r.o 

401,  405,  408 
315 

34 
317 


4,  2.',  S6 

304 

270 

77 

505 

5.'>7-530 

000 

50i; 

573 

671 

IW 

22,  28,  30,  34,  37, 30 


500 
WJ 
O'JO 
500 
871 

m 

10,39 

^1,39 

IS2( 


INDEX. 


IK' 


4345 
706-708 
71« 
773 
544 
7» 
40 
119 


FulUiulBK  nattlit  in  Oorrowiy 

Ox.,n  In  Ontario,  ,„p„rin,enU 
Kmilknor,  J»,«ph  Uy.  v«U,rin.ry  V„;„;;";- 


(Shorthornii,  188,  Il8refo„u'Joi!'n„". ■■■■■, 

^  (He*  also  Speol»I  .UtUOo..)  "^  '"'*  ""Jlk-ylolu  of  BrltUJ,  c»ttle,  U.l 


817 

406 
407 
4/ 

1N8-205 


Kooitiiitt  iiattle 
In  Ayrehlro 

Diulen 

„        ,  • 

ilitvarla 

H«l«liim 

UrMll '.'...... 

Cornwall,  Euuland  ........'." ■ 

I)«iiniark 

Kiutt  Friaia 

EnKlttn.1,  o,.«t  of'f.',e,li,',;j'fl„e*;;VtIo ' 

Improved  method,  dairy  ....       

liYan  ce • 

Uurinaiiy 

llnra  Mountains ......' 

llohouhoim  Agricultural  SohMl 

Holland 

IIiiDKary 

Itttlv  

"*'y 

Jersey 

Calvoa .'.'*.' 

Mi'xloo 

Morocco 

NewZiialand '"' 

Normandy 

Pii>dmont 

(ililinbiirjj 

Ouiaiio,  experimental .         

Uonoral 

I'rjoco K<lwiird  Island  ....  

Qooboo 

Kbiiie  province 

Kusnia 

SiliIpswiB.HoUteIn 

Srotland 

_  " • 

^lel'^i)  Lt>one 

SiU'nia 

S]min  (Galicia) 

Svria "^ ''!"!! 

Switzcrlaml 

IVrni  (li  Lavoro,  Italy ...  

ThuriiiRia 

Tuman.v 

I'uUjmI  Kingdom 

YaoKtM^-KianK  Valley 

(In  ll»-  siiilln);  nvstem * 

turuips 

renifline  rattle 

(ChuracteriMics,  mUkin- qualities.'we'ieh.'Drif*  L'l 

On  Fn'ut  h  cattle 

S„„,h.iown  «he,.p  and  CamWdpeshin,  fan„|„g  " " " " 
tinlind,  .\yn)hir<'  rattle  in 

Tit  J.  K..  I.sl,.  of  \\  ight,  on  .TenM»y  cattle  

TtnLLitl  i4tUle,  liri^iiini 


4m 

".' 477 

• 103 

633 

W7 

493 

409 

4iMiO 

•• 717 

254.283,277  283 

**«>*<".«*-44a,4<l«,4«7 

483 

4M 

614 

631 

; 329.331 

207 

119 

6n 

; «72 

._"■■ 6E0 

283 

329 

■ 410,421,425 

575 

571.574 

488 

520,624 

411 

216,221 

«71 

432,434 

388 

654 

29«,3UI,323 

329 

440 

331 

83,irj 

666 

701-703 

48 

250. 72S 


(ff»sge»,  Ac.) 


H.  Ex.  51. 


-52 


729-734 

773-777 
525 

123 


•f. 


818  ^^°^^- 

PftRe. 

iri«otret,Fr»..V"i«.  St.  J"'"' 8»'«  ■*"""'•  ^'•''"'"^  ^«^™ 

Keport:  PanuluK  In  Belgium 

^'•"S!;:':S^i"n  ..f :::::::-;:;;:::::::^..'3e«.«i4,.i5,7S 

<;harttCteilHUc» 3UK,;I7H 

In  Belgium  and  Fninco 242,724 

Milking  nuallti"* ■" 2^« 

Origin ;;; -"--^^ 

BubFlftmandos 

^'^S!^andeompan»tlvev»lue.o^J.y..«..------;;;;^ 

AnalynlH  .".rtcomparatlvo  values  ot.ln  Italy ,i;,2 

Co»tof,lnTii«-»ny %, 

DUtillery,  lnCana<la Jl" 

In  Jersey '"' 

Quebe.. • ™1,70( 

MUed.  relative  cost  ami  value  v.". 

Of  Lonl  Brayl.rcH.k'H  berd  of  Jerseys  •  •■  • 4S 

Pregnant  animals -•••■ 101 

Shorthorn  dairy  cows  in  England J^";'^^. ''^ 

Young  stock •     W-no 

Prices  of. in  England ■.;!;'..'.'.'.'.' *6,M.Mi 

Relative  values  of 48 

Foo<l,huma        ^^  p^„^^,  „„,,  whence  hu,>p1UmI 

Form  of  cattle.     (S«  Ch«r».teri»tlc«.)  ,U 

Forster,Mr..Kent..m8.u,«excatUe    ^^.■^^■_-— ^^ ,07 

Fowler,  E.V.,  Southampton,  »»'  "''i^ f '7' ''",.,1^,,,,     England: 

Fowler  John  Kersley,  Prebendal  Fam.,  A >  1.  h1.u.  > ,        I-  ,,,_,^ , 

Koport:  Uerefordshm.aml^|n|^.r.Ua,  U.^^^ 

^'^"''Ccat"o:";<t  ue!^^^^^^^^     -'^"'-  '««^  """"'""^ '" '"""""     '■ 

187.) 
Fox,  Howard,  consul  at  nvmouth:  ..,,7 

lleport  on  cattle  in  Cornwall 

V.I  William  C, consul  at  BrunHwick:  4m>^,i.> 

First  report :  cattle  '»  ♦'-^"^^.ll^f  rZ^.^n^iamrsi^.h.l  s.a.lstics  of  ca.t.e,  48,. 
'''""';:;LtlBUt    -;d  ei-  «.  ca,Me;  topography,  so..,   «n.«.,  .0., 

-TS^h:^--"--— -^^^^  '^'' 

France :  ^ 

Breeds  of  cattle  in:  -J7 

Algerian  _'_'""" OT,"':; 

Auhrnc '-" 

Hantone Da,/n,i.» 

llaxadaise '-•' 

H«,arnai»e !."..!!. '■''^•^'if 

Brittany ■^'*'?,i* 

Charolai'"^ •'*  j 

..........••••■"""■"  ''"lit  T'i 

ComtJiix- -^'' '■' 

Kemellne 1""""^ "^"^*'!!:!  ' 

Flemish '"" '-^^j'-'' 

Cianmnaise ■■"' •^^'•'-J I 

(■,a«c<m ■*''^' 

Landalse ..Z^^^ mW,.^6 

Limousine -*'j 

Mamelle *^-*'    ;\^"'l 

NormftiMiy I A 

Parlhenalse _  ...1 

Salers [^^^^^^^^^^■•■■- "°' 

Tarentliio 


705-708 


•J42 

30H,  r>04,  51,'-.,  724 

3U«,;i7H 

242,724 

240 

24a, 244 

444-41(1 

3,)(l 

xa 

J*!-. 

, ll« 

r>7i 

7o;i,704 

122 

48 

104 

S3 

43-,W 

, 4B,84,,Wil 

48 

i(i;  (luHoit 
2(12 

lU 

1G7 


181-188 


y  i(f  HtMT. 
roiiutiies, 


2117 

48(M83 

vnttle,  481; 

11MW8,    &t'., 


482,483 


i.) 


255,274,- 

24 



20 

245-247, 

.'8 

248, 

•24 

.'.-pO 

250, 

■24 

240-242. 

"24 

2.M, 

272 

257. 

7'.4 

2.1«. 

277 

248,278, 

726 

249 

243-245,282. 

724 

247. 

7:'7 

230, 

727 

72S 

'^o  yielJ,  ic 
;t'ij 


INDEX. 

France— Contiiiiiud. 

BioedB  ufcattlo  iu— (;<Mitiuued 
Mixed : 

Aubiat! 

lionleliiiH " 

Brittany ' 

CljuroloiHe 

KluriiiHli 

(-Jaromiuiso 

Alnuculle 

MiHut'llaiioflus 

NoriuHiidy 

I'urtlieimiiju 

SiUcrs 

Cattle  I'eodiiij^  lu 

CeUHim  of  taltlo  iu 

C08t  of  f.Utonii.K  cattle  i„,  audi.'aheuV.Ued  si;; 

Divisiouof  land  iu ^""uu  states 

Fat  stock  in  (I'aris  show,  1873)  ../_[ 

Fu..teuiuK  cattln  in, 

Food  couHuiuption,  and  tl<'Hcit«  ot'  andwh"".''»  ' 

How  to  i.urclia.se  cattio  in ""*  "''P'rtod  . 

Imports  au.l  ....ports  of  .•attlo'an.i;,a"alo"pVoducis 

Octroi  duties  in *^  ■■"ui.is 

I'rici'sof  meat  in 

I'hysical  features  of,  by  districts 

Sheep  iu 

Special  statistics  of  cattle,  woisbt ;  "milk   h,',',!'' "  "," 
Suitability  of  Freucb  cattle  foi  export  to  thr'.'""    '""  ' 
Fivibui-jtcattlo,  black-spotted ..  ^"'"«'l  State,  

I'reuch  i».  Auiericaii  butchers  and butchor.»i,op,.i 

butter 

Krit'slaml  cattle 

I'risbi...  Juhn  t,.,  consul  at  Kheiuis.     KcDort  •  (nIh I 

lushu,  cattle ..;.       ''"'""'''''^'-'■^ '''« '•'strict  of  tl,;  liar. 

Kro'i'uiiicat  trade  of  the  riatte 

FulU'i.  Valancey  P.,  llaniiltuu,  Ontario  oiiT..r«l!.    '".!.' 

— .^« : ■!::":!::::^^"'''*■''■'^•••'•""'■>'-.-l.ort^;ib;:u„iu;,'''^^^^ 

Fiirue»i>-.\iiibaclit  ciiltle  ...  ^ 

Cilimu  cattle  .".V"''^^." '.'.'.'..['. ''''*''!'"* 

,W.id.t,  characteristics,   l"mHinBVfee,Vins;b,:,;edlnL'"'l,',n  ir ^'" 

export  to  the  I'uited  States,  Ac.)  *-    ''■'uUlinu, 

I'mlloway  cattle: 

BrwMlers,  caution  to 

Characteristics 

Cross  bivediuj?  qualities "''■  "^ '"^MSa,  11)4, 105  •.in  "is  .,]l 

Herdbook "    "'■  ^^" 

• 15'  ".li 

lu  Canada -. -n 

211 

Ml  at  of,  in  London  market vm  rt-,  .. 

,.     ,     ...  ''•'•'1  Ml,  bo6 

I'lmluct  ot ,., 

.,  „      .,,  1.'1,1M 

Milk  J  eld 

■'  J4g 

Oii;:m  and  history  of 75,148,210  211, 

Piici'sof    ij,,',' 

,     ,  I4!»,21U 

Ki'co(imiei)ilations  to  Aiuericau  breeders '"'.150,195,205  214  "•>•' 

W.'i(;hlof '"    "u- 

G*ri8,  J  tic.  UonvetA,  on  (iuerusey  cattle 140,  l.'.i,  ],j.)  ^n 

GwHiiiiaise  cattle ;  .„ 

Cliiira(  teiistics '•' 

CnissbritdM 254, 272  725 

ClIlillB  of o-^  ,„, 

KiTiliug .,., 

(imdiig  niuiitry  of .,.j 

MilkiiiiriHialities  of jrt, 

M 


819 

Tagu. 


263 

272,27t» 

246 

248 

243 

254,274 

24tt 

Ii57, 258, 72(J-728 

243,245 

727 

252 

■■■■■ '^03 

■• -10,2^2,  200,208, 400, 724 

264 

200-268 

720-7;j4 

^04 

262 

264 

-^«.',271 

200 

202 

200 

777 

20.) 

205 

201,304 

284 

••••     16,677 

503,  ,115, 670 

irno  ...  285 

108,417,420,421  4;)(i 


Hint?,  products,  priced  iiow'ui 


388 


45 


Oxeu  . 


I  pltnluLt  . 


274 
264 


820 


INDEX. 


i.f 


Onronnalse  cattle-Continned. 

ItnUlnit  calve* 

Welglit 

WoiklDR 

GuBcuii  cattle : 

Habitat  and  characteristlos 

Milklnt?  (luallties 

Siilibiofda 

GoUlriau  cattle,  charactori8llo» .-- 

Gem»va  diatrict -  -;■•.-•  "•■i;-;;^;",;^:  iinportaof  moat  cattlo,32l ;  cl.unicterst.es 

<«-*^'"«  'Z  :£':l£t.S-  hlln^,  l.^i..«.  l,re.d..«.  «oU.  ^U.-o,  et...  ..3.)    _  ^^^ 

OcH,,rapl.icalfeaturcaofl.Wo---^^^^^^^ 
(Northeastern,  Eaatorn,   Norll  o.n,    " 

Southorn,  and  Soiitl.oaBtor.i  ir^uce,  .7U.» 

Ooolosicalcliaraotorof:  

UntiHli  iNlanda ■' 

Bi.ckii.K'in""''*'"' 

(iloi.ci'slorHhlro • 

G  ....loKlcal  formation  of  Vcnotla 

Germany: 


Paije. 

27;i 


...  257,725 
725 
257 

...  504,515 
.  a21-323 


-271 


(;7 

7a 
74 
335 


1  lUUllJ    • 

Hrouds  of  cattle  in : 

Alb 

AUgaucr 

Anjieln I 

Anabacl.er 

Baar 

BirkonfeW 

Black  Koreat 

Uounorebort; 

Dutch 

East  Fricaland 

Bitel •■■■ 

Kbngcr 

Olan 

Har« 

HcUbroncr ' 

Hinttrwaldor 

UoUtein 

Kclhcimor 

LaudvichniBHO 

Limbourg 

McuHkivch 

Micubackcr 

Montafouer 

MuuHtorluud 

Murxthaler 

Neok»r 

Oden  wald 

OUlciiburg 

PintKauor  

PodoUiu. 

l>olU«d  Angua 

Silmi  i.f fldor 

Sell  w  ab  1 1  all 

Schwit^t-r 

Shorthorn 

Kin.n.«nl  l.al • "  "Vv" 

'lri..a.l..rf  (miH8,..ll.-d  Frieadorf) 

VoRpl»bi-rg 

Voigtla.id 

\v..-ti•^^^'iild 

ConH.iHof  caltlein. 


Cattli'  in-t.iranci*  coiiipan 


ilea  In  . 


302 

'   '  391  394, 390, 3U8, 405, 400, 410, 438, 430, 440, 478 

__' 3lt5,410 

'.'..''. 478 

' "' 468, 470, 472 

."...!.". 487 

470 

'".... 485 

""   392, 398, 404, 411, 4;i«, ISO 

.".'.'..'.' 308, 408, 417,  420, 421, m 

488 

478 

i'i9,i:i 

!.!.!!! <^M!i2 

V...... «9 

473,474 

398,436 

" 

4i8 

..!..!. <*) 

'"[[   391,447 

'[["] 464,'«fi8,'»'3,4T4 

' '_"/'/_ 303,396 

'   "    403,405,440 

•* 

'     396 

.'.!!... 391,447,471,473.474 

■ 415,418,419,420,4;tfi,48U,,V.'4 

'"''_ 393,47.'i 

4.'0 

.^ 

m 

^'"".^^ili 3W,405 

• 4IJ 

391, 404, 444, 47» 

39^: 

'.'','.'.... <« 

395,44J,478 

'      4t7 

'_''___ 10,232,3«9.400,4i.i» 

m 


Catll<>  »lai.«litci)nK  in 


ExiPiiilM<>l'<at"' 
FattuuiDg  cattle  in  . 


tli.«  UniU'il  SUiti* 406,407 


■■■■ 


mmm^^^immm 


INDEX. 

Oorniany— Continiiod. 

JUml  hnokn  in 

rn.porUtionofA.MruJinoaUIo"into 

Iinproveinontof  ciittloin....  

I'ricofl  of  cattle  in ... 

C il>b«,  Sir  B.  T.  Brandretli,  on  pH/io  h.'..'„',i ; 

oa.e,p.,Kov.M..„„WK.ai;rrdt;r;'r,r^-- 

...ncattioinT ,j^r>u^^^^^'>^^y^ ^r:!::;:;: 

Clover,  John  ]{..  consul  ftt  Ilavro:     

Report  on  Nornmnily  oat(  lo . . . 


(Normandy,  «ituation,  BouViii,,',',,',"'"  V) 

l)util,e,„,  importation  j  A      *''*'"" "'»!  value  of  botf-  F,<.     k'  °«  *'"^ 


821 

Page. 
307 
403 
3»} 

390,407 
712 
149 
210 
439 

282-285 


hntilioi^sj  importation  of  A        '*""""i"l  value  of  botf-   v,.^     ,. 

t. o  to  .be  uniiod'^s: ^^--"  -"  ^-  "avJ::^.:  istiiutiTr 


tie  to  the  United  States  28'i  > 
(.l.vnn,  Kov.  W.  A.,  on  Guernsey  cattle  ' 
(ioats:  '  

In  Nuevo  Leon  .  

•"" 

Saxony 

(^".dJMchartl,  on  the  best  cauie  to  export  iromrV"'. ■■•■••-■"'.'! 

(lovonu.ont  aid  to  cattle-breeders:  """■"'  *°  "»«  United  States 

In  llungary  .  

Ontario 

(!ov,Mnm..nt  aid  to  moat  exporters  Vn'urueuav "■•"-"".!."."; 

Govcrnnumt  encouragement  to  stock-breeders  in  F,;',v; 

r,n..lin«  meat*  In  LiUo,  London,  and  Paris  ^° -. 

GnuHes  cultivated  in—  

Andalusia 

Havaria 

Ooi-nwall,  £n;(lAnd 

iiCUBdor 


126 

990 
431 
226 

528 

560 

C26 

53 

260,261 


Hungary 

I'"''«>'1 

NcwZcaland 

Ontario ■_■■_'■_"_■ 

Qi'olx^ ....'.'..'. 

Kliinc  Province 

San  Doniinco 

Snitland 

Switzerland "" 

United  Kingdom 

Grasses,  natural,  in—  

Bemmda _  _ 

Japan  (slieop  will  not  live  on) 

Mtxico 

Vi'nt'ziu>la 

V:iiij;tnc-Kiang  Valley 

Gr:i7.iiis;  and  pasture  lands  In—  

Friuue 

Ildiiilimis ' 

Si'w  Zealand 

Oldeiiliurg 

Suiiera  (lange) ""'_' 

Syria 

Taiiiaulipas  (range) 

Vinezuola 

Wist<Tn.\udalu!(ia 

Oni,'lnj:(;iii|,.  on  the  Alps 

(irilfin.  C.  \V.,  consul  at  AuokhiLd  :     

H.'porf :  Cat  11,.  „f  x..^  z,.;,i,mj 


385 

477 

207 

635 

536 

2-J8 

650 

-554,558,564,566,570 

574 

489 

640 

217 

323 

172 

639 

663 

S77,.586.593 

618 

■•■  665 

■263,274.276,277,278 

597 

642 

414,421 

595 

652 

592 

638 


(I'liHtiiri'  lands : 


Zealaijil  lattir  snth!;  I 
646;  PoII.hI  AngiHaml  I), 

04!l: 


iHnofslicep  and  cattle  642 


I'llci  States;  NcvZcal 


attic  II  narant! 


price  u(  cattle;  nuiulioruf 


■"■■••«■*.  *•►«:;  AvrsI; 


i>l"nd  llcnleid 


■'•ri'Sliiai-unrt.W.-JiXe 


310 
ftl2,650 


States,  tt4ii ;  HiMclal 


ilinll 


"il-t,  AM, 


licf  I 


>rec<l 


c»ltle,  soil,  cliuiato,  gnmseii,  &,;,  km. 


MtatiHll,„,  milk.vicl,!,  weight 


>".  645;  Shorthorns 
",cvs.  a„,|  ,„i„,,  „r,,,j,; 

I"k.  ..'"''."""""■""""■  Unite,! 
origin  of 


<liar».t4>riHtics  and 


g22  TNDEX. 

Tacp 

^.r'l"' 

Oronlnfft'n  cftUlo ■'       ii'.""  

;;;;r:rr;;rr;::t»Cra=r.,;u;."^^  =; 

Guornst'.v '■"•'''f  =  '■*' 

Bull,  SquiroofVuuxbiaot* ' 04,1'JH 

CliftTOdtoiinticsof 'f" 

Cow,  Kloniiiilo '-• 

Exi>oilPi>i«' "''  l>'««''l'>r«  ■■■"_ !'•!« 

In  tholslf"'  Witflil I'Ji 

Milklilodurtol'uSusrtiix  hold. '" V>a 

MilkrofonlofiHiufiiiHoy  <ow ]!!.".'.'.!'.!!'. '-"'•■' 

Milk  yiolil '-" 

NoU'Hl>y  "•'■"'"■""''.Vf'inni'v 124 

Orlslni""!  l>w"n« .....'.".. *'"'''"^ 

IMco "     " '-'' 

\V<ii«lit 

OutTiisfy:  ''^■'24 

IJiToddf  <iittloln   VJH 

(iwymiV,  Shorllioni,  lictil  ol r.41,M2 

Hall   Mi.,oiiI'i>ll<''l  AiiKUH  i'attln 

•'''t:i^r'-"n.i...Hw..a,ti..i h«nni..asu,.. ::;;::;:;;;;:;;;:;:;::;:    ;; 

,„a„Kurat-.l  M.i.  AM,mican.iock.>>  '■'"'';•■■;;■•■;■, 

llanailn«  .'attl..  product.,  iu.     (Se,  «J««  N'-'Lvl  ^♦•''>«' '_'"■) 47« 

Havaria ' '            ■'•* 

(ialioia ; •'" 

JovHoy ■■  ^-^ 

Oldonliurn """ M4 

OnUrlo ''i'> 

rrlm-o  Edward  Inland " aiC,?^! 

Scotland » 

Toira  di  Liivon>,  Italy 

]liin'M..r"»oi'l»W.,.Mmmil  at  Munich:  47,1_4^0 

Kirnt  n'poil:  navarian  cnltlo ;';\;,''i' Vomiipraluro  of  Bavaria,  47r, ;  noil  ami  sul.- 

,„„.arian  --^■'-^^^^Z'Z^:,  ^Z^.  iV-di.., l-r liu,  .477  ; ...-,« 

::r;:t:s-:u--"n>.-Ha„nat.o.47.,...oo..4.M _^^^ 

Second  roport  :  l,iv..  stock  n.  Bavar.a  

(Nuuil.or,  valuo,  and  woi;:lil.)  Kk) 

Ilarvov.  Mr.,  -dilorol   ll.rd.l.ook.on  N\  .IhI.  .attlo 

llarzcnttlo;  « 

Kortlio  I'uiti'd  StatoH  4liO 

CharacloriHlu'H 483 

Costof  Inn.MMorl  totlu^  I'nitfd  SlatoH ■••• ^^., 

u;lu,,r,.,.din,,i.r....din«,  and  handling  product. ••;;;;;;;;;;; ,;, 

Mill<,  iiulirr,  rtudcluioHO  pniduct l>-j 

I'ri.ixol  *^^ 

liar/.  Mountainn,  <  iitl lo  on 

lliu<liU|{«<"""'''.v,  Ontario:  Ml 

(VuHUHaud  clasBof  caltl' "' ,W 

Chi'CKr  niakinc  iu ■ '*'' 

Special . lit  lloNlatislic«  of 

llitll.ld,  OHcar,  coTiHulat  llalavia:  pfil.ftV.'l 

'""n;;.:::;;;;;;;';;;:.;:''';: ..,.,  u,;..;.  .;:u;n-;^r;u;xtin;ti.;„.  .c 

HmiKl.wont,  Knuik  ii,  cou^nl  at  NaplcH:  32«9| 

K..port:   "•'"•'l'''^^'''''"  ■''■'''■'■  V'''T'!'Iltlo'&c''';i2.W^H;    export  to  the   mild  St«t..«; 
T..rradi  I-:ivoro,  t„ponra|.l,y,  noil,  cattlo,  &..,  .•-.>- 

H,„rl,ilHtaliMii«.ir.,.ltlcin,  -.yir,  ■'-•>■)  >4| 

Havre,  importation  of  American  caiilc  into   


INDEX. 


823 


iiilcil  StiiUt"; 


Hazoltoii,  J.  F.,  consul  at  Hamilton,  Ontario- 

Report:  Cattle  of  KaHt.«rn  Ontario  '  Paee 

(CoDHUH  of  cattle  and  favorite  hr-^>^\]'l'!il':;;"''t''J'f ; 656,559 

Staten;  mUcellaneonH  information  557  T,    .""^  •^"""^^y  *<»  ^^^  United 

charaoterUtlcB,  origin,  topoRrapl,;  "honlT"]  "'l'"''"'"''  ^"">^-  weiffbt,  yield, 

by  Importation,  558).  "^  ^'  """"'"e'  fading,  Ac.,  Jerseys  Improved 

Heap,  G.  H.,  consul-sonorul  at  ConHtautlnople  ou  Tn,n  i 

Heldonhelm :     """  '""*"•  ""'  """  ""  """••»'"'"  »»>«  "ami  I.^.".'!!"!" ."/. !!!  """^  "'  ^■"- 

Cattle-broedlni;  at 

Iloilbninner  cattle :  

Exportation 

lu  Thurinxia _"" 

neldenfinRon  dairy  association 

Herd-books:  

^y^"'"''*    ••• 

2"*T? 

Hereford,  when  founded 

InOorniany 

Marsh  cattle "*" 

Polled  Aneus 

K.H1  Polled •-•""!!!""""1!" ■■■■■ 

Sbortboru 

Welsh "."!!!.... 

ITordors  and  ranKors  in  Hondnros „  „^  ^^ 

lleniinKaml  nmnagluK  «attlo  in  ArgentineKepubUo .'-'".".".?" ""'sM 

IlmdiiiK  cattle  on  estancias  in  ArKcntlno  Kepublic     607 

Herds,  celebrated :  «,. 

Abbey  Fanns,  Shorthorn 

Chatlnor  (^ourt  and  I.een,  Hereford 72 

('olnian,  Ked  Poll ... 

ColoneKinnther's,  Shorthorn gO 

DidlinKt^m,  Kod  Poll • joi 

Duke  of  Devonshlnt,  Shorthorn gg 

DiillVyn,  Shorthorn gg 

Earl  of  Dncie's,  Shorthorn C9 

Kiiisiedeln  Monastery,  SwImi 204 

Fuller's,  Ontario,  Jersey 30g 

CiHeniHey _" jjg 

l!iKhland,  Lonl  Kinnaird's,  K<>nmore,'"liredaWan.V  and  DnvVnf'lV.,  V. 125-127 

lliitfhinson.  Shorlhopi,  ""' •  anu  Unkeof  Athol's 144  145 

..'.'..' 105 

'"'"] 130-132 

loi 


653 

453 

453 
439 
460 

66 
136 
183 
397 
415 
165.193 
66,81 
66 
-■65,81,153 


Hutchinson,  Shorthorn 

Kerry 

Lottt-Suffolk,  H(h1  Poll ........^ 

Lord  Hray brooko's  Jorgey 

NspoUwn  III,  Shorthorn 

Ncoton  Hall,  Ked  Poll 

Vi\in\  Swiss 

\IM  Poll ....".'.......... 

Snndriu^ham 

Sliiirl  bom 

Swaninfiton,  U<>d  Poll 

Whittinnton,  Koil  Poll 

Windsor.  Herefords  (the  Queen's) 

Henls,  incr«>ttse,  annual,  in  Hondnras 

Hi'mt'ord  cuttle: 

Bull,  Thouuhtfnl 

Chadnor  Court  and  Leen  henls 

Charai'teristlcs  of 

Cow.  I,n)nnr« 

l>ii  not  di'u<'nerat«  in  foreipi  rountiies 

EiiH)rte<l  to  the  Unit«d  Sutos,  number  of .. 

Fair,  HiTefoni  (Mty 

For  (■ros.tinic,  valnable  qualities ........ 

For  liairy  iuj! 

How  to  export 


,122 

204 

90 

299 

71,88,90,91,92 

68,710 

101,102,105 

91 

91 

161 

600 

739 

177 

■-•58.11C,16i,l74,igo 

739 


176 
178 
1K> 
112 
186 
178 


B 


i.^ 


g24  INDEX. 

Horoford  cattlo-Continnod,  ^^  ^^^  55^  553 

In  Canada, *  '__'_ 070 

Cape  Colony _'' 033 

Colombia 187 

Foreign  ooiintrloH _         j72 

Herd,  an  iniprosslve  siRht 161 

Ireland (j4r, 

New  Zpalnnd Ijj 

United  StatcH "..75,101,102,171,187,101 

Milk  and  Imttor  yiold j,^ 

MilkhiB  qualities  of ....!!!! !!!... 68,  111,  173, 182 

Origin  and  history  of j,jg 

Present  habitat "!.... 75, 76, 80, 162, 177,178,184.186 

PricoHof ""        '  jji 

Valuable  qnalitios  of gj  777TnVi6lVi8'V"i.i73ri8M84,llH),  101 

Weight ' 

Herefordshire:  173,181 

Drscriptlon  of Ig2 

Great  cattle  fair  in 162.173, 181 

Topogrnpliy,  soil,  cliiiiat«,  &c 

Hovrinn,  P.  W.,  consul  lit  TcRucifialpa :  pg^  ^,, 

''^XSSoi:;'- "^i^i^'b-din^  luidd;^ 

'  c  Ule  spid.;.  stock   ra^Kors  and  herders.  cuUlo  taxation  "^'^^';^'^ 

cattlo  increase,  f.OO;  .-xports  of  cattl..  000;  cattle  ;^<-;^"«.  '""'•"^  .f  "^  '"^"'''• 
butchcrinK  and  c.«)kU.B ;  oullcHik  for  cattle  ruisins  m  H.....luras,  CO..) 

H0BBe-Darra8ta<lt:                                                                                                                       483,484 

Area,  soil, cultivation,  topography,  &c !!!..!.."."!...  485 

Cattle  in ^ 

tatistlcsof ^g^ 

Climate 4g7 

Milk  yield  of  cows  in 487 

Population  and  proil  nets ,on  ,,„, 

Heaso-Nassan 

(Temperature,  area,  population,  cattle  census,  &c.) 

Jlides,  export  of:  jgj 

From  Lower  California ffn 

Sierra  Leone • ^. 

YangtooKiaug  Valley 

Highland  cattle  :  g3^  j43  jQg  212, 218 

Characteristics  of ^^^ 

Meat  pnMlncors  ami  park  animals '."."...'.....75, 107,^10, 2ia 

Milk,  butter,  ami  cliccse  yield ■■"■    '      'i44..i4- 

Notcd  herds  of -q  gy  90  214,222 

Prices • ]4j  oij 

Soil,  climate,  housing,  &c.,West«.mUiKhlamls 74'io7'i45'i40,'il<0,21o'2"l7 

Weight 

History  of  cattle.    (See  Origin.) 
Hugs: 

Kritish  breeds  and  characteristics-  1  .....  7«n  tbi  700.  Tmnrnvml 

(Uerkshires,  700,  78!.,  Dorset,  701  ;  Suffolk,  701,789,  Yorkshire,  760.761,788,  Improved 

Essex,  701 ,  Taniworth,  702  ;  Irish.  702.)  ^^ 

In  Nuevo  Leon.  Mexico ^^j 

Saxony ^^^ 

Hohenheim  Agricultural  School,  and  cattle  bret^dlng  at 

Holland: 

Hreeds  in —  004  .M.'i 

Drenthish 504,515 

Dutch-Euglisn 504.515 

Flemish 5^  ■;i5 

FlemisL  Geldrian Holland ■■'■  jj.,  ,,,. 

Friesland 504  M. 

FiiesliiudDreiithlshdeldrlan m.^ir, 

Gcldrian .10:1,515 

C, I oiiinger M.iVt 

(ironinger  Friesland-Geldrian ''  ' OOJ.SIJ 

HolUud  (Dutch)   


"MIMaiiMIHM 


Paf(o. 
IB,  B43,  BM),  558 

670 

633 

187 

172 

161 

64.1 

161 

02, 171, 187, 101 

114 

58,111,173,182 

175 

177, 178, 184, 185 

Ill 

180, 1H4, 100, 191 

173,181 

182 

....162;  173, 181 


S97-602 


08;  tlio 
duties, 
onttle. 


483,484 

485 
4M 
484 
487 
487 

.  389,300 


596 

077 

861 

3,143,106,212,218 

H.I 

...75, 107,21«,21U 

144-14T 

.76,80,06,214,222 

146,216 

5,148,180,210,217 


IniproviMl 


590 

431 

44S 

....  504, .'.1.1 

....  504,515 

....  504.51.'i 

....  5m,,115 

....  5o;i,.ui 

5«4,5I;, 

....  m-^1.-. 

....  m.'^Vi 

;m.:<Vi 

6«a,515 

INDEX. 

nolliiiul— Conlinned. 

Consns  of  cattle  In 

Crosa-biseilMiii 

Uocroaso  nt'Htork  In 

Uutch  cattl.,  for  tbc-  United  aVatos  heat 

Imports  mid  nxpoitH  of  live  stock 

Imports  of  Amoii.an  cattle  products'l'niV. 

MUk  yield  of  Dutch  cows......  

MisnaiuInK  I),u,.|,  cattle  In  the  United  StViinI 

Percentage  of  ,liffcr,.nt  breeds  of  cattle  in        

I'riccsot  Dutch  cattle 

Koutes  and  cost  of  tianHoortat ion  to  iL' rr' ",■  ". 

Special  statistics  of  I),.,',,.  ,^X'"  ''"'  f^"'"''  States... 

Sto«:k  rocuponitiou  in  Holland  ...   

Holland  cattle.     (See  aluo  Dntch  cattle.)    ' " 

(Jharacteristies 

Iiitro<luotion  of,  into  (Jcriuanv      

Milk  yield ;    

Products  of  milk,  butter,  and  cheese 

Weight 

Ilolstein  cattle.    (See  aJ*,,  pngo  504') 

In  Canada 

Sileaia ]' 

Meat  yield 

Milk  yield 

Weight ..^.\..\" 

Holl,(ieorgon.,con8u.  it  Gaspfi  Basin: 

Reiwrt :  (;alile  in  ti.  e  Gu«p6  Basin  distrioi 
Honduras:  

Butchering  and  cooking  In 

Cattle  bleeding  In 

Cattle  spider,  dtwtniction  of  cattle  by ' ". 

Census  of  cattle  in ■ 

Dcstnictionof  cattloby  wildbeasta...... 

Kxports  of  cattle 

Herders  and  rangers  in ■ 

Incrt>a«e  of  cattle  in 

Maturity  of  Cattle  in 

Outlook  for  cattle-raising  In 

Pasture  lands  of 

Horses:  

American,  for  Belgium 

In  Nuevo  Leon  (breeding) 

Saxony,  census 

Ueusiiig  cat  Ue  In  ((m  alto  Special  statistics)  ■ 

Aciicnltural  school  at  Uolunheim 

A  iidalnsia 

Ayrshire 

Baar 

Baden 

Bavaria 

Brazil 

Cornwall 

Denmaik 

Pranoe 

Galieia ...'-......'.". 

Hari  Mountains 

Holland 

Hungary ' 

Jprxey 

Nonnandy 

Olilonbnrg 

O'jiurio 

Pailiia 

i'liui..  Edwani  Island ' 

Quebec 


825 


Pago. 

10,232,400,508,(517 

504 

609 

.'105 

aio 

510 

511 

504 

515 

50,5,510 

50(J,.510 

.511,512 

509 

.367, 392, 404, 41],  ,50,1,  515 

411 

3»3,  404, 41 1,  430,  511 

437 

303,437 

538, 652,  ,5.-.0 

430 

398 

4n,.5r,8 

411,558 


.544, 


574 

602 

598 

599 

602 

598 

000 

599 

599 

602 

602 

597 

382 

691 

431 

450 

387 

136,108 

409 

475 

477 

632 

207 

492 

• 246,277,283 

388 

483 

514 

531 

207 

283 

421 

545,  558,  .504, 566,  .W,  570 

3.51 

.575 

574 


m 


H 


826  TST>F.Ti. 

lI.m«lnKialtlolii— (;oiitlnue4l.  ^^^ 

Klilim  Pn>vino«  "_'_'_ r,.,^ 

KiihhIh 4M 

SchlpuwlK-HoUtoln 21(i, '.".'() 

Si-otlHDil "    "_ 071 

Slerml.oono '»:i:i 

SUeHla 2l»;i,  IIOH,  ;ra 

Swltmrluml (j,-,2 

Syii» :i29 

Torruai  Liworo ■" 44,, 

ThiirliiKlit ][ ;il!0 

Tiimimiy 172 

UnittMl  KliiKdom n«4 

Yantt-lsi'  Klnntt  Viillov 

Ilowaril,  Wiillrr  K.,  <on«nl  ut  'Crouto ;  ^.^^  ^^ 

'  tn     hn   Av.Hlir..«  .u.-l   H.-Hor.U,  MS;   (;«na.ll«n   l>.no..H.  r.r.O:    (;a..u.l.a„ 

•Z  A..«..«amlJ..,K...v«,r,r.l  ;  Cana-lian  llnl.tolnH;  p-..;-!  .cnw.vkH.  5r.  ,  .„... 

mLZ  «v«hh..h,  r.M  ;  .•.>.-.  »n.l  l.a.ulli..«  Sl.nr.  .,.,„.  fat,  H.o.,k,  .W.,  ....uhuh  ... 
(jriMlo  tttiil  native  oattlo,  fifiO.) 

HnnRary:  r,31 

Hioedlntjoatlloln ..!.!! fiM 

Bntlaloialth'of "  "!.. Ml 

Biittfir  lui'l  oli<'t'«<'  MinUiiiK  in " f^,^ 

Cattle  raiHinn  In • lO.Mo.Mi 

CoBt  an.l  roMt .«  of  IraMH,....  Ut  Ion  to  tim  H  nltc.l  Stat«H ••--••  -  ■  •  •  ■  ■-;;;-•  '^^ 

CrosB-liwclH  for  (lalryinti  In ' m 

Ex|)ort«ofcattloauamoat  from !.!!!...„!!.....!.!!!....  wit 

Hoalthini>H»of<'ttltlo ^.m 

HoiiHinR  ami  focdinir  cattio  In  '. 

I,„p»rtHof.anno.nHM.|fromll.oUnlU.rtSt«t«H  ".''''''.^.'^..Z.'^^'^'..Z  M2 

IniportK  of  cattle  into .127 

MiMitand  work  ealllo  of '■ '"  j.",^ 

Ontlook  for  oatlle  vaiHlnn  In .„!!!.."....!!!.....  kl4 

PrU-.mof  IIuuKailanrattli- ,.!.!!!....!!.!. M5,r)38 

S|>wlBloattlo»tatl»tl(i8 'r^og 

«Ute<«n.'ouia(jon t  of  oaltle  UrcodlnK  ...........!!!!..........  528 

White  cattle  of I45 

'C:^i::::"x:'u:::nn;;.r^^^^^^  „, 

Imported  .alUMeHnltM  of  iMcdlnK  Iron. 

Imports:  .TO 

Am.'ri.an  canned  iH'.'finto  llnn«ary • ,^,, 

Animal««natl..lrpro.lnctHlnU.Kranoe,  forf.Kul 

ImiiortH,  latlle: 

Amrrii'aii,  Into:  40^ 

(lemiaiiy ■• 279 

Bordcai.x ■jH4 

IK-yre 577,  Ml 

Mexico 5.7,20 

rnit.d  Kln«<lom 3liO 

HelKinm 2(12,271 

France .MB 

Holland ''^- 

llnnijary ""•• 

MauritiuH (Hit 

Saint  TlioniBH "" 21l> 

Scotland .!!!!!!!!!.."."...  '-87''''-' 

SwItr.'Hand '_"_'" r>,26,7»,W) 

United  Kingdom '  '" 51 

Unilcil  SlJitoH.  rir»i  i>U«ni«Hl  '" 


tmammiasacm 


4HH 
r.J4 
411 
....  'iU\,-2-M 
(171 

4;i;i 
.2u:i,:iuh,:i'j:i 

6.VJ 

440 

II'JU 

172 

(1(14 


M?-!!,^ 


IH,  M7; 
iiiiiilian 
v.!;  Hjic- 
il,  mill 

IIHIIH  III' 


Ml 

rao 
•Ml 

10, 4(MI,  5:12 
.M4 
ri27 

r«» 

,133 
Ml 
M3 
M2 

Mi 
M4 
...  M5,53« 
528 
528 
148 

441 

M3 
2(12 


403 

, 279 

2«4 

577,  .Wl 

5-7,'JI) 

Illil) 

2(12,271 

ril« 


M2 

873 

84il 

Sl.'t 

...  287,321 

r),26,7«,H« 

51 


INDEX.  g2« 
Importu,  beef; 

Iilt..Miinritin. p 

RlodoJnnolro ^3 

PnltoU  KiuKdom  (freMi) ■■"■■■ 630 

.     ^                          (other) ,'■_ 7  20 

ImportM,  butter  and  ohecio :                                j2 

Into  nel);liiin 

SttltitTlioniM.. ".".'.!".'.".' »^ 

Swltz(.,!«,„l ^ 

tlMit.Ml  KhiKilom ,,, 

lm,,or«,,„lr.v,„.o.|„..,„,,,„„  Cap,,  Colony...  15.20.;12.30 

InijiortH,  llvoHtock,  liiioHoiinml...  ^70 

IiiipurtH,  iiiimt:  

Into  H(il);iuin 

Kninoo „,„ 

„     ,,      ,     369 

Scollnml .     2-2 

SalntThomiw 21* 

^T.l!!lC°V'T'''''''"*''*''*^°''^'">K^^^^^^^      •■•••••         "40 

I'rodnots,  Am«ric»n,  Into  Moxtoo  ]■> 

Improvement  of :  '""  ' 

Argentine  uAttle 

Breod«bvtranHforencot.,fo;;i^';;;;„Vri^^^  816 

EiiKlish  dairy  cattle 505 

Uennan  cattle ''"'  _.. 

Inoreaso  in  cattle  In  Hondaraa  . 398 

In<nM,m.  In  wel«ht,  daily.  „f  various ■br;;d8;foattro -••         500 

Insurance  companies,  catUe,  in  Germany  47,723 

IntrtMluotiou  of:  '^^ 

Cattle  into  the  River  Plate 

Blooded  cattle  into :  g(^ 

New  Zealand 

Ontario '.'.'.'.'".'.'. m.m- 

tJnite<l  St(iU-8 547 

Out4)b  cattle  intoUermany " 51 

Inland:  ^jj  . 

liret'da  of  cattle  in : 

Devon 

Dexter j5g 

LonKhoni  (old  Irish  cow)  2^  228 

Ki-rry '■"";;;; '  m 

Limerick  Dairy 65,129,227,228 

Short  horn 227  228 

Bntter:  60,226,227,228 

Industry  of 

In  hermetically  sealwlpackatjos.... !."!!' 229-239 

Tnxlii  of 229-231 

Cattle  trade  of 231-235 

census  of 225 

Foot  and  mouth  disejise  In 10.80,225,227,232,400 

General  information  concrning  cattlein... -4 

Grasses,  soil,  temperHturo,  4c 226 

Laud,  ntilizatlou  of 228 

Prices  »(•  butter  in  Cork,  1841-1881. !!!li 228,232 

Islgny  (Xorniiuidy)  butter,  celebrated 234 

IsliMif  Wicht:  244 

(lUorniW'y  cattle  in 

Jersey  cattlein _ 126 

IMy:  123 

Broini.s  of  cattle  in— 

l!t>lhun'se 

Hriltiiny 340,353 

lliid'.tlo 326 

Chianina [[  327,328 

Khihnr:;  I>uil;iuo    ...         32«,:t46,352 


ll"llsn<I :  Mantua 
MAri'iiimaiio 


M 


•iiiiljiiu 


.326 
320 
332 
329 


\ 


f('^ 


828 


INDEX. 


Italy— Continu«d. 

Breadg  of  .'.attle  In—  j,j,g 

PkrmeDte ' j.jjj 

Plamora .j^g  ^^ 

pjedmoiite«» !!."'.!!!!!!.!.!.!!..'-  xmiaw 

PwJoUan '.v.','..!.*.... 320,3lO,:ir.2 

^"B"*»« ..".."y^.'....y.".'. 326,832,344,347,340 

337 

344,081 

.82«,320,333,;)55 

C77-88I 

3.^3 


Swisa. 


Udine ■ 

Butter  m^iUti.  J?  <u 

CbeeiAU  makiiiil  lu __^ 

Cllmato, effects  of,  on  Imported  cattle •'■        ^^^  \^^^ 

UouHiutf,  feeding,  and  oarliiK  of  cattle 328  liVi  334' ;iV) 

Milk,  butter,  and  rbeeao  yiolil  of  cattle ••••      '  J.  ,' .,3^' ;,r^r, 

Prices  of  oattle  in • ,,„o  .,.,,,'  n-r'.,-.o 

Special  BtatiBtiCB  of  Italian  cattlo ,^^ 

Suitability  of  cattle  for  tlio  United  States • wh  Vi)", !- 

Transportation  of  cattle  tot  he  Ui..t.«.  Staus,  routes,  cost ...«,.....,  ,i,iu 

Wei^btiif  cattle 

James,  Henry  M.,  conimereial  apent  at  Simcoe,  Ontario: 

llenort :  Cattle  In  tbe  Slmcoe  district ;  ■  ■  ■  •  "        " ' " " " 

TatUe,  uses,  prices,  bm^dlu^',  yleUI,  wci^bt,  breeds,  topo«rapl,v,  bousing,  ban.ilmK, 

&o.) 
James,  James,  a  Guernsey  farmer,  on  OucruHey  cattle 

Janiefi,  Mr.,  of  Blamlford,  Dorset,  on  Hereford  cattle 

■^"^("a ttle  and  ca.Ue  pitKlucts  in ,  price  of  beef  in  Nagasaki ,  sbeop  will  not  live  on  Rrasses  in. 

Java; 

Buffalo  cattle,  habits, uses, &o ■""' 

Cattle  plague  in 

Jersey  cattle : 

Calves:  feeding,  fattenlnR,  and  treatment 

Census  of 

(Jbaractorlstics 

Cream  yield  from  milk 

Dairy  record  of  Lord  Braybrook's  herd 

Decrease  of  stock ... 

Export  of  (fancy)  from  Ontario  to  tbe  United  States '/"^.'.'..'""^^'.'..  m 

Foo«l  of  (cows,  122) !!.!!!!....."...!         (;70 

InCapeColouy []["[y///^"[[[yZ'.'.i^',m':4^^^^^ 

On^no 120_12;i,  1(57, 171, 1H7. 11)1, 2(11,  rMi),,')<!l,ri(iO 

Milk  and  butter  yield '•'•*    .  •       • 

Origin  and  history  of -^ 

Point*  of,  tme  typo,  cow  and  bull •*- " 

Prices,  fancy ...".....!."!.!         inn, 

general 


32H,  .TiB,  all,  333,  ;n4, 3!>5 


r.7o 


128 
170 

«fi3 

(lltl 

«fi2 

UlP 
l(i6 
206 

12--! 
121 
108 
.".,'.8 
122 


.04, 11(1, 107, 2(K),  20.', 


.  1  r; 


:u5 
lie 

.70,108,201 

201,. '■.:•:,  ,Vi9 
122 


12,'i,  121 


Rlcbnoss  of  milk 

Statistics  of.  In  tbo  Isle  of  Wight ' 

Ontario  t«.  native  cattle .........1i,  107  201  200 

Weight 

Jersey,  island  of:                                                                                                                       _  118-121 

Cattle  breeding  and  dairying  In ■■  j^ 

Census  of  cattle  in "      C4, 110,167,205,206 

Characteristics  of  cattle  in ^ 

Food  requirements  of  cattle • ^^^^ 

Housing,  feeding,  and  bamlling  products  in 200, 2U« 

Milk  yield  of  cattle  in ^.......        117 

Origin  and  impnivement  of  breed ^^^         ,^ 

Topography,  soil,  &c 

Jeveland:  4jj 

Description  of  district ^25 

Housing,  feeding,  breeding,  and  handling  prwlncts •••••••       ^^^ 


Soil  and  climati' 


Spwiiil  caltl 
Jockey  Club, 


isticH 
American 


of 


first  of  its  kind 


424 
41 


INDEX. 

JoiioM,  Alexiindor  (,'.,  vnimiil  iit  NuKUMHkl— 

itviMirt:  (.'itttlii  ill  Jiipun 

(llcrf,  iiiilK,  liiitti'i.  uiiil  .iKiciriiiiliii       i!*l!"r 

JuthtiMl  ciUl.,,  olimu.  l..rl«ilo«,  .Milk  .vl.lil  I„  "  ^"«'"""«'.  *»■) 

KuinMjuckHoii,  It.,  ou  KiuupIi  ottttlc...,..^  

Kt>ut,  cattlulu  the  weahl  (if "_'_ 

Kvrrv  uattlu:  

Cliaraotoristlus 

Cvtmiu^n 

Kxptiiiuiico  of  brdc.lors  iiiiil  furmorH 

Milkyloia ' 

Origin ■ 

I'rloo 

Weight 

Klugitot. ,  Col.  NlKol,  M.  P.,  on'cVoV«woia  cttttle''' 

Kirohborg,  cattlobrevdin);  at 

Kii«khelmun<lerTeek,  Imllkoepingat "... 

Kiii>{ht,  A.  J..  onKoiiy  uattlo 

Laniiuig  catUii  and  (lUtrict :  

(:b.irB<!t«riHtlc»,  RrazinB  lands,  ,,v1,m.h,  weight 

Habitat,  uses,  bull  races,  meat  cattle 

Soil  and  climate  of  Landaiso 

Liilid,  iltviHiou  of,  in  France 

LanilH  and  stock  of  Uruguay,  vlaue  of 


„  ...  „.  u^t4,^_^  .viitueoi •'■"-••-••--..... 

J.aue,  Will''""  J:  Evidence  befor.)  committee  of  Hoi...'7p 

Ireland __  "°"'^'  •  'f  CommoM  on  the  butter  Industry  of 

Lipolnt,  Alfred,  vlcocongul  atChlclayo; 

Bepiii       Cattle  in  Peru 

l.rtthrop,  Ltirin  AndrewM.  codbuI  at  Bristol  s 

Beport:  IIiTi.ford  catHo 

(Hen  lor.l  cattle  in  tlie  herd,  172:  orlirin  liiil  VLV ',' 

theid.«l  Hereford,  J  llTnlv^!  "'^tory ,  .l.m^te of  norofordshi™,  173, 

port  Ilerefords  to  the  Unitld'sute       '    "n   """•?'"'"'"•  I'^l'"  ■  "ow  t^,  ex- 

weights  of  British  cattle  exhlb  ^ at  Sn.if hrn"'""  '"  "'"  ^'•"'"'  «"»'«'•■  "»i 

La  Vil.tto  '  Paris  abattoir),  statistics  of  .!!._.     ;^;""'"'""  "» 18«3.  m.) 

Laws:  

Association  dairy,  of  Wurteu'wrg 

('attic,  of  Wurtomberg 

Ciilllc,  quaiantiDe 

Lidimnl,  .).  A.,  consul  <M  Lf  ith:  

Ucjiort  ot.  Scoti'h  ..reeding  .little  for  the  Unite<l  States 

(Edit     iai  from  North  British  Agriculturist,  217;  spcdai'stiHsVi;."." ". 

br..c.lH,  ^18:  characteristics  of  a  typicaK^a  u\va'  2  f  '^'•'""■^"'"f?  Sooteh 

A.vrshires.  •.••0  ,..Uu«U  of  hou,inr2^0  i2  n/'h,  ,  T"""''""  P"'"**  "^ 
and  lopo-rapbs  .1  Scotland  C  c;^;;!!f,"*'\''' '■"'''"«■''""'"'"«  P'^'lucts, 
cattl,.  in  .Scotluud,  2L-2    1  In,;  ZZ  P^'r  ""=''"''^  .listributioaof 

Scotland:  import,  of  l-atUe  il  Z^L  .ri"t  '""'T:.  "T""  "''  ^"'"«  '" 
Scotch  cattle,  -3.)  "  "'   P"'^^  »'  representrtive 

LcwiH,  (irillith,  on  W(  1..I1  cattle 

Lewis,  iliidm)HiI.,  consul  at  Sierra  Lihiih'  

Ki|port:  Cattle  in  Sierra  I. lonn 

,IIouHi,.«,  feeling,  and,,,,.,  s  of;    •xport"oVhldV.s  to"theUnii^8UiiJ.V 

I.i  I xtract  of  beef  factory  in  Uruguay "'wwBwtes.) 

Liiiii  C4ittle!  ■"" -..  . 

C'l.   lilCt<  :  isticf    

Milkyieldaii       .dght 

■'  "* - 

I'rii'nof 

LiiniTidi  dairy  cattle,  ihiiracterlstics  of 

"LiiUfiiiHino  cattle:  "" 

t'hiirik;t<'ri8tics  of 

,        ,  

( roHsbre»«ls 


829 

Pane. 

(!C3 


...  4ni,4Da 

...  729-/34 
711 

■  86, 120, 228 
i;)3 

...  128-133 
138 

i-iy    133,227 

■■•     05,228 

80 

••-  13:.,  J 27 

74 

452 

450 

130 


277 

250 
278 
266 
022 


235.239 

636 

172-180 


258 

691-604 

743-762 

643 

217-324 


155 

971 

824 

3U,,  447 

392,447 

896 

227,228 


lirsuingluii    <  of . 
M. 


248.278,726 

~ '   ,. 

240 

' '  " 

Milking  .|iialitio8  of •■.'."''.!!".""."....'* '-'^S 

rracaiid  woightof    ,[[, " 7^7 

- 278 


I 


vie!-' 


^tf .  1 


// 


830  INDEX. 

Uv„..K,V.«.dpop«UUo..:  «<,.«. Krauce.Oera.»uy.Uon.na,Uu.U«,KiuKa„u. «« 

Llvo  Btook  lu :  '«1" 

Hiivurln,  t*uiiu«  of 72»-7;i4 

Kraiico,  Hwrln  KxlilblUoii,  IHKJ Bai.W'J 

ltUHHUi,o.miin»mwiai«trlliutloDof............ ■••••••• •■■•' •j^.^.-ni^ 

Mv«  SUKk  Journal  (llritUh)  ""  »1'«»P  »"'» '»»''""  '"  "*'" 

I,otn,  Mr,  Suffolk :                                                                                     71 

()u  i^.trisuifoik  u.«i  I'oiu.. .....■•■ W 

Kil>..riiiiouUn.ro«Uu)(  ot  lt4Ml  I'olU •••• 334 

Lombimly,  Swi»»  cnUlo  lu 

Lomlon  Dairy  Show :  7B0 

MilkluK  triulH  at l!Oa 

T.nlH,  inllkiiimly»eH,&" ''V,""l"v ^2^-^l^ 

Lonaon  l'.mm«r»'  lIuua.».H,k  ou  French  live  nUH^k 

Lounhonn'ttttlo:  60,95,0«,  lltO 

ClmruclurUtifii ■"" " 7B,1)7,1U« 

MilU.liultflr,  iimlihewHO  yloia " (»4-0ll,  MO 

oriBtii  Hiia  iiittory  "»' !!!.'.'..'.*....".'..."-•••• 80,iuo,ii»o,a)5 

I'riciiH  of         ,••••••••■••••"■••*""■*"'**''*  ...■••■  07 

rro.luotiv6n«8Hof,.ompar.MlwUl.SUortUoru« ""i.';.".'!!"!!";.'"."." 74,84.l«.m 

Wil«Ut 

LoDK,  James,  Hotcliiii,Kii«lnml:  „   u    1  K-in„,»..m  ''^^^ 

KirHtn-iMnt:  Ou  .atllo  bro«a«  in  tho  IlnltM  Kingdom ^^^ 

8i..ouar."i)ort:  S.'.ionlittc  <lulty  iu»truu.<>nU ^,^5^, 

Fourtb  report :  Sovou  yenrH  re.  old  of  the  rocoipiH  .u  »  ^^^^^^ 

Fl^^.lMeport:Tra«Hport  of  cuttlo  from  Liverpool  to  tho  United  State*...... _^^^__^^ 

Sixth  report:  FeediuK  <»ttleon  the  noilmi:  nyHtem ■•■■- ^^^.^.^^ 

S.,vi.iith  reiiort:  Mlxea  foml  for  eiittio 5,3 

LorfAirlt  Scotland,  on  M.ilky.,uaUtie»  of  rolled  An«u. 

LoHsei,  cattle:  599 

From  Hpider  in  Uonduriw 004 

dibCiUie  in  Ireland,  foot  and  mouth ■'.'".'.'..". 583 

Mexico 0X1 

PlaiuH  of  Bogota *"" ^y 

From  drivlnc  in  Mexico ■■'■■ 577, 59.' 

drounhtHlu  Mexico ■"■■■,■,■, 809 

«nowamlralnHtorm«iuArKenlineKepubllo •■•-•• ^^ 

wild  l>ca«t«in  JIond\ira« •■- 72« 

I^urdeHcat,lle,ehftrait«ri»tic«andmilklng<lual.ti.«.......yyy--------- ^^ 

Lower  California -  -  •  • ■   •  ■  ■  V  ■■■■[,"„■  "in,.' "  .-xporU  of  iKKif.  tallow,  ond  hides.) 

(tMdSpaniHh  cattle  of;  in.port«  of  Amonoan  catU.  ,  >  xpo  ^^ 

McAdain,  Dr.,  Edinburgh, on  fo««ling»tufIit ..!!....!!!". 371,685-691 

Machinery,  dairy :'tI"'i ''^ 

Ma<  kinder,  John  W,  on  Longwo<dLinc,olD».... •■••  •  ^ 

Mly.i.l  Water  Uuiralo  of  ;Imbit*,clmracU.ri»tic«,u.eH,&^  ^,,3 

Malta, cattle  in •*" 

■MaucoUo,  cattle •  ' ' ' " 

(Clmra<;teri«ticH ,  ManccUoDurham,  &c.)  ^ 

Maracaibo.  cattle  and  cattle  products  in ' 332 

Mareinmana  cattle,  charaeUMsticH  of 488 

Market,  Ncu»H  cattle ■■"■■■ B9«-«99 

Markets,  llritlHh  <^t.tlo ,■,■■■;■,• '. "'- 

Marking  (braudiuK)  cattle  in  ArBentmeKopubl.c 65, 

Ceylon 578 

Mexico 778-782 

Mark  Lane  Express  on  weigbU  of  sheep  at  Islington '^^'"^^^'. 2M 

Mun.e,  cattle  product  of  the  district  of  the 

Marshes.  Germany :  <'^ 

CatUe  breeding  in '"" 418 

ExiM>rt  of  Murhh  cattle "" «il 

Housing,  feeding,  &c.,  in  thu "......".... -^ *'** 

rnvU""-**  of  Marsh  cattle 


INDEX. 


lIiMoii,  Kr«nk  11.,  connul  at  Riwln: 


831 


U>i|H)i't  on  HwIhh  <«ttli«  I' 


(i'bti  two  |iiiiiiii|ml  riuwii  mitl  tlmlr  mil 


I'ttttio,  'ilflj ; 


mhliury  hret'iU ,  Hwl»«  In 


u|{n. 
2W-J(t7 


l«,'^M7;  |>rii.(i(un.l..xiM.it«.,f..i,.  i'      "iT''  """""  ""'""'"  '"'<1 'sporlH  of 
B«..wlt.«r  .Utl.s5;,      ';\,    ;  ::'«  7"''"'    '>«.".h..1.u,1.„.u.  2»,,    ,„„.., 

MAMon.  J<w«|ili  T.,  •oiiHllI  »t  DremliMi ;  '"'  '"'' 

I{«*I)ort:  (.'uttlnlii  Hitxnny  

(Cattle  In  8»xori.v,426;  nKrlmilturir„„Vr«ttV.,  .VaVu.ilJ':;:.;""; ♦^^-^^l 

MatliHWH,  Kollx  A.,  ooiihiiI  ut  TiuikUh': 

lieport :  Ciittlii  in  MoroiTo 

Maurltlim,  Import*  of  Ixifriuiil  lnioliu(t|„  |,n„    _ 

MdComblo :  Fe.!<UnK  I'olloil  An%'UH  nittlii "73 

MoDoualcl,  «xlltor of  Noilli  IliiiiHli  Auricultiiruii K^ 

On  llurul'uiil  c!iittl«  

()n  8cot4!h  (ttttlo inoHt  iiultublo  for  tlio  UnVtoil  8t,>U>g "* 

Mi«ut,  Anii>rioan: 217 

Kx|«.rUof 

In  Ilolluml '"  ■ 4,21,Ki,a7 

United  KiDgdum •••        OJO 

Moiit  cattle  !  7. 8, 0,  'JO 

Britiali : 

Ayrnlilre 

lievon ISO 

Oallowny !JH,8(),  KW,  lfl(l,aii|,203 

Hereford .,['," 80, 147, 14«,  1,11,  l.V.',  lor,,  ;;I4,2|h 

JIlKliland "^0.  HI.  177,  l«H,ioo,'J01 

I.,«n({hom ".......... >H  145, 180,  ai;(,  214, -'IH 

I'olltMl  AnKM t>0, 100 

lle<ll*oUeil *"''l!il'.MI.lU3,201,-Jl4,'J18 

Shorthorn O.'l,  100 

Sussex HO,  100,1.^7,100 

Welsh 80,115,100 

,J..n„»n "•-"•2<».a5'.  255, 2rK),:i74, 27.1,  284, 71.'H.7L.U-7;.4 

II unKarlan  .'.'."■."■."■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■,■.■.■.'.■ '. '"'' ^^'' ""'•  ''"^' **'•  *'-•  '"^' *''■> 

Italian  027,120 

SpaniHh 333,350 

Swiss .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'" •'** 

Meat,  exports  from :  200 

Kraucn  

IIunKary 282 

United  8ut«» "...!!!!!!...!!!!! v     ^^ 

Uniffnay 4, 2 .,  .2, 28, 37 

Menl,  frozen,  tnnle  of  the  Plate ""'' 

.Mual  LiradinK  at  Lille,  Loudon,  and  Paris ,      *"' 

Meat  iMiiMH-ts  into—  280,261 

llelKiiim 

vimico "..!!."!..'.!!!..!!!!! ^? 

(ipnnany,  from  the  ArKentino  Ropubliu 

United  KinKdoin '■' 

M™i,  pre»orv.Hl  frish,  Uelgian  process '. 7-0,11,12,14,20 

Meat,  prireof:  370,699-701 

lu  France 

,  202 

Japan 

StiittKart "^^ 

uniu-d  KiuKdom !!!!!'.'.!!".."'.'.!!'.;;;""' ,  o„*?? 

Meat,  Bupply  of  Wurtemberji '..: 

■  •■■■■■■•■as  •  ••••••••••••■,,,,,,  ■■...  .  400 


;-in  /I 


882  INDKX. 

Pagn. 

M«»l  yloW  I  «6 

lly  ini>ttniii<"im>iit  of  "uttl" ""_"_ ^1)6 

(IfAiinliiimoiailo 

HitiiHiiciiiUni  s:a 

AyiKlitro ".......'...... 100 

l>'>v<in 211,  UIO 

(lallowny 1(12 

1 1  (Mi'fiinl " " ' "_ 210,  U 1 U 

lU|tlil»iu\ "'" 1(17 

.ItMwy 10fi,ai(l,'2HI 

riiUml  AiiUtti *_'_ I(i;i 

l^^.^^'o^l«<»l i.>h 

Slioilhom '.'..'.'.'............ 274,2U0,7:m 

KiwuhnilMo ..*"'.'.'.... 407,  18!) 

»irniunMM»ilU< '['_] Uir, 

llHiiKrtrlimi'rtttlo ' o^j 

ItttlliUM'iitllo : " 5H7 

Moxlotm  oftlllo KO 

UiihkIiui  cwMlo '.iJHj 

Swlnn  oHtUo *_ (Vji 

UnnJiiKyiHi  <-»lU<> 

M«-Tl(l,  K.  A.',  .■..iiwilKriii-riiliit.  Lomlmi:  ^„..^ 

^•nu>  n ..H.  n7,  ti,.;  n....o..K  t.:..'!;::.!:!;''^!::;:::' ....  .;nu.,>v..v!:,o..  t...,  umu. 


:;  r  ;.;:i ;.    t.^ ::,.,  „;  ...h  ...  v...  .0.. 1..  7^ , .,«..,.... ..,...« unit.. 

"""*""',  .■  .1,,   li..ii..,l    Klm:.l«mi     .viioiIh  ol    Uiltmli   Ottlllo; 

wSriK:r  ;;•....';;:>::;.  ...o... ... .....u.  v„  > ...... .........0......  nn,i»u 

M       -    '  71'.     ....ll>.v.-.nl...  .iOimuM.  .■„«.,7ir.;  ,...^-i„u..l  KukU^Ii  .U>.y 
S     n^  0.      ^      « T.o :  n.,.Kin.  ......H  ...  ..... ,al,yH....w,  7:^.-7... 

^!    U.'",    u....;.r..i..>.nw..«.l 7.«.^7...;  (•....«....! -..,..-,..  7.«:....«  wo... 

,..-......,  -.U  ,  S........I..-.U. ,. .  l.iM.MN,  1.1 .u...  ...»..a«.M......     .  K  -n_.. 

--'•-;  ^ '•:;::;s;;;;i;:'":'::;::;r;.;i\;:.;.;.;.T;;;?:*;^i;;:; 

:;r;:;,:;;:';^:  ii:^i;:":«  ;:...\  ..;u....i  ,.i«.  7-. .--  s>..>...w ,..«. 

7lW. ) 
Moi>i«lsi"'ln'i»Ul.«:  .  4,1^ 

Um-atiiK". "«.'.  fiMMiiijj '"■■■ 405,47A*:;u:« 

»littiii.'t<'ii«li>^-'>"<'  44; 

M.Ik  iui.lni«v»t  iinxlui't* W 

ttrljjlii 4W 

l>ri»«  « iiincm,  Jirli«<  of 4t«,4?ir» 

\Vt>ltfllU«i»A*>''    ■ 4M 

M.«W.nl.,dl»lrlotor.cU...«»*.  i->ll.  *« .!!!'.".'.".'.".!".".".'.'. ''•«-''•* 

Mpxtro 

Lu«r«r  C»liforol« .  ;^ 

Cikt.lt>  «n.> '•*<«.1<^*<"'«^1'"« "  "'"] .M« 

KxiH)rt«i«.f  tnt.lm>n"...<l* 

Uolih^rn  Mi<iilc» .  ^:^-  - 

Br,HMii..^ mou..«i» ...  •. ;-;y:::';'^::r:^i\Z'\:^u^^^^^  ..i  .-.f.  i-r..-.- ... 

(Hulls,  0x011.  <-«>»«,  >'i'».>.i">:"""'  ^''"*''"' 

""""I^Sinl;:"  ..-.;.  ..:.»«:  ......or.  .U....S  570.\nH«Uo...on.r..Uoioi;.n««. 

mil  otliii  ..""1.  »"<•"'""'"'•  •'^*"*  vs: 

C''nwt»»  .  •  •  ■  ..-'-■■  -^^ 

CUm»t* 


pAgn, 

H8 
■JU6 

218 

100 

211, UIO 

lO'.' 

aio/Jiu 

!«7 

..10fi,Ul(l,'2HI 

i(i;i 

i:>H 

..274,2U0,7:m 
407,  •18!) 

, m;, 

UlHl 

....>•  5H7 

520 

2)H) 

(iJI 


,  do  i    \iw 
h»   Ui»li- 

11(1     KlMl'V 

bllciitiDim 
iiikUoii  III' 
I  of  Slunl 
.lot' Short 
lirci'tlH,  71 ; 
IhoUiiltvil 
nil  calllo; 
(llo  in  llio 
lit'  llritiNh 
hUnIi  iliiiiy 
V,  TM~~22i 
iiiH  llritiHh 
,1,  72U-7;i4i 

;»,  7.''>r>-';iw ; 

;  loll);  wool 
lit,7('hl-77'^i 
nlii>i'|i,  777  i 

>;!,  7H'.'-7S«i 
iitlolk  piKH, 


M6 

.■4tWi,47'J,47:!,r« 

46; 

4h5 

«w 

4r*.4r:,4T4 

4M 

.'iTft^'i.* 


mmmmjmm^wm 


M<«<r,  \iriw  of 


s:,s-;>Ki 


STCfr 


iloio,  i;ra»i« ». 


MoxiuiH-Coiillmicl.  " 
Noilhirii  Mo\.io.^-C„uiiuutHl. 

DiHOIKH-ft "•SO- 

DlltloH , 

J:i.-vatiii.,.sof,.riiui,ml,',oiuu'.'."'" !..'."."."'.".' r^,  ^, 

Kxi.ort,,oroattlototi,or„i,.«<lS,«Uv8" '.'.'.'. t', 

IiniioitNot  I'Htlloi.nHliuisl'n.ni  ih.>  iCii'V^ '"  T 

"-^i ;-'-"•• '^"•■^^"i..-..su;::2:i^r'^ ••"::::::::::  S 

(ItUHXtuiKlOWH,    luMfl'llltl..      l.,>       •  

WoiKl\t,sai,'.  mwisuroeofcattlo ,^ 

St*l«>ol' t'liiliinilmn  ^** 

-       ,                                    ••-....                                                 "'*'■•"••"•••■•••..,.  Sid 

(Cultlo  iirtriiig,  hiwa  roirulutiiiLT   rvi^         •, , 

Staloiil  NuivoL^m:                                           *"''''*"'• '*«''e1««  ulfrossmg,  586.,         ^^ 
15ivrtl.H,  mitivo  profornMl  t«  ti.reiuu 
Caltlo "    

(HrtMHl,  uuM«,587;  work^xporiss') -•!!!!!".! s^  ^ 

»iiin>  irtiw),  usol'iilmv<.s  ..f. "■■  ■"'"*» 

roiisnM.  oattlo 

l)air\  iiiiin  wKiittst  in ^' 

lAl.ort.sot.«nU.|othoruit„isi,t\w,'...' -^i'-l!.'!!.'."  ^ 

lioal  niismj; " 

Uo}j  nxisiiij; **'* 

Uor!««riiixiiiij 

"                   \u(i 

Milk,  loillor.  iui(lih(Wi»o  in ^ 

Mull' i.ii.Hiiii;     

^                        ••..•.. rot 

Toiiosrapli.v 

Stat<>  ol  Smora    

,                                  » j^ 

(HtWHl:  l>rnvi«:  oxiHittslotlii' rniti<,l  >Jta. .  

Stat,.;  so'.tor-^AUu:';^^*;'"'"^  '"'"""*  "^-•<'*P-«i"c,.r,.u,u,;-r.u;a  ^ 

Slwto  ol"  Tan  I  »ul  I  pits 

l'iHlU>o\i>ort» ^o,  ,^.. 

(.  iittJc  nuiiTO 

l>n>ii):lil.H,  ifftvtsof ' 

(;ni!»i<i'« " 

Milk.  l>atl<'r,  cliiHvto  ... ,„ 

•• "* ijJQ 

Mi»>-vll.mivu»  statist ici« j^_ 

Mmi'IK-  i-attliN  hatiital  aii<l  cliMri)ct(Tiatir« igj 

Mh'.'-KiiIk''  lalllo .^ 

MiMiiowN  nuinlHTof.  in  VnUe,\  KinKdonj  t#«ofe«iCow«) »9.»i 

Mia                                                                                                jj, 

Coniii>n»«l : 

Kxport  of  Swl«<« 

Manutikturoin  Iho  rniStni  Suu«« jy 

huhistrv  of  Switi^rUml  ..                                        an 

I'liix-  i>stjiWi»lii>ii-nl»  in  SwiUoriaiMl ;ij2 

In  Ai-SfoUue  lU'puWic jj^ 

Mexico 0yj 

Sil«»>« " 57*.  5*..  MO 

S.vri« 4JJ 

Xo  .Uiwui(»o  or  ChiDMe  *-t!rd  fvtr CSS 

l>urit.\  of  Si,  G«il '" gQ 

l{(xxini  i>i  l>ut4'  li  i\>w» Slj 

KjsxiM  of  (luerone.v  oows 51 J 

KrooM  of  Shonhomd ;3I 

"ix-ord  of  SwiM  (Viir» )ej 

R«««>nl  o!  Wiltshire  dmirr JU 

Ti'flx.  Ml  A-CTK  ulluTkl  ^bocU.  Onttrio •! 

Tivst*.  IaW.od  linn  SC] 

Ti«t*.  milk  «n<l  cj«ani.  ia  ]^t|;UDd 3**,  731 

FruJuin;                                                                          O 

KnsUnii.  T«r>niu  hmod* 

lloUtcin.  Mod. J  FuTn ..       IM 

S.v,m.     Vn.«.«   Scl,l«,,ig,  Md&U*u«"eioV/,"fi\'e"voi^-'ut^ *^ 

U.  Kx.  al 53                                               ' *^ 


t< ' 


834 


INDEX. 


Milking  qn'U*'**'  

3elgUiicows 

British  cows: 

Devon "" 

anernaey 

Hereford 

Highland 

Jersey 

LonRhom "; 

Polled  Angus "■■ 

ahorthom 

French  cowB : 

Flemish 

Normal. 

...--•••---•••"■•■■' 
Bnssian  cows 

SwiMCOWS: 

Schwiwer ■■■■ 

BimnientUttl ••■•■■ 

Milk  yiol.1  Cee  aUo  Special  "♦""""cs) : 

And  value,  dairy  fan..inK  in  England.-..-.- 

Of  American  cows '"^ 

Eclgian  cows .....". 

Bermudancows 

Urazili'*"  cows 

British  cows: 

Ayrshire ■" 

Devon 

Galloway "' 

Goemsey 

Hereford 

Highland ■■ 

Irish  cows 

Jersey "" 

Kerry 

Limerick  dairy 

Longhom 

PoUeil  Angus 

Ked  Tolled 

Shorthorn   

Sussex 

Various  breeds : 

Sixty  cows  for  a  year 

Munster  dairy  school 

WilUhire  dairy 

Welsh 

Danish  rows,  Augeln 

DuUsUuiul  Kliuiish 

Ecuadorian  cow  8 


Page, 
374 


.78, 


10'2 

;....    1^6 

■ 113,114 

""" m 

'/'//.. 200 

'/_['. 9!>-l)7,199 

165,218,543 

70 



242 

244,283 

'.'.'.".".'.'.""'.'. 524 

:■;.:;;:;;::::    S 

718 

' 299 

'.'''' 863,378-381 

6^9 

'_'" 031,632 

75  137. 168, 171. 200, 202. 212, 216, 217, 21U,  525, 648 

'  75,159,100,164,171, 1U2, 201! 

7£),  148,210,219 

1 25- 1 27, 203 

"\[\ 75,161,162,171,187,191 

■''""'. 75, 197, '210,219 

236 

118  ■l2i^i'i3,'i61,'i62, 167. 171. 187, 191, 201, 202, 205 
_ 130-134, 227,  JJii 

■*""'"*  'M»^ 

'/_'."'' 75,07,199 

"\\ 75,171,lM,210,.:i9 

'_" 88-90, 1(«,  171 

.'75,103, 107, 157,  IIK),  202, 210, 227,  -8 

75,114,100,198 


French  cows  ... 
German  cows..- 


410-412. 424. 435-437,  4: 


Holland  cows 

Hungarian  iuwh  

Italian  tows 

Mexican  i'X)WB 

Moorish  cows 

MuusUT  dairy  school 

New  Zealand 

Ontario  cows " ' ' 

iano  cows,  various.  Model  Farm 

Prlnc«'  Kdward  iMland  cows 

QuelMtc  cow H 

Russian  cows 

San  l>oraingo  cowB 

Slnghahwe  cows 


;i75 

"'.. « 

\\.... 091 

_'_*_'"'.' 75, 154,155,  IOC,  171,  IM 

4iK)-H:] 

.....!. I'* 

Klo 

242, 246-248,  2.V2, 258, 2«j,  ■.Tti.'JW 

3'.il  -:i!l4, 40Mi»l 

39  442,  445-447. 404, 467, 469, 4-. 2, 471,  178.  IS.,  4i-7,  M 

'        '  .Ml.'ili 

.'illT) 

[[,.... 328.320,333,312,:it4,:W 

"   67; 

""'    _ « 

64*,  fioil 

'553'558,550,5<U,563,508,.W7,5t;i),J70 

Ml 

" 5't 

573 

520,524,.ffi 

m 

656 


836 


Page. 
374 


192 

126 

...  113,114 

107 

200 

...9!>-07, 199 

.165,218,543 

70 


242 

244,283 

524 

292 

, 2«9 

718 

290 

863,378-381 

639 

031,032 

16, 217, 219,  525, 848 
S0,164, 171, 1U2,20J 
....7t),  148,21(1,219 

125-127,203 

61, 162, 171, 187, 191 
....75,197,216,219 

236 

187,101,291,202,205 
....130-134, 227, 2.'ii 

75,07,199 

.75, 171,  IM,  210, 219 

88-90,  lO:),  171 

190,202, 210,  •227, 3 
75,114,160,198 

375 

« 

091 

,1M,  15,5,  IfiC,  171,  ion 

49(M9."j 

Tii 

K)o 

*,252,2o8,2«5,'.'76.'JW 

301-394, 40M'« 

2, 474, 478, 483, 41*7,  M 

.Ml, 512 

.'iliT) 

«,329,333,3i2,:iH,:i;i» 

ac 

6;: 

« 

64»,«ii 

U,  563,508,507,5t;9,.'.;i) 

061 

5') 

573 

520,5'.M,'ia 

' M 

656 


Page. 

674 

670 

.  297-301,  .%6, 310, 322 

654 

e6« 

561 

561 

105 

393,405,446 

393,446 

396 

145 

665-«6S 


72, 711 
672 

438-442 


INDEX. 

Milk  yield-Cont  iiiuod. 

SeychoUos  'jdwh 

South  Al'rk'iin  (Ciipe  Colony)  uows 

Swiss  COW8 

Syrian  coW8 

Yung-tae-Kiang  Valltiy  cowij 

Model  Furins :  

Ontario,  relulivu  yields  of  cattle  at 

reportou  value  of  locdiuf;  stuffs  .     

AVood  Farm,  Uull,  treatment  of  Shorthorns  at. ! 

Montafourr  cattlu :  

Characteristics;  niilk-yield  ;  weight 

Habitat " 

Price 

Moray,  Brunimoud,  Stirling,  ou  Hi gldand  cattle 

Morey,  W.,  consul  at  Colombo:  

Koport :  Cattle  of  Ceylon 

(Uifliculti».8  attending  cattle-breeding  inCeWon"  6  V.""  «,1'  'i;' '. 

Buffalo  cattle  in  Ceylon,  C57  ,  cattle,  sltaiv  S     "*  "**""'  "°*'  "^"^'"^^ 

Morland,  W.  C,  on  Morlan.l  Sussex  cattle -  Buamary,  658.) 

Morocco,  cattle  statistics,  topograpliy,  climate,  &o    

Moslier,  Georae  V  ,  consul  at  Sonnuberg:  

Report:  Cattloiii  Xhuringia 

(Description  of  Tburingia  and  'J  huringian' "cattle  418"  li'- 

draught  cattle  in  Tburingia,  439    housinlf     ,■      T^  """"''•  """^  '^^^  a* 
pr04lnct8inSilocia,  440;  Thurniean  bnfw       ,    ,  "*^'  l>'-o«<ling,  and  handling 

imported  stock;  ^^0^^^^^:^::^^^^::^''^.''  •'-•!'''«  - 

Mouutiiin  catUe '       '  *P°'=""  «»"!«  statistics,  442.) 

Mulo-raisiflg  in  Mexico ''"" 307,329,728 

MuDstcr,  Ireland :  591 

Acreage  and  crops 

Cattle  statistics,  ceosas,  breeds,  &o 228 

l)airy  School,  feeding  cows  at 227 

Topography,  grasses,  soil,  temperature 48 

Murray,  Gilbert,  on  t !io  positi.,;;  of  English  dairy  fanning  1^  1883 ^28 

Miirzthaler  cattle,  cbaractoristics,  price,  ice 710-720 

jlussiy,  Evelyn  F.,  consul  at  Mah6:  396 

litport :  Cattle  in  the  Seychelles  Islands 

(The  African  humpbacked  cattle;  importaUon  of  meat  c*«uV" : ®'*'^^^ 

milk  yield,  weight,  feeding.)  *"* '  ^^POP^P^J ;  breed, 

Xwkar  cattle : 

Characterlstica 

nabitat '     447,473 

Milkylo'd ' 471 

Prices '.'.""_■■ 301,448 

Weight 396,471 

Neiiss  cattle  market ."!..!.!."!" 391,448,471 

Xoi  loll,  cattle.    (S(f»  Red  Polled  cattle.)  488 

Norfolk:  Toiiography,  Boil,  temperature,  &.o 

Xormandy : 

Ikof  oattleol   

lintter  (ceK'biiit«d  "Isigny") ' " 

I'eeding  and  liousing  cattle  i& 

Price  of  beef  and  beef  cattle  in " 

Sitaalion,  soil,  climate,  &o 

Komianily  cattle : 

BeefcalUiof „ 

Characteristics 

Durham  Switz-Nonnand 

Feeding  and  bousing 

High  quality  of  meat ^ 

Milking  qualitiiw  of , _^ 

w.  Jerseys  and  .Mderaoys ,.._ 

WelKhtof  meatoaltio 283 

244 


164 

284 
283 
283 
284 
282 

284 
.243,282,724 
245 
283 
245 
....  244,2,13 


l*t' 


836 


INDEX, 


'JBO 
...  471,485 

423 

415 

...  400, 410 

410 

...  4-Jl,4'i.'; 

42S 

423 

..•-.         418 

413 

424 

418 

414 

415 


Page 
Noyo8,MoVValter  11.,  consul  at  Vtmico:  33&-357 

Beport:  Cattlo  in  Vt-.M«ti.»  ....-■■-  —  •■ -•••■";;;^^^^^^^^^^^  ,„■  xidino  and  im«U.re  laudn  in.  336 , 

\GeoU.Kicalf...n.ation  o.  Vonot.v  3^,  ^^   '    "   ,^.,      37  ,  iu.provin^  Udinccattlo  338; 

bovdin«  and  dairying  w.  "''""N  «>"''"    "  ,„„,    .,;,„ .  aaiv.vinK  i"  Wt-Uuno, 

oatUoiu  Trevi-so,  ;!3.;  nxU.  n,   h.   ^       ^^  ,.,,   „aiv.vin«  U.,  343  ;  butter 

^41  :   vrovinco  of  Vic.u.a,  and  "-'■'^;  !  '  ^  f     ",,,,  ,.„,,„„a«  of  Viconza.  345 ; 

fn,n,  ■Mounlain  to  lowland  f"'='f ',"'••';;;;•, •,„,,•„;..«,  ar.O  -,  housing  and  dairying 
a47;  fattening  •■a.tle  in  Tadua,  34h     food  m    1>»  ^^^^^^^^  ,„  ,lu,  diHlru't  of 

Veuico  ;  e«o.tof  Uu,  ''''1'"" '''""',■,'",,,       ,„,',,  ,,attl. 'for  the  Unit.d  States, 
o.ofthecount.ya.odolian  ;  «mt«^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^,^^,,^^  ,,,,^  ,i,,,. 

354 ;  prices  ..f  Italia.i  cattle  ;  t ""^'*  "  ™  ^Ll^  of  cattle  in  Venet.a,  and 
weight,  ^  .1  produet,  of  cattle  -^^^'^^^  356,  substratum  and  cultiva- 
their  product ;  climate  and  topograph^  ot 
ted  grasses,  358.) 
NuevoLeon.    (*Ve  under  Mexico.)  

O'.troi  ta.<e»  in  Franco • ■  •■■■■.■,:"''j„„"  

Odenwald  cattle,  characteristics,  sl^e,  m.lk,  puce 

Oldenburg:  

American  cattle  and  '"'B^'"V-\V  ■;••■,:,■«■■■"     

Best  cattle  for  export  to  the  Un.tedhtates 

Cattle  and  eattle  breeding  in  the  Marshes.     ....■■----■  

S."  breeds,  weight,  height,  milk,  iVe.U.^^^^---- •■■■■■; 

Kxport  of  cattle  to  the  United  States,  routes  and  cost.... 

Housing,  breeding,  feeding,  Jte. ..'--•-■ 

Imports  of  meat.s  and  dairy  products  mto 

Percentage  of  the  dilferent  breeds  m " 

Product  and  export  of  Marsh  cattle "■"■.■■;.' 

Soil  aiKl  climate  of    ......•■•--■-■-—  

Special  cattle  stalisties-Mcld,  size,  wcim'v,  

Superiority  of  Oldenburg  cattle  for  expo,  t • 

Tillage  and  grazing  lands  ol 

Value  of  cattle  of  the  duchy 

Oldenburg  cattle:  409. 4U., 418, 420 

Characteristics «» 

Milk  yield '''  ' ^"^ 

Weight  of  cattle 

Oleomargarine :  

Kxports  from  the  I'nited  States - 

( m  INdlcd  Au;;us  cattle ,"  V     ' 

(Scr  Dominion  ot  (  aniula.) 
Oppenluim.Krnest.l.  consul  at  t'aa./.:  M-3«? 

:i:;s;.\;r;;':r:  ;r:;r;:..r ';»..,.".  -»«  «*  -■»— 

census  of  domestic  ammals.  387.) 
Origin  and  history  of  cattle: 

BriUsh:  63.134,19!t,2r: 

Ayrshire .)(,!«.,  loti 

Devon i"!!'!!!!!" ''•"''l"-!" 

Uulloway '-^■'•* 

Guernsey ;;; 58,111,173,182 

H«reford ■■■■" '■^I'i'-'^ 

Biahland "' 

- 228 

.Ijfl-ney 

lt«Ty "'•'" 

U>»abi>ta  ["[[.".. H(i,13'.U!);i2Ui,2l!l 

p,.IWl  Angii-  iil,7l,8i;,lC- 

K«*  rolled  '1^'''''^'^^'. .,  ,,  * 

™        \t^^i i!!!!!!!!!^^^. •■-■••■• >^''* 

W^teh 


Page 
335-357 


iiUa  iu,  336 ; 
o  cattle,  '•138 ; 
fv  in  Uelluno, 
,  343  ;  butter 
Viconmi,  345 ; 
cc  (if  rsuUia, 
ami  (liiiryini; 
lui  (lint rid  of 
till',  353;  the 
luiti'd  States, 
,HH,  355;  »i/.0, 
Veivetitt,  aud 
11  aud  cultivu- 


260 

471,485 

423 

K3 

415 

400,110 

419 

4J1,420 

42S 

423 

.•-.  418 

, 413 

424 

418 

414 

415 

409,415,418,420 

103 

40'J 

510 

15,2:iU 

19 

538, 539 

Ml.MJ 

384-387 

iz;    jia.Htma[;<>  >'' 

I'adi/. ;  HlatiMtiiH 
ug,  biuetUu;;,  anil 


...63,134,199,21'^ 

f)7,Ul7,li8 

149,210,210 

124,!^ 

....58,111,173,182 

218,219 

117 

228 

Ol.M 

8(i,  13«.19;i2Mi,2l'.l 
lil,7l,wUii-' 

jll.'A.'lli 

ij.i,;wi 


INDEX,  6QW 

Origin  and  history  of  cattle-Continued 

«'•'"'■"''«> Page. 

l^'^'sl' 630 

Kcnadorlan 402 

^•"■"Pean ..".'.'."." m 

^"•enoh   ■■ P^ 

^*"°»° 244,245,255,265,272 

^^^ic^ 391,392,393,394,442,443,46.5,480 

Mi>oriBh - g,yg 

River  Plate -,„„ 

SinRhalose gO^ 

^'''f"' ••-■^i;""!!;; '    ose 

"^'''"'" 287.297 

Venezuelan „,„ 

Outlook  for  cattle  raimnir  :  ait 

,.  „  "  D.i7 

In  ArKOUtine  Republic 

IlonduraH „„„ 

r,  b-0 

Hungary jq, 

I'aee,  Samuel  1).,  consnl  at  Port  Sarnia':" 5.'14 

Report :  (;attlo  and  (lairj  farminf;  in  (Ontario 

(Native  cattle  oredont;  Canadian  Polle,iV«i-„rUo"'n"n"  ■■■;;■, •'^»-M« 

tario,  ,'-,42,   milking  ..ualitieB  of  th  ,  Po,w '  T  '''°™'"'^  cattle  In  On- 

United  StMeH,  543  ;  f.,e,U„(..  a„„  l,,,,.  ioV  at  1       *-'•",'    ^^-^I'^'^^t"'"  *^>  tl.o 

544;t,eatn.outofaairycattlei„arSrlfo''    :^'""'r""'*'''"« '"  «"*^' -• 
r.,portH  to  farmer:,,  ,546.)  '"  °'  ^"'*'*°'  545 ;  value  of  wentlior 

Packard,  Stephen  B.,  consul  at  Livoi-pool; 
keport :  Select  lirrods  of  Hrltinh  cattle... 

(Short ImmM. 57;  Devon.s,  158,  1G4  ;  SusseT"if,nVn""VV"'; 156,172 

.  Angus,   164  ;  WelHh,  ,60 ;  '  j!^^    f    "^^efords,  1«, ;  Re,,  p^n,  162  ;  Polled 

i«h  .attle  to  ,l,e  ll„i,.,.,  State.;  ^6      wWe  hr,?  'T'  "r^*""""  "^  «"'• 

Special  Htati«tic«:  ]i,.,.,.,,.,  yield,  habits  we  1     '""'■'""«. ""'"I'  cattle,  170. 

climateand  soil,  171;  mU.Ktrat.tn  ,  k~  Zl    -^  ""'''.'it^'^"^''-  »'>.l  product; 

Padua  :  '  *'""'"'''  """""'«■  ''ft'Hllins,  '^..d  breeding,  172.; 

(Jattloin,  descriptions,  census,  ice 

Climate  of 347,348 

Dairying  iu 35(. 

Kood  analyses;  cattle ,ir,j 

(ira.fsesof 350 

How  cattle  are  fatt<>ned  in * 358 

Soil  and  subsoil  of 348-,'l,50 

I'apc,  Mr.,  on  Sussex  cattle .-jsg 

I'arker,  Henjdiniu  S.,  consul  at  Sherbrooke '  115 

..'irst  ...port:  Opet^Ulons  of  Ca„,.lian  cattle  companies  iu  the  tTnite,!  States 

Second  report :  Catt  le  raising  in  Quol>ec "  u  uiwmi  ntates r,37^  r,3g 

(lutrodtJotory,  native  cattle,  best  dairy  cattle  <'atVi„V'ir""V-V  ". 571-574 

breo-lsforQuebec.Terseysvs.nati""  cli,  1,      "  '"'''"'^"'^  "'«  ""•«*  ""-^I'lo 
pro<lnct«.     Special  statistics  T^CriX^J^^r'T"':''''''''"'  •=""'" 
*c    C73;  typography,  grasses,  housing;  tJ:;!^^:^,,^'™''''^'-^*'''^-  "^'«'"' 
IVrry,  Mr.,  of  Ledown,  North  Devon,  on  Devon  cattle 

I'iatI,  .fehii  J.,  cousnl  at  (?ork:  109 

I'Mrst  report :  Cattle  In  Ireland 

(Ravages  of  tho  fimt  and  mouth  disease,  224  •  cattio  trVrlV<  an  )";".;.'i' 224-229 

22.5;  general  infor.nation  c.nce  n  ng  cltUo  t    r  ,       "^  " '•"°«»'""- Maud, 
of  cattleof  I..„h.„d,  .27;  t.,pograp,;^  ^S^^'I^^'Z:'^  ^^""^*'- 

Second  report:  Batter  indnstry  of  Ireland ■"»««,  4-c., -!«.) 

I'liiinacher,  K.  II.,  consul  at  ^faracai^)o;  229-239 

lli^port :  Cattle  and  moat  supply  of  Mnracalbo 

I'lillid  Angus  cattle-  C18 

l!ri>edlng  am'  •  itaring  In  Scotland 

Oharact.  I    tics 208-210 

Eipwieiiceof  ,>f<*dersof ".'/. ",  139-142, 16,5, 193, 219 

Habitat .^][][". 130-142 

Honsing ""  '^ 

In  New  Zealand IB-i 

Ontaiii. ; W" 

Mllklasqualitlea .'.  .'.'.'. -•». MO, ,'•,42.551, .5,'-.0,5W, .551 

105,218,543 


II 


fm 


r^Og  INDEX. 

PivRe. 
PoILmI  AnmiH  o»ttl&-Continued.  78,88-82,171,194,210,210 

Milk-yield —  ••■■ ',".'...'. *"■' 

Nunibor  registered  in  herd  book 86, 139, 193, 21fi,  219 

OriRin  and  history  of Vfi  80  166  193, 194, 201, 205, 209, 210, 214, 222. 538, 551 

Prices  of '  .; 61,74,92,165,108,180,194,218 

Weight 1« 

Polled  cattle  in  Iceland  Md  Norway 

Popnlfttion  »nd  live  stock :  232 

In  Belgium ' 232 

i'rance " 232 

Germany 232 

Groat  Britain '"' 2,12 

Holland ". 232 

Ireland ...!....!! ^^^ 

Bnsria 441 

Tharlnijritt .....!!!!. ^'^ 

"Venezi  n:  la 444 

Portrai::':?::^::';^^^^^-^^"^-^"-^^^^^^^^        4a 

Pregnant  eattli-,  food  ol -  -  -  • 

PrentiH,  Thomas  V. ,  consul  at  Port  Louis :  87j 

Kcport:   Cattle  iu  MiinriUus 

Preacott,  Ontario,  district  of:  564 

Breeds  and  broe-ling  in,  character  of ^ 

IMstiUeryfoil  cattle  for  export  from •-•••■ r^^ 

I'rices  of  cattle  lu 666 

Special  cattle  statistics  of 568 

Touographv,  soil,  housing,  fKe<linK,&.c...... ■■  — 37,993 

Pvoi  vation  of  ,uoats  and  vegetables  fresh,  lielg.an  tnethod 

Prices,  l.tM^,  fresh,  imported : 7,8 

InKo^'nnd '^I 284 

Normandy 632 

Kio  di  .Timeiro 

Preserve<l  other  than  by  salting :                                             12 

In  England 

Prices,  iiulter :  15-17 

Imported  into  tho  Unitod  Kingdom „  034 

In  Cork,  1H41-1881 

Prices  of  cattle ;  618 

Argentine ■•  383-385 

Belgian 

British:  .  84,169,205,214 

Ayrshire ' 75, 80,  JOS 

Devon ][_.. 80, 150. 195, 205, 214, 22'J 

Calloway ''"' 81),  127 

Cuernsey "" 76,80, 162, 177-179, 1S4, 1R1 

Hereford "_'_ 70, 80, 90, 2H,  rJ 

Higliland .'...".",!.. '.'.-'•' 75.70,80,168,201,20,5 

Jersey SO 

Kerry ". 80,190,109,205 

Longhom V5  Vfi'Vo"  IM.  iVs.YiM.Ml,  20.^ 209, 210, 214, 222, 5.18, .Wl 

Polled  Angns '•     '      '  7r>,8n,  lf>4,205 

RedPoUed '. 80 

Shetland '"."'.'.'.'.'. 73,75,76,80,158,205,214 

Shorthorn 190 

In  1810 77 75,76,80,160,205 

SuMex '.'......'.'. 80,168,205 

Welsh '/. (iW 

Cape  Colony ..."!!^... •'*"'°'* 

PuK-h "^ 

E<Miaaori»n 250, 273, 27.\  276, 277, 278, 284, 286 

l-^"""" 39^'402,' 407;  434;  442. 448, 4.'a.  408. 470, 471. 478, 480, 482,487.488 

( iennan "*" 

llondMriiniiin ^ 

lmp'>ru-d,  in  the  British  market* ■•■■" 530 

HtiSffsriftu  .--.•-• 


Pftge. 
«-92, 171, 194,210,210 

lO!) 

!..88, 130, 193,210,219 
»,210,214,222,6;i8,551 
i,  165, 106,180,104,218 
140 

232 

232 

232 

232 

2,T2 

232 

521 

441 

657 

444 

673 

564 

565 

fA'i 

666 

568 

370,699 

7,8 

284 

632 

12 

15-17 

,     17,234 

618 

383-365 


84,169,205,214 

75, 80,  JOS 

...80, 150, 195, 205, 214, 22'J 

8l),127 

70,80,162,177-179,184,18.1 

, 70, 80, 90, 214, 'r2 

75,76,80,168,201, 

80,190,109, 

),-.,  209,  210, 214, 222,  ,538, 
75,80,164, 

...73, 7!>,  76, 80, 158, 205, 

" 75,76,80,160, 

80,166, 


505, 

!73,27.\276,277,278,284 
470,471,478,480,482,487 


205 
80 
205 
,W1 
205 
80 
214 
190 
20.'-| 
205 
070 
516 
035 
286 
488 
600 
5 
530 


INDEX. 

Prioeii  of  cattle— Continued. 

lUlUn 

Mexican 

New  Zealand 

Ontario _' 

Sierra  Leonese 

„       ,  ,  , 

Spanish  

SwiM "_ 

United  SUtea .""_" 

Venezaelau 

YanK-tse-KianK 

Prlcoa,  clioese,  imported  in  the  Unit«^  BanBdom 

Cheeae,  Swisa *        

Pricea,  food,  cattle:  ' 

In  Kngland 

Tuscany 

PricoB,  meats,  imported:  

In  England 

France ^......... 

Mexico "'  " 

Stuttgart '  ' 

Prices,  milk  in  Now  Zealand 

TrUlgen,  B.  J.,  vice-consul  at  Piedraa  Negras: 

Report:  Breeding  cattle  of  Northern  Mexico. 

Prince  Edward  Island  :  

(Cattle  in;  Jersey  »«.  native  cattle :  weleht  nf  «o».i      i    .. 

of  cattle,  topography.  h;u:i.lg!';e:;,rnn;  '^^^y'^'''  ''*■•  "Pecial  statistics 
Prince,  Fre<lerickW.,  consul  at  Belleville:  "•.  o/o.j 

Report:  Cheese  dairying  in  llaHtings  County,  Ontario 

(Cattle  and  Uioir  import  and  exoort    iwi.  ,.i,»» i', 

weight,  and  characteristic^  o^  c^H:r7Z"V '"?'*"  "'*"''"'=«  ^  y^'^l- 
568.)  "'*■  ^^-  ««P»K'-»Pl>y,  housing,  feeding,  &c.. 

Priujjle,  R.  O.,  on  Kerry  cattle 

Prize  breeders,  British 

Pri/.e  «'.attle 


839 


Page. 
325, 328,  329, 331, 334. 356,  ;ifl4,  J65 

680,695,652 

646,847,649 

' 589.562.570 

671 

888 

288. 290, 292. 299, 300, 302.  303. 305 

045 

638 

686 

20 

■ 686 

43-52 

830 

8,12,14 

262 

679 

466 

674.575 

594 


566.588 


131 

712 

iintish 58.  59. 60-^2. 8!-..  88,  00, 105  m  no  u,  ,..  ,„,  ,„„  . 

British  V,.  ordinary  stock ...;... .  _     '     *'  "^'  "'•  ^^'  ^^-  "9. 198. 199, 712-715. 735-742 

French 67 

Oermiui  '_        249.729-734 

New  Zealand 412.420.468 

Proiluct  of  cattle.    <£m  Special  statistics.)  847 

PriiHsia : 

Cattle  in 

(Uinsua  of  cattle 

Vriie  cattle  of 

PutilicatiiinH  concerning  cattle 

riirchaHing  cattle,  when,  where,  and  ho  «r  :  

British 

French _   ^ 

(iennan 

Italian 

Swiss ""..]."" 

Py ronnean  cattle 

(Jimrantine,  cattle,  regnlatlona .  „ 

Qnihsno  cattle 

Quelxjc,  I'rovi»<»:  

liest  dairy  cfcUle  for  ;  climate;  native  cattle;  fodder 

llr«e<l»  most  suitable  for 

floQsingabJ  feeding  In , ' 

.I-jrm-ys  b».  native  eattle,  oximparison 

Spfloittl  cattl»-  statistics  of 

Topography,  soil,  grasses,  Jkc 

RangPH.    (.s««  Gnt/.ing  J 

BiTfDBhurjr,  (}t»rmauy.  cutlli'  lireiMling  at 

Kawii'i,  ,Ios<'pb,  r^iumil  at  Warsaw  : 

Beport :  Polish  <»ttl« 


408 

390.399 

412 

80.67.88,120 

170,182,205,214 

284 

454,482 

333,335 

288,290,302 

257 

643 

631 


571 
572 
574 
572 
573 
574 

452 

>.526 


840  ^^^^^^- 

■Pnpr'. 

K«,l  Polled  cattle,  CI.  71,  H7.m.  Ifi3  m 

Cb8r«)teri8tlOR 71.92 

Breeding  and  handllUK " Jl 

^A   •      ISw.tflrv  .   7r.,80,164,2«r. 

Oriitin  ana  nlBtory i.',--.      . 

Prices ;;;;;;;;;;::;;::..  81, 71. 74. 67.92. 130. 104,  171. 180.  l«fl, '..HI 

WelRht ■••••  

Yield,  milk,  butter,  and  cream 

Benonf.ihomas,  consular  agent  at  Jemey.  205,207 

Beport  on  Jersey  cattle ^^_  ^^ 

^'"'^^?::uie in  ,BHr.enf..d.  weatcrwaid,  and K,i.i,  •■;;;;;;;::::::::;:;:;:;;;:::::  " ^ 

Cattle  market  of  Nen«« ' ^W 

CensuB  of  cattle '^™ 

CharacteriHtics  of  cattle W 

Housing  and  feeding '*< 

Shipment  to  the  United  States • 489 

Specialstatistlcsofcattle  of;  typography ■■■■■ ,5 

Richards,  John,  on  Welsh  cattle f.U.a.i 

"'"?^"S:ia;;;p.;a;u;;~:«nnVn;u;;icipa,catt,eu.;pH^         ,„ 

Risdon,  T.  H.  on  8on..>r»ot  Pevons    

irTu         vn    roTiimcrciiil»«ent  at  Ottawa:  5;;h,  r,40 

Bobbins,  K.B.,  coiiiincui.ii.n  „„,„„  f„r  Panndian  farmers 

-%=;.rr,trrr:f  ■— .-^^^     ».. 

"orip.i.andprmlurtsofrattlo,  .-iffl).) ,  ,„ 

Robertson,  James,  on  Kerry  cattle 

Robeson,  John  T..  consul  at  Beirut:  (,r,.M,r,l 

oml  raring;   lopocraphy.  dimato,  OM.) 
■D^o„^„U   r.oorae  W.,  couhuI  at  Honleanx  :  272-2S1 

^ori«i...fi.""'"/-'''- ■''■":^*'■"^■"^.^^^.x™...u.."•■-'•■■■l"''^'- 
S;::=t;;;rs:;f"::."':;';.rj;;,,  I,,. ......... .....  '.■-- * '- 

Bord.vaux;  cattle  cnsus  »f  district, '.iHl.^ ^.^ 

Kottweil.  caUlol.r.-edin!:  at 

Rovlgn,  province  of:  ;- 

Cattloaml<atth..'.re«*l'"K'" ''^ 

Butter  and  clioeso  making  in U 

Description  of  province '........... '^'^^ 

Climato ■■■ .. 

Grasses '^1 

Soil  and  substratum -"' 

Row,,,  Joel,  on  c«ttl..  in  Cornwall 

Russia:  

Aroaanil  |>opnlation 

Brwdsof  cattle  in: ' 

Angein "".V.. M'n^4 

Ayrshire '      ; 

ciiolmogorian ■'■ 

'>"»:?'"« ;::::.:;:::::"■■-;■ S ;? 

»•""«'' ; y.,'.'- 

Kiissian  (commos)   •>-'  j- 

Onmisof  liv^stmk  "" '- 

Meat  pro.)oct  frmii  cattle »'» 

MllkinB<iuiaitle»  of  cattle 


Index. 


841 


,  71,  87,1(«,  1(13,  IOC 
71,92 

yi 

01,71 

18,  89,  90,  91,  16;t,  171 

61,71, BO,  102 

75,  80, 104,2«r> 

,  104,  171, 180,  It*,  '-W 
' IHl 

205,207 

487,488 

488 

487 

489 

488 

488 

489 
155 

, fi:!i,«;i2 

kc.) 

To 

,5;;h,mo 

M».  m 

yicltl,  woiclit, 

1.(1 


(iri.'-fif.i 


)rt  of  cftttio  t<) 

,rt,  ft"):! ;   spi'i'ial 
ciittU' ;  ri'tnliiij; 


272-281 

2711 ;   llnjtmlttlno 

lyt-  l,llll(lili«  (lit- 
|,.a  SlUtl'H,  278; 
(ft  lit'  AiniTicaii 
Hiding  <'iittl<'   in 

i'A 

;)K 

, sri! 

r.i 

r* 

:i.w 

:i.iT 

207 

:C'I 

M 

_] ri|9,V.'4 

:Va 

"_'_' ri2,'i,  r,» 

"_'_ r.iD.M 

''_'_'".'. Ml,.V.'j 

519 


ttnHMa — ContlntiM. 

l'n)vlnoltt)  (amraot<^rUtloa  of  Russia...  .  P*K6. 

WelKhts  of  <  uttle '/['' 521-628 

Ryder,  Henry  U.,  (lonsul  at  Copenhagen:  

Flint  report ;  DaniHli  cattle 


623 


'^^  ''t^LZltnr^ll^TTl'''  '"'■■  -"'«"''«n«uVofDJnmari;;';'xpo;ts";f 
Sr.a«i?  49.    ^,'""'"';.a  tie  for  the  United  States;  npeci.l  statistics  of  Dan 

8e«o„d  ™poH = 's:^AZL:^:r:r's:zr''^'  ^""-^-""^  -^  ^^""■■""•''-  -^•> 


490-402 


492-49,'; 


(Grazing  grounds,  402  ;  orlain  of  hronfl   ao')    i._'"'i"        .""V 

milk  yield,  &,,,  494,  495.7  ''^««<l'nK  Angoln  cattlo,  49:1,494,   weight, 

Third  report:  Bntter  export  of  Uonmark... 

Fourth  report :  Union  dairies  in  Denmark 495-498 

Fifth  report:  BritlHh  cattle  markets '.[ 408-.5ni 

Saint  Gothard  Tunnel,  tattle  transported  via. «9«-699 

SaiutThomas,  island  of '"'•'' 

SaladoroH  (slaughter  houses)  in  Uruguay 

Snlora  cattle:  023 

CharacteriHticB  and  weight  of 

CroHS-broeds 2.')0, 727 

Milk  and  work ......"!!!!."! * ^''^ 

Sales.    (««<!  Cattlo  sales.)  ''27 

.San  Domingo 

(Cattlo  products,  housing,  feeding,  temperature,  &c.) 039,040 

Sandrlughani  herd 

,SarnuentoH,Ex.ProHident,de«CTiptionofVh;;Gauch;;iVerd;;oV;,h;;^  ""'^JJ 

Sniinders,  Joseph,  on  itorkshirc  pigs *'        ""  r^ni'uoiio iiu 

Saunders,  U.  K.,  Yorkshire,  on  Highland  cattle ™ 

Saxony:  

Area  under  cultivation 

Heehivosin 

Bulls,  breeds  ami  number  of,  kept  for  breeding  purposes !....!! 

CenHiiH  (if  live  animals 

S<lit'ucli,  KredeHck  It.,  consul  at  Barcelona  :  

Itcpoit :  Otile  in  Catalonia 

Si'ldeswigllolstein :  

Cattle  and  dairy  jiroducts  

Milk  yield  and  weight  of  cattlo 

Soil,  rlimate,  fi  eding,  housing,  &c 

S<lii«'nli',  Wolfgang,  consul  at  Hiirmen: 

Report :  Cattle  iu  Germany 

(II.,rd.bo<.ks  m.  eatlIe.bre,Mllng,  397;  <'attle.breeding  ami' the  sevoral'lVreeds'ln  GeV 

many,  398;  cattle  cen.sus  of  (ieim:my,  ;isi9;  ,,ut| „,.,«„,•  «„,.„,,„,  elimateof 

Barmen,  and  cattle  slau^l.trring  in  ( icrmany,  400 ;  Klherfeld  abattoir.  401 ;  prices 
of  cattle,  and  cattle  iMsuranco  companies,  402;  importation  of  American  beef, 
cattlo  into  (irrmany,  4(1.1.) 

SchofTer  Oeoonon.ierath,    president  of  the  Kirchberg  Ackerbauschule,  on  cattle-breeding  at 

Kirchlierg 

Schools,  agriculture: 

At  Iloticnliein 

Ontario 

School,  Munsterdalry 

Schwab  Hall  cattle;  " 

Ch»ra<:t«jristicH,  weight,  butcher,  and  draft 

Price  of 

Schwitzer  cattlo : 

Characteristics 262.801,395 

Kccding  and  management „(,, 

In  Kuropean  countries ,,q^ 

IT  n  i  t  ed  S  tatixi 

Milk  yield .'........"..'".'.'."...'-'.'... 

OilHlHHltH  of 

Origi':        

I'ric  escif 

Weight,  »lie,  fto , ^ 


146 

427 

431 

427 

428-431 

387,388 

410 

411,412 

411 

397-103 


453 

448-460 

48 

392 
396 


302 

291, 292, 298, 300 

305 

287,  :194 

,  209,  300,  ;i02, 396 
306,399 


'  ' 


842 


INDEX. 


SootUnd : 

AlUtade  

Beat  oattlo  for  «xporl 

BreeditiK  ScUoh  citUle 2Wi 

Brnedi  of  cattle  in : 

Aynhlro. 88, 76, 134,  X68,  191,211, 

0.11ow»y (K!.147,1H2I0, 

nighUnd (CI,  Ufl,infl, 

Polled  Aii«u. 62,78. 130. 184.  IW, 

ShetUuid 

Shorthorn 

Butter  and  cheene  yield  In '^''-. 

CeusoH  of  cattle **• 

Characterliitica )  typicjil  Aynhire 

Charavteristioa;  typiciU  Galloway 

Climate 

Diatribation  of  cattle  la 

Foedinx  cattle  In 

Oraaaea  cnltlvated  in 

ilandlinKcattle-prodnota  in  

Houaing  cattle  in 211, 

Imports  and  exports  of  cattle  yid  tiieata 

Land  rent*  in 

MUk  yield  of  cattle  In '2V>,2\:i. 

Origin  of  cattle 83,88, 1»4,  i:iO,  149, 10a,'Jll', 

Prlcea  of  cattle  In 210. 


Sou  of . 


217, 


Special  statia tics  of  cattle  of 

Temperature  of 

Topography 

Tranaportation  to  the  United  StAtes 

Yield  (money)  from  cattle  fanuiujj  in 

Weight  of  cattle  in :.'0(),'Jio,l!ii 

Scott,  Loais  U..  consul  at  Chihnahiut : 

Report:  Cuttle  brei»dlng  in  Chihanhiia 

Seychelles  Islands,  cattle  atutiHtics.  top«t;raphy,  &o 

Seymour,  Charles,  consul  at  Canton  : 

Report:  Cattle  In  Southern  China 

Shaw,  Albert  D.,  consul  at  Manchester 

(Transmitting  a  series  of  reports  written  by  .lamoH  Long,  of  Hut<^biu,  Kugliuid.) 

Sheep  and  mutton  in  the  Unitu<l  Kingilum 

Sheep,  breeds  of,  in  the  Uuited  Kingdom,  and  Hpe<!iul  statistics  of: 

Blaoltface<l  Suffolk 

Cbeviota 

Cotawolds .' 

Devon  Longwools 

Dorset  Homa 

Exmoor 

Hampton  Downs 

Hardwiok 

Kentish  or  Komney  Marsh 


Page. 

•.'17 
214, 217 
221,  '.'Ja 

217,  U.'0 
21H, ilO 
212, 21H 
209,  218 

142 

21,1 

218, 2IU 

214, 22:1 

220 

21U 

107,"^ 

210, 2Ji 
217 

210. 221 

218,  2'.'0 

■jr. 

209 

.;io,ji9 

216,219 

214. 222 
217,  222 
21«,21» 
217, 221 
221  222 
21:1,  214 

209 
21(1,  -lit 


Lanka  

Leioesters 

Linoolna "5fl, 

Mountain 

Oxfordahire 

Roaoommon 

Southdown 758, 

Saflblk  Downs 

Wioklow  and  Kerry 

WUUhlre T57 

Torkabire IM 

Sheep  census  of  New  Zealand 042 

Sheep  census  of  Nuevo  lieon .ISM) 

Sheep  fanning  in  Nnevo  I,«on .W 


OTII 

1108 
78 

782-788 

787 

7,18. 787 

7.V.,  784 

78S 

758,  785 

750 

78ti 

759 

7,'ifl,  785 

T.W 

7.'>«,  7h;i 

7fi;t,  784 

m 

75;,  7Sfi 
757 

701, 785 
"58 
7J9 


JB 


INDEX. 


iM 

aH,2l7 

2ie.  221,  •-'•^3 

,  1(UJ,  10I,21I,217,UJ0 
,147, 194,210,218, -JIO 
..(CI,  Ufl,  UM, 212,  JlH 
1, 130, 1H4,  lB:i,20g,JlH 

142 

21,1 

, 2l2,21fl,2l!» 

80  214  'i'M 

,^_^^ 0|)() 

211) 

1117,"^ 

210,2Ji 

217 

2in,'J21 

2U,21B,2'.'0 

'M 

209 

212,21:1,  Jlfl/Jio 

(,  149,  lOa,  212,  216,219 

210.214.222 

217,222 

21«,219 

217,  '221 

217,221,222 

2i;i,214 

2(«l 

..200,210,211,21(1,-19 

r^v.w 

0711 

(UW 

7K 

1.) 

782-7Wi 

7«7 

7.18,  7H7 

T.V.,?)^ 

78S 

1M.-K, 

759 

7«i 

759 

7,'ifl.78ri 

7,'i9 

7.W,  7KI 

"Ml,  7ti;t.  7KI 

75!l 

7.''i:,  7Wi 

7,')7 

■  •  ■ 75M,  7M,  78."( 

7.W 

"ill 

.............  |.)| 

7S4 

012 

:><M 


»>"        irmlngl,       .({Un.I  <Southdo     ,) 

loryof.      ,i,d„»     Hi„,.,p7u3,„  ■■;••••■ 

*"K.  pr..      .-tM.rt«n,767   ;i:' "'^  " -  to  forma  flock':  bre.;;.. 


843 

703-777 


'liRoiiwIon  on 

■  iitf,  773-777  ) 


777 
711 

•TUS,  786 
flfi 

(I! 

778-7 


Sbeep,  Vthi\i 

Shei^jj  ill  iiuri, ,^.  RDgUutd  ...  

Sho.  ■  portraita  of  BrltUh 

8h»«,..  Hyriw,  «„,t,ble  for  the  UnVtedsuto; '•• 

8heepe,.o.ttIelnthoAr««„t|u„l{ep,a.llo      

8bwp,  weiRht    ol,  HtUi        .,n  

8li«p«nl,  l»tt,ioK,coMuUt  Uaukow' 

(Topograph.         -„      "  »»«  Valley • 

t""  r  •  ""''""•«''"".  «ru«H«H,  u„,i  i,r.;o,i:":,f':" ;;;  ■  •  „  "**-*** 

I^escrlpUon  of,  and  liubiUt 

Shortlior -  oattlo.    (*.«  „{,„  Hulls  and  CowH  ) 

A  farm  hord,  d.wcriptlou,  &o 

Lra:;:?;:^!!'''"""''"-'''^"'''"'^^^^^^^^^       ^2 

Dairy '*^ 

no'rdsrii'owtofan,,'.".' .■;.;;;; -•-.."'.!'.■.■■.'. '"■'"" 

Woodorlul  record  '"^ 

101 


ua 


DeucliUeid  stock 

D.illri  a  hurd,  hintoi          i  HtatiVtlcg'of  . . " 
I  u  Colombia 

Ireland 

New  Zealand ' 

Ontario 

,,     .,      ,  

Scotland 

Lotting  out  CO WH  to  laborers .."[ 

Milking  qiiiilitiea 

Milk  and  butter  yield 

Origin  and  history 

Prices 

Keiuarkable  lierd  of,  in  Yorkshire... 

Treatment  of,  on  a  mwlol  farm ..[ 

Valuable  properties  of 

Weight  and  size. 


108 

73 

09 

0.33 

220,228 

• ^^-  "2.  M7. 553,',5.^3,"56«,  S,"*,  m 

" 213 

"" 107 

••■•••.... •-•....,,  70    1  Mi 

■  -78, 103, 107, 167. 171. 100, 202, 210, 22?!  228 

59,9H,21(1,J80 

",75,70,80,  15«,  190,205,214 

105 


105 

tiolJiu  products,  general ^' '*''''*>  •"^' ••'''**. '71,  ISO,  190, 202, 205  •>10 

Shows.    (*V<'Ciittl(i  shows.)  '..."'"      104 

Siaiii  wator  bufl'ulo,  habits  and  uses  of 

SieiraLeouo,  cattle sUtisticg of []\[ CgO 

Silt<r,  Jami's  W,  ronnnl  at  Caiio  Town:  071 

K(«porf ;  (Jatllo  In  (;»po  (,'oiouy 

(The  Africander  cattle,  ih»m:t7<ri'HVicsruH^"'weiJhr".;.Vil"'  •■■,•, "OS-S^O 

ported  cattle,  cattle  census   valu  <  of^l.Tl         '  •^"'''''  ^'-  "«»•  «""•  '"'• 

Silesia :  ■  '^'"""  "^  «»"'".  ""ports  of  dairy  producti,,  070. ) 

Area,  dimuK-.  soil,  topojjraph.v,  Krassea  .... 

Cattle  fairs,  iniporte  and  exports  of  cattle 

(JbaraotttristicM  of  catt  lo 

Koeding,  housiiif;,  .Uiiiy  farminu  ■-..... 

Imported  and  favorite  bi-ot'ds  in 

I'nslu.'ts  of  DiiU'li  cows  in,  census  of'^ttlo 


433 
434 
435 
433 
430 


— ""•"■  "-"^""iis  01  cattle  ^^" 

.Sim.  m<  district,  Ontario,  cattle  sutistlcs  of         [ 437 

KttllKll.Ktlllll    i.'kttlM.  ""'**■"•"•••■••.••....- >».. 


Siiiiiiii'iitlial  cattle 

Itiif  cattle 

Cliaracleristics 

Cross  with  Shorthorn 

Milkers 

OSibooU 


570 

290 

289,391,445 

■-..         291 

289,440 

306 


^'1 


I 


^n. 


•^u 


^V„ ''  "^' 


o.A^ 


> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


LO 


I.I 


^  ^    112.2 
^    1^ 


I 


2£ 
1.8 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


>^/    /^^ 


io 


1.25 

1.4 

1^ 

^ 6"     — 

► 

23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


i/.A 


^ 


844 


INDEX. 


Simmenthnl  oattle— Contlnned.  -n 

?1«*"   ••  - 287,301,444 

?^°V--; •• 290,396 

Snltehle  for  export  to  CnltedStatea 291 

Weight ™"™.V.V.V//ZmI,'Jm,391.445 

Bimpson,  Thomas,  oonanl  at  Paerto  Plata : 

Report :  Cattlo  in  San  Domingo 639(140 

.(Origii  of  cattle,  deterioration  of  Imported  cattle,  draft  c/  "tie,  4c.,  639;  milV  yield, 
weight  of  cattle,  and  ^ield  of  meat,  climate,  &o.,  640.) 
Singhalese  cattle ggg  gg_ 

(Origin,  height,  weight,  milk  yield,  draft  oattle,  characteristics,  branding  for  siokness,  &o  ) 

Size  of  catth.    (See  Weight. ) 

Sizing  cattle  in  Thnringia ^^ 

Slaght,  Harry  L.,  oonsnl  at  Frescott : 

Report:  Cattle  in  P/escott,  Ontarin 664-568 

(ChariMJteristics  of  the  various  breeds,  564 ;  distillery-fed  cattle  for  export  to  Kngland  • 

transportation   to  the  TTnitpd  States,  565;   general  statistics,  yield,  weight, 

chartctoristics,  origin,  product,  topography,  housing,  breeding,  -■ic.) 

Slanghterhonses.    (Set  alto  Abattoir.) 

In  Argentine  Republic 

Uruguay  (Saiaderos) " 

SlaugliteringcatUe:  

In  Argentine  Republic , ...  .,, 

r,  ••... 014,615 

.  ^«T"^ 400 

Honduras 

Switzerland '"         "^"^ 

Uruguay »4 

SmithfleldCttttleShow:  

Weightofcattle  at,  1883,  various 

Weight  of  Polled  Angus  at .'....^. .".'."".".'.".".".'.........'.....'.".".'         m 

Smith,  C.  &Son,  on  Guernsey  cattle i 

Smith,  Edward  M.,  consil  at  Mannheim : 

Report:  Cattle  products  in  Baden 473-47'- 

(Breeds  and  characteristics,  473;  statistics  regarding  tho  cattle  of  Baden,  474.) 

Smith,  J.  A.,  on  black  Sulfolk  pigs  ... .j,^ 

Smith,  James  Henry,  commercial  agent  at  Mayer^oe : 

Report:  Cattle  in  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Hesse  Darmstadt 483-487 

(Description  of  dnchy,  483;   climate,  ^84;   catUe  in  duchy,  485;  oattle  statistics  of 
duchy,  480 ;  milk,  butter,  and  cheese  yield,  487.) 

Smith,  Jonathan,  Jersey,  on  origin  and  Improvement  of  Jersey  cattle , . , 

Smith,  Stephen  H.,  consul  at  New  Laredo: 

Report:  Cattle-raising  iu  the  state  of  Tamanlipas 590.594 

(Tamaulipas  cattle  rapge,  effects  of  drought  on  cattle-raising,  592;  milk,  bnttcr,  and 
cheese,  grasses,  <«ttle exports,  &ti.,  693.) 
Smith,  V.  v..  consul  at  Saint  Thomas,  West  Ind'es : 

Report:  Cattle  and  cattle  product*  in  Saint  Thomas g^O  ^^^j 

(Imports  of  catUe ;  meat  imports  from  tho  United  States ;  butter  and  cheese  imports, 
640;  Danish  vt,  American  butter  in,  641.) 
Soil  and  substratum : 

Brazil 

I>enmark 

France „,„  '"f 

„  269,271 

Germany: 

Baden  

„       " 404,468 

Bavaria ' 

Bmnawiok ,^ 

Kaotyrisia J^^ 

Odenwald 

Oldenburg 413 

8chleswig-Holat«iii .,'. 

8Ues!a [".^[['^^^[[[[".['.l] 432 

Wnrtemberg 4^5 

HolUnd ; ^,'3 

Eonduras ^ 

Hungary ";;  ^ 


INDEX. 


845 

829 

328 

• bU 

357 

883,502 

673 

650 

•.■■664,668,664,566,668,570 

576 

674 

821,622,524 

674 

671 

323 

654 


Piedmont 

Terra  dlLavoTO 

Tuscany ,V •"•• 

Vonotia ,,\\ 

Mexico 

Morocco ■' 

New  Zealand.... 

Ontario _" 

Prince  Edward'&iMd 

Quebec 

Knsaia 

MeyohoUes.'...'.' 

Sierra  Leone... 

Switzerland       

Syria 

United  Kingdom":" 

England : 

Devonghire 

Herefordsliire 

Jersey....  

Norfolk....  

sn«>ik :;::::;:: 

Sussex 

Torkghire....  

GreatBritain..         

Ireland 

Scotland 

Wales ...v." ' 

Yang-t»e-Kiang  viuley 

Soiling  system  of  feeding  cattle 

Sonora.    («««  Mexicc.)  

Spaokman,  Samuel,  consul  atCoJogne- 

Bepm:  Cattle  in  ,1.0  Rhine  pl^vince.. 

(t^aiueoonsnsof:  Birkenfuld  an  l  w    ' 

orall,reed8in,489.)  **  ^^  °^  l*'""''""*.  oharacte-^stioR  nf  n  ' 

Spain.    iSe4  alto  Andalasia,  Catalonia,  and  a.l,  ■    .  """tceUcs  of  the  sov. 

CatUe  oonsns of [ .       """*•  »"•»  OaUcia.) 

Special  statistics  of  oatUe" 

Brazil ;;;•; 

Denmark 

Ecuador .';" 

iVanoe  

OeraiaEy:  

Baden  

Bavaria 

Brunswick '.'.'."'.'..'. 

nansHountaliu..     

Marshes .' 

Oldeubura ^....."..! 

Prussia 

Rhine  Province..' 

Sohleswig-HUsteln  !!.'.".".■ 

Silesia 

Thuringia...  ::::;;:;;•;; 

Wurteruberg  ...  ' 

Holland 

ti                          '"'""•■■■■•■"•"-•... 
llungury 


160,171 

•  162,171,191 

171 

171,106 

164,171 

161,171,198 

158,171 

171 

22>' 235 

166,171,195,217,222 

166,171,198 

666 

701,703 


487,483 


14,400 


368 

M 

632 

s 

•  401,402 

H 

635 

jH 

266 

:'  .fl 

•  473,474 

'fl 

•  478-480 

.'  H 

482 

1^1 

483 

^^1 

424 

^1 

409 

'^^1 

412 

'  ^^1 

480 

411 

4S6-437 

^^1 

442 

^1 

463, 4fi4 

'  '^^^m 

535-536 

■■  MM 

, 

ft 

fl 

H 

h 

■1 

I 


846  ^^^- 

F»Re. 
Speolrf  »Utl»tio.  of  ctUfr-Oontlnned. 

Piedmont ; • ^^ 

Terra  dlL.yoro{bufl1oo»ttle) 883 

TuMHiy »&-*» 

Veneto °1^ 

Ito   K)oo •«» 

KewZeriand 663-665, 568, 663, 686. 6«fl.  667.  S69. 670 

Ontario • 

Prince  Kdvrardl«land ■•         67.5 

S«beo ''^''•^ 

^ ..  640 

SanDomlngo ■ "' 

SeycheUea - ^'^ 

Spate  (Western  Andian.1.) 297,322 

8wt«,riand ::::::::3 .71S 

Syria ■ ,,_- 

TJnWedKtagdom ■.;■.■.■.■.■.■." ^'^Z 

Ireland 216,210 

Scotland ;".V""'"'J'"' 

Spenoev.O.M..con8ul.Keneral  at  Melbourne:  651 

•^ieport:  Cattle  in  Victoria ;•; 789.790 

Rnenoer  8andorB,onYorl(»hlrepig8 •- 

Eteu:Krgar.oonBnl-generalatSt.Petersburg:  .51,^524 

S;:ic:^'=at.S';rnr::orKu.iancatt..633., 

Stote  aid  and  enoonragement  to  t  , 

Cattle  breeding  I  ^ 

BoHfiuni "":::::z ^i 

England *"■» 

Hungary ^^ 

Ontario ^^ 

Switzerland ''■8 

Freeh-meat  export:  tJrngnay -• "" 

Stepheneon.  Clement,  on  PoUed  Angna  cattle 

Sterne,  Henry,  con.nl  at  Bttda-Peatb:  627-5;.6 

Report:  Meat  and  dairy  cattle  to  HMgary-^^^j^---^  —  croB.-b««de  for  dairying,  r.27, 
(CatUe-raUtag  to  ^^^^^ \"Tl'^lZXl  the  White  cattle  of  Hungary  528, 
State  encouragement  »' ""^"^^^'^.Y*^^^  h„„gi„g,  fee.Ung  and  breeding  m 
price  of  White  cattle,  Buffelo  «'*"''•  •^=^'~^i ,  eattio  codbub  and  im- 
Lngary,  b«t*«' - V^f^l  o"  c^nJb^e  Vn,m  the  United  Sta.oB,  «- 
portBof  Hungary.  532,  imports  "^  5»°°^"  „f  Hungarian  cattle.  533, 

^rt,  of  Hungarian  "^^^^J^'^^StrTatlle  breTing  in  Hungary, 

raphy,  weight*,  &c.,  636.) 

Steuart  JohnH-.cunsul at  Antwerp:  359.36O 

Report:  Cattle  in  Belgium "■"'^/B'^n'^ittlV,  869,   transportaUon  to  the  United 

(General  Information  concerning  Belgian  caw    , 

States,  3M.)  1" 

Stewart,  Bobert,  Stirling,  on  HightandcatUe......."--.- •• 558 

i;:reI^erickW..Gnelph,Ontario.onHerefordc.tae........ ^ 

Stock  raising  in  Mexico - '- M9 

Ranges  and  herders  to  Hondura. 6» 

8tratten,B.,onDn«fryn  Shorthorns 

Rtmler  A.  G.,  consul  at  Singapore:  660,(161 

Itepertiihe  water  buffalo  of  Slam  and  M.Uyd«...y.-..-------- ^^ 

Stuttgart,  prices  of  meat  In 

Suffolk:  ;;• 

Cattle,  milk  yield • >«" 

Topography,  soil,  climate.  AC tti 

Sumatra,  (iattleplagne  in.... "« 

Surridge.  Mr.,  on  Devon  cattle 


320 

328 

333 

366-358 

672 

650 
8,667,569,670 
576 

673 

524,525 

640 

674 

386,387 

297,322 

054 

171.172 

227,228 

210,219 

651 

789,790 

519-524 

duct  of 
cUarac- 


54 

53 

5,>8 

560 

333 

628 

139 



j27-5:i6 

UK,  f27i 

iry,  528; 

edliiK  in 

and  im- 

latoB,  ex- 

tlo,   633  J 

lungary, 

il,  topog- 

359,360 

10  United 

147 

554 

989 

• 

5011 

tt 

660, «ei 

45« 

739 

.  164,171 

m 

IW 

INDEX.  g4Y 

SuHaex  cattle : 

Charaot«riHtioB Page. 

UoosiuK and  feeding ....'.'.'.'..... 61,72,114-116 

Milt,  butter,  and  olieese  yield US 

Origin  of 72,114,160,108 

Price  of " - 72 

Value,  as  nicat  cattle 76,76,80,160,206 

Weight  of ;■_■■■■■ 116 

"Working,  manner  of "!.!'.!" «2, 74, 116, 160, 180, 198 

Busaex:  ' HA 

Ouomgoy  cattle  in :  Report  of  breeder 

Topography,  soil,  climate,  4,0 126 

SnMon,  Warner  P.,  oonsnl-generaUtMatamorM; 180,161,108 

Keport :  Cattle  breeding  in  Northern  Ri.iioo 

(Oilgin,  breeds,  U8ee,millt,  bnttor.and  che,"    ^!7iI!V.irt"V;"'"lV 676-886 

and  other  food,  water  and  wat^r  tin k«  5  7  ttl'"?.'^»''='''°'^  «''-*» 
method,,  of  breeding  578  •  yairnf  m^I  '  ^^"^  °^  Improved  stock.  677 , 
exportsof  cattle  to,  .nTiin^rtsof  S^"  ^  »  /"'  **"'  ^°**«^  »»»*«•■  ^' 
Mexican  duties,  cattle  IC^IS^^wlr  ''h"  ^°'*^''  '•"*^^' ' 
soil  of  Northern  Mexico.  683,  ollnLrte^«t7„!,''*  '^f, "»««"«  <•'  «»ttte! 
acknowledgments.  685.)  '  '''•'^•"»'«'  *«•.  684 ,  illustrations  and 

Swinburne,  John,  on  Highland  cattle 

Swine.    (See  Hogs.)  14g 

Swiss  cattle : 

In  Italy 

United  SUtes ■" 824 

System  of  slanghtering  cattle .'.'.'.'.'.. 288,318 

Switzerland:  206 

Amertoau  butter,  cheese,  aiidmeata  in 

Breeds  of  cattle  in:  •••• 821 

AppenwU 

Black-spotted  Freiburg 807 

Brown  Schwitzer _"' 201 

Crossbreeds ..'.'.'.'.'..'.'...'. 287,201,208,306 

£insedeln !!!!!'."! ^^ 

Miscellaneous _"*_" 807 

Mountain .'.'."'.... 305 

Simraenthal 307 

Butter  making  in ..............'  287,289,298,297,304 

Cantonal  prine  shows 314,315 

Census  of  cattle ..'.'...'.".... 3*7 

Characteristics  of  catUe .'".". 10,400,321 

Cht^semaking in ".".'.'!!!! 307,322 

Cheese,an»ly8ig,  prices,  and  quality  of. .!!!."'"""!'' 315,682,684 

Condensed  milk,  manufacture  in 884 

Dairyingon  the  High  Alps 3i3 

Kxi)ort«of:  311 

Butter 

Cattle .'.". 315 

Cheese "" 287,288 

Condensetl  milk --..............!!. 817,684 

Feeding  cattle  in 312 

Grasses,  cultivated ".""-"!"".".".!!"."*.'. 296.299.300,301,323 

Government  assistance  to  cattle-breeders ." ''^ 

Grazing  cattle  on  the  Alps 307 

Housing  and  oaring  for  nttle 310 

Importsof:  293,308,300,310,323 

Butter 

Cattle • 316 

Cheese "!.""!.".".'"!; ^•^' 

Moat  product  of  cattle *** 

Mllkcare  esUblishments .........'.   ^^ 

MUklng  qualities  of  cows ''^ 

Milk  yield  of  cows  ...v .'." ■" 292,298 

Percentage  of  cut  lie- breeds  in .".'.'.".'......'.'... 297, 299, 306, 319, 322 

Prieesof  cattlein 'Ji^'^"^ ^'* 

Purity  of  milk 288,290,292.299,300,302,303,306 

312 


tli 


.     i,  i 


848 


INDEX. 


es2 

652 
663 
653 
654 
653 


SwitEeriand—Contlnned.  I'»Be. 

ReHultsuf  brvtHliDK  ft-oiii  importud  stook  ...y 821 

Special  statistics  of  cattle 207,3'J3 

Soilaiid  substratum '*23 

System  of  slau^hturiufi  cattle  in 205 

Transpcrtntiou  of  cattlo  to  the  TTulted  State* 288, 208,  ;i«:i 

Weight  and  measurement  of  cattle 203, 297. 804,  ao«,  322 

Working  qualities  of  oattlo 297 

Syria: 

BnMHiingand  raisin^  cattle  in 

Breeds  of  cattle  iu  (Joulany,  Bolady,  and  Haysy) 

Heat,  milk,  and  cheese  in 

8ho»>i>of,  suitable  for  th«  United  States 

Special  statistics  of  cattle,  to|)ograpliy,  soli,  climatt),  &o 

Transportation  of  cattle  to  the  United  States 

Tallow  exports  ftom  the  United  States 21,30 

Tamaulipas.    (See  Mexico.) 

Tanner,  George  C,  consul  at  Verviors  and  Liege: 

First  report:  Cattle-breeding  in  Europe  and  in  the  United  States 41-58 

(General  Infonootion,  41 ;  care  of  cattlo  in  Europe  and  in  tlio  United  States,  42 ;  cost  of 
producirg  fine  cattle  iu  England,  43 ;  caution  to  (ialloway  broedom,  45;  foediug 
stuffs,  48;  experiments  In  fattening  steers,  47;  feeding  cattle  on  turnips,  food 
of  pregnant  auiu'  als,  feeding  dairy  cows  at  the  Munster  Daiiy  School,  48 ;  fatten- 
ing American  cattle  in  England,  exiroise  for  cows,  40 ;  cattle  shows  iu  England, 
50, 54-56  i  how  cattle  dcgeaeratii,  early  imports  of  blooded  cattle  into  the  Uni  ted 
States,  American  farmers  at  fault,  61;  American  craze  for  English  cattle,  52; 
Government  encouragemt!nt  of  European  cattle-breeding,  53.) 

Second  report:  Cattlo  and  cattle  bree<ling  in  IJolgiura 380-370 

(Belgian  cattle  breeds,  assirmed  origin  of  the  Shorthorn,  360 ;  cattle  census  of  Belgium  ; 
favorite  breeds;  the  lloUandais,  307 ;  the  Klimilsh  cow  ;  the  Fluchet  breed ;  im- 
ports of  butter  into  Belgium,  368;  impoA*  of  moat  and  meat  cattle  into  Bel- 
gium, counterfeiting  American  pro<luots,  309 ;  American  products  for  Belgium, 
370 ;  preservation  of  meats  and  vegetables  ficsh,  370, 609-701.) 

Tarentaise  cattle  (mountain  cattle) 

Taylor,  Alfred,  Norfolk,  on  Ked  Polls 

Taxation  and  export  duties,  cattle 

Taxes,  octroi,  in  France  (cattle) 

Tax  or  cAttleiu  Rio  de  Janeiro 

Tests  («ee  aUo  Trials) : 

At  the  Agricultural  Colle-e  and  Model  Farm,  OnUrio  (milk  yields  of  several  breeds.) 

London  dairy 

Milk  and  cream  in  England 

Tethering  cattle  in  Jersey 

The  Times,  London,  on  "American  tfraze  for  English  Cattlo  " 

Thomas,  Richard,  on  Welsh  cattle 

Thompson,  A.  J.,  shipper  of  Canadian  cattlo  to  England 

Thuringia  and  its  people 

Butter  and  chJtese;  breeding  from  Imported  cattle ;  distribution  of  cattle;  population 4)1 

Characteristics  of  cattle  (Allgauer,  lleilbronncr,  Glan) 438,439,442 

Housing,  feeding,  breeding,  &c 440,442 

Sizing  cattli!  In  ;  cows  as  draught  animals. 

Spaoial  statistic*:  milk  yield,  weight,  price 

Topograihy,  climate,  soil,  &c 

Tillage  lands  of  Oldenburg 

Tondern  cattle : 

Cbaraotcristioa 

Milk  yield 

Weight - 

Topography  of: 

BrazU 

Ceylon 

Deamork 

Franco 

Germany 

Baden 

Bavaria 


728 

70 

58(1,599 

26U 

632 

561 

202,720 

89 

117 

52 

155 

6 

438 


430 
442 
442 
414 

395 

410 

410,411 

632 

659 

492 

269,271 

425 
474 

475 


Vage. 
321 

....  2m,aTi 

823 
205 

288, 206,  :iu:i 

,  804,  UWI,  322 
207 

652 
652 
6.53 
663 
654 
653 
21,30 


41-58 


728 

70 

..  581 1,500 

20U 

632 


2U2, 


561 
720 

89 

117 

62 

155 

8 

438 

1 4)! 

..438, 430,  «2 

440,442 

430 

442 

442 

414 

395 

410 

410,411 

632 

659 

492 

269,271 

425 

474 

475 


INDEX, 
topography  of— Contluned. 
Germany— Continued. 

Brunswick 

Rhin'>  province..  

s"''!* :::::::: 

Thuringla 

Hondnra. 

Holland ■■ 

Hungary .'■"■ 

Italy:  

Piedmont 

Terra  dlLavoro..."" 

Tuscany '[ 

Venetia ['["' - 

Mexico _" .' 

Morocco ........'. 

Ontario 

Prince  Edward  Island.......!"" 

Quebec,  province  of ."" 

Bassia:  Baltic provlncea and Ptaiind ■ 

Seychelles 

Sierra  Lvone 

Spain,  Cadiz [ 

Syria ; 

United  Kingdom!  

England: 

Cornwall 

Devoushire """ 

Herefordshire ,[" 

Jersey 

Norfolk •••• 

Sussex. 

SooUand 

Wales,  Angleaea...... 

Tang.tse-Kiang  Valley 

Transportation  of  cattle  to  the  UnitiA  aii^*!!  , 

From  Belgium ...!..         '"*'*  *"'"*«'''  """t-  feed, 

Denmark  ... "" 

Franco,  from  Bordeaux 

Germany:  

Bast  Friesland  and  Oldenburg 

rrankfort..m.tbe.Maln  and Ueuti^H^' 

Harz  Mountains "Nassau 

Ebino  Province...        

Silesia ['/' 

Holland 

Hungary 

Italy:  

Genoa  to  New  York 

Leghorn  to  New  Yo)k. ..."..".". 

Naples  to  New  York  ......."" 

Venice  to  New  York .." 

Mexico  (driving) ." 

New  Zealand ..[\ 

Ontario...  ■ 

Buasia 

Spain ,[',] 

Swltierland 

Syria 

United  Kingdom 

England:  

Bristol  (Hereford!)... 

LiveriKH)! 

London ".■.".;;. 

Ireland 

Scotland ..........". 

Yang-l«.vKl8ng  Valley....       

■,-,    ,,       _.  

II.  Ex.  51    —  54 


attendance,  &c.): 


849 

Past. 

483 

480 
433 
443 
697 
613 
036 


820 

828 

833 

356 

684,  686,  687,692 

672 

•6M.  668,  664,  666,  568,  670 

576 

674 

624,  525 

674 

672 

885 

664 


307 
160 
162 
168,  206 
164 
160 
,  217,  221 
186 
664 


.  360,  382 
401 
278 

419 
396 
483 
488 
434 
.  606,  510 
634 


325 

832,335 

328 

>••••    355 

681,588 

645.649 

••643.657,665,670 

.'■>24 

388 

•■288.296,803,310 

653 

169,  ( 


178 

189,205,894 

77 

227 

■  •..218,  314,223 
.■...>••        087 


850 


INDEX. 


Treadwfll,  John,  ByleMbnry,  on  Bhoep  iind  o»t«e  In  Baokl 

TroBtnient : 

Of  Ayrshire  cuttle  ...  

Jersey  calves,  In  Jetsey 

Shorthorns  on  amoilol  farm ' 

Trevl»o,  province  of,  cattle  In 

Trials  (»««  also  Tosts) : 
Milk: 

In  England,  lied  Polled  cows 

varlons  breeds 

HoUtein,  inmlel  farm 

Ontario  acrloiiUnral  school 

Saxony,  Frisian,  Schleswig,  and  Sdestan  cows,  five  years'  trial. 
Triesdorf  cattlo  ((rrouconsly  spelled  Friesdorf  on  page  392) i 

Origin,  characteristics,  milk  yield,  Ac 


P'lce 


^"^Chianina  breed  =  weight,  price,  feeding  and  housing,  831 ,  characterlsti.s,  832, 884. 


Mareiumann  cattlo  in 

Milk,  butter,  nud  cheese  yield  of  cows 

Svizzein  eattie  in 

Topography,  temperature,  soil,  &o 

Transportation  to  t ho  United  States,  cost 

Weight  of  Chianina  cuttli' 

Tyssen,  Amherst,  Mr,,  M.  P.,  weights  and  measures  of  Red  Polls. 
ITdine,  provincoof: 

Cattle  of  

Clinwte  of ; 


Page. 

nt 

168 
IID 
105 

338 


89 
104 
412 
661 
412 

893 
396 


;!32 
833 
332 

334 

3:i3 

334 

92 


333, 
332, 


Qrasses  . 


Herding  and  dairying  In 

Improving  cattlo  in 

Mountain  and  pasture  lands 

Soil  and  sntistratum 

Union  dairies  iu  Denmark 

United  Kingdom: 

Breeds  of  cattle  in: 

Ay  rshiro 

Devon 

Dexter  

Galloway 

(luerusey  

Hero  lord n 

lllgblaud 

Jersey .- 

Kerry 

Limerick  dairy 

Loughom 

Polled  Angus 

Ke.1  Polled 

Shetland 

Shorthorn 

Sutfcdk.   

Sussex 

Welsh 

Breeders  of  prize  cattle  In 

British  cattle  anil  ciittlo  Imports 

British  cuttle  markets  .  ..  

Cattle  shows  in   

Census  of  calth'  in 

Central  <'h«ml)er  of  Agriculture 
Cost  ipf  prfHlucing  fine  cattle  In. . 
Aerds,  noted  in : 


337 
356 
368 
337 

338 

:m 

357 
493 


.68,184,188,190,211,220,740 

87, 107, 188, 191,730 

2'J8 

.62, 147, 149, 194, 21U,  'J18,  ::9 

, M  I2i 

,.68,U0,161,172,ll5l,l!HI,7;il» 

03,143,  l»6,2IJ,2ia 

64.116, 100, 'JOO,  20.-.,  741 

o.'i,  i2!i,  :;-.>i> 

1'28 

60, 04, 11K),  7,19 

82, 139, 'M,  1U3,-.'0U,IM8 

0i,«6,  ItlJ,  106 

143 

89,98,187,188,21:1,7:).'; 

Tno 

61,114,160,197,710 

65,153,lti6,l»K,7JJ 

71,; 


7IU.1 

m 

50,54 

1U,80 

722 

43-48 

72 


Vbliey  Farm  Shorthorn ^^ 


Cotswold  Shorthorn 
Dcuchfleld  .Shorthorn 
Dufltyn  Shorthorn. .. 


73 


I 


INDEX. 

tJnlted  KlnR'lotn— Contlnncd. 
Herds,  noted  iu— Contiuuod. 

Hutuhioitou  ShonliDiu 

Lollt-SuUolk  Ui»[  I'olW.*..'"" 

Lord  Bi»y  brook's  Jersey  !!.."." 

Morlnud  iSusaux 

Sandr'ngliam  (vnrious). 

Short  aoru-Uwyn 

Soniorsui  iJuvou ' 

Sunset  (iunruHo.v ." 

Taylor's  ited  t'oUud 

FatteniunAmoricuu  cattle  In.... 

Geological  clmrncter  of .' 

Hogs,  breeds  and  breeding  In 

Imports  into:  

Butter  uud  Imtterlne 

Canned  beef,  American!!!! !... 

Cheese 

yresh  beef !!'""' -• 

Live  cattle 

UleoDiargarine 

Preserved  meats 

Position  of  dai»y  farming  in!!!!!! 

Publications  oonoernlug  cattle  in!!! 

Sheep,  breeds  and  oaro  of  (»M  sheeii) 

United  States:  ^' 

Best  cattle  for  import  into : 

Belgian 

Brazilian 

British ." 

Dutch !  ■ 

French 

„  

Oermau 

Hungarian 

ItaUan !!!"/, 

Mexican ,,[" 

NewZealaud 

Ontario 

Bnssian 

Swiss : !!!!!!!!!! 

SyritUk -....,.  * ' 

Canadian  catUe  companies  Jn,  operations  of 

Care  of  cattle  in,  and  iu  Europe,  compared 

Cattle  bruodiag  iu,  and  iu  Emope 

Census  of  cattle  in 

Condeniwid-milk  factories  in 

Exhibition  of  Irish  hormeticalVy  "seaied  buitor  in" 

Exports  from:  

Beef,  carined 

fresh  

8alt«d '" 

tallow 

Butter !!!!!!!!! 

Cattle 

,,,  

Cheese 

Cou<lensod  uiillc 

Meats,  how  to  increase  the 

Oluomar^arluo 

First  Imports  of  blooded  catile  into...!!! 

Hereford  cattle  in,  number  exported  to!!!! 

Milkjiild  of  oows  in,  as  compared  with  Swissoows ' 

Purchasing  foreign  cattle  for,  best  place,  time,  and  wav'-' 

British  cattlo '  " 

French  cattle 

(iermiui  cattle 

Italian  cattle 

Swisscatlle 


.05,80, 


851 

105 

71 

121 

72 

68,710 

70 

70 

120 

71 

4» 

07 

700 


18,82 

21 

20,80 

7,29 

•6-7, 11,  26,  223 

16 

12-U 

710 

66 

702-788 


304 

■■■■ -  031 

157, 168, 172, 18«,  203,  a04,  214 

505,516 

205,279,283,1185 

*18, 423, 434, 482, 487 

628 

3ii5,33I,834,354 

680 

645 

541,548,505 

523,524 

201,293,322 

053 

637 

42 

41 

• 12 

818 

220,233 


4,21,22,37 

•■♦,8,11,13,22.28,37 

■♦, 22,37 

4,21,22,39 

■••4. 10.18, 22,  30, 39 

4,22,25,37 

4,20,22,34,39 

4,22 

215 

10, 19, 22. 3J 

51 

179 

299 


■-••170.182.205,214 

204 

4.'i4,482 

333,335 

288,260,302 


852  INDEX. 

,  rage. 

tTnlted  Sf«te»— Continued.  .     .  ,  ,        ,  w 

T,«,.H„..r,.tlou  «r  cattle  to  the  United  8t.t...  rout...  oct.  fee.J.  att.n.lance,  to.    (^ 

TiuuBporttttiou.)  «^ 

TrcBHU. y  oatllo  comml..!....  on  the  healthlnew  of  American  cattle w 

tJrioaltle,  chttrootBriaticn,  milking  qualltiuH,  to 

Uruguay:                                                                                                                                        j2 

Ceu.u.  of  cattle 623 

Climate jjj 

Export  of  beef '• !..'!!!...   625-(i2» 

Kroien-roeat  trado • ." ..  on 

Liobejs'it  extract  of  bcof  factory  In • ' 

Slaughter  of  cattle,  etatlHtlca  of ■"■  ^'^^ 

Value  of  lanils  and  .took ■'■■■■ 

Veal,  Krt'Ui'h »,„  „y„ 

Vegetable. and  meat,  preserved  froih,  Belgian  proce.8 «".»«» 

^"""'"(For  particular,  relating  to  each  province  in  Venetla,  n,  Bellnno.  Padua,  Eovigo, 
TievlHo,  U.llue,  Venice,  Verona,  and  VlconiB.) 

Breeds  of  cattle  in,  and  cbaractietlo.of 

Climate  ami  topography  of ' ■■■■  ^,^^ 

Qoologlcul  foruiutlou  of '. 

Milk,  butter,  and  chevHe  yield  of  cuttlo  In ,.''';* 

Special  BtatlHtica  ol 

Substtatiiui  and  graiise. 

Weight  and  aize  of  cattle ^ 

^""rirelTand  population,  Interior  communication,  number  of  per.on.  engaged  in  tho  rattle 
industry,  churacler  of  .ultlo  in.  Oa7i  rouudiug  up  cattle,  pu.tu.age,  pn.e  of 
tattle,  038  i  Maracalbo  cattle  supply  and  demand,  088.) 

Venice,  district  of: 

Cattloin,  and  dlaeriptiou  of  district i *»» 

Cllmalo  and  topography ^ 

Substratum  and  cultivated  grasses oiul1=! 

Veroua:  Climate,  soil,  substratum, grasM. 30O-i58 

Vial,  A.,  vice-couBul  at  Nice : 

Beport  on  cattle  in  tho  district  of  Nice "'> 

"^'*=*''^*-                            ,.      .                                                                                             .  3U 

Butter  and  cheese  making  in ^ 

Climate  of    

Dairying  in  tho  lowlands *"' 

Grasses,  cultivated _^ 

Mountain  herding  and  dairying  In ^^ 

MounUin  to  lowland  stock-raising 340 

Soil  and  substratum _ 

Topography  and  climate 34J,JoO 

VloHca,  .lames,  consul  at  La  Par: 

Keport ;  Cattle  in  Lower  California    ^ 

Vogelcr,  Ferdinand,  consul-general  at  Frankfort-onthe-Main  : 

lieport:  Breeds  of  tatllo  in  Uormimy 389-887 

(CatUe  in  Uesso-Nassau  au.l  Prussia,  388 1  origin  of  European  cattle,  390  j  tho  Neckar, 
Simmenthalor,  aud  Llmbourg  breeds,  31)1 ;  tho  Xriosdorf.  Alb,  S<;hwab  Uall,  und 
Dutch  breeils,  'Mi ;  the  M'.ntafoner,  Mlusbacher.  aud  Pluigauer  breeds,  393 ; 
tho  AUgauer  and  Schwitzer  breeds,  394;  tho  VoighUaud.  Augeler,  uud  Podo- 
lisch  breeds,  395;  tho  Murzthaler  breed,  prices  of  German  cattle,  cattle  ex- 
iiorts  to  tho  United  Stttt«8,  and  Improvement  of  oatUe  hi  Germany,  390.) 

Vogelsberg  cattlo 

Volght.  Julius  G.,  commercial  agent  at  Manila : 

Report:  C:Mtlo  in  the  Philippine  Island. »'* 

Voightland  cattle: 

Charaoteriatic. ""*•*** 

ortg'" ;:::::::::::::::;::::::::  Z 

Price 2 

Weight  and  size ',""'y'"'i'V"'V  "V'-kr"' 

VoMler,  Profe.Mr,  Uohenheini  Agricultural  School,  on  catUe  and  cattle-breeding  in  Wnr- 

temberg 


Page. 


044 

726 

la 
82a 

02&-(i21> 

asi 

022 
8T0,ttui> 


a:i.> 
355-ariii 


3S3 
35« 

358 
3fiO-3&8 

286 

314 
35(i 
345 
368 
343 
346 
357 
.  343, 3o«) 

69« 


38»-387 


485 

073 

395,443 
443 

390 
443 

448 


^^^^^-  858 

WkRea  of  liui'dxrit  III  Krnncii.  —^ 

"<.;«i...»-:::::;::;:::::::;;;; m 

8wlt««rUnd ^ 

WWMt  <*" 

Cattle  cm>H,„„f »W 

WeUhcattlodlunt..  nU.kC«ttl,'.&o;i M 

Docility  of -.   ,,,  ... 

FattenluK ;•• .J "^  '"^  '"•  ^W.  188.  743 

Milk,  bMtfor.  ami  ohoco  yield !2 

oH«4^an.n.^^„, '■■■■•":::::::::::—- 'M«:i»^i«^in.!!; 

R..ari„K  calve... ■;;;.■;: ;:::: -  j^^^ 

To»t imony  of  noted  breed;«. .■.■;:::::: '•?;!? 

WelRhtof ■■■  »«♦ 

Yield  of,  a8  .Ulry  (mttle      ""uii^'iiiK",,.  .„    "^ 

Walker,  Mr,,  on  milk  p..  Im  ter  yield  oVV ",  IM.  166. 166, 198. 743 

W^er.WllUa,„u.,co„.™...e.a7C^^^^^^^^  JJJ 

Keport :  Cattlo  broods  In  O.-rmany 

<Dutoh  and  SennnenUmn)reed8,4Mi"swiM  ■«;:;■; 404-4oa 

"*"le,  4U7.)  '"•"  "'  »«  fattening  and  price,  of  German 

"Water  bntTalo  of  Siani  and  Malaysia 

Watersupply  for  cattle  In  Moiieo... „-o 

Weald  of  Kiiit,  cattle  and  shi-ep  In... j~ 

Weather  report*,  vuliie  of,  to  farmerB,.. 711 

Webster,  A.  G.,  consul  at  Ilobart:  ""  J^ 

Report :  Cattle  In  Tasmania  

''is:;r!:'.'::"!":r^!"'"»^«'^'-^»'8^^^^     «« 

t"":^f' ■•"^i^''!!:;:::: 670 

Austrian ^^ 

««'«*'« ." oaa 

"^'»^'"'»° ; 805,373 

Ayrshire 

Oo^'on !!1 ;■ 74,138,168,171,200,210  210  525 

aaiioway ;;; ^^^♦•""-"".leo.m.ni.iso.m^ouos 

GucrnBoy 149.161-153,105,211  210  ''10 

Hereford  ."•.<=">.  ..lu 

jit.irium  ■• ^ 225 

nishiand ;;;;; ''''^2, 74, 114,161,162,171,173, 184.101,203 

Jer'«y 74,145,146,189,107,210,219 

Kerry 74,107,171,201,206 

Limerick  dairy 133. ^27 

Lon(,'hom '" 227,228 

Polled  An|;ns «,"'„'."™ 04  07'  IM 

Bod  Polled. .......;;;:::: ";-;,;'^':^''««-"'.i«mh2oi,203,2i!2S^ 

Shorthorn "' "' ^*' •"•  <^^  139. 163.  "1, 180,  IO6, 203, 204  -'IB  219 

Sussex "."."".".!'. ^•^°'^*-1"3.158,171,180,190,20?,203!2«5[l'16 

Various  breeds,  daily  increase *'^> H 115. 160. 171, 180, 138, 203 

Welsh ■*■ 47,723 

Danish H154,  155,160,171, 10(1,742 

Dutch " 81,491.402.404,405,624 

Eoua<lorl8n 81,303,437,512 

French ■■• 635 

German •••""•^pH  248.  250, 255. 257, 205, 274,  270,  296 

nnngarian ■■.■.■.■;.■.■;.".■.■ "•^"■^'"•*'«'*««-'"'0-<12,424,435,437,439,442 

Italian •••• 535, 538 

Japanese ".'.".V.V.V.V.V 296.827-529,331,333,334,355,356,365,373 

Malaysian  (buffalo) *** 

Mexican 661 

New  Zealand 6^ 

Ontario ■•",■ 650 

Portuguese .'." 81.553,554,558,561,564,566,567,569,570 

81 


854  INDKX 

W«l«ht.  •lio.  RiuJ  mn»iinremontofo»ttl»-Contl|iu«d.  ^^'^ 

Prince  K«lw»r<l  UUnd .'.!"'.!!!!!!!!!!!         B7« 

Qaobeo ''."!!""'.*.*.!!!!'.'.'.'.'..  820,  (124,  686 

BnMlan     '  '^ 040 

Ban  Doiiiliigo 6M 

RlnKlialfito 070 

Sdiith  Afilcftn  (Cup© Colony) '".'.*.*!!!!'..'...    M,8ie 

gpaiiiili  * ''^ II 

BweUUli  and  Norwoglan y*\\*"J9!V20fl '207,304, 808. 807. 822,  MS 

Bwi«# oes 

YanKUt'KliinK  Valley 

Well*,  Wlllanl  H.,  couaul  ut  Dnndoei  208-817 

I.  2.  ,  lllKhlan.1  onttle,  212,  Shorthorn-  lu  8.n,laml,  off-prlng  of  Impo.tM 
•a  tic,  1  «.t  mcthoa  of  ciportaUon  to  th«  Unltcl  SUt.-.  213 ,  h.,.l  Scot.!,  cuttto 
to  .xiorl.  prloo  .1,  »..d  cattle  MatUtl.a  of  HrotlHn.l,  214  ,  In.portH  ..ud  oxportt 
,  n,..«t  Ji  .a.  n ,  nature  of  Import  .uppU. «,  In.port.  Iron,  th- 1""-  ^''-'^.h  and 
b.."  u..unH  „l  .nl,.r«ln,,  21S,  .peclul  cuttle  atatl.tlcH  for  S.otlan.l,  218,  t<.,H,g. 
riiphy.ilimate,  •oil,  iiC,  217.) 
Welsh  cattle.  («<»  Walin.) 
WeUh,  WiUlaui  I,.,  coubuI  at  Klorenoo  i  880-m 

lluited  State*;   Maroinmaua  catth- ,  Svlzz.ra  cHttl..,a32,  pnrchaalug  Italian 
cattle,  »pocial  cattle  Matlstlca,  333,  topography,  tlliuato.  soil,  ic.,  334.> 

Westerwald  catties  ^ 

CharacUrUtica,  milk  yield,  weight ',.'.'.*...!...................  4n 

rrii'iH  of 

White  cttttlo  of  Hungary :                                                i            829,538 

CharactcriMt  ic8 ^ 

latteulnrf  qualitloa ".",."!!!!!!...!."...  629,635 

Meat  und  liiliDrijualltlea '..'"... "..  535 

Milk  yield i"..!!!.".!!!..".^.. ......         829 

Origin ..!]!.!!...!!.!.!.!!..! m 

rrioo...  635 

Weight  and  slie •••; 

White  cattle  of  Tu«cauy.    (Se<  Chlanlua  cattle.)  ^^ 

White.  Mr.,  Wiltshire,  on  Henfurd  cattle - 

White,  MiB.,  RoUBBulUerle  Kami,  on  Guernsey  catUe '" 

WUdcattle:  5.,^ 

Of  Mexico jj^ 

the  Pampan,  Argentine  Kepuhllc ^ 

WUken,  C,  on  Tolled  Angus  cattle 

WUlard,  A.,  consul  at  Guaj-roas :  ^ 

tts  a  cattle  range.) 
WUson,  John,  consul  at  lirusaels :  ^ 

Kenort:  Breeds  of  cattle  In  Ikdgium ••■■ • ■        ,■"■■■;,■■■ 

(The  i^ruos-Ambacht.  ArdennaUo,  Charlerol,  and  foreign  and  cross  bree<l.  ,n  Bel- 
ginm  381 ,  tattle.fe..<linK,  yield  of  milk  of  lkl«iun  cows ,  njlscellaneons  sUlls- 
tics,  and  imports  ..f  cattl.-  into  Belgium,  363,  pr,ccs  of  Bel;..ian  calUe ,  Belgian, 
cattle  for  the  Unit.^  Staus,  and  export  of  American  beef  and  cattle  to  Belgium, 
3<>4 ;  weight  and  m.u«urement  of  cattle  and  price  of  dressed  heel,  365.) 

''"'Sll  «:  im^Vn  tniage  and  grazing  lands,  414  ;  cattle  and  .a.tle  b..eding  in  the 
Marshe..  415 ;  superiority  of  Oldenburg  cattle  for  export ;  pttnluc  and  export 
of  Marsh  .attic,  41H  ;  export  of  cattle  U,  the  United  States ,  portraits  of  Olden- 
l,„nr  and  E.u-t  Frisian  cattle.  410;  housing,  feeding,  and  bre8<ling,  421 ;  Au.eri- 
can  cattle  and  hogs  lu  Oldenburg,  lmiH,rt«  of  m>^.ts  and  dairy  in_«.U.ct»  ,  per- 
ceutago  of  breeds  iu  the  district,  best  cattle  for  export  to  the  United  .states. 
423,  special  Bt.ati«tics  of  Marsh  cattle,  424,  topography,  soil,  subHtratum. 
grasses,  housing,  feeding,  &c.,  425.) 


W5 
W4 

BSO,  A24,  R3S 
OtO 
<86 

«0 

...    Bt,3M 

81 

307, 3'J3,  ;i23 

085 

....  208-317 


88(M34 


488 
487 

BC9,53S 
530 

620, 63S 
&3& 
530 
630 
535 

177 
125 

570 
604 
141 

505 
.  360-S65 


INDEX. 


8or> 


Wllioii,  Thoninn,  ron^nl  at  Ghent' 

Report :  ll..l«!«„  „,„l  .>,H,h  „,„„h  ^^^ 

( Dairy  imuhlmny,   IMulan  n,il„ _..      ••     •. ,7„.,«. 


'''"""''  ""'Bht  or  BelBian'c«UI.,",';i73", 


370-383 


•'•"•y  '•••""■■.I .":"'"•  •"'' '  •'"'•orttlc.  w,l  .ouro-  of  Inform,, lo„  3^1 

ollll  v.,  eoiiHllUt.  UoUnrilam.  


WilUhlro 

winter,  John  K.,  couhiiI  nt.  I!ot»«nlaini 
Kepoit:  Caltl.iof  llolluuil 


(Different  linied.  In  llollnnd  Sill        i    "i 

Hollnn.!,  .,x„„«  „,  Vm.H  llZV^'VT^'r  """'"  "Port.n.i "import „, 
cattle,  r.l7,8i«,,  """'"  '"  "'"  ^^Xe'l  SUt...  BW,  oen.n.  of  Dnto' 

ITonrv,  on  Sonthilmvn  .!..,.._   .l  ,    .  . 


0»1 

51».4i| 


,  ITonry,  on  Soutliilown  iiliwp,  their  hUtnru  i       .. 

.n,  W.  A  .  oonnnl  „t  Cha,l..ttet„w,l  ^"      "~""«'  *« 


Wood 
Woril«i 

Heport :  Cuttle  In  I'riuce  KdwanI  Ul^^A 

(Cattle breeding,  574:  br»-eil«   v(.,i.i  ."!"". 

InK,  J:»:,.;    ''"'''  ^"""■.ua  welghtof  oatt...  topograpb^.-honain,:-^^. 
Worklngoaftlelni  »■"»»,  leea. 

Argi-ntlno  Uopnbllo 

Ceylon 

_  •. •• 

j"£r'' «""""' ":::::::: •••■•■ 

Franco •••-•• 

OertMoy 

ITonBary 

Duly .........' 

"'•PM 

J«'»    ,],',',, 

Mnloyala 

Mexico * 

Morocco 

New  Zfiiliind 

Phillppiiio  Inlands 

South  Alrl<:o  (Cape  Colony) 

Switaerlnnd 

Hyritt        ... 

Wortliinjilon,  .lolin,  consnl  at  Malta:" 

lii'piiit  on  cattlfin  Malta 

Wiirt  ember);; 

Cuttlebrci'din„'  In 


7M 

574,  575 


■•• QOf 

6S8 

116 

273,:'8a 

8B2,303,4aO 

527 

•  827, 828, 881-834,  840,  asS,  :;,-,4 

(WI3 

.  tjrJl 

801,  (lu3 

,'88 

U72 

ma 

im 

070 

2»0,297 

G52 


328 


(Cuttle  «'"''«''«"f.  HininH^nthulorbrJwi   welL'i.Vnn!r/''r'. 414-J-H 

-ttl...  445 .,  Mon.ufon,.  and  A-S      .  r^^^^^^^^^^^^  "f  Slm^.^/S 

at  ilol,c.nb..h„,448,  HtHblinu,  f..edin.':;„f .!!.".''.""" '""«''.'  '^r°»tUe,  oaltle.br....dlnK 


418-425 


at  ilol,i.nb..|,„,448,  HtHl.ling,  f.ediL  ^'1?  "'f"  "''"'*"'"  '^"'tle.br....^..., 
450;  .•aMh..b,ve,lin,atl^.,,,t  in      r';,;",,  ,'■''''"*•'   '"l^  """ke.'ping  utKirchheun: 

452,  c„ttie.bn.edi„« at  H..i.,..,,i;J  ;;,:'';•  ;'';;;;«/;jKi^ 

port  vt,,  the  St.JOothard  t„„„el,  4,-,;.  .^U  o  ti^o It  »  "  "'  ^'"'^'■"°"  '  "»'"»  "•"•»■ 
4M;  »..lh  diH„ihution  .„•  «roa.  4...  4«;i  e  .U^  "\  :"'^'  cattle  fairs  la  ^m-.  ca,.,at.. 
450,  dairy  aHHOciatlons:  nt  Aich»t..tten  (456)T  An.  :^i."''''*  P''"'"  "' S'""""''. 
oharaotcrUtlcsof  WurtemlHTj;  cattle  4.!4r  ''      '    '''  "'  "e^'-nflngen  (JOO), 

Wyatt,  Nevlll,  on  Susgex  0  nonmey g 

Tdrkuhlre,  topography,  soil,  and  climate. . 
Touutt  1 

On'Pcvnn  cattle  

Lon^'horu  cattle 

Kerry  cattle ] 

Zanzibar,  eattleln 


126 
158 


67 

B4 

l.'tO 

«7a 


